@article{Strange:2014,
	Abstract = {The precise functional role of the hippocampus remains a topic of much debate. The dominant view is that the dorsal (or posterior) hippocampus is implicated in memory and spatial navigation and the ventral (or anterior) hippocampus mediates anxiety-related behaviours. However, this 'dichotomy view' may need revision. Gene expression studies demonstrate multiple functional domains along the hippocampal long axis, which often exhibit sharply demarcated borders. By contrast, anatomical studies and electrophysiological recordings in rodents suggest that the long axis is organized along a gradient. Together, these observations suggest a model in which functional long-axis gradients are superimposed on discrete functional domains. This model provides a potential framework to explain and test the multiple functions ascribed to the hippocampus. },
	Author = {Strange, Bryan A and Witter, Menno P and Lein, Ed S and Moser, Edvard I},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-17 06:25:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-17 06:25:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3785},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression; Hippocampus; Humans},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {655-69},
	pmid = {25234264},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional organization of the hippocampal longitudinal axis},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Strange_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Lisman:2017,
	Author = {Lisman, John and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Eichenbaum, Howard and Nadel, Lynn and Ranganath, Charan and Redish, A David},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-17 06:24:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-17 06:24:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4661},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Month = {10},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1434-1447},
	Pmc = {PMC5943637},
	pmid = {29073641},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Lisman_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}}

@article{Cullen:2017,
	Abstract = {In this Perspective, we evaluate current progress in understanding how the brain encodes our sense of direction, within the context of parallel work focused on how early vestibular pathways encode self-motion. In particular, we discuss how these systems work together and provide evidence that they involve common mechanisms. We first consider the classic view of the head direction cell and results of recent experiments in rodents and primates indicating that inputs to these neurons encode multimodal information during self-motion, such as proprioceptive and motor efference copy signals, including gaze-related information. We also consider the paradox that, while the head-direction network is generally assumed to generate a fixed representation of perceived directional heading, this computation would need to be dynamically updated when the relationship between voluntary motor command and its sensory consequences changes. Such situations include navigation in virtual reality and head-restricted conditions, since the natural relationship between visual and extravisual cues is altered.},
	Author = {Cullen, Kathleen E and Taube, Jeffrey S},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-17 06:23:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-17 06:23:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4658},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1465-1473},
	pmid = {29073639},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Our sense of direction: progress, controversies and challenges},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Cullen_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}}

@article{Moser:2017,
	Abstract = {Since the first place cell was recorded and the cognitive-map theory was subsequently formulated, investigation of spatial representation in the hippocampal formation has evolved in stages. Early studies sought to verify the spatial nature of place cell activity and determine its sensory origin. A new epoch started with the discovery of head direction cells and the realization of the importance of angular and linear movement-integration in generating spatial maps. A third epoch began when investigators turned their attention to the entorhinal cortex, which led to the discovery of grid cells and border cells. This review will show how ideas about integration of self-motion cues have shaped our understanding of spatial representation in hippocampal-entorhinal systems from the 1970s until today. It is now possible to investigate how specialized cell types of these systems work together, and spatial mapping may become one of the first cognitive functions to be understood in mechanistic detail.},
	Author = {Moser, Edvard I and Moser, May-Britt and McNaughton, Bruce L},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-17 06:23:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-17 06:23:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4653},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Grid Cells; Hippocampus; Humans; Photic Stimulation; Space Perception},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1448-1464},
	pmid = {29073644},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Moser_NatNeurosci2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4653}}

@article{Kim:2014,
	Abstract = {Larval zebrafish offer the potential for large-scale optical imaging of neural activity throughout the central nervous system; however, several barriers challenge their utility. First, ~panneuronal probe expression has to date only been demonstrated at early larval stages up to 7 days post-fertilization (dpf), precluding imaging at later time points when circuits are more mature. Second, nuclear exclusion of genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) limits the resolution of functional fluorescence signals collected during imaging. Here, we report the creation of transgenic zebrafish strains exhibiting robust, nuclearly targeted expression of GCaMP3 across the brain up to at least 14 dpf utilizing a previously described optimized Gal4-UAS system. We confirmed both nuclear targeting and functionality of the modified probe in vitro and measured its kinetics in response to action potentials (APs). We then demonstrated in vivo functionality of nuclear-localized GCaMP3 in transgenic zebrafish strains by identifying eye position-sensitive fluorescence fluctuations in caudal hindbrain neurons during spontaneous eye movements. Our methodological approach will facilitate studies of larval zebrafish circuitry by both improving resolution of functional Ca(2+) signals and by allowing brain-wide expression of improved GECIs, or potentially any probe, further into development. },
	Author = {Kim, Christina K and Miri, Andrew and Leung, Louis C and Berndt, Andre and Mourrain, Philippe and Tank, David W and Burdine, Rebecca D},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-16 22:03:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-16 22:03:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2014.00138},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {brain-wide expression; genetically encoded calcium indicators; in vivo calcium imaging; nuclear calcium signals; transgenic zebrafish},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cell Nucleus; Cells, Cultured; Eye Movements; Fluorescence; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Nuclear Proteins; Rats; Transfection; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins},
	Pages = {138},
	Pmc = {PMC4244806},
	pmid = {25505384},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Prolonged, brain-wide expression of nuclear-localized GCaMP3 for functional circuit mapping},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Kim_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}}

@article{Bonini:2016,
	Abstract = {Mirror neurons (MNs) are a fascinating class of cells originally discovered in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and, subsequently, in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) of the macaque, which become active during both the execution and observation of actions. In this review, I will first highlight the mounting evidence indicating that mirroring others' actions engages a broad system of reciprocally connected cortical areas, which extends well beyond the classical IPL-PMv circuit and might even include subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia. Then, I will present the most recent findings supporting the idea that the observation of one's own actions, which might play a role in the ontogenetic origin and tuning of MNs, retains a particular relevance within the adult MN system. Finally, I will propose that both cortical and subcortical mechanisms do exist to decouple MN activity from the motor output, in order to render it exploitable for high-order perceptual, cognitive, and even social functions. The findings reviewed here provide an original framework for envisaging the main challenges and experimental directions of future neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of the monkey MN system.},
	Author = {Bonini, Luca},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-16 22:02:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-16 22:02:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1177/1073858415626400},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {action observation; basal ganglia; development; grasping; social cognition},
	Month = {Jan},
	pmid = {26747293},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {The Extended Mirror Neuron Network: Anatomy, Origin, and Functions},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Bonini_Neuroscientist2016.pdf}}

@article{Cong2017,
	Abstract = {The internal brain dynamics that link sensation and action are arguably better studied during natural animal behaviors. Here, we report on a novel volume imaging and 3D tracking technique that monitors whole brain neural activity in freely swimming larval zebrafish (\textit{Danio rerio}). We demonstrated the capability of our system through functional imaging of neural activity during visually evoked and prey capture behaviors in larval zebrafish.},
	Article_Type = {journal},
	Author = {Cong, Lin and Wang, Zeguan and Chai, Yuming and Hang, Wei and Shang, Chunfeng and Yang, Wenbin and Bai, Lu and Du, Jiulin and Wang, Kai and Wen, Quan},
	Citation = {eLife 2017;6:e28158},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-16 22:01:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-16 22:01:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.28158},
	Editor = {Calabrese, Ronald L},
	Issn = {2050-084X},
	Journal = {eLife},
	Keywords = {freely behaving larval zebrafish, whole brain Imaging, 3D tracking system, light field microscope, prey capture behavior},
	Month = {sep},
	Pages = {e28158},
	Pub_Date = {2017-09-20},
	Publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
	Title = {Rapid whole brain imaging of neural activity in freely behaving larval zebrafish (\textit{Danio rerio})},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28158},
	Volume = 6,
	Year = 2017,
	url = {papers/Cong_eLife2017.pdf}}

@article{Barchini2018,
	Abstract = {Detection of salient objects in the visual scene is a vital aspect of an animal's interactions with its environment. Here, we show that neurons in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) encode visual saliency by detecting motion contrast between stimulus center and surround. Excitatory neurons in the most superficial lamina of the SC are contextually modulated, monotonically increasing their response from suppression by the same-direction surround to maximal potentiation by an oppositely-moving surround. The degree of this potentiation declines with depth in the SC. Inhibitory neurons are suppressed by any surround at all depths. These response modulations in both neuronal populations are much more prominent to direction contrast than to phase, temporal frequency, or static orientation contrast, suggesting feature-specific saliency encoding in the mouse SC. Together, our findings provide evidence supporting locally generated feature representations in the SC, and lay the foundations towards a mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of their emergence.},
	Article_Type = {journal},
	Author = {Barchini, Jad and Shi, Xuefeng and Chen, Hui and Cang, Jianhua},
	Citation = {eLife 2018;7:e35261},
	Date-Added = {2018-07-16 21:27:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-07-16 21:27:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.35261},
	Editor = {Rieke, Fred},
	Issn = {2050-084X},
	Journal = {eLife},
	Month = {jul},
	Pages = {e35261},
	Pub_Date = {2018-07-02},
	Publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
	Title = {Bidirectional encoding of motion contrast in the mouse superior colliculus},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35261},
	Volume = 7,
	Year = 2018,
	url = {papers/Barchini_eLife2018.pdf}}

@article{Tallinen:2016,
	Author = {Tallinen, Tuomas and Chung, Jun Young and Rousseau, Fran{\c c}ois and Girard, Nadine and Lef{\`e}vre, Julien and Mahadevan, L.},
	Date = {2016/02/01/online},
	Date-Added = {2018-04-05 23:47:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-04-05 23:47:18 +0000},
	Day = {01},
	Journal = {Nature Physics},
	L3 = {10.1038/nphys3632; https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3632#supplementary-information},
	Month = {02},
	Pages = {588 EP -},
	Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group SN -},
	Title = {On the growth and form of cortical convolutions},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3632},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Tallinen_NaturePhysics2016.pdf}}

@article{Tallinen:2014,
	Abstract = {The exterior of the mammalian brain--the cerebral cortex--has a conserved layered structure whose thickness varies little across species. However, selection pressures over evolutionary time scales have led to cortices that have a large surface area to volume ratio in some organisms, with the result that the brain is strongly convoluted into sulci and gyri. Here we show that the gyrification can arise as a nonlinear consequence of a simple mechanical instability driven by tangential expansion of the gray matter constrained by the white matter. A physical mimic of the process using a layered swelling gel captures the essence of the mechanism, and numerical simulations of the brain treated as a soft solid lead to the formation of cusped sulci and smooth gyri similar to those in the brain. The resulting gyrification patterns are a function of relative cortical expansion and relative thickness (compared with brain size), and are consistent with observations of a wide range of brains, ranging from smooth to highly convoluted. Furthermore, this dependence on two simple geometric parameters that characterize the brain also allows us to qualitatively explain how variations in these parameters lead to anatomical anomalies in such situations as polymicrogyria, pachygyria, and lissencephalia.},
	Author = {Tallinen, Tuomas and Chung, Jun Young and Biggins, John S and Mahadevan, L},
	Date-Added = {2018-04-05 22:32:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-04-05 22:32:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1406015111},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {brain morphogenesis; elastic instability},
	Mesh = {Cell Proliferation; Cerebral Cortex; Compressive Strength; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Elasticity; Gels; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Models, Neurological; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Stress, Mechanical},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {12667-72},
	Pmc = {PMC4156754},
	pmid = {25136099},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Gyrification from constrained cortical expansion},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Tallinen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}}

@article{Joshi:2008,
	Abstract = {While progenitor-restricted factors broadly specify area identities in developing neocortex, the downstream regulatory elements involved in acquisition of those identities in postmitotic neurons are largely unknown. Here, we identify Bhlhb5, a transcription factor expressed in layers II-V, as a postmitotic regulator of area identity. Bhlhb5 is initially expressed in a high caudomedial to low rostrolateral gradient that transforms into a sharp border between sensory and rostral motor cortices. Bhlhb5 null mice exhibit aberrant expression of area-specific genes and structural organization in the somatosensory and caudal motor cortices. In somatosensory cortex, Bhlhb5 null mice display postsynaptic disorganization of vibrissal barrels. In caudal motor cortex, Bhlhb5 null mice exhibit anomalous differentiation of corticospinal motor neurons, accompanied by failure of corticospinal tract formation. Together, these results demonstrate Bhlhb5's function as an area-specific transcription factor that regulates the postmitotic acquisition of area identities and elucidate the genetic hierarchy between progenitors and postmitotic neurons driving neocortical arealization.},
	Author = {Joshi, Pushkar S and Molyneaux, Bradley J and Feng, Liang and Xie, Xiaoling and Macklis, Jeffrey D and Gan, Lin},
	Date-Added = {2018-09-18 20:50:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-09-18 20:50:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.006},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	keywords = {Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Efferent Pathways; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mitosis; Motor Cortex; Neocortex; Neurons; Pyramidal Tracts; Somatosensory Cortex; Stem Cells; Telencephalon; Transcriptional Activation},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {258-72},
	Pmc = {PMC2643370},
	pmid = {18957218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bhlhb5 regulates the postmitotic acquisition of area identities in layers II-V of the developing neocortex},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Joshi_Neuron2008.pdf}}

@article{Treweek:2015,
	Abstract = {To facilitate fine-scale phenotyping of whole specimens, we describe here a set of tissue fixation-embedding, detergent-clearing and staining protocols that can be used to transform excised organs and whole organisms into optically transparent samples within 1-2 weeks without compromising their cellular architecture or endogenous fluorescence. PACT (passive CLARITY technique) and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ) use tissue-hydrogel hybrids to stabilize tissue biomolecules during selective lipid extraction, resulting in enhanced clearing efficiency and sample integrity. Furthermore, the macromolecule permeability of PACT- and PARS-processed tissue hybrids supports the diffusion of immunolabels throughout intact tissue, whereas RIMS (refractive index matching solution) grants high-resolution imaging at depth by further reducing light scattering in cleared and uncleared samples alike. These methods are adaptable to difficult-to-image tissues, such as bone (PACT-deCAL), and to magnified single-cell visualization (ePACT). Together, these protocols and solutions enable phenotyping of subcellular components and tracing cellular connectivity in intact biological networks.},
	Author = {Treweek, Jennifer B and Chan, Ken Y and Flytzanis, Nicholas C and Yang, Bin and Deverman, Benjamin E and Greenbaum, Alon and Lignell, Antti and Xiao, Cheng and Cai, Long and Ladinsky, Mark S and Bjorkman, Pamela J and Fowlkes, Charless C and Gradinaru, Viviana},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:23:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:23:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nprot.2015.122},
	Journal = {Nat Protoc},
	Journal-Full = {Nature protocols},
	Mesh = {Animals; Detergents; Histocytochemistry; Lipids; Mice; Optical Imaging; Pathology; Rats; Specimen Handling; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors; Tissue Embedding; Tissue Fixation},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1860-1896},
	Pmc = {PMC4917295},
	pmid = {26492141},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Treweek_NatProtoc2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.122}}

@article{Treweek:2016,
	Abstract = {The scientific community has learned a great deal from imaging small and naturally transparent organisms such as nematodes and zebrafish. The consequences of genetic mutations on their organ development and survival can be visualized easily and with high-throughput at the organism-wide scale. In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque. Likewise, genetically labeling desired circuits across mammalian bodies is prohibitively slow and costly via the transgenic route. Emerging breakthroughs in viral vector engineering, genome editing tools, and tissue clearing can render larger opaque organisms genetically tractable and transparent for whole-organ cell phenotyping, tract tracing and imaging at depth.},
	Author = {Treweek, Jennifer Brooke and Gradinaru, Viviana},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:23:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:23:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Biotechnol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in biotechnology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Cell Tracking; Drug Delivery Systems; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Phenotype; Single-Cell Analysis; Whole Body Imaging},
	Month = {Aug},
	Pages = {193-207},
	Pmc = {PMC4975678},
	pmid = {27393829},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Treweek_CurrOpinBiotechnol2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012}}

@article{Cho:2017,
	Abstract = {Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the dorsal raphe nucleus DA neurons are critical modulators of behavioral arousal and sleep-wake patterning. Using simultaneous fiber photometry and polysomnography, we observed time-delineated dorsal raphe nucleus dopaminergic (DRNDA) activity upon exposure to arousal-evoking salient cues, irrespective of their hedonic valence. We also observed broader fluctuations of DRNDAactivity across sleep-wake cycles with highest activity during wakefulness. Both endogenous DRNDAactivity and optogenetically driven DRNDAactivity were associated with waking from sleep, with DA signal strength predictive of wake duration. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition opposed wakefulness and promoted NREM sleep, even in the face of salient stimuli. Therefore, the DRNDApopulation is a critical contributor to wake-promoting pathways and is capable of modulating sleep-wake states according to the outside environment, wherein the perception of salient stimuli prompts vigilance and arousal.},
	Author = {Cho, Jounhong Ryan and Treweek, Jennifer B and Robinson, J Elliott and Xiao, Cheng and Bremner, Lindsay R and Greenbaum, Alon and Gradinaru, Viviana},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:23:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:23:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {arousal; chemogenetics; dopamine; dorsal raphe nucleus; fiber photometry; in vivo optical imaging during behavior; optogenetics; salience; sleep-wake state; ventral periaqueductal gray},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arousal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Dorsal Raphe Nucleus; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Hindlimb Suspension; Mice; Optical Imaging; Optogenetics; Photometry; Restraint, Physical; Sleep; Sleep, REM; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1205-1219.e8},
	pmid = {28602690},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Cho_Neuron2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020}}

@article{Owen:2018,
	Abstract = {Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) are a prominent class of forebrain GABAergic cells implicated in two seemingly independent network functions: gain control and network plasticity. Little is known, however, about how these roles interact. Here, we use a combination of cell-type-specific ablation, optogenetics, electrophysiology, imaging, and behavior to describe a unified mechanism by which striatal FSIs control burst firing, calcium influx, and synaptic plasticity in neighboring medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). In vivo silencing of FSIs increased bursting, calcium transients, and AMPA/NMDA ratios in MSNs. In a motor sequence task, FSI silencing increased the frequency of calcium transients but reduced the specificity with which transients aligned to individual task events. Consistent with this, ablation of FSIs disrupted the acquisition of striatum-dependent egocentric learning strategies. Together, our data support a model in which feedforward inhibition from FSIs temporally restricts MSN bursting and calcium-dependent synaptic plasticity to facilitate striatum-dependent sequence learning.},
	Author = {Owen, Scott F and Berke, Joshua D and Kreitzer, Anatol C},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:20:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:20:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.005},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {683-695.e15},
	Pmc = {PMC5810594},
	pmid = {29425490},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fast-Spiking Interneurons Supply Feedforward Control of Bursting, Calcium, and Plasticity for Efficient Learning},
	Volume = {172},
	Year = {2018},
	url = {papers/Owen_Cell2018.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.005}}

@article{Owen:2013,
	Abstract = {Neuromodulatory control by oxytocin is essential to a wide range of social, parental and stress-related behaviours. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with deficiencies in oxytocin levels and with genetic alterations of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). Thirty years ago, M{\"u}hlethaler et al. found that oxytocin increases the firing of inhibitory hippocampal neurons, but it remains unclear how elevated inhibition could account for the ability of oxytocin to improve information processing in the brain. Here we describe in mammalian hippocampus a simple yet powerful mechanism by which oxytocin enhances cortical information transfer while simultaneously lowering background activity, thus greatly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Increased fast-spiking interneuron activity not only suppresses spontaneous pyramidal cell firing, but also enhances the fidelity of spike transmission and sharpens spike timing. Use-dependent depression at the fast-spiking interneuron-pyramidal cell synapse is both necessary and sufficient for the enhanced spike throughput. We show the generality of this novel circuit mechanism by activation of fast-spiking interneurons with cholecystokinin or channelrhodopsin-2. This provides insight into how a diffusely delivered neuromodulator can improve the performance of neural circuitry that requires synapse specificity and millisecond precision.},
	Author = {Owen, Scott F and Tuncdemir, Sebnem N and Bader, Patrick L and Tirko, Natasha N and Fishell, Gord and Tsien, Richard W},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:19:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:19:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12330},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Cholecystokinin; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Feedback, Physiological; Glycine; Hippocampus; Interneurons; Mice; Neural Pathways; Oxytocin; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Receptors, Oxytocin; Rhodopsin; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Threonine},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {7463},
	Pages = {458-62},
	Pmc = {PMC5283693},
	pmid = {23913275},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Oxytocin enhances hippocampal spike transmission by modulating fast-spiking interneurons},
	Volume = {500},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Owen_Nature2013.pdf}}

@article{De-Biase:2017,
	Abstract = {Microglia play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and can also modulate neuronal function and synaptic connectivity. In contrast to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which arise from multiple progenitor pools, microglia arise from yolk sac progenitors and are widely considered to be equivalent throughout the CNS. However, little is known about basic properties of deep brain microglia, such as those within the basal ganglia (BG). Here, we show that microglial anatomical features, lysosome content, membrane properties, and transcriptomes differ significantly across BG nuclei. Region-specific phenotypes of BG microglia emerged during the second postnatal week and were re-established following genetic or pharmacological microglial ablation and repopulation in the adult, indicating that local cues play an ongoing role in shaping microglial diversity. These findings demonstrate that microglia in the healthy brain exhibit a spectrum of distinct functional states and provide a critical foundation for defining microglial contributions to BG circuit function.},
	Author = {De Biase, Lindsay M and Schuebel, Kornel E and Fusfeld, Zachary H and Jair, Kamwing and Hawes, Isobel A and Cimbro, Raffaello and Zhang, Hai-Ying and Liu, Qing-Rong and Shen, Hui and Xi, Zheng-Xiong and Goldman, David and Bonci, Antonello},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:15:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:15:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.020},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {RNA sequencing; density; development; electrophysiology; heterogeneity; microglia; morphology; nucleus accumbens; substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area},
	Mesh = {Animals; Basal Ganglia; Cues; Mice, Transgenic; Microglia; Neurons; Phenotype},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {341-356.e6},
	Pmc = {PMC5754189},
	pmid = {28689984},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Local Cues Establish and Maintain Region-Specific Phenotypes of Basal Ganglia Microglia},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/DeBiase_Neuron2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/DeBiase_Neuron2017a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.020}}

@article{Sylwestrak:2016,
	Abstract = {In recently developed approaches for high-resolution imaging within intact tissue, molecular characterization over large volumes has been largely restricted to labeling of proteins. But volumetric nucleic acid labeling may represent a far greater scientific and clinical opportunity, enabling detection of not only diverse coding RNA variants but also non-coding RNAs. Moreover, scaling immunohistochemical detection to large tissue volumes has limitations due to high cost, limited renewability/availability, and restricted multiplexing capability of antibody labels. With the goal of versatile, high-content, and scalable molecular phenotyping of intact tissues, we developed a method using carbodiimide-based chemistry to stably retain RNAs in clarified tissue, coupled with amplification tools for multiplexed detection. The resulting technology enables robust measurement of activity-dependent transcriptional signatures, cell-identity markers, and diverse non-coding RNAs in rodent and human tissue volumes. The growing set of validated probes is deposited in an online resource for nucleating related developments from across the scientific community.},
	Author = {Sylwestrak, Emily Lauren and Rajasethupathy, Priyamvada and Wright, Matthew Arnot and Jaffe, Anna and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:14:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:14:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.038},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cyanates; Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide; Female; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Maleimides; Mice; Middle Aged; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Oligonucleotides; RNA; Succinimides; Transcriptome},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {792-804},
	Pmc = {PMC4775740},
	pmid = {26871636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multiplexed Intact-Tissue Transcriptional Analysis at Cellular Resolution},
	Volume = {164},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Sylwestrak_Cell2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.038}}

@article{Li:2009,
	Abstract = {Type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors mediate widespread synaptic plasticity, but how this contributes to systems-level plasticity and development in vivo is unclear. We tested whether CB1 signaling is required for development and plasticity of the whisker map in rat somatosensory cortex. Treatment with the CB1 antagonist AM251 during an early critical period for layer (L) 2/3 development (beginning postnatal day [P] 12-16) disrupted whisker map development, leading to inappropriate whisker tuning in L2/3 column edges and a blurred map. Early AM251 treatment also prevented experience-dependent plasticity in L2/3, including deprivation-induced synapse weakening and weakening of deprived whisker responses. CB1 blockade after P25 did not disrupt map development or plasticity. AM251 had no acute effect on sensory-evoked spiking and only modestly affected field potentials, suggesting that plasticity effects were not secondary to gross activity changes. These findings implicate CB1-dependent plasticity in systems-level development and early postnatal plasticity of the whisker map.},
	Author = {Li, Lu and Bender, Kevin J and Drew, Patrick J and Jadhav, Shantanu P and Sylwestrak, Emily and Feldman, Daniel E},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:12:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:12:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.005},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Critical Period (Psychology); Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Signal Transduction; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {537-49},
	Pmc = {PMC2796273},
	pmid = {19945395},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endocannabinoid signaling is required for development and critical period plasticity of the whisker map in somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.005}}

@article{Kim:2015,
	Abstract = {Cortical layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons integrate inputs from many sources and distribute outputs to cortical and subcortical structures. Previous studies demonstrate two L5 pyramid types: cortico-cortical (CC) and cortico-subcortical (CS). We characterize connectivity and function of these cell types in mouse primary visual cortex and reveal a new subtype. Unlike previously described L5 CC and CS neurons, this new subtype does not project to striatum [cortico-cortical, non-striatal (CC-NS)] and has distinct morphology, physiology, and visual responses. Monosynaptic rabies tracing reveals that CC neurons preferentially receive input from higher visual areas, while CS neurons receive more input from structures implicated in top-down modulation of brain states. CS neurons are also more direction-selective and prefer faster stimuli than CC neurons. These differences suggest distinct roles as specialized output channels, with CS neurons integrating information and generating responses more relevant to movement control and CC neurons being more important in visual perception.},
	Author = {Kim, Euiseok J and Juavinett, Ashley L and Kyubwa, Espoir M and Jacobs, Matthew W and Callaway, Edward M},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:11:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:11:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.002},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1253-67},
	Pmc = {PMC4688126},
	pmid = {26671462},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Three Types of Cortical Layer 5 Neurons That Differ in Brain-wide Connectivity and Function},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Kim_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.002}}

@article{Sylwestrak:2012,
	Abstract = {Although synaptic transmission may be unidirectional, the establishment of synaptic connections with specific properties can involve bidirectional signaling. Pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus form functionally distinct synapses onto two types of interneurons. Excitatory synapses onto oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons are facilitating and have a low release probability, whereas synapses onto parvalbumin interneurons are depressing and have a high release probability. Here, we show that the extracellular leucine-rich repeat fibronectin containing 1 (Elfn1) protein is selectively expressed by O-LM interneurons and regulates presynaptic release probability to direct the formation of highly facilitating pyramidal-O-LM synapses. Thus, postsynaptic expression of Elfn1 in O-LM interneurons regulates presynaptic release probability, which confers target-specific synaptic properties to pyramidal cell axons.},
	Author = {Sylwestrak, Emily L and Ghosh, Anirvan},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:10:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:10:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1222482},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Cells, Cultured; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Green Fluorescent Proteins; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Interneurons; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins; RNA, Small Interfering; Rats; Rats, Inbred LEC; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6106},
	Pages = {536-40},
	Pmc = {PMC5297939},
	pmid = {23042292},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Elfn1 regulates target-specific release probability at CA1-interneuron synapses},
	Volume = {338},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Sylwestrak_Science2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1222482}}

@article{Beier:2017,
	Abstract = {Identification of neural circuit changes that contribute to behavioural plasticity has routinely been conducted on candidate circuits that were preselected on the basis of previous results. Here we present an unbiased method for identifying experience-triggered circuit-level changes in neuronal ensembles in mice. Using rabies virus monosynaptic tracing, we mapped cocaine-induced global changes in inputs onto neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Cocaine increased rabies-labelled inputs from the globus pallidus externus (GPe), a basal ganglia nucleus not previously known to participate in behavioural plasticity triggered by drugs of abuse. We demonstrated that cocaine increased GPe neuron activity, which accounted for the increase in GPe labelling. Inhibition of GPe activity revealed that it contributes to two forms of cocaine-triggered behavioural plasticity, at least in part by disinhibiting dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. These results suggest that rabies-based unbiased screening of changes in input populations can identify previously unappreciated circuit elements that critically support behavioural adaptations.},
	Author = {Beier, Kevin T and Kim, Christina K and Hoerbelt, Paul and Hung, Lin Wai and Heifets, Boris D and DeLoach, Katherine E and Mosca, Timothy J and Neuner, Sophie and Deisseroth, Karl and Luo, Liqun and Malenka, Robert C},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:08:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:08:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature23888},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Basal Ganglia; Cocaine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Female; Globus Pallidus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Rabies virus; Staining and Labeling; Ventral Tegmental Area},
	Month = {09},
	Number = {7672},
	Pages = {345-350},
	pmid = {28902833},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rabies screen reveals GPe control of cocaine-triggered plasticity},
	Volume = {549},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Beier_Nature2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23888}}

@article{De-Biase:2010,
	Abstract = {The mammalian CNS contains an abundant, widely distributed population of glial cells that serve as oligodendrocyte progenitors. It has been reported that these NG2-immunoreactive cells (NG2(+) cells) form synapses and generate action potentials, suggesting that neural-evoked excitation of these progenitors may regulate oligodendrogenesis. However, recent studies also suggest that NG2(+) cells are comprised of functionally distinct groups that differ in their ability to respond to neuronal activity, undergo differentiation, and experience injury following ischemia. To better define the physiological properties of NG2(+) cells, we used transgenic mice that allowed an unbiased sampling of this population and unambiguous identification of cells in discrete states of differentiation. Using acute brain slices prepared from developing and mature mice, we found that NG2(+) cells in diverse brain regions share a core set of physiological properties, including expression of voltage-gated Na(+) (NaV) channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors, and formation of synapses with glutamatergic neurons. Although small amplitude Na(+) spikes could be elicited in some NG2(+) cells during the first postnatal week, they were not capable of generating action potentials. Transition of these progenitors to the premyelinating stage was accompanied by the rapid removal of synaptic input, as well as downregulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors and NaV channels. Thus, prior reports of physiological heterogeneity among NG2(+) cells may reflect analysis of cells in later stages of maturation. These results suggest that NG2(+) cells are uniquely positioned within the oligodendrocyte lineage to monitor the firing patterns of surrounding neurons.},
	Author = {De Biase, Lindsay M and Nishiyama, Akiko and Bergles, Dwight E},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:03:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:03:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6000-09.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Communication; Cell Lineage; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; Gene Expression Profiling; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Oligodendroglia; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3600-11},
	Pmc = {PMC2838193},
	pmid = {20219994},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Excitability and synaptic communication within the oligodendrocyte lineage},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/DeBiase_JNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Beier:2013,
	Abstract = {The use of neurotropic viruses as transsynaptic tracers was first described in the 1960s, but only recently have such viruses gained popularity as a method for labeling neural circuits. The development of retrograde monosynaptic tracing vectors has enabled visualization of the presynaptic sources onto defined sets of postsynaptic neurons. Here, we describe the first application of a novel viral tracer, based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which directs retrograde transsynaptic viral spread between defined cell types. We use this virus in the mouse retina to show connectivity between starburst amacrine cells (SACs) and their known synaptic partners, direction-selective retinal ganglion cells, as well as to discover previously unknown connectivity between SACs and other retinal ganglion cell types. These novel connections were confirmed using physiological recordings. VSV transsynaptic tracing enables cell type-specific dissection of neural circuitry and can reveal synaptic relationships among neurons that are otherwise obscured due to the complexity and density of neuropil.},
	Author = {Beier, Kevin T and Borghuis, Bart G and El-Danaf, Rana N and Huberman, Andrew D and Demb, Jonathan B and Cepko, Constance L},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:03:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:03:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0245-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Mice; Nerve Net; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons; Retina; Synapses; Vesiculovirus},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {35-51},
	Pmc = {PMC3711516},
	pmid = {23283320},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transsynaptic tracing with vesicular stomatitis virus reveals novel retinal circuitry},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Beier_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Sher:2013,
	Abstract = {CNS neurons change their connectivity to accommodate a changing environment, form memories, or respond to injury. Plasticity in the adult mammalian retina after injury or disease was thought to be limited to restructuring resulting in abnormal retinal anatomy and function. Here we report that neurons in the mammalian retina change their connectivity and restore normal retinal anatomy and function after injury. Patches of photoreceptors in the rabbit retina were destroyed by selective laser photocoagulation, leaving retinal inner neurons (bipolar, amacrine, horizontal, ganglion cells) intact. Photoreceptors located outside of the damaged zone migrated to make new functional connections with deafferented bipolar cells located inside the lesion. The new connections restored ON and OFF responses in deafferented ganglion cells. This finding extends the previously perceived limits of restorative plasticity in the adult retina and allows for new approaches to retinal laser therapy free of current detrimental side effects such as scotomata and scarring.},
	Author = {Sher, Alexander and Jones, Bryan W and Huie, Philip and Paulus, Yannis M and Lavinsky, Daniel and Leung, Loh-Shan S and Nomoto, Hiroyuki and Beier, Corinne and Marc, Robert E and Palanker, Daniel},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-28 22:02:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-28 22:02:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1044-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Lasers; Light Coagulation; Male; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells; Rabbits; Recovery of Function; Retina; Retinal Diseases; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Time Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {6800-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3865506},
	pmid = {23595739},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Restoration of retinal structure and function after selective photocoagulation},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Sher_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Behrens:2014,
	Abstract = {Bitter taste perception in vertebrates relies on a variable number of bitter taste receptor (Tas2r) genes, ranging from only three functional genes in chicken to as many as approximately 50 in frogs. Humans possess a medium-sized Tas2r repertoire encoding three broadly and several narrowly tuned receptors plus receptors with intermediate tuning properties. Such tuning information is not available for bitter taste receptors of other vertebrate species. In particular it is not known, whether a small Tas2r repertoire may be compensated for by broad tuning of these receptors, and on the other side, whether a large repertoire might entail a preponderance of narrowly tuned receptors. To elucidate this question, we cloned all three chicken Tas2rs, the two turkey Tas2rs, three zebra finch Tas2rs, and six Tas2rs of the Western clawed frog representative of major branches of the phylogenetic tree, and screened them with 46 different bitter compounds. All chicken and turkey Tas2rs were broadly tuned, the zebra finch Tas2rs were narrowly tuned, and frog Tas2rs ranged from broadly to narrowly tuned receptors. We conclude that a low number of functional Tas2r genes does not imply a reduced importance of bitter taste per se, as it can be compensated by large tuning width. A high number of functional Tas2r genes appears to allow the evolution of specialized receptors, possibly for toxins with species-specific relevance. In sum, we show that variability in tuning breadth, overlapping agonist profiles, and staggered effective agonist concentration ranges are shared features of human and other vertebrate Tas2rs.},
	Author = {Behrens, Maik and Korsching, Sigrun I and Meyerhof, Wolfgang},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-26 23:45:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-26 23:45:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/molbev/msu254},
	Journal = {Mol Biol Evol},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	Keywords = {G protein-coupled receptor; bitter taste receptor; evolution; heterologous expression},
	Mesh = {Amphibian Proteins; Animals; Anura; Avian Proteins; Birds; Evolution, Molecular; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Noscapine; Phylogeny; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signal Transduction; Taste Buds},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3216-27},
	pmid = {25180257},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Tuning properties of avian and frog bitter taste receptors dynamically fit gene repertoire sizes},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Behrens_MolBiolEvol2014.pdf}}

@article{Oike:2007,
	Abstract = {Recent progress in the molecular biology of taste reception has revealed that in mammals, the heteromeric receptors T1R1/3 and T1R2/3 respond to amino acids and sweeteners, respectively, whereas T2Rs are receptors for bitter tastants. Similar taste receptors have also been characterized in fish, but their ligands have not been identified yet. In the present study, we conducted a series of experiments to identify the fish taste receptor ligands. Facial nerve recordings in zebrafish (Danio rerio) demonstrated that the fish perceived amino acids and even denatonium, which is a representative of aversive bitter compounds for mammals and Drosophila. Calcium imaging analysis of T1Rs in zebrafish and medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) using an HEK293T heterologous expression system revealed that both T1R1/3 and a series of T1R2/3 responded to amino acids but not to sugars. A triple-labeling, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that cells expressing T1R1/3 and T1R2/3s exist in PLCbeta2-expressing taste bud cells of medaka fish. Functional analysis using T2Rs showed that zfT2R5 and mfT2R1 responded to denatonium. Behavior observations confirmed that zebrafish prefer amino acids and avoid denatonium. These results suggest that, although there may be some fish-specific way of discriminating ligands, vertebrates could have a conserved gustatory mechanism by which T1Rs and T2Rs respond to attractive and aversive tastants, respectively.},
	Author = {Oike, Hideaki and Nagai, Toshitada and Furuyama, Akira and Okada, Shinji and Aihara, Yoshiko and Ishimaru, Yoshiro and Marui, Takayuki and Matsumoto, Ichiro and Misaka, Takumi and Abe, Keiko},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-26 23:27:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-26 23:27:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0651-07.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Amino Acids; Animals; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Ligands; Oryzias; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Taste Buds; Zebrafish},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {5584-92},
	pmid = {17522303},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of ligands for fish taste receptors},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Oike_JNeurosci2007.pdf}}

@article{Yu:2016,
	Abstract = {We rely on movement to explore the environment, for example, by palpating an object. In somatosensory cortex, activity related to movement of digits or whiskers is suppressed, which could facilitate detection of touch. Movement-related suppression is generally assumed to involve corollary discharges. Here we uncovered a thalamocortical mechanism in which cortical fast-spiking interneurons, driven by sensory input, suppress movement-related activity in layer 4 (L4) excitatory neurons. In mice locating objects with their whiskers, neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) fired in response to touch and whisker movement. Cortical L4 fast-spiking interneurons inherited these responses from VPM. In contrast, L4 excitatory neurons responded mainly to touch. Optogenetic experiments revealed that fast-spiking interneurons reduced movement-related spiking in excitatory neurons, enhancing selectivity for touch-related information during active tactile sensation. These observations suggest a fundamental computation performed by the thalamocortical circuit to accentuate salient tactile information.},
	Author = {Yu, Jianing and Gutnisky, Diego A and Hires, S Andrew and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-21 22:24:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-21 22:24:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4412},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Interneurons; Mice; Movement; Neural Pathways; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Physical Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Touch; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1647-1657},
	pmid = {27749825},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Layer 4 fast-spiking interneurons filter thalamocortical signals during active somatosensation},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Yu_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Hartwick:2007,
	Abstract = {A small number (<2%) of mammalian retinal ganglion cells express the photopigment melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). Light depolarizes ipRGCs and increases intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) but the signaling cascades underlying these responses have yet to be elucidated. To facilitate physiological studies on these rare photoreceptors, highly enriched ipRGC cultures from neonatal rats were generated using anti-melanopsin-mediated plate adhesion (immunopanning). This novel approach enabled experiments on isolated ipRGCs, eliminating the potential confounding influence of rod/cone-driven input. Light induced a rise in [Ca2+]i (monitored using fura-2 imaging) in the immunopanned ipRGCs and the source of this Ca2+ signal was investigated. The Ca2+ responses were inhibited by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, SKF-96365 (1-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]ethyl-1H-imidazole), flufenamic acid, lanthanum, and gadolinium, consistent with the involvement of canonical transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in ipRGC phototransduction. However, the contribution of direct Ca2+ flux through a putative TRP channel to ipRGC [Ca2+]i was relatively small, as most (approximately 90%) of the light-induced Ca2+ responses could be blocked by preventing action potential firing with tetrodotoxin. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) blockers verapamil and (+)-cis-diltiazem significantly reduced the light-evoked Ca2+ responses, while the internal Ca2+ stores depleting agent thapsigargin had negligible effect. These results indicate that Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, activated after action potential firing, was the primary source for light-evoked elevations in ipRGC [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, concurrent Ca2+ imaging and cell-attached electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the Ca2+ responses were highly correlated to spike frequency, thereby establishing a direct link between action potential firing and somatic [Ca2+]i in light-stimulated ipRGCs.},
	Author = {Hartwick, Andrew T E and Bramley, Jayne R and Yu, Jianing and Stevens, Kelly T and Allen, Charles N and Baldridge, William H and Sollars, Patricia J and Pickard, Gary E},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-21 21:54:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-21 21:54:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3626-07.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium Signaling; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rod Opsins},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {13468-80},
	pmid = {18057205},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Light-evoked calcium responses of isolated melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hartwick_JNeurosci2007.pdf}}

@article{Goyal:2014,
	Abstract = {Aerobic glycolysis (AG; i.e., nonoxidative metabolism of glucose despite the presence of abundant oxygen) accounts for 10%-12% of glucose used by the adult human brain. AG varies regionally in the resting state. Brain AG may support synaptic growth and remodeling; however, data supporting this hypothesis are sparse. Here, we report on investigations on the role of AG in the human brain. Meta-analysis of prior brain glucose and oxygen metabolism studies demonstrates that AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest. In resting adult humans, AG correlates with the persistence of gene expression typical of infancy (transcriptional neoteny). In brain regions with the highest AG, we find increased gene expression related to synapse formation and growth. In contrast, regions high in oxidative glucose metabolism express genes related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that brain AG supports developmental processes, particularly those required for synapse formation and growth.},
	Author = {Goyal, Manu S and Hawrylycz, Michael and Miller, Jeremy A and Snyder, Abraham Z and Raichle, Marcus E},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-14 00:26:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-14 00:26:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.020},
	Journal = {Cell Metab},
	Journal-Full = {Cell metabolism},
	Keywords = {Energy Metabolism},
	Mesh = {Adult; Aerobiosis; Brain; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Ontology; Glucose; Glycolysis; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Synapses; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {49-57},
	Pmc = {PMC4389678},
	pmid = {24411938},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Goyal_CellMetab2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Goyal_CellMetab2014a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.020}}

@article{Magistretti:2015,
	Abstract = {The energy demands of the brain are high: they account for at least 20% of the body's energy consumption. Evolutionary studies indicate that the emergence of higher cognitive functions in humans is associated with an increased glucose utilization and expression of energy metabolism genes. Functional brain imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET, which are widely used in human neuroscience studies, detect signals that monitor energy delivery and use in register with neuronal activity. Recent technological advances in metabolic studies with cellular resolution have afforded decisive insights into the understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of the coupling between neuronal activity and energy metabolism and point at a key role of neuron-astrocyte metabolic interactions. This article reviews some of the most salient features emerging from recent studies and aims at providing an integration of brain energy metabolism across resolution scales.},
	Author = {Magistretti, Pierre J and Allaman, Igor},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-14 00:25:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-14 00:25:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.035},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Energy Metabolism},
	Mesh = {Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {883-901},
	pmid = {25996133},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Magistretti_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.035}}

@article{Erecinska:2004,
	Abstract = {Production of energy for the maintenance of ionic disequilibria necessary for generation and transmission of nerve impulses is one of the primary functions of the brain. This review attempts to link the plethora of information on the maturation of the central nervous system with the ontogeny of ATP metabolism, placing special emphasis on variations that occur during development in different brain regions and across the mammalian species. It correlates morphological events and markers with biochemical changes in activities of enzymes and pathways that participate in the production of ATP. The paper also evaluates alterations in energy levels as a function of age and, based on the tenet that ATP synthesis and utilization cannot be considered in isolation, investigates maturational profiles of the key processes that utilize energy. Finally, an attempt is made to assess the relevance of currently available animal models to improvement of our understanding of the etiopathology of various disease states in the human infant. This is deemed essential for the development and testing of novel strategies for prevention and treatment of several severe neurological deficits.},
	Author = {Erecinska, Maria and Cherian, Shobha and Silver, Ian A},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-14 00:24:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-14 00:24:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.003},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Energy Metabolism},
	Mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blood Vessels; Body Water; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cholesterol; DNA; Energy Metabolism; Extracellular Space; Humans; Ion Channels; Kinetics; Mitochondria; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {397-445},
	pmid = {15313334},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Energy metabolism in mammalian brain during development},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Erecinska_ProgNeurobiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.003}}

@article{Lee:2017,
	Abstract = {In mammals, taste buds typically contain 50-100 tightly packed taste-receptor cells (TRCs), representing all five basic qualities: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. Notably, mature taste cells have life spans of only 5-20 days and, consequently, are constantly replenished by differentiation of taste stem cells. Given the importance of establishing and maintaining appropriate connectivity between TRCs and their partner ganglion neurons (that is, ensuring that a labelled line from sweet TRCs connects to sweet neurons, bitter TRCs to bitter neurons, sour to sour, and so on), we examined how new connections are specified to retain fidelity of signal transmission. Here we show that bitter and sweet TRCs provide instructive signals to bitter and sweet target neurons via different guidance molecules (SEMA3A and SEMA7A). We demonstrate that targeted expression of SEMA3A or SEMA7A in different classes of TRCs produces peripheral taste systems with miswired sweet or bitter cells. Indeed, we engineered mice with bitter neurons that now responded to sweet tastants, sweet neurons that responded to bitter or sweet neurons responding to sour stimuli. Together, these results uncover the basic logic of the wiring of the taste system at the periphery, and illustrate how a labelled-line sensory circuit preserves signalling integrity despite rapid and stochastic turnover of receptor cells.},
	Author = {Lee, Hojoon and Macpherson, Lindsey J and Parada, Camilo A and Zuker, Charles S and Ryba, Nicholas J P},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-13 23:59:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-13 23:59:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature23299},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antigens, CD; Ganglia; Mice; Neurons; Semaphorin-3A; Semaphorins; Stem Cells; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Taste Buds},
	Month = {08},
	Number = {7667},
	Pages = {330-333},
	Pmc = {PMC5805144},
	pmid = {28792937},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rewiring the taste system},
	Volume = {548},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Lee_Nature2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lee_Nature2017a.pdf}}

@book{Kennedy:2016,
	Annote = {LDR    00863nam  22002535i 4500
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020    $a9783319277769 (alk. paper)
040    $aDLC$beng$erda$cDLC
042    $apcc
100 1  $aKennedy, Henry.
245 10 $aMicro-, meso- and macro-connectomics of the brain /$cHenry Kennedy.
263    $a1602
264  1 $aNew York, NY :$bSpringer Berlin Heidelberg,$c2016.
300    $apages cm
336    $atext$btxt$2rdacontent
337    $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia
338    $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier
963    $aRahila Nahid K; phone: (44) 43950500; email: N.Rahila@spi-global.com; bc: reinhold.joest@springer.com
},
	Author = {Kennedy, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-13 23:56:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-13 23:58:08 +0000},
	Isbn = {9783319277769 (alk. paper)},
	Library-Id = {2016932376},
	Title = {Micro-, meso- and macro-connectomics of the brain},
	url = {papers/Bookshelf_NBK435763.pdf}}

@article{Mergenthaler:2013,
	Abstract = {The mammalian brain depends upon glucose as its main source of energy, and tight regulation of glucose metabolism is critical for brain physiology. Consistent with its critical role for physiological brain function, disruption of normal glucose metabolism as well as its interdependence with cell death pathways forms the pathophysiological basis for many brain disorders. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how glucose metabolism sustains basic brain physiology. We synthesize these findings to form a comprehensive picture of the cooperation required between different systems and cell types, and the specific breakdowns in this cooperation that lead to disease.},
	Author = {Mergenthaler, Philipp and Lindauer, Ute and Dienel, Gerald A and Meisel, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 01:38:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 01:38:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.001},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {apoptosis; brain-body axis; glucose metabolism; metabolic brain disease; metabolic coupling},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Humans},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {587-97},
	Pmc = {PMC3900881},
	pmid = {23968694},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Mergenthaler_TrendsNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Gordon:2008,
	Abstract = {Calcium signalling in astrocytes couples changes in neural activity to alterations in cerebral blood flow by eliciting vasoconstriction or vasodilation of arterioles. However, the mechanism for how these opposite astrocyte influences provide appropriate changes in vessel tone within an environment that has dynamic metabolic requirements remains unclear. Here we show that the ability of astrocytes to induce vasodilations over vasoconstrictions relies on the metabolic state of the rat brain tissue. When oxygen availability is lowered and astrocyte calcium concentration is elevated, astrocyte glycolysis and lactate release are maximized. External lactate attenuates transporter-mediated uptake from the extracellular space of prostaglandin E(2), leading to accumulation and subsequent vasodilation. In conditions of low oxygen concentration extracellular adenosine also increases, which blocks astrocyte-mediated constriction, facilitating dilation. These data reveal the role of metabolic substrates in regulating brain blood flow and provide a mechanism for differential astrocyte control over cerebrovascular diameter during different states of brain activation.},
	Author = {Gordon, Grant R J and Choi, Hyun B and Rungta, Ravi L and Ellis-Davies, Graham C R and MacVicar, Brian A},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 01:34:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 01:34:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature07525},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Adenosine; Animals; Arterioles; Astrocytes; Brain; Dinoprostone; Glycolysis; Lactic Acid; Male; Organic Anion Transporters; Oxygen; Pressure; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7223},
	Pages = {745-9},
	Pmc = {PMC4097022},
	pmid = {18971930},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain metabolism dictates the polarity of astrocyte control over arterioles},
	Volume = {456},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Gordon_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Gordon_Nature2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07525}}

@article{Pouchelon:2012,
	Abstract = {The topographical mapping of input is a fundamental organizing principle of sensory pathways. In the somatosensory system, a precise topographical representation of the face is first generated in the brainstem and then faithfully replicated in the thalamus and cortex. Although our knowledge of the distinct polysynaptic pathways that link cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the face with neocortical neurons has recently expanded, the molecular mechanisms controlling their neuron-type-specific assembly during development remain poorly understood. The increasing availability of genetic tools that enable manipulation of these developing circuits with cellular resolution now opens new perspectives in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which input from the periphery is converted into patterned central pathways.},
	Annote = {somatosensory pathways only review. No information on visual system developmental innervation.

- E12.5 Trigeminal axons innervate whisker follicle
- E14.5 trigeminal collaterals reach PrV (principal nucleus of brainstem trigeminal complex)
- E15.5 PrV axons reach VP (ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus)
- E18 VP axons reach cortical subplate
- P0 PrV axons branch into VP
- P3 VP axons branch into L4 of S1 neocortex
},
	Author = {Pouchelon, Gabrielle and Frangeul, Laura and Rijli, Filippo M and Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 01:03:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 01:18:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08059.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Vibrissae},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1533-9},
	pmid = {22606999},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterning of pre-thalamic somatosensory pathways},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Pouchelon_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08059.x}}

@article{Jabaudon:2012,
	Abstract = {Neurons in layer IV of the rodent whisker somatosensory cortex are tangentially organized in periodic clusters called barrels, each of which is innervated by thalamocortical axons transmitting sensory information from a single principal whisker, together forming a somatotopic map of the whisker pad. Proper thalamocortical innervation is critical for barrel formation during development, but the molecular mechanisms controlling layer IV neuron clustering are unknown. Here, we investigate the role in this mapping of the nuclear orphan receptor RORβ, which is expressed in neurons in layer IV during corticogenesis. We find that RORβ protein expression specifically increases in the whisker barrel cortex during barrel formation and that in vivo overexpression of RORβ is sufficient to induce periodic barrel-like clustering of cortical neurons. Remarkably, this clustering can be induced as early as E18, prior to innervation by thalamocortical afferents and whisker derived-input. At later developmental stages, these ectopic neuronal clusters are specifically innervated by thalamocortical axons, demonstrated by anterograde labeling from the thalamus and by expression of thalamocortical-specific synaptic markers. Together, these data indicate that RORβ expression levels control cytoarchitectural patterning of neocortical neurons during development, a critical process for the topographical mapping of whisker input onto the cortical surface.},
	Author = {Jabaudon, Denis and Shnider, Sara J and Tischfield, David J and Galazo, Maria J and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:22:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:22:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr182},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neocortex; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {996-1006},
	Pmc = {PMC3328343},
	pmid = {21799210},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {RORβ induces barrel-like neuronal clusters in the developing neocortex},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Jabaudon_CerebCortex2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr182}}

@article{Bressler:1996,
	Abstract = {The primary visual cortex (V1) is part of a highly interconnected network of cortical areas, hierarchically organized but operating concurrently across hierarchical levels. The high degree of reciprocal interconnection among visual cortical areas provides a framework for their interaction during the performance of visual scene analysis. The functional interdependency of visual cortical areas which develops during scene analysis can be investigated by techniques which measure interareal correlated activity. Evidence from monkeys performing a visual pattern discrimination suggests that synchronization of aperiodic activity from neuronal ensembles in cortical areas at different hierarchical levels is a relevant aspect of visual function. The near-periodic nature of the synchronized response to moving light bars in earlier studies may have been a result of the type of stimulus used. Various models of visual cortex are discussed in which interareal synchronization plays a functional role.},
	Author = {Bressler, S L},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:05:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:07:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Keywords = {functional connectivity; oscillations; synchrony; Neocortex; isocortex; cerebral; areas},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Feedback; Haplorhini; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurophysiology; Time Factors; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {37-49},
	pmid = {8734042},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Interareal synchronization in the visual cortex},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Bressler_BehavBrainRes1996.pdf}}

@article{Rumberger:2001,
	Abstract = {We have qualitatively and quantitatively analysed the anatomical connections within and between rat primary visual cortex (V1) and the rim region surrounding area V1, using both ortho- and retrograde anatomical tracers (biotinylated dextran amine, biocytin, cholera toxin b subunit). From the analysis of the projection patterns, and with the assumption that single points in the rat visual cortex, as in other species, have projection fields made up of multiple patches of terminals, we have concluded that just two V1 recipient areas occupy the entire rim region: an anterolateral area, probably homologous with V2 in other mammals, previously named Oc2L, and a medial area, corresponding to Oc2M. A non-reciprocal projection from the anterolateral area to the medial area was identified. Small injections (300-600microm uptake zone diameter) of the anatomical tracers in area V1, or in the rim region, label orthograde intra-areal connections from each injection site to offset small patches. This is found in all regions of the rim and within at least the relatively expanded central dorsal field representation of V1. From the extent of these projections in V1 and the two rim regions, we have estimated that the neurons at the injection site send diverging laterally spreading projections to other neurons whose receptive fields share any part of the area included in the pooled receptive fields of the neurons at the injection site. Orthogradely labelled inter-areal feedforward projections from V1 to either rim region are estimated to diverge in their projections to neurons that share any part of the area of the pooled receptive fields of the V1 intra-areal connectional field of the same injection. The orthogradely labelled feedback projections to V1, from injection sites in either rim region, reach V1 neurons whose pooled receptive fields match those of the neurons in the rim injection site, i.e. with no divergence. Despite patchy anatomical connectional fields, our estimates indicate that visual space is represented continuously in the receptive fields of neurons postsynaptic to each intra- or inter-areal field of orthograde label. We suggest that, despite the absence of regularly mapped functions in rat V1 (e.g. regularly arranged orientation specificity), which in other species (e.g. primates and cats) relate to the patchy connectional patterns, the rat visual cortex intra- and inter-areal anatomical connections follow similar patterns and scaling factors to those in other species.},
	Author = {Rumberger, A and Tyler, C J and Lund, J S},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:04:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:04:07 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biotin; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Lysine; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {35-52},
	pmid = {11226668},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intra- and inter-areal connections between the primary visual cortex V1 and the area immediately surrounding V1 in the rat},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Rumberger_Neuroscience2001.pdf}}

@article{Yamashita:2013,
	Abstract = {Primary sensory cortex discriminates incoming sensory information and generates multiple processing streams toward other cortical areas. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, by making whole-cell recordings in primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1) of behaving mice, we show that S1 neurons projecting to primary motor cortex (M1) and those projecting to secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) have distinct intrinsic membrane properties and exhibit markedly different membrane potential dynamics during behavior. Passive tactile stimulation evoked faster and larger postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in M1-projecting neurons, rapidly driving phasic action potential firing, well-suited for stimulus detection. Repetitive active touch evoked strongly depressing PSPs and only transient firing in M1-projecting neurons. In contrast, PSP summation allowed S2-projecting neurons to robustly signal sensory information accumulated during repetitive touch, useful for encoding object features. Thus, target-specific transformation of sensory-evoked synaptic potentials by S1 projection neurons generates functionally distinct output signals for sensorimotor coordination and sensory perception.},
	Author = {Yamashita, Takayuki and Pala, Aur{\'e}lie and Pedrido, Leticia and Kremer, Yves and Welker, Egbert and Petersen, Carl C H},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:02:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:02:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.059},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Male; Mice; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Physical Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Synaptic Potentials; Touch Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1477-90},
	pmid = {24360548},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Membrane potential dynamics of neocortical projection neurons driving target-specific signals},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Yamashita_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.059}}

@article{Petersen:2013,
	Abstract = {Computations in neocortical circuits are predominantly driven by synaptic integration of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic inputs. New optical, electrophysiological, and genetic methods allow detailed in vivo investigation of the superficial neocortical layers 2 and 3 (L2/3). Here, we review current knowledge of mouse L2/3 sensory cortex, focusing on somatosensory barrel cortex with comparisons to visual and auditory cortex. Broadly tuned, dense subthreshold synaptic input accompanied by sparse action potential (AP) firing in excitatory neurons provides a simple and reliable neural code useful for associative learning. Sparse AP firing is enforced by strong inhibition from genetically defined classes of GABAergic neurons. Subnetworks of strongly and specifically connected excitatory neurons may drive L2/3 network function, with potential contributions from dendritic spikes evoked by spatiotemporally clustered synaptic input. These functional properties of L2/3 are under profound regulation by brain state and behavior, providing interesting avenues for future mechanistic investigations into context-specific processing of sensory information.},
	Author = {Petersen, Carl C H and Crochet, Sylvain},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:02:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:02:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.020},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Mice; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Sensation; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {28-48},
	pmid = {23583106},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic computation and sensory processing in neocortical layer 2/3},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.020}}

@article{Bavelier:2002,
	Abstract = {Animal studies have shown that sensory deprivation in one modality can have striking effects on the development of the remaining modalities. Although recent studies of deaf and blind humans have also provided convincing behavioural, electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence of increased capabilities and altered organization of spared modalities, there is still much debate about the identity of the brain systems that are changed and the mechanisms that mediate these changes. Plastic changes across brain systems and related behaviours vary as a function of the timing and the nature of changes in experience. This specificity must be understood in the context of differences in the maturation rates and timing of the associated critical periods, differences in patterns of transiently existing connections, and differences in molecular factors across brain systems.},
	Author = {Bavelier, Daphne and Neville, Helen J},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-25 00:00:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 00:00:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn848},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Sensation; Sensory Deprivation; Synapses},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {443-52},
	pmid = {12042879},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Bavelier_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Tagge:2018,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms underpinning concussion, traumatic brain injury, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and the relationships between these disorders, are poorly understood. We examined post-mortem brains from teenage athletes in the acute-subacute period after mild closed-head impact injury and found astrocytosis, myelinated axonopathy, microvascular injury, perivascular neuroinflammation, and phosphorylated tau protein pathology. To investigate causal mechanisms, we developed a mouse model of lateral closed-head impact injury that uses momentum transfer to induce traumatic head acceleration. Unanaesthetized mice subjected to unilateral impact exhibited abrupt onset, transient course, and rapid resolution of a concussion-like syndrome characterized by altered arousal, contralateral hemiparesis, truncal ataxia, locomotor and balance impairments, and neurobehavioural deficits. Experimental impact injury was associated with axonopathy, blood-brain barrier disruption, astrocytosis, microgliosis (with activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, TREM2), monocyte infiltration, and phosphorylated tauopathy in cerebral cortex ipsilateral and subjacent to impact. Phosphorylated tauopathy was detected in ipsilateral axons by 24 h, bilateral axons and soma by 2 weeks, and distant cortex bilaterally at 5.5 months post-injury. Impact pathologies co-localized with serum albumin extravasation in the brain that was diagnostically detectable in living mice by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These pathologies were also accompanied by early, persistent, and bilateral impairment in axonal conduction velocity in the hippocampus and defective long-term potentiation of synaptic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex, brain regions distant from acute brain injury. Surprisingly, acute neurobehavioural deficits at the time of injury did not correlate with blood-brain barrier disruption, microgliosis, neuroinflammation, phosphorylated tauopathy, or electrophysiological dysfunction. Furthermore, concussion-like deficits were observed after impact injury, but not after blast exposure under experimental conditions matched for head kinematics. Computational modelling showed that impact injury generated focal point loading on the head and seven-fold greater peak shear stress in the brain compared to blast exposure. Moreover, intracerebral shear stress peaked before onset of gross head motion. By comparison, blast induced distributed force loading on the head and diffuse, lower magnitude shear stress in the brain. We conclude that force loading mechanics at the time of injury shape acute neurobehavioural responses, structural brain damage, and neuropathological sequelae triggered by neurotrauma. These results indicate that closed-head impact injuries, independent of concussive signs, can induce traumatic brain injury as well as early pathologies and functional sequelae associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. These results also shed light on the origins of concussion and relationship to traumatic brain injury and its aftermath.awx350media15713427811001.},
	Author = {Tagge, Chad A and Fisher, Andrew M and Minaeva, Olga V and Gaudreau-Balderrama, Amanda and Moncaster, Juliet A and Zhang, Xiao-Lei and Wojnarowicz, Mark W and Casey, Noel and Lu, Haiyan and Kokiko-Cochran, Olga N and Saman, Sudad and Ericsson, Maria and Onos, Kristen D and Veksler, Ronel and Senatorov, Jr, Vladimir V and Kondo, Asami and Zhou, Xiao Z and Miry, Omid and Vose, Linnea R and Gopaul, Katisha R and Upreti, Chirag and Nowinski, Christopher J and Cantu, Robert C and Alvarez, Victor E and Hildebrandt, Audrey M and Franz, Erich S and Konrad, Janusz and Hamilton, James A and Hua, Ning and Tripodis, Yorghos and Anderson, Andrew T and Howell, Gareth R and Kaufer, Daniela and Hall, Garth F and Lu, Kun P and Ransohoff, Richard M and Cleveland, Robin O and Kowall, Neil W and Stein, Thor D and Lamb, Bruce T and Huber, Bertrand R and Moss, William C and Friedman, Alon and Stanton, Patric K and McKee, Ann C and Goldstein, Lee E},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-24 23:58:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-24 23:58:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/brain/awx350},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {TREM2; chronic traumatic encephalopathy; concussion; tau protein; traumatic brain injury},
	Month = {Jan},
	pmid = {29360998},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model},
	Year = {2018},
	url = {papers/Tagge_Brain2018.pdf}}

@article{Cuoco:2018,
	Abstract = {C57BL/6 mice exhibit spontaneous cerebellar malformations consisting of heterotopic neurons and glia in the molecular layer of the posterior vermis, indicative of neuronal migration defect during cerebellar development. Recognizing that many genetically engineered (GE) mouse lines are produced from C57BL/6 ES cells or backcrossed to this strain, we performed histological analyses and found that cerebellar heterotopia were a common feature present in the majority of GE lines on this background. Furthermore, we identify GE mouse lines that will be valuable in the study of cerebellar malformations including diverse driver, reporter, and optogenetic lines. Finally, we discuss the implications that these data have on the use of C57BL/6 mice and GE mice on this background in studies of cerebellar development or as models of disease.},
	Author = {Cuoco, Joshua A and Esposito, Anthony W and Moriarty, Shannon and Tang, Ying and Seth, Sonika and Toia, Alyssa R and Kampton, Elias B and Mayr, Yevgeniy and Khan, Mussarah and Khan, Mohammad B and Mullen, Brian R and Ackman, James B and Siddiqi, Faez and Wolfe, John H and Savinova, Olga V and Ramos, Raddy L},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-19 23:05:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-19 23:05:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1007/s12311-017-0892-3},
	Journal = {Cerebellum},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebellum (London, England)},
	Keywords = {C57BL/6; Cerebellar development; Knock-out mice; Transgenic mice},
	Month = {Oct},
	pmid = {29043563},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Malformation of the Posterior Cerebellar Vermis Is a Common Neuroanatomical Phenotype of Genetically Engineered Mice on the C57BL/6 Background},
	Year = {2018},
	url = {papers/Cuoco_Cerebellum2018.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-017-0892-3}}

@article{Selverston:1998,
	Abstract = {The lobster stomatogastric ganglion contains 30 neurons and when modulated can produce two distinct rhythmic motor patterns--the gastric mill and the pyloric. The complete neural circuitry underlying both patterns is well known. Without modulatory input no patterns are produced, and the neurons fire tonically or are silent. When neuromodulators are released into the ganglion from specific neurons or are delivered as hormones, the properties of the neurons and synapses change dramatically and modulator-specific gastric mill and pyloric patterns are produced. In general the rhythmicity derives from the induced burstiness of the neurons, and the pattern from the strengths of the electrical and chemical synapses. The organized activity can be traced to a marked reduction of chaotic activity in individual neurons when they shift from the unmodulated to the modulated state.},
	Author = {Selverston, A and Elson, R and Rabinovich, M and Huerta, R and Abarbanel, H},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-17 00:03:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-17 00:03:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Ganglia, Invertebrate; Motor Neurons; Nephropidae; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Periodicity; Stomach},
	Month = {Nov},
	Pages = {35-50},
	pmid = {9928300},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Basic principles for generating motor output in the stomatogastric ganglion},
	Volume = {860},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Selverston_AnnNYAcadSci1998.pdf}}

@article{Bliss:1973a,
	Abstract = {1. Potential changes evoked by stimulation of the perforant path have been recorded in the dentate area of the hippocampal formation in chronically prepared unanaesthetized rabbits.2. Components attributed to excitatory synaptic current flow and to action potentials in the granule cell population were distinguishable, with characteristics largely the same as in anaesthetized rabbits.3. Stimulation at 15/sec for several seconds usually led to the granule cells being more effectively activated by the individual stimuli of the train (;frequency potentiation'). Single stimuli then commonly produced multiple discharges in the granule cell population.4. After single periods of stimulation at 15/sec for 15-20 sec there was on 26% of the occasions (41% of those on which there was good frequency potentiation) a long-lasting potentiation of the responses to subsequent stimuli, lasting from 1 hr to 3 days.5. After a further 20% of the periods of repetitive stimulation there was a shorter lasting potentiation, and after 8% there was a short lasting depression.6. The potentiation, when present, was characterized by some or all of the following changes: increases in the amplitudes of the synaptic wave and population spike, reduction in the latency of the population spike, and reductions in the variability of the characteristics of the population spike.7. During the long-lasting potentiation there was an increase in the excitability of the post-synaptic cells and, on some but not all occasions, an increase in the extracellular current flow produced directly by synaptic action.},
	Author = {Bliss, T V and Gardner-Medwin, A R},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-17 00:01:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-17 00:01:47 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Online Systems; Rabbits; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {357-74},
	Pmc = {PMC1350459},
	pmid = {4727085},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the unanaestetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path},
	Volume = {232},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{Bliss:1973,
	Abstract = {1. The after-effects of repetitive stimulation of the perforant path fibres to the dentate area of the hippocampal formation have been examined with extracellular micro-electrodes in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane.2. In fifteen out of eighteen rabbits the population response recorded from granule cells in the dentate area to single perforant path volleys was potentiated for periods ranging from 30 min to 10 hr after one or more conditioning trains at 10-20/sec for 10-15 sec, or 100/sec for 3-4 sec.3. The population response was analysed in terms of three parameters: the amplitude of the population excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.), signalling the depolarization of the granule cells, and the amplitude and latency of the population spike, signalling the discharge of the granule cells.4. All three parameters were potentiated in 29% of the experiments; in other experiments in which long term changes occurred, potentiation was confined to one or two of the three parameters. A reduction in the latency of the population spike was the commonest sign of potentiation, occurring in 57% of all experiments. The amplitude of the population e.p.s.p. was increased in 43%, and of the population spike in 40%, of all experiments.5. During conditioning at 10-20/sec there was massive potentiation of the population spike (;frequency potentiation'). The spike was suppressed during stimulation at 100/sec. Both frequencies produced long-term potentiation.6. The results suggest that two independent mechanisms are responsible for long-lasting potentiation: (a) an increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission at the perforant path synapses; (b) an increase in the excitability of the granule cell population.},
	Author = {Bliss, T V and Lomo, T},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-17 00:01:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-17 00:01:45 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Female; Hippocampus; Male; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Rabbits; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {331-56},
	Pmc = {PMC1350458},
	pmid = {4727084},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path},
	Volume = {232},
	Year = {1973},
	url = {papers/Bliss_JPhysiol1973.pdf}}

@article{Brown:1914,
	Author = {Brown, T G},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:59:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:59:23 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {18-46},
	Pmc = {PMC1420503},
	pmid = {16993247},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {1914},
	url = {papers/Brown_JPhysiol1914.pdf}}

@article{Sherrington:1913,
	Abstract = {IN a previous paper' an attempt was made to determine factors at work in the reflex act of stepping, that is to say in the stepping performed by a purely reflex preparation, either decerebrate or purely spinal. The present experiments are in contribution toward the same problem.
Method. In the present experiments the mode of evoking the rhythmic reflex has been that recently found by T. Graham Browns, A. Forbes3, and myself4; and the reflex preparation employed has consisted of an isolated pair of symmetrical extensor muscles5, i.e. the main extensor muscle of each knee, right and left, in the decerebrate mammal (cat).},
	Author = {Sherrington, C S},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:56:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:57:30 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {196-214},
	Pmc = {PMC1420464},
	pmid = {16993214},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Further observations on the production of reflex stepping by combination of reflex excitation with reflex inhibition},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {1913},
	url = {papers/Sherrington_JPhysiol1913.pdf}}

@article{Drew:2008,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous ultra-slow oscillations in brain signals are ubiquitous, although their source and function remain unknown. A new study now reports that this activity is correlated between functionally related areas across hemispheres in humans.},
	Author = {Drew, Patrick J and Duyn, Jeff H and Golanov, Eugene and Kleinfeld, David},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:49:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:50:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn0908-991},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {teaching; facts; oscillations; synchrony; EEG; LFP; neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Biological Clocks; Brain; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {991-3},
	pmid = {18725901},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Finding coherence in spontaneous oscillations},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Drew_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0908-991}}

@article{Ramsden:2015,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) encode an animal's position and orientation in space. Within the MEC spatial representations, including grid and directional firing fields, have a laminar and dorsoventral organization that corresponds to a similar topography of neuronal connectivity and cellular properties. Yet, in part due to the challenges of integrating anatomical data at the resolution of cortical layers and borders, we know little about the molecular components underlying this organization. To address this we develop a new computational pipeline for high-throughput analysis and comparison of in situ hybridization (ISH) images at laminar resolution. We apply this pipeline to ISH data for over 16,000 genes in the Allen Brain Atlas and validate our analysis with RNA sequencing of MEC tissue from adult mice. We find that differential gene expression delineates the borders of the MEC with neighboring brain structures and reveals its laminar and dorsoventral organization. We propose a new molecular basis for distinguishing the deep layers of the MEC and show that their similarity to corresponding layers of neocortex is greater than that of superficial layers. Our analysis identifies ion channel-, cell adhesion- and synapse-related genes as candidates for functional differentiation of MEC layers and for encoding of spatial information at different scales along the dorsoventral axis of the MEC. We also reveal laminar organization of genes related to disease pathology and suggest that a high metabolic demand predisposes layer II to neurodegenerative pathology. In principle, our computational pipeline can be applied to high-throughput analysis of many forms of neuroanatomical data. Our results support the hypothesis that differences in gene expression contribute to functional specialization of superficial layers of the MEC and dorsoventral organization of the scale of spatial representations.},
	Author = {Ramsden, Helen L and S{\"u}rmeli, G{\"u}l{\c s}en and McDonagh, Steven G and Nolan, Matthew F},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:48:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:48:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004032},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {method; technique; connectivity; computational biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex; Gene Expression Profiling; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Imaging; Organ Specificity},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e1004032},
	Pmc = {PMC4304787},
	pmid = {25615592},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Laminar and dorsoventral molecular organization of the medial entorhinal cortex revealed by large-scale anatomical analysis of gene expression},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004032}}

@article{Richardet:2015,
	Abstract = {MOTIVATION: In neuroscience, as in many other scientific domains, the primary form of knowledge dissemination is through published articles. One challenge for modern neuroinformatics is finding methods to make the knowledge from the tremendous backlog of publications accessible for search, analysis and the integration of such data into computational models. A key example of this is metascale brain connectivity, where results are not reported in a normalized repository. Instead, these experimental results are published in natural language, scattered among individual scientific publications. This lack of normalization and centralization hinders the large-scale integration of brain connectivity results. In this article, we present text-mining models to extract and aggregate brain connectivity results from 13.2 million PubMed abstracts and 630 216 full-text publications related to neuroscience. The brain regions are identified with three different named entity recognizers (NERs) and then normalized against two atlases: the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) and the atlas from the Brain Architecture Management System (BAMS). We then use three different extractors to assess inter-region connectivity.
RESULTS: NERs and connectivity extractors are evaluated against a manually annotated corpus. The complete in litero extraction models are also evaluated against in vivo connectivity data from ABA with an estimated precision of 78%. The resulting database contains over 4 million brain region mentions and over 100 000 (ABA) and 122 000 (BAMS) potential brain region connections. This database drastically accelerates connectivity literature review, by providing a centralized repository of connectivity data to neuroscientists.},
	Author = {Richardet, Renaud and Chappelier, Jean-C{\'e}dric and Telefont, Martin and Hill, Sean},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:48:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:48:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btv025},
	Journal = {Bioinformatics},
	Journal-Full = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)},
	Keywords = {method; technique; connectivity; computational biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Atlases as Topic; Brain; Brain Mapping; Data Mining; Databases, Factual; Mice; Neuroanatomy; Periodicals as Topic; Software; Terminology as Topic},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1640-7},
	Pmc = {PMC4426844},
	pmid = {25609795},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Large-scale extraction of brain connectivity from the neuroscientific literature},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv025}}

@article{Kuan:2015,
	Abstract = {The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a mesoscale whole brain axonal projection atlas of the C57Bl/6J mouse brain. Anatomical trajectories throughout the brain were mapped into a common 3D space using a standardized platform to generate a comprehensive and quantitative database of inter-areal and cell-type-specific projections. This connectivity atlas has several desirable features, including brain-wide coverage, validated and versatile experimental techniques, a single standardized data format, a quantifiable and integrated neuroinformatics resource, and an open-access public online database (http://connectivity.brain-map.org/). Meaningful informatics data quantification and comparison is key to effective use and interpretation of connectome data. This relies on successful definition of a high fidelity atlas template and framework, mapping precision of raw data sets into the 3D reference framework, accurate signal detection and quantitative connection strength algorithms, and effective presentation in an integrated online application. Here we describe key informatics pipeline steps in the creation of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas and include basic application use cases.},
	Author = {Kuan, Leonard and Li, Yang and Lau, Chris and Feng, David and Bernard, Amy and Sunkin, Susan M and Zeng, Hongkui and Dang, Chinh and Hawrylycz, Michael and Ng, Lydia},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:48:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:48:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.013},
	Journal = {Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Methods (San Diego, Calif.)},
	Keywords = {Digital atlas; Image registration; Mouse connectivity atlas; Neuronal projection; Signal detection; method; technique; connectivity; computational biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Atlases as Topic; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Informatics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {4-17},
	pmid = {25536338},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuroinformatics of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Kuan_Methods2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.013}}

@article{Ermentrout:2001,
	Abstract = {The theory of coupled phase oscillators provides a framework to understand the emergent properties of networks of neuronal oscillators. When the architecture of the network is dominated by short-range connections, the pattern of electrical output is predicted to correspond to traveling plane and rotating waves, in addition to synchronized output. We argue that this theory provides the foundation for understanding the traveling electrical waves that are observed across olfactory, visual, and visuomotor areas of cortex in a variety of species. The waves are typically present during periods outside of stimulation, while synchronous activity typically dominates in the presence of a strong stimulus. We suggest that the continuum of phase shifts during epochs with traveling waves provides a means to scan the incoming sensory stream for novel features. Experiments to test our theoretical approach are presented.},
	Author = {Ermentrout, G B and Kleinfeld, D},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:44:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:44:29 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Clocks; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Networks (Computer); Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {33-44},
	pmid = {11182079},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Traveling electrical waves in cortex: insights from phase dynamics and speculation on a computational role},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Ermentrout_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Smith:2010a,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shortly after eye opening, initially disorganized visual cortex circuitry is rapidly refined to form smooth retinotopic maps. This process asymptotes long before adulthood, but it is unknown whether further refinement is possible. Prior work from our lab has shown that the retinotopic map of the non-dominant ipsilateral eye develops faster when the dominant contralateral eye is removed. We examined whether input from the contralateral eye might also limit the ultimate refinement of the ipsilateral eye retinotopic map in adults. In addition, we examined whether the increased refinement involved the recruitment of adjacent cortical area.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: By surgically implanting a chronic optical window over visual cortex in mice, we repeatedly measured the degree of retinotopic map refinement using quantitative intrinsic signal optical imaging over four weeks. We removed the contralateral eye and observed that the retinotopic map for the ipsilateral eye was further refined and the maximum magnitude of response increased. However, these changes were not accompanied by an increase in the area of responsive cortex.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to a greater degree without taking over adjacent cortical area, we conclude that input from the contralateral eye limits the normal refinement of visual cortical circuitry in mice. These findings suggest that the refinement capacity of cortical circuitry is normally saturated.},
	Author = {Smith, Spencer L and Trachtenberg, Joshua T},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:41:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:41:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009925},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Animals; Eye; Functional Laterality; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {e9925},
	Pmc = {PMC2848025},
	pmid = {20369001},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {The refinement of ipsilateral eye retinotopic maps is increased by removing the dominant contralateral eye in adult mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Smith_PLoSOne2010.pdf}}

@article{Faguet:2009,
	Abstract = {In the cerebral cortex, neuronal circuits are first laid down by intrinsic mechanisms and then refined by experience. In the canonical model, this refinement is driven by activity-dependent competition between inputs for some limited cortical resource. Here we examine this idea in the mouse visual cortex at the peak of the critical period for experience-dependent plasticity. By imaging intrinsic optical responses, we mapped the strength and size of each eye's cortical representation in normal mice, mice that had been deprived of patterned vision uni- or bilaterally, and in mice in which the contralateral eye had been removed. We find that for both eyes, a period of visual deprivation results in a loss of cortical responsiveness to stimulation through the deprived eye. In addition, the ipsilateral eye pathway is affected by the quality of vision through the opposite eye. Our findings indicate that although both contra- and ipsilateral eye pathways require visual experience for their maintenance, ipsilateral eye projections bear an additional, unique sensitivity to binocular interactions.},
	Author = {Faguet, Joshua and Maranhao, Bruno and Smith, Spencer L and Trachtenberg, Joshua T},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:40:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:40:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.90893.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Diagnostic Imaging; Eye; Fourier Analysis; Functional Laterality; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Sensory Thresholds; Space Perception; Time Factors; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {855-61},
	Pmc = {PMC2657065},
	pmid = {19052109},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ipsilateral eye cortical maps are uniquely sensitive to binocular plasticity},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Faguet_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}}

@article{Kramer:2013,
	Abstract = {The optical neuroscience revolution is transforming how we study neural circuits. By providing a precise way to manipulate endogenous neuronal signaling proteins, it also has the potential to transform our understanding of molecular neuroscience. Recent advances in chemical biology have produced light-sensitive compounds that photoregulate a wide variety of proteins underlying signaling between and within neurons. Chemical tools for optopharmacology include caged agonists and antagonists and reversibly photoswitchable ligands. These reagents act on voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, enabling control of neuronal signaling with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. By covalently attaching photoswitch molecules to genetically tagged proteins, the newly emerging methodology of optogenetic pharmacology allows biochemically precise control in targeted subsets of neurons. Now that the tools for manipulating endogenous neuronal signaling proteins are available, they can be implemented in vivo to enhance our understanding of the molecular bases of brain function and dysfunctions.},
	Author = {Kramer, Richard H and Mourot, Alexandre and Adesnik, Hillel},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:37:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:38:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3424},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {technique; method; optogenetics; activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Ion Channels; Ligands; Neurons; Optogenetics; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {816-23},
	Pmc = {PMC4963006},
	pmid = {23799474},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optogenetic pharmacology for control of native neuronal signaling proteins},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Kramer_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Czajkowski:2014,
	Abstract = {The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is part of a network of interconnected cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic structures harboring spatially modulated neurons. The RSC contains head direction cells and connects to the parahippocampal region and anterior thalamus. Manipulations of the RSC can affect spatial and contextual tasks. A considerable amount of evidence implicates the role of the RSC in spatial navigation, but it is unclear whether this structure actually encodes or stores spatial information. We used a transgenic mouse in which the expression of green fluorescent protein was under the control of the immediate early gene c-fos promoter as well as time-lapse two-photon in vivo imaging to monitor neuronal activation triggered by spatial learning in the Morris water maze. We uncovered a repetitive pattern of cell activation in the RSC consistent with the hypothesis that during spatial learning an experience-dependent memory trace is formed in this structure. In support of this hypothesis, we also report three other observations. First, temporary RSC inactivation disrupts performance in a spatial learning task. Second, we show that overexpressing the transcription factor CREB in the RSC with a viral vector, a manipulation known to enhance memory consolidation in other circuits, results in spatial memory enhancements. Third, silencing the viral CREB-expressing neurons with the allatostatin system occludes the spatial memory enhancement. Taken together, these results indicate that the retrosplenial cortex engages in the formation and storage of memory traces for spatial information.},
	Author = {Czajkowski, Rafa{\l} and Jayaprakash, Balaji and Wiltgen, Brian and Rogerson, Thomas and Guzman-Karlsson, Mikael C and Barth, Alison L and Trachtenberg, Joshua T and Silva, Alcino J},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:37:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:37:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1313222111},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Gyrus Cinguli; Hippocampus; Maze Learning; Memory; Mice; Mice, 129 Strain; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neurons; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Space Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {8661-6},
	Pmc = {PMC4060653},
	pmid = {24912150},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Encoding and storage of spatial information in the retrosplenial cortex},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Czajkowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}}

@article{Quirin:2014,
	Abstract = {We introduce a scanless optical method to image neuronal activity in three dimensions simultaneously. Using a spatial light modulator and a custom-designed phase mask, we illuminate and collect light simultaneously from different focal planes and perform calcium imaging of neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. This method, combining structured illumination with volume projection imaging, could be used as a technological platform for brain activity mapping.},
	Author = {Quirin, Sean and Jackson, Jesse and Peterka, Darcy S and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:36:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:36:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2014.00029},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {brain activity map; calcium imaging; spatial-light-modulator; three-dimensional imaging; volume imaging; technique; method},
	Mesh = {Animals; Hippocampus; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Zebrafish},
	Pages = {29},
	Pmc = {PMC3982072},
	pmid = {24772066},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Simultaneous imaging of neural activity in three dimensions},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Quirin_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}}

@article{Freeman:2014,
	Abstract = {Understanding brain function requires monitoring and interpreting the activity of large networks of neurons during behavior. Advances in recording technology are greatly increasing the size and complexity of neural data. Analyzing such data will pose a fundamental bottleneck for neuroscience. We present a library of analytical tools called Thunder built on the open-source Apache Spark platform for large-scale distributed computing. The library implements a variety of univariate and multivariate analyses with a modular, extendable structure well-suited to interactive exploration and analysis development. We demonstrate how these analyses find structure in large-scale neural data, including whole-brain light-sheet imaging data from fictively behaving larval zebrafish, and two-photon imaging data from behaving mouse. The analyses relate neuronal responses to sensory input and behavior, run in minutes or less and can be used on a private cluster or in the cloud. Our open-source framework thus holds promise for turning brain activity mapping efforts into biological insights.},
	Author = {Freeman, Jeremy and Vladimirov, Nikita and Kawashima, Takashi and Mu, Yu and Sofroniew, Nicholas J and Bennett, Davis V and Rosen, Joshua and Yang, Chao-Tsung and Looger, Loren L and Ahrens, Misha B},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:33:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:34:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.3041},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {technique; method; Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Computer Simulation; Computing Methodologies; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Database Management Systems; Databases, Factual; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Programming Languages; Software},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {941-50},
	pmid = {25068736},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mapping brain activity at scale with cluster computing},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Freeman_NatMethods2014.pdf}}



@article{Viswanathan:2012,
	Abstract = {Subplate neurons (SPNs) are a population of neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex that exist predominantly in the prenatal and early postnatal period. Loss of SPNs prevents the functional maturation of the cerebral cortex. SPNs receive subcortical input from the thalamus and relay this information to the developing cortical plate and thereby can influence cortical activity in a feedforward manner. Little is known about potential feedback projections from the cortical plate to SPNs. Thus, we investigated the spatial distribution of intracortical synaptic inputs to SPNs in vitro in mouse auditory cortex by photostimulation. We find that SPNs fell into two broad classes based on their distinct spatial patterns of synaptic inputs. The first class of SPNs receives inputs from only deep cortical layers, while the second class of SPNs receives inputs from deep as well as superficial layers including layer 4. We find that superficial cortical inputs to SPNs emerge in the second postnatal week and that SPNs that receive superficial cortical input are located more superficially than those that do not. Our data thus suggest that distinct circuits are present in the subplate and that, while SPNs participate in an early feedforward circuit, they are also involved in a feedback circuit at older ages. Together, our results show that SPNs are tightly integrated into the developing thalamocortical and intracortical circuit. The feedback projections from the cortical plate might enable SPNs to amplify thalamic inputs to SPNs.},
	Author = {Viswanathan, Sarada and Bandyopadhyay, Sharba and Kao, Joseph P Y and Kanold, Patrick O},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:08:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:08:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4748-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Photic Stimulation; Thalamus},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1589-601},
	Pmc = {PMC3517995},
	pmid = {22302801},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Changing microcircuits in the subplate of the developing cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Viswanathan_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Petit:2014,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a cortical malformation formed when neocortical neurons prematurely stop their migration in the white matter, forming a heterotopic band below the normotopic cortex, and is generally associated with intractable epilepsy. Although it is clear that the band heterotopia and the overlying cortex both contribute to creating an abnormal circuit prone to generate epileptic discharges, it is less understood which part of this circuitry is the most critical. Here, we sought to identify the origin of epileptiform activity in a targeted genetic model of SBH in rats.
METHODS: Rats with SBH (Dcx-KD rats) were generated by knocking down the Dcx gene using shRNA vectors transfected into neocortical progenitors of rat embryos. Origin, spatial extent, and laminar profile of bicuculline-induced interictal-like activity on neocortical slices were analyzed by using extracellular recordings from 60-channel microelectrode arrays. Susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures was assessed by electrocorticography in head-restrained nonanesthetized rats.
RESULTS: We show that the band heterotopia does not constitute a primary origin for interictal-like epileptiform activity in vitro and is dispensable for generating induced seizures in vivo. Furthermore, we report that most interictal-like discharges originating in the overlying cortex secondarily propagate to the band heterotopia. Importantly, we found that in vivo suppression of neuronal excitability in SBH does not alter the higher propensity of Dcx-KD rats to display seizures.
INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over the band heterotopia in generating interictal epileptiform activity and seizures in brains with SBH.},
	Author = {Petit, Ludovic Franck and Jalabert, Marion and Buhler, Emmanuelle and Malvache, Arnaud and Peret, Ang{\'e}lique and Chauvin, Yoann and Watrin, Fran{\c c}oise and Represa, Alfonso and Manent, Jean-Bernard},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:03:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:03:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/ana.24237},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bicuculline; Cerebral Cortex; Classical Lissencephalies and Subcortical Band Heterotopias; Convulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Epilepsy; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neuropeptides; Pentylenetetrazole; Rats; Rats, Transgenic; Seizures; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {428-42},
	pmid = {25074818},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Normotopic cortex is the major contributor to epilepsy in experimental double cortex},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Petit_AnnNeurol2014.pdf}}

@article{Herculano-Houzel:2014,
	Abstract = {It is a widespread notion that the proportion of glial to neuronal cells in the brain increases with brain size, to the point that glial cells represent "about 90% of all cells in the human brain." This notion, however, is wrong on both counts: neither does the glia/neuron ratio increase uniformly with brain size, nor do glial cells represent the majority of cells in the human brain. This review examines the origin of interest in the glia/neuron ratio; the original evidence that led to the notion that it increases with brain size; the extent to which this concept can be applied to white matter and whole brains and the recent supporting evidence that the glia/neuron ratio does not increase with brain size, but rather, and in surprisingly uniform fashion, with decreasing neuronal density due to increasing average neuronal cell size, across brain structures and species. Variations in the glia/neuron ratio are proposed to be related not to the supposed larger metabolic cost of larger neurons (given that this cost is not found to vary with neuronal density), but simply to the large variation in neuronal sizes across brain structures and species in the face of less overall variation in glial cell sizes, with interesting implications for brain physiology. The emerging evidence that the glia/neuron ratio varies uniformly across the different brain structures of mammalian species that diverged as early as 90 million years ago in evolution highlights how fundamental for brain function must be the interaction between glial cells and neurons.},
	Author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:02:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:02:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/glia.22683},
	Journal = {Glia},
	Journal-Full = {Glia},
	Keywords = {brain metabolism; brain size; cell size; teaching; facts},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain; Cell Size; Humans; Neuroglia; Neurons; Organ Size; White Matter},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1377-91},
	pmid = {24807023},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The glia/neuron ratio: how it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_Glia2014.pdf}}

@article{Mori:2013,
	Abstract = {The orbitofrontal cortex receives multi-modality sensory inputs, including olfactory input, and is thought to be involved in conscious perception of the olfactory image of objects. Generation of olfactory consciousness may require neuronal circuit mechanisms for the "binding" of distributed neuronal activities, with each constituent neuron representing a specific component of an olfactory percept. The shortest neuronal pathway for odor signals to reach the orbitofrontal cortex is olfactory sensory neuron-olfactory bulb-olfactory cortex-orbitofrontal cortex, but other pathways exist, including transthalamic pathways. Here, we review studies on the structural organization and functional properties of the shortest pathway, and propose a model of neuronal circuit mechanisms underlying the temporal bindings of distributed neuronal activities in the olfactory cortex. We describe a hypothesis that suggests functional roles of gamma oscillations in the bindings. This hypothesis proposes that two types of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb, tufted cells and mitral cells, play distinct functional roles in bindings at neuronal circuits in the olfactory cortex: tufted cells provide specificity-projecting circuits which send odor information with early-onset fast gamma synchronization, while mitral cells give rise to dispersedly-projecting feed-forward binding circuits which transmit the response synchronization timing with later-onset slow gamma synchronization. This hypothesis also suggests a sequence of bindings in the olfactory cortex: a small-scale binding by the early-phase fast gamma synchrony of tufted cell inputs followed by a larger-scale binding due to the later-onset slow gamma synchrony of mitral cell inputs. We discuss that behavioral state, including wakefulness and sleep, regulates gamma oscillation couplings across the olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.},
	Author = {Mori, Kensaku and Manabe, Hiroyuki and Narikiyo, Kimiya and Onisawa, Naomi},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:01:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:01:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00743},
	Journal = {Front Psychol},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in psychology},
	Keywords = {gamma synchronization; olfactory bulb; olfactory consciousness; olfactory cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; tufted and mitral cells},
	Pages = {743},
	Pmc = {PMC3797617},
	pmid = {24137148},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Olfactory consciousness and gamma oscillation couplings across the olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Mori_FrontPsychol2013.pdf}}

@article{Goard2016,
	Abstract = {Mapping specific sensory features to future motor actions is a crucial capability of mammalian nervous systems. We investigated the role of visual (V1), posterior parietal (PPC), and frontal motor (fMC) cortices for sensorimotor mapping in mice during performance of a memory-guided visual discrimination task. Large-scale calcium imaging revealed that V1, PPC, and fMC neurons exhibited heterogeneous responses spanning all task epochs (stimulus, delay, response). Population analyses demonstrated unique encoding of stimulus identity and behavioral choice information across regions, with V1 encoding stimulus, fMC encoding choice even early in the trial, and PPC multiplexing the two variables. Optogenetic inhibition during behavior revealed that all regions were necessary during the stimulus epoch, but only fMC was required during the delay and response epochs. Stimulus identity can thus be rapidly transformed into behavioral choice, requiring V1, PPC, and fMC during the transformation period, but only fMC for maintaining the choice in memory prior to execution.},
	Author = {Goard, Michael J and Pho, Gerald N and Woodson, Jonathan and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:01:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:01:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.13764},
	Journal = {elife},
	Journal-Full = {eLife},
	Keywords = {decision making; mouse; multiphoton microscopy; neuroscience; optogenetics; short-term memory},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Choice Behavior; Functional Neuroimaging; Memory; Mice; Optogenetics; Parietal Lobe; Sensorimotor Cortex; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {08},
	Pmc = {PMC4974053},
	pmid = {27490481},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Distinct roles of visual, parietal, and frontal motor cortices in memory-guided sensorimotor decisions},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Goard_Elife2016.pdf}}

@article{Guo:2015,
	Abstract = {Mammalian cerebral cortex is accepted as being critical for voluntary motor control, but what functions depend on cortex is still unclear. Here we used rapid, reversible optogenetic inhibition to test the role of cortex during a head-fixed task in which mice reach, grab, and eat a food pellet. Sudden cortical inhibition blocked initiation or froze execution of this skilled prehension behavior, but left untrained forelimb movements unaffected. Unexpectedly, kinematically normal prehension occurred immediately after cortical inhibition, even during rest periods lacking cue and pellet. This 'rebound' prehension was only evoked in trained and food-deprived animals, suggesting that a motivation-gated motor engram sufficient to evoke prehension is activated at inhibition's end. These results demonstrate the necessity and sufficiency of cortical activity for enacting a learned skill.},
	Author = {Guo, Jian-Zhong and Graves, Austin R and Guo, Wendy W and Zheng, Jihong and Lee, Allen and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Juan and Li, Nuo and Macklin, John J and Phillips, James W and Mensh, Brett D and Branson, Kristin and Hantman, Adam W},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 23:00:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 23:01:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.10774},
	Journal = {Elife},
	Journal-Full = {eLife},
	Keywords = {cortex; motor control; mouse; neuroscience; optogenetics; behavior; method; technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Feeding Behavior; Locomotion; Mice; Optogenetics},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {e10774},
	Pmc = {PMC4749564},
	pmid = {26633811},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Cortex commands the performance of skilled movement},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Guo_Elife2015.pdf}}

@article{Crair:2016,
	Abstract = {Although much is known about the regenerative capacity of retinal ganglion cells, very significant barriers remain in our ability to restore visual function following traumatic injury or disease-induced degeneration. Here we summarize our current understanding of the factors regulating axon guidance and target engagement in regenerating axons, and review the state of the field of neural regeneration, focusing on the visual system and highlighting studies using other model systems that can inform analysis of visual system regeneration. This overview is motivated by a Society for Neuroscience Satellite meeting, "Reconnecting Neurons in the Visual System," held in October 2015 sponsored by the National Eye Institute as part of their "Audacious Goals Initiative" and co-organized by Carol Mason (Columbia University) and Michael Crair (Yale University). The collective wisdom of the conference participants pointed to important gaps in our knowledge and barriers to progress in promoting the restoration of visual system function. This article is thus a summary of our existing understanding of visual system regeneration and provides a blueprint for future progress in the field.},
	Author = {Crair, Michael C and Mason, Carol A},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:59:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:59:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1711-16.2016},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {axon; axon guidance; axon regeneration; eye; lateral geniculate nucleus; optic nerve; regeneration; retina; retinal ganglion cells; superior colliculus; traumatic brain injury; vision; visual cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain; Humans; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Optic Nerve; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {42},
	Pages = {10707-10722},
	Pmc = {PMC5083002},
	pmid = {27798125},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reconnecting Eye to Brain},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Crair_JNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Seybold:2015,
	Abstract = {Cortical function is regulated by a strikingly diverse array of local-circuit inhibitory neurons. We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones. In both awake and anesthetized animals, we found that activating either family of interneurons produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive effects and that simultaneously recorded neurons were often suppressed in qualitatively different ways. A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying threshold and the strength of suppression of a model neuron could determine whether the effect of inhibition appeared divisive, subtractive, or both. We conclude that the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be "masked" by the network configuration and cellular properties of the network in which they are embedded.},
	Author = {Seybold, Bryan A and Phillips, Elizabeth A K and Schreiner, Christoph E and Hasenstaub, Andrea R},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:58:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:58:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.013},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Optogenetics},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1181-1192},
	Pmc = {PMC4635400},
	pmid = {26402602},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inhibitory Actions Unified by Network Integration},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Seybold_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.013}}

@article{Ledochowitsch:2015,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: To dissect the intricate workings of neural circuits, it is essential to gain precise control over subsets of neurons while retaining the ability to monitor larger-scale circuit dynamics. This requires the ability to both evoke and record neural activity simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution.
NEW METHOD: In this paper we present approaches that address this need by combining micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) with optogenetics in ways that avoid photovoltaic artifacts.
RESULTS: We demonstrate that variations of this approach are broadly applicable across three commonly studied mammalian species - mouse, rat, and macaque monkey - and that the recorded μECoG signal shows complex spectral and spatio-temporal patterns in response to optical stimulation.
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: While optogenetics provides the ability to excite or inhibit neural subpopulations in a targeted fashion, large-scale recording of resulting neural activity remains challenging. Recent advances in optical physiology, such as genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators, are promising but currently do not allow simultaneous recordings from extended cortical areas due to limitations in optical imaging hardware.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrogation of cortical circuits in three commonly used mammalian species.},
	Author = {Ledochowitsch, P and Yazdan-Shahmorad, A and Bouchard, K E and Diaz-Botia, C and Hanson, T L and He, J-W and Seybold, B A and Olivero, E and Phillips, E A K and Blanche, T J and Schreiner, C E and Hasenstaub, A and Chang, E F and Sabes, P N and Maharbiz, M M},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:56:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:56:50 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.028},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {Auditory; Cranial window; ECoG; Epidural; Mouse; NHP; Optogenetics; Parvalbumin; Rat; technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Artifacts; Auditory Perception; Cerebral Cortex; Computer-Aided Design; Electric Impedance; Electrocorticography; Electrodes, Implanted; Equipment Design; Evoked Potentials; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Optogenetics; Photic Stimulation; Rats, Long-Evans; Tin Compounds},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {220-31},
	pmid = {26296286},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Strategies for optical control and simultaneous electrical readout of extended cortical circuits},
	Volume = {256},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Ledochowitsch_JNeurosciMethods2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.028}}

@article{Ryan:2017,
	Abstract = {Many states have recently made significant changes to their legislation making recreational and/or medical marijuana use by adults legal. Although these laws, for the most part, have not targeted the adolescent population, they have created an environment in which marijuana increasingly is seen as acceptable, safe, and therapeutic. This clinical report offers guidance to the practicing pediatrician based on existing evidence and expert opinion/consensus of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding anticipatory guidance and counseling to teenagers and their parents about marijuana and its use. The recently published technical report provides the detailed evidence and references regarding the research on which the information in this clinical report is based.},
	Author = {Ryan, Sheryl A and Ammerman, Seth D and {COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION}},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:55:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:55:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1542/peds.2016-4069},
	Journal = {Pediatrics},
	Journal-Full = {Pediatrics},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Counseling; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Parents; Pediatricians; Physician's Role},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	pmid = {28242859},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana},
	Volume = {139},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Ryan_Pediatrics2017.pdf}}

@article{Tohmi:2009,
	Abstract = {Endogenous fluorescence signals derived from mitochondria reflect activity-dependent changes in brain metabolism and may be exploited in functional brain imaging. Endogenous flavoprotein fluorescence imaging in mice is especially important because many genetically manipulated strains of mice are available and the transparent skull of mice allows transcranial fluorescence imaging of cortical activities. In the primary sensory areas of mice, cortical activities and experience-dependent plasticity have been investigated using transcranial fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, differential imaging, based on stimulus specificity of cortical areas, distinguished activities in higher visual areas around the primary visual cortex from those in primary visual cortex. The combination of transcranial fluorescence imaging with the suppression of cortical activities using photobleaching of flavoproteins is expected to aid in elucidating the roles of sensory cortices including higher areas in mice.},
	Author = {Tohmi, Manavu and Takahashi, Kuniyuki and Kubota, Yamato and Hishida, Ryuichi and Shibuki, Katsuei},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:53:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:54:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05926.x},
	Journal = {J Neurochem},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurochemistry},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; function; map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Flavoproteins; Mice; Neuronal Plasticity; Photobleaching; Spectrometry, Fluorescence},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {3-9},
	pmid = {19393002},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging of mouse cortical activity and plasticity},
	Volume = {109 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tohmi_JNeurochem2009.pdf}}

@article{Kondo:2016,
	Abstract = {A minicolumn is the smallest anatomical module in the cortical architecture, but it is still in debate whether it serves as functional units for cortical processing. In the rodent primary visual cortex (V1), neurons with different preferred orientations are mixed horizontally in a salt and pepper manner, but vertical functional organization was not examined. In this study, we found that neurons with similar orientation preference are weakly but significantly clustered vertically in a short length and horizontally in the scale of a minicolumn. Interestingly, the vertical clustering is found only in a part of minicolumns, and others are composed of neurons with a variety of orientation preferences. Thus, the mouse V1 is a mixture of vertical clusters of neurons with various degrees of orientation similarity, which may be the compromise between the brain size and keeping the vertical clusters of similarly tuned neurons at least in a subset of clusters.},
	Author = {Kondo, Satoru and Yoshida, Takashi and Ohki, Kenichi},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:52:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:52:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms13210},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Month = {Oct},
	Pages = {13210},
	Pmc = {PMC5078743},
	pmid = {27767032},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Mixed functional microarchitectures for orientation selectivity in the mouse primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Kondo_NatCommun2016.pdf}}

@article{Kirmse:2015,
	Abstract = {A large body of evidence from in vitro studies suggests that GABA is depolarizing during early postnatal development. However, the mode of GABA action in the intact developing brain is unknown. Here we examine the in vivo effects of GABA in cells of the upper cortical plate using a combination of electrophysiological and Ca(2+)-imaging techniques. We report that at postnatal days (P) 3-4, GABA depolarizes the majority of immature neurons in the occipital cortex of anaesthetized mice. At the same time, GABA does not efficiently activate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and fails to induce action potential firing. Blocking GABA(A) receptors disinhibits spontaneous network activity, whereas allosteric activation of GABA(A) receptors has the opposite effect. In summary, our data provide evidence that in vivo GABA acts as a depolarizing neurotransmitter imposing an inhibitory control on network activity in the neonatal (P3-4) neocortex.},
	Author = {Kirmse, Knut and Kummer, Michael and Kovalchuk, Yury and Witte, Otto W and Garaschuk, Olga and Holthoff, Knut},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:50:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:50:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms8750},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; GABA Agents; Mice; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Occipital Lobe; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, GABA-A; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jul},
	Pages = {7750},
	pmid = {26177896},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {GABA depolarizes immature neurons and inhibits network activity in the neonatal neocortex in vivo},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Kirmse_NatCommun2015.pdf}}

@article{Hazrati:2013,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is the term coined for the neurodegenerative disease often suspected in athletes with histories of repeated concussion and progressive dementia. Histologically, CTE is defined as a tauopathy with a distribution of tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that is distinct from other tauopathies, and usually shows an absence of beta-amyloid deposits, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the connection between repeated concussions and CTE-type neurodegeneration has been recently proposed, this causal relationship has not yet been firmly established. Also, the prevalence of CTE among athletes with multiple concussions is unknown.
METHODS: We performed a consecutive case series brain autopsy study on six retired professional football players from the Canadian Football League (CFL) with histories of multiple concussions and significant neurological decline.
RESULTS: All participants had progressive neurocognitive decline prior to death; however, only 3 cases had post-mortem neuropathological findings consistent with CTE. The other 3 participants had pathological diagnoses of AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, the CTE cases showed co-morbid pathology of cancer, vascular disease, and AD.
DISCUSSION: Our case studies highlight that not all athletes with history of repeated concussions and neurological symptomology present neuropathological changes of CTE. These preliminary findings support the need for further research into the link between concussion and CTE as well as the need to expand the research to other possible causes of taupathy in athletes. They point to a critical need for prospective studies with good sampling methods to allow us to understand the relationship between multiple concussions and the development of CTE.},
	Author = {Hazrati, Lili-Naz and Tartaglia, Maria C and Diamandis, Phedias and Davis, Karen D and Green, Robin E and Wennberg, Richard and Wong, Janice C and Ezerins, Leo and Tator, Charles H},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:47:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:47:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00222},
	Journal = {Front Hum Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
	Keywords = {chronic traumatic encephalopathy; dementia; neurodegenerative disease; professional athletes; repetitive brain injury},
	Pages = {222},
	Pmc = {PMC3662898},
	pmid = {23745112},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Absence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired football players with multiple concussions and neurological symptomatology},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Hazrati_FrontHumNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Zhuang:2017,
	Abstract = {Visual perception and behavior are mediated by cortical areas that have been distinguished using architectonic and retinotopic criteria. We employed fluorescence imaging and GCaMP6 reporter mice to generate retinotopic maps, revealing additional regions of retinotopic organization that extend into barrel and retrosplenial cortices. Aligning retinotopic maps to architectonic borders, we found a mismatch in border location, indicating that architectonic borders are not aligned with the retinotopic transition at the vertical meridian. We also assessed the representation of visual space within each region, finding that four visual areas bordering V1 (LM, P, PM and RL) display complementary representations, with overlap primarily at the central hemifield. Our results extend our understanding of the organization of mouse cortex to include up to 16 distinct retinotopically organized regions.},
	Author = {Zhuang, Jun and Ng, Lydia and Williams, Derric and Valley, Matthew and Li, Yang and Garrett, Marina and Waters, Jack},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:40:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:40:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.18372},
	Journal = {Elife},
	Journal-Full = {eLife},
	Keywords = {cortex; mouse; neuroscience; topographic map; visual map},
	Month = {Jan},
	Pmc = {PMC5218535},
	pmid = {28059700},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {An extended retinotopic map of mouse cortex},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Zhuang_Elife2017.pdf}}


@article{Helfrich:2018,
	Abstract = {The coupled interaction between slow-wave oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep has been proposed to support memory consolidation. However, little evidence in humans supports this theory. Moreover, whether such dynamic coupling is impaired as a consequence of brain aging in later life, contributing to cognitive and memory decline, is unknown. Combining electroencephalography (EEG), structural MRI, and sleep-dependent memory assessment, we addressed these questions in cognitively normal young and older adults. Directional cross-frequency coupling analyses demonstrated that the slow wave governs a precise temporal coordination of sleep spindles, the quality of which predicts overnight memory retention. Moreover, selective atrophy within the medial frontal cortex in older adults predicted a temporal dispersion of this slow wave-spindle coupling, impairing overnight memory consolidation and leading to forgetting. Prefrontal-dependent deficits in the spatiotemporal coordination of NREM sleep oscillations therefore represent one pathway explaining age-related memory decline.},
	Author = {Helfrich, Randolph F and Mander, Bryce A and Jagust, William J and Knight, Robert T and Walker, Matthew P},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:37:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:37:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {age-related memory decline; aging; atrophy; directional cross-frequency coupling; hierarchical nesting; hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation; overnight forgetting; prefrontal cortex; sleep spindles; slow oscillation; oscillations; synchrony},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {221-230.e4},
	Pmc = {PMC5754239},
	pmid = {29249289},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Old Brains Come Uncoupled in Sleep: Slow Wave-Spindle Synchrony, Brain Atrophy, and Forgetting},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2018},
	url = {papers/Helfrich_Neuron2018.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020}}

@article{Peixoto:2016,
	Abstract = {Some autistic individuals exhibit abnormal development of the caudate nucleus and associative cortical areas, suggesting potential dysfunction of cortico-basal ganglia (BG) circuits. Using optogenetic and electrophysiological approaches in mice, we identified a narrow postnatal period that is characterized by extensive glutamatergic synaptogenesis in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and a concomitant increase in corticostriatal circuit activity. SPNs during early development have high intrinsic excitability and respond strongly to cortical afferents despite sparse excitatory inputs. As a result, striatum and corticostriatal connectivity are highly sensitive to acute and chronic changes in cortical activity, suggesting that early imbalances in cortical function alter BG development. Indeed, a mouse model of autism with deletions in Shank3 (Shank3B(-/-)) shows early cortical hyperactivity, which triggers increased SPN excitatory synapse and corticostriatal hyperconnectivity. These results indicate that there is a tight functional coupling between cortex and striatum during early postnatal development and suggest a potential common circuit dysfunction that is caused by cortical hyperactivity.},
	Author = {Peixoto, Rui T and Wang, Wengang and Croney, Donyell M and Kozorovitskiy, Yevgenia and Sabatini, Bernardo L},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:36:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:36:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4260},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Synapses},
	Month = {05},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {716-724},
	Pmc = {PMC4846490},
	pmid = {26928064},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early hyperactivity and precocious maturation of corticostriatal circuits in Shank3B(-/-) mice},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Peixoto_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Hikosaka:2010,
	Abstract = {Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such behavioural choice through its effects on neuromodulator systems, in particular the dopamine and serotonin systems. By inhibiting dopamine-releasing neurons, habenula activation leads to the suppression of motor behaviour when an animal fails to obtain a reward or anticipates an aversive outcome. Moreover, the habenula is involved in behavioural responses to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep and reward, and its dysfunction is associated with depression, schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis. As a highly conserved structure in the brain, the habenula provides a fundamental mechanism for both survival and decision-making.},
	Author = {Hikosaka, Okihide},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:35:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:35:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2866},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Avoidance Learning; Decision Making; Habenula; Humans; Mental Disorders; Stress, Psychological},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {503-13},
	Pmc = {PMC3447364},
	pmid = {20559337},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Hikosaka_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Zakharenko:1999a,
	Abstract = {In mature neurons, synaptic vesicles continuously recycle within the presynaptic nerve terminal. In developing axons which are free of contact with a postsynaptic target, constitutive membrane recycling is not localized to the nerve terminal; instead, plasma membrane components undergo cycles of exoendocytosis throughout the whole axonal surface (Matteoli et al., 1992; Kraszewski et al., 1995). Moreover, in growing Xenopus spinal cord neurons in culture, acetylcholine (ACh) is spontaneously secreted in the quantal fashion along the axonal shaft (Evers et al., 1989; Antonov et al., 1998). Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus neurons ACh secretion is mediated by vesicles which recycle locally within the axon. Similar to neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic nerve terminal, ACh secretion along the axon could be elicited by the action potential or by hypertonic solutions. We found that the parameters of neurotransmitter secretion at the nerve terminal and at the middle axon were strikingly similar. These results lead us to conclude that, as in the case of the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic vesicles involved in neurotransmitter release along the axon contain a complement of proteins for vesicle docking and Ca2+-dependent fusion. Taken together, our results support the idea that, in developing axons, the rudimentary machinery for quantal neurotransmitter secretion is distributed throughout the whole axonal surface. Maturation of this machinery in the process of synaptic development would improve the fidelity of synaptic transmission during high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic cell.},
	Author = {Zakharenko, S and Chang, S and O'Donoghue, M and Popov, S V},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:35:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:35:04 +0000},
	Journal = {J Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of cell biology},
	Mesh = {ADP-Ribosylation Factors; Acetylcholine; Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; Animals; Axons; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Dynamins; Exocytosis; GTP Phosphohydrolases; GTP-Binding Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Endings; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurites; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Presynaptic Terminals; Spider Venoms; Synaptic Vesicles; Xenopus},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {507-18},
	Pmc = {PMC2132923},
	pmid = {9971745},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurotransmitter secretion along growing nerve processes: comparison with synaptic vesicle exocytosis},
	Volume = {144},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Larsen:2006,
	Abstract = {In the developing neocortex, pyramidal neurons use molecular cues to form axonal arbors selectively in the correct layers. Despite the utility of mice for molecular and genetic studies, little work has been done on the development of layer-specific axonal arborizations of pyramidal neurons in mice. We intracellularly labeled and reconstructed the axons of layer 2/3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons in slices of primary somatosensory cortex from C57Bl6 mice on postnatal days 7-21. For all neurons studied, the development of the axonal arborizations in mice follows a pattern similar to that seen in other species; laminar specificity of the earliest axonal branches is similar to that of mature animals. At P7, pyramidal neurons are very simple, having only a main descending axon and few primary branches. Between P7 and P10, there is a large increase in the total number of axonal branches, and axons continue to increase in complexity and total length from P10 to P21. Unlike observations in ferrets, cats, and monkeys, two types of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons are present in both mature and developing mice; cells in superficial layer 2/3 lack axonal arbors in layer 4, and cells close to the layer 4 border have substantial axonal arbors within layer 4. We also describe axonal and dendritic arborization patterns of three pyramidal cell types in layer 5. The axons of tall-tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons arborize almost exclusively within deep layers while tall-simple, and short layer 5 pyramidal neurons also project axons to superficial layers.},
	Author = {Larsen, DeLaine D and Callaway, Edward M},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:34:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:34:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.20754},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {398-414},
	Pmc = {PMC4651208},
	pmid = {16320250},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of layer-specific axonal arborizations in mouse primary somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {494},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Larsen_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}}

@article{Zakharenko:1999,
	Abstract = {In mature neurons, synaptic vesicles continuously recycle within the presynaptic nerve terminal. In developing axons which are free of contact with a postsynaptic target, constitutive membrane recycling is not localized to the nerve terminal; instead, plasma membrane components undergo cycles of exoendocytosis throughout the whole axonal surface (Matteoli et al., 1992; Kraszewski et al., 1995). Moreover, in growing Xenopus spinal cord neurons in culture, acetylcholine (ACh) is spontaneously secreted in the quantal fashion along the axonal shaft (Evers et al., 1989; Antonov et al., 1998). Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus neurons ACh secretion is mediated by vesicles which recycle locally within the axon. Similar to neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic nerve terminal, ACh secretion along the axon could be elicited by the action potential or by hypertonic solutions. We found that the parameters of neurotransmitter secretion at the nerve terminal and at the middle axon were strikingly similar. These results lead us to conclude that, as in the case of the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic vesicles involved in neurotransmitter release along the axon contain a complement of proteins for vesicle docking and Ca2+-dependent fusion. Taken together, our results support the idea that, in developing axons, the rudimentary machinery for quantal neurotransmitter secretion is distributed throughout the whole axonal surface. Maturation of this machinery in the process of synaptic development would improve the fidelity of synaptic transmission during high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic cell.},
	Author = {Zakharenko, S and Chang, S and O'Donoghue, M and Popov, S V},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:34:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:34:02 +0000},
	Journal = {J Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of cell biology},
	Mesh = {ADP-Ribosylation Factors; Acetylcholine; Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; Animals; Axons; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Dynamins; Exocytosis; GTP Phosphohydrolases; GTP-Binding Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Endings; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurites; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Presynaptic Terminals; Spider Venoms; Synaptic Vesicles; Xenopus},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {507-18},
	Pmc = {PMC2132923},
	pmid = {9971745},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurotransmitter secretion along growing nerve processes: comparison with synaptic vesicle exocytosis},
	Volume = {144},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Zakharenko_JCellBiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Assimacopoulos:2012,
	Abstract = {The concept of an "organizer" is basic to embryology. An organizer is a portion of the embryo producing signals that lead to the creation of a patterned mature structure from an embryonic primordium. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a morphogen that disperses from a rostromedial source in the neocortical primordium (NP), forms a rostral-to-caudal (R/C) gradient, and regulates embryonic and neonatal R/C patterns of gene expression in neocortex. Whether FGF8 also has organizer activity that generates the postnatal neocortical area map is uncertain. To test this possibility, new sources of FGF8 were introduced into the mouse NP with in utero microelectroporation at embryonic day 10.5, close to the estimated peak of area patterning. Results differed depending on the position of ectopic FGF8. Ectopic FGF8 in the caudalmost NP could duplicate somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary visual cortex (V1). FGF8 delivered to the midlateral NP generated a sulcus separating rostral and caudal portions of the NP, in effect creating duplicate NPs. In the caudal NP, ectopic FGF8 induced a second, inclusive area map, containing frontal cortex, S1, V1, and primary auditory areas. Moreover, duplicate S1 showed plasticity to sensory deprivation, and duplicate V1 responded to visual stimuli. Our findings implicate FGF8 as an organizer signal, and its source in the rostromedial telencephalon as an organizer of the neocortical area map.},
	Author = {Assimacopoulos, Stavroula and Kao, Tina and Issa, Naoum P and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:33:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:33:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0071-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electroporation; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Morphogenesis; Neocortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Pregnancy; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {7191-201},
	Pmc = {PMC3466079},
	pmid = {22623663},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fibroblast growth factor 8 organizes the neocortical area map and regulates sensory map topography},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Assimacopoulos_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Demarque:2002,
	Abstract = {GABA and glutamate receptors are expressed in immature "silent" CA1 pyramidal neurons prior to synapse formation, but their function is unknown. We now report the presence of tonic, spontaneous, and evoked currents in embryonic and neonatal CA1 neurons mediated primarily by the activation of GABA(A) receptors. These currents are mediated by a nonconventional release of transmitters, as they persist in the presence of calcium channel blockers or botulinium toxin and are observed in Munc18-1-deficient mice in which vesicular release is abolished. This paracrine communication is modulated by glutamate but not GABA transporters, which do not operate during this period of life. Thus, a Ca(2+)- and SNARE-independent release of transmitters underlies a paracrine mode of communication before synapse formation.},
	Author = {Demarque, Michael and Represa, Alfonso and Becq, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Khalilov, Ilgam and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:30:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:32:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Fetus;Cell Differentiation;Electric Stimulation;SNARE Proteins;Synapses;Paracrine Communication;Rats;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Vesicular Transport Proteins;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Rats, Wistar;Hippocampus;Receptors, GABA-A;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;GABA Antagonists;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fetus; GABA Antagonists; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Membrane Potentials; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Paracrine Communication; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; SNARE Proteins; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Vesicular Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1051-61},
	pmid = {12495621},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Paracrine intercellular communication by a Ca2+- and SNARE-independent release of GABA and glutamate prior to synapse formation},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2002.pdf}}

@article{Turing:1952,
	Abstract = {It is suggested that a system of chemical substances, called morphogens, reacting together and diffusing through a tissue, is adequate to account for the main phenomena of morphogenesis. Such a system, although it may originally be quite homogeneous, may later develop a pattern or structure due to an instability of the homogeneous equilibrium, which is triggered off by random disturbances. Such reaction-diffusion systems are considered in some detail in the case of an isolated ring of cells, a mathematically convenient, though biologically unusual system. The investigation is chiefly concerned with the onset of instability. It is found that there are six essentially different forms which this may take. In the most interesting form stationary waves appear on the ring. It is suggested that this might account, for instance, for the tentacle patterns on Hydra and for whorled leaves. A system of reactions and diffusion on a sphere is also considered. Such a system appears to account for gastrulation. Another reaction system in two dimensions gives rise to patterns reminiscent of dappling. It is also suggested that stationary waves in two dimensions could account for the phenomena of phyllotaxis. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a possible mechanism by which the genes of a zygote may determine the anatomical structure of the resulting organism. The theory does not make any new hypotheses; it merely suggests that certain well-known physical laws are sufficient to account for many of the facts. The full understanding of the paper requires a good knowledge of mathematics, some biology, and some elementary chemistry. Since readers cannot be expected to be experts in all of these subjects, a number of elementary facts are explained, which can be found in text-books, but whose omission would make the paper difficult reading.},
	Author = {A. M. Turing},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:20:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:21:29 +0000},
	Issn = {00804622},
	Journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences},
	Number = {641},
	Pages = {37-72},
	Publisher = {The Royal Society},
	Title = {The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis},
	eprint = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/92463},
	Volume = {237},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Turing_PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesB,BiologicalSciences1952.pdf}}

@article{Dalva:2007,
	Abstract = {Many cell adhesion molecules are localized at synaptic sites in neuronal axons and dendrites. These molecules bridge pre- and postsynaptic specializations but do far more than simply provide a mechanical link between cells. In this review, we will discuss the roles these proteins have during development and at mature synapses. Synaptic adhesion proteins participate in the formation, maturation, function and plasticity of synaptic connections. Together with conventional synaptic transmission mechanisms, these molecules are an important element in the trans-cellular communication mediated by synapses.},
	Author = {Dalva, Matthew B and McClelland, Andrew C and Kayser, Matthew S},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:15:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:15:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2075},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Models, Biological; Signal Transduction; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {206-20},
	Pmc = {PMC4756920},
	pmid = {17299456},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell adhesion molecules: signalling functions at the synapse},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Dalva_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2075}}

@article{Zuloaga:2014,
	Abstract = {Estrogen receptors regulate multiple brain functions, including stress, sexual, and memory-associated behaviors as well as controlling neuroendocrine and autonomic function. During development, estrogen signaling is involved in programming adult sex differences in physiology and behavior. Expression of estrogen receptor α changes across development in a region-specific fashion. By contrast, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is expressed in many brain regions, yet few studies have explored sex and developmental differences in its expression, largely because of the absence of selective reagents for anatomical localization of the protein. This study utilized bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing ERβ identified by enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to compare expression levels and distribution of ERβ in the male and female mouse forebrain on the day of birth (P0), on postnatal day 4 (P4), and on P21. By using qualitative analysis, we mapped the distribution of ERβ-EGFP and found developmental alterations in ERβ expression within the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamic regions including the arcuate, ventromedial, and paraventricular nuclei. We also report a sex difference in ERβ in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, with males showing greater expression at P4 and P21. Another sex difference was found in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of P21, but not P0 or P4, mice, in which ERβ-EGFP-immunoreactive cells were densely clustered near the third ventricle in females but not males. These developmental changes and sex differences in ERβ indicate a mechanism through which estrogens might differentially affect brain functions or program adult physiology at select times during development.},
	Author = {Zuloaga, Damian G and Zuloaga, Kristen L and Hinds, Laura R and Carbone, David L and Handa, Robert J},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:14:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:14:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.23400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Esr2; age; development; estrogen receptor; estrogen receptor β; forebrain; sex difference},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; Estrogen Receptor beta; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Prosencephalon; Sex Characteristics},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {358-71},
	Pmc = {PMC4815281},
	pmid = {23818057},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Estrogen receptor β expression in the mouse forebrain: age and sex differences},
	Volume = {522},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Zuloaga_JCompNeurol2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23400}}

@incollection{Puelles20153,
	Abstract = {Abstract Rodent brain gene patterns are readily comparable with counterparts in the human, avian, reptilian, amphibian, teleost, shark and agnathan species. This scenario provides substantial novel evidence for comparative neuroanatomy, both corroborating some earlier conclusions and calling for revision of other concepts. In recent years accumulated observations have shown that gene expression patterns frequently display reproducible boundaries; these tend to be aligned with the axial and dorsoventral dimensions of the neural tube and are topologically invariant during ontogenesis. Many early molecular patterns are remarkably resistant to evolutionary change. Accumulated comparative results over the last decade strongly indicate that there is a common pattern of differentially-specified neural regions among all vertebrates. This chapter studies the molecular approaches to understanding the structural and functional organization of the nervous system which promise new insights into modular brain domains conserved among various species. Fate-map analysis suggests that early differential molecular specification of progenitor regions and subregions in the neural plate and neural tube eventually correlates with specific prospective fates via patterned proliferation, neurogenesis and differentiation. },
	Address = {San Diego},
	Author = {Luis Puelles and Salvador Mart{\'\i}nez and Margaret Mart{\'\i}nez-De-La-Torre and John L.R. Rubenstein},
	Booktitle = {The Rat Nervous System (Fourth Edition)},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:12:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:12:46 +0000},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00001-2},
	Edition = {Fourth Edition},
	Editor = {Paxinos, George},
	Isbn = {978-0-12-374245-2},
	Keywords = {Vertebrates},
	Pages = {3 - 24},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {Chapter 1 - Gene Maps and Related Histogenetic Domains in the Forebrain and Midbrain},
	eprint = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000012},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Puelles_2015.pdf}}

@article{Schlaggar:2011,
	Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, Chen and colleagues combine structural MRI and a twin-study design to investigate the influence of genetics on human cortical regionalization. Their results resonate with findings from animal studies and certain human syndromes of developmental cortical malformation.},
	Author = {Schlaggar, Bradley L},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:11:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:11:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.024},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Male; Twins},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {499-501},
	Pmc = {PMC3226785},
	pmid = {22099452},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mapping genetic influences on cortical regionalization},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Schlaggar_Neuron2011.pdf}}

@article{Groten:2013,
	Abstract = {Although the contribution of Ca(2+) buffering systems can vary between neuronal types and cellular compartments, it is unknown whether distinct Ca(2+) sources within a neuron have different buffers. As individual Ca(2+) sources can have separate functions, we propose that each is handled by unique systems. Using Aplysia californica bag cell neurons, which initiate reproduction through an afterdischarge involving multiple Ca(2+)-dependent processes, we investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial sequestration, as well as extrusion via the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, to the clearance of voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx, Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)-release (CICR), and store-operated Ca(2+) influx. Cultured bag cell neurons were filled with the Ca(2+) indicator, fura-PE3, to image Ca(2+) under whole-cell voltage clamp. A 5 Hz, 1 min train of depolarizing voltage steps elicited voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx followed by EGTA-sensitive CICR from the mitochondria. A compartment model of Ca(2+) indicated the effect of EGTA on CICR was due to buffering of released mitochondrial Ca(2+) rather than uptake competition. Removal of voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx was dominated by the mitochondria and PMCA, with no contribution from the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA). In contrast, CICR recovery was slowed by eliminating the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and PMCA. Last, store-operated influx, evoked by ER depletion, was removed by the SERCA and depended on the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our results demonstrate that distinct buffering systems are dedicated to particular Ca(2+) sources. In general, this may represent a means to differentially regulate Ca(2+)-dependent processes, and for Aplysia, influence how reproductive behavior is triggered.},
	Author = {Groten, Christopher J and Rebane, Jonathan T and Blohm, Gunnar and Magoski, Neil S},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:11:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:11:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6384-11.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Aplysia; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Egtazic Acid; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondria; Molecular Imaging; Neuroendocrine Cells; Neurons; Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {6476-91},
	pmid = {23575846},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Separate Ca2+ sources are buffered by distinct Ca2+ handling systems in aplysia neuroendocrine cells},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Groten_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Suarez:2014a,
	Abstract = {Axonal connections between the left and right sides of the brain are crucial for bilateral integration of lateralized sensory, motor, and associative functions. Throughout vertebrate species, forebrain commissures share a conserved developmental plan, a similar position relative to each other within the brain and similar patterns of connectivity. However, major events in the evolution of the vertebrate brain, such as the expansion of the telencephalon in tetrapods and the origin of the six-layered isocortex in mammals, resulted in the emergence and diversification of new commissural routes. These new interhemispheric connections include the pallial commissure, which appeared in the ancestors of tetrapods and connects the left and right sides of the medial pallium (hippocampus in mammals), and the corpus callosum, which is exclusive to eutherian (placental) mammals and connects both isocortical hemispheres. A comparative analysis of commissural systems in vertebrates reveals that the emergence of new commissural routes may have involved co-option of developmental mechanisms and anatomical substrates of preexistent commissural pathways. One of the embryonic regions of interest for studying these processes is the commissural plate, a portion of the early telencephalic midline that provides molecular specification and a cellular scaffold for the development of commissural axons. Further investigations into these embryonic processes in carefully selected species will provide insights not only into the mechanisms driving commissural evolution, but also regarding more general biological problems such as the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary change.},
	Author = {Su{\'a}rez, Rodrigo and Gobius, Ilan and Richards, Linda J},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:08:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:08:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00497},
	Journal = {Front Hum Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
	Keywords = {anterior commissure; axon guidance; commissural plate; comparative neuroanatomy; corpus callosum; hippocampal commissure},
	Pages = {497},
	Pmc = {PMC4094842},
	pmid = {25071525},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Evolution and development of interhemispheric connections in the vertebrate forebrain},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Suárez_FrontHumNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Jones:2016,
	Abstract = {Though both clinicians and scientists have long recognized the influence of extracellular calcium on the function of muscle and nervous tissue, recent insights reveal that the mechanisms allowing changes in extracellular calcium to alter cellular excitability have been incompletely understood. For many years the effects of calcium on neuronal signaling were explained only in terms of calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels and biophysical charge screening. More recently however, it has been recognized that the calcium-sensing receptor is prevalent in the nervous system and regulates synaptic transmission and neuronal activity via multiple signaling pathways. Here we review the multiplicity of mechanisms by which changes in extracellular calcium alter neuronal signaling and propose that multiple mechanisms are required to describe the full range of experimental observations.},
	Author = {Jones, Brian L and Smith, Stephen M},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:08:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:08:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00116},
	Journal = {Front Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in physiology},
	Keywords = {action potentials; calcium; calcium sensing receptor; excitability; ion channels; nervous system; synaptic transmission},
	Pages = {116},
	Pmc = {PMC4811949},
	pmid = {27065884},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Calcium-Sensing Receptor: A Key Target for Extracellular Calcium Signaling in Neurons},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Jones_FrontPhysiol2016.pdf}}

@article{Greig:2016,
	Abstract = {While transcriptional controls over the size and relative position of cortical areas have been identified, less is known about regulators that direct acquisition of area-specific characteristics. Here, we report that the transcription factor Ctip1 functions in primary sensory areas to repress motor and activate sensory programs of gene expression, enabling establishment of sharp molecular boundaries defining functional areas. In Ctip1 mutants, abnormal gene expression leads to aberrantly motorized corticocortical and corticofugal output connectivity. Ctip1 critically regulates differentiation of layer IV neurons, and selective loss of Ctip1 in cortex deprives thalamocortical axons of their receptive "sensory field" in layer IV, which normally provides a tangentially and radially defined compartment of dedicated synaptic territory. Therefore, although thalamocortical axons invade appropriate cortical regions, they are unable to organize into properly configured sensory maps. Together, these data identify Ctip1 as a critical control over sensory area development.},
	Author = {Greig, Luciano C and Woodworth, Mollie B and Greppi, Chlo{\'e} and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:01:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:01:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.008},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Carrier Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutation; Neocortex; Neurons; Nuclear Proteins; Signal Transduction; Thalamus},
	Month = {04},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {261-77},
	Pmc = {PMC4873772},
	pmid = {27100196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ctip1 Controls Acquisition of Sensory Area Identity and Establishment of Sensory Input Fields in the Developing Neocortex},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Greig_Neuron2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.008}}

@article{Ypsilanti:2016,
	Abstract = {The development of the cortex is an elaborate process that integrates a plethora of finely tuned molecular processes ranging from carefully regulated gradients of transcription factors, dynamic changes in the chromatin landscape, or formation of protein complexes to elicit and regulate transcription. Combined with cellular processes such as cell type specification, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of these developmental processes result in the establishment of an adult mammalian cortex with its typical lamination and regional patterning. By examining in-depth the role of one transcription factor, Pax6, on the regulation of cortical development, its integration in the regulation of chromatin state, and its regulation by cis-regulatory elements, we aim to demonstrate the importance of integrating each level of regulation in our understanding of cortical development.},
	Author = {Ypsilanti, Ath{\'e}na R and Rubenstein, John L R},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 22:00:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:00:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.23866},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Chromatin; Epigenetics; Pax6; Transcription; cortex; cortical development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Cerebral Cortex; Chromatin; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; Epigenesis, Genetic; Eye Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; PAX6 Transcription Factor; Paired Box Transcription Factors; Repressor Proteins},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {609-29},
	Pmc = {PMC4706819},
	pmid = {26304102},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development},
	Volume = {524},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Ypsilanti_JCompNeurol2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23866}}

@article{Homman-Ludiye:2014,
	Abstract = {The integration of the visual stimulus takes place at the level of the neocortex, organized in anatomically distinct and functionally unique areas. Primates, including humans, are heavily dependent on vision, with approximately 50% of their neocortical surface dedicated to visual processing and possess many more visual areas than any other mammal, making them the model of choice to study visual cortical arealisation. However, in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for patterning the developing neocortex, specifying area identity as well as elucidate events that have enabled the evolution of the complex primate visual cortex, it is essential to gain access to the cortical maps of alternative species. To this end, species including the mouse have driven the identification of cellular markers, which possess an area-specific expression profile, the development of new tools to label connections and technological advance in imaging techniques enabling monitoring of cortical activity in a behaving animal. In this review we present non-primate species that have contributed to elucidating the evolution and development of the visual cortex. We describe the current understanding of the mechanisms supporting the establishment of areal borders during development, mainly gained in the mouse thanks to the availability of genetically modified lines but also the limitations of the mouse model and the need for alternate species.},
	Author = {Homman-Ludiye, Jihane and Bourne, James A},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:57:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:57:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2014.00079},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {cell markers; cortical patterning; guidance molecules; neocortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain Mapping; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Pages = {79},
	Pmc = {PMC4081835},
	pmid = {25071460},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Mapping arealisation of the visual cortex of non-primate species: lessons for development and evolution},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Homman-Ludiye_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Homman-Ludiye_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.jpg}}

@article{Fenlon:2013,
	Author = {Fenlon, Laura R and Su{\'a}rez, Rodrigo},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:56:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:56:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2859-13.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Neocortex; Thalamus},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {13938-9},
	pmid = {23986230},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamic afferents and neocortical arealization: an ongoing journey},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Fenlon_JNeurosci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2859-13.2013}}

@article{Pouchelon:2014,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neocortical and thalamic interactions are necessary for the execution of complex sensory-motor tasks and associated cognitive processes. Investigation of thalamocortical circuit development is therefore critical to understand developmental disorders involving abnormal cortical function. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of thalamus-dependent cortical patterning and cortical neuron differentiation.
RECENT FINDINGS: Although the principles of cortical map patterning are increasingly understood, the extent to which thalamocortical inputs contribute to cortical neuron differentiation is still unclear. The recent development of genetic models allowing cell-type-specific dissection of cortical input pathways has shed light on some of the input-dependent and activity-dependent processes occurring during cortical development, which are discussed here.
SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic and cortical neurons, in which cell intrinsic differentiation programs are tightly regulated by synaptic input during a prolonged period of development. Challenges in the years to come will be to identify the mechanisms underlying the reciprocal interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic differentiation programs, and their contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders at large.},
	Author = {Pouchelon, Gabrielle and Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:54:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:54:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1097/WCO.0000000000000070},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {142-8},
	pmid = {24553463},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nurturing the cortex's thalamic nature},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000070}}

@article{Jabaudon:2017,
	Author = {Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:53:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:53:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms16042},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Month = {Jul},
	Pages = {16042},
	Pmc = {PMC5500875},
	pmid = {28671189},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Fate and freedom in developing neocortical circuits},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Jabaudon_NatCommun2017.pdf}}

@article{Frangeul:2016,
	Abstract = {Modality-specific sensory inputs from individual sense organs are processed in parallel in distinct areas of the neocortex. For each sensory modality, input follows a cortico-thalamo-cortical loop in which a 'first-order' exteroceptive thalamic nucleus sends peripheral input to the primary sensory cortex, which projects back to a 'higher order' thalamic nucleus that targets a secondary sensory cortex. This conserved circuit motif raises the possibility that shared genetic programs exist across sensory modalities. Here we report that, despite their association with distinct sensory modalities, first-order nuclei in mice are genetically homologous across somatosensory, visual, and auditory pathways, as are higher order nuclei. We further reveal peripheral input-dependent control over the transcriptional identity and connectivity of first-order nuclei by showing that input ablation leads to induction of higher-order-type transcriptional programs and rewiring of higher-order-directed descending cortical input to deprived first-order nuclei. These findings uncover an input-dependent genetic logic for the design and plasticity of sensory pathways, in which conserved developmental programs lead to conserved circuit motifs across sensory modalities.},
	Author = {Frangeul, Laura and Pouchelon, Gabrielle and Telley, Ludovic and Lefort, Sandrine and Luscher, Christian and Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:49:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:49:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature19770},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Auditory Pathways; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Genetic; Neuronal Plasticity; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamic Nuclei; Transcription, Genetic; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7623},
	Pages = {96-98},
	pmid = {27669022},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A cross-modal genetic framework for the development and plasticity of sensory pathways},
	Volume = {538},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Frangeul_Nature2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19770}}

@article{Marques-Smith:2016,
	Abstract = {GABAergic activity is thought to influence developing neocortical sensory circuits. Yet the late postnatal maturation of local layer (L)4 circuits suggests alternate sources of GABAergic control in nascent thalamocortical networks. We show that a population of L5b, somatostatin (SST)-positive interneuron receives early thalamic synaptic input and, using laser-scanning photostimulation, identify an early transient circuit between these cells and L4 spiny stellates (SSNs) that disappears by the end of the L4 critical period. Sensory perturbation disrupts the transition to a local GABAergic circuit, suggesting a link between translaminar and local control of SSNs. Conditional silencing of SST+ interneurons or conversely biasing the circuit toward local inhibition by overexpression of neuregulin-1 type 1 results in an absence of early L5b GABAergic input in mutants and delayed thalamic innervation of SSNs. These data identify a role for L5b SST+ interneurons in the control of SSNs in the early postnatal neocortex.},
	Author = {Marques-Smith, Andre and Lyngholm, Daniel and Kaufmann, Anna-Kristin and Stacey, Jacqueline A and Hoerder-Suabedissen, Anna and Becker, Esther B E and Wilson, Michael C and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n and Butt, Simon J B},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:47:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:48:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.015},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; Circuits; activity-development; interneurons; Transient; Neocortex; isocortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Interneurons; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways; Neuregulin-1; Photic Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Somatostatin; Thalamus; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {536-49},
	Pmc = {PMC4742537},
	pmid = {26844833},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A Transient Translaminar GABAergic Interneuron Circuit Connects Thalamocortical Recipient Layers in Neonatal Somatosensory Cortex},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Marques-Smith_Neuron2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.015}}

@article{Ji:2015,
	Abstract = {Layer 1 (L1) of primary visual cortex (V1) is the target of projections from many brain regions outside of V1. We found that inputs to the non-columnar mouse V1 from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and feedback projections from multiple higher cortical areas to L1 are patchy. The patches are matched to a pattern of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression at fixed locations of mouse, rat, and monkey V1. Neurons in L2/3 aligned with M2-rich patches have high spatial acuity, whereas cells in M2-poor zones exhibited high temporal acuity. Together M2+ and M2- zones form constant-size domains that are repeated across V1. Domains map subregions of the receptive field, such that multiple copies are contained within the point image. The results suggest that the modular network in mouse V1 selects spatiotemporally distinct clusters of neurons within the point image for top-down control and differential routing of inputs to cortical streams.},
	Author = {Ji, Weiqing and G{\u a}m{\u a}nu{\c t}, R{\u a}zvan and Bista, Pawan and D'Souza, Rinaldo D and Wang, Quanxin and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:09:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:09:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.004},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Haplorhini; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {632-43},
	Pmc = {PMC4529541},
	pmid = {26247867},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modularity in the Organization of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Ji_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.004}}

@article{Chou:2013,
	Abstract = {Studies of area patterning of the neocortex have focused on primary areas, concluding that the primary visual area, V1, is specified by transcription factors (TFs) expressed by progenitors. Mechanisms that determine higher-order visual areas (V(HO)) and distinguish them from V1 are unknown. We demonstrated a requirement for thalamocortical axon (TCA) input by genetically deleting geniculocortical TCAs and showed that they drive differentiation of patterned gene expression that distinguishes V1 and V(HO). Our findings suggest a multistage process for area patterning: TFs expressed by progenitors specify an occipital visual cortical field that differentiates into V1 and V(HO); this latter phase requires geniculocortical TCA input to the nascent V1 that determines genetic distinctions between V1 and V(HO) for all layers and ultimately determines their area-specific functional properties.},
	Author = {Chou, Shen-Ju and Babot, Zoila and Leing{\"a}rtner, Axel and Studer, Michele and Nakagawa, Yasushi and O'Leary, Dennis D M},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:08:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:08:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1232806},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neocortex; Neural Stem Cells; Thalamus; Transcription Factors; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6137},
	Pages = {1239-42},
	Pmc = {PMC3851411},
	pmid = {23744949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Geniculocortical input drives genetic distinctions between primary and higher-order visual areas},
	Volume = {340},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Chou_Science2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Chou_Science2013a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232806}}

@article{Bourane:2015,
	Abstract = {Sensory circuits in the dorsal spinal cord integrate and transmit multiple cutaneous sensory modalities including the sense of light touch. Here, we identify a population of excitatory interneurons (INs) in the dorsal horn that are important for transmitting innocuous light touch sensation. These neurons express the ROR alpha (RORα) nuclear orphan receptor and are selectively innervated by cutaneous low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs). Targeted removal of RORα INs in the dorsal spinal cord leads to a marked reduction in behavioral responsiveness to light touch without affecting responses to noxious and itch stimuli. RORα IN-deficient mice also display a selective deficit in corrective foot movements. This phenotype, together with our demonstration that the RORα INs are innervated by corticospinal and vestibulospinal projection neurons, argues that the RORα INs direct corrective reflex movements by integrating touch information with descending motor commands from the cortex and cerebellum.},
	Author = {Bourane, Steeve and Grossmann, Katja S and Britz, Olivier and Dalet, Antoine and Del Barrio, Marta Garcia and Stam, Floor J and Garcia-Campmany, Lidia and Koch, Stephanie and Goulding, Martyn},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:07:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:07:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.011},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Animals; Interneurons; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Mice; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Neural Pathways; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1; Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn; Synapses; Touch},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {503-15},
	Pmc = {PMC4431637},
	pmid = {25635458},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Identification of a spinal circuit for light touch and fine motor control},
	Volume = {160},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Bourane_Cell2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.011}}

@article{Sun:2014,
	Abstract = {The size and extent of folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex are important factors that influence a species' cognitive abilities and sensorimotor skills. Studies in various animal models and in humans have provided insight into the mechanisms that regulate cortical growth and folding. Both protein-coding genes and microRNAs control cortical size, and recent progress in characterizing basal progenitor cells and the genes that regulate their proliferation has contributed to our understanding of cortical folding. Neurological disorders linked to disruptions in cortical growth and folding have been associated with novel neurogenetic mechanisms and aberrant signalling pathways, and these findings have changed concepts of brain evolution and may lead to new medical treatments for certain disorders.},
	Author = {Sun, Tao and Hevner, Robert F},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:04:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:04:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3707},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neural Stem Cells},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {217-32},
	Pmc = {PMC4107216},
	pmid = {24646670},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: from molecules to malformations},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Harris:2015,
	Abstract = {Similarities in neocortical circuit organization across areas and species suggest a common strategy to process diverse types of information, including sensation from diverse modalities, motor control and higher cognitive processes. Cortical neurons belong to a small number of main classes. The properties of these classes, including their local and long-range connectivity, developmental history, gene expression, intrinsic physiology and in vivo activity patterns, are remarkably similar across areas. Each class contains subclasses; for a rapidly growing number of these, conserved patterns of input and output connections are also becoming evident. The ensemble of circuit connections constitutes a basic circuit pattern that appears to be repeated across neocortical areas, with area- and species-specific modifications. Such 'serially homologous' organization may adapt individual neocortical regions to the type of information each must process.},
	Author = {Harris, Kenneth D and Shepherd, Gordon M G},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:04:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:04:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3917},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Interneurons; Neocortex; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {170-81},
	Pmc = {PMC4889215},
	pmid = {25622573},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The neocortical circuit: themes and variations},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Harris_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Alfano:2014,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is subdivided into cytoarchitectural areas with distinct connectivity, gene expression and neural functions. Areal identity is initially specified by rostrocaudal and mediolateral gene expression gradients in neuroepithelial and radial glial progenitors (the 'protomap'). On further differentiation, distinct sets of gene expression gradients arise in intermediate progenitors and postmitotic neurons, and are necessary to implement areal specification. However, it is still unknown whether postmitotic gene expression gradients can determine areal identity independently of protomap gradients. Here we show, by cell type-restricted genetic loss- and gain-of-function, that high levels of postmitotic COUP-TFI (Nr2f1) expression are necessary and sufficient for the development of sensory (caudal) areal identity. Our data indicate a crucial role for postmitotic patterning genes in areal specification and reveal an unexpected plasticity in this process, which may account for complex and evolutionarily novel structures characteristic of the mammalian neocortex.},
	Author = {Alfano, C and Magrinelli, E and Harb, K and Hevner, R F and Studer, M},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:04:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:04:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms6632},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Mesh = {Animals; COUP Transcription Factor I; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mitosis; Neocortex; Sensory Receptor Cells},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {5632},
	pmid = {25476200},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Postmitotic control of sensory area specification during neocortical development},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Alfano_NatCommun2014.pdf}}

@article{Zembrzycki:2015,
	Abstract = {In mammals, the neocortical layout consists of few modality-specific primary sensory areas and a multitude of higher order ones. Abnormal layout of cortical areas may disrupt sensory function and behavior. Developmental genetic mechanisms specify primary areas, but mechanisms influencing higher order area properties are unknown. By exploiting gain-of and loss-of function mouse models of the transcription factor Emx2, we have generated bi-directional changes in primary visual cortex size in vivo and have used it as a model to show a novel and prominent function for genetic mechanisms regulating primary visual area size and also proportionally dictating the sizes of surrounding higher order visual areas. This finding redefines the role for intrinsic genetic mechanisms to concomitantly specify and scale primary and related higher order sensory areas in a linear fashion.},
	Author = {Zembrzycki, Andreas and Stocker, Adam M and Leing{\"a}rtner, Axel and Sahara, Setsuko and Chou, Shen-Ju and Kalatsky, Valery and May, Scott R and Stryker, Michael P and O'Leary, Dennis Dm},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:04:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:04:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.11416},
	Journal = {Elife},
	Journal-Full = {eLife},
	Keywords = {Emx2; brain evolution; developmental biology; extrastriate cortex; mouse; neocortical area patterning; neuroscience; sensory systems; stem cells; visual cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Transcription Factors; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pmc = {PMC4739755},
	pmid = {26705332},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Genetic mechanisms control the linear scaling between related cortical primary and higher order sensory areas},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Zembrzycki_Elife2015.pdf}}

@article{Fenlon:2015b,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of poorly understood behavioural disorders, which have increased in prevalence in the past two decades. Animal models offer the opportunity to understand the biological basis of these disorders. Studies comparing different mouse strains have identified the inbred BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) strain as a mouse model of ASD based on its anti-social and repetitive behaviours. Adult BTBR mice have complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, reduced cortical thickness and changes in early neurogenesis. However, little is known about the development or ultimate organisation of cortical areas devoted to specific sensory and motor functions in these mice that may also contribute to their behavioural phenotype.
RESULTS: In this study, we performed diffusion tensor imaging and tractography, together with histological analyses to investigate the emergence of functional areas in the cerebral cortex and their connections in BTBR mice and age-matched C57Bl/6 control mice. We found evidence that neither the anterior commissure nor the hippocampal commissure compensate for the loss of callosal connections, indicating that no interhemispheric neocortical connectivity is present in BTBR mice. We also found that both the primary visual and somatosensory cortical areas are shifted medially in BTBR mice compared to controls and that cortical thickness is differentially altered in BTBR mice between cortical areas and throughout development.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area formation are altered in an age- and region-specific manner in BTBR mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits previously observed in this strain. Some of these developmental patterns of change are also present in human ASD patients, and elucidating the aetiology driving cortical changes in BTBR mice may therefore help to increase our understanding of this disorder.},
	Author = {Fenlon, Laura R and Liu, Sha and Gobius, Ilan and Kurniawan, Nyoman D and Murphy, Skyle and Moldrich, Randal X and Richards, Linda J},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:03:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:03:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y},
	Journal = {Neural Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Neural development},
	Mesh = {Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Aging; Animals; Anterior Cerebellar Commissure; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Disease Models, Animal; Fornix, Brain; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Phenotype; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Pages = {10},
	Pmc = {PMC4412039},
	pmid = {25879444},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Formation of functional areas in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015a.pdf}}

@article{Barber:2016,
	Abstract = {Tangential migration is a mode of cell movement, which in the developing cerebral cortex, is defined by displacement parallel to the ventricular surface and orthogonal to the radial glial fibers. This mode of long-range migration is a strategy by which distinct neuronal classes generated from spatially and molecularly distinct origins can integrate to form appropriate neural circuits within the cortical plate. While it was previously believed that only GABAergic cortical interneurons migrate tangentially from their origins in the subpallial ganglionic eminences to integrate in the cortical plate, it is now known that transient populations of glutamatergic neurons also adopt this mode of migration. These include Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), subplate neurons (SPs), and cortical plate transient neurons (CPTs), which have crucial roles in orchestrating the radial and tangential development of the embryonic cerebral cortex in a noncell-autonomous manner. While CRs have been extensively studied, it is only in the last decade that the molecular mechanisms governing their tangential migration have begun to be elucidated. To date, the mechanisms of SPs and CPTs tangential migration remain unknown. We therefore review the known signaling pathways, which regulate parameters of CRs migration including their motility, contact-redistribution and adhesion to the pial surface, and discuss this in the context of how CR migration may regulate their signaling activity in a spatial and temporal manner. {\copyright} 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 847-881, 2016.},
	Author = {Barber, Melissa and Pierani, Alessandra},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:03:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:03:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dneu.22363},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Cajal-Retzius cells; cortical patterning; cortical plate transient neurons; glutamatergic neurons; subplate neurons; tangential migration},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neurons},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {847-81},
	pmid = {26581033},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Tangential migration of glutamatergic neurons and cortical patterning during development: Lessons from Cajal-Retzius cells},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Barber_DevNeurobiol2016.pdf}}

@article{Vue:2013,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex undergoes dramatic transformation during development, from a seemingly homogenous sheet of neuroepithelial cells into a complex structure that is tangentially divided into discrete areas. This process is thought to be controlled by a combination of intrinsic patterning mechanisms within the cortex and afferent axonal projections from the thalamus. However, roles of thalamic afferents in the formation of areas are still poorly understood. In this study, we show that genetically increasing or decreasing the size of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the mouse thalamus resulted in a corresponding change in the size of the primary visual area. Furthermore, elimination of most thalamocortical projections from the outset of their development resulted in altered areal gene expression patterns, particularly in the primary visual and somatosensory areas, where they lost sharp boundaries with adjacent areas. Together, these results demonstrate the critical roles of thalamic afferents in the establishment of neocortical areas.},
	Author = {Vue, Tou Yia and Lee, Melody and Tan, Yew Ei and Werkhoven, Zachary and Wang, Lynn and Nakagawa, Yasushi},
	Date-Added = {2018-01-16 21:03:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 21:03:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5786-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Cell Count; Cell Size; Embryo, Mammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hedgehog Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Neocortex; Proteins; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Untranslated; Thalamus},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {8442-53},
	Pmc = {PMC3732791},
	pmid = {23658181},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamic control of neocortical area formation in mice},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Vue_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Cholfin:2007,
	Abstract = {The frontal cortex (FC) is the seat of higher cognition. The genetic mechanisms that control formation of the functionally distinct subdivisions of the FC are unknown. Using a set of gene expression markers that distinguish subdivisions of the newborn mouse FC, we show that loss of Fgf17 selectively reduces the size of the dorsal FC whereas ventral/orbital FC appears normal. These changes are complemented by a rostral shift of sensory cortical areas. Thus, Fgf17 functions similar to Fgf8 in patterning the overall neocortical map but has a more selective role in regulating the properties of the dorsal but not ventral FC.},
	Author = {Cholfin, Jeremy A and Rubenstein, John L R},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-12 01:42:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-12 01:42:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0702225104},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biomarkers; Body Patterning; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Frontal Lobe; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutation},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {7652-7},
	Pmc = {PMC1863435},
	pmid = {17442747},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterning of frontal cortex subdivisions by Fgf17},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cholfin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}}

@article{Cederquist:2013,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is parcellated into anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The establishment of area-specific neuronal diversity and circuit connectivity enables distinct neocortical regions to control diverse and specialized functional outputs, yet underlying molecular controls remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a central role for the transcriptional regulator Lim-only 4 (Lmo4) in establishing the diversity of neuronal subtypes within rostral mouse motor cortex, where projection neurons have particularly diverse and multi-projection connectivity compared with caudal motor cortex. In rostral motor cortex, we report that both subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN), which send projections away from the cerebrum, and callosal projection neurons (CPN), which send projections to contralateral cortex, express Lmo4, whereas more caudal SCPN and CPN do not. Lmo4-expressing SCPN and CPN populations are comprised of multiple hodologically distinct subtypes. SCPN in rostral layer Va project largely to brainstem, whereas SCPN in layer Vb project largely to spinal cord, and a subset of both rostral SCPN and CPN sends second ipsilateral caudal (backward) projections in addition to primary projections. Without Lmo4 function, the molecular identity of neurons in rostral motor cortex is disrupted and more homogenous, rostral layer Va SCPN aberrantly project to the spinal cord, and many dual-projection SCPN and CPN fail to send a second backward projection. These molecular and hodological disruptions result in greater overall homogeneity of motor cortex output. Together, these results identify Lmo4 as a central developmental control over the diversity of motor cortex projection neuron subpopulations, establishing their area-specific identity and specialized connectivity.},
	Author = {Cederquist, Gustav Y and Azim, Eiman and Shnider, Sara J and Padmanabhan, Hari and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-12 01:38:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-12 01:38:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5140-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Brain Stem; Corpus Callosum; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; LIM Domain Proteins; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {6321-32},
	Pmc = {PMC3698850},
	pmid = {23575831},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Lmo4 establishes rostral motor cortex projection neuron subtype diversity},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Cederquist_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Subramanian:2009,
	Abstract = {The early cortical primordium develops from a sheet of neuroepithelium that is flanked by distinct signaling centers. Of these, the hem and the antihem are positioned as longitudinal stripes, running rostro-caudally along the medial and lateral faces, respectively, of each telencepahlic hemisphere. In this review we examine the similarities and differences in how these two signaling centers arise, their roles in patterning adjacent tissues, and the cells and structures they contribute to. Since both the hem and the antihem have been identified across many vertebrate phyla, they appear to be part of an evolutionary conserved set of mechanisms that play fundamental roles in forebrain development.},
	Author = {Subramanian, Lakshmi and Remedios, Ryan and Shetty, Ashwin and Tole, Shubha},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-11 23:58:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-11 23:58:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.001},
	Journal = {Semin Cell Dev Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Seminars in cell \& developmental biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Homeodomain Proteins; Telencephalon; Transcription Factors; Wnt Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {712-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2791850},
	pmid = {19446478},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Signals from the edges: the cortical hem and antihem in telencephalic development},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.001}}

@article{Caronia-Brown:2014,
	Abstract = {The cortical hem, a source of Wingless-related (WNT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the dorsomedial telencephalon, is the embryonic organizer for the hippocampus. Whether the hem is a major regulator of cortical patterning outside the hippocampus has not been investigated. We examined regional organization across the entire cerebral cortex in mice genetically engineered to lack the hem. Indicating that the hem regulates dorsoventral patterning in the cortical hemisphere, the neocortex, particularly dorsomedial neocortex, was reduced in size in late-stage hem-ablated embryos, whereas cortex ventrolateral to the neocortex expanded dorsally. Unexpectedly, hem ablation also perturbed regional patterning along the rostrocaudal axis of neocortex. Rostral neocortical domains identified by characteristic gene expression were expanded, and caudal domains diminished. A similar shift occurs when fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 is increased at the rostral telencephalic organizer, yet the FGF8 source was unchanged in hem-ablated brains. Rather we found that hem WNT or BMP signals, or both, have opposite effects to those of FGF8 in regulating transcription factors that control the size and position of neocortical areas. When the hem is ablated a necessary balance is perturbed, and cerebral cortex is rostralized. Our findings reveal a much broader role for the hem in cortical development than previously recognized, and emphasize that two major signaling centers interact antagonistically to pattern cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Caronia-Brown, Giuliana and Yoshida, Michio and Gulden, Forrest and Assimacopoulos, Stavroula and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-11 23:51:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-11 23:51:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1242/dev.106914},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Keywords = {Embryonic patterning; Fgf8; Mouse; Neocortex; Signaling center; Wnt3a},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cell Proliferation; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hippocampus; Mice; Neocortex; Organ Size; Organizers, Embryonic; Phenotype; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Wnt Proteins},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {2855-65},
	Pmc = {PMC4197624},
	pmid = {24948604},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The cortical hem regulates the size and patterning of neocortex},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Caronia-Brown_Development2014.pdf}}

@article{Puelles:2003,
	Abstract = {The prosomeric model attributes morphological meaning to gene expression patterns and other data in the forebrain. It divides this territory into the same transverse segments (prosomeres) and longitudinal zones in all vertebrates. The axis and longitudinal zones of this model are widely accepted but controversy subsists about the number of prosomeres and their nature as segments. We describe difficulties encountered in establishing continuity between prosomeric limits postulated in the hypothalamus and intra-telencephalic limits. Such difficulties throw doubt on the intersegmental nature of these limits. We sketch a simplified model, in which the secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is a complex protosegment not subdivided into prosomeres, which exhibits patterning singularities. By contrast, we continue to postulate that prosomeres p1-p3 (i.e. the pretectum, thalamus and prethalamus) are the caudal forebrain.},
	Author = {Puelles, Luis and Rubenstein, John L R},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-11 23:48:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-11 23:48:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00234-0},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression; Humans; Hypothalamus; Models, Neurological; Prosencephalon; Telencephalon},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {469-76},
	pmid = {12948657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Puelles_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00234-0}}

@article{OLeary:2008,
	Abstract = {Arealization of the neocortex is controlled by a regulatory hierarchy beginning with morphogens secreted from patterning centers positioned at the perimeter of the dorsal telencephalon. These morphogens act in part to establish within cortical progenitors the differential expression of transcription factors that specify their area identity, which is inherited by their neuronal progeny, providing the genetic framework for area patterning. The two patterning centers most directly implicated in arealization are the commissural plate, which expresses fibroblast growth factors, and the cortical hem, which expresses bone morphogenetic proteins and vertebrate orthologs of Drosophila wingless, the Wnts. A third, albeit putative, patterning center is the antihem, identified by its expression of multiple signaling molecules. We describe recent findings on roles for these patterning centers in arealization. We also present the most recent evidence on functions of the four transcription factors, Emx2, COUP-TFI, Pax6, and Sp8, thus far implicated in arealization. We also describe screens for candidate target genes of these transcription factors, or other genes potentially involved in arealization. We conclude with an assessment of a forward genetics approach for identifying genes involved in determining area size based in part on quantitative trait locus mapping, and the implications for significant differences between individuals in area size on behavioral performance.},
	Author = {O'Leary, Dennis Dm and Sahara, Setsuko},
	Date-Added = {2017-12-11 22:37:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-11 22:37:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.011},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genetic Variation; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Morphogenesis; Neocortex; Signal Transduction; Telencephalon; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {90-100},
	Pmc = {PMC2677555},
	pmid = {18524571},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic regulation of arealization of the neocortex},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/O'Leary_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}}



@article{Khodagholy:2017,
	Abstract = {Consolidation of declarative memories requires hippocampal-neocortical communication. Although experimental evidence supports the role of sharp-wave ripples in transferring hippocampal information to the neocortex, the exact cortical destinations and the physiological mechanisms of such transfer are not known. We used a conducting polymer-based conformable microelectrode array (NeuroGrid) to record local field potentials and neural spiking across the dorsal cortical surface of the rat brain, combined with silicon probe recordings in the hippocampus, to identify candidate physiological patterns. Parietal, midline, and prefrontal, but not primary cortical areas, displayed localized ripple (100 to 150 hertz) oscillations during sleep, concurrent with hippocampal ripples. Coupling between hippocampal and neocortical ripples was strengthened during sleep following learning. These findings suggest that ripple-ripple coupling supports hippocampal-association cortical transfer of memory traces.},
	Author = {Khodagholy, Dion and Gelinas, Jennifer N and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-16 17:44:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-16 17:44:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.aan6203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Month = {10},
	Number = {6361},
	Pages = {369-372},
	pmid = {29051381},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning-enhanced coupling between ripple oscillations in association cortices and hippocampus},
	Volume = {358},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Khodagholy_Science2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6203}}






@article{Sweeney:2015,
	Abstract = {In the retinocollicular projection, the axons from functionally distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types form synapses in a stereotypical manner along the superficial to deep axis of the superior colliculus (SC). Each lamina contains an orderly topographic map of the visual scene but different laminae receive inputs from distinct sets of RGCs, and inputs to each lamina are aligned with the others to integrate parallel streams of visual information. To determine the relationship between laminar organization and topography of physiologically defined RGC types, we used genetic and anatomical axon tracing techniques in wild type and ephrin-A mutant mice. We find that adjacent RGCs of the same physiological type can send axons to both ectopic and normal topographic locations, supporting a penetrance model for ephrin-A independent mapping cues. While the overall laminar organization in the SC is unaffected in ephrin-A2/A5 double mutant mice, analysis of the laminar locations of ectopic terminations shows that the topographic maps of different RGC types are misaligned. These data lend support to the hypothesis that the retinocollicular projection is a superimposition of a number of individual two-dimensional topographic maps that originate from specific types of RGCs, require ephrin-A signaling, and form independently of the other maps.},
	Author = {Sweeney, Neal T and James, Kiely N and Sales, Emily C and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:07:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:07:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dneu.22265},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Keywords = {ephrin-A; topographic mapping; visual system development},
	Mesh = {Amino Acids; Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Ephrins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {584-93},
	Pmc = {PMC4437846},
	pmid = {25649160},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ephrin-As are required for the topographic mapping but not laminar choice of physiologically distinct RGC types},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22265}}

@article{Owens:2015,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps in visual processing areas maintain the spatial order of the visual world. Molecular cues and neuronal activity both play critical roles in map formation, but their interaction remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that when molecular- and activity-dependent cues are rendered nearly equal in force, they drive topographic mapping stochastically. The functional and anatomical representation of azimuth in the superior colliculus of heterozygous Islet2-EphA3 knockin (Isl2(EphA3/+)) mice is variable: maps may be single, duplicated, or a combination of the two. This heterogeneity is not due to genetic differences, since map organizations in individual mutant animals often differ between colliculi. Disruption of spontaneous waves of retinal activity resulted in uniform map organization in Isl2(EphA3/+) mice, demonstrating that correlated spontaneous activity is required for map heterogeneity. Computational modeling replicates this heterogeneity, revealing that molecular- and activity-dependent forces interact simultaneously and stochastically during topographic map formation.},
	Author = {Owens, Melinda T and Feldheim, David A and Stryker, Michael P and Triplett, Jason W},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:07:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:07:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.030},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cues; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Stochastic Processes; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1261-73},
	Pmc = {PMC4583656},
	pmid = {26402608},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stochastic Interaction between Neural Activity and Molecular Cues in the Formation of Topographic Maps},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.030}}

@article{Shanks:2016,
	Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) relay information about the outside world to multiple subcortical targets within the brain. This information is either used to dictate reflexive behaviors or relayed to the visual cortex for further processing. Many subcortical visual nuclei also receive descending inputs from projection neurons in the visual cortex. Most areas receive inputs from layer 5 cortical neurons in the visual cortex but one exception is the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), which receives layer 6 inputs and is also the only RGC target that sends direct projections to the cortex. Here we ask how visual system development and function changes in mice that develop without a cortex. We find that the development of a cortex is essential for RGC axons to terminate in the dLGN, but is not required for targeting RGC axons to other subcortical nuclei. RGC axons also fail to target to the dLGN in mice that specifically lack cortical layer 6 projections to the dLGN. Finally, we show that when mice develop without a cortex they can still perform a number of vision-dependent tasks.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensory thalamic relay area that receives feedforward inputs from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina, and feed back inputs from layer 6 neurons in the visual cortex. In this study we examined genetically manipulated mice that develop without a cortex or without cortical layer 6 axonal projections, and find that RGC axons fail to project to the dLGN. Other RGC recipient areas, such as the superior colliculus and suprachiasmatic nucleus, are targeted normally. These results provide support for a new mechanism of target selection that may be specific to the thalamus, whereby descending cortical axons provide an activity that promotes feedforward targeting of RGC axons to the dLGN.},
	Author = {Shanks, James A and Ito, Shinya and Schaevitz, Laura and Yamada, Jena and Chen, Bin and Litke, Alan and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:07:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:07:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4599-15.2016},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {axon-targeting; cortex; dLGN; retina; target selection; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axon Guidance; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Male; Mice; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {5252-63},
	Pmc = {PMC4863061},
	pmid = {27170123},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Corticothalamic Axons Are Essential for Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Targeting to the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4599-15.2016}}

@article{Sweeney:2017,
	Abstract = {Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are tasked with transmitting all light information from the eye to the retinal recipient areas of the brain. RGCs can be classified into many different types by morphology, gene expression, axonal projections, and functional responses to different light stimuli. Ultimately, these classification systems should be unified into an all-encompassing taxonomy. Toward that end, we show here that nearly all RGCs express either Islet-2 (Isl2), Tbr2, or a combination of Satb1 and Satb2. We present gene expression data supporting the hypothesis that Satb1 and Satb2 are expressed in ON-OFF direction-selective (DS) RGCs, complementing our previous work demonstrating that RGCs that express Isl2 and Tbr2 are non-DS and non-image-forming, respectively. Expression of these transcription factors emerges at distinct embryonic ages and only in postmitotic cells. Finally, we demonstrate that these transcription factor-defined RGC classes are born throughout RGC genesis.},
	Author = {Sweeney, Neal T and James, Kiely N and Nistorica, Andreea and Lorig-Roach, Ryan M and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:07:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:07:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.24172},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {RRID: AB_10615604; RRID: AB_11143446; RRID: AB_1608077; RRID: AB_2167511; RRID: AB_2301417; RRID: AB_2313614; RRID: AB_231491; RRID: AB_882455; cell fate; retinal ganglion cells; transcription factors},
	Month = {Jan},
	pmid = {28078709},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Expression of transcription factors divides retinal ganglion cells into distinct classes},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.24172}}

@article{Ito:2017,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) receives direct input from the retina and integrates it with information about sound, touch, and state of the animal that is relayed from other parts of the brain to initiate specific behavioral outcomes. The superficial SC layers (sSC) contain cells that respond to visual stimuli, whereas the deep SC layers (dSC) contain cells that also respond to auditory and somatosensory stimuli. Here, we used a large-scale silicon probe recording system to examine the visual response properties of SC cells of head-fixed and alert male mice. We found cells with diverse response properties including: (1) orientation/direction-selective (OS/DS) cells with a firing rate that is suppressed by drifting sinusoidal gratings (negative OS/DS cells); (2) suppressed-by-contrast cells; (3) cells with complex-like spatial summation nonlinearity; and (4) cells with Y-like spatial summation nonlinearity. We also found specific response properties that are enriched in different depths of the SC. The sSC is enriched with cells with small RFs, high evoked firing rates (FRs), and sustained temporal responses, whereas the dSC is enriched with the negative OS/DS cells and with cells with large RFs, low evoked FRs, and transient temporal responses. Locomotion modulates the activity of the SC cells both additively and multiplicatively and changes the preferred spatial frequency of some SC cells. These results provide the first description of the negative OS/DS cells and demonstrate that the SC segregates cells with different response properties and that the behavioral state of a mouse affects SC activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The superior colliculus (SC) receives visual input from the retina in its superficial layers (sSC) and induces eye/head-orientating movements and innate defensive responses in its deeper layers (dSC). Despite their importance, very little is known about the visual response properties of dSC neurons. Using high-density electrode recordings and novel model-based analysis, we found several novel visual response properties of the SC cells, including encoding of a cell's preferred orientation or direction by suppression of the firing rate. The sSC and the dSC are enriched with cells with different visual response properties. Locomotion modulates the cells in the SC. These findings contribute to our understanding of how the SC processes visual inputs, a critical step in comprehending visually guided behaviors.},
	Author = {Ito, Shinya and Feldheim, David A and Litke, Alan M},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:07:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:07:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3689-16.2017},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; silicon probe; superior colliculus; vision},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Gait; Locomotion; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Spatial Navigation; Superior Colliculi; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {8428-8443},
	Pmc = {PMC5577856},
	pmid = {28760858},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Segregation of Visual Response Properties in the Mouse Superior Colliculus and Their Modulation during Locomotion},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3689-16.2017}}


@article{Feldheim:2010,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps are a two-dimensional representation of one neural structure within another and serve as the main strategy to organize sensory information. The retina's projection via axons of retinal ganglion cells to midbrain visual centers, the optic tectum/superior colliculus, is the leading model to elucidate mechanisms of topographic map formation. Each axis of the retina is mapped independently using different mechanisms and sets of axon guidance molecules expressed in gradients to achieve the goal of representing a point in the retina onto a point within the target. An axon's termination along the temporal-nasal mapping axis is determined by opposing gradients of EphAs and ephrin-As that act through their forward and reverse signaling, respectively, within the projecting axons, each of which inhibits interstitial branching, cooperating with a branch-promoting activity, to generate topographic specific branching along the shaft of the parent axons that overshoot their correct termination zone along the anterior-posterior axis of the target. The dorsal-ventral termination position is then determined using a gradient of ephrin-B that can act as a repellent or attractant depending on the ephrin-B concentration relative to EphB levels on the interstitial branches to guide them along the medial-lateral axis of the target to their correct termination zone, where they arborize. In both cases, axon-axon competition results in axon mapping based on relative rather than absolute levels of repellent or attractant activity. The map is subsequently refined through large-scale pruning driven in large part by patterned retinal activity.},
	Author = {Feldheim, David A and O'Leary, Dennis D M},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:06:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:06:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a001768},
	Journal = {Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Ephrins; Humans; Receptors, Eph Family; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Signal Transduction; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {a001768},
	Pmc = {PMC2964178},
	pmid = {20880989},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual map development: bidirectional signaling, bifunctional guidance molecules, and competition},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001768}}

@article{Higenell:2012,
	Abstract = {The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands the ephrins play an essential role in the targeting of retinal ganglion cell axons to topographically correct locations in the optic tectum during visual system development. The African claw-toed frog Xenopus laevis is a popular animal model for the study of retinotectal development because of its amenability to live imaging and electrophysiology. Its visual system undergoes protracted growth continuing beyond metamorphosis, yet little is known about ephrin and Eph expression patterns beyond stage 39 when retinal axons first arrive in the tectum. We used alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins of EphA3, ephrin-A5, EphB2, and ephrin-B1 as affinity probes to reveal the expression patterns of ephrin-As, EphAs, ephrin-Bs, and EphBs, respectively. Analysis of brains from stage 40 to adult frog revealed that ephrins and Eph receptors are expressed throughout development. As observed in other species, staining for ephrin-As displayed a high caudal to low rostral expression pattern across the tectum, roughly complementary to the expression of EphAs. In contrast with the prevailing model, EphBs were found to be expressed in the tectum in a high dorsal to low ventral gradient in young animals. In animals with induced binocular tectal innervation, ocular dominance bands of alternating input from the two eyes formed in the tectum; however, ephrin-A and EphA expression patterns were unmodulated and similar to those in normal frogs, confirming that the segregation of axons into eye-specific stripes is not the consequence of a respecification of molecular guidance cues in the tectum.},
	Author = {Higenell, Valerie and Han, Sang Myung and Feldheim, David A and Scalia, Frank and Ruthazer, Edward S},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:06:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:06:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dneu.20930},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Ephrins; Gene Expression Profiling; Neurogenesis; Receptor, EphA1; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {547-63},
	Pmc = {PMC3395774},
	pmid = {21656698},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Expression patterns of Ephs and ephrins throughout retinotectal development in Xenopus laevis},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20930}}

@article{Osterhout:2011,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits consist of highly precise connections among specific types of neurons that serve a common functional goal. How neurons distinguish among different synaptic targets to form functionally precise circuits remains largely unknown. Here, we show that during development, the adhesion molecule cadherin-6 (Cdh6) is expressed by a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and also by their targets in the brain. All of the Cdh6-expressing retinorecipient nuclei mediate non-image-forming visual functions. A screen of mice expressing GFP in specific subsets of RGCs revealed that Cdh3-RGCs which also express Cdh6 selectively innervate Cdh6-expressing retinorecipient targets. Moreover, in Cdh6-deficient mice, the axons of Cdh3-RGCs fail to properly innervate their targets and instead project to other visual nuclei. These findings provide functional evidence that classical cadherins promote mammalian CNS circuit development by ensuring that axons of specific cell types connect to their appropriate synaptic targets.},
	Author = {Osterhout, Jessica A and Josten, Nicko and Yamada, Jena and Pan, Feng and Wu, Shaw-wen and Nguyen, Phong L and Panagiotakos, Georgia and Inoue, Yukiko U and Egusa, Saki F and Volgyi, Bela and Inoue, Takayoshi and Bloomfield, Stewart A and Barres, Ben A and Berson, David M and Feldheim, David A and Huberman, Andrew D},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:06:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:06:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.006},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cadherins; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Net; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {632-9},
	Pmc = {PMC3513360},
	pmid = {21867880},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cadherin-6 mediates axon-target matching in a non-image-forming visual circuit},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.006}}

@article{Triplett:2012a,
	Abstract = {The axonal connections between the retina and its midbrain target, the superior colliculus (SC), is mapped topographically, such that the spatial relationships of cell bodies in the retina are maintained when terminating in the SC. Topographic map development uses a Cartesian mapping system such that each axis of the retina is mapped independently. Along the nasal-temporal mapping axis, EphAs and ephrin-As, are graded molecular cues required for topographic mapping while the dorsal-ventral axis is mapped in part via EphB and ephrin-Bs. Because both Ephs and ephrins are cell surface molecules they can signal in the forward and reverse directions. Eph/ephrin signaling leads to changes in cytoskeletal dynamics that lead to actin depolymerization and endocytosis guiding axons via attraction and repulsion.},
	Author = {Triplett, Jason W and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:06:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:06:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.026},
	Journal = {Semin Cell Dev Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Seminars in cell \& developmental biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Ephrins; Gene Expression; Humans; Receptors, Eph Family; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Signal Transduction; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-15},
	Pmc = {PMC3288406},
	pmid = {22044886},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eph and ephrin signaling in the formation of topographic maps},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.026}}

@article{Triplett:2011,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps are the primary means of relaying spatial information in the brain. Understanding the mechanisms by which they form has been a goal of experimental and theoretical neuroscientists for decades. The projection of the retina to the superior colliculus (SC)/tectum has been an important model used to show that graded molecular cues and patterned retinal activity are required for topographic map formation. Additionally, interaxon competition has been suggested to play a role in topographic map formation; however, this view has been recently challenged. Here we present experimental and computational evidence demonstrating that interaxon competition for target space is necessary to establish topography. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we determined the nature of the retinocollicular projection in Math5 (Atoh7) mutant mice, which have severely reduced numbers of retinal ganglion cell inputs into the SC. We find that in these mice, retinal axons project to the anteromedialj portion of the SC where repulsion from ephrin-A ligands is minimized and where their attraction to the midline is maximized. This observation is consistent with the chemoaffinity model that relies on axon-axon competition as a mapping mechanism. We conclude that chemical labels plus neural activity cannot alone specify the retinocollicular projection; instead axon-axon competition is necessary to create a map. Finally, we present a mathematical model for topographic mapping that incorporates molecular labels, neural activity, and axon competition.},
	Author = {Triplett, Jason W and Pfeiffenberger, Cory and Yamada, Jena and Stafford, Ben K and Sweeney, Neal T and Litke, Alan M and Sher, Alexander and Koulakov, Alexei A and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:06:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:06:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1102834108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Fluorescence; Humans; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Models, Biological; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Retina; Space Perception; Statistics, Nonparametric; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {47},
	Pages = {19060-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3223436},
	pmid = {22065784},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Competition is a driving force in topographic mapping},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102834108}}

@article{Clandinin:2009,
	Abstract = {Visual system development utilizes global and local cues to assemble a topographic map of the visual world, arranging synaptic connections into columns and layers. Recent genetic studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms that underlie these processes. In flies, a precise temporal sequence of neural differentiation provides a global organizing cue; in vertebrates, gradients of ephrin-mediated signals, acting with neurotrophin co-receptors and neural activity, play crucial roles. In flies and mice, neural processes tile into precise arrays through homotypic, repulsive interactions, autocrine signals, and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Laminar targeting specificity is achieved through temporally regulated cell-cell adhesion, as well as combinatorial expression of specific adhesion molecules. Future studies will define the interactions between these global and local cues.},
	Author = {Clandinin, Thomas R and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:05:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:05:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2009.04.011},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Neurons; Retina; Time Factors; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {174-80},
	Pmc = {PMC2726114},
	pmid = {19481440},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Making a visual map: mechanisms and molecules},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.04.011}}

@article{Pfeiffenberger:2006,
	Abstract = {The development of topographic maps in the primary visual system is thought to rely on a combination of EphA/ephrin-A interactions and patterned neural activity. Here, we characterize the retinogeniculate and retinocollicular maps of mice mutant for ephrins-A2, -A3, and -A5 (the three ephrin-As expressed in the mouse visual system), mice mutant for the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (that lack early patterned retinal activity), and mice mutant for both ephrin-As and beta2. We also provide the first comprehensive anatomical description of the topographic connections between the retina and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. We find that, although ephrin-A2/A3/A5 triple knock-out mice have severe mapping defects in both projections, they do not completely lack topography. Mice lacking beta2-dependent retinal activity have nearly normal topography but fail to refine axonal arbors. Mice mutant for both ephrin-As and beta2 have synergistic mapping defects that result in a near absence of map in the retinocollicular projection; however, the retinogeniculate projection is not as severely disrupted as the retinocollicular projection is in these mutants. These results show that ephrin-As and patterned retinal activity act together to establish topographic maps, and demonstrate that midbrain and forebrain connections have a differential requirement for ephrin-As and patterned retinal activity in topographic map development.},
	Author = {Pfeiffenberger, Cory and Yamada, Jena and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:05:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:05:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3595-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A5; Ephrins; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Retina; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {50},
	Pages = {12873-84},
	Pmc = {PMC3664553},
	pmid = {17167078},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ephrin-As and patterned retinal activity act together in the development of topographic maps in the primary visual system},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3595-06.2006}}

@article{Scalia:2005,
	Abstract = {Eph/ephrin expression was studied in Rana utricularia larvae and adults with in situ receptor and ligand affinity probes. From stages TK-II (early limb bud) to VI (early foot paddle larva), tectal EphB expression is highest in a band extending transversely across the posterior optic tectum and grades off anteriorly and posteriorly. The ephrin-A expression gradient is parallel to the EphB gradient rather than being orthogonal to it. However, its high point occupies the posterior pole, and it runs from high-posteriorly to low-anteriorly. Tectal EphA expression is high anteriorly and low posteriorly, while ephrin-Bs are expressed only in a thin line at the dorsal midline. At later stages and in adults, tectal EphB expression becomes uniform.},
	Author = {Scalia, Frank and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:04:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:04:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.05.002},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Line; Ephrins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Immunoprecipitation; Larva; Ligands; Mice; Protein Binding; Rana pipiens; Receptors, Eph Family; Superior Colliculi; Transfection; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {102-6},
	pmid = {16002151},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eph/ephrin A- and B-family expression patterns in the leopard frog (Rana utricularia)},
	Volume = {158},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.05.002}}

@article{Ellsworth:2005,
	Abstract = {Sensory axons are targeted to modality-specific nuclei in the thalamus. Retinal ganglion cell axons project retinotopically to their principal thalamic target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd), in a pattern likely dictated by the expression of molecular gradients in the LGd. Deafferenting the auditory thalamus induces retinal axons to innervate the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). These retino-MGN projections also show retinotopic organization. Here we show that ephrin-A2 and -A5, which are expressed in similar gradients in the MGN and LGd, can be used to pattern novel retinal projections in the MGN. As in the LGd, retinal axons from each eye terminate in discrete eye-specific zones in the MGN of rewired wild-type and ephrin-A2/A5 knockout mice. However, ipsilateral eye axons, which arise from retinal regions of high EphA5 receptor expression and represent central visual field, terminate in markedly different ways in the two mice. In rewired wild-type mice, ipsilateral axons specifically avoid areas of high ephrin expression in the MGN. In rewired ephrin knockout mice, ipsilateral projections shift in location and spread more broadly, leading to an expanded representation of the ipsilateral eye in the MGN. Similarly, ipsilateral projections to the LGd in ephrin knockout mice are shifted and are more widespread than in the LGd of wild-type mice. In the MGN, as in the LGd, terminations from the two eyes show little overlap even in the knockout mice, suggesting that local interocular segregation occurs regardless of other patterning determinants. Our data demonstrate that graded topographic labels, such as the ephrins, can serve to shape multiple related aspects of afferent patterning, including topographic mapping and the extent and spread of eye-specific projections. Furthermore, when mapping labels and other cues are expressed in multiple target zones, novel projections are patterned according to rules that operate in their canonical targets.},
	Author = {Ellsworth, Charlene A and Lyckman, Alvin W and Feldheim, David A and Flanagan, John G and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:04:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:04:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.20602},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A5; Eye; Functional Laterality; Gene Expression Regulation; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Models, Neurological; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {140-51},
	pmid = {15924339},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ephrin-A2 and -A5 influence patterning of normal and novel retinal projections to the thalamus: conserved mapping mechanisms in visual and auditory thalamic targets},
	Volume = {488},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20602}}


@article{Feng:2000a,
	Abstract = {Motor axons form topographic maps on muscles: rostral motor pools innervate rostral muscles, and rostral portions of motor pools innervate rostral fibers within their targets. Here, we implicate A subfamily ephrins in this topographic mapping. First, developing muscles express all five of the ephrin-A genes. Second, rostrally and caudally derived motor axons differ in sensitivity to outgrowth inhibition by ephrin-A5. Third, the topographic map of motor axons on the gluteus muscle is degraded in transgenic mice that overexpress ephrin-A5 in muscles. Fourth, topographic mapping is impaired in muscles of mutant mice lacking ephrin-A2 plus ephrin-A5. Thus, ephrins mediate or modulate positionally selective synapse formation. In addition, the rostrocaudal position of at least one motor pool is altered in ephrin-A5 mutant mice, indicating that ephrins affect nerve-muscle matching by intraspinal as well as intramuscular mechanisms.},
	Author = {Feng, G and Laskowski, M B and Feldheim, D A and Wang, H and Lewis, R and Frisen, J and Flanagan, J G and Sanes, J R},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:03:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:03:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cell Communication; Cells, Cultured; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A5; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Knockout; Motor Neurons; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Neuromuscular Junction; Spinal Cord; Synapses; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {295-306},
	pmid = {10719886},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Roles for ephrins in positionally selective synaptogenesis between motor neurons and muscle fibers},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Feldheim:2000,
	Abstract = {Ephrin-A2 and -A5 are thought to be anteroposterior mapping labels for the retinotectal/retinocollicular projection. Here, gene disruptions of both these ephrins are characterized. Focal retinal labeling reveals moderate map abnormalities when either gene is disrupted. Double heterozygotes also have a phenotype, showing an influence of absolute levels. In vitro assays indicate these ephrins are required for repellent activity in the target and also normal responsiveness in the retina. In double homozygotes, anteroposterior order is almost though not completely lost. Temporal or nasal retinal labelings reveal quantitatively similar but opposite shifts, with multiple terminations scattered widely over the target. These results indicate an axon competition mechanism for mapping, with a critical role for ephrins as anteroposterior topographic labels. Dorsoventral topography is also impaired, showing these ephrins are required in mapping both axes.},
	Author = {Feldheim, D A and Kim, Y I and Bergemann, A D and Fris{\'e}n, J and Barbacid, M and Flanagan, J G},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:03:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:03:20 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Biomarkers; Brain Mapping; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A3; Ephrin-A5; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Phenotype; RNA, Messenger; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Transcription Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {563-74},
	pmid = {10774725},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic analysis of ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 shows their requirement in multiple aspects of retinocollicular mapping},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Bach:2003,
	Abstract = {Many studies have demonstrated the involvement of the EphA family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, ephrin-A2 and -A5, in the development of the temporonasal axis of the retinotectal/collicular map, but the role of these molecules in optic nerve regeneration has not been well studied. Noting that the characteristic gradients of the EphA/ephrin-A family that are expressed topographically in the retina and tectum of embryonic chicks and mice tend to disappear after birth, we took as our starting point an analysis of EphA and ephrin-A expression in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens and utricularia), species capable of regenerating the retinotectal map as adults. For the EphA family to be involved in the regeneration, one would expect these topographic gradients to persist in the adult or, if downregulated after metamorphosis, to be reexpressed after optic nerve injury. Using EphA3 receptor and ephrin-A5 ligand alkaline phosphatase in situ affinity probes (RAP and LAP, respectively) in whole-mount applications, we report that reciprocally complementary gradients of RAP and LAP binding persist in the optic tract and optic tectum of postmetamorphic frogs, including mature adults. EphA expression in temporal retinal axons in the optic tract was significantly reduced after nerve section but returned during regeneration. However, ephrin-A expression in the tectal parenchyma was not significantly elevated by either eye removal, with degeneration of optic axons, or during regeneration of the retinotectal projection. Thus, the present study has demonstrated a persisting expression of EphA/ephrin-A family members in the retinal axons and tectal parenchyma that may help guide regenerating fibers, but we can offer no evidence for an upregulation of ephrin-A expression in conjunction with optic nerve injury.},
	Author = {Bach, Helene and Feldheim, David A and Flanagan, John G and Scalia, Frank},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:03:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:03:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.10941},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Affinity Labels; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Ephrin-A5; Eye Enucleation; Geniculate Bodies; Nerve Regeneration; Optic Nerve; Rana pipiens; Receptors, Eph Family; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {549-65},
	pmid = {14624488},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Persistence of graded EphA/Ephrin-A expression in the adult frog visual system},
	Volume = {467},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10941}}

@article{Feldheim:2004,
	Abstract = {EphA tyrosine kinases are thought to act as topographically specific receptors in the well-characterized projection map from the retina to the tectum. Here, we describe a loss-of-function analysis of EphA receptors in retinotectal mapping. Expressing patches of a cytoplasmically truncated EphA3 receptor in chick retina caused temporal axons to have reduced responsiveness to posterior tectal repellent activity in vitro and to shift more posteriorly within the map in vivo. A gene disruption of mouse EphA5, replacing the intracellular domain with beta-galactosidase, reduced in vitro responsiveness of temporal axons to posterior target membranes. It also caused map abnormalities in vivo, with temporal axons shifted posteriorly and nasal axons anteriorly, but with the entire target still filled by retinal axons. The anterior shift of nasal axons was not accompanied by increased responsiveness to tectal repellent activity, in contrast to the comparable anterior shift in ephrin-A knock-outs, helping to resolve a previous ambiguity in interpreting the ephrin gene knock-outs. The results show the functional requirement for endogenous EphA receptors in retinotectal mapping, show that the receptor intracellular domain is required for a forward signaling response to topographic cues, and provide new evidence for a role of axon competition in topographic mapping.},
	Author = {Feldheim, David A and Nakamoto, Masaru and Osterfield, Miriam and Gale, Nicholas W and DeChiara, Thomas M and Rohatgi, Rajat and Yancopoulos, George D and Flanagan, John G},
	Date-Added = {2017-11-01 21:02:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-11-01 21:02:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0239-03.2004},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Chick Embryo; Gene Targeting; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Receptor, EphA3; Receptor, EphA5; Receptors, Eph Family; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Sequence Deletion; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {2542-50},
	pmid = {15014130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Loss-of-function analysis of EphA receptors in retinotectal mapping},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0239-03.2004}}

@article{Stuart:1904,
	Author = {Stuart, T P},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 21:15:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 21:15:19 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {38-48},
	Pmc = {PMC1465472},
	pmid = {16992721},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The function of the hyaloid canal and some other new points in the mechanism of the accommodation of the eye for distance},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1904},
	url = {papers/Stuart_JPhysiol1904.pdf}}

@article{Simpson:1988,
	Abstract = {1. To compare the spatial organization of the direction selectivity of neurons in the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system with that of neurons in the adjacent ventral tegmentum, extracellular single-unit recordings were made in the anesthetized rabbit. The ventral tegmental neurons were located in a region called the visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ), which is defined by the ventral tegmental terminal field of contralaterally projecting MTN neurons. 2. Some of the present sample of MTN neurons (5 of 34) had monocular receptive fields composed of two parts distinguished by a marked difference in the orientation of their respective direction-selective tuning curves. For one part of the receptive field the preferred excitatory direction was "up," while for the other part it was "down." Such receptive fields for one eye were called bipartite, whereas the more usually encountered MTN receptive fields, which could be characterized by a single direction-selective tuning curve, were called uniform. 3. Of the 16 neurons recorded from the VTRZ, all but one were binocular. For these neurons, both uniform and bipartite receptive fields were found for each eye alone. The only monocular neuron encountered in the VTRZ had a contralateral, bipartite receptive field. 4. The spatial organization of the direction selectivity of bipartite receptive fields strongly suggests that they are suited to represent rotation of the visual field about a horizontal axis located in the vertical plane that divides the receptive field into two parts. 5. The boundary between the two parts of the bipartite receptive fields was found using handheld visual stimuli at one of two azimuthal locations, either close to 45 degrees or between 95 and 125 degrees (the 0 degree reference was rostral in the midsagittal plane). This particular structure of the bipartite receptive fields suggests that their preferred rotation axes have a close spatial relation to the best-response axes of the semicircular canals. 6. Seven VTRZ neurons were antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal cap of the inferior olive. Since the receptive fields of VTRZ neurons have many of the structural features characteristic of the receptive fields of rostral dorsal cap neurons we conclude that the spatial organization of the receptive fields of dorsal cap neurons is, for the most part, synthesized prior to the inferior olive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Simpson, J I and Leonard, C S and Soodak, R E},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 18:52:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:52:35 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Neurons; Optic Chiasm; Photic Stimulation; Rabbits; Rotation; Vision, Ocular; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2055-72},
	pmid = {3236061},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The accessory optic system of rabbit. II. Spatial organization of direction selectivity},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Collewijn:2000,
	Abstract = {To characterize vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) properties in the time window in which contributions by other systems are minimal, eye movements during the first 50-100 ms after the start of transient angular head accelerations ( approximately 1000 degrees /s(2)) imposed by a torque helmet were analyzed in normal human subjects. Orientations of the head and both eyes were recorded with magnetic search coils (resolution, approximately 1 min arc; 1000 samples/s). Typically, the first response to a head perturbation was an anti-compensatory eye movement with zero latency, peak-velocity of several degrees per second, and peak excursion of several tenths of a degree. This was interpreted as a passive mechanical response to linear acceleration of the orbital tissues caused by eccentric rotation of the eye. The response was modeled as a damped oscillation (approximately 13 Hz) of the orbital contents, approaching a constant eye deviation for a sustained linear acceleration. The subsequent compensatory eye movements showed (like the head movements) a linear increase in velocity, which allowed estimates of latency and gain with linear regressions. After appropriate accounting for the preceding passive eye movements, average VOR latency (for pooled eyes, directions, and subjects) was calculated as 8.6 ms. Paired comparisons between the two eyes revealed that the latency for the eye contralateral to the direction of head rotation was, on average, 1.3 ms shorter than for the ipsilateral eye. This highly significant average inter-ocular difference was attributed to the additional internuclear abducens neuron in the pathway to the ipsilateral eye. Average acceleration gain (ratio between slopes of eye and head velocities) over the first 40-50 ms was approximately 1.1. Instantaneous velocity gain, calculated as Veye(t)/Vhead(t-latency), showed a gradual build-up converging toward unity (often after a slight overshoot). Instantaneous acceleration gain also converged toward unity but showed a much steeper build-up and larger oscillations. This behavior of acceleration and velocity gain could be accounted for by modeling the eye movements as the sum of the passive response to the linear acceleration and the active rotational VOR. Due to the latency and the anticompensatory component, gaze stabilization was never complete. The influence of visual targets was limited. The initial VOR was identical with a distant target (continuously visible or interrupted) and in complete darkness. A near visual target caused VOR gain to rise to a higher level, but the time after which the difference between far and near targets emerged varied between individuals.},
	Author = {Collewijn, H and Smeets, J B},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 18:41:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:41:34 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Abducens Nerve; Acceleration; Eye Movements; Head Movements; Head Protective Devices; Humans; Magnetics; Models, Neurological; Motion Perception; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular; Rotation; Torque},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {376-89},
	pmid = {10899212},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early components of the human vestibulo-ocular response to head rotation: latency and gain},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Szentagothai:1950,
	Author = {Szentagothai, J},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 18:27:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:28:59 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {reflex, eye, vision, Vestibular Nuclei, Ocular},
	Mesh = {Humans; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Reflex; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {395-407},
	pmid = {14784863},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The elementary vestibulo-ocular reflex arc},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1950}}

@article{Collewijn:1977,
	Abstract = {1. Eye- and head movements were recorded in unrestrained, spontaneously behaving rabbits with a new technique, based upon phase detection of signals induced in implanted coils by a rotating magnetic field. 2. Movements of the eye in space were exclusively saccadic. In the intersaccadic intervals the eyes were stabilized in space, even during vigorous head movements. Most of this stability was maintained in darkness, except for the occurrence of slow drift. 3. Many saccades were initiated while the head was stationary. They were accompanied by a similar, but slower head rotation with approximately the same amplitude. The displacement of the eye in space was a pure step without appreciable under- or over-shoot. The deviation of the eye in the head was mostly transient. 4. Other saccades were started while the head was moving and were possibly fast phases of a vestibulo-ocular reflex. The time course of the eye movement in space was identical for all saccades, whether the head was moving prior to the saccade or not. Eye movements without any head movement were not observed. 5. Saccades were mostly large (average 20-6 +/- 12-4 degrees S.D.) and never smaller than 1 degree. The relations of maximal velocity and duration to amplitude were similar to those reported for man. 6. Visual pursuit of moving objects, when elicited, was only saccadic and never smooth. 7. It is concluded that the co-ordination and dynamics of the rabbit's head- and eye movements are similar to those of primates. In the absence of foveal specilization, the eye movements are restricted to a rather global redirection of the visual field, possibly in particular of the binocular area.},
	Author = {Collewijn, H},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 18:14:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:14:06 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Eye Movements; Head; Movement; Rabbits; Saccades; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {471-98},
	Pmc = {PMC1283576},
	pmid = {857007},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eye- and head movements in freely moving rabbits},
	Volume = {266},
	Year = {1977}}

@article{Goldberg:1982,
	Abstract = {The eye movements produced by constant-speed rotations about an earth-horizontal axis (EHA) are similar in the alert squirrel monkey to those observed in other species. During EHA rotations, there are persistent eye movements, including a nonreversing nystagmus at lower rotation speeds and either a direction-reversing nystagmus or sinusoidal eye movements at higher rotation speeds. Horizontal eye movements are produced by "barbecue-spit" (yaw) rotations, vertical eye movements by "head-over-heels" (pitch) rotations. The responses can be viewed as composed of a bias component, reflected in the nonreversing nature of the nystagmus, and a cyclic component, reflected in the periodic modulation of slow-phase eye velocity as head position varies. Vestibular-nerve recordings in the barbiturate-anesthetized monkey indicate that neither semicircular-canal nor otolith afferents give rise to a directionally specific dc signal which can account for the bias component. Apparently the appropriate dc signal has to be constructed centrally from a sinusoidal or ac peripheral input. The otolith organs are a likely source of this peripheral input, although contributions from the semicircular canals and from somatosensory receptors must also be considered. Our results suggest that the directional information required to distinguish rotation direction, rather than being contained in the discharge of individual otolith afferents, is encoded across a population of afferents. Possible sources of such information are the phase differences in the sinusoidal responses of otolith afferents differing in their functional polarization vectors.},
	Author = {Goldberg, J M and Fern{\'a}ndez, C},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 18:07:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:07:26 +0000},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Maculae; Animals; Cebidae; Eye Movements; Motion Perception; Neurons, Afferent; Rotation; Saimiri; Semicircular Canals; Vestibular Nerve},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {393-402},
	pmid = {6124447},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eye movements and vestibular-nerve responses produced in the squirrel monkey by rotations about an earth-horizontal axis},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{McMullen:2004,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have suggested that abnormal visual experience early in life induces ocular motor abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to determine how visual deprivation alters the function and gene expression profile of the ocular motor system in mice. We measured the effect of dark rearing on eye movements, gene expression in the oculomotor nucleus, and contractility of isolated extraocular muscles. In vivo eye movement recordings showed decreased gains for optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, confirming an effect of dark rearing on overall ocular motor function. Saccade peak velocities were preserved, however, arguing that the quantitative changes in these reflexes were not secondary to limitations in force generation. Using microarrays and quantitative PCR, we found that dark rearing shifted the oculomotor nucleus transcriptome to a state of delayed/arrested development. The expression of 132 genes was altered by dark rearing; these genes fit in various functional categories (signal transduction, transcription/translation control, metabolism, synaptic function, cytoskeleton), and some were known to be associated with neuronal development and plasticity. Extraocular muscle contractility was impaired by dark rearing to a greater extent than expected from the in vivo ocular motility studies: changes included decreased force and shortening speed and evidence of abnormal excitability. The results indicate that normal development of the mouse ocular motor system and its muscles requires visual experience. The transcriptional pattern of arrested development may indicate that vision is required to establish the adult pattern, but it also may represent the plastic response of oculomotor nuclei to abnormal extraocular muscles.},
	Author = {McMullen, Colleen A and Andrade, Francisco H and Stahl, John S},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-27 17:29:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 17:29:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3234-03.2004},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Darkness; Eye Movements; Gene Expression Profiling; Genomics; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Neurons; Oculomotor Muscles; Sensory Deprivation},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {161-9},
	pmid = {14715949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional and genomic changes in the mouse ocular motor system in response to light deprivation from birth},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/McMullen_JNeurosci2004.pdf}}

@article{Hyvarinen:2000,
	Abstract = {A fundamental problem in neural network research, as well as in many other disciplines, is finding a suitable representation of multivariate data, i.e. random vectors. For reasons of computational and conceptual simplicity, the representation is often sought as a linear transformation of the original data. In other words, each component of the representation is a linear combination of the original variables. Well-known linear transformation methods include principal component analysis, factor analysis, and projection pursuit. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a recently developed method in which the goal is to find a linear representation of non-Gaussian data so that the components are statistically independent, or as independent as possible. Such a representation seems to capture the essential structure of the data in many applications, including feature extraction and signal separation. In this paper, we present the basic theory and applications of ICA, and our recent work on the subject.},
	Author = {Hyv{\"a}rinen, A and Oja, E},
	Date = {2000 May-Jun},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-26 21:29:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-26 21:29:59 +0000},
	Journal = {Neural Netw},
	Journal-Full = {Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Artifacts; Brain; Humans; Magnetoencephalography; Neural Networks (Computer); Normal Distribution},
	Number = {4-5},
	Pages = {411-30},
	pmid = {10946390},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Hyvärinen_NeuralNetw2000.pdf}}

@article{Chase:1945,
	Author = {Chase, H B},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-26 20:12:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-26 20:13:46 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {BRAIN/anatomy and histology; EYES/abnormalities},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cranial Nerves; Eye Abnormalities; Mice},
	Month = {Oct},
	Pages = {121-39},
	pmid = {21004976},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Studies on an anophthalmic strain of mice; associated cranial nerves and brain centers},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {1945},
	url = {papers/CHASE_JCompNeurol1945.pdf}}

@article{Vokoun:2010,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that plays a role in converting sensation into action. Most SC research focuses on either in vivo extracellular recordings from behaving monkeys or patch-clamp recordings from smaller mammals in vitro. However, the activity of neuronal circuits is necessary to generate behavior, and neither of these approaches measures the simultaneous activity of large populations of neurons that make up circuits. Here, we describe experiments in which we measured changes in membrane potential across the SC map using voltage imaging of the rat SC in vitro. Our results provide the first high temporal and spatial resolution images of activity within the SC. Electrical stimulation of the SC evoked a characteristic two-component optical response containing a short latency initial-spike and a longer latency after-depolarization. Single-pulse stimulation in the superficial SC evoked a pattern of intralaminar and interlaminar spread that was distinct from the spread evoked by the same stimulus applied to the intermediate SC. Intermediate layer stimulation produced a more extensive and more ventrally located activation of the superficial layers than did stimulation in the superficial SC. Together, these results indicate the recruitment of dissimilar subpopulations of circuitry depending on the layer stimulated. Field potential recordings, pharmacological manipulations, and timing analyses indicate that the patterns of activity were physiologically relevant and largely synaptically driven. Therefore, voltage imaging is a powerful technique for the study of spatiotemporal dynamics of electrical signaling across neuronal populations, providing insight into neural circuits that underlie behavior.},
	Author = {Vokoun, Corinne R and Jackson, Meyer B and Basso, Michele A},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-26 19:57:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-26 19:57:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1387-10.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bicuculline; Biophysical Phenomena; Brain Mapping; Diagnostic Imaging; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; In Vitro Techniques; Neural Conduction; Neural Pathways; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {10667-82},
	pmid = {20702698},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intralaminar and interlaminar activity within the rodent superior colliculus visualized with voltage imaging},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Vokoun_JNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Bosman:2011,
	Abstract = {The rodent whisker system is widely used as a model system for investigating sensorimotor integration, neural mechanisms of complex cognitive tasks, neural development, and robotics. The whisker pathways to the barrel cortex have received considerable attention. However, many subcortical structures are paramount to the whisker system. They contribute to important processes, like filtering out salient features, integration with other senses, and adaptation of the whisker system to the general behavioral state of the animal. We present here an overview of the brain regions and their connections involved in the whisker system. We do not only describe the anatomy and functional roles of the cerebral cortex, but also those of subcortical structures like the striatum, superior colliculus, cerebellum, pontomedullary reticular formation, zona incerta, and anterior pretectal nucleus as well as those of level setting systems like the cholinergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic pathways. We conclude by discussing how these brain regions may affect each other and how they together may control the precise timing of whisker movements and coordinate whisker perception.},
	Author = {Bosman, Laurens W J and Houweling, Arthur R and Owens, Cullen B and Tanke, Nouk and Shevchouk, Olesya T and Rahmati, Negah and Teunissen, Wouter H T and Ju, Chiheng and Gong, Wei and Koekkoek, Sebastiaan K E and De Zeeuw, Chris I},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-25 19:57:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-25 19:57:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnint.2011.00053},
	Journal = {Front Integr Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in integrative neuroscience},
	Keywords = {anatomy; barrel cortex; basal ganglia; cerebellum; follicle--sinus complex; rhythmic movements; sensorimotor integration; vibrissa},
	Pages = {53},
	Pmc = {PMC3207327},
	pmid = {22065951},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Anatomical pathways involved in generating and sensing rhythmic whisker movements},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bosman_FrontIntegrNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Berzhanskaya:2017,
	Abstract = {Children with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) have deficits of attention and arousal. To begin to identify the neural causes of these deficits, we examined juvenile rats lacking the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMR-KO) for disruption of cortical activity related to attention and arousal. Specifically, we examined the switching of visual cortex between activated and inactivated states that normally occurs during movement and quiet rest, respectively. In both wild-type and FMR-KO rats, during the third and fourth postnatal weeks cortical activity during periods of movement was dominated by an activated state with prominent 18-52 Hz activity. However, during quiet rest, when activity in wild-type rats became dominated by the inactivated state (3-9 Hz activity), FMR-KO rat cortex abnormally remained activated, resulting in increased high-frequency and reduced low-frequency power during rest. Firing rate correlations revealed reduced synchronization in FMR-KO rats, particularly between fast-spiking interneurons, that developmentally precede cortical state defects. Together our data suggest that disrupted inhibitory connectivity impairs the ability of visual cortex to regulate exit from the activated state in a behaviorally appropriate manner, potentially contributing to disrupted attention and sensory processing observed in children with FXS by making it more difficult to decrease cortical drive by unattended stimuli.},
	Author = {Berzhanskaya, Julia and Phillips, Marnie A and Gorin, Alexis and Lai, Chongxi and Shen, Jing and Colonnese, Matthew T},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-19 20:15:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-19 20:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhv331},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {EEG; attention; autism; cortex; development},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {1386-1400},
	pmid = {26733529},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Disrupted Cortical State Regulation in a Rat Model of Fragile X Syndrome},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Berzhanskaya_CerebCortex2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv331}}

@article{Murata:2016,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous retinal waves are critical for the development of receptive fields in visual thalamus (LGN) and cortex (VC). Despite a detailed understanding of the circuit specializations in retina that generate waves, whether central circuit specializations also exist to control their propagation through visual pathways of the brain is unknown. Here we identify a developmentally transient, corticothalamic amplification of retinal drive to thalamus as a mechanism for retinal wave transmission in the infant rat brain. During the period of retinal waves, corticothalamic connections excite LGN, rather than driving feedforward inhibition as observed in the adult. This creates an excitatory feedback loop that gates retinal wave transmission through the LGN. This cortical multiplication of retinal wave input ends just prior to eye-opening, as cortex begins to inhibit LGN. Our results show that the early retino-thalamo-cortical circuit uses developmentally specialized feedback amplification to ensure powerful, high-fidelity transmission of retinal activity despite immature connectivity.},
	Author = {Murata, Yasunobu and Colonnese, Matthew T},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-19 20:11:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-19 20:11:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.7554/eLife.18816},
	Journal = {Elife},
	Journal-Full = {eLife},
	Keywords = {EEG; activity depedent development; neuroscience; oscillations; plasticity; rat; retinal waves},
	Month = {Oct},
	Pmc = {PMC5059135},
	pmid = {27725086},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {An excitatory cortical feedback loop gates retinal wave transmission in rodent thalamus},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Murata_Elife2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Murata_Elife2016a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18816}}

@article{Shen:2016,
	Abstract = {A comprehensive developmental timeline of activity in the mouse cortex in vivo is lacking. Understanding the activity changes that accompany synapse and circuit formation is important to understand the mechanisms by which activity molds circuits and would help to identify critical checkpoints for normal development. To identify key principles of cortical activity maturation, we systematically tracked spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity with extracellular recordings of primary visual cortex (V1) in nonanesthetized mice. During the first postnatal week (postnatal days P4-P7), V1 was not visually responsive and exhibited long (>10 s) periods of network silence. Activation consisted exclusively of "slow-activity transients," 2-10 s periods of 6-10 Hz "spindle-burst' oscillations; the response to spontaneous retinal waves. By tracking daily changes in this activity, two key components of spontaneous activity maturation were revealed: (1) spindle-burst frequency acceleration (eventually becoming the 20-50 Hz broadband activity caused by the asynchronous state) and (2) "filling-in" of silent periods with low-frequency (2-4 Hz) activity (beginning on P10 and complete by P13). These two changes are sufficient to create the adult-like pattern of continuous activity, alternation between fast-asynchronous and slow-synchronous activity, by eye opening. Visual responses emerged on P8 as evoked spindle-bursts and neuronal firing with a signal-to-noise ratio higher than adult. Both were eliminated by eye opening, leaving only the mature, short-latency response. These results identify the developmental origins of mature cortical activity and implicate the period before eye opening as a critical checkpoint. By providing a systematic description of electrical activity development, we establish the murine visual cortex as a model for the electroencephalographic development of fetal humans.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term health and survival in preterm infants and molds circuit formation, but gaps remain in our understanding of the origin and normal progression of this activity in the developing cortex. We aimed to rectify this by monitoring daily changes in cortical activity in the nonanesthetized mouse, an important preclinical model of disease and development. At ages approximately equivalent to normal human term birth, mouse cortex exhibits primarily network silence, with spontaneous "spindle bursts" as the only form of activity. In contrast, mature cortex is noisy, alternating between asynchronous/discontinuous and synchronous/continuous states. This work identifies the key processes that produce this maturation and provides a normative reference for murine-based studies of cortical circuit development.},
	Author = {Shen, Jing and Colonnese, Matthew T},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-19 20:04:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-19 20:04:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1903-16.2016},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {EEG; mouse; spindle-burst; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Clocks; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Neurogenesis; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {12259-12275},
	Pmc = {PMC5148222},
	pmid = {27903733},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of Activity in the Mouse Visual Cortex},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Shen_JNeurosci2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1903-16.2016}}

@article{Colonnese:2017,
	Abstract = {Synchronous firing among the elements of forming circuits is critical for stabilization of synapses. Understanding the nature of these local network interactions during development can inform models of circuit formation. Within cortex, spontaneous activity changes throughout development. Unlike the adult, early spontaneous activity occurs in discontinuous population bursts separated by long silent periods, suggesting a high degree of local synchrony. However, whether the micro-patterning of activity within early bursts is unique to this early age and specifically tuned for early development is poorly understood, particularly within the column. To study this we used single-shank multi-electrode array recordings of spontaneous activity in the visual cortex of non-anesthetized neonatal mice to quantify single-unit firing rates, and applied multiple measures of network interaction and synchrony throughout the period of map formation and immediately after eye-opening. We find that despite co-modulation of firing rates on a slow time scale (hundreds of ms), the number of coactive neurons, as well as pair-wise neural spike-rate correlations, are both lower before eye-opening. In fact, on post-natal days (P)6-9 correlated activity was lower than expected by chance, suggesting active decorrelation of activity during early bursts. Neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus developed in an opposite manner, becoming less correlated after eye-opening. Population coupling, a measure of integration in the local network, revealed a population of neurons with particularly strong local coupling present at P6-11, but also an adult-like diversity of coupling at all ages, suggesting that a neuron's identity as locally or distally coupled is determined early. The occurrence probabilities of unique neuronal "words" were largely similar at all ages suggesting that retinal waves drive adult-like patterns of co-activation. These findings suggest that the bursts of spontaneous activity during early visual development do not drive hyper-synchronous activity within columns. Rather, retinal waves provide windows of potential activation during which neurons are active but poorly correlated, adult-like patterns of correlation are achieved soon after eye-opening.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T and Shen, Jing and Murata, Yasunobu},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-19 20:02:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-19 20:02:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncel.2017.00289},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; oscillation; retinal wave; spindle-burst; spontaneous activity; synchronization; visual cortex},
	Pages = {289},
	Pmc = {PMC5611364},
	pmid = {28979189},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Uncorrelated Neural Firing in Mouse Visual Cortex during Spontaneous Retinal Waves},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_FrontCellNeurosci2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00289}}

@article{Berger:1997,
	Abstract = {To examine the involvement of supraspinal inputs in the maturation of motor activity patterns in the developing fetal lamb, we recorded spontaneous electromyographic activity from spinally innervated muscles at approximately 45, 65, and 95 days gestation (G45, G65, and G95; term = 147 days). At G45, fetal activity occurred in synchronized activity-inactivity cycles of approximately 2 min duration, with the activity phase lasting 22.2 +/- 4.8 s and the inactivity phase lasting 95.4 +/- 13.3 s (mean +/- standard error of the mean, n = 5). At G65 and G95, the organization of activity was clearly different from that at G45 in that it was no longer cyclic, nor was the discharge of different muscles synchronized. By contrast, after spinal cord transection at G62, synchronised cyclic activity occurred in muscles innervated by segmental levels below the transection, both at G65 and G95. At G65 the duration of the activity phase of the cycle was 53.5 +/- 6.0 s, while the inactivity phase lasted 171.6 +/- 22.1 s; these durations did not alter between G65 and G95. Since spinal cord transection leads to the motor behavior of the G65 fetus reverting to the cyclic pattern characteristic of the G45 fetus, we conclude that supraspinal inputs begin to modulate the output of the spinal pattern generators at some stage between G45 and G65. The observation that spinally transected fetuses generate identical behavior at G65 and G95, both in terms of its cyclic character and the duration of cycles, suggests that spinal circuits undergo little autonomous development over this period; that is, the altered behavior observed in the developing intact fetus reflects the influence of supraspinal inputs on the motor circuits of the spinal cord.},
	Author = {Berger, P J and Kyriakides, M A and Cooke, I R},
	Date-Added = {2017-10-09 20:59:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-09 20:59:20 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Diaphragm; Electromyography; Extremities; Female; Fetus; Motor Activity; Muscle Denervation; Muscle, Skeletal; Neurons, Efferent; Peripheral Nervous System; Pregnancy; Sheep; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {276-88},
	pmid = {9298765},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Supraspinal influence on the development of motor behavior in the fetal lamb},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Berger_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}}


@article{McCaig:2005,
	Abstract = {Direct-current (DC) electric fields are present in all developing and regenerating animal tissues, yet their existence and potential impact on tissue repair and development are largely ignored. This is primarily due to ignorance of the phenomenon by most researchers, some technically poor early studies of the effects of applied fields on cells, and widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie bioelectricity. This review aims to resolve these issues by describing: 1) the historical context of bioelectricity, 2) the fundamental principles of physics and physiology responsible for DC electric fields within cells and tissues, 3) the cellular mechanisms for the effects of small electric fields on cell behavior, and 4) the clinical potential for electric field treatment of damaged tissues such as epithelia and the nervous system.},
	Author = {McCaig, Colin D and Rajnicek, Ann M and Song, Bing and Zhao, Min},
	Date-Added = {2017-07-05 17:39:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-07-05 17:39:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/physrev.00020.2004},
	Journal = {Physiol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Physiological reviews},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Central Nervous System; Electromagnetic Fields; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Humans; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {943-78},
	pmid = {15987799},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/McCaig_PhysiolRev2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00020.2004}}

@article{Neafsey:1986,
	Abstract = {In conclusion, the rat primary motor cortex appears to be organized into irregularly shaped patches of cortex devoted to particular movements. The location of major subdivisions such as the forelimb or hindlimb areas is somatotopic and is consistent from animal to animal, but the internal organization of the pattern of movements represented within major subdivisions varies significantly between animals. The motor cortex includes both agranular primary motor cortex (AgL) and, in addition, a significant amount of the bordering granular somatic sensory cortex (Gr(SI)), as well as the rostral portion of the taste sensory insular or claustrocortex (Cl). The rat frontal cortex also contains a second, rostral motor representation of the forelimb, trunk and hindlimb, which is somatotopically organized and may be the rat's supplementary motor area. Both of these motor representations give rise to direct corticospinal projections, some of which may make monosynaptic connections with cervical enlargement motoneurons. Medial to the primary motor cortex, in cytoarchitectonic field AgM, is what appears to be part of the rat's frontal eye fields, a region which also includes the vibrissae motor representation. The somatic motor cortical output organization pattern in the rat is remarkably similar to that seen in the primate, whose primary, supplementary and frontal eye field cortical motor regions have been extensively studied.},
	Author = {Neafsey, E J and Bold, E L and Haas, G and Hurley-Gius, K M and Quirk, G and Sievert, C F and Terreberry, R R},
	Date-Added = {2017-06-13 17:30:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-06-13 17:32:40 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {topographic map; microstimulation; rodent; rat; Somatosensory Cortex; Neocortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Lip; Mandible; Motor Cortex; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Tongue; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {77-96},
	pmid = {3708387},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The organization of the rat motor cortex: a microstimulation mapping study},
	Volume = {396},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Neafsey_BrainRes1986.pdf}}

@article{Belluzzi:2003,
	Abstract = {The subventricular zone produces neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) and differentiate into interneurons throughout postnatal life (Altman and Das, 1966; Hinds, 1968; Altman, 1969; Kishi et al., 1990; Luskin, 1993; Lois and Alvarez-Buylla, 1994). Although such postnatally generated interneurons have been characterized morphologically, their physiological differentiation has not been thoroughly described. Combining retroviral-mediated labeling of newly generated neurons with patch-clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrated that soon after new cells enter the layers of the olfactory bulb, they display voltage-dependent currents typical of more mature neurons. We also show that these "newcomers" express functional GABA and glutamate receptor channels, respond synaptically to stimulation of the olfactory nerve, and may establish both axodendritic and dendrodendritic synaptic contacts within the olfactory bulb. These data provide a basic description of the physiology of newly generated cells in the OB and show that such new cells are functional neurons that synaptically integrate into olfactory bulb circuitry soon after their arrival.},
	Author = {Belluzzi, Ottorino and Benedusi, Mascia and Ackman, James and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:30:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:32:18 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Potassium Channels/metabolism;Cell Differentiation;Electrophysiology/*methods;Animals;Stem Cells/cytology/physiology;Rats;Receptors, GABA/drug effects/metabolism;Interneurons/physiology/virology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Retroviridae/physiology;Rats, Wistar;Neurons/classification/*physiology/virology;Male;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis;Cell Lineage;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Movement/physiology;Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects/metabolism;Lateral Ventricles/cytology/physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Movement; Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; Electrophysiology; Female; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Interneurons; Lateral Ventricles; Luminescent Proteins; Male; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA; Receptors, Glutamate; Retroviridae; Stem Cells},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {10411-8},
	pmid = {14614100},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrophysiological differentiation of new neurons in the olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Belluzzi_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Bai:2003,
	Abstract = {Mutations in the doublecortin gene (DCX) in humans cause malformation of the cerebral neocortex. Paradoxically, genetic deletion of Dcx in mice does not cause neocortical malformation. We used electroporation of plasmids encoding short hairpin RNA to create interference (RNAi) of DCX protein in utero, and we show that DCX is required for radial migration in developing rat neocortex. RNAi of DCX causes both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous disruptions in radial migration, and creates two disruptions in neocortical development. First, many neurons prematurely stop migrating to form subcortical band heterotopias within the intermediate zone and then white matter. Second, many neurons migrate into inappropriate neocortical lamina within normotopic cortex. In utero RNAi can therefore be effectively used to study the specific cellular roles of DCX in neocortical development and to produce an animal model of double cortex syndrome.},
	Author = {Bai, Jilin and Ramos, Raddy L and Ackman, James B and Thomas, Ankur M and Lee, Richard V and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:29:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:30:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1153},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Development;Female;Rats;Gene Deletion;Neuropeptides;Neocortex;RNA Interference;Rats, Wistar;Pregnancy;Animals, Newborn;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Cell Movement},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Movement; Female; Gene Deletion; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Neocortex; Neuropeptides; Pregnancy; RNA Interference; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1277-83},
	pmid = {14625554},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {RNAi reveals doublecortin is required for radial migration in rat neocortex},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Bai_NatNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1153}}

@article{Pignatelli:2005,
	Author = {Pignatelli, Angela and Benedusi, Mascia and Ackman, James and Loturco, Joseph J and Belluzzi, Ottorino},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:28:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:28:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/chemse/bjh143},
	Journal = {Chem Senses},
	Journal-Full = {Chemical senses},
	Keywords = {Adult neurogenesis general},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Movement; Chlorides; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Juxtaglomerular Apparatus; Kinetics; Mice; Models, Biological; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb},
	Month = {Jan},
	Pages = {i119-20},
	pmid = {15738068},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional properties of adult-born juxtaglomerular cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {30 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Pignatelli_ChemSenses2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh143}}

@article{Ackman:2006,
	Author = {Ackman, James B and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:27:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:27:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.007},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental neurology},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;06 Adult neurogenesis injury induced;Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {5-9},
	pmid = {16630614},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The potential of endogenous neuronal replacement in developing cerebral cortex following hypoxic injury},
	Volume = {199},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ackman_ExpNeurol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.007}}

@article{Ackman:2006a,
	Abstract = {The neurogenic potential of the postnatal neocortex has not been tested previously with a combination of both retroviral and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Here we report that injections of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) retrovirus into 134 postnatal rats resulted in GFP labeling of 642 pyramidal neurons in neocortex. GFP-labeled neocortical pyramidal neurons, however, unlike GFP-labeled glia, did not incorporate BrdU. Closer inspection of retrovirally labeled neurons revealed microglia fused to the apical dendrites of labeled pyramidal neurons. Retroviral infection of mixed cultures of cortical neurons and glia confirmed the presence of specific neuronal-microglial fusions. Microglia did not fuse to other glial cell types, and cultures not treated with retrovirus lacked microglial-neuronal fusion. Furthermore, activation of microglia by lipopolysaccharide greatly increased the virally induced fusion of microglia to neurons in culture. These results indicate a novel form of specific cell fusion between neuronal dendrites and microglia and further illustrate the need for caution when interpreting evidence for neuronogenesis in the postnatal brain.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Siddiqi, Faez and Walikonis, Randall S and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:25:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:26:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3340-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Cell Fusion;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Cell Communication;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;Retroviridae;Neocortex;Rats, Wistar;11 Glia;Microglia;Cells, Cultured;Animals;Retroviridae Infections;Neurons},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Fusion; Cells, Cultured; Microglia; Neocortex; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {44},
	Pages = {11413-22},
	pmid = {17079670},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fusion of microglia with pyramidal neurons after retroviral infection},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3340-06.2006}}

@article{Ackman:2007,
	Abstract = {The dentate gyrus is a site of continual neurogenesis in the postnatal mammalian brain. Here we investigated postnatal neurogenesis in the citron kinase (citron-K) null-mutant rat (flathead). The flathead rat has substantial deficits in embryonic neurogenesis that are due to failed cytokinesis and cell death. We report here the loss of citron-K function has an even severer effect on postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Analysis of phosphorylated histone H3 expression in postnatal neurogenic regions of the flathead mutant revealed a complete lack of mitotic cells in the dentate gyrus and a large reduction in the number of dividing cells in the flathead subventricular zone. Examination of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in the flathead rat revealed that the flathead rat had a 99% reduction in the number of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus at postnatal day 10. In addition, doublecortin-positive cells were essentially absent from the postnatal flathead dentate gyrus which also lacked the vimentin- and nestin-positive radial glia scaffold that defines the neurogenic niche in the postnatal subgranular zone. Together these results indicate that postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is eliminated by loss of citron-K function, and suggests that a citron-K-dependent progenitor lineage forms the postnatal neuronal progenitor population in the dentate gyrus.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Ramos, Raddy L and Sarkisian, Matthew R and Loturco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:23:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:25:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1159/000096216},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neuroscience},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Dentate Gyrus; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Histones; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mitosis; Nervous System Malformations; Neurons; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Rats; Rats, Mutant Strains; Stem Cells},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {113-23},
	Pmc = {PMC2211714},
	pmid = {17148954},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Citron kinase is required for postnatal neurogenesis in the hippocampus},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ackman_DevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096216}}

@article{Allene:2008,
	Abstract = {Developing cortical networks generate a variety of coherent activity patterns that participate in circuit refinement. Early network oscillations (ENOs) are the dominant network pattern in the rodent neocortex for a short period after birth. These large-scale calcium waves were shown to be largely driven by glutamatergic synapses albeit GABA is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex at such early stages, mediating synapse-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) in the hippocampus. Using functional multineuron calcium imaging together with single-cell and field potential recordings to clarify distinct network dynamics in rat cortical slices, we now report that the developing somatosensory cortex generates first ENOs then GDPs, both patterns coexisting for a restricted time period. These patterns markedly differ by their developmental profile, dynamics, and mechanisms: ENOs are generated before cortical GDPs (cGDPs) by the activation of glutamatergic synapses mostly through NMDARs; cENOs are low-frequency oscillations (approximately 0.01 Hz) displaying slow kinetics and gradually involving the entire network. At the end of the first postnatal week, GABA-driven cortical GDPs can be reliably monitored; cGDPs are recurrent oscillations (approximately 0.1 Hz) that repetitively synchronize localized neuronal assemblies. Contrary to cGDPs, cENOs were unexpectedly facilitated by short anoxic conditions suggesting a contribution of glutamate accumulation to their generation. In keeping with this, alterations of extracellular glutamate levels significantly affected cENOs, which are blocked by an enzymatic glutamate scavenger. Moreover, we show that a tonic glutamate current contributes to the neuronal membrane excitability when cENOs dominate network patterns. Therefore, cENOs and cGDPs are two separate aspects of neocortical network maturation that may be differentially engaged in physiological and pathological processes.},
	Author = {All{\`e}ne, Camille and Cattani, Adriano and Ackman, James B and Bonifazi, Paolo and Aniksztejn, Laurent and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:21:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:23:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3733-08.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology 21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Clocks; Calcium Signaling; Cortical Synchronization; Extracellular Fluid; Glutamic Acid; Hypoxia, Brain; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Net; Neurogenesis; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Synaptic Potentials; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {12851-63},
	pmid = {19036979},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sequential generation of two distinct synapse-driven network patterns in developing neocortex},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Allène_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3733-08.2008}}

@article{Ackman:2009,
	Abstract = {In human patients, cortical dysplasia produced by Doublecortin (DCX) mutations lead to mental retardation and intractable infantile epilepsies, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. DCX(-/-) mice have been generated to investigate this issue. However, they display no neocortical abnormality, lessening their impact on the field. In contrast, in utero knockdown of DCX RNA produces a morphologically relevant cortical band heterotopia in rodents. On this preparation we have now compared the neuronal and network properties of ectopic, overlying, and control neurons in an effort to identify how ectopic neurons generate adverse patterns that will impact cortical activity. We combined dynamic calcium imaging and anatomical and electrophysiological techniques and report now that DCX(-/-)EGFP(+)-labeled ectopic neurons that fail to migrate develop extensive axonal subcortical projections and retain immature properties, and most of them display a delayed maturation of GABA-mediated signaling. Cortical neurons overlying the heterotopia, in contrast, exhibit a massive increase of ongoing glutamatergic synaptic currents reflecting a strong reactive plasticity. Neurons in both experimental fields are more frequently coactive in coherent synchronized oscillations than control cortical neurons. In addition, both fields displayed network-driven oscillations during evoked epileptiform burst. These results show that migration disorders produce major alterations not only in neurons that fail to migrate but also in their programmed target areas. We suggest that this duality play a major role in cortical dysfunction of DCX brains.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Aniksztejn, Laurent and Cr{\'e}pel, Val{\'e}rie and Becq, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Pellegrino, Christophe and Cardoso, Carlos and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-31 23:19:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-31 23:21:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4093-08.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Dysplasia-heterotopia; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Electroporation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; GABA Antagonists; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Glutamic Acid; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Malformations of Cortical Development; Membrane Potentials; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Mutation; Nerve Net; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Pregnancy; Quinoxalines; RNA, Small Interfering; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Channel Blockers; Tetrodotoxin; Valine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {313-27},
	pmid = {19144832},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Abnormal network activity in a targeted genetic model of human double cortex},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4093-08.2009}}

@article{Perna2021,
  title = {Perinatal Penicillin Exposure Affects Cortical Development and Sensory Processing.},
  author = {Perna, James and Lu, Ju and Mullen, Brian and Liu, Taohui and Tjia, Michelle and Weiser, Sydney and Ackman, James and Zuo, Yi},
  journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
  volume = {14},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {704219},
  abstract = {The prevalent use of antibiotics in pregnant women and neonates raises concerns about long-term risks for children's health, but their effects on the central nervous system is not well understood. We studied the effects of perinatal penicillin exposure (PPE) on brain structure and function in mice with a therapeutically relevant regimen. We used a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate anxiety, working memory, and sensory processing, and immunohistochemistry to quantify changes in parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons (PV+ INs), perineuronal nets (PNNs), as well as microglia density and morphology. In addition, we performed mesoscale calcium imaging to study neural activity and functional connectivity across cortical regions, and two-photon imaging to monitor dendritic spine and microglial dynamics. We found that adolescent PPE mice have abnormal sensory processing, including impaired texture discrimination and altered prepulse inhibition. Such behavioral changes are associated with increased spontaneous neural activities in various cortical regions, and delayed maturation of PV+ INs in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, adolescent PPE mice have elevated elimination of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, as well as increased ramifications and spatial coverage of cortical microglia. Finally, while synaptic defects are transient during adolescence, behavioral abnormalities persist into adulthood. Our study demonstrates that early-life exposure to antibiotics affects cortical development, leaving a lasting effect on brain functions.},
  pmid = {35002614},
  doi = {10.3389/fnmol.2021.704219},
  pmc = {PMC8727458},
  url = {papers/Perna_FrontMolNeurosci2022-35002614.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477914}
}


@article{Veinante:2003,
	Abstract = {In freely moving rats, whisking is associated with a slow modulation of neuronal excitability in the primary somatosensory cortex. Because it persists after the blockade of vibrissa input, it was suggested that the slow modulation might be mediated by motor-sensory corticocortical connections and perhaps result from the corollary discharges of corticofugal cells. In the present study, we identified motor cortical cells that project to the barrel field and reconstructed their axonal projections after juxtacellularly staining single cells with a biotinylated tracer. On the basis of the final destination of main axons, two groups of neurons contribute to motor-sensory projections: callosal cells (87.5%) and corticofugal cells (12.5%). Axon collaterals of callosal cells arborize in layers five to six of the granular and dysgranular zones and give off several branches that ascend between the barrels to ramify in the molecular layer. In contrast, the axon collaterals of corticofugal cells do not ramify in the infragranular layers but in layer 1. The origin of the majority of motor sensory projections from callosally projecting cells does not support the notion that the slow modulation results from the corollary discharges of corticofugal axons. It would rather originate from a separate population of cells, which could output the slow signal to the barrel field in parallel with the corticofugal commands to a brainstem pattern generator. As free whisking is characterized by bilateral concerted movements of the vibrissae, the transcallosal contribution of motor-sensory axons represents a substrate for synchronizing the slow modulation across both hemispheres.},
	Author = {Veinante, Pierre and Desch{\^e}nes, Martin},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 20:26:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 20:26:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.10769},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Biotin; Brain Mapping; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {98-103},
	pmid = {12866130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Single-cell study of motor cortex projections to the barrel field in rats},
	Volume = {464},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Veinante_JCompNeurol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10769}}

@article{Wilson:1987,
	Abstract = {The neurons of origin of the bilateral corticostriatal projection arising from the medial agranular cortical field in rats were identified by antidromic activation from contralateral neostriatal stimulation. The same cells were tested for antidromic activation from the contralateral neocortex and for orthodromic responses to stimulation of neocortex of the contralateral hemisphere or ipsilateral rostral thalamus. The neurons were then stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. The laminar distribution of these neurons was compared to that of cortical cells stained retrogradely after injection of wheat germ agglutinin/HRP in the ipsilateral or contralateral neostriatum. The morphological features of physiologically identified corticostriatal neurons, their laminar organization, and their responses to stimulation were examined and compared with crossed corticocortical and brainstem-projecting cells. Crossed corticostriatal cells of the medial agranular cortical field were medium-sized pyramidal neurons found in the superficial part of layer V and in the deep part of layer III. Their basilar dendritic fields and initial intracortical axon collateral arborizations were coextensive with the layer defined by the distribution of corticostriatal neurons. The apical dendrites were thin and sparsely branched but consistently reached layer I, where they made a small arborization. These morphological features were shared by cortical neurons projecting to contralateral neocortex but not responding antidromically to stimulation of contralateral neostriatum, but they were not shared by brainstem-projecting cortical cells. Orthodromic responses to contralateral cortical stimulation consisted of brief excitatory postsynaptic potentials that were followed by powerful and longer-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Corticostriatal cells also exhibited small excitatory postsynaptic potentials in response to thalamic stimulation. Many crossed corticostriatal neurons were also commissural corticocortical neurons. The results of reciprocal collision tests showed that this was due to the existence of two separate axonal branches, one projecting to contralateral neocortex and one to contralateral neostriatum. Intracellular staining of these neurons revealed ipsilateral axonal projections to the neostriatum and cortex.},
	Author = {Wilson, C J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 20:05:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 20:05:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902630408},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {567-80},
	pmid = {2822779},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Morphology and synaptic connections of crossed corticostriatal neurons in the rat},
	Volume = {263},
	Year = {1987},
	url = {papers/Wilson_JCompNeurol1987.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630408}}

@article{Yorke:1975,
	Abstract = {Interhemispheric neocortical connections are widely distributed through the corpus callosum in the mouse. Callosal connections are present in all cytoarchitectonic fields except field 25. The distal extemity representations of SmI, and MsI the representation of the mystacial vibrissae in SmI, and the more peripheral field representation of VI are relatively acallosal. Dense projections lie in the midline or truncal representations of SmI, MsI, SmII, at the vertical meridian representations bordering field 17, and medial to the AI representation. The radial distribution of terminals is bimodal in most cytoarchitectonic fields. It is unimodal in the supracallosal segment of field 29b and fields 49 and 27, trimodal in fields 13 and 35. The cells of origin of callosal fibers appear to have the same topographic pattern of distribution as the callosal terminals, observing the same steep and gradual density gradients. No cells giving rise to callosal axons are identified in the acallosal regions of fields 2 and 17. Further, superficial focal lesions in cortical areas which receive callosal connections give rise only to homotopic contralateral degeneration. Acallosal areas of 17 and 2 give rise to no callosal connections. The cells of origin of callosal connections are located at all laminar levels of the cortex and include pyramidal and polymorphic cells but not the granule cells of layer IV.},
	Author = {Yorke, Jr, C H and Caviness, Jr, V S},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 19:53:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 19:53:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901640206},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Hybridization, Genetic; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Neural Pathways; Peroxidases},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {233-45},
	pmid = {1184784},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the normal mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods},
	Volume = {164},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Yorke_JCompNeurol1975.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901640206}}

@article{Mitchell:2005,
	Abstract = {Integration of sensory-motor information in premotor cortex of rodents occurs largely through callosal and frontal cortical association projections directed in a hierarchically organized manner. Although most anatomical studies in rodents have been performed in rats, mammalian genetic models have focused on mice, because of their successful manipulation on the genetic and cell biological levels. It is therefore important to establish the normal patterns of anatomical connectivity in mice, which potentially differ from those in rats. The goal of this study is to investigate the anatomical development of callosal and frontal premotor projection neurons (CPN and FPN, respectively) in mouse sensory-motor and premotor cortex and to investigate quantitatively the potential laminar differences between these neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections during development. The retrograde tracers Fluoro-Gold and DiI were injected into sensory-motor and premotor cortices, respectively, C57Bl/6 mice at different developmental times (P2, P8, P21, adult). We found that, in contrast to the case in primate and cat, there is widespread overlap in populations of long-distance projection neurons in mice; many projection neurons have simultaneous projections to both contralateral somatosensory cortex and ipsilateral frontal cortex, and a considerable number of these dual projections persist into adulthood. In addition, there are significant laminar differences in the percentage of neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections, and an isolated population of layer V FPN has bilateral projections to both premotor cortical hemispheres. Taken together, our results indicate that a large proportion of individual projection neurons maintains simultaneous callosal and frontal projections in adult mice, suggesting that these dual projections might serve the critical function of integrating motor coordination information with multimodal association areas.},
	Author = {Mitchell, Bartley D and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 19:27:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 19:28:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.20428},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Adult neurogenesis general;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;17 Transplant Regeneration;Motor Skills;Motor Cortex;Prefrontal Cortex;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neural Pathways;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Cell Count;Nerve Net;Animals;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Corpus Callosum; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Cortex; Motor Skills; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Prefrontal Cortex; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {17-32},
	pmid = {15612019},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Large-scale maintenance of dual projections by callosal and frontal cortical projection neurons in adult mice},
	Volume = {482},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Mitchell_JCompNeurol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20428}}

@article{Greig:2013,
	Abstract = {The sophisticated circuitry of the neocortex is assembled from a diverse repertoire of neuronal subtypes generated during development under precise molecular regulation. In recent years, several key controls over the specification and differentiation of neocortical projection neurons have been identified. This work provides substantial insight into the 'molecular logic' underlying cortical development and increasingly supports a model in which individual progenitor-stage and postmitotic regulators are embedded within highly interconnected networks that gate sequential developmental decisions. Here, we provide an integrative account of the molecular controls that direct the progressive development and delineation of subtype and area identity of neocortical projection neurons.},
	Author = {Greig, Luciano Custo and Woodworth, Mollie B and Galazo, Maria J and Padmanabhan, Hari and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 18:55:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 18:55:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3586},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Biological Evolution; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mitosis; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {755-69},
	Pmc = {PMC3876965},
	pmid = {24105342},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Greig_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3586}}

@article{Molyneaux:2007,
	Abstract = {In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the specification of projection neurons within the mammalian neocortex. New experimental approaches have made it possible to identify progenitors and study the lineage relationships of different neocortical projection neurons. An expanding set of genes with layer and neuronal subtype specificity have been identified within the neocortex, and their function during projection neuron development is starting to be elucidated. Here, we assess recent data regarding the nature of neocortical progenitors, review the roles of individual genes in projection neuron specification and discuss the implications for progenitor plasticity.},
	Author = {Molyneaux, Bradley J and Arlotta, Paola and Menezes, Joao R L and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-30 18:40:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-30 18:40:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2151},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cerebral Cortex; Efferent Pathways; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Homeobox; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Stem Cells},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {427-37},
	pmid = {17514196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Molyneaux_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2151}}









@article{Paul:2007,
	Abstract = {Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC), a failure to develop the large bundle of fibres that connect the cerebral hemispheres, occurs in 1:4000 individuals. Genetics, animal models and detailed structural neuroimaging are now providing insights into the developmental and molecular bases of AgCC. Studies using neuropsychological, electroencephalogram and functional MRI approaches are examining the resulting impairments in emotional and social functioning, and have begun to explore the functional neuroanatomy underlying impaired higher-order cognition. The study of AgCC could provide insight into the integrated cerebral functioning of healthy brains, and may offer a model for understanding certain psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and autism.},
	Author = {Paul, Lynn K and Brown, Warren S and Adolphs, Ralph and Tyszka, J Michael and Richards, Linda J and Mukherjee, Pratik and Sherr, Elliott H},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-23 02:33:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-23 02:33:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2107},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Corpus Callosum; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mental Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {287-99},
	pmid = {17375041},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Agenesis of the corpus callosum: genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Paul_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2107}}

@article{Minshew:2007,
	Abstract = {This review covers a fraction of the new research developments in autism but establishes the basic elements of the new neurobiologic understanding of autism. Autism is a polygenetic developmental neurobiologic disorder with multiorgan system involvement, though it predominantly involves central nervous system dysfunction. The evidence supports autism as a disorder of the association cortex, both its neurons and their projections. In particular, it is a disorder of connectivity, which appears, from current evidence, to primarily involve intrahemispheric connectivity. The focus of connectivity studies thus far has been on white matter, but alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation suggest that intracortical connectivity is also likely to be disturbed. Furthermore, the disorder has a broad impact on cognitive and neurologic functioning. Deficits in high-functioning individuals occur in processing that places high demands on integration of information and coordination of multiple neural systems. Intact or enhanced abilities share a dependence on low information-processing demands and local neural connections. This multidomain model with shared characteristics predicts an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism that impacts the brain broadly, according to a common neurobiologic principle. The multiorgan system involvement and diversity of central nervous system findings suggest an epigenetic mechanism.},
	Author = {Minshew, Nancy J and Williams, Diane L},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-23 02:28:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-23 02:28:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1001/archneur.64.7.945},
	Journal = {Arch Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Archives of neurology},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Diagnostic Imaging; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Nervous System Malformations; Neural Pathways; Neurons},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {945-50},
	Pmc = {PMC2597785},
	pmid = {17620483},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The new neurobiology of autism: cortex, connectivity, and neuronal organization},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Minshew_ArchNeurol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.7.945}}

@article{Fame:2011,
	Abstract = {Callosal projection neurons (CPN) are a diverse population of neocortical projection neurons that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex via the corpus callosum. They play key roles in high-level associative connectivity, and have been implicated in cognitive syndromes of high-level associative dysfunction, such as autism spectrum disorders. CPN evolved relatively recently compared to other cortical neuron populations, and have undergone disproportionately large expansion from mouse to human. While much is known about the anatomical trajectory of developing CPN axons, and progress has been made in identifying cellular and molecular controls over midline crossing, only recently have molecular-genetic controls been identified that specify CPN populations, and help define CPN subpopulations. In this review, we discuss the development, diversity and evolution of CPN.},
	Author = {Fame, Ryann M and MacDonald, Jessica L and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-23 02:24:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-23 02:24:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.002},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Humans; Neurons},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {41-50},
	Pmc = {PMC3053014},
	pmid = {21129791},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development, specification, and diversity of callosal projection neurons},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Fame_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.002}}

@article{Garcez:2007,
	Abstract = {The main alternative output routes of adult cortical axons are the internal capsule and the corpus callosum. How do callosal axons choose their trajectories? We hypothesized that bifurcation followed by elimination of one branch is a developmental strategy for accomplishing this aim. Using embryonic and postnatal mice, we labelled cortical projecting neurons and quantified their axonal bifurcations in correlation with the mediolateral position of their somata. Bifurcating axons were numerous in the younger brains but declined during further development. Most bifurcating axons pertained to neurons located in the dorsolateral cortex. Moreover, callosal neurons bifurcate more often than subcortically projecting cells. We then quantified bifurcations formed by dissociated green fluorescent cells plated onto cortical slices. Cells grown over dorsolateral cortex bifurcated more often than those grown over medial cortex, irrespective of their positional origin in the donor. Removal of intermediate targets from the slices prevented bifurcation. We concluded that transient bifurcation and elimination of the lateral branch is a strategy employed by developing callosal axons in search of their targets. As cell body position and intermediate targets determine axon behaviour, we suggest that bifurcations are regulated by cues expressed in the environment.},
	Author = {Garcez, Patricia P and Henrique, Narjara P and Furtado, Danilo A and Bolz, J{\"u}rgen and Lent, Roberto and Uziel, Daniela},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-23 00:57:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-23 00:57:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05387.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Amino Acids; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Corpus Callosum; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Male; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1384-94},
	pmid = {17425565},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Axons of callosal neurons bifurcate transiently at the white matter before consolidating an interhemispheric projection},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Garcez_EurJNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05387.x}}


@article{Wit:2016,
	Abstract = {The molecular diversification of cell surface molecules has long been postulated to impart specific surface identities on neuronal cell types. The existence of unique cell surface identities would allow neurons to distinguish one another and connect with their appropriate target cells. Although progress has been made in identifying cell type-specific surface molecule repertoires and in characterizing their extracellular interactions, determining how this molecular diversity contributes to the precise wiring of neural circuitry has proven challenging. Here, we review the role of the cadherin, neurexin, immunoglobulin and leucine-rich repeat protein superfamilies in the specification of connectivity. The emerging evidence suggests that the concerted actions of these proteins may critically contribute to the assembly of neural circuits.},
	Author = {de Wit, Joris and Ghosh, Anirvan},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:57:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:57:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn.2015.3},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Humans; Neurons; Proteins; Synapses},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {22-35},
	pmid = {26656254},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Specification of synaptic connectivity by cell surface interactions},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Wit_NatRevNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Inoue:1998,
	Abstract = {Multiple subtypes of the cadherin homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule are expressed differentially in developing and mature brains, each being expressed in restricted neuronal groups. Cadherin-6 (cad6) is one of such cadherins. Recent studies of cad6 mRNA expression in the postnatal mouse forebrain showed that it occurs in neurons constituting a specific subset of thalamocortical connections. Here we analyzed the localization of cad6 mRNA as well as its protein in the entire central nervous system and also in cranial ganglia of mice at late embryonic to postnatal stages. Our results showed that cad6 is expressed by a limited population of neurons or their precursors, which are synaptically connected to one another, throughout the perinatal stages, and that this expression delineates restricted neuronal circuits from the central to peripheral nervous systems, which include subpathways of the auditory, somatosensory, solitary, vestibular, and olivocerebellar systems. cad6 proteins were detected in these cad6 mRNA-positive neurons on the surface of their cell bodies or dendrites as well as in the cytoplasm. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that the cad6 protein distribution overlapped that of synaptotagmin in synapse forming areas, suggesting that homotypic cad6 interactions are involved in synaptic connections between neurons expressing this protein. These findings support the idea that cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions take part in specific interneuronal connections.},
	Author = {Inoue, T and Tanaka, T and Suzuki, S C and Takeichi, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:54:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:54:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199804)211:4<338::AID-AJA5>3.0.CO;2-I},
	Journal = {Dev Dyn},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Western; Brain; Cadherins; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Neurons; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {338-51},
	pmid = {9566953},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cadherin-6 in the developing mouse brain: expression along restricted connection systems and synaptic localization suggest a potential role in neuronal circuitry},
	Volume = {211},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199804)211:4%3C338::AID-AJA5%3E3.0.CO;2-I}}

@article{Nakagawa:1999,
	Abstract = {The differentiation of areas of the mammalian neocortex has been hypothesized to be controlled by intrinsic genetic programs and extrinsic influences such as those mediated by thalamocortical afferents (TCAs). To address the interplay between these intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms in the process of arealization, we have analyzed the requirement of TCAs in establishing or maintaining graded or areal patterns of gene expression in the developing mouse neocortex. We describe the differential expression of Lhx2, SCIP, and Emx1, representatives of three different classes of transcription factors, and the type II classical cadherins Cad6, Cad8, and Cad11, which are expressed in graded or areal patterns, as well as layer-specific patterns, in the cortical plate. The differential expression of Lhx2, SCIP, Emx1, and Cad8 in the cortical plate is not evident until after TCAs reach the cortex, whereas Cad6 and Cad11 show subtle graded patterns of expression before the arrival of TCAs, which later become stronger. We find that these genes exhibit normal-appearing graded or areal expression patterns in Mash-1 mutant mice that fail to develop a TCA projection. These findings show that TCAs are not required for the establishment or maintenance of the graded and areal expression patterns of these genes and strongly suggest that their regulation is intrinsic to the developing neocortex.},
	Author = {Nakagawa, Y and Johnson, J E and O'Leary, D D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:53:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:53:31 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Cadherins; Cerebral Cortex; DNA-Binding Proteins; Embryo, Mammalian; Gene Expression; Genes, Regulator; Homeodomain Proteins; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Octamer Transcription Factor-6; Thalamus; Time Factors; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {10877-85},
	pmid = {10594069},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Graded and areal expression patterns of regulatory genes and cadherins in embryonic neocortex independent of thalamocortical input},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Nakagawa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Suzuki:1997,
	Abstract = {A number of type-II classic cadherin cell-cell adhesion molecules are expressed in the brain. To investigate their roles in brain morphogenesis, we selected three type-II cadherins, cadherin-6 (cad6), -8 (cad8) and -11 (cad11), and mapped their expressions in the forebrain and other restricted regions of postnatal mouse brains. In the cerebral cortex, each cortical area previously defined was delineated by a specific combinatorial expression of these cadherins. The thalamus and other subcortical regions of the forebrain were also subdivided by differential expression of the three cadherins; e.g., the medial geniculate body expressed only cad6; the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus, cad6/cad11; and the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, cad6/cad8. Likewise, in the olivocerebellar system, each subdivision of the inferior olive expressed a unique set of the three cadherins, and the cerebellar cortex had parasagittal stripes of cad8/cad11 expressions. Close analysis of these cadherin expression patterns revealed that they are correlated with neuronal connection patterns. Examples of these correlations include that cad6 delineates the auditory projection system, cad6/cad8/ cad11 are expressed by part of the Papez circuit, and cad6/cad8 are expressed by subdivisions of the olivo-nuclear circuit. Together with the recent finding that the cadherin adhesion system is localized in synaptic junctions, our findings support the notion that cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion plays a role in selective interneuronal connections during neural network formation.},
	Author = {Suzuki, S C and Inoue, T and Kimura, Y and Tanaka, T and Takeichi, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:22:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:22:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1006/mcne.1997.0626},
	Journal = {Mol Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular and cellular neurosciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cadherins; Cell Differentiation; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neurons; Olivary Nucleus; Thalamus},
	Number = {5-6},
	Pages = {433-47},
	pmid = {9361280},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal circuits are subdivided by differential expression of type-II classic cadherins in postnatal mouse brains},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Suzuki_MolCellNeurosci1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.1997.0626}}

@article{Kim:2011a,
	Abstract = {Cadherins play a key role in the dynamics of cell-cell contact formation and remodeling of junctions and tissues. Cadherin-cadherin interactions are gated by extracellular Ca(2+), which serves to rigidify the cadherin extracellular domains and promote trans junctional interactions. Here we describe the direct visualization and quantification of spatiotemporal dynamics of N-cadherin interactions across intercellular junctions in living cells using a genetically encodable FRET reporter system. Direct measurements of transjunctional cadherin interactions revealed a sudden, but partial, loss of homophilic interactions (τ = 1.17 $\pm$ 0.06 s(-1)) upon chelation of extracellular Ca(2+). A cadherin mutant with reduced adhesive activity (W2A) exhibited a faster, more substantial loss of homophilic interactions (τ = 0.86 $\pm$ 0.02 s(-1)), suggesting two types of native cadherin interactions--one that is rapidly modulated by changes in extracellular Ca(2+) and another with relatively stable adhesive activity that is Ca(2+) independent. The Ca(2+)-sensitive dynamics of cadherin interactions were transmitted to the cell interior where β-catenin translocated to N-cadherin at the junction in both cells. These data indicate that cadherins can rapidly convey dynamic information about the extracellular environment to both cells that comprise a junction.},
	Author = {Kim, Sally A and Tai, Chin-Yin and Mok, Lee-Peng and Mosser, Eric A and Schuman, Erin M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:12:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:12:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1019003108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; COS Cells; Cadherins; Calcium; Cercopithecus aethiops; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Green Fluorescent Proteins; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Intercellular Junctions; Kinetics; L Cells (Cell Line); Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Protein Binding; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Transfection; beta Catenin},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {9857-62},
	Pmc = {PMC3116393},
	pmid = {21613566},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium-dependent dynamics of cadherin interactions at cell-cell junctions},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kim_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019003108}}

@article{Tepass:2000,
	Abstract = {Cadherins not only maintain the structural integrity of cells and tissues but also control a wide array of cellular behaviours. They are instrumental for cell and tissue polarization, and they regulate cell movements such as cell sorting, cell migration and cell rearrangements. Cadherins may also contribute to neurite outgrowth and pathfinding, and to synaptic specificity and modulation in the central nervous system.},
	Author = {Tepass, U and Truong, K and Godt, D and Ikura, M and Peifer, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-19 00:02:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-19 00:02:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/35040042},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cadherins; Cell Adhesion; Central Nervous System; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Morphogenesis; Nervous System; Protein Structure, Secondary; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Synapses},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {91-100},
	pmid = {11253370},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cadherins in embryonic and neural morphogenesis},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Tepass_NatRevMolCellBiol2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35040042}}

@article{Gumbiner:2005,
	Abstract = {Cadherin cell-adhesion proteins mediate many facets of tissue morphogenesis. The dynamic regulation of cadherins in response to various extracellular signals controls cell sorting, cell rearrangements and cell movements. Cadherins are regulated at the cell surface by an inside-out signalling mechanism that is analogous to the integrins in platelets and leukocytes. Signal-transduction pathways impinge on the catenins (cytoplasmic cadherin-associated proteins), which transduce changes across the membrane to alter the state of the cadherin adhesive bond.},
	Author = {Gumbiner, Barry M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:34:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:34:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm1699},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cadherins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Intercellular Junctions; Morphogenesis; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {622-34},
	pmid = {16025097},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion in morphogenesis},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Gumbiner_NatRevMolCellBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1699}}

@article{Gumbiner:1996,
	Abstract = {A variety of cell adhesion mechanisms underlie the way that cells are organized in tissues. Stable cell interactions are needed to maintain the structural integrity of tissues, and dynamic changes in cell adhesion participate in the morphogenesis of developing tissues. Stable interactions actually require active adhesion mechanisms that are very similar to those involved in tissue dynamics. Adhesion mechanisms are highly regulated during tissue morphogenesis and are intimately related to the processes of cell motility and cell migration. In particular, the cadherins and the integrins have been implicated in the control of cell movement. Cadherin mediated cell compaction and cellular rearrangements may be analogous to integrin-mediated cell spreading and motility on the ECM. Regulation of cell adhesion can occur at several levels, including affinity modulation, clustering, and coordinated interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Structural studies have begun to provide a picture of how the binding properties of adhesion receptors themselves might be regulated. However, regulation of tissue morphogenesis requires complex interactions between the adhesion receptors, the cytoskeleton, and networks of signaling pathways. Signals generated locally by the adhesion receptors themselves are involved in the regulation of cell adhesion. These regulatory pathways are also influenced by extrinsic signals arising from the classic growth factor receptors. Furthermore, signals generated locally be adhesion junctions can interact with classic signal transduction pathways to help control cell growth and differentiation. This coupling between physical adhesion and developmental signaling provides a mechanism to tightly integrate physical aspects of tissue morphogenesis with cell growth and differentiation, a coordination that is essential to achieve the intricate patterns of cells in tissues.},
	Author = {Gumbiner, B M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:34:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:34:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Animals; Basement Membrane; Cadherins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Desmosomes; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Integrins; Intercellular Junctions; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {345-57},
	pmid = {8608588},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Gumbiner_Cell1996.pdf}}

@article{Wang:2009a,
	Abstract = {Research in cellular mechanotransduction often focuses on how extracellular physical forces are converted into chemical signals at the cell surface. However, mechanical forces that are exerted on surface-adhesion receptors, such as integrins and cadherins, are also channelled along cytoskeletal filaments and concentrated at distant sites in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which forces might act at a distance to induce mechanochemical conversion in the nucleus and alter gene activities.},
	Author = {Wang, Ning and Tytell, Jessica D and Ingber, Donald E},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:31:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:31:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm2594},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Stress, Mechanical},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {75-82},
	pmid = {19197334},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanotransduction at a distance: mechanically coupling the extracellular matrix with the nucleus},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2594}}

@article{Takeichi:1988,
	Abstract = {Cadherins are a family of glycoproteins involved in the Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion mechanism which is detected in most kinds of tissues. Inhibition of the cadherin activity with antibodies induces dissociation of cell layers, indicating a fundamental importance of these molecules in maintaining the multicellular structure. Cadherins are divided into subclasses, including E-, N- and P-cadherins. While all subclasses are similar in molecular weight, Ca2+- and protease-sensitivity, each subclass is characterized by a unique tissue distribution pattern and immunological specificity. Analysis of amino acid sequences deduced from cDNA encoding these molecules showed that they are integral membrane proteins of 723-748 amino acids long and share common sequences; similarity in the sequences between subclasses is in a range of 50-60% when compared within a single animal species. L cells, with very little endogenous cadherin activity, transfected with the cadherin cDNA acquired high cadherin-mediated aggregating activity. Their colony morphology was altered by the ectopic expression of cadherins from the dispersed type to the compact type, providing direct evidence for a key role of cadherins in cell-cell adhesion. It has been suggested that cadherins bind cells by their homophilic interactions at the extracellular domain and are associated with actin bundles at the cytoplasmic domain. It appears that each cadherin subclass has binding specificity and this molecular family is involved in selective cell-cell adhesion. In development, the expression of each cadherin subclass is spatiotemporally regulated and associated with a variety of morphogenetic events; e.g. the termination or initiation of expression of a cadherin subclass in a given cell collective is correlated with its segregation from or connection with other cell collectives. Antibodies to cadherins were shown to perturb the morphogenesis of some embryonic organs in vitro. These observations suggest that cadherins play a crucial role in construction of tissues and the whole animal body.},
	Author = {Takeichi, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:30:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:30:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antigens, Surface; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Membrane Glycoproteins; Morphogenesis},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {639-55},
	pmid = {3048970},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The cadherins: cell-cell adhesion molecules controlling animal morphogenesis},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Frisch:2001,
	Abstract = {Anoikis is defined as apoptosis that is induced by inadequate or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. It is involved in a wide diversity of tissue-homeostatic, developmental and oncogenic processes. The central problem of anoikis is to understand how integrin-mediated cell adhesion signals control the apoptotic machinery. In particular, the initiation of the caspase cascade in anoikis remains to be explained.},
	Author = {Frisch, S M and Screaton, R A},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:27:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:27:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in cell biology},
	Mesh = {Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Anoikis; Carrier Proteins; Cytoskeleton; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein; Growth Substances; Humans; Integrins; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Models, Biological; Neoplasms; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {555-62},
	pmid = {11544023},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Anoikis mechanisms},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Nelson:2002,
	Abstract = {Contact inhibition of cell proliferation evokes a unique cellular program of growth arrest compared with stress, age, or other physical constraints. The last decade of research on genes activated by cell-cell contact has uncovered features of transmembrane signaling, cytoskeletal reorganization, and transcriptional control that initiate and maintain a quiescent phenotype. This review will focus on mechanisms controlling contact inhibition of cell proliferation, highlighting specific gene expression responses that are activated by cell-cell contact. Although a temporal framework for imposition of these mechanisms has not yet been well described, contact inhibition of cell proliferation clearly requires their coordinated function. Novel targets for intervention in proliferative disorders are emerging from these studies.},
	Author = {Nelson, Peter J and Daniel, Thomas O},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 23:25:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 23:25:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.0610s1099.x},
	Journal = {Kidney Int},
	Journal-Full = {Kidney international},
	Mesh = {Cell Communication; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression; Molecular Biology; Receptors, Cell Surface},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1 Suppl},
	Pages = {S99-105},
	pmid = {11841621},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emerging targets: molecular mechanisms of cell contact-mediated growth control},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.0610s1099.x}}

@article{Radhakrishnan:2014,
	Abstract = {Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide, with ~5 million daily users worldwide. Emerging evidence supports a number of associations between cannabis and psychosis/psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. These associations-based on case-studies, surveys, epidemiological studies, and experimental studies indicate that cannabinoids can produce acute, transient effects; acute, persistent effects; and delayed, persistent effects that recapitulate the psychopathology and psychophysiology seen in schizophrenia. Acute exposure to both cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice/K2) can produce a full range of transient psychotomimetic symptoms, cognitive deficits, and psychophysiological abnormalities that bear a striking resemblance to symptoms of schizophrenia. In individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, trigger relapse, and have negative consequences on the course of the illness. Several factors appear to moderate these associations, including family history, genetic factors, history of childhood abuse, and the age at onset of cannabis use. Exposure to cannabinoids in adolescence confers a higher risk for psychosis outcomes in later life and the risk is dose-related. Individuals with polymorphisms of COMT and AKT1 genes may be at increased risk for psychotic disorders in association with cannabinoids, as are individuals with a family history of psychotic disorders or a history of childhood trauma. The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia fulfills many but not all of the standard criteria for causality, including temporality, biological gradient, biological plausibility, experimental evidence, consistency, and coherence. At the present time, the evidence indicates that cannabis may be a component cause in the emergence of psychosis, and this warrants serious consideration from the point of view of public health policy.},
	Author = {Radhakrishnan, Rajiv and Wilkinson, Samuel T and D'Souza, Deepak Cyril},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 21:05:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 21:05:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054},
	Journal = {Front Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
	Keywords = {cannabis; psychophysiology; psychosis; schizophrenia; schizotypy; spice; synthetic cannabinoids},
	Pages = {54},
	Pmc = {PMC4033190},
	pmid = {24904437},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Gone to Pot - A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Radhakrishnan_FrontPsychiatry2014.pdf}}

@article{Zaidel-Bar:2007,
	Abstract = {A detailed depiction of the 'integrin adhesome', consisting of a complex network of 156 components linked together and modified by 690 interactions is presented. Different views of the network reveal several functional 'subnets' that are involved in switching on or off many of the molecular interactions within the network, consequently affecting cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeletal organization. Examination of the adhesome network motifs reveals a relatively small number of key motifs, dominated by three-component complexes in which a scaffolding molecule recruits both a signalling molecule and its downstream target. We discuss the role of the different network modules in regulating the structural and signalling functions of cell-matrix adhesions.},
	Author = {Zaidel-Bar, Ronen and Itzkovitz, Shalev and Ma'ayan, Avi and Iyengar, Ravi and Geiger, Benjamin},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-18 20:33:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-18 20:33:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncb0807-858},
	Journal = {Nat Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell-Matrix Junctions; Cytoskeleton; Databases, Factual; Integrins; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {858-67},
	Pmc = {PMC2735470},
	pmid = {17671451},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional atlas of the integrin adhesome},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Zaidel-Bar_NatCellBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0807-858}}

@article{Fletcher:2010,
	Abstract = {The ability of a eukaryotic cell to resist deformation, to transport intracellular cargo and to change shape during movement depends on the cytoskeleton, an interconnected network of filamentous polymers and regulatory proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that both internal and external physical forces can act through the cytoskeleton to affect local mechanical properties and cellular behaviour. Attention is now focused on how cytoskeletal networks generate, transmit and respond to mechanical signals over both short and long timescales. An important insight emerging from this work is that long-lived cytoskeletal structures may act as epigenetic determinants of cell shape, function and fate.},
	Author = {Fletcher, Daniel A and Mullins, R Dyche},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-17 17:43:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-17 17:43:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature08908},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Cell Shape; Cytoskeleton; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7280},
	Pages = {485-92},
	Pmc = {PMC2851742},
	pmid = {20110992},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton},
	Volume = {463},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Fletcher_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08908}}

@article{OBrien:1997,
	Abstract = {The effects of calcium (Ca) were assessed using video-enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy on individual microtubules in vitro. Phosphocellulose-purified (PC) and microtubule associated protein (MAP)-containing preparations of porcine brain tubulin were assembled in a flow chamber onto sperm axoneme fragments and the pattern of growth and shortening of the microtubules was observed. Tubulin plus Ca was then added to the chamber and observation continued. Ca promoted the disassembly of microtubules by specifically promoting the catastrophe reaction in both PC- and MAP-containing microtubules, without an appreciable change in elongation rate. The effect on catastrophe frequency increased very rapidly above 0.5 mM free Ca, implying a possible cooperative effect. The rescue rate remained very high after Ca addition in MAP-containing microtubules, and the shortening rate was unchanged, while in phosphocellulose-purified microtubules, rescue appeared to be decreased by Ca addition and shortening rates increased 4 to 6-fold. These results illustrate that Ca can directly destabilize growing microtubule ends without changing the effective concentration of free tubulin, and that this effect can be seen even against the background of the profound differences in dynamics conferred by the microtubule-associated proteins. Considered within models of the GTP cap, the results imply that high Ca may act to increase the rate of GTP hydrolysis within the cap.},
	Author = {O'Brien, E T and Salmon, E D and Erickson, H P},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-17 17:42:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-17 17:42:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:2<125::AID-CM3>3.0.CO;2-8},
	Journal = {Cell Motil Cytoskeleton},
	Journal-Full = {Cell motility and the cytoskeleton},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biopolymers; Calcium; In Vitro Techniques; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Microtubules; Sea Urchins; Swine; Tubulin},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {125-35},
	pmid = {9015201},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {How calcium causes microtubule depolymerization},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/O'Brien_CellMotilCytoskeleton1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:2%3C125::AID-CM3%3E3.0.CO;2-8}}

@article{Mattila:2008,
	Abstract = {Filopodia are thin, actin-rich plasma-membrane protrusions that function as antennae for cells to probe their environment. Consequently, filopodia have an important role in cell migration, neurite outgrowth and wound healing and serve as precursors for dendritic spines in neurons. The initiation and elongation of filopodia depend on the precisely regulated polymerization, convergence and crosslinking of actin filaments. The increased understanding of the functions of various actin-associated proteins during the initiation and elongation of filopodia has provided new information on the mechanisms of filopodia formation in distinct cell types.},
	Author = {Mattila, Pieta K and Lappalainen, Pekka},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-17 17:41:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-17 17:41:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm2406},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Pseudopodia},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {446-54},
	pmid = {18464790},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mattila_NatRevMolCellBiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2406}}

@article{Angelucci:1996,
	Abstract = {We report an improved immunohistochemical protocol for revealing anterograde axonal transport of the subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB) which stains axons and terminals in great detail, so that single axons can be followed over long distances and their arbors reconstructed in their entirety. Our modifications enhance the quality of staining mainly by increasing the penetration of the primary antibody in the tissue. The protocol can be modified to allow combination in alternate sections with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) histochemical staining of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Using the protocol, we tested the performance of CTB as an anterograde tracer under two experimental paradigms which render other anterograde tracers less sensitive or unreliable: (1) labeling the entire retinofugal projection to the brain after injections into the vitreal chamber of the eye, and (2) labeling developing projections in the cortex and thalamus of early postnatal mammals. Qualitative comparisons were made with other tracers (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, dextran rhodamine, biotinylated dextran, free WGA, or WGA-HRP) that were used to label these same projections. From these observations it is clear that CTB, visualized with our protocol, provides more sensitive anterograde labeling of retinofugal projections as well as of axonal connections in the neonatal forebrain.},
	Author = {Angelucci, A and Clasc{\'a}, F and Sur, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-16 19:00:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-16 19:00:22 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Benzidines; Biotin; Brain; Cholera Toxin; Chromogenic Compounds; Eye; Ferrets; Immunohistochemistry; Visual Pathways; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {101-12},
	pmid = {8815303},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Anterograde axonal tracing with the subunit B of cholera toxin: a highly sensitive immunohistochemical protocol for revealing fine axonal morphology in adult and neonatal brains},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Angelucci_JNeurosciMethods1996.pdf}}

@article{Bilkei-Gorzo:2017,
	Abstract = {The balance between detrimental, pro-aging, often stochastic processes and counteracting homeostatic mechanisms largely determines the progression of aging. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is part of the latter system because it modulates the physiological processes underlying aging. The activity of the ECS declines during aging, as CB1 receptor expression and coupling to G proteins are reduced in the brain tissues of older animals and the levels of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lower. However, a direct link between endocannabinoid tone and aging symptoms has not been demonstrated. Here we show that a low dose of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance of mice aged 12 and 18 months. This behavioral effect was accompanied by enhanced expression of synaptic marker proteins and increased hippocampal spine density. THC treatment restored hippocampal gene transcription patterns such that the expression profiles of THC-treated mice aged 12 months closely resembled those of THC-free animals aged 2 months. The transcriptional effects of THC were critically dependent on glutamatergic CB1 receptors and histone acetylation, as their inhibition blocked the beneficial effects of THC. Thus, restoration of CB1 signaling in old individuals could be an effective strategy to treat age-related cognitive impairments.},
	Author = {Bilkei-Gorzo, Andras and Albayram, Onder and Draffehn, Astrid and Michel, Kerstin and Piyanova, Anastasia and Oppenheimer, Hannah and Dvir-Ginzberg, Mona and R{\'a}cz, Ildiko and Ulas, Thomas and Imbeault, Sophie and Bab, Itai and Schultze, Joachim L and Zimmer, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-16 00:12:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-16 00:12:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nm.4311},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Journal-Full = {Nature medicine},
	Month = {May},
	pmid = {28481360},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {A chronic low dose of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Bilkei-Gorzo_NatMed2017.pdf}}

@article{Hollenbeck:2005,
	Abstract = {Organelle transport is vital for the development and maintenance of axons, in which the distances between sites of organelle biogenesis, function, and recycling or degradation can be vast. Movement of mitochondria in axons can serve as a general model for how all organelles move: mitochondria are easy to identify, they move along both microtubule and actin tracks, they pause and change direction, and their transport is modulated in response to physiological signals. However, they can be distinguished from other axonal organelles by the complexity of their movement and their unique functions in aerobic metabolism, calcium homeostasis and cell death. Mitochondria are thus of special interest in relating defects in axonal transport to neuropathies and degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Studies of mitochondrial transport in axons are beginning to illuminate fundamental aspects of the distribution mechanism. They use motors of one or more kinesin families, along with cytoplasmic dynein, to translocate along microtubules, and bidirectional movement may be coordinated through interaction between dynein and kinesin-1. Translocation along actin filaments is probably driven by myosin V, but the protein(s) that mediate docking with actin filaments remain unknown. Signaling through the PI 3-kinase pathway has been implicated in regulation of mitochondrial movement and docking in the axon, and additional mitochondrial linker and regulatory proteins, such as Milton and Miro, have recently been described.},
	Author = {Hollenbeck, Peter J and Saxton, William M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-16 00:06:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-16 00:06:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1242/jcs.02745},
	Journal = {J Cell Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of cell science},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dyneins; Humans; Kinesin; Mitochondria; Models, Biological; Myosins; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {Pt 23},
	Pages = {5411-9},
	Pmc = {PMC1533994},
	pmid = {16306220},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The axonal transport of mitochondria},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Hollenbeck_JCellSci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02745}}

@article{Saxton:2012,
	Abstract = {Vigorous transport of cytoplasmic components along axons over substantial distances is crucial for the maintenance of neuron structure and function. The transport of mitochondria, which serves to distribute mitochondrial functions in a dynamic and non-uniform fashion, has attracted special interest in recent years following the discovery of functional connections among microtubules, motor proteins and mitochondria, and their influences on neurodegenerative diseases. Although the motor proteins that drive mitochondrial movement are now well characterized, the mechanisms by which anterograde and retrograde movement are coordinated with one another and with stationary axonal mitochondria are not yet understood. In this Commentary, we review why mitochondria move and how they move, focusing particularly on recent studies of transport regulation, which implicate control of motor activity by specific cell-signaling pathways, regulation of motor access to transport tracks and static microtubule-mitochondrion linkers. A detailed mechanism for modulating anterograde mitochondrial transport has been identified that involves Miro, a mitochondrial Ca(2+)-binding GTPase, which with associated proteins, can bind and control kinesin-1. Elements of the Miro complex also have important roles in mitochondrial fission-fusion dynamics, highlighting questions about the interdependence of biogenesis, transport, dynamics, maintenance and degradation.},
	Author = {Saxton, William M and Hollenbeck, Peter J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-15 23:57:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-15 23:57:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1242/jcs.053850},
	Journal = {J Cell Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of cell science},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Calcium; Drosophila melanogaster; Humans; Membrane Fusion; Microtubules; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Proteins; Molecular Motor Proteins; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Protein Binding; Signal Transduction; rho GTP-Binding Proteins},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {Pt 9},
	Pages = {2095-104},
	Pmc = {PMC3656622},
	pmid = {22619228},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The axonal transport of mitochondria},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Saxton_JCellSci2012.pdf}}

@article{Pilling:2006,
	Abstract = {To address questions about mechanisms of filament-based organelle transport, a system was developed to image and track mitochondria in an intact Drosophila nervous system. Mutant analyses suggest that the primary motors for mitochondrial movement in larval motor axons are kinesin-1 (anterograde) and cytoplasmic dynein (retrograde), and interestingly that kinesin-1 is critical for retrograde transport by dynein. During transport, there was little evidence that force production by the two opposing motors was competitive, suggesting a mechanism for alternate coordination. Tests of the possible coordination factor P150(Glued) suggested that it indeed influenced both motors on axonal mitochondria, but there was no evidence that its function was critical for the motor coordination mechanism. Observation of organelle-filled axonal swellings ("organelle jams" or "clogs") caused by kinesin and dynein mutations showed that mitochondria could move vigorously within and pass through them, indicating that they were not the simple steric transport blockades suggested previously. We speculate that axonal swellings may instead reflect sites of autophagocytosis of senescent mitochondria that are stranded in axons by retrograde transport failure; a protective process aimed at suppressing cell death signals and neurodegeneration.},
	Author = {Pilling, Aaron D and Horiuchi, Dai and Lively, Curtis M and Saxton, William M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-15 23:38:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-15 23:38:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1091/mbc.E05-06-0526},
	Journal = {Mol Biol Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular biology of the cell},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Biological Transport; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Dynactin Complex; Dyneins; Kinesin; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Mitochondria; Motor Neurons; Mutation; Nervous System},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {2057-68},
	Pmc = {PMC1415296},
	pmid = {16467387},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Kinesin-1 and Dynein are the primary motors for fast transport of mitochondria in Drosophila motor axons},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Pilling_MolBiolCell2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E05-06-0526}}

@article{Macaskill:2009,
	Abstract = {Energy use, mainly to reverse ion movements in neurons, is a fundamental constraint on brain information processing. Trafficking of mitochondria to locations in neurons where there are large ion fluxes is essential for powering neural function. Mitochondrial trafficking is regulated by Ca2+ entry through ionotropic glutamate receptors, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We show that the protein Miro1 links mitochondria to KIF5 motor proteins, allowing mitochondria to move along microtubules. This linkage is inhibited by micromolar levels of Ca2+ binding to Miro1. With the EF hand domains of Miro1 mutated to prevent Ca2+ binding, Miro1 could still facilitate mitochondrial motility, but mitochondrial stopping induced by glutamate or neuronal activity was blocked. Activating neuronal NMDA receptors with exogenous or synaptically released glutamate led to Miro1 positioning mitochondria at the postsynaptic side of synapses. Thus, Miro1 is a key determinant of how energy supply is matched to energy usage in neurons.},
	Author = {Macaskill, Andrew F and Rinholm, Johanne E and Twelvetrees, Alison E and Arancibia-Carcamo, I Lorena and Muir, James and Fransson, Asa and Aspenstrom, Pontus and Attwell, David and Kittler, Josef T},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-15 22:10:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-15 22:10:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.030},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium Radioisotopes; Calcium Signaling; Cells, Cultured; Dendrites; Drosophila Proteins; Electrophysiology; Energy Metabolism; Glutathione Transferase; Immunoprecipitation; Kinesin; Mitochondria; Neurons; Rats; Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; Receptors, Glutamate; Synapses; rho GTP-Binding Proteins},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {541-55},
	Pmc = {PMC2670979},
	pmid = {19249275},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Miro1 is a calcium sensor for glutamate receptor-dependent localization of mitochondria at synapses},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Macaskill_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Macaskill_Neuron2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.030}}

@article{Hirokawa:2009,
	Abstract = {Intracellular transport is fundamental for cellular function, survival and morphogenesis. Kinesin superfamily proteins (also known as KIFs) are important molecular motors that directionally transport various cargos, including membranous organelles, protein complexes and mRNAs. The mechanisms by which different kinesins recognize and bind to specific cargos, as well as how kinesins unload cargo and determine the direction of transport, have now been identified. Furthermore, recent molecular genetic experiments have uncovered important and unexpected roles for kinesins in the regulation of such physiological processes as higher brain function, tumour suppression and developmental patterning. These findings open exciting new areas of kinesin research.},
	Author = {Hirokawa, Nobutaka and Noda, Yasuko and Tanaka, Yosuke and Niwa, Shinsuke},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-15 22:06:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-15 22:06:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm2774},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Transport; Dyneins; Humans; Kinesin; Models, Biological; Molecular Motor Proteins; Organelles; Phylogeny; Proteins; RNA, Messenger},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {682-96},
	pmid = {19773780},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transport},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Hirokawa_NatRevMolCellBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2774}}

@article{King:2012,
	Abstract = {Axonemal dyneins are AAA(+) enzymes that convert ATP hydrolysis to mechanical work. This leads to the sliding of doublet microtubules with respect to each other and ultimately the generation of ciliary/flagellar beating. However, in order for useful work to be generated, the action of individual dynein motors must be precisely controlled. In addition, cells modulate the motility of these organelles through a variety of second messenger systems and these signals too must be integrated by the dynein motors to yield an appropriate output. This review describes the current status of efforts to understand dynein control mechanisms and their connectivity focusing mainly on studies of the outer dynein arm from axonemes of the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas.},
	Author = {King, Stephen M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-15 18:51:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-15 18:51:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.013},
	Journal = {J Struct Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of structural biology},
	Mesh = {Axonemal Dyneins; Chlamydomonas; Dyneins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {222-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3378790},
	pmid = {22406539},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Integrated control of axonemal dynein AAA(+) motors},
	Volume = {179},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/King_JStructBiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.013}}

@article{Humphries:2011,
	Abstract = {The endo-lysosomal pathway is essential for intracellular transport and the degradation of extracellular cargo. The relationship between three populations of endo-lysosomal vesicles--Rab7-positive, LAMP1-positive, and both Rab7- and LAMP1-postive--was probed with fluorescence microscopy and single particle tracking. Of specific interest was determining if these vesicles were intermediate or terminal vesicles in the transport of extracellular cargo. We find that the major organelle in the endo-lysosomal pathway, both in terms of population and cargo transport, is positive for Rab7 and LAMP1. Dextran, a fluid phase cargo, shifts from localization within all three populations of vesicles at 30 minutes and 1 hour to primarily LAMP1- and Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles at longer times. This demonstrates that LAMP1- and Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles are terminal vesicles in the endo-lysosomal pathway. We tested two possible mechanisms for this distribution of cargo, delivery to mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-negative vesicles and the fusion dynamics of individual vesicles. We find no correlation with M6PR but do find that Rab7-vesicles undergo significantly fewer fusion events than LAMP1- or Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles suggesting that the distribution of fluid phase cargo is driven by vesicle dynamics.},
	Author = {Humphries, 4th, William H and Szymanski, Craig J and Payne, Christine K},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-11 21:39:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-11 21:39:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026626},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Biological Transport; Cell Line; Dextrans; Endosomes; Humans; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Confocal; rab GTP-Binding Proteins},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e26626},
	Pmc = {PMC3200357},
	pmid = {22039519},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endo-lysosomal vesicles positive for Rab7 and LAMP1 are terminal vesicles for the transport of dextran},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2011.PDF}}

@article{Maday:2014,
	Abstract = {Axonal transport is essential for neuronal function, and many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases result from mutations in the axonal transport machinery. Anterograde transport supplies distal axons with newly synthesized proteins and lipids, including synaptic components required to maintain presynaptic activity. Retrograde transport is required to maintain homeostasis by removing aging proteins and organelles from the distal axon for degradation and recycling of components. Retrograde axonal transport also plays a major role in neurotrophic and injury response signaling. This review provides an overview of axonal transport pathways and discusses their role in neuronal function.},
	Author = {Maday, Sandra and Twelvetrees, Alison E and Moughamian, Armen J and Holzbaur, Erika L F},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-11 20:56:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-11 20:56:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.019},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurons; Organelles; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {292-309},
	Pmc = {PMC4269290},
	pmid = {25374356},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Axonal transport: cargo-specific mechanisms of motility and regulation},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Maday_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.019}}

@article{Pan:2008,
	Abstract = {LIM-homeodomain (HD) and POU-HD transcription factors play crucial roles in neurogenesis. However, it remains largely unknown how they cooperate in this process and what downstream target genes they regulate. Here, we show that ISL1, a LIM-HD protein, is co-expressed with BRN3B, a POU-HD factor, in nascent post-mitotic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Similar to the Brn3b-null retinas, retina-specific deletion of Isl1 results in the apoptosis of a majority of RGCs and in RGC axon guidance defects. The Isl1 and Brn3b double null mice display more severe retinal abnormalities with a near complete loss of RGCs, indicating the synergistic functions of these two factors. Furthermore, we show that both Isl1 and Brn3b function downstream of Math5 to regulate the expression of a common set of RGC-specific genes. Whole-retina chromatin immunoprecipitation and in vitro transactivation assays reveal that ISL1 and BRN3B concurrently bind to and synergistically regulate the expression of a common set of RGC-specific genes. Thus, our results uncover a novel regulatory mechanism of BRN3B and ISL1 in RGC differentiation.},
	Author = {Pan, Ling and Deng, Min and Xie, Xiaoling and Gan, Lin},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-11 14:39:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-11 14:39:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1242/dev.010751},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mitosis; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Binding; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Transcription Factor Brn-3B; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1981-90},
	Pmc = {PMC2758274},
	pmid = {18434421},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {ISL1 and BRN3B co-regulate the differentiation of murine retinal ganglion cells},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Pan_Development2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.010751}}

@article{Yushkevich:2006,
	Abstract = {Active contour segmentation and its robust implementation using level set methods are well-established theoretical approaches that have been studied thoroughly in the image analysis literature. Despite the existence of these powerful segmentation methods, the needs of clinical research continue to be fulfilled, to a large extent, using slice-by-slice manual tracing. To bridge the gap between methodological advances and clinical routine, we developed an open source application called ITK-SNAP, which is intended to make level set segmentation easily accessible to a wide range of users, including those with little or no mathematical expertise. This paper describes the methods and software engineering philosophy behind this new tool and provides the results of validation experiments performed in the context of an ongoing child autism neuroimaging study. The validation establishes SNAP intrarater and interrater reliability and overlap error statistics for the caudate nucleus and finds that SNAP is a highly reliable and efficient alternative to manual tracing. Analogous results for lateral ventricle segmentation are provided.},
	Author = {Yushkevich, Paul A and Piven, Joseph and Hazlett, Heather Cody and Smith, Rachel Gimpel and Ho, Sean and Gee, James C and Gerig, Guido},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-10 18:30:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-10 18:30:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Mesh = {Brain; Caudate Nucleus; Dominance, Cerebral; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mathematical Computing; Software; Software Validation; User-Computer Interface},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1116-28},
	pmid = {16545965},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015}}

@article{Rashid:2005,
	Abstract = {During development of the retinocollicular projection in mouse, retinal axons initially overshoot their future termination zones (TZs) in the superior colliculus (SC). The formation of TZs is initiated by interstitial branching at topographically appropriate positions. Ephrin-As are expressed in a decreasing posterior-to-anterior gradient in the SC, and they suppress branching posterior to future TZs. Here we investigate the role of an EphA7 gradient in the SC, which has the reverse orientation to the ephrin-A gradient. We find that in EphA7 mutant mice the retinocollicular map is disrupted, with nasal and temporal axons forming additional or extended TZs, respectively. In vitro, retinal axons are repelled from growing on EphA7-containing stripes. Our data support the idea that EphA7 is involved in suppressing branching anterior to future TZs. These findings suggest that opposing ephrin-A and EphA gradients are required for the proper development of the retinocollicular projection.},
	Author = {Rashid, Tahira and Upton, A Louise and Blentic, Aida and Ciossek, Thomas and Kn{\"o}ll, Bernd and Thompson, Ian D and Drescher, Uwe},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-09 18:36:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-09 18:36:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.030},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Ephrins; Histocytochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Mice; Mice, Knockout; RNA; Receptor, EphA7; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {57-69},
	pmid = {15996548},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Opposing gradients of ephrin-As and EphA7 in the superior colliculus are essential for topographic mapping in the mammalian visual system},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Rashid_Neuron2005.pdf}}

@article{Drescher:1995,
	Abstract = {The results of previous in vitro experiments indicate that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein may play an important role in the guidance of temporal retinal axons during the formation of the topographically ordered retinotectal projection. We have purified and cloned a GPI-anchored, 25 kDa glycoprotein that is a good candidate for a molecule involved in this process. During the time of innervation by retinal ganglion cells, this protein is gradedly expressed in the posterior part of the developing tectum. In two different in vitro assay systems, the recombinant protein induces growth cone collapse and repulsion of retinal ganglion cell axons. These phenomena are observed for axons of temporal as well as nasal origin, indicating that an additional activity may be necessary to confer the nasotemporal specificity observed in previous assays. We named the protein RAGS (for repulsive axon guidance signal). The sequence of RAGS shows significant homology to recently identified ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases of the Eph subfamily.},
	Author = {Drescher, U and Kremoser, C and Handwerker, C and L{\"o}schinger, J and Noda, M and Bonhoeffer, F},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-06 00:25:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-06 00:25:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Axons; Base Sequence; Cell Communication; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Complementary; Ephrin-A2; Glycoproteins; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Proteins; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Sequence Alignment; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {359-70},
	pmid = {7634326},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Drescher_Cell1995.pdf}}

@article{Cheng:1995,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps with a defined spatial ordering of neuronal connections are a key feature of brain organization. Such maps are believed to develop in response to complementary position-specific labels in presynaptic and postsynaptic fields. However, the complementary labeling molecules are not known. In the well-studied visual map of retinal axons projecting to the tectum, the labels are hypothesized to be in gradients, without needing large numbers of cell-specific molecules. We recently cloned ELF-1 as a ligand for Eph family receptors. Here, RNA hybridization shows matching expression gradients for ELF-1 in the tectum and its receptor Mek4 in the retina. Binding activity detected with alkaline phosphatase fusions of ELF-1 and Mek4 also reveals gradients and provides direct evidence for molecular complementarity of gradients in reciprocal fields. ELF-1 and Mek4 may therefore play roles in retinotectal development and have properties predicted of topographic mapping labels.},
	Author = {Cheng, H J and Nakamoto, M and Bergemann, A D and Flanagan, J G},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-06 00:25:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-06 00:25:11 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Brain Mapping; Chickens; Ephrin-A2; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Proteins; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {371-81},
	pmid = {7634327},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Cheng_Cell1995.pdf}}

@article{Flanagan:1998,
	Abstract = {The Eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Initially all of them were identified as orphan receptors without known ligands, and their specific functions were not well understood. During the past few years, a corresponding family of ligands has been identified, called the ephrins, and specific functions have now been identified in neural development. The ephrins and Eph receptors are implicated as positional labels that may guide the development of neural topographic maps. They have also been implicated in pathway selection by axons, the guidance of cell migration, and the establishment of regional pattern in the nervous system. The ligands are anchored to cell surfaces, and most of the functions so far identified can be interpreted as precise guidance of cell or axon movement. This large family of ligands and receptors may make a major contribution to the accurate spatial patterning of connections and cell position in the nervous system.},
	Author = {Flanagan, J G and Vanderhaeghen, P},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-06 00:24:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-06 00:24:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Central Nervous System; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-B1; Ephrin-B3; Membrane Proteins; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Transcription Factors},
	Pages = {309-45},
	pmid = {9530499},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Flanagan_AnnuRevNeurosci1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309}}

@article{Mackarehtschian:1999,
	Abstract = {The development of axonal connections between thalamic nuclei and their cortical target areas occurs in a highly specific manner. To explore the mechanisms of thalamocortical axon pathfinding, we investigated the expression of several members of the ephrin and Eph gene families in the forebrain. The Eph ligand ephrin-A5 was expressed in three distinct gradients during the development of the telencephalon. The first gradient occurred in the cortical ventricular zone and established ephrin-A5 as one of the earliest markers distinguishing cells residing in the anterior versus posterior cortical neuroepithelium. The second gradient was apparent in the subplate and occurred in spatial opposition to a distinct gradient for the low-affinity NGF receptor p75. This finding reveals that different regions of the early subplate are molecularly heterogeneous. Third, we confirmed that ephrin-A5 is expressed in a bi-directional gradient in the cortical plate, with highest levels in the somatomotor cortex. Three putative receptors for ephrin-A5 -- EphA3, EphA4 and EphA5 -- showed distinct expression patterns in the developing thalamus. The graded distributions of ephrin-A5 in the developing subplate and cortex and the expression of its receptors in the thalamus are consistent with the notion that the Eph ligands and their receptors may function in the topographic mapping of thalamic axons to specific cortical areas.},
	Author = {Mackarehtschian, K and Lau, C K and Caras, I and McConnell, S K},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-06 00:05:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-06 00:05:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Benzoxazines; Brain Chemistry; Cerebral Cortex; Coloring Agents; DNA Probes; Ephrin-A4; Ephrin-A5; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; In Situ Hybridization; Ligands; Membrane Proteins; Oxazines; Pregnancy; Prosencephalon; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {601-10},
	pmid = {10498278},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Regional differences in the developing cerebral cortex revealed by ephrin-A5 expression},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Mackarehtschian_CerebCortex1999.pdf}}

@article{Donoghue:1999a,
	Abstract = {The mature cerebral cortex is divided into morphologically distinct, functionally dedicated and stereotypically connected cortical areas. How might such functional domains arise during development? To investigate possible intrinsic programs within the embryonic cerebral cortex we examined patterns of gene expression early in corticogenesis. We performed these studies using the developing macaque monkey because of the size, complexity, areal make-up and the extended nature of its cortical development. Here, we present results for two types of molecules. (i) Transcription factors -- gene products that bind DNA and activate transcription, directing cellular fates through cascades of gene expression. We find that the transcription factors TBr-1, Lhx-2, Emx-1 and a novel POU domain-containing gene are differentially expressed within the forming primate forebrain, and are present in gradients across the neocortex. (ii) The EphA receptor tyrosine kinases -- gene products that mediate cellular recognition in many embryonic systems. Individual members of this family are expressed during primate corticogenesis in pronounced gradients and/or well-defined compartments with distinct boundaries. Together, these results suggest that at least two modes of grouping cells within the neocortex exist: the graded patterning of cells across its full anteroposterior extent and the parcellation of cells into defined domains. Moreover, emergence of molecular differences between regions of the cortical plate, prior to the arrival of afferent and formation of efferent connections, suggests that the initial cellular parcellation in the telencephalon is cell-autonomously regulated. This initial independence from peripheral influences supports the existence of an intrinsic protomap that may function both to differentially attract and respond to specific afferents, thus predicting the functional map of the mature cortex.},
	Author = {Donoghue, M J and Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-06 00:01:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-06 00:01:28 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antisense Elements (Genetics); Brain Chemistry; Cloning, Molecular; DNA-Binding Proteins; Ephrin-A1; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Homeodomain Proteins; In Situ Hybridization; Macaca mulatta; Neocortex; Neurons; Pregnancy; Prosencephalon; Proteins; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {586-600},
	pmid = {10498277},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular gradients and compartments in the embryonic primate cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Donoghue_CerebCortex1999.pdf}}

@article{Vanderhaeghen:2000,
	Abstract = {The neocortical primary somatosensory area (S1) consists of a map of the body surface. The cortical area devoted to different regions, such as parts of the face or hands, reflects their functional importance. Here we investigated the role of genetically determined positional labels in neocortical mapping. Ephrin-A5 was expressed in a medial > lateral gradient across S1, whereas its receptor EphA4 was in a matching gradient across the thalamic ventrobasal (VB) complex, which provides S1 input. Ephrin-A5 had topographically specific effects on VB axon guidance in vitro. Ephrin-A5 gene disruption caused graded, topographically specific distortion in the S1 body map, with medial regions contracted and lateral regions expanded, changing relative areas up to 50% in developing and adult mice. These results provide evidence for within-area thalamocortical mapping labels and show that a genetic difference can cause a lasting change in relative scale of different regions within a topographic map.},
	Author = {Vanderhaeghen, P and Lu, Q and Prakash, N and Fris{\'e}n, J and Walsh, C A and Frostig, R D and Flanagan, J G},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 22:02:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 22:02:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/73929},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cell Line; Ephrin-A5; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mutagenesis; RNA, Messenger; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Transfection},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {358-65},
	pmid = {10725925},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A mapping label required for normal scale of body representation in the cortex},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_NatNeurosci2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/73929}}

@article{Lyckman:2001,
	Abstract = {Ascending sensory information reaches primary sensory cortical areas via thalamic relay neurons that are organized into modality-specific compartments or nuclei. Although the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus show consistent modality-specific segregation of afferents, we now show in a wild-type mouse strain that the visual pathway can be surgically "rewired" so as to induce permanent retinal innervation of auditory thalamic cell groups. Applying the same rewiring paradigm to a transgenic mouse lacking the EphA receptor family ligands ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 results in more extensive rewiring than in the wild-type strain. We also show for the first time that ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 define a distinct border between visual and auditory thalamus. In the absence of this ephrin-A2/A5 border and after rewiring surgery, retinal afferents are better able to invade and innervate the deafferented auditory thalamus. These data suggest that signals that induce retinal axons to innervate the denervated auditory thalamus may compete with barriers, such as the ephrins, that serve to contain them within the normal target. The present findings thus show that the targeting of retinothalamic projections can be surgically manipulated in the mouse and that such plasticity can be controlled by proteins known to regulate topographic mapping.},
	Author = {Lyckman, A W and Jhaveri, S and Feldheim, D A and Vanderhaeghen, P and Flanagan, J G and Sur, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 22:01:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 22:01:38 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways; Axons; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A5; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies; Inferior Colliculi; Ligands; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Knockout; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Specificity; RNA, Messenger; Retina; Thalamus; Transcription Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {7684-90},
	pmid = {11567058},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Enhanced plasticity of retinothalamic projections in an ephrin-A2/A5 double mutant},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Lyckman_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Prakash:2000,
	Abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that coordinate the functional organization of the mammalian neocortex are largely unknown. We tested the involvement of a putative guidance label, ephrin-A5, in the functional organization of the somatosensory cortex by quantifying the functional representations of individual whiskers in vivo in adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice, using intrinsic signal optical imaging. In wild-type mice ephrin-A5 is expressed in a gradient in the somatosensory cortex during development. In adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice, we found a spatial gradient of change in the amount of cortical territory shared by individual whisker functional representations across the somatosensory cortex, as well as a gradient of change in the distance between the functional representations. Both gradients of change were in correspondence with the developmental expression gradient of ephrin-A5 in wild-type mice. These changes involved malformations of the cortical spacing of the thalamocortical components, without concurrent malformations of the intracortical components of individual whisker functional representations. Overall, these results suggest that a developmental guidance label, such as ephrin-A5, is involved in establishing certain spatial relationships of the functional organization of the adult neocortex, and they underscore the advantage of investigating gene manipulation using in vivo functional imaging.},
	Author = {Prakash, N and Vanderhaeghen, P and Cohen-Cory, S and Fris{\'e}n, J and Flanagan, J G and Frostig, R D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 22:00:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 22:00:47 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Ephrin-A5; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neural Pathways; Optics and Photonics; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {5841-7},
	pmid = {10908626},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Malformation of the functional organization of somatosensory cortex in adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice revealed by in vivo functional imaging},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Prakash_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}


@article{Lee:2013a,
	Abstract = {The hypothesized negative relationship between growth rate and lifespan has proved very difficult to test robustly because of potentially confounding variables, particularly nutrient availability and final size. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first rigorous experimental test of this hypothesis, and find dramatic changes in lifespan in the predicted direction in response to both upward and downward manipulations of growth rates. We used brief (less than 4% of median lifespan) exposure to relatively cold or warm temperatures early in life to deflect juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus from their normal growth trajectories; this induced catch-up or slowed-down growth when ambient temperatures were restored, and all groups attained the same average adult size. Catch-up growth led to a reduction in median lifespan of 14.5 per cent, while slowed-down growth extended lifespan by 30.6 per cent. These lifespan effects were independent of eventual size attained or reproductive investment in adult life. Photoperiod manipulations showed that the effects of compensatory growth on lifespan were also influenced by time available for growth prior to breeding, being more extreme when less time was available. These results demonstrate the growth-lifespan trade-off. While growing more slowly can increase longevity, the optimal resolution of the growth-lifespan trade-off is influenced by time constraints in a seasonal environment.},
	Author = {Lee, Who-Seung and Monaghan, Pat and Metcalfe, Neil B},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 21:48:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 21:48:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.2370},
	Journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Environment; Female; Genetic Fitness; Longevity; Male; Photoperiod; Reproduction; Scotland; Seasons; Smegmamorpha; Temperature},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1752},
	Pages = {20122370},
	Pmc = {PMC3574304},
	pmid = {23235704},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Experimental demonstration of the growth rate--lifespan trade-off},
	Volume = {280},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Lee_ProcBiolSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2370}}

@article{Mizuno:2014,
	Abstract = {Thalamocortical (TC) connectivity is reorganized by thalamic inputs during postnatal development; however, the dynamic characteristics of TC reorganization and the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We addressed this question using dendritic refinement of layer 4 (L4) stellate neurons in mouse barrel cortex (barrel cells) as a model; dendritic refinement of L4 neurons is a critical component of TC reorganization through which postsynaptic L4 neurons acquire their dendritic orientation toward presynaptic TC axon termini. Simultaneous labeling of TC axons and individual barrel cell dendrites allowed in vivo time-lapse imaging of dendritic refinement in the neonatal cortex. The barrel cells reinforced the dendritic orientation toward TC axons by dynamically moving their branches. In N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-deficient barrel cells, this dendritic motility was enhanced, and the orientation bias was not reinforced. Our data suggest that L4 neurons have "fluctuating" dendrites during TC reorganization and that NMDARs cell autonomously regulate these dynamics to establish fine-tuned circuits.},
	Author = {Mizuno, Hidenobu and Luo, Wenshu and Tarusawa, Etsuko and Saito, Yoshikazu M and Sato, Takuya and Yoshimura, Yumiko and Itohara, Shigeyoshi and Iwasato, Takuji},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 21:35:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 21:35:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.026},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Biological; N-Methylaspartate; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Thalamus; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {365-79},
	pmid = {24685175},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {NMDAR-regulated dynamics of layer 4 neuronal dendrites during thalamocortical reorganization in neonates},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Mizuno_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.026}}

@article{Barbas:1997,
	Abstract = {Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and terminate in specific layers. The factors underlying which layers are involved in specific connections are not well understood. Here we tested whether cortical structure can predict the pattern as well as the relative distribution of projection neurons and axonal terminals in cortical layers, studied with retrograde and anterograde tracers. We used the prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey as a model system because their laminar organization varies systematically, ranging from areas that have only three identifiable layers, to those that have six layers. We rated each prefrontal area based on the number and definition of its cortical layers (level 1, lowest; level 5, highest). The structural model accurately predicted the laminar pattern of connections in approximately 80% of the cases. Thus, projection neurons from a higher-level cortex originated mostly in the upper layers and their axons terminated predominantly in the deep layers (4-6) of a lower-level cortex. Conversely, most projection neurons from a lower-level area originated in the deep layers and their axons terminated predominantly in the upper layers (1-3) of a higher-level area. In addition, the structural model accurately predicted that the proportion of projection neurons or axonal terminals in the upper to the deep layers would vary as a function of the number of levels between the connected cortices. The power of this structural model lies in its potential to predict patterns of connections in the human cortex, where invasive procedures are precluded.},
	Author = {Barbas, H and Rempel-Clower, N},
	Date = {1997 Oct-Nov},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 20:59:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 20:59:22 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Models, Anatomic; Neurons; Prefrontal Cortex; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {635-46},
	pmid = {9373019},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical structure predicts the pattern of corticocortical connections},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Barbas_CerebCortex1997.pdf}}

@article{Barrett:2015,
	Abstract = {Intuition suggests that perception follows sensation and therefore bodily feelings originate in the body. However, recent evidence goes against this logic: interoceptive experience may largely reflect limbic predictions about the expected state of the body that are constrained by ascending visceral sensations. In this Opinion article, we introduce the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model, which integrates an anatomical model of corticocortical connections with Bayesian active inference principles, to propose that agranular visceromotor cortices contribute to interoception by issuing interoceptive predictions. We then discuss how disruptions in interoceptive predictions could function as a common vulnerability for mental and physical illness.},
	Author = {Barrett, Lisa Feldman and Simmons, W Kyle},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 19:10:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 19:13:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3950},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {ppc; Neocortex; isocortex; topographic map; Motor Cortex; behavior; review; grants; Perception; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Awareness; Bayes Theorem; Brain; Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nerve Net; Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {419-29},
	Pmc = {PMC4731102},
	pmid = {26016744},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Interoceptive predictions in the brain},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Barrett_NatRevNeurosci2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950}}

@book{Thompson:1917,
	Address = {Cambridge},
	Annote = {LDR    00694cam  22002291  4500
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035    $a(OCoLC)14786876
040    $aDLC$cDNLM$dMNS$dDLC
050 00 $aQP84$b.T4
060 0  $aQH 511$bT469o 1917
100 1  $aThompson, D'Arcy Wentworth,$d1860-1948.
245 10 $aOn growth and form.
260    $aCambridge [Eng.]$bUniversity press,$c1917.
300    $axv, 793 p.$bill. ;$c22 cm.
650  0 $aGrowth.
985    $eOCLC REPLACEMENT
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},
	Author = {Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth},
	Call-Number = {QP84},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 19:07:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 19:07:39 +0000},
	Genre = {Growth},
	Library-Id = {18001383},
	Publisher = {University press},
	Title = {On growth and form},
	Year = {1917},
	url = {papers/Thompson_1917.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Thompson_1917.epub},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Thompson_1917.mobi},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Thompson_1917a.pdf}}


@article{Donoghue:1982,
	Abstract = {The first motor (MI) cortex of the rat was identified as the region from which movements could be evoked by the lowest intensity of electrical stimulation. The location of this region was correlated with cytoarchitecture in the frontal and parietal cortex. Two frontal areas can be discerned in Nissl-stained sections: (1) the medial agranular field, marked by a pale-staining layer III and a compact layer II, and (2) the lateral agranular field, which has more homogeneous superficial layers and a broad layer V containing large, densely staining cells. Both of these regions project to the spinal cord and can therefore be included in the somatic sensorimotor cortex. MI in the rat coincides with the lateral agranular field but also overlaps with part of the adjacent granular cortex of the first somatic sensory (SI) representation. We conclude that the rat MI cortex can be identified by microstimulation techniques and by cytoarchitecture in the rat.},
	Author = {Donoghue, J P and Wise, S P},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 19:02:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 19:02:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902120106},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cytoplasmic Granules; Electric Stimulation; Forelimb; Frontal Lobe; Hindlimb; Mechanoreceptors; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Spinal Cord; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {76-88},
	pmid = {6294151},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The motor cortex of the rat: cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping},
	Volume = {212},
	Year = {1982},
	url = {papers/Donoghue_JCompNeurol1982.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120106}}

@article{Kozanian:2015,
	Abstract = {Functional sensory and motor areas in the developing mammalian neocortex are formed through a complex interaction of cortically intrinsic mechanisms, such as gene expression, and cortically extrinsic mechanisms such as those mediated by thalamic input from the senses. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms are believed to be involved in cortical patterning and the establishment of areal boundaries in early development; however, the nature of the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic processes is not well understood. In a previous study, we used a perinatal bilateral enucleation mouse model to test some aspects of this interaction by reweighting sensory input to the developing cortex. Visual deprivation at birth resulted in a shift of intraneocortical connections (INCs) that aligned with ectopic ephrin A5 expression in the same location ten days later at postnatal day (P) 10. A prevailing question remained: Does visual deprivation first induce a change in gene expression, followed by a shift in INCs, or vice versa? In the present study, we address this question by investigating the neuroanatomy and patterns of gene expression in post-natal day (P) 1 and 4 mice following bilateral enucleation at birth. Our results demonstrate a rapid reduction in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) size and ephrin A5 gene expression 24-hours post-enucleation, with more profound effects apparent at P4. The reduced nuclear size and diminished gene expression mirrors subtle changes in ephrin A5 expression evident in P1 and P4 enucleated neocortex, 11 and 8 days prior to natural eye opening, respectively. Somatosensory and visual INCs were indistinguishable between P1 and P4 mice bilaterally enucleated at birth, indicating that perinatal bilateral enucleation initiates a rapid change in gene expression (within one day) followed by an alteration of sensory INCs later on (second postnatal week). With these results, we gain a deeper understanding of how gene expression and sensory input together regulate cortical arealization and plasticity during early development.},
	Author = {Kozanian, Olga O and Abbott, Charles W and Huffman, Kelly J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:50:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:50:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0140391},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryonic Development; Ephrin-A5; Eye Enucleation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Neocortex; Pregnancy; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e0140391},
	Pmc = {PMC4599918},
	pmid = {26452243},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Rapid Changes in Cortical and Subcortical Brain Regions after Early Bilateral Enucleation in the Mouse},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Kozanian_PLoSOne2015.PDF}}

@article{Shipp:2005,
	Abstract = {The agranular cortex is an important landmark-anatomically, as the architectural flag of mammalian motor cortex, and historically, as a spur to the development of theories of localization of function. But why, exactly, do agranularity and motor function go together? To address this question, it should be noted that not only does motor cortex lack granular layer four, it also has a relatively thinner layer three. Therefore, it is the two layers which principally constitute the ascending pathways through the sensory (granular) cortex that have regressed in motor cortex: simply stated, motor cortex does not engage in serial reprocessing of incoming sensory data. But why should a granular architecture not be demanded by the downstream relay of motor instructions through the motor cortex? The scant anatomical evidence available regarding laminar patterns suggests that the pathways from frontal and premotor areas to the primary motor cortex actually bear a greater resemblance to the descending, or feedback connections of sensory cortex that avoid the granular layer. The action of feedback connections is generally described as "modulatory" at a cellular level, or "selective" in terms of systems analysis. By contrast, ascending connections may be labelled "driving" or "instructive". Where the motor cortex uses driving inputs, they are most readily identified as sensory signals instructing the visual location of targets and the kinaesthetic state of the body. Visual signals may activate motor concepts, e.g. "mirror neurons", and the motor plan must select the appropriate muscles and forces to put the plan into action, if the decision to move is taken. This, perhaps, is why "driving" motor signals might be inappropriate-the optimal selection and its execution are conditional upon both kinaesthetic and motivational factors. The argument, summarized above, is constructed in honour of Korbinian Brodmann's centenary, and follows two of the fundamental principles of his school of thought: that uniformities in cortical structure, and development imply global conservation of some aspects of function, whereas regional variations in architecture can be used to chart the "organs" of the cortex, and perhaps to understand their functional differences.},
	Author = {Shipp, Stewart},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:50:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:50:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1630},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Mesh = {Brain Mapping; Feedback, Physiological; Humans; Models, Neurological; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1456},
	Pages = {797-814},
	Pmc = {PMC1569485},
	pmid = {15937013},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The importance of being agranular: a comparative account of visual and motor cortex},
	Volume = {360},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Shipp_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}}

@article{Sigalas:2015,
	Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in the modulation of many cognitive functions but their role in integrated network activity remains unclear. This is at least partly because of the complexity of the cholinergic circuitry and the difficulty in comparing results from in vivo studies obtained under diverse experimental conditions and types of anesthetics. Hence the role of nAChRs in the synchronization of cortical activity during slow-wave sleep is still controversial, with some studies showing they are involved in ACh-dependent EEG desynchronization, and others suggesting that this effect is mediated exclusively by muscarinic receptors. Here we use an in vitro model of endogenous network activity, in the form of recurring self-maintained depolarized states (Up states), which allows us to examine the role of high-affinity nAChRs on network dynamics in a simpler form of the cortical microcircuit. We find that mice lacking nAChRs containing the β2-subunit (β2-nAChRs) have longer and more frequent Up states, and that this difference is eliminated when β2-nAChRs in wild-type mice are blocked. We further show that endogenously released ACh can modulate Up/Down states through the activation of both β2- and α7-containing nAChRs, but through distinct mechanisms: α7-nAChRs affect only the termination of spontaneous Up states, while β2-nAChRs also regulate their generation. Finally we provide evidence that the effects of β2-subunit-containing, but not α7-subunit-containing nAChRs, are mediated through GABAB receptors. To our knowledge this is the first study documenting direct nicotinic modulation of Up/Down state activity.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear and previously disputed effect of nicotinic signaling in synchronized activity of neuronal networks of the cortex. We show that both high-affinity receptors (containing the β2-subunit, β2-nAChRs) and low-affinity receptors (containing the α7-subunit, α7-nAChRs) can regulate cortical network function exhibited in the form of Up/Down states. We further show that the effects of β2-nAChRs, but not α7-nAChRs, are mediated through the activation of GABAB receptors. These results suggest a possible synthesis of seemingly contradictory results in the literature and could be valuable for informing computational models of cortical function and for guiding the search for therapeutic interventions.},
	Author = {Sigalas, Charalambos and Rigas, Pavlos and Tsakanikas, Panagiotis and Skaliora, Irini},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:50:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:50:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5222-14.2015},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {barrel cortex; cholinergic; network activity; oscillations; persistent activity; β2-nAChR},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neurons; Nicotine; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, Nicotinic; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {11196-208},
	pmid = {26269630},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High-Affinity Nicotinic Receptors Modulate Spontaneous Cortical Up States In Vitro},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Sigalas_JNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Koukouli:2016,
	Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive processes, including access to consciousness. The PFC receives significant cholinergic innervation and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) contribute greatly to the effects of acetylcholine signaling. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of both awake and anesthetized mice, we recorded spontaneous, ongoing neuronal activity in layer II/III in the PFC of WT mice and mice deleted for different nAChR subunits. As in humans, this activity is characterized by synchronous ultraslow fluctuations and neuronal synchronicity is disrupted by light general anesthesia. Both the α7 and β2 nAChR subunits play an important role in the generation of ultraslow fluctuations that occur to a different extent during quiet wakefulness and light general anesthesia. The β2 subunit is specifically required for synchronized activity patterns. Furthermore, chronic application of mecamylamine, an antagonist of nAChRs, disrupts the generation of ultraslow fluctuations. Our findings provide new insight into the ongoing spontaneous activity in the awake and anesthetized state, and the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the orchestration of cognitive functions.},
	Author = {Koukouli, Fani and Rooy, Marie and Changeux, Jean-Pierre and Maskos, Uwe},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:50:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:50:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1614417113},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {anesthesia; consciousness; nicotinic receptor; prefrontal cortex; ultraslow fluctuations},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {51},
	Pages = {14823-14828},
	Pmc = {PMC5187677},
	pmid = {27911815},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nicotinic receptors in mouse prefrontal cortex modulate ultraslow fluctuations related to conscious processing},
	Volume = {113},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Koukouli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}}

@article{Cancedda:2012,
	Abstract = {The Italian Space Agency, in line with its scientific strategies and the National Utilization Plan for the International Space Station (ISS), contracted Thales Alenia Space Italia to design and build a spaceflight payload for rodent research on ISS: the Mice Drawer System (MDS). The payload, to be integrated inside the Space Shuttle middeck during transportation and inside the Express Rack in the ISS during experiment execution, was designed to function autonomously for more than 3 months and to involve crew only for maintenance activities. In its first mission, three wild type (Wt) and three transgenic male mice over-expressing pleiotrophin under the control of a bone-specific promoter (PTN-Tg) were housed in the MDS. At the time of launch, animals were 2-months old. MDS reached the ISS on board of Shuttle Discovery Flight 17A/STS-128 on August 28(th), 2009. MDS returned to Earth on November 27(th), 2009 with Shuttle Atlantis Flight ULF3/STS-129 after 91 days, performing the longest permanence of mice in space. Unfortunately, during the MDS mission, one PTN-Tg and two Wt mice died due to health status or payload-related reasons. The remaining mice showed a normal behavior throughout the experiment and appeared in excellent health conditions at landing. During the experiment, the mice health conditions and their water and food consumption were daily checked. Upon landing mice were sacrificed, blood parameters measured and tissues dissected for subsequent analysis. To obtain as much information as possible on microgravity-induced tissue modifications, we organized a Tissue Sharing Program: 20 research groups from 6 countries participated. In order to distinguish between possible effects of the MDS housing conditions and effects due to the near-zero gravity environment, a ground replica of the flight experiment was performed at the University of Genova. Control tissues were collected also from mice maintained on Earth in standard vivarium cages.},
	Author = {Cancedda, Ranieri and Liu, Yi and Ruggiu, Alessandra and Tavella, Sara and Biticchi, Roberta and Santucci, Daniela and Schwartz, Silvia and Ciparelli, Paolo and Falcetti, Giancarlo and Tenconi, Chiara and Cotronei, Vittorio and Pignataro, Salvatore},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:49:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:49:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032243},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bone and Bones; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Space Flight; Time Factors; Weightlessness Simulation},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {e32243},
	Pmc = {PMC3362598},
	pmid = {22666312},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The Mice Drawer System (MDS) experiment and the space endurance record-breaking mice},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Cancedda_PLoSOne2012.PDF}}

@article{Hawrylycz:2016,
	Abstract = {The scientific mission of the Project MindScope is to understand neocortex, the part of the mammalian brain that gives rise to perception, memory, intelligence, and consciousness. We seek to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesis that neocortex is a relatively homogeneous tissue, with smaller functional modules that perform a common computational function replicated across regions. We here focus on the mouse as a mammalian model organism with genetics, physiology, and behavior that can be readily studied and manipulated in the laboratory. We seek to describe the operation of cortical circuitry at the computational level by comprehensively cataloging and characterizing its cellular building blocks along with their dynamics and their cell type-specific connectivities. The project is also building large-scale experimental platforms (i.e., brain observatories) to record the activity of large populations of cortical neurons in behaving mice subject to visual stimuli. A primary goal is to understand the series of operations from visual input in the retina to behavior by observing and modeling the physical transformations of signals in the corticothalamic system. We here focus on the contribution that computer modeling and theory make to this long-term effort.},
	Author = {Hawrylycz, Michael and Anastassiou, Costas and Arkhipov, Anton and Berg, Jim and Buice, Michael and Cain, Nicholas and Gouwens, Nathan W and Gratiy, Sergey and Iyer, Ramakrishnan and Lee, Jung Hoon and Mihalas, Stefan and Mitelut, Catalin and Olsen, Shawn and Reid, R Clay and Teeter, Corinne and de Vries, Saskia and Waters, Jack and Zeng, Hongkui and Koch, Christof and {MindScope}},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:48:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:48:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1512901113},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {computation; neocortex; neural coding; simulation; visual system},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {7337-44},
	Pmc = {PMC4941493},
	pmid = {27382147},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system through large-scale systems neuroscience},
	Volume = {113},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Hawrylycz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}}

@article{Chen:2008a,
	Abstract = {Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. We and others have shown that a gene expressed specifically by subcortical projection neurons, Fezf2, is required for the formation of axonal projections to the spinal cord, tectum, and pons. Here, we report that Fezf2 regulates a decision between subcortical vs. callosal projection neuron fates. Fezf2(-/-) neurons adopt the fate of callosal projection neurons as assessed by their axonal projections, electrophysiological properties, and acquisition of Satb2 expression. Ctip2 is a major downstream effector of Fezf2 in regulating the extension of axons toward subcortical targets and can rescue the axonal phenotype of Fezf2 mutants. When ectopically expressed, either Fezf2 or Ctip2 can alter the axonal targeting of corticocortical projection neurons and cause them to project to subcortical targets, although Fezf2 can promote a subcortical projection neuron fate in the absence of Ctip2 expression.},
	Author = {Chen, Bin and Wang, Song S and Hattox, Alexis M and Rayburn, Helen and Nelson, Sacha B and McConnell, Susan K},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:48:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:48:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804918105},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Phenotype; Pyramidal Cells; Repressor Proteins; Tumor Suppressor Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {11382-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2495013},
	pmid = {18678899},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The Fezf2-Ctip2 genetic pathway regulates the fate choice of subcortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}}

@article{Hattox:2007,
	Abstract = {Layer V pyramidal neurons are anatomically and physiologically heterogeneous and project to multiple intracortical and subcortical targets. However, because most physiological studies of layer V pyramidal neurons have been carried out on unidentified cells, we know little about how anatomical and physiological properties relate to subcortical projection site. Here we combine neuroanatomical tract tracing with whole cell recordings in mouse somatosensory cortex to test whether neurons with the same projection target form discrete subpopulations and whether they have stereotyped physiological properties. Our findings indicate that corticothalamic and -trigeminal neurons are two largely nonoverlapping subpopulations, whereas callosal and corticostriatal neurons overlap extensively. The morphology as well as the intrinsic membrane and firing properties of corticothalamic and corticotrigeminal neurons differ from those of callosal and corticostriatal neurons. In addition, we find that each class of projection neuron exhibits a unique compliment of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing afterpotentials that further suggests that cortical neurons with different subcortical targets are distinct from one another.},
	Author = {Hattox, Alexis M and Nelson, Sacha B},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:47:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:47:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00397.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Corpus Callosum; Electrophysiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Nuclear Proteins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Trigeminal Nerve},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3330-40},
	pmid = {17898147},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Layer V neurons in mouse cortex projecting to different targets have distinct physiological properties},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hattox_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf}}

@article{Sestan:2001,
	Abstract = {The visual cortex in primates is parcellated into cytoarchitectonically, physiologically, and connectionally distinct areas: the striate cortex (V1) and the extrastriate cortex, consisting of V2 and numerous higher association areas [1]. The innervation of distinct visual cortical areas by the thalamus is especially segregated in primates, such that the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus specifically innervates striate cortex, whereas pulvinar projections are confined to extrastriate cortex [2--8]. The molecular bases for the parcellation of the visual cortex and thalamus, as well as the establishment of reciprocal connections between distinct compartments within these two structures, are largely unknown. Here, we show that prospective visual cortical areas and corresponding thalamic nuclei in the embryonic rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) can be defined by combinatorial expression of genes encoding Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, prior to obvious cytoarchitectonic differentiation within the cortical plate and before the establishment of reciprocal connections between the cortical plate and thalamus. These results indicate that molecular patterns of presumptive visual compartments in both the cortex and thalamus can form independently of one another and suggest a role for EphA family members in both compartment formation and axon guidance within the visual thalamocortical system.},
	Author = {Sestan, N and Rakic, P and Donoghue, M J},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:47:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:47:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Macaca; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39-43},
	pmid = {11166178},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Independent parcellation of the embryonic visual cortex and thalamus revealed by combinatorial Eph/ephrin gene expression},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Sestan_CurrBiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Bopp:2014,
	Abstract = {One of the hallmarks of neocortical circuits is the predominance of recurrent excitation between pyramidal neurons, which is balanced by recurrent inhibition from smooth GABAergic neurons. It has been previously described that in layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex (V1) of cat and monkey, pyramidal cells filled with horseradish peroxidase connect approximately in proportion to the spiny (excitatory, 95% and 81%, respectively) and smooth (GABAergic, 5% and 19%, respectively) dendrites found in the neuropil. By contrast, a recent ultrastructural study of V1 in a single mouse found that smooth neurons formed 51% of the targets of the superficial layer pyramidal cells. This suggests that either the neuropil of this particular mouse V1 had a dramatically different composition to that of V1 in cat and monkey, or that smooth neurons were specifically targeted by the pyramidal cells in that mouse. We tested these hypotheses by examining similar cells filled with biocytin in a sample of five mice. We found that the average composition of the neuropil in V1 of these mice was similar to that described for cat and monkey V1, but that the superficial layer pyramidal cells do form proportionately more synapses with smooth dendrites than the equivalent neurons in cat or monkey. These distributions may underlie the distinct differences in functional architecture of V1 between rodent and higher mammals.},
	Author = {Bopp, Rita and Ma{\c c}arico da Costa, Nuno and Kampa, Bj{\"o}rn M and Martin, Kevan A C and Roth, Morgane M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:45:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:45:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1001932},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cats; Dendritic Spines; Electroporation; GABAergic Neurons; Haplorhini; Mice; Models, Neurological; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyramidal Cells; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e1001932},
	Pmc = {PMC4138028},
	pmid = {25137065},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Pyramidal cells make specific connections onto smooth (GABAergic) neurons in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Bopp_PLoSBiol2014.PDF}}


@article{Rosa:2005,
	Abstract = {In this paper, we review evidence from comparative studies of primate cortical organization, highlighting recent findings and hypotheses that may help us to understand the rules governing evolutionary changes of the cortical map and the process of formation of areas during development. We argue that clear unequivocal views of cortical areas and their homologies are more likely to emerge for "core" fields, including the primary sensory areas, which are specified early in development by precise molecular identification steps. In primates, the middle temporal area is probably one of these primordial cortical fields. Areas that form at progressively later stages of development correspond to progressively more recent evolutionary events, their development being less firmly anchored in molecular specification. The certainty with which areal boundaries can be delimited, and likely homologies can be assigned, becomes increasingly blurred in parallel with this evolutionary/developmental sequence. For example, while current concepts for the definition of cortical areas have been vindicated in allowing a clarification of the organization of the New World monkey "third tier" visual cortex (the third and dorsomedial areas, V3 and DM), our analyses suggest that more flexible mapping criteria may be needed to unravel the organization of higher-order visual association and polysensory areas.},
	Author = {Rosa, Marcello G P and Tweedale, Rowan},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 18:42:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:42:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1626},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Mesh = {Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain Mapping; Models, Biological; Physiology, Comparative; Primates; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1456},
	Pages = {665-91},
	Pmc = {PMC1874231},
	pmid = {15937007},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain maps, great and small: lessons from comparative studies of primate visual cortical organization},
	Volume = {360},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Rosa_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}}

@article{Villar-Cervino:2013,
	Abstract = {Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells play a fundamental role in the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. They control the formation of cortical layers by regulating the migration of pyramidal cells through the release of Reelin. The function of CR cells critically depends on their regular distribution throughout the surface of the cortex, but little is known about the events controlling this phenomenon. Using time-lapse video microscopy in vivo and in vitro, we found that movement of CR cells is regulated by repulsive interactions, which leads to their random dispersion throughout the cortical surface. Mathematical modeling reveals that contact repulsion is both necessary and sufficient for this process, which demonstrates that complex neuronal assemblies may emerge during development through stochastic events. At the molecular level, we found that contact repulsion is mediated by Eph/ephrin interactions. Our observations reveal a mechanism that controls the even distribution of neurons in the developing brain.},
	Author = {Villar-Cervi{\~n}o, Verona and Molano-Maz{\'o}n, Manuel and Catchpole, Timothy and Valdeolmillos, Miguel and Henkemeyer, Mark and Mart{\'\i}nez, Luis M and Borrell, V{\'\i}ctor and Mar{\'\i}n, Oscar},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 16:52:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 16:52:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.023},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Body Patterning; Calbindin 2; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Embryo, Mammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Receptor, EphB1; Receptor, EphB2; Receptor, EphB3; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {457-71},
	Pmc = {PMC3569744},
	pmid = {23395373},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Contact repulsion controls the dispersion and final distribution of Cajal-Retzius cells},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Villar-Cerviño_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.023}}

@article{Tessier-Lavigne:1995,
	Author = {Tessier-Lavigne, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-05 16:24:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 16:25:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {review; Development; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Ephrin-A2; circuit formation; Brain Mapping; Animals; Proteins;Neurons;Axons},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Ephrin-A2; Neurons; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {345-8},
	pmid = {7634322},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, axon repulsion, and the development of topographic maps},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Tessier-Lavigne_Cell1995.pdf}}




@article{Baudouin:2010,
	Author = {Baudouin, St{\'e}phane and Scheiffele, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-04 23:08:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-04 23:08:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.024},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Humans; Protein Binding; Protein Isoforms; Receptors, Cell Surface; Synapses},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {908, 908.e1},
	pmid = {20510934},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {SnapShot: Neuroligin-neurexin complexes},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Baudouin_Cell2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.024}}


@article{Moreno-Juan:2017,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex is organized into specialized sensory areas, whose initial territory is determined by intracortical molecular determinants. Yet, sensory cortical area size appears to be fine tuned during development to respond to functional adaptations. Here we demonstrate the existence of a prenatal sub-cortical mechanism that regulates the cortical areas size in mice. This mechanism is mediated by spontaneous thalamic calcium waves that propagate among sensory-modality thalamic nuclei up to the cortex and that provide a means of communication among sensory systems. Wave pattern alterations in one nucleus lead to changes in the pattern of the remaining ones, triggering changes in thalamic gene expression and cortical area size. Thus, silencing calcium waves in the auditory thalamus induces Rorβ upregulation in a neighbouring somatosensory nucleus preluding the enlargement of the barrel-field. These findings reveal that embryonic thalamic calcium waves coordinate cortical sensory area patterning and plasticity prior to sensory information processing.},
	Annote = {- evidence for thalamocortical inputs in regulating size of cortical areas through 
- evidence for prenatal thalamic waves is all from in vitro thalamic slice recordings in gcamp6 expression thalamic cell populations. In slice the wave travel between thalamic nuclei

quote: 
>Our finding that thalamic waves emerge before peripheral input reaches the thalamus (see also ref. 46) indicates that they might be intrinsically generated in this structure.

ref 46 is Pouchelon:2012 (Eur J Neurosci). However the referenced paper is a review of only somatosensory system axon growth. No information on functional innervation of thalamic nuclei by the brainstem. 

Confusingly, the next sentence in reference to their brain slice thalamic waves:  
>spontaneous calcium waves persist in the absence of retinal input, although their pattern and frequency is altered if no axons from this organ are received.

So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then?
},
	Author = {Moreno-Juan, Ver{\'o}nica and Filipchuk, Anton and Ant{\'o}n-Bola{\~n}os, Noelia and Mezzera, Cecilia and Gezelius, Henrik and Andr{\'e}s, Belen and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Malmierca, Luis and Sus{\'\i}n, Rafael and Schaad, Olivier and Iwasato, Takuji and Sch{\"u}le, Roland and Rutlin, Michael and Nelson, Sacha and Ducret, Sebastien and Valdeolmillos, Miguel and Rijli, Filippo M and L{\'o}pez-Bendito, Guillermina},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-04 20:45:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-25 01:19:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms14172},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {14172},
	Pmc = {PMC5296753},
	pmid = {28155854},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Prenatal thalamic waves regulate cortical area size prior to sensory processing},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Moreno-Juan_NatCommun2017.pdf}}

@article{Bray:1979,
	Abstract = {Evidence is presented that (a) the growth cone of cultured neurons can exert mechanical tension, and (b) that the direction of advance of the growth cone is determined by the tension existing between it and the rest of the cell. (a) The evidence that growth cones can pull comes from a vectorial analysis of the outlines of individually isolated sensory neurons. The angles formed in these outgrowths are very close to those of tension-generated networks anchored at their free ends and these values are restored shortly after an experimental displacement. The relative mechanical tension on each segment of an outgrowth can be calculated by standard methods and is found to decrease at each branch point. It appears to be correlated with the diameter of the fibre so that thicker fibres maintain more tension than thinner ones. (b) The influence of tension on the direction of advance of the growth cone is shown by 2 kinds of experient. If a growing neurite is pulled to one side with a microelectrode then the direction of its advance is changed immediately according to the new stress. If the mechanical tension on the growth cone of a neurite is released by amputation or displacement the growth cone is found to have a high probability of branching shortly afterwards. The ability of the growth cone to exert tension is discussed in relation to evidence that microspikes have contractile properties and in terms of the distribution of microfilaments within the neurite. It is suggested that the exertion of tension by a growth cone could serve to guide the neurite along paths of high adhesivity both in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Bray, D},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-03 23:05:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-03 23:05:39 +0000},
	Journal = {J Cell Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of cell science},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Neurons; Stress, Mechanical},
	Month = {Jun},
	Pages = {391-410},
	pmid = {479327},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanical tension produced by nerve cells in tissue culture},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1979},
	url = {papers/Bray_JCellSci1979.pdf}}

@article{Chklovskii:2004a,
	Abstract = {In mammalian visual cortex, neurons are organized according to their functional properties into multiple maps such as retinotopic, ocular dominance, orientation preference, direction of motion, and others. What determines the organization of cortical maps? We argue that cortical maps reflect neuronal connectivity in intracortical circuits. Because connecting distant neurons requires costly wiring (i.e., axons and dendrites), there is an evolutionary pressure to place connected neurons as close to each other as possible. Then, cortical maps may be viewed as solutions that minimize wiring cost for given intracortical connectivity. These solutions can help us in inferring intracortical connectivity and, ultimately, in understanding the function of the visual system.},
	Author = {Chklovskii, Dmitri B and Koulakov, Alexei A},
	Date-Added = {2017-05-02 18:52:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-02 18:52:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144226},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Dendrites; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Pages = {369-92},
	pmid = {15217337},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maps in the brain: what can we learn from them?},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Chklovskii_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144226}}

@article{Zalesky:2012,
	Abstract = {Numerous studies have demonstrated that brain networks derived from neuroimaging data have nontrivial topological features, such as small-world organization, modular structure and highly connected hubs. In these studies, the extent of connectivity between pairs of brain regions has often been measured using some form of statistical correlation. This article demonstrates that correlation as a measure of connectivity in and of itself gives rise to networks with non-random topological features. In particular, networks in which connectivity is measured using correlation are inherently more clustered than random networks, and as such are more likely to be small-world networks. Partial correlation as a measure of connectivity also gives rise to networks with non-random topological features. Partial correlation networks are inherently less clustered than random networks. Network measures in correlation networks should be benchmarked against null networks that respect the topological structure induced by correlation measurements. Prevalently used random rewiring algorithms do not yield appropriate null networks for some network measures. Null networks are proposed to explicitly normalize for the inherent topological structure found in correlation networks, resulting in more conservative estimates of small-world organization. A number of steps may be needed to normalize each network measure individually and control for distinct features (e.g. degree distribution). The main conclusion of this article is that correlation can and should be used to measure connectivity, however appropriate null networks should be used to benchmark network measures in correlation networks.},
	Author = {Zalesky, Andrew and Fornito, Alex and Bullmore, Ed},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-29 23:07:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-29 23:07:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.001},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {2096-106},
	pmid = {22343126},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {On the use of correlation as a measure of network connectivity},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.001}}

@article{Fornito:2012,
	Abstract = {Schizophrenia is frequently characterized as a disorder of brain connectivity. Neuroimaging has played a central role in supporting this view, with nearly two decades of research providing abundant evidence of structural and functional connectivity abnormalities in the disorder. In recent years, our understanding of how schizophrenia affects brain networks has been greatly advanced by attempts to map the complete set of inter-regional interactions comprising the brain's intricate web of connectivity; i.e., the human connectome. Imaging connectomics refers to the use of neuroimaging techniques to generate these maps which, combined with the application of graph theoretic methods, has enabled relatively comprehensive mapping of brain network connectivity and topology in unprecedented detail. Here, we review the application of these techniques to the study of schizophrenia, focusing principally on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research, while drawing attention to key methodological issues in the field. The published findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a widespread and possibly context-independent functional connectivity deficit, upon which are superimposed more circumscribed, context-dependent alterations associated with transient states of hyper- and/or hypo-connectivity. In some cases, these changes in inter-regional functional coupling dynamics can be related to measures of intra-regional dysfunction. Topological disturbances of functional brain networks in schizophrenia point to reduced local network connectivity and modular structure, as well as increased global integration and network robustness. Some, but not all, of these functional abnormalities appear to have an anatomical basis, though the relationship between the two is complex. By comprehensively mapping connectomic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia across the entire brain, this work has provided important insights into the highly distributed character of neural abnormalities in the disorder, and the potential functional consequences that these disturbances entail.},
	Author = {Fornito, Alex and Zalesky, Andrew and Pantelis, Christos and Bullmore, Edward T},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-29 23:06:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-29 23:06:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.090},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Mesh = {Brain Mapping; Connectome; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neural Pathways; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {2296-314},
	pmid = {22387165},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Fornito_Neuroimage2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.090}}

@article{Chang:2017,
	Abstract = {Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is generally considered to be an intrinsic cognitive ability found only in humans and a few species of great apes. Rhesus monkeys do not spontaneously show MSR, but they have the ability to use a mirror as an instrument to find hidden objects. The mechanism underlying the transition from simple mirror use to MSR remains unclear. Here we show that rhesus monkeys could show MSR after learning precise visual-proprioceptive association for mirror images. We trained head-fixed monkeys on a chair in front of a mirror to touch with spatiotemporal precision a laser pointer light spot on an adjacent board that could only be seen in the mirror. After several weeks of training, when the same laser pointer light was projected to the monkey's face, a location not used in training, all three trained monkeys successfully touched the face area marked by the light spot in front of a mirror. All trained monkeys passed the standard face mark test for MSR both on the monkey chair and in their home cage. Importantly, distinct from untrained control monkeys, the trained monkeys showed typical mirror-induced self-directed behaviors in their home cage, such as using the mirror to explore normally unseen body parts. Thus, bodily self-consciousness may be a cognitive ability present in many more species than previously thought, and acquisition of precise visual-proprioceptive association for the images in the mirror is critical for revealing the MSR ability of the animal.},
	Author = {Chang, Liangtang and Zhang, Shikun and Poo, Mu-Ming and Gong, Neng},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-25 23:25:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-25 23:25:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1620764114},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {bodily self-consciousness; instrumental mirror use; mirror self-recognition; rhesus monkey; visual-proprioceptive association},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3258-3263},
	Pmc = {PMC5373394},
	pmid = {28193875},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous expression of mirror self-recognition in monkeys after learning precise visual-proprioceptive association for mirror images},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620764114}}



@article{Costa:2010,
	Abstract = {The cortical column has been an invaluable concept to explain the functional organization of the neocortex. While this idea was born out of experiments that cleverly combined electrophysiological recordings with anatomy, no one has 'seen' the anatomy of a column. All we know is that when we record through the cortex of primates, ungulates, and carnivores in a trajectory perpendicular to its surface there is a remarkable constancy in the receptive field properties of the neurons regarding one set of stimulus features. There is no obvious morphological analog for this functional architecture, in fact much of the anatomical data seems to challenge it. Here we describe historically the origins of the concept of the cortical column and the struggles of the pioneers to define the columnar architecture. We suggest that in the concept of a 'canonical circuit' we may find the means to reconcile the structure of neocortex with its functional architecture. The canonical microcircuit respects the known connectivity of the neocortex, and it is flexible enough to change transiently the architecture of its network in order to perform the required computations.},
	Author = {da Costa, Nuno Ma{\c c}arico and Martin, Kevan A C},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-24 20:04:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 20:04:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnana.2010.00016},
	Journal = {Front Neuroanat},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy},
	Keywords = {Daisy; bouton cluster; canonical microcircuit; cortical column; neuroanatomy},
	Pages = {16},
	Pmc = {PMC2904586},
	pmid = {20640245},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Whose Cortical Column Would that Be?},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Costa_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2010.00016}}

@article{Fiebig:2017,
	Abstract = {A dominant theory of working memory (WM), referred to as the persistent activity hypothesis, holds that recurrently connected neural networks, presumably located in the prefrontal cortex, encode and maintain WM memory items through sustained elevated activity. Reexamination of experimental data has shown that prefrontal cortex activity in single units during delay periods is much more variable than predicted by such a theory and associated computational models. Alternative models of WM maintenance based on synaptic plasticity, such as short-term nonassociative (non-Hebbian) synaptic facilitation, have been suggested but cannot account for encoding of novel associations. Here we test the hypothesis that a recently identified fast-expressing form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity (associative short-term potentiation) is a possible mechanism for WM encoding and maintenance. Our simulations using a spiking neural network model of cortex reproduce a range of cognitive memory effects in the classical multi-item WM task of encoding and immediate free recall of word lists. Memory reactivation in the model occurs in discrete oscillatory bursts rather than as sustained activity. We relate dynamic network activity as well as key synaptic characteristics to electrophysiological measurements. Our findings support the hypothesis that fast Hebbian short-term potentiation is a key WM mechanism.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Working memory (WM) is a key component of cognition. Hypotheses about the neural mechanism behind WM are currently under revision. Reflecting recent findings of fast Hebbian synaptic plasticity in cortex, we test whether a cortical spiking neural network model with such a mechanism can learn a multi-item WM task (word list learning). We show that our model can reproduce human cognitive phenomena and achieve comparable memory performance in both free and cued recall while being simultaneously compatible with experimental data on structure, connectivity, and neurophysiology of the underlying cortical tissue. These findings are directly relevant to the ongoing paradigm shift in the WM field.},
	Author = {Fiebig, Florian and Lansner, Anders},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-24 19:05:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 19:05:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1989-16.2017},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Hebbian plasticity; primacy; recency; short-term potentiation; word list learning; working memory},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {83-96},
	Pmc = {PMC5214637},
	pmid = {28053032},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A Spiking Working Memory Model Based on Hebbian Short-Term Potentiation},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2017},
	url = {papers/Fiebig_JNeurosci2017.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1989-16.2017}}

@article{Ramaswamy:2015,
	Author = {Ramaswamy, Srikanth and Courcol, Jean-Denis and Abdellah, Marwan and Adaszewski, Stanislaw R and Antille, Nicolas and Arsever, Selim and Atenekeng, Guy and Bilgili, Ahmet and Brukau, Yury and Chalimourda, Athanassia and Chindemi, Giuseppe and Delalondre, Fabien and Dumusc, Raphael and Eilemann, Stefan and Gevaert, Michael Emiel and Gleeson, Padraig and Graham, Joe W and Hernando, Juan B and Kanari, Lida and Katkov, Yury and Keller, Daniel and King, James G and Ranjan, Rajnish and Reimann, Michael W and R{\"o}ssert, Christian and Shi, Ying and Shillcock, Julian C and Telefont, Martin and Van Geit, Werner and Diaz, Jafet Villafranca and Walker, Richard and Wang, Yun and Zaninetta, Stefano M and DeFelipe, Javier and Hill, Sean L and Muller, Jeffrey and Segev, Idan and Sch{\"u}rmann, Felix and Muller, Eilif B and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-24 18:39:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 18:39:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2015.00044},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {experimental data; ion channels; microcircuit; models; morphologies; neocortex; neurons; synapses},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cooperative Behavior; Information Systems; Neocortex; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Pages = {44},
	Pmc = {PMC4597797},
	pmid = {26500503},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {The neocortical microcircuit collaboration portal: a resource for rat somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2015.00044}}

@article{Kaneko:2013,
	Abstract = {In spite of recent progress in brain sciences, the local circuit of the cerebral neocortex, including motor areas, still remains elusive. Morphological works on excitatory cortical circuitry from thalamocortical (TC) afferents to corticospinal neurons (CSNs) in motor-associated areas are reviewed here. First, TC axons of motor thalamic nuclei have been re-examined by the single-neuron labeling method. There are middle layer (ML)-targeting and layer (L) 1-preferring TC axon types in motor-associated areas, being analogous to core and matrix types, respectively, of Jones (1998) in sensory areas. However, the arborization of core-like motor TC axons spreads widely and disregards the columnar structure that is the basis of information processing in sensory areas, suggesting that motor areas adopt a different information-processing framework such as area-wide laminar organization. Second, L5 CSNs receive local excitatory inputs not only from L2/3 pyramidal neurons but also from ML spiny neurons, the latter directly processing cerebellar information of core-like TC neurons (TCNs). In contrast, basal ganglia information is targeted to apical dendrites of L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons through matrix TCNs. Third, L6 corticothalamic neurons (CTNs) are most densely innervated by ML spiny neurons located just above CTNs. Since CTNs receive only weak connections from L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons, the TC recurrent circuit composed of TCNs, ML spiny neurons and CTNs appears relatively independent of the results of processing in L2/3 and L5. It is proposed that two circuits sharing the same TC projection and ML neurons are embedded in the neocortex: one includes L2/3 and L5 neurons, processes afferent information in a feedforward way and sends the processed information to other cortical areas and subcortical regions; and the other circuit participates in a dynamical system of the TC recurrent circuit and may serve as the basis of autonomous activity of the neocortex.},
	Author = {Kaneko, Takeshi},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-24 18:31:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 18:31:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2013.00075},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {corticospinal projection neurons; corticothalamic projection neurons; excitatory connection; local circuit; microcircuit; motor cortex; pyramidal neurons; thalamocortical projection},
	Mesh = {Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Humans; Motor Cortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats},
	Pages = {75},
	Pmc = {PMC3664775},
	pmid = {23754982},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Local connections of excitatory neurons in motor-associated cortical areas of the rat},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00075}}

@article{Zhang:2004d,
	Abstract = {Layer V pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined with whole cell patch-clamp recording in acute slices from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P36. In the first few days after birth, layer V pyramidal neurons had low resting potentials, high-input resistance, and long membrane time constant. During the next 2 wk, the resting potential shifted by -14 mV, while the input resistance and time constant decreased by 15- and 4-fold, respectively. Between P3 and P21, the surface area of the cell body doubled, while the total lengths of apical and basal dendrites increased by 5- and 13-fold, respectively. Action potentials (APs) were observed at all aged tested. The peak amplitude of APs increased by 30 mV during the first 3 wk, while AP rise time and half-maximum duration shortened significantly. Compared with neurons at P21 or older, neurons in the first week required much smaller currents to reach their maximum firing frequencies, but the maximum frequencies were lower than those at older ages. Stimulation of layer II/III induced monosynaptic responses in neurons older than P5. Paired-pulse responses showed a short-term depression at P7, which shifted progressive to facilitation at older ages. These results demonstrate that, similar to other neurons in the brain, layer V pyramidal neurons in the PFC undergo a period of rapid development during the first 3 wk after birth. These findings suggest that the intrinsic properties of neurons and the properties of synaptic inputs develop concomitantly during early life.},
	Author = {Zhang, Zhong-wei},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-24 18:27:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 18:27:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00855.2003},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Aging; Animals; Dendrites; Electrophysiology; Female; Histocytochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Lysine; Male; Membrane Potentials; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1171-82},
	pmid = {14602839},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maturation of layer V pyramidal neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex: intrinsic properties and synaptic function},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00855.2003}}

@article{Sherman:2016,
	Abstract = {Several challenges to current views of thalamocortical processing are offered here. Glutamatergic pathways in thalamus and cortex are divided into two distinct classes: driver and modulator. We suggest that driver inputs are the main conduits of information and that modulator inputs modify how driver inputs are processed. Different driver sources reveal two types of thalamic relays: first order relays receive subcortical driver input (for example, retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus), whereas higher order relays (for example, pulvinar) receive driver input from layer 5 of cortex and participate in cortico-thalamo-cortical (or transthalamic) circuits. These transthalamic circuits represent an unappreciated aspect of cortical functioning, which I discuss here. Direct corticocortical connections are often paralleled by transthalamic ones. Furthermore, driver inputs to thalamus, both first and higher order, typically arrive via branching axons, and the transthalamic branch often innervates subcortical motor centers, leading to the suggestion that these inputs to thalamus serve as efference copies.},
	Author = {Sherman, S Murray},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-20 21:10:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-20 21:10:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4269},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {533-41},
	pmid = {27021938},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamus plays a central role in ongoing cortical functioning},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Sherman_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Allen:2016,
	Abstract = {KEY POINTS: The lateral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei have been implicated in aspects of visually guided behaviour and reflex responses to light, including those dependent on melanopsin photoreception. Here we investigated the extent and basic properties of visually evoked activity across the mouse lateral posterior and posterior thalamus. We show that a subset of retinal projections to these regions derive from melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells and find many cells that exhibit melanopsin-dependent changes in firing. We also show that subsets of cells across these regions integrate signals from both eyes in various ways and that, within the lateral posterior thalamus, visual responses are retinotopically ordered.
ABSTRACT: In addition to the primary thalamocortical visual relay in the lateral geniculate nuclei, a number of other thalamic regions contribute to aspects of visual processing. Thus, the lateral posterior thalamic nuclei (LP/pulvinar) appear important for various functions including determining visual saliency, visually guided behaviours and, alongside dorsal portions of the posterior thalamic nuclei (Po), multisensory processing of information related to aversive stimuli. However, despite the growing importance of mice as a model for understanding visual system organisation, at present we know very little about the basic visual response properties of cells in the mouse LP or Po. Prompted by earlier suggestions that melanopsin photoreception might be important for certain functions of these nuclei, we first employ specific viral tracing to show that a subset of retinal projections to the LP derive from melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells. We next use multielectrode electrophysiology to demonstrate that LP and dorsal Po cells exhibit a variety of responses to simple visual stimuli including two distinct classes that express melanopsin-dependent changes in firing (together comprising ∼25% of neurons we recorded). We also show that subgroups of LP/Po cells integrate signals from both eyes in various ways and that, within the LP, visual responses are retinotopically ordered. Together our data reveal a diverse population of visually responsive neurons across the LP and dorsal Po whose properties align with some of the established functions of these nuclei and suggest new possible routes through which melanopsin photoreception could contribute to reflex light responses and/or higher order visual processing.},
	Author = {Allen, Annette E and Procyk, Christopher A and Howarth, Michael and Walmsley, Lauren and Brown, Timothy M},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-20 21:02:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-20 21:02:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/JP271707},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rod Opsins; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1911-29},
	Pmc = {PMC4818601},
	pmid = {26842995},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual input to the mouse lateral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei: photoreceptive origins and retinotopic order},
	Volume = {594},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Allen_JPhysiol2016.pdf}}

@article{Warner:2015,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Conscious vision is believed to depend upon an intact primary visual cortex (V1), although injury in early life is often accompanied by the preservation of visual capacity, unlike in adulthood. The middle temporal area (MT) receives input from the retinorecipient koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the more recently described medial subdivision of the inferior pulvinar (PIm) of the thalamus, pathways that potentially contribute to preservation of vision after early damage to V1.
RESULTS: We examined the potential of these pathways to the long-term preservation of vision after permanent lesions of primate V1 in early and adult life by using a combination of neural tracing and diffusion MRI. We show that early-life V1 lesions lead to less pruning of the retina-pulvinar-MT pathway than is observed in control or adult lesion animals.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulvinar to MT following a lesion of V1 in early life has the capacity to afford improved visual outcomes.},
	Author = {Warner, Claire E and Kwan, William C and Wright, David and Johnston, Leigh A and Egan, Gary F and Bourne, James A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-20 20:54:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-20 20:54:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.028},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Callithrix; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Male; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Pulvinar; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {424-34},
	pmid = {25601551},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Preservation of vision by the pulvinar following early-life primary visual cortex lesions},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Warner_CurrBiol2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.028}}

@article{Spitzer:2015,
	Abstract = {Among the many forms of brain plasticity, changes in synaptic strength and changes in synapse number are particularly prominent. However, evidence for neurotransmitter respecification or switching has been accumulating steadily, both in the developing nervous system and in the adult brain, with observations of transmitter addition, loss, or replacement of one transmitter with another. Natural stimuli can drive these changes in transmitter identity, with matching changes in postsynaptic transmitter receptors. Strikingly, they often convert the synapse from excitatory to inhibitory or vice versa, providing a basis for changes in behavior in those cases in which it has been examined. Progress has been made in identifying the factors that induce transmitter switching and in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved. There are many intriguing questions to be addressed.},
	Author = {Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:20:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:20:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.028},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Synapses; Synaptic Potentials},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1131-44},
	Pmc = {PMC4458710},
	pmid = {26050033},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurotransmitter Switching? No Surprise},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Spitzer_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.028}}


@article{Devor:2013,
	Abstract = {The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative has focused scientific attention on the necessary tools to understand the human brain and mind. Here, we outline our collective vision for what we can achieve within a decade with properly targeted efforts and discuss likely technological deliverables and neuroscience progress.},
	Author = {Devor, Anna and Bandettini, Peter A and Boas, David A and Bower, James M and Buxton, Richard B and Cohen, Lawrence B and Dale, Anders M and Einevoll, Gaute T and Fox, Peter T and Franceschini, Maria Angela and Friston, Karl J and Fujimoto, James G and Geyer, Mark A and Greenberg, Joel H and Halgren, Eric and H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Matti S and Helmchen, Fritjof and Hyman, Bradley T and Jasanoff, Alan and Jernigan, Terry L and Judd, Lewis L and Kim, Seong-Gi and Kleinfeld, David and Kopell, Nancy J and Kutas, Marta and Kwong, Kenneth K and Larkum, Matthew E and Lo, Eng H and Magistretti, Pierre J and Mandeville, Joseph B and Masliah, Eliezer and Mitra, Partha P and Mobley, William C and Moskowitz, Michael A and Nimmerjahn, Axel and Reynolds, John H and Rosen, Bruce R and Salzberg, Brian M and Schaffer, Chris B and Silva, Gabriel A and So, Peter T C and Spitzer, Nicholas C and Tootell, Roger B and Van Essen, David C and Vanduffel, Wim and Vinogradov, Sergei A and Wald, Lawrence L and Wang, Lihong V and Weber, Bruno and Yodh, Arjun G},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:20:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:20:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.008},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biomedical Research; Brain Mapping; Humans; Neurosciences},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {270-4},
	Pmc = {PMC3864648},
	pmid = {24139032},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The challenge of connecting the dots in the B.R.A.I.N},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Devor_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.008}}

@article{Demarque:2010,
	Abstract = {Genetic programs, environmental factors, and electrical activity interact to drive the maturation of the brain. Although the cascade of transcription factors that leads to specification of the serotonergic phenotype has been well characterized, its interactions with electrical activity are not known. Here we show that spontaneous calcium spike activity in the hindbrain of developing Xenopus laevis larvae modulates the specification of serotonergic neurons via regulation of expression of the Lmx1b transcription factor. Activity acts downstream of Nkx2.2 but upstream of Lmx1b, leading to regulation of the serotonergic phenotype. Using global manipulation of activity and targeted alteration of Lmx1b expression, we also demonstrate that changes in the number of serotonergic neurons change larval swimming behavior. The results link activity-dependent regulation of a transcription factor to transmitter specification and altered behavior.},
	Author = {Demarque, Micha{\"e}l and Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:20:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:20:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.006},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bromodeoxyuridine; Calcium; Electroporation; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Otx Transcription Factors; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; RNA, Messenger; Raphe Nuclei; Serotonin; Sodium Channels; Statistics, Nonparametric; Swimming; Transcription Factors; Tryptophan Hydroxylase; Xenopus Proteins; Xenopus laevis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {321-34},
	Pmc = {PMC2913149},
	pmid = {20670838},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent expression of Lmx1b regulates specification of serotonergic neurons modulating swimming behavior},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.006}}

@article{Desarmenien:1991,
	Abstract = {The delayed rectifier current of embryonic Xenopus spinal neurons plays the central role in developmental conversion of calcium-dependent action potentials to sodium-dependent spikes. During its maturation, this potassium current undergoes a pronounced increase in rate of activation. The mechanism underlying the change in kinetics was analyzed with whole-cell voltage clamp of neurons cultured under various conditions. Calcium is necessary at an early stage of development, to permit influx that triggers subsequent release of calcium from intracellular stores. Its action is prevented by depletion of protein kinase C and mimicked by stimulation of the kinase. Calcium influx through voltage-dependent channels at early stages of development regulates the differentiation of potassium current kinetics and modulation of the ionic dependence of action potentials.},
	Author = {Desarmenien, M G and Spitzer, N C},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:20:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:20:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Cell Aging; Chlorides; Electric Conductivity; Neurons; Potassium; Protein Kinase C; Sodium; Spinal Cord; Xenopus},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {797-805},
	pmid = {1742026},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of calcium and protein kinase C in development of the delayed rectifier potassium current in Xenopus spinal neurons},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Pattabiraman:2014,
	Abstract = {Elucidating the genetic control of cerebral cortical (pallial) development is essential for understanding function, evolution, and disorders of the brain. Transcription factors (TFs) that embryonically regulate pallial regionalization are expressed in gradients, raising the question of how discrete domains are generated. We provide evidence that small enhancer elements active in protodomains integrate broad transcriptional information. CreER(T2) and GFP expression from 14 different enhancer elements in stable transgenic mice allowed us to define a comprehensive regional fate map of the pallium. We explored transcriptional mechanisms that control the activity of the enhancers using informatics, in vivo occupancy by TFs that regulate cortical patterning (CoupTFI, Pax6, and Pbx1), and analysis of enhancer activity in Pax6 mutants. Overall, the results provide insights into how broadly expressed patterning TFs regulate the activity of small enhancer elements that drive gene expression in pallial protodomains that fate map to distinct cortical regions.},
	Author = {Pattabiraman, Kartik and Golonzhka, Olga and Lindtner, Susan and Nord, Alex S and Taher, Leila and Hoch, Renee and Silberberg, Shanni N and Zhang, Dongji and Chen, Bin and Zeng, HongKui and Pennacchio, Len A and Puelles, Luis and Visel, Axel and Rubenstein, John L R},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:16:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:16:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Binding Sites; COUP Transcription Factor I; Cerebral Cortex; Enhancer Elements, Genetic; Eye Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hippocampus; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; PAX6 Transcription Factor; Paired Box Transcription Factors; Repressor Proteins; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {989-1003},
	Pmc = {PMC4104757},
	pmid = {24814534},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Pattabiraman_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014}}

@article{Eckler:2015,
	Abstract = {We recently published genetic lineage-tracing experiments using the Fezf2 and Cux2 loci. These experiments demonstrated that at both the clonal and population levels Fezf2(+) RGCs are multipotent and that at the population level Cux2(+) RGCs are multipotent. Here, we extend our work on the lineages of Fezf2(+) and Cux2(+) RGCs. Clonal analysis of E10.5 neocortical progenitors suggests that most, if not all, Cux2(+) and Fezf2(+) RGCs generate diverse projection neuron subtypes located throughout layers 2-6. These results support our previous conclusion that both Fezf2(+) and Cux2(+) RGCs are multipotent neocortical progenitors. This Matters Arising Response paper addresses the Gil-Sanz et al. (2015) Matters Arising paper, published concurrently in Neuron.},
	Author = {Eckler, Matthew J and Nguyen, Ton D and McKenna, William L and Fastow, Ben L and Guo, Chao and Rubenstein, John L R and Chen, Bin},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 19:16:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 19:16:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.020},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Cell Lineage; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Multipotent Stem Cells; Neocortex; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Oligodendroglia},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1100-8},
	Pmc = {PMC4441766},
	pmid = {25996137},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cux2-positive radial glial cells generate diverse subtypes of neocortical projection neurons and macroglia},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Eckler_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Eckler_Neuron2015a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.020}}

@article{Thompson:2009,
	Abstract = {The effects of prenatal exposure to drugs on brain development are complex and are modulated by the timing, dose and route of drug exposure. It is difficult to assess these effects in clinical cohorts as these are beset with problems such as multiple exposures and difficulties in documenting use patterns. This can lead to misinterpretation of research findings by the general public, the media and policy makers, who may mistakenly assume that the legal status of a drug correlates with its biological impact on fetal brain development and long-term clinical outcomes. It is important to close the gap between what science tells us about the impact of prenatal drug exposure on the fetus and the mother and what we do programmatically with regard to at-risk populations.},
	Author = {Thompson, Barbara L and Levitt, Pat and Stanwood, Gregg D},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 18:27:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 18:27:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2598},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Alcohols; Amphetamine; Antidepressive Agents; Brain; Child; Crack Cocaine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Methamphetamine; Nicotine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Substance-Related Disorders},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {303-12},
	Pmc = {PMC2777887},
	pmid = {19277053},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Thompson_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2598}}

@article{Holmes:2001,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The frequency of major malformations, growth retardation, and hypoplasia of the midface and fingers, known as the anticonvulsant embryopathy, is increased in infants exposed to anticonvulsant drugs in utero. However, whether the abnormalities are caused by the maternal epilepsy itself or by exposure to anticonvulsant drugs is not known.
METHODS: We screened 128,049 pregnant women at delivery to identify three groups of infants: those exposed to anticonvulsant drugs, those unexposed to anticonvulsant drugs but with a maternal history of seizures, and those unexposed to anticonvulsant drugs with no maternal history of seizures (control group). The infants were examined systematically for the presence of major malformations, signs of hypoplasia of the midface and fingers, microcephaly, and small body size.
RESULTS: The combined frequency of anticonvulsant embryopathy was higher in 223 infants exposed to one anticonvulsant drug than in 508 control infants (20.6 percent vs. 8.5 percent; odds ratio, 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 9.7). The frequency was also higher in 93 infants exposed to two or more anticonvulsant drugs than in the controls (28.0 percent vs. 8.5 percent; odds ratio, 4.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.1). The 98 infants whose mothers had a history of epilepsy but took no anticonvulsant drugs during the pregnancy did not have a higher frequency of those abnormalities than the control infants.
CONCLUSIONS: A distinctive pattern of physical abnormalities in infants of mothers with epilepsy is associated with the use of anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy, rather than with epilepsy itself.},
	Author = {Holmes, L B and Harvey, E A and Coull, B A and Huntington, K B and Khoshbin, S and Hayes, A M and Ryan, L M},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 18:26:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 18:26:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1056/NEJM200104123441504},
	Journal = {N Engl J Med},
	Journal-Full = {The New England journal of medicine},
	Mesh = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Case-Control Studies; Congenital Abnormalities; Epilepsy; Face; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fingers; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Valproic Acid},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {1132-8},
	pmid = {11297704},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs},
	Volume = {344},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200104123441504}}

@article{Manent:2007,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: The management of epilepsy during pregnancy entails a number of concerns. While seizures may affect adversely maternal and fetal outcome, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may increase the incidence of congenital abnormalities and possibly affect postnatal cognitive development in the offspring. Experimental animal studies can aid in assessing teratogenic features associated with individual AEDs and/or with seizures, and to identify the mechanisms involved. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of prenatal exposure to (a) different AEDs and (b) maternal seizures on brain maturational processes in rats.
METHODS: Pregnant rats received from embryonic days 14 to 19 intraperitoneal injections of carbamazepine (20 mg/kg/day), vigabatrin (200 mgkg/day), and valproate (100 mg/kg/day) at doses not widely different from those used clinically. Pups exposed to AEDs in utero were analyzed postnatally. Animals born to "kindled" pregnant animals that had experienced one generalized convulsive seizure per day during the same gestational period were analyzed in parallel.
RESULTS: Prenatal exposure to vigabatrin and valproate, which act on GABA signaling, induced hippocampal and cortical dysplasias, which were likely to result from a neuronal migration defect and neuronal death. By contrast, offspring of rats exposed to carbamazepine (which at the dose used produced low plasma concentrations) or to generalized convulsive seizures showed no clear-cut evidence of dysplasias.
CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration of GABA might induce severe neuronal migration disorders. Drugs acting through other molecular targets would also perturb cortical maturation. The potential clinical relevance of these results should be a subject of future research.},
	Author = {Manent, Jean-Bernard and Jorquera, Isabel and Mazzucchelli, Iolanda and Depaulis, Antoine and Perucca, Emilio and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-19 18:22:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-19 18:22:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01056.x},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Journal-Full = {Epilepsia},
	Mesh = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Fetus; GABA Agents; Hippocampus; Kindling, Neurologic; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rats; Seizures; Valproic Acid; Vigabatrin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {684-93},
	pmid = {17437411},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fetal exposure to GABA-acting antiepileptic drugs generates hippocampal and cortical dysplasias},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Manent_Epilepsia2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01056.x}}


@article{Ichinohe:2012,
	Abstract = {Structures associated with the small-scale module called "minicolumn" can be observed frequently in the cerebral cortex. However, the description of functional characteristics remains obscure. A significant confounding factor is the marked variability both in the definition of a minicolumn and in the diagnostic markers for identifying a minicolumn (see for review, Jones, 2000; DeFelipe et al., 2002; Rockland and Ichinohe, 2004). Within a minicolumn, cell columns are easily visualized by conventional Nissl staining. Dendritic bundles were first discovered with Golgi methods, but are more easily seen with microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemistry. Myelinated axon bundles can be seen by Tau immunohistochemistry or myelin staining. Axon bundles of double bouquet cell can be seen by calbindin immunohistochemistry. The spatial interrelationship among these morphological elements is more complex than expected and is neither clear nor unanimously agreed upon. In this review, I would like to focus first on the minicolumnar structure found in layers 1 and 2 of the rat granular retrosplenial cortex. This modular structure was first discovered as a combination of prominent apical dendritic bundles from layer 2 pyramidal neurons and spatially matched thalamocortical patchy inputs (Wyss et al., 1990). Further examination showed more intricate components of this modular structure, which will be reviewed in this paper. Second, the postnatal development of this structure and potential molecular players for its formation will be reviewed. Thirdly, I will discuss how this modular organization is transformed in mutant rodents with a disorganized layer structure in the cerebral cortex (i.e., reeler mouse and shaking rat Kawasaki). Lastly, the potential significance of this type of module will be discussed.},
	Author = {Ichinohe, Noritaka},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-18 20:17:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-18 20:17:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnana.2011.00069},
	Journal = {Front Neuroanat},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy},
	Keywords = {cortical modular organization; corticocortical; dendritic bundle; input and recipient matching; thalamocortical},
	Pages = {69},
	Pmc = {PMC3254062},
	pmid = {22275884},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Small-scale module of the rat granular retrosplenial cortex: an example of the minicolumn-like structure of the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ichinohe_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}}

@article{Murakami2015,
	Abstract = {Due to recent advances of genetic manipulation, mouse brain has become a useful model for studying brain function, which demands whole brain functional mapping techniques in the mouse brain. In the present study, to finely map visual responsive areas in the mouse brain, we combined high-resolution wide-field optical imaging with transgenic mice containing the genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator, GCaMP3. With the high signal amplitude of GCaMP3 expressing in excitatory neurons, this system allowed neural activity to be observed with relatively fine spatial resolution and cell-type specificity. To evaluate this system, we examined whether non-visual areas exhibited a visual response over the entire surface of the mouse hemisphere. We found that two association areas, the retrosplenial area (RS) and secondary motor/anterior cingulate area (M2/AC), were significantly responsive to drifting gratings. Examination using gratings with distinct spatiotemporal frequency parameters revealed that the RS strongly responded to high-spatial and low-temporal frequency gratings. The M2/AC exhibited a response property similar to that of the RS, though it was not statistically significant. Finally, we performed cellular imaging using two-photon microscopy to examine orientation and direction selectivity of individual neurons, and found that a minority of neurons in the RS clearly showed visual responses sharply selective for orientation and direction. These results suggest that neurons in RS encode visual information of fine spatial details in images. Thus, the present study shows the usefulness of the functional mapping method using a combination of wide-field and two-photon Ca(2+) imaging, which allows for whole brain mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution and cell-type specificity.},
	Author = {Murakami, Tomonari and Yoshida, Takashi and Matsui, Teppei and Ohki, Kenichi},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-18 20:16:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-18 20:16:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnmol.2015.00020},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {GCaMP3; retrosplenial area; transgenic mouse; visual response; wide-field Ca2+ imaging},
	Pages = {20},
	Pmc = {PMC4458613},
	pmid = {26106292},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Wide-field Ca(2+) imaging reveals visually evoked activity in the retrosplenial area},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Murakami_FrontMolNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Donoghue:1988,
	Abstract = {Somatotopic representation patterns in the motor cortex (MI) of rats that had a unilateral forelimb amputation on the first postnatal day were examined after 2-4 months of survival. Intracortical electrical stimulation and recording techniques were used to map the somatic representation in MI and in the somatic sensory cortex (SI). In normal rats, vibrissa, forelimb, and hindlimb areas comprise the bulk of the MI representation. Stimulation within the forelimb area elicits elbow, wrist, or digit movements at the lowest current intensities. The proximal limb representation appears to be contained within the distal forelimb area, since shoulder movements are nearly always evoked by stimulating at higher current intensities at some distal forelimb sites. In agreement with previous studies, the distal forelimb representation overlapped the adjacent part of the granular SI cortex. Following removal of the forelimb at birth, 3 novel features of MI organization were observed. First, the areas from which stimulation evoked movements of the vibrissa or the shoulder musculature were larger than normal. Stimulation thresholds were lower than those required for comparable movements in normal rats throughout these areas, suggesting that nerve section had not simply unmasked a high-threshold representation. Second, vibrissa movements were more commonly paired with movements of the proximal forelimb muscles at the same site. Third, stimulation in the adjacent granular SI cortex failed to evoke shoulder or trunk movements, although receptive-field mapping in this region showed that cells were responsive to cutaneous stimulation of the trunk and shoulder region. These results indicate that several organizational features develop differently in MI following perinatal nerve injury: certain remaining muscle groups have enlarged cortical representations, there is a strengthening of some normally weak connections from MI to the proximal musculature, and muscles are grouped in unusual combinations. These data demonstrate that the formation of MI representation patterns is strongly influenced by nerve injury during the perinatal period.},
	Author = {Donoghue, J P and Sanes, J N},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-18 19:58:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-18 19:58:46 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Amputation; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Denervation; Differential Threshold; Female; Forelimb; Motor Cortex; Movement; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3221-32},
	pmid = {3171676},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Organization of adult motor cortex representation patterns following neonatal forelimb nerve injury in rats},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1988.pdf}}

@article{Tennant:2011,
	Abstract = {The organization of forelimb representation areas of the monkey, cat, and rat motor cortices has been studied in depth, but its characterization in the mouse lags far behind. We used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and cytoarchitectonics to characterize the general organization of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex, and the forelimb representation in more detail. We found that the forelimb region spans a large area of frontal cortex, bordered primarily by vibrissa, neck, shoulder, and hindlimb representations. It included a large caudal forelimb area, dominated by digit representation, and a small rostral forelimb area, containing elbow and wrist representations. When the entire motor cortex was mapped, the forelimb was found to be the largest movement representation, followed by head and hindlimb representations. The ICMS-defined motor cortex spanned cytoarchitecturally identified lateral agranular cortex (AGl) and also extended into medial agranular cortex. Forelimb and hindlimb representations extended into granular cortex in a region that also had cytoarchitectural characteristics of AGl, consistent with the primary motor-somatosensory overlap zone (OL) characterized in rats. Thus, the mouse motor cortex has homologies with the rat in having 2 forelimb representations and an OL but is distinct in the predominance of digit representations.},
	Author = {Tennant, Kelly A and Adkins, Deanna L and Donlan, Nicole A and Asay, Aaron L and Thomas, Nagheme and Kleim, Jeffrey A and Jones, Theresa A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-18 19:20:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-18 19:20:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq159},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Forelimb; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {865-76},
	Pmc = {PMC3059888},
	pmid = {20739477},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The organization of the forelimb representation of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex as defined by intracortical microstimulation and cytoarchitecture},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Tennant_CerebCortex2011.pdf}}

@article{Belanger:2011,
	Abstract = {The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes-a type of glial cell-have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes.},
	Author = {B{\'e}langer, Mireille and Allaman, Igor and Magistretti, Pierre J},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-17 23:16:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-17 23:16:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.016},
	Journal = {Cell Metab},
	Journal-Full = {Cell metabolism},
	Mesh = {Astrocytes; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Glycogen; Lactic Acid; Models, Biological; Neurons; Oxidative Stress; Regional Blood Flow},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {724-38},
	pmid = {22152301},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Belanger_CellMetab2011.pdf}}

@article{Raichle:2002,
	Author = {Raichle, Marcus E and Gusnard, Debra A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-17 17:36:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-17 17:36:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.172399499},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Humans},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {10237-9},
	Pmc = {PMC124895},
	pmid = {12149485},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Appraising the brain's energy budget},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Raichle_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}}

@article{Parkes:2001,
	Abstract = {A shape can be more difficult to identify when other shapes are near it. For example, when several grating patches are viewed parafoveally, observers are unable to report the orientation of the central patch. This phenomenon, known as 'crowding,' has historically been confused with lateral masking, in which one stimulus attenuates signals generated by another stimulus. Here we show that despite their inability to report the orientation of an individual patch, observers can reliably estimate the average orientation, demonstrating that the local orientation signals are combined rather than lost. Our results imply that crowding is distinct from ordinary masking, and is perhaps related to texture perception. Under crowded conditions, the orientation signals in primary visual cortex are pooled before they reach consciousness.},
	Author = {Parkes, L and Lund, J and Angelucci, A and Solomon, J A and Morgan, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-12 17:55:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-12 17:55:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/89532},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Form Perception; Humans; Models, Biological; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {739-44},
	pmid = {11426231},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Parkes_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/89532}}

@article{King:1993,
	Abstract = {Neglect in human and non-human primates has been demonstrated following unilateral lesions of both posterior parietal and prefrontal areas. While it has now been well established that a unilateral lesion of the rodent analog of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial agranular cortex (AGm), results in neglect, the effects of unilateral damage restricted to rodent posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have not been examined in detail. The current study assessed rats with unilateral lesions of PPC or AGm on their ability to orient to unilateral and bilateral stimulation. Since it has been proposed in both the primate and rodent literatures that frontal areas may be responsible for the perception of near space while parietal areas may be responsible for far space, stimuli were presented at two different distances. Lesions of PPC and AGm resulted in severe neglect relative to control operates, with both PPC and AGm operates manifesting severe hemi-inattention and allesthesia relative to control operates. After behavioral recovery from neglect there was no evidence of extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation. While neglect to visual stimuli predominated in unilateral PPC operates, unilateral AGm operates had severe neglect in all modalities. In addition, while both left and right PPC operates showed contralesional neglect, AGm operates demonstrated the lateralized differences in neglect reported in previous studies. All groups demonstrated an approximately equivalent level of neglect to stimuli presented at the two different distances, and thus failed to support the suggestion of a peripersonal-extrapersonal dichotomy between frontal and parietal areas in rodents.},
	Author = {King, V R and Corwin, J V},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:47:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:47:52 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Attention; Brain Mapping; Distance Perception; Dominance, Cerebral; Extinction, Psychological; Food Deprivation; Male; Motivation; Neural Pathways; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats; Sound Localization; Touch},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {117-31},
	pmid = {8323710},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Comparisons of hemi-inattention produced by unilateral lesions of the posterior parietal cortex or medial agranular prefrontal cortex in rats: neglect, extinction, and the role of stimulus distance},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1993.pdf}}

@article{Kesner:1989,
	Abstract = {Animals with medial prefrontal cortex or parietal cortex lesions and sham-operated and non-operated controls were tested for the acquisition of an adjacent arm task that accentuated the importance of egocentric spatial localization and a cheese board task that accentuated the importance of allocentric spatial localization. Results indicated that relative to controls, animals with medial-prefrontal cortex lesions are impaired on the adjacent arm task but displayed facilitation on the cheese board task. In contrast, relative to controls, rats with parietal cortex lesions are impaired on the cheese board task but show no impairment on the adjacent arm task. The data suggest a double dissociation of function between medial prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex in terms of coding of egocentric versus allocentric spatial information.},
	Author = {Kesner, R P and Farnsworth, G and DiMattia, B V},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:45:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:45:29 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioral neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Brain Mapping; Discrimination Learning; Frontal Lobe; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Retention (Psychology)},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {956-61},
	pmid = {2803562},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Double dissociation of egocentric and allocentric space following medial prefrontal and parietal cortex lesions in the rat},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{King:1992,
	Abstract = {Studies of spatial behavior in both the human and non-human primate have generally focused on the role of the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices and have indicated that destruction of these regions produce allocentric and egocentric deficits, respectively. The present study examined the role of the rodent analogs of these regions, the posterior parietal (PPC) and medial agranular (AGm) cortices, in egocentric and allocentric spatial processing, and whether spatial processing in rodents is organized in a hemispatial and/or lateralized manner as has been found in the primate. Eighty male rats receiving either a unilateral or bilateral lesion of AGm or PPC were examined on an egocentric (adjacent arm) or an allocentric (cheeseboard) maze task. The results indicated that PPC and AGm have dissociable spatial functions. Bilateral AGm destruction resulted in egocentric spatial deficits, and unilateral AGm operates demonstrated an intermediate deficit. In contrast, bilateral PPC operates demonstrated a severe deficit in allocentric processing. In addition, there were lateralized differences in the performance of unilateral PPC operates. While right PPC lesions resulted in a significant deficit on the allocentric task, no such deficit was seen in left PPC operates. In addition, neither unilateral AGm nor unilateral PPC operates demonstrated a hemispatial impairment on either the egocentric or allocentric tasks.},
	Author = {King, V R and Corwin, J V},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:42:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:42:49 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Hippocampus; Male; Mental Recall; Motivation; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats; Retention (Psychology); Social Environment},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {53-68},
	pmid = {1449649},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatial deficits and hemispheric asymmetries in the rat following unilateral and bilateral lesions of posterior parietal or medial agranular cortex},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1992.pdf}}

@article{Dawson:1986,
	Abstract = {Unilateral lesions in such brain regions as medial frontal cortex and superior colliculus produce polysensory neglect contralateral to the lesion. Since the pineal gland is an unpaired brain structure, both electrophysiologically and hormonally responsive to visual and auditory stimulation, it may modulate bilateral sensory attention mechanisms. Long-Evans male rats were given pineal or sham lesions and were tested behaviourally. Sensory assessment revealed that in comparison to sham animals rats with pineal lesion exhibited unilateral visual and auditory neglect to stimuli presented on either side of the body. Animals with pineal lesions were more likely than sham-lesioned animals to demonstrate visual allesthesis and, compared to sham-lesioned rats, showed extinction on the left side to bilateral simultaneous visual stimulation. This is the first report that midline neuroendocrine damage can produce bilateral sensory inattention.},
	Author = {Dawson, K A and Crowne, D P and Richardson, C M},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:39:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:39:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Brain Mapping; Male; Orientation; Pineal Gland; Rats; Reflex; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {187-90},
	pmid = {3964408},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pineal lesion produces bilateral visual and auditory inattention in the rat},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Crowne:1986,
	Abstract = {Rats were given unilateral aspiration lesions of parietal, medial frontal, or dorsolateral frontal (motor) cortex and then tested for visual, auditory and tactile neglect, and for circling. All medial frontal lesion animals showed contralateral neglect in each modality and circled ipsiversively. The parietal lesion rats initially displayed contralateral visual and auditory neglect as severe as that in the medial frontal group. Three weeks after the lesions, the parietal group had a smaller residual deficit on the visual test than the medial frontal group. In the first week, parietal animals responded less than the medial frontals to stroking the vibrissae but were more responsive to mild pinching of a toe contralateral to the lesion side. In striking contrast to the medial frontal animals, the parietal group circled strongly to the contralateral side. No rat with a motor cortex lesion neglected or circled preferentially. Like medial frontal cortex, unilateral parietal lesions also produce neglect and circling, but there are important features distinguishing unilateral lesion effects in these two regions.},
	Author = {Crowne, D P and Richardson, C M and Dawson, K A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:39:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:39:51 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Frontal Lobe; Male; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Photic Stimulation; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Sensation; Stereotyped Behavior; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {227-31},
	pmid = {3790245},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parietal and frontal eye field neglect in the rat},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Crowne_BehavBrainRes1986.pdf}}

@article{Reep:1994,
	Abstract = {Anatomical and functional findings support the contention that there is a distinct posterior parietal cortical area (PPC) in the rat, situated between the rostrally adjacent hindlimb sensorimotor area and the caudally adjacent secondary visual areas. The PPC is distinguished from these areas by receiving thalamic afferents from the lateral dorsal (LD), lateral posterior (LP), and posterior (Po) nuclei, in the absence of input from the ventrobasal complex (VB) or dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nuclei. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that PPC is involved in spatial orientation and directed attention. In the present study we used fluorescent retrograde axonal tracers primarily to investigate the cortical connections of PPC, in order to determine the organization of the circuitry by which PPC is likely to participate in these functions, and also to determine how the topography of its thalamic connections differs from that of neighboring cortical areas. The cortical connections of PPC involve the ventrolateral (VLO) and medial (MO) orbital areas, medial agranular cortex (area Fr2), portions of somatic sensory areas Par1 and Par2, secondary visual areas Oc2M and Oc2L, auditory area Te1, and retrosplenial cortex. The secondary visual areas Oc2L and Oc2M have cortical connections which are similar to those of PPC, but are restricted within orbital cortex to area VLO, and within area Fr2 to its caudal portion, and do not involve auditory area Te1. The cortical connections of hindlimb cortex are largely restricted to somatic sensory and motor areas. Retrosplenial cortex, which is medially adjacent to PPC, has cortical connections that are prominent with visual cortex, do not involve somatic sensory or auditory cortex, and include the presubiculum. We conclude that PPC is distinguished by its pattern of cortical connections with the somatic sensory, auditory and visual areas, and with areas Fr2, and VLO/MO, in addition to its exclusive thalamic connectivity with LD, LP and Po. Because recent behavioral studies indicate that PPC, Fr2 and VLO are involved in directed attention and spatial learning, we suggest that the interconnections among these three cortical areas represent a major component of the circuitry for these functions in rats.},
	Author = {Reep, R L and Chandler, H C and King, V and Corwin, J V},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-08 00:31:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-08 00:31:37 +0000},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Fluorescent Dyes; Hindlimb; Neural Pathways; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Stereotaxic Techniques; Stilbamidines; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {67-84},
	pmid = {7813654},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rat posterior parietal cortex: topography of corticocortical and thalamic connections},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Reep_ExpBrainRes1994.pdf}}

@article{Mountcastle:1975,
	Abstract = {Experiments were made on the posterior parietal association cortical areas 5 and in 17 hemispheres of 11 monkeys, 6 M. mulatta and 5 M. arctoides. The electrical signs of the activity of single cortical cells were recorded with microelectrodes in waking animals as they carried out certain behavioral acts in response to a series of sensory cues. The behavioral paradigms were one for detection alone, and a second for detection plus projection of the arm to contact a stationary or moving target placed at arm's length. Of the 125 microelectrode penetrations made, 1,451 neurons were identified in terms of the correlation of their activity with the behavioral acts and their sensitivity or lack of it to sensory stimuli delivered passively; 180 were studied quantitatively. The locations of cortical neurons were identified in serial sections; 94 penetrations and 1,058 neurons were located with certainty. About two-thirds of the neurons of area 5 were activated by passive rotation of the limbs at their joints; of these, 82% were related to single, contralateral joints, 10% to two or more contralateral joints, 6% to ipsilateral, and 2% to joints on both sides of the body. A few of the latter were active during complex bodily postures. A large proportion of area 5 neurons were relatively insensitive to passive joint rotations, as compared with similar neurons of the postcentral gyrus, but were driven to high rates of discharge when the same joint was rotated during an active movement of the animal...},
	Author = {Mountcastle, V B and Lynch, J C and Georgopoulos, A and Sakata, H and Acuna, C},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-07 18:13:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-07 18:13:36 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Exploratory Behavior; Eye Movements; Haplorhini; Joints; Macaca; Mechanoreceptors; Models, Neurological; Motor Skills; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Posture; Proprioception; Skin; Space Perception; Time Factors; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {871-908},
	pmid = {808592},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Mountcastle_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}}

@article{Andersen:1997,
	Abstract = {Recent experiments are reviewed that indicate that sensory signals from many modalities, as well as efference copy signals from motor structures, converge in the posterior parietal cortex in order to code the spatial locations of goals for movement. These signals are combined using a specific gain mechanism that enables the different coordinate frames of the various input signals to be combined into common, distributed spatial representations. These distributed representations can be used to convert the sensory locations of stimuli into the appropriate motor coordinates required for making directed movements. Within these spatial representations of the posterior parietal cortex are neural activities related to higher cognitive functions, including attention. We review recent studies showing that the encoding of intentions to make movements is also among the cognitive functions of this area.},
	Author = {Andersen, R A and Snyder, L H and Bradley, D C and Xing, J},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-07 18:07:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-07 18:07:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.303},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Movement; Parietal Lobe; Space Perception},
	Pages = {303-30},
	pmid = {9056716},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Andersen_AnnuRevNeurosci1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.303}}

@article{Aziz-Zadeh:2006,
	Abstract = {A cortical network consisting of the inferior frontal, rostral inferior parietal, and posterior superior temporal cortices has been implicated in representing actions in the primate brain and is critical to imitation in humans. This neural circuitry may be an evolutionary precursor of neural systems associated with language. However, language is predominantly lateralized to the left hemisphere, whereas the degree of lateralization of the imitation circuitry in humans is unclear. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of imitation of finger movements with lateralized stimuli and responses. During imitation, activity in the inferior frontal and rostral inferior parietal cortex, although fairly bilateral, was stronger in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the visual stimulus and response hand. This ipsilateral pattern is at variance with the typical contralateral activity of primary visual and motor areas. Reliably increased signal in the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) was observed for both left-sided and right-sided imitation tasks, although subthreshold activity was also observed in the left STS. Overall, the data indicate that visual and motor components of the human mirror system are not left-lateralized. The left hemisphere superiority for language, then, must be have been favored by other types of language precursors, perhaps auditory or multimodal action representations.},
	Author = {Aziz-Zadeh, Lisa and Koski, Lisa and Zaidel, Eran and Mazziotta, John and Iacoboni, Marco},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-05 01:54:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-05 01:54:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2921-05.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Fingers; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Language; Male; Middle Aged; Movement; Nerve Net; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Psychomotor Performance; Subtraction Technique; Temporal Lobe},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2964-70},
	pmid = {16540574},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Lateralization of the human mirror neuron system},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Aziz-Zadeh_JNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Takano:2014,
	Abstract = {The mirror system in the brain is considered to be a neural basis of sociality, but previous studies have been limited to primates. Here we report an experimental task to examine the mirror system in rats. We show that a rat could reach to a pellet and grasp and eat it in front of another rat that was observing the reaching, which indicates that the task will enable us to start exploring the rat mirror system.},
	Author = {Takano, Yuji and Ukezono, Masatoshi},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-04 23:47:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-04 23:47:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/srep06652},
	Journal = {Sci Rep},
	Journal-Full = {Scientific reports},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Social Behavior},
	Month = {Oct},
	Pages = {6652},
	Pmc = {PMC4200406},
	pmid = {25323637},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {An experimental task to examine the mirror system in rats},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Takano_SciRep2014.pdf}}

@article{Williams:2006a,
	Abstract = {An association between autistic spectrum disorder and imitative impairment might result from dysfunction in mirror neurons (MNs) that serve to relate observed actions to motor codings. To explore this hypothesis, we employed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol previously used to identify the neural substrate of imitation, and human MN function, to compare 16 adolescent males of normal intelligence with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and age, sex and IQ matched controls. In the control group, in accord with previous findings, we identified activity attributable to MNs in areas of the right parietal lobe. Activity in this area was less extensive in the ASD group and was absent during non-imitative action execution. Broca's area was minimally active during imitation in controls. Differential patterns of activity during imitation and action observation in ASD and controls were most evident in an area at the right temporo-parietal junction also associated with a 'theory of mind' (ToM) function. ASD participants also failed to show modulation of left amygdala activity during imitation that was evident in the controls. This may have implications for understanding the imitation of emotional stimuli in ASD. Overall, we suggest that ASD is associated with altered patterns of brain activity during imitation, which could stem from poor integration between areas serving visual, motor, proprioceptive and emotional functions. Such poor integration is likely to adversely affect the development of ToM through imitation as well as other aspects of social cognitive function in ASD.},
	Author = {Williams, Justin H G and Waiter, Gordon D and Gilchrist, Anne and Perrett, David I and Murray, Alison D and Whiten, Andrew},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-04 23:41:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-04 23:41:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.010},
	Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	Journal-Full = {Neuropsychologia},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Amygdala; Asperger Syndrome; Autistic Disorder; Brain; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Imitative Behavior; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Neurons; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Personal Construct Theory; Psychomotor Performance; Reference Values; Somatosensory Cortex; Temporal Lobe},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {610-21},
	pmid = {16140346},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural mechanisms of imitation and 'mirror neuron' functioning in autistic spectrum disorder},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.010}}

@article{Bernier:2007,
	Abstract = {Imitation ability has consistently been shown to be impaired in individuals with autism. A dysfunctional execution/observation matching system has been proposed to account for this impairment. The EEG mu rhythm is believed to reflect an underlying execution/observation matching system. This study investigated evidence of differential mu rhythm attenuation during the observation, execution, and imitation of movements and examined its relation to behaviorally assessed imitation abilities. Fourteen high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 15 IQ- and age-matched typical adults participated. On the behavioral imitation task, adults with ASD demonstrated significantly poorer performance compared to typical adults in all domains of imitation ability. On the EEG task, both groups demonstrated significant attenuation of the mu rhythm when executing an action. However, when observing movement, the individuals with ASD showed significantly reduced attenuation of the mu wave. Behaviorally assessed imitation skills were correlated with degree of mu wave attenuation during observation of movement. These findings suggest that there is execution/observation matching system dysfunction in individuals with autism and that this matching system is related to degree of impairment in imitation abilities.},
	Author = {Bernier, R and Dawson, G and Webb, S and Murias, M},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-04 23:40:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-04 23:40:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2007.03.004},
	Journal = {Brain Cogn},
	Journal-Full = {Brain and cognition},
	Mesh = {Adult; Autistic Disorder; Brain; Electroencephalography; Hand Strength; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Neurophysiology; Periodicity},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {228-37},
	Pmc = {PMC2709976},
	pmid = {17451856},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.03.004}}

@article{Pineda:2005,
	Abstract = {Existing evidence indicates that mu and other alpha-like rhythms are independent phenomena because of differences in source generation, sensitivity to sensory events, bilateral coherence, frequency, and power. Although mu suppression and enhancement echo sensorimotor processing in frontoparietal networks, they are also sensitive to cognitive and affective influences and likely reflect more than an idling brain state. Mu rhythms are present at early stages of human development and in other mammalian species. They exhibit adaptive and dynamically changing properties, including frequency acceleration and posterior-to-anterior shifts in focus. Furthermore, individuals can learn to control mu rhythms volitionally in a very short period of time. This raises questions about the mu rhythm's open neural architecture and ability to respond to cognitive, affective, and motor imagery, implying an even greater developmental and functional role than has previously been ascribed to it. Recent studies have suggested that mu rhythms reflect downstream modulation of motor cortex by prefrontal mirror neurons, i.e., cells that may play a critical role in imitation learning and the ability to understand the actions of others. It is proposed that mu rhythms represent an important information processing function that links perception and action-specifically, the transformation of "seeing" and "hearing" into "doing." In a broader context, this transformation function results from an entrainment/gating mechanism in which multiple alpha networks (visual-, auditory-, and somatosensory-centered domains), typically producing rhythmic oscillations in a locally independent manner, become coupled and entrained. A global or 'diffuse and distributed alpha system' comes into existence when these independent sources of alpha become coherently engaged in transforming perception to action.},
	Author = {Pineda, Jaime A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-04 22:57:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-04 22:57:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.04.005},
	Journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Brain research reviews},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Hearing; Humans; Mental Processes; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {57-68},
	pmid = {15925412},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The functional significance of mu rhythms: translating "seeing" and "hearing" into "doing"},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.04.005}}

@article{Oberman:2005,
	Abstract = {Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are largely characterized by deficits in imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy. Previous research has suggested that a dysfunctional mirror neuron system may explain the pathology observed in ASD. Because EEG oscillations in the mu frequency (8-13 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex are thought to reflect mirror neuron activity, one method for testing the integrity of this system is to measure mu responsiveness to actual and observed movement. It has been established that mu power is reduced (mu suppression) in typically developing individuals both when they perform actions and when they observe others performing actions, reflecting an observation/execution system which may play a critical role in the ability to understand and imitate others' behaviors. This study investigated whether individuals with ASD show a dysfunction in this system, given their behavioral impairments in understanding and responding appropriately to others' behaviors. Mu wave suppression was measured in ten high-functioning individuals with ASD and ten age- and gender-matched control subjects while watching videos of (1) a moving hand, (2) a bouncing ball, and (3) visual noise, or (4) moving their own hand. Control subjects showed significant mu suppression to both self and observed hand movement. The ASD group showed significant mu suppression to self-performed hand movements but not to observed hand movements. These results support the hypothesis of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system in high-functioning individuals with ASD.},
	Author = {Oberman, Lindsay M and Hubbard, Edward M and McCleery, Joseph P and Altschuler, Eric L and Ramachandran, Vilayanur S and Pineda, Jaime A},
	Date-Added = {2017-04-04 22:19:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-04-04 22:19:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014},
	Journal = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Cognitive brain research},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Alpha Rhythm; Autistic Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Child; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Mental Processes; Middle Aged; Movement; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Spectrum Analysis; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {190-8},
	pmid = {15993757},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014}}

@article{Evans:2013,
	Abstract = {Within the framework of the radical pair mechanism, magnetic fields may alter the rate and yields of chemical reactions involving spin-correlated radical pairs as intermediates. Such effects have been studied in detail in a variety of chemical systems both experimentally and theoretically. In recent years, there has been growing interest in whether such magnetic field effects (MFEs) also occur in biological systems, a question driven most notably by the increasing body of evidence for the involvement of such effects in the magnetic compass sense of animals. The blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome is placed at the centre of this debate and photoexcitation of its bound flavin cofactor has indeed been shown to result in the formation of radical pairs. Here, we review studies of MFEs on free flavins in model systems as well as in blue-light photoreceptor proteins and discuss the properties that are crucial in determining the magnetosensitivity of these systems.},
	Author = {Evans, Emrys W and Dodson, Charlotte A and Maeda, Kiminori and Biskup, Till and Wedge, C J and Timmel, Christiane R},
	Date-Added = {2017-03-06 22:26:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-03-06 22:26:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rsfs.2013.0037},
	Journal = {Interface Focus},
	Journal-Full = {Interface focus},
	Keywords = {cryptochrome; magnetic compass; magnetic field effect; photolyase; radical pair mechanism},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {20130037},
	Pmc = {PMC3915827},
	pmid = {24511388},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Magnetic field effects in flavoproteins and related systems},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Evans_InterfaceFocus2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0037}}

@article{Torii:2009,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex is a laminated sheet of neurons composed of the arrays of intersecting radial columns. During development, excitatory projection neurons originating from the proliferative units at the ventricular surface of the embryonic cerebral vesicles migrate along elongated radial glial fibres to form a cellular infrastructure of radial (vertical) ontogenetic columns in the overlaying cortical plate. However, a subpopulation of these clonally related neurons also undergoes a short lateral shift and transfers from their parental to the neighbouring radial glial fibres, and intermixes with neurons originating from neighbouring proliferative units. This columnar organization acts as the primary information processing unit in the cortex. The molecular mechanisms, role and significance of this lateral dispersion for cortical development are not understood. Here we show that an Eph receptor A (EphA) and ephrin A (Efna) signalling-dependent shift in the allocation of clonally related neurons is essential for the proper assembly of cortical columns. In contrast to the relatively uniform labelling of the developing cortical plate by various molecular markers and retrograde tracers in wild-type mice, we found alternating labelling of columnar compartments in Efna knockout mice that are caused by impaired lateral dispersion of migrating neurons rather than by altered cell production or death. Furthermore, in utero electroporation showed that lateral dispersion depends on the expression levels of EphAs and ephrin-As during neuronal migration. This so far unrecognized mechanism for lateral neuronal dispersion seems to be essential for the proper intermixing of neuronal types in the cortical columns, which, when disrupted, might contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders associated with abnormal columnar organization.},
	Author = {Torii, Masaaki and Hashimoto-Torii, Kazue and Levitt, Pat and Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2017-02-23 22:15:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-02-23 22:15:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature08362},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Ephrins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neocortex; Neurons; Organogenesis; Rats; Receptors, Eph Family; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {7263},
	Pages = {524-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2874978},
	pmid = {19759535},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Integration of neuronal clones in the radial cortical columns by EphA and ephrin-A signalling},
	Volume = {461},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Torii_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Torii_Nature2009a.pdf}}

@article{Kania:2016,
	Abstract = {Eph receptor Tyr kinases and their membrane-tethered ligands, the ephrins, elicit short-distance cell-cell signalling and thus regulate many developmental processes at the interface between pattern formation and morphogenesis, including cell sorting and positioning, and the formation of segmented structures and ordered neural maps. Their roles extend into adulthood, when ephrin-Eph signalling regulates neuronal plasticity, homeostatic events and disease processes. Recently, new insights have been gained into the mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in different cell types, and into the physiological importance of ephrin-Eph in different organs and in disease, raising questions for future research directions.},
	Author = {Kania, Artur and Klein, R{\"u}diger},
	Date-Added = {2017-02-23 22:15:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-02-23 22:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm.2015.16},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Ephrins; Growth and Development; Humans; Receptors, Eph Family; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {240-56},
	pmid = {26790531},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Kania_NatRevMolCellBiol2016.pdf}}

@article{Shibuki:2003,
	Abstract = {We used autofluorescence of mitochondrial flavoproteins to image cortical neural activity in the rat. Green autofluorescence in blue light was examined in slices obtained from rat cerebral cortex. About half of the basal autofluorescence was modulated by the presence or absence of O2 or glucose in the medium. Repetitive electrical stimulation at 20 Hz for 1 s produced a localized fluorescence increase in the slices. The amplitude of the increase was 27 +/- 2 % (mean +/- S.D., n = 35). Tetrodotoxin or diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of flavoproteins, blocked the autofluorescence responses. The autofluorescence responses were not observed in slices perfused with calcium-, glucose- or O2-free medium. In the primary somatosensory cortex of rats anaesthetized with urethane (1.5 g kg-1, I.P.), an activity-dependent increase in autofluorescence of 20 +/- 4 % (n = 6) was observed after electrical cortical stimulation at 100 Hz for 1 s, and an increase of 2.6 +/- 0.5 % (n = 33) after vibratory skin stimulation at 50 Hz for 1 s applied to the plantar hindpaw. These responses were large enough to allow visualization of the neural activity without having to average a number of trials. The distribution of the fluorescence responses after electrical or vibratory skin stimulation was comparable to that of the cortical field potentials in the same rats. The fluorescence responses were followed by an increase in arterial blood flow. The former were resistant to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, while the latter was inhibited. Thus, activity-dependent changes in the autofluorescence of flavoproteins are useful for functional brain imaging in vivo.},
	Author = {Shibuki, Katsuei and Hishida, Ryuichi and Murakami, Hiroatsu and Kudoh, Masaharu and Kawaguchi, Tadashi and Watanabe, Masatoshi and Watanabe, Shunsuke and Kouuchi, Takeshi and Tanaka, Ryuichi},
	Date-Added = {2017-02-20 19:54:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-02-20 19:54:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040709},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia; Animals; Calcium; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Flavoproteins; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hemodynamics; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Luminescent Proteins; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibration},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {Pt 3},
	Pages = {919-27},
	Pmc = {PMC2342977},
	pmid = {12730344},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamic imaging of somatosensory cortical activity in the rat visualized by flavoprotein autofluorescence},
	Volume = {549},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Shibuki_JPhysiol2003.pdf}}

@article{Husson:2007,
	Abstract = {Neuronal autofluorescence, which results from the oxidation of flavoproteins in the electron transport chain, has recently been used to map cortical responses to sensory stimuli. This approach could represent a substantial improvement over other optical imaging methods because it is a direct (i.e., nonhemodynamic) measure of neuronal metabolism. However, its application to functional imaging has been limited because strong responses have been reported only in rodents. In this study, we demonstrate that autofluorescence imaging (AFI) can be used to map the functional organization of primary visual cortex in both mouse and cat. In cat area 17, orientation preference maps generated by AFI had the classic pinwheel structure and matched those generated by intrinsic signal imaging in the same imaged field. The spatiotemporal profile of the autofluorescence signal had several advantages over intrinsic signal imaging, including spatially restricted fluorescence throughout its response duration, reduced susceptibility to vascular artifacts, an improved spatial response profile, and a faster time course. These results indicate that AFI is a robust and useful measure of large-scale cortical activity patterns in visual mammals.},
	Author = {Husson, T Robert and Mallik, Atul K and Zhang, Jing X and Issa, Naoum P},
	Date-Added = {2017-02-20 19:53:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-02-20 19:53:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2156-07.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Female; Flavoproteins; Fluorescence; Mice; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Retinoscopy; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {8665-75},
	pmid = {17687044},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional imaging of primary visual cortex using flavoprotein autofluorescence},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Husson_JNeurosci2007.pdf}}

@article{Michael:2014,
	Abstract = {Large-scale brain activity patterns can be visualized by optical imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS) based on activity-dependent changes in the blood oxygenation level. Another method, flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging (AFI), exploits the mitochondrial flavoprotein autofluorescence, which is enhanced during neuronal activity. In birds, topographic mapping of visual space has been shown in the visual wulst, the avian homologue of the mammalian visual cortex by using OIS. We here applied the AFI method to visualize topographic maps in the visual wulst because with OIS, which depends on blood flow changes, blood vessel artifacts often obscure brain activity maps. We then compared both techniques quantitatively in zebra finches and in C57Bl/6J mice using the same setup and stimulation conditions. In addition to experiments with craniotomized animals, we also examined mice with intact skull (in zebra finches, intact skull imaging is not feasible probably due to the skull construction). In craniotomized animals, retinotopic maps were obtained by both methods in both species. Using AFI, artifacts caused by blood vessels were generally reduced, the magnitude of neuronal activity significantly higher and the retinotopic map quality better than that obtained by OIS in both zebra finches and mice. In contrast, our measurements in non-craniotomized mice did not reveal any quantitative differences between the two methods. Our results thus suggest that AFI is the method of choice for investigations of visual processing in zebra finches. In mice, however, if researchers decide to use the advantages of imaging through the intact skull, they will not be able to exploit the higher signals obtainable by the AFI-method.},
	Author = {Michael, Neethu and Bischof, Hans-Joachim and L{\"o}wel, Siegrid},
	Date-Added = {2017-02-20 19:53:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-02-20 19:53:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085225},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Finches; Flavoproteins; Male; Mice; Optical Imaging; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e85225},
	Pmc = {PMC3882276},
	pmid = {24400130},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging of visual system activity in zebra finches and mice},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Michael_PLoSOne2014.PDF}}

@article{Matos:2015,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) modulate dopamine and glutamate signaling and thereby may influence some of the psychomotor and cognitive processes associated with schizophrenia. Because astroglial A2AR regulate the availability of glutamate, we hypothesized that they might play an unprecedented role in some of the processes leading to the development of schizophrenia, which we investigated using a mouse line with a selective deletion of A2AR in astrocytes (Gfa2-A2AR knockout [KO] mice].
METHODS: We examined Gfa2-A2AR KO mice for behaviors thought to recapitulate some features of schizophrenia, namely enhanced MK-801 psychomotor response (positive symptoms) and decreased working memory (cognitive symptoms). In addition, we probed for neurochemical alterations in the glutamatergic circuitry, evaluating glutamate uptake and release and the levels of key proteins defining glutamatergic signaling (glutamate transporter-I [GLT-I], N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors [NMDA-R] and α-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors [AMPA-R]) to provide a mechanistic understanding of the phenotype encountered.
RESULTS: We show that Gfa2-A2AR KO mice exhibited enhanced MK-801 psychomotor response and decreased working memory; this was accompanied by a disruption of glutamate homeostasis characterized by aberrant GLT-I activity, increased presynaptic glutamate release, NMDA-R 2B subunit upregulation, and increased internalization of AMPA-R. Accordingly, selective GLT-I inhibition or blockade of GluR1/2 endocytosis prevented the psychomotor and cognitive phenotypes in Gfa2-A2AR KO mice, namely in the nucleus accumbens.
CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the dysfunction of astrocytic A2AR, by controlling GLT-I activity, triggers an astrocyte-to-neuron wave of communication resulting in disrupted glutamate homeostasis, thought to underlie several endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Matos, Marco and Shen, Hai-Ying and Augusto, Elisabete and Wang, Yumei and Wei, Catherine J and Wang, Yu Tian and Agostinho, Paula and Boison, Detlev and Cunha, Rodrigo A and Chen, Jiang-Fan},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:37:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:37:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.026},
	Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Biological psychiatry},
	Keywords = {A(2A)R; Adenosine; Astrocytes; GLT-I; NMDA-R; Schizophrenia},
	Mesh = {Animals; Astrocytes; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Gene Expression Regulation; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glutamic Acid; Homeostasis; Kainic Acid; Locomotion; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Psychomotor Disorders; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptosomes; Time Factors; Triazoles},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {763-74},
	Pmc = {PMC4714966},
	pmid = {25869810},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Deletion of adenosine A2A receptors from astrocytes disrupts glutamate homeostasis leading to psychomotor and cognitive impairment: relevance to schizophrenia},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Matos_BiolPsychiatry2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.026}}

@article{Silva:2013,
	Abstract = {Consumption of certain substances during pregnancy can interfere with brain development, leading to deleterious long-term neurological and cognitive impairments in offspring. To test whether modulators of adenosine receptors affect neural development, we exposed mouse dams to a subtype-selective adenosine type 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist or to caffeine, a naturally occurring adenosine receptor antagonist, during pregnancy and lactation. We observed delayed migration and insertion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons into the hippocampal circuitry during the first postnatal week in offspring of dams treated with the A2AR antagonist or caffeine. This was associated with increased neuronal network excitability and increased susceptibility to seizures in response to a seizure-inducing agent. Adult offspring of mouse dams exposed to A2AR antagonists during pregnancy and lactation displayed loss of hippocampal GABA neurons and some cognitive deficits. These results demonstrate that exposure to A2AR antagonists including caffeine during pregnancy and lactation in rodents may have adverse effects on the neural development of their offspring.},
	Author = {Silva, Carla G and M{\'e}tin, Christine and Fazeli, Walid and Machado, Nuno J and Darmopil, Sanja and Launay, Pierre-Serge and Ghestem, Antoine and Nesa, Marie-Pascale and Bassot, Emilie and Szab{\'o}, Eszter and Baqi, Younis and M{\"u}ller, Christa E and Tom{\'e}, Angelo R and Ivanov, Anton and Isbrandt, Dirk and Zilberter, Yuri and Cunha, Rodrigo A and Esclapez, Monique and Bernard, Christophe},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:36:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:36:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.3006258},
	Journal = {Sci Transl Med},
	Journal-Full = {Science translational medicine},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Caffeine; Cell Movement; Cognition Disorders; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Fetus; GABAergic Neurons; Glutamates; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Haplorhini; Hippocampus; Mice; Nerve Net; Pregnancy; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Receptors, Adenosine A2; Seizures; Telencephalon},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {197},
	Pages = {197ra104},
	pmid = {23926202},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Adenosine receptor antagonists including caffeine alter fetal brain development in mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Silva_SciTranslMed2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006258}}

@article{Aden:2000,
	Abstract = {Maternal caffeine intake has been suggested to influence the offspring. We have studied the effects of maternal caffeine intake on adenosine and GABA receptors, targets for caffeine, during development of the rat brain. Caffeine (0.3 g/L) was added to the drinking water of rat dams during pregnancy and early postnatal life. Adenosine A1 and A2A and GABAA receptor development was studied using receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization. Pups were examined on embryonic d 14 (E14), E18, E21, 2 h after birth (P2h), P24h, postnatal d 3 (P3), P7, P14, and P21. Adenosine A, receptor mRNA was detected at E14 and receptors at E18. A1 mRNA levels increased from the level reached at E18 between P3 and P14 (maximally a doubling), whereas A, receptors, studied by [3H]-1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine binding, increased later and to a much larger extent (about 10-fold) postnatally. Caffeine treatment had no significant effect on adenosine A1 receptors or on A1 receptor mRNA. A2A mRNA had reached adult levels by E18, whereas receptor levels were low or undetectable before birth and increased dramatically until P14. Caffeine did not influence A2A receptors or A2A receptor mRNA at any stage during development. [3H]-flunitrazepam binding, representing GABAA receptors, showed large regional variations during ontogeny, but there were no clear differences between the caffeine-exposed and the nonexposed pups. Thus, exposure to a low dose of caffeine during gestation and postnatal life had only minor effects on development of adenosine A, and A2A receptors and GABAA receptors in the rat brain.},
	Author = {Ad{\'e}n, U and Herlenius, E and Tang, L Q and Fredholm, B B},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:35:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:35:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1203/00006450-200008000-00010},
	Journal = {Pediatr Res},
	Journal-Full = {Pediatric research},
	Mesh = {Adenosine; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Brain; Caffeine; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; In Situ Hybridization; Phenethylamines; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Tritium; Xanthines},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {177-83},
	pmid = {10926292},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maternal caffeine intake has minor effects on adenosine receptor ontogeny in the rat brain},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Adén_PediatrRes2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200008000-00010}}

@article{Schwalfenberg:2013,
	Abstract = {Background. Increasing concern is evident about contamination of foodstuffs and natural health products. Methods. Common off-the-shelf varieties of black, green, white, and oolong teas sold in tea bags were used for analysis in this study. Toxic element testing was performed on 30 different teas by analyzing (i) tea leaves, (ii) tea steeped for 3-4 minutes, and (iii) tea steeped for 15-17 minutes. Results were compared to existing preferred endpoints. Results. All brewed teas contained lead with 73% of teas brewed for 3 minutes and 83% brewed for 15 minutes having lead levels considered unsafe for consumption during pregnancy and lactation. Aluminum levels were above recommended guidelines in 20% of brewed teas. No mercury was found at detectable levels in any brewed tea samples. Teas contained several beneficial elements such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. Of trace minerals, only manganese levels were found to be excessive in some black teas. Conclusions. Toxic contamination by heavy metals was found in most of the teas sampled. Some tea samples are considered unsafe. There are no existing guidelines for routine testing or reporting of toxicant levels in "naturally" occurring products. Public health warnings or industry regulation might be indicated to protect consumer safety.},
	Author = {Schwalfenberg, Gerry and Genuis, Stephen J and Rodushkin, Ilia},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:34:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:34:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1155/2013/370460},
	Journal = {J Toxicol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of toxicology},
	Pages = {370460},
	Pmc = {PMC3821942},
	pmid = {24260033},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The benefits and risks of consuming brewed tea: beware of toxic element contamination},
	Volume = {2013},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Schwalfenberg_JToxicol2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370460}}


@article{Kinkead:2009,
	Abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) disrupts development of cardiorespiratory regulation. Adult male rats previously subjected to NMS are hypertensive and show a hypoxic ventilatory response greater than that of controls. These results have been obtained in awake or anesthetised animals, and the consequences of NMS on respiratory control during normal sleep are unknown. This study tested the following.
HYPOTHESES: NMS augments respiratory variability across sleep-wake states, and NMS-related enhancement of the hypoxic ventilatory response occurs during sleep.
METHODS: Two groups of adult rats were used: controls (no treatment) and rats subjected to NMS. Ventilatory activity, coefficient of variation, and hypoxic ventilatory response were compared between groups and across sleep-wake states.
SUBJECTS: Male Sprague Dawley rats-NMS: n=11; controls: n=10. Pups subjected to NMS were isolated from their mother for 3 hours per day from postnatal days 3 to 12. Controls were undisturbed.
MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: At adulthood, sleep-wake states were monitored by telemetry, and ventilatory activity was measured using whole-body plethysmography. Sleep and breathing were measured for 2.5 hours (in the morning) while the rats were breathing room air. Data were analysed in 20-second epochs. Rats were then exposed to a brief (90-sec) hypoxic episode (nadir = 12% O2) to measure the hypoxic ventilatory response. The coefficient of variability for tidal volume and breathing frequency decreased during sleep but remained more elevated in NMS rats than in controls. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, the breathing-frequency response to hypoxia of NMS rats was significantly greater than that of controls.
CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of respiratory control during sleep.},
	Author = {Kinkead, Richard and Montandon, Gaspard and Bairam, Aida and Lajeunesse, Yves and Horner, Richard},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:32:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:32:11 +0000},
	Journal = {Sleep},
	Journal-Full = {Sleep},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Hypoxia; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiration; Respiratory Mechanics; Sleep; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Telemetry; Tidal Volume; Time Factors; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1611-20},
	Pmc = {PMC2786045},
	pmid = {20041597},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neonatal maternal separation disrupts regulation of sleep and breathing in adult male rats},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Montandon:2009,
	Abstract = {Caffeine is commonly used clinically to treat apnoeas and unstable breathing associated with premature birth. Caffeine antagonizes adenosine receptors and acts as an efficient respiratory stimulant in neonates. Owing to its persistent effects on adenosine receptor expression in the brain, neonatal caffeine administration also has significant effects on maturation of the respiratory control system. However, since adenosine receptors are critically involved in sleep regulation, and sleep also modulates breathing, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal caffeine treatment disrupts regulation of sleep and breathing in the adult rat. Neonatal caffeine treatment (15 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was administered from postnatal days 3-12. At adulthood (8-10 weeks old), sleep and breathing were measured with a telemetry system and whole-body plethysmography respectively. In adult rats treated with caffeine during the neonatal period, sleep time was reduced, sleep onset latency was increased, and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep was fragmented compared to controls. Ventilation at rest was higher in caffeine-treated adult rats compared to controls across sleep/wake states. Hypercapnic ventilatory responses were significantly reduced in caffeine-treated rats compared to control rats across sleep/wake states. Additional experiments in adult anaesthetized rats showed that at similar levels of arterial blood gases, phrenic nerve activity was enhanced in caffeine-treated rats. This study demonstrates that administration of caffeine in the neonatal period alters respiratory control system activity in awake and sleeping rats, as well as in the anaesthetized rats, and also has persistent disrupting effects on sleep that are apparent in adult rats.},
	Author = {Montandon, Gaspard and Horner, Richard L and Kinkead, Richard and Bairam, Aida},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:32:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:32:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171918},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Gas Analysis; Caffeine; Male; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep; Time Factors; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {Pt 22},
	Pages = {5493-507},
	Pmc = {PMC2793879},
	pmid = {19770189},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Caffeine in the neonatal period induces long-lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats},
	Volume = {587},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Montandon_JPhysiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171918}}

@article{Ma:2016,
	Abstract = {Although modern techniques such as two-photon microscopy can now provide cellular-level three-dimensional imaging of the intact living brain, the speed and fields of view of these techniques remain limited. Conversely, two-dimensional wide-field optical mapping (WFOM), a simpler technique that uses a camera to observe large areas of the exposed cortex under visible light, can detect changes in both neural activity and haemodynamics at very high speeds. Although WFOM may not provide single-neuron or capillary-level resolution, it is an attractive and accessible approach to imaging large areas of the brain in awake, behaving mammals at speeds fast enough to observe widespread neural firing events, as well as their dynamic coupling to haemodynamics. Although such wide-field optical imaging techniques have a long history, the advent of genetically encoded fluorophores that can report neural activity with high sensitivity, as well as modern technologies such as light emitting diodes and sensitive and high-speed digital cameras have driven renewed interest in WFOM. To facilitate the wider adoption and standardization of WFOM approaches for neuroscience and neurovascular coupling research, we provide here an overview of the basic principles of WFOM, considerations for implementation of wide-field fluorescence imaging of neural activity, spectroscopic analysis and interpretation of results.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'.},
	Author = {Ma, Ying and Shaik, Mohammed A and Kim, Sharon H and Kozberg, Mariel G and Thibodeaux, David N and Zhao, Hanzhi T and Yu, Hang and Hillman, Elizabeth M C},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:30:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:30:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0360},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {GCaMP; fluorescence; haemodynamics; neurovascular coupling; optical imaging; spectroscopy},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1705},
	Pmc = {PMC5003860},
	pmid = {27574312},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Wide-field optical mapping of neural activity and brain haemodynamics: considerations and novel approaches},
	Volume = {371},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Ma_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0360}}

@article{Button:2013,
	Abstract = {A study with low statistical power has a reduced chance of detecting a true effect, but it is less well appreciated that low power also reduces the likelihood that a statistically significant result reflects a true effect. Here, we show that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low. The consequences of this include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results. There are also ethical dimensions to this problem, as unreliable research is inefficient and wasteful. Improving reproducibility in neuroscience is a key priority and requires attention to well-established but often ignored methodological principles.},
	Author = {Button, Katherine S and Ioannidis, John P A and Mokrysz, Claire and Nosek, Brian A and Flint, Jonathan and Robinson, Emma S J and Munaf{\`o}, Marcus R},
	Date-Added = {2017-01-19 20:24:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-01-19 20:24:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3475},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Humans; Neurosciences; Probability; Reproducibility of Results; Sample Size},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {365-76},
	pmid = {23571845},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Button_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Adolphs:1995,
	Abstract = {We have previously reported that bilateral amygdala damage in humans compromises the recognition of fear in facial expressions while leaving intact recognition of face identity (Adolphs et al., 1994). The present study aims at examining questions motivated by this finding. We addressed the possibility that unilateral amygdala damage might be sufficient to impair recognition of emotional expressions. We also obtained further data on our subject with bilateral amygdala damage, in order to elucidate possible mechanisms that could account for the impaired recognition of expressions of fear. The results show that bilateral, but not unilateral, damage to the human amygdala impairs the processing of fearful facial expressions. This impairment appears to result from an insensitivity to the intensity of fear expressed by faces. We also confirmed a double dissociation between the recognition of facial expressions of fear, and the recognition of identity of a face: these two processes can be impaired independently, lending support to the idea that they are subserved in part by anatomically separate neural systems. Based on our data, and on what is known about the amygdala's connectivity, we propose that the amygdala is required to link visual representations of facial expressions, on the one hand, with representations that constitute the concept of fear, on the other. Preliminary data suggest the amygdala's role extends to both recognition and recall of fearful facial expressions.},
	Author = {Adolphs, R and Tranel, D and Damasio, H and Damasio, A R},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:40:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:40:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Amygdala; Art; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Diseases; Emotions; Face; Facial Expression; Fear; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Behavior},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {5879-91},
	pmid = {7666173},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fear and the human amygdala},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Adolphs_JNeurosci1995.pdf}}

@article{Smit-Rigter:2016,
	Abstract = {Mitochondria buffer intracellular Ca(2+) and provide energy [1]. Because synaptic structures with high Ca(2+) buffering [2-4] or energy demand [5] are often localized far away from the soma, mitochondria are actively transported to these sites [6-11]. Also, the removal and degradation of mitochondria are tightly regulated [9, 12, 13], because dysfunctional mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen species, which can damage the cell [14]. Deficits in mitochondrial trafficking have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, optic atrophy, and Alzheimer's disease [13, 15-19]. In neuronal cultures, about a third of mitochondria are motile, whereas the majority remains stationary for several days [8, 20]. Activity-dependent mechanisms cause mitochondria to stop at synaptic sites [7, 8, 20, 21], which affects synapse function and maintenance. Reducing mitochondrial content in dendrites decreases spine density [22, 23], whereas increasing mitochondrial content or activity increases it [7]. These bidirectional interactions between synaptic activity and mitochondrial trafficking suggest that mitochondria may regulate synaptic plasticity. Here we investigated the dynamics of mitochondria in relation to axonal boutons of neocortical pyramidal neurons for the first time in vivo. We find that under these circumstances practically all mitochondria are stationary, both during development and in adulthood. In adult visual cortex, mitochondria are preferentially localized at putative boutons, where they remain for several days. Retinal-lesion-induced cortical plasticity increases turnover of putative boutons but leaves mitochondrial turnover unaffected. We conclude that in visual cortex in vivo, mitochondria are less dynamic than in vitro, and that structural plasticity does not affect mitochondrial dynamics.},
	Author = {Smit-Rigter, Laura and Rajendran, Rajeev and Silva, Catia A P and Spierenburg, Liselot and Groeneweg, Femke and Ruimschotel, Emma M and van Versendaal, Danielle and van der Togt, Chris and Eysel, Ulf T and Heimel, J Alexander and Lohmann, Christian and Levelt, Christiaan N},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:40:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:40:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.033},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {2609-2616},
	pmid = {27641766},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mitochondrial Dynamics in Visual Cortex Are Limited In Vivo and Not Affected by Axonal Structural Plasticity},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Smit-Rigter_CurrBiol2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.033}}

@article{Winnubst:2015,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity fine-tunes neuronal connections in the developing brain. To explore the underlying synaptic plasticity mechanisms, we monitored naturally occurring changes in spontaneous activity at individual synapses with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous calcium imaging in the mouse visual cortex in vivo. Analyzing activity changes across large populations of synapses revealed a simple and efficient local plasticity rule: synapses that exhibit low synchronicity with nearby neighbors (<12 μm) become depressed in their transmission frequency. Asynchronous electrical stimulation of individual synapses in hippocampal slices showed that this is due to a decrease in synaptic transmission efficiency. Accordingly, experimentally increasing local synchronicity, by stimulating synapses in response to spontaneous activity at neighboring synapses, stabilized synaptic transmission. Finally, blockade of the high-affinity proBDNF receptor p75(NTR) prevented the depression of asynchronously stimulated synapses. Thus, spontaneous activity drives local synaptic plasticity at individual synapses in an "out-of-sync, lose-your-link" fashion through proBDNF/p75(NTR) signaling to refine neuronal connectivity. VIDEO ABSTRACT.},
	Author = {Winnubst, Johan and Cheyne, Juliette E and Niculescu, Dragos and Lohmann, Christian},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:37:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:37:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.029},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; In Vitro Techniques; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Biological; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Quinoxalines; Signal Transduction; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {399-410},
	pmid = {26182421},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous Activity Drives Local Synaptic Plasticity In Vivo},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Winnubst_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.029}}

@article{Niculescu:2014,
	Abstract = {The presence of direct, cytoplasmatic, communication between neurons in the brain of vertebrates has been demonstrated a long time ago. These gap junctions have been characterized in many brain areas in terms of subunit composition, biophysical properties, neuronal connectivity patterns, and developmental regulation. Although interesting findings emerged, showing that different subunits are specifically regulated during development, or that excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks exhibit various electrical connectivity patterns, gap junctions did not receive much further interest. Originally, it was believed that gap junctions represent simple passageways for electrical and biochemical coordination early in development. Today, we know that gap junction connectivity is tightly regulated, following independent developmental patterns for excitatory and inhibitory networks. Electrical connections are important for many specific functions of neurons, and are, for example, required for the development of neuronal stimulus tuning in the visual system. Here, we integrate the available data on neuronal connectivity and gap junction properties, as well as the most recent findings concerning the functional implications of electrical connections in the developing thalamus and neocortex.},
	Author = {Niculescu, Dragos and Lohmann, Christian},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:35:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:35:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht175},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {connexin; electrical synapse; gap junctions; neocortex; thalamus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Connexins; Gap Junctions; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Thalamus},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3097-106},
	Pmc = {PMC4224240},
	pmid = {23843439},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Gap junctions in developing thalamic and neocortical neuronal networks},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Niculescu_CerebCortex2014.pdf}}

@article{Lohmann:2014,
	Abstract = {The brain is programmed to drive behaviour by precisely wiring the appropriate neuronal circuits. Wiring and rewiring of neuronal circuits largely depends on the orchestrated changes in the strengths of synaptic contacts. Here, we review how the rules of synaptic plasticity change during development of the brain, from birth to independence. We focus on the changes that occur at the postsynaptic side of excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the rodent hippocampus and neocortex. First we summarize the current data on the structure of synapses and the developmental expression patterns of the key molecular players of synaptic plasticity, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, as well as pivotal kinases (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase A, protein kinase C) and phosphatases (PP1, PP2A, PP2B). In the second part we relate these findings to important characteristics of the emerging network. We argue that the concerted and gradual shifts in the usage of plasticity molecules comply with the changing need for (re)wiring neuronal circuits.},
	Author = {Lohmann, Christian and Kessels, Helmut W},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:35:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:35:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2012.235119},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; N-Methylaspartate; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Protein Kinases; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {13-31},
	Pmc = {PMC3903349},
	pmid = {24144877},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The developmental stages of synaptic plasticity},
	Volume = {592},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Lohmann_JPhysiol2014.pdf}}

@article{Leighton:2016,
	Abstract = {In order to accurately process incoming sensory stimuli, neurons must be organized into functional networks, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing the precise arrangement of connections between cells. Teasing apart the relative contributions of molecular guidance cues, spontaneous activity and visual experience during this maturation is on-going. During development of the sensory system, the first, rough organization of connections is created by molecular factors. These connections are then modulated by the intrinsically generated activity of neurons, even before the senses have become operational. Spontaneous waves of depolarizations sweep across the nervous system, placing them in a prime position to strengthen correct connections and weaken others, shaping synapses into a useful network. A large body of work now support the idea that, rather than being a mere side-effect of the system, spontaneous activity actually contains information which readies the nervous system so that, as soon as the senses become active, sensory information can be utilized by the animal. An example is the neonatal mouse. As soon as the eyelids first open, neurons in the cortex respond to visual information without the animal having previously encountered structured sensory input (Cang et al., 2005b; Rochefort et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Ko et al., 2013). In vivo imaging techniques have advanced considerably, allowing observation of the natural activity in the brain of living animals down to the level of the individual synapse. New (opto)genetic methods make it possible to subtly modulate the spatio-temporal properties of activity, aiding our understanding of how these characteristics relate to the function of spontaneous activity. Such experiments have had a huge impact on our knowledge by permitting direct testing of ideas about the plasticity mechanisms at play in the intact system, opening up a provocative range of fresh questions. Here, we intend to outline the most recent descriptions of spontaneous activity patterns in rodent developing sensory areas, as well as the inferences we can make about the information content of those activity patterns and ideas about the plasticity rules that allow this activity to shape the young brain.},
	Author = {Leighton, Alexandra H and Lohmann, Christian},
	Date = {2016},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-02 18:34:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-02 18:34:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2016.00071},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {auditory system development; developmental biology; plasticity mechanisms; spontaneous activity; synaptic plasticity; visual system development},
	Pages = {71},
	Pmc = {PMC5011135},
	pmid = {27656131},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {The Wiring of Developing Sensory Circuits-From Patterned Spontaneous Activity to Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Leighton_FrontNeuralCircuits2016.pdf}}

@article{Ramamurthi:1988,
	Abstract = {After a survey of the anatomical and physiological basis of operative treatment of behaviour disorders by stereotactic lesions in the amygdala and the posterior medial hypothalamus the author describes his own experiences with 603 operations for control of conservatively untreatable aggressiveness. In 481 cases bilateral amygdalotomies and in 122 mostly secondary posteromedian hypothalamotomies have been performed. Initially excellent or moderate improvement was achieved in 76%. After a follow-up of more than three years this figure only slightly decreased to 70%. The group of patients who did not positively respond (30%) needs further study to discover the reasons for failure.},
	Author = {Ramamurthi, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-12-01 21:12:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-12-01 21:12:44 +0000},
	Journal = {Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)},
	Journal-Full = {Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Aggression; Amygdala; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Epilepsy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypothalamus; Neurocognitive Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Postoperative Complications; Psychomotor Agitation; Stereotaxic Techniques; Violence},
	Pages = {152-7},
	pmid = {3066131},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stereotactic operation in behaviour disorders. Amygdalotomy and hypothalamotomy},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Kano:2009,
	Abstract = {The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for cannabinoid research and also established a new concept how diffusible messengers modulate synaptic efficacy and neural activity. The last 7 years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well accepted that endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic neurons, activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, and cause transient and long-lasting reduction of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we aim to integrate our current understanding of functions of the endocannabinoid system, especially focusing on the control of synaptic transmission in the brain. We summarize recent electrophysiological studies carried out on synapses of various brain regions and discuss how synaptic transmission is regulated by endocannabinoid signaling. Then we refer to recent anatomical studies on subcellular distribution of the molecules involved in endocannabinoid signaling and discuss how these signaling molecules are arranged around synapses. In addition, we make a brief overview of studies on cannabinoid receptors and their intracellular signaling, biochemical studies on endocannabinoid metabolism, and behavioral studies on the roles of the endocannabinoid system in various aspects of neural functions.},
	Author = {Kano, Masanobu and Ohno-Shosaku, Takako and Hashimotodani, Yuki and Uchigashima, Motokazu and Watanabe, Masahiko},
	Date-Added = {2016-11-15 20:43:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-11-15 20:43:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/physrev.00019.2008},
	Journal = {Physiol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Physiological reviews},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; Endocannabinoids; Humans; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {309-80},
	pmid = {19126760},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kano_PhysiolRev2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00019.2008}}

@article{Berchtold:2000,
	Abstract = {Mammalian skeletal muscle shows an enormous variability in its functional features such as rate of force production, resistance to fatigue, and energy metabolism, with a wide spectrum from slow aerobic to fast anaerobic physiology. In addition, skeletal muscle exhibits high plasticity that is based on the potential of the muscle fibers to undergo changes of their cytoarchitecture and composition of specific muscle protein isoforms. Adaptive changes of the muscle fibers occur in response to a variety of stimuli such as, e.g., growth and differentition factors, hormones, nerve signals, or exercise. Additionally, the muscle fibers are arranged in compartments that often function as largely independent muscular subunits. All muscle fibers use Ca(2+) as their main regulatory and signaling molecule. Therefore, contractile properties of muscle fibers are dependent on the variable expression of proteins involved in Ca(2+) signaling and handling. Molecular diversity of the main proteins in the Ca(2+) signaling apparatus (the calcium cycle) largely determines the contraction and relaxation properties of a muscle fiber. The Ca(2+) signaling apparatus includes 1) the ryanodine receptor that is the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release channel, 2) the troponin protein complex that mediates the Ca(2+) effect to the myofibrillar structures leading to contraction, 3) the Ca(2+) pump responsible for Ca(2+) reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and 4) calsequestrin, the Ca(2+) storage protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition, a multitude of Ca(2+)-binding proteins is present in muscle tissue including parvalbumin, calmodulin, S100 proteins, annexins, sorcin, myosin light chains, beta-actinin, calcineurin, and calpain. These Ca(2+)-binding proteins may either exert an important role in Ca(2+)-triggered muscle contraction under certain conditions or modulate other muscle activities such as protein metabolism, differentiation, and growth. Recently, several Ca(2+) signaling and handling molecules have been shown to be altered in muscle diseases. Functional alterations of Ca(2+) handling seem to be responsible for the pathophysiological conditions seen in dystrophinopathies, Brody's disease, and malignant hyperthermia. These also underline the importance of the affected molecules for correct muscle performance.},
	Author = {Berchtold, M W and Brinkmeier, H and M{\"u}ntener, M},
	Date-Added = {2016-11-15 20:42:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-11-15 20:42:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Physiol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Physiological reviews},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Humans; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Troponin},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1215-65},
	pmid = {10893434},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Berchtold_PhysiolRev2000.pdf}}

@article{Tang:2014,
	Abstract = {Voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels catalyse rapid, highly selective influx of Ca(2+) into cells despite a 70-fold higher extracellular concentration of Na(+). How CaV channels solve this fundamental biophysical problem remains unclear. Here we report physiological and crystallographic analyses of a calcium selectivity filter constructed in the homotetrameric bacterial NaV channel NaVAb. Our results reveal interactions of hydrated Ca(2+) with two high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites followed by a third lower-affinity site that would coordinate Ca(2+) as it moves inward. At the selectivity filter entry, Site 1 is formed by four carboxyl side chains, which have a critical role in determining Ca(2+) selectivity. Four carboxyls plus four backbone carbonyls form Site 2, which is targeted by the blocking cations Cd(2+) and Mn(2+), with single occupancy. The lower-affinity Site 3 is formed by four backbone carbonyls alone, which mediate exit into the central cavity. This pore architecture suggests a conduction pathway involving transitions between two main states with one or two hydrated Ca(2+) ions bound in the selectivity filter and supports a 'knock-off' mechanism of ion permeation through a stepwise-binding process. The multi-ion selectivity filter of our CaVAb model establishes a structural framework for understanding the mechanisms of ion selectivity and conductance by vertebrate CaV channels.},
	Author = {Tang, Lin and Gamal El-Din, Tamer M and Payandeh, Jian and Martinez, Gilbert Q and Heard, Teresa M and Scheuer, Todd and Zheng, Ning and Catterall, William A},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-20 21:29:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 21:29:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12775},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Biocatalysis; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cations, Divalent; Crystallography, X-Ray; Electric Conductivity; Ion Channel Gating; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7481},
	Pages = {56-61},
	Pmc = {PMC3877713},
	pmid = {24270805},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Structural basis for Ca2+ selectivity of a voltage-gated calcium channel},
	Volume = {505},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Tang_Nature2014.pdf}}

@article{Davies:2003,
	Abstract = {Ethanol is a chemically simple compound that produces many well-known effects in humans. The prevailing idea for many years was that ethanol and other alcohols exerted their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) by non-selectively disrupting the lipid bilayers of neurons. However, in recent years, there has been an accumulation of evidence pointing to the importance of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) in mediating the effects of ethanol. Of these LGICs, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors appear to occupy a central role in mediating the effects of ethanol in the CNS. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, and activation of GABAA receptors by GABA tends to decrease neuronal excitability. This article reviews several aspects of GABAA receptor and ethanol interactions, including the evidence for short- and long-term modulation of GABAA receptors by ethanol and evidence for a GABAA receptor-related genetic component of alcoholism.},
	Author = {Davies, Martin},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-20 20:41:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 20:41:05 +0000},
	Journal = {J Psychiatry Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of psychiatry \& neuroscience : JPN},
	Mesh = {Alcoholism; Animals; Brain; Cell Membrane; Ethanol; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Humans; Pregnancy; Receptors, GABA-A; Self Administration},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {263-74},
	Pmc = {PMC165791},
	pmid = {12921221},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Davies_JPsychiatryNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Mihic:1997,
	Abstract = {Volatile anaesthetics have historically been considered to act in a nonspecific manner on the central nervous system. More recent studies, however, have revealed that the receptors for inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are sensitive to clinically relevant concentrations of inhaled anaesthetics. The function of GABA(A) and glycine receptors is enhanced by a number of anaesthetics and alcohols, whereas activity of the related GABA rho1 receptor is reduced. We have used this difference in pharmacology to investigate the molecular basis for modulation of these receptors by anaesthetics and alcohols. By using chimaeric receptor constructs, we have identified a region of 45 amino-acid residues that is both necessary and sufficient for the enhancement of receptor function. Within this region, two specific amino-acid residues in transmembrane domains 2 and 3 are critical for allosteric modulation of both GABA(A) and glycine receptors by alcohols and two volatile anaesthetics. These observations support the idea that anaesthetics exert a specific effect on these ion-channel proteins, and allow for the future testing of specific hypotheses of the action of anaesthetics.},
	Author = {Mihic, S J and Ye, Q and Wick, M J and Koltchine, V V and Krasowski, M D and Finn, S E and Mascia, M P and Valenzuela, C F and Hanson, K K and Greenblatt, E P and Harris, R A and Harrison, N L},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-20 20:39:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 20:39:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/38738},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Line; Electrophysiology; Enflurane; Ethanol; Glycine; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutagenesis; Propofol; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, Glycine; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Serine; Tryptophan; Xenopus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6649},
	Pages = {385-9},
	pmid = {9311780},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA(A) and glycine receptors},
	Volume = {389},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Mihic_Nature1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38738}}

@article{Picciotto:2000,
	Abstract = {Molecular cloning has elucidated the sequence of a family of acetylcholine receptor subunits that are activated by nicotine. Subsequent studies on the localization of individual subunits and the physiological properties of nicotinic subunit combinations in vitro, have led to identification of subunit compositions of nicotinic receptors that may function in vivo, as the native receptor. A particular challenge for the field has been to use these molecular data to determine which individual nicotinic receptor subtype is responsible for mediating each of the behavioral effects of nicotine. Human and animal studies have shown that nicotine is reinforcing and likely responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco. In addition, nicotine has been shown to have effects on locomotion, cognition, affect, and pain sensitivity. Recent studies combining the techniques of molecular biology, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavioral analysis to analyze knock out mice that lack individual subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, have helped identify the role of specific nicotinic subunits in some of these complex behaviors. These studies could ultimately be useful in designing specific nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists that may have uses in the clinic.},
	Author = {Picciotto, M R and Caldarone, B J and King, S L and Zachariou, V},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-20 20:37:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 20:37:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00146-3},
	Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
	Journal-Full = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior; Humans; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Models, Neurological; Molecular Biology; Receptors, Nicotinic},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {451-65},
	pmid = {10731620},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nicotinic receptors in the brain. Links between molecular biology and behavior},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Picciotto_Neuropsychopharmacology2000.pdf}}

@article{Chavas:2003,
	Abstract = {Functional GABA synapses are usually assumed to be inhibitory. However, we show here that inhibitory and excitatory GABA connections coexist in the cerebellar interneuron network. The reversal potential of GABAergic currents (E(GABA)) measured in interneurons is relatively depolarized and contrasts with the hyperpolarized value found in Purkinje cells (-58 and -85 mV respectively). This finding is not correlated to a specific developmental stage and is maintained in the adult animal. E(GABA) in interneurons is close to the mean membrane potential (-56.5 mV, as measured with a novel "equal firing potential" method), and both parameters vary enough among cells so that the driving force for GABA currents can be either inward or outward. Indeed, using noninvasive cell-attached recordings, we demonstrate inhibitory, excitatory, and sequential inhibitory and excitatory responses to interneuron stimulation [results obtained both in juvenile (postnatal days 12-14) and subadult (postnatal days 20-25) animals]. In hyperpolarized cells, single synaptic GABA currents can trigger spikes or trains of spikes, and subthreshold stimulations enhance the responsiveness to subsequent excitatory stimulation over at least 30 msec. We suggest that the coexistence of excitatory and inhibitory GABA synapses could either buffer the mean firing rate of the interneuron network or introduce different types of correlation between neighboring interneurons, or both.},
	Author = {Chavas, Jo{\"e}l and Marty, Alain},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-20 17:48:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 17:48:52 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Cerebellum; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Gramicidin; In Vitro Techniques; Interneurons; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium; Purkinje Cells; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A; Sodium; Synapses; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2019-31},
	pmid = {12657660},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coexistence of excitatory and inhibitory GABA synapses in the cerebellar interneuron network},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Chavas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Takeuchi:1960,
	Author = {Takeuchi, A and Takeuchi, N},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-19 21:20:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-19 21:21:21 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {MYONEURAL JUNCTION/physiology},
	Mesh = {Neuromuscular Junction; Permeability},
	Month = {Nov},
	Pages = {52-67},
	Pmc = {PMC1359785},
	pmid = {13774972},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {On the permeability of end-plate membrane during the action of transmitter},
	Volume = {154},
	Year = {1960}}

@article{McPartland:2001,
	Abstract = {The endocannabinoid system exerts an important neuromodulatory role in mammals. Knockout mice lacking cannabinoid (CB) receptors exhibit significant morbidity. The endocannabinoid system also appears to be phylogenetically ancient--it occurs in mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, sea urchins, leeches, mussels, and even the most primitive animal with a nerve network, the Hydra. The presence of CB receptors, however, has not been examined in terrestrial invertebrates (or any member of the Ecdysozoa). Surprisingly, we found no specific binding of the synthetic CB ligands [(3)H]CP55,940 and [(3)H]SR141716A in a panel of insects: Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, Gerris marginatus, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Zophobas atratus. A lack of functional CB receptors was confirmed by the inability of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and HU210 to activate G-proteins in insect tissues, utilizing a guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)]thio)-triphosphate (GTP gamma S) assay. No orthologs of human CB receptors were located in the Drosophila genome, nor did we find orthologs of fatty acid amide hydrolase. This loss of CB receptors appears to be unique in the field of comparative neurobiology. No other known mammalian neuroreceptor is understood to be missing in insects. We hypothesized that CB receptors were lost in insects because of a dearth of ligands; endogenous CB ligands are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and insects produce little or no arachidonic acid or endocannabinoid ligands, such as anandamide.},
	Author = {McPartland, J and Di Marzo, V and De Petrocellis, L and Mercer, A and Glass, M},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-18 19:24:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-18 19:24:41 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Bees; Beetles; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; Cats; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Insects; Ligands; Malpighian Tubules; Molecular Sequence Data; Rats; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Receptors, Drug},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {423-9},
	pmid = {11447587},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cannabinoid receptors are absent in insects},
	Volume = {436},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Jeffries:2014,
	Abstract = {Long-chain fatty acid amides are cell-signaling lipids identified in mammals and, recently, in invertebrates, as well. Many details regarding fatty acid amide metabolism remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for the study long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism as we have quantified the endogenous levels of N-acylglycines, N-acyldopamines, N-acylethanolamines, and primary fatty acid amides by LC/QTOF-MS. Growth of D. melanogaster on media supplemented with [1-(13)C]-palmitate lead to a family of (13)C-palmitate-labeled fatty acid amides in the fly heads. The [1-(13)C]-palmitate feeding studies provide insight into the biosynthesis of the fatty acid amides.},
	Author = {Jeffries, Kristen A and Dempsey, Daniel R and Behari, Anita L and Anderson, Ryan L and Merkler, David J},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-18 19:24:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-18 19:24:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.051},
	Journal = {FEBS Lett},
	Journal-Full = {FEBS letters},
	Keywords = {Biosynthetic pathway; Drosophila melanogaster; Endogenous quantification; Heavy-labeled precursor; Long-chain fatty acid amide; Model system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Drosophila melanogaster; Ethanolamines; Lipid Metabolism; Palmitic Acids},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1596-602},
	Pmc = {PMC4023565},
	pmid = {24650760},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to study long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism},
	Volume = {588},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.051}}

@article{Tomaso:1996,
	Author = {di Tomaso, E and Beltramo, M and Piomelli, D},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-18 19:19:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-18 19:19:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/382677a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Amidohydrolases; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Brain Chemistry; Cacao; Candy; Cannabinoids; Cells, Cultured; Endocannabinoids; Ethanolamines; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Rats},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6593},
	Pages = {677-8},
	pmid = {8751435},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain cannabinoids in chocolate},
	Volume = {382},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Tomaso_Nature1996.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382677a0}}

@article{Pacher:2006,
	Abstract = {The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its regulatory functions in health and disease. Such studies have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of selective cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism and transport, as well as mice deficient in cannabinoid receptors or the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase. In the past decade, the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a growing number of physiological functions, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in peripheral organs. More importantly, modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system turned out to hold therapeutic promise in a wide range of disparate diseases and pathological conditions, ranging from mood and anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, to cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, obesity/metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis, to name just a few. An impediment to the development of cannabinoid medications has been the socially unacceptable psychoactive properties of plant-derived or synthetic agonists, mediated by CB(1) receptors. However, this problem does not arise when the therapeutic aim is achieved by treatment with a CB(1) receptor antagonist, such as in obesity, and may also be absent when the action of endocannabinoids is enhanced indirectly through blocking their metabolism or transport. The use of selective CB(2) receptor agonists, which lack psychoactive properties, could represent another promising avenue for certain conditions. The abuse potential of plant-derived cannabinoids may also be limited through the use of preparations with controlled composition and the careful selection of dose and route of administration. The growing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials with compounds that modulate the endocannabinoid system will probably result in novel therapeutic approaches in a number of diseases for which current treatments do not fully address the patients' need. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current state of knowledge of the endocannabinoid system as a target of pharmacotherapy.},
	Author = {Pacher, P{\'a}l and B{\'a}tkai, S{\'a}ndor and Kunos, George},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-18 19:16:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-18 19:16:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1124/pr.58.3.2},
	Journal = {Pharmacol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Pharmacological reviews},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; Endocannabinoids; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Models, Biological},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {389-462},
	Pmc = {PMC2241751},
	pmid = {16968947},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Pacher_PharmacolRev2006.pdf}}

@article{Gertsch:2010,
	Abstract = {It is intriguing that during human cultural evolution man has detected plant natural products that appear to target key protein receptors of important physiological systems rather selectively. Plants containing such secondary metabolites usually belong to unique chemotaxa, induce potent pharmacological effects and have typically been used for recreational and medicinal purposes or as poisons. Cannabis sativa L. has a long history as a medicinal plant and was fundamental in the discovery of the endocannabinoid system. The major psychoactive Cannabis constituent Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) potently activates the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor CB(1) and also modulates the cannabinoid receptor CB(2). In the last few years, several other non-cannabinoid plant constituents have been reported to bind to and functionally interact with CB receptors. Moreover, certain plant natural products, from both Cannabis and other plants, also target other proteins of the endocannabinoid system, such as hydrolytic enzymes that control endocannabinoid levels. In this commentary we summarize and critically discuss recent findings.},
	Author = {Gertsch, J{\"u}rg and Pertwee, Roger G and Di Marzo, Vincenzo},
	Date-Added = {2016-10-18 18:10:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-18 18:10:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00745.x},
	Journal = {Br J Pharmacol},
	Journal-Full = {British journal of pharmacology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Products; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Fatty Acids; Flavonoids; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phenols; Polyphenols; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Terpenes},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {523-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2931553},
	pmid = {20590562},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant - do they exist?},
	Volume = {160},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Gertsch_BrJPharmacol2010.pdf}}

@article{Singh:2013,
	Abstract = {Autism is a common and heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that can be categorized into two types: syndromic and nonsyndromic, the former of which are associated with other neurological disorders or syndromes. Molecular and functional links between syndromic and nonsyndromic autism genes were lacking until studies aimed at understanding the role of trans-synaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin, which is associated with nonsyndromic autism, provided important connections. Here, we integrate data from these studies into a model of how neuroligin functions to control synaptic connectivity in the central nervous system and how neuroligin dysfunction may participate in the pathophysiology of autism. Understanding the complex functional interactions between neuroligins and other autism-associated proteins at the synapse is crucial to understand the pathology of autism. This understanding might bring us closer to development of therapeutic approaches for autism.},
	Author = {Singh, Sandeep K and Eroglu, Cagla},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 15:10:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 15:15:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/scisignal.2004102},
	Journal = {Sci Signal},
	Journal-Full = {Science signaling},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; heritability},
	Mesh = {Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Humans; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Syndrome},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {283},
	Pages = {re4},
	Pmc = {PMC4000534},
	pmid = {23838185},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neuroligins provide molecular links between syndromic and nonsyndromic autism},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004102}}

@article{Torre-Ubieta:2016,
	Abstract = {Progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has fueled remarkable advances in our understanding of its potential neurobiological mechanisms. Yet, at the same time, these findings highlight extraordinary causal diversity and complexity at many levels ranging from molecules to circuits and emphasize the gaps in our current knowledge. Here we review current understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD and integrate genetic evidence, neuropathology and studies in model systems with how they inform mechanistic models of ASD pathophysiology. Despite the challenges, these advances provide a solid foundation for the development of rational, targeted molecular therapies.},
	Author = {de la Torre-Ubieta, Luis and Won, Hyejung and Stein, Jason L and Geschwind, Daniel H},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 14:41:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 14:41:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nm.4071},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Journal-Full = {Nature medicine},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {345-61},
	pmid = {27050589},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Torre-Ubieta_NatMed2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4071}}

@article{Sandin:2014,
	Abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aggregates in families, but the individual risk and to what extent this is caused by genetic factors or shared or nonshared environmental factors remains unresolved.
OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates of familial aggregation and heritability of ASD.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A population-based cohort including 2,049,973 Swedish children born 1982 through 2006. We identified 37,570 twin pairs, 2,642,064 full sibling pairs, 432,281 maternal and 445,531 paternal half sibling pairs, and 5,799,875 cousin pairs. Diagnoses of ASD to December 31, 2009 were ascertained.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The relative recurrence risk (RRR) measures familial aggregation of disease. The RRR is the relative risk of autism in a participant with a sibling or cousin who has the diagnosis (exposed) compared with the risk in a participant with no diagnosed family member (unexposed). We calculated RRR for both ASD and autistic disorder adjusting for age, birth year, sex, parental psychiatric history, and parental age. We estimated how much of the probability of developing ASD can be related to genetic (additive and dominant) and environmental (shared and nonshared) factors.
RESULTS: In the sample, 14,516 children were diagnosed with ASD, of whom 5689 had autistic disorder. The RRR and rate per 100,000 person-years for ASD among monozygotic twins was estimated to be 153.0 (95% CI, 56.7-412.8; rate, 6274 for exposed vs 27 for unexposed ); for dizygotic twins, 8.2 (95% CI, 3.7-18.1; rate, 805 for exposed vs 55 for unexposed); for full siblings, 10.3 (95% CI, 9.4-11.3; rate, 829 for exposed vs 49 for unexposed); for maternal half siblings, 3.3 (95% CI, 2.6-4.2; rate, 492 for exposed vs 94 for unexposed); for paternal half siblings, 2.9 (95% CI, 2.2-3.7; rate, 371 for exposed vs 85 for unexposed); and for cousins, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.8-2.2; rate, 155 for exposed vs 49 for unexposed). The RRR pattern was similar for autistic disorder but of slightly higher magnitude.We found support for a disease etiology including only additive genetic and nonshared environmental effects. The ASD heritability was estimated to be 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.56) and the autistic disorder heritability was estimated to 0.54 (95% CI, 0.44-0.64).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of ASD and autistic disorder increased with increasing genetic relatedness. Heritability of ASD and autistic disorder were estimated to be approximately 50%. These findings may inform the counseling of families with affected children.},
	Author = {Sandin, Sven and Lichtenstein, Paul and Kuja-Halkola, Ralf and Larsson, Henrik and Hultman, Christina M and Reichenberg, Abraham},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 14:22:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 14:22:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1001/jama.2014.4144},
	Journal = {JAMA},
	Journal-Full = {JAMA},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Autistic Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; Maternal Age; Paternal Age; Registries; Risk; Sweden; Twins, Monozygotic; Young Adult},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {1770-7},
	Pmc = {PMC4381277},
	pmid = {24794370},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The familial risk of autism},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Sandin_JAMA2014a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.4144}}

@article{Tan:2010,
	Abstract = {Recent genetic studies have implicated a number of candidate genes in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Polymorphisms of CNTNAP2 (contactin-associated like protein-2), a member of the neurexin family, have already been implicated as a susceptibility gene for autism by at least 3 separate studies. We investigated variation in white and grey matter morphology using structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. We compared volumetric differences in white and grey matter and fractional anisotropy values in control subjects characterised by genotype at rs7794745, a single nucleotide polymorphism in CNTNAP2. Homozygotes for the risk allele showed significant reductions in grey and white matter volume and fractional anisotropy in several regions that have already been implicated in ASD, including the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, occipital and frontal cortices. Male homozygotes for the risk alleles showed greater reductions in grey matter in the right frontal pole and in FA in the right rostral fronto-occipital fasciculus compared to their female counterparts who showed greater reductions in FA of the anterior thalamic radiation. Thus a risk allele for autism results in significant cerebral morphological variation, despite the absence of overt symptoms or behavioural abnormalities. The results are consistent with accumulating evidence of CNTNAP2's function in neuronal development. The finding suggests the possibility that the heterogeneous manifestations of ASD can be aetiologically characterised into distinct subtypes through genetic-morphological analysis.},
	Author = {Tan, Geoffrey C Y and Doke, Thomas F and Ashburner, John and Wood, Nicholas W and Frackowiak, Richard S J},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 00:17:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 00:17:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.018},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Mesh = {Anisotropy; Cerebellum; Child; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Endophenotypes; Female; Frontal Lobe; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Occipital Lobe; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1030-42},
	Pmc = {PMC2941042},
	pmid = {20176116},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Normal variation in fronto-occipital circuitry and cerebellar structure with an autism-associated polymorphism of CNTNAP2},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.018}}

@article{Abrahams:2007,
	Abstract = {Despite the well established role of the frontal and posterior perisylvian cortices in many facets of human-cognitive specializations, including language, little is known about the developmental patterning of these regions in the human brain. We performed a genome-wide analysis of human cerebral patterning during midgestation, a critical epoch in cortical regionalization. A total of 345 genes were identified as differentially expressed between superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the remaining cerebral cortex. Gene ontology categories representing transcription factors were enriched in STG, whereas cell-adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules were enriched in the other cortical regions. Quantitative RT-PCR or in situ hybridization was performed to validate differential expression in a subset of 32 genes, most of which were confirmed. LIM domain-binding 1 (LDB1), which we show to be enriched in the STG, is a recently identified interactor of LIM domain only 4 (LMO4), a gene known to be involved in the asymmetric pattering of the perisylvian region in the developing human brain. Protocadherin 17 (PCDH17), a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, was highly enriched in focal regions of the human prefrontal cortex. Contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), in which mutations are known to cause autism, epilepsy, and language delay, showed a remarkable pattern of anterior-enriched cortical expression in human that was not observed in mouse or rat. These data highlight the importance of expression analysis of human brain and the utility of cross-species comparisons of gene expression. Genes identified here provide a foundation for understanding molecular aspects of human-cognitive specializations and the disorders that disrupt them.},
	Author = {Abrahams, B S and Tentler, D and Perederiy, J V and Oldham, M C and Coppola, G and Geschwind, D H},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 00:16:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 00:16:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0706128104},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genome, Human; Humans; Knowledge; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {45},
	Pages = {17849-54},
	Pmc = {PMC2077018},
	pmid = {17978184},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genome-wide analyses of human perisylvian cerebral cortical patterning},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706128104}}

@article{Scott-Van-Zeeland:2010,
	Abstract = {Genetic studies are rapidly identifying variants that shape risk for disorders of human cognition, but the question of how such variants predispose to neuropsychiatric disease remains. Noninvasive human brain imaging allows assessment of the brain in vivo, and the combination of genetics and imaging phenotypes remains one of the only ways to explore functional genotype-phenotype associations in human brain. Common variants in contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), a neurexin superfamily member, have been associated with several allied neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and specific language impairment, and CNTNAP2 is highly expressed in frontal lobe circuits in the developing human brain. Using functional neuroimaging, we have demonstrated a relationship between frontal lobar connectivity and common genetic variants in CNTNAP2. These data provide a mechanistic link between specific genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and empirical data implicating dysfunction of long-range connections within the frontal lobe in autism. The convergence between genetic findings and cognitive-behavioral models of autism provides evidence that genetic variation at CNTNAP2 predisposes to diseases such as autism in part through modulation of frontal lobe connectivity.},
	Author = {Scott-Van Zeeland, Ashley A and Abrahams, Brett S and Alvarez-Retuerto, Ana I and Sonnenblick, Lisa I and Rudie, Jeffrey D and Ghahremani, Dara and Mumford, Jeanette A and Poldrack, Russell A and Dapretto, Mirella and Geschwind, Daniel H and Bookheimer, Susan Y},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-04 00:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-04 00:12:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344},
	Journal = {Sci Transl Med},
	Journal-Full = {Science translational medicine},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Frontal Lobe; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Risk Factors},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {56},
	Pages = {56ra80},
	Pmc = {PMC3065863},
	pmid = {21048216},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Altered functional connectivity in frontal lobe circuits is associated with variation in the autism risk gene CNTNAP2},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Scott-VanZeeland_SciTranslMed2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344}}

@article{Lu:2015,
	Author = {Lu, Ju and Zuo, Yi},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-03 16:50:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-03 16:50:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature15211},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Male; Memory; Motor Cortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Synapses},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {7569},
	Pages = {324-5},
	pmid = {26352474},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuroscience: Forgetfulness illuminated},
	Volume = {525},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15211}}

@article{Xu:2009,
	Abstract = {Novel motor skills are learned through repetitive practice and, once acquired, persist long after training stops. Earlier studies have shown that such learning induces an increase in the efficacy of synapses in the primary motor cortex, the persistence of which is associated with retention of the task. However, how motor learning affects neuronal circuitry at the level of individual synapses and how long-lasting memory is structurally encoded in the intact brain remain unknown. Here we show that synaptic connections in the living mouse brain rapidly respond to motor-skill learning and permanently rewire. Training in a forelimb reaching task leads to rapid (within an hour) formation of postsynaptic dendritic spines on the output pyramidal neurons in the contralateral motor cortex. Although selective elimination of spines that existed before training gradually returns the overall spine density back to the original level, the new spines induced during learning are preferentially stabilized during subsequent training and endure long after training stops. Furthermore, we show that different motor skills are encoded by different sets of synapses. Practice of novel, but not previously learned, tasks further promotes dendritic spine formation in adulthood. Our findings reveal that rapid, but long-lasting, synaptic reorganization is closely associated with motor learning. The data also suggest that stabilized neuronal connections are the foundation of durable motor memory.},
	Author = {Xu, Tonghui and Yu, Xinzhu and Perlik, Andrew J and Tobin, Willie F and Zweig, Jonathan A and Tennant, Kelly and Jones, Theresa and Zuo, Yi},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-03 16:50:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-03 16:50:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature08389},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Dendrites; Forelimb; Memory; Mice; Motor Cortex; Motor Skills; Neuronal Plasticity; Psychomotor Performance; Pyramidal Cells; Seeds; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7275},
	Pages = {915-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2844762},
	pmid = {19946267},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories},
	Volume = {462},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Xu_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Xu_Nature2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Xu_Nature2009.mov},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08389}}

@article{Fu:2012,
	Abstract = {Many lines of evidence suggest that memory in the mammalian brain is stored with distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Despite recent progresses in identifying neuronal populations involved in memory coding, the synapse-level mechanism is still poorly understood. Computational models and electrophysiological data have shown that functional clustering of synapses along dendritic branches leads to nonlinear summation of synaptic inputs and greatly expands the computing power of a neural network. However, whether neighbouring synapses are involved in encoding similar memory and how task-specific cortical networks develop during learning remain elusive. Using transcranial two-photon microscopy, we followed apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex while mice practised novel forelimb skills. Here we show that a third of new dendritic spines (postsynaptic structures of most excitatory synapses) formed during the acquisition phase of learning emerge in clusters, and that most such clusters are neighbouring spine pairs. These clustered new spines are more likely to persist throughout prolonged learning sessions, and even long after training stops, than non-clustered counterparts. Moreover, formation of new spine clusters requires repetition of the same motor task, and the emergence of succedent new spine(s) accompanies the strengthening of the first new spine in the cluster. We also show that under control conditions new spines appear to avoid existing stable spines, rather than being uniformly added along dendrites. However, succedent new spines in clusters overcome such a spatial constraint and form in close vicinity to neighbouring stable spines. Our findings suggest that clustering of new synapses along dendrites is induced by repetitive activation of the cortical circuitry during learning, providing a structural basis for spatial coding of motor memory in the mammalian brain.},
	Author = {Fu, Min and Yu, Xinzhu and Lu, Ju and Zuo, Yi},
	Date-Added = {2016-08-03 16:49:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-08-03 16:49:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10844},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dendritic Spines; Forelimb; Learning; Mice; Models, Neurological; Motor Cortex; Psychomotor Performance; Pyramidal Cells; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {7387},
	Pages = {92-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3292711},
	pmid = {22343892},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Repetitive motor learning induces coordinated formation of clustered dendritic spines in vivo},
	Volume = {483},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Fu_Nature2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10844}}

@article{Ho:2011,
	Abstract = {Estimation of demographic history from nucleotide sequences represents an important component of many studies in molecular ecology. For example, knowledge of a population's history can allow us to test hypotheses about the impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors. In the past, demographic analysis was typically limited to relatively simple population models, such as exponential or logistic growth. More flexible approaches are now available, including skyline-plot methods that are able to reconstruct changes in population sizes through time. This technical review focuses on these skyline-plot methods. We describe some general principles relating to sampling design and data collection. We then provide an outline of the methodological framework, which is based on coalescent theory, before tracing the development of the various skyline-plot methods and describing their key features. The performance and properties of the methods are illustrated using two simulated data sets.},
	Author = {Ho, Simon Y W and Shapiro, Beth},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:53:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:53:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.02988.x},
	Journal = {Mol Ecol Resour},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular ecology resources},
	Mesh = {Demography; Genetics, Population; Humans; Models, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Statistics as Topic},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {423-34},
	pmid = {21481200},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Skyline-plot methods for estimating demographic history from nucleotide sequences},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Ho_MolEcolResour2011.pdf}}

@article{Green:2010,
	Abstract = {Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.},
	Author = {Green, Richard E and Krause, Johannes and Briggs, Adrian W and Maricic, Tomislav and Stenzel, Udo and Kircher, Martin and Patterson, Nick and Li, Heng and Zhai, Weiwei and Fritz, Markus Hsi-Yang and Hansen, Nancy F and Durand, Eric Y and Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo and Jensen, Jeffrey D and Marques-Bonet, Tomas and Alkan, Can and Pr{\"u}fer, Kay and Meyer, Matthias and Burbano, Hern{\'a}n A and Good, Jeffrey M and Schultz, Rigo and Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer and Butthof, Anne and H{\"o}ber, Barbara and H{\"o}ffner, Barbara and Siegemund, Madlen and Weihmann, Antje and Nusbaum, Chad and Lander, Eric S and Russ, Carsten and Novod, Nathaniel and Affourtit, Jason and Egholm, Michael and Verna, Christine and Rudan, Pavao and Brajkovic, Dejana and Kucan, Zeljko and Gusic, Ivan and Doronichev, Vladimir B and Golovanova, Liubov V and Lalueza-Fox, Carles and de la Rasilla, Marco and Fortea, Javier and Rosas, Antonio and Schmitz, Ralf W and Johnson, Philip L F and Eichler, Evan E and Falush, Daniel and Birney, Ewan and Mullikin, James C and Slatkin, Montgomery and Nielsen, Rasmus and Kelso, Janet and Lachmann, Michael and Reich, David and P{\"a}{\"a}bo, Svante},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:53:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:53:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1188021},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {African Continental Ancestry Group; Animals; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Base Sequence; Bone and Bones; DNA, Mitochondrial; European Continental Ancestry Group; Evolution, Molecular; Extinction, Biological; Female; Fossils; Gene Dosage; Gene Flow; Genetic Variation; Genome; Genome, Human; Haplotypes; Hominidae; Humans; Pan troglodytes; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Selection, Genetic; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Time},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5979},
	Pages = {710-22},
	pmid = {20448178},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome},
	Volume = {328},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Green_Science2010.pdf}}

@article{Carninci:2005,
	Abstract = {This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.},
	Author = {Carninci, P and Kasukawa, T and Katayama, S and Gough, J and Frith, M C and Maeda, N and Oyama, R and Ravasi, T and Lenhard, B and Wells, C and Kodzius, R and Shimokawa, K and Bajic, V B and Brenner, S E and Batalov, S and Forrest, A R R and Zavolan, M and Davis, M J and Wilming, L G and Aidinis, V and Allen, J E and Ambesi-Impiombato, A and Apweiler, R and Aturaliya, R N and Bailey, T L and Bansal, M and Baxter, L and Beisel, K W and Bersano, T and Bono, H and Chalk, A M and Chiu, K P and Choudhary, V and Christoffels, A and Clutterbuck, D R and Crowe, M L and Dalla, E and Dalrymple, B P and de Bono, B and Della Gatta, G and di Bernardo, D and Down, T and Engstrom, P and Fagiolini, M and Faulkner, G and Fletcher, C F and Fukushima, T and Furuno, M and Futaki, S and Gariboldi, M and Georgii-Hemming, P and Gingeras, T R and Gojobori, T and Green, R E and Gustincich, S and Harbers, M and Hayashi, Y and Hensch, T K and Hirokawa, N and Hill, D and Huminiecki, L and Iacono, M and Ikeo, K and Iwama, A and Ishikawa, T and Jakt, M and Kanapin, A and Katoh, M and Kawasawa, Y and Kelso, J and Kitamura, H and Kitano, H and Kollias, G and Krishnan, S P T and Kruger, A and Kummerfeld, S K and Kurochkin, I V and Lareau, L F and Lazarevic, D and Lipovich, L and Liu, J and Liuni, S and McWilliam, S and Madan Babu, M and Madera, M and Marchionni, L and Matsuda, H and Matsuzawa, S and Miki, H and Mignone, F and Miyake, S and Morris, K and Mottagui-Tabar, S and Mulder, N and Nakano, N and Nakauchi, H and Ng, P and Nilsson, R and Nishiguchi, S and Nishikawa, S and Nori, F and Ohara, O and Okazaki, Y and Orlando, V and Pang, K C and Pavan, W J and Pavesi, G and Pesole, G and Petrovsky, N and Piazza, S and Reed, J and Reid, J F and Ring, B Z and Ringwald, M and Rost, B and Ruan, Y and Salzberg, S L and Sandelin, A and Schneider, C and Sch{\"o}nbach, C and Sekiguchi, K and Semple, C A M and Seno, S and Sessa, L and Sheng, Y and Shibata, Y and Shimada, H and Shimada, K and Silva, D and Sinclair, B and Sperling, S and Stupka, E and Sugiura, K and Sultana, R and Takenaka, Y and Taki, K and Tammoja, K and Tan, S L and Tang, S and Taylor, M S and Tegner, J and Teichmann, S A and Ueda, H R and van Nimwegen, E and Verardo, R and Wei, C L and Yagi, K and Yamanishi, H and Zabarovsky, E and Zhu, S and Zimmer, A and Hide, W and Bult, C and Grimmond, S M and Teasdale, R D and Liu, E T and Brusic, V and Quackenbush, J and Wahlestedt, C and Mattick, J S and Hume, D A and Kai, C and Sasaki, D and Tomaru, Y and Fukuda, S and Kanamori-Katayama, M and Suzuki, M and Aoki, J and Arakawa, T and Iida, J and Imamura, K and Itoh, M and Kato, T and Kawaji, H and Kawagashira, N and Kawashima, T and Kojima, M and Kondo, S and Konno, H and Nakano, K and Ninomiya, N and Nishio, T and Okada, M and Plessy, C and Shibata, K and Shiraki, T and Suzuki, S and Tagami, M and Waki, K and Watahiki, A and Okamura-Oho, Y and Suzuki, H and Kawai, J and Hayashizaki, Y and {FANTOM Consortium} and {RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group)}},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:52:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:52:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1112014},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {3' Untranslated Regions; Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; DNA, Complementary; Genome; Genome, Human; Genomics; Humans; Mice; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proteins; RNA; RNA Splicing; RNA, Untranslated; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid; Terminator Regions, Genetic; Transcription Initiation Site; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5740},
	Pages = {1559-63},
	pmid = {16141072},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome},
	Volume = {309},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Carninci_Science2005.pdf}}

@article{Shapiro:2002,
	Author = {Shapiro, Beth and Sibthorpe, Dean and Rambaut, Andrew and Austin, Jeremy and Wragg, Graham M and Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R P and Lee, Patricia L M and Cooper, Alan},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:52:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:52:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.295.5560.1683},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Columbidae; DNA, Mitochondrial; Flight, Animal; Likelihood Functions; Phylogeny},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5560},
	Pages = {1683},
	pmid = {11872833},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Flight of the dodo},
	Volume = {295},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Shapiro_Science2002.pdf}}

@article{Eklund:2016,
	Abstract = {The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In this work, we use real resting-state data and a total of 3 million random task group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a nominal familywise error rate of 5%, the parametric statistical methods are shown to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference. Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape. By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of neuroimaging.},
	Author = {Eklund, Anders and Nichols, Thomas E and Knutsson, Hans},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:51:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:51:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1602413113},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {cluster inference; fMRI; false positives; permutation test; statistics},
	Month = {Jun},
	pmid = {27357684},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Eklund_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}}

@article{Drummond:2005,
	Abstract = {We introduce the Bayesian skyline plot, a new method for estimating past population dynamics through time from a sample of molecular sequences without dependence on a prespecified parametric model of demographic history. We describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling procedure that efficiently samples a variant of the generalized skyline plot, given sequence data, and combines these plots to generate a posterior distribution of effective population size through time. We apply the Bayesian skyline plot to simulated data sets and show that it correctly reconstructs demographic history under canonical scenarios. Finally, we compare the Bayesian skyline plot model to previous coalescent approaches by analyzing two real data sets (hepatitis C virus in Egypt and mitochondrial DNA of Beringian bison) that have been previously investigated using alternative coalescent methods. In the bison analysis, we detect a severe but previously unrecognized bottleneck, estimated to have occurred 10,000 radiocarbon years ago, which coincides with both the earliest undisputed record of large numbers of humans in Alaska and the megafaunal extinctions in North America at the beginning of the Holocene.},
	Author = {Drummond, A J and Rambaut, A and Shapiro, B and Pybus, O G},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 22:51:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 22:51:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/molbev/msi103},
	Journal = {Mol Biol Evol},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Bison; DNA, Mitochondrial; Egypt; Evolution, Molecular; Genetics, Population; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Markov Chains; Models, Genetic; Monte Carlo Method; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Time Factors},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1185-92},
	pmid = {15703244},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Drummond_MolBiolEvol2005.pdf}}

@article{Kirkby:2013,
	Abstract = {Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing nervous system is robust to perturbations in the circuits that generate it, suggesting that mechanisms exist to ensure its maintenance. We examine this phenomenon in the developing retina, where blockade of cholinergic circuits that mediate retinal waves during the first postnatal week leads to the generation of "recovered" waves through a distinct, gap junction-mediated circuit. Unlike cholinergic waves, these recovered waves were modulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling, and required the presence of the gap junction protein connexin 36. Moreover, in contrast to cholinergic waves, recovered waves were stimulated by ambient light via activation of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The involvement of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in this reconfiguration of wave-generating circuits offers an avenue of retinal circuit plasticity during development that was previously unknown.},
	Author = {Kirkby, Lowry A and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 17:34:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 17:34:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1222150110},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {degenerate circuit; dopamine; retinal development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Connexins; Electrophysiological Processes; Gap Junctions; Light Signal Transduction; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Microscopy, Interference; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rod Opsins; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {12090-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3718101},
	pmid = {23821744},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells contribute to plasticity in retinal wave circuits},
	Volume = {110},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Kirkby_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}}

@article{Smith:2015,
	Abstract = {Stimulus discrimination depends on the selectivity and variability of neural responses, as well as the size and correlation structure of the responsive population. For direction discrimination in visual cortex, only the selectivity of neurons has been well characterized across development. Here we show in ferrets that at eye opening, the cortical response to visual stimulation exhibits several immaturities, including a high density of active neurons that display prominent wave-like activity, a high degree of variability and strong noise correlations. Over the next three weeks, the population response becomes increasingly sparse, wave-like activity disappears, and variability and noise correlations are markedly reduced. Similar changes were observed in identified neuronal populations imaged repeatedly over days. Furthermore, experience with a moving stimulus was capable of driving a reduction in noise correlations over a matter of hours. These changes in variability and correlation contribute significantly to a marked improvement in direction discriminability over development.},
	Author = {Smith, Gordon B and Sederberg, Audrey and Elyada, Yishai M and Van Hooser, Stephen D and Kaschube, Matthias and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-07 17:19:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-07 17:19:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3921},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Ferrets; Motion Perception; Nerve Net; Neurons; Optical Imaging; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {252-61},
	Pmc = {PMC4334116},
	pmid = {25599224},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of cortical circuits for motion discrimination},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3921}}

@article{McCormick:2015,
	Abstract = {Cortical and thalamocortical activity is highly state dependent, varying between patterns that are conducive to accurate sensory-motor processing, to states in which the brain is largely off-line and generating internal rhythms irrespective of the outside world. The generation of rhythmic activity occurs through the interaction of stereotyped patterns of connectivity together with intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties. One common theme in the generation of rhythms is the interaction of a positive feedback loop (e.g., recurrent excitation) with negative feedback control (e.g., inhibition, adaptation, or synaptic depression). The operation of these state-dependent activities has wide ranging effects from enhancing or blocking sensory-motor processing to the generation of pathological rhythms associated with psychiatric or neurological disorders.},
	Author = {McCormick, David A and McGinley, Matthew J and Salkoff, David B},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-06 23:27:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-06 23:27:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.003},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Feedback, Physiological; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Periodicity; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Pages = {133-40},
	Pmc = {PMC4375098},
	pmid = {25460069},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain state dependent activity in the cortex and thalamus},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/McCormick_CurrOpinNeurobiol2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.003}}

@article{McCormick:2014,
	Author = {McCormick, David A and Nusbaum, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-06 23:27:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-06 23:27:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.010},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior; Humans; Nerve Net; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {iv-vii},
	Pmc = {PMC4450677},
	pmid = {25457725},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Editorial overview: neuromodulation: tuning the properties of neurons, networks and behavior},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.010}}

@article{Zagha:2014,
	Abstract = {How the brain takes in information, makes a decision, and acts on this decision is strongly influenced by the ongoing and constant fluctuations of state. Understanding the nature of these brain states and how they are controlled is critical to making sense of how the nervous system operates, both normally and abnormally. While broadly projecting neuromodulatory systems acting through metabotropic pathways have long been appreciated to be critical for determining brain state, more recent investigations have revealed a prominent role for fast acting neurotransmitter pathways for temporally and spatially precise control of neural processing. Corticocortical and thalamocortical glutamatergic projections can rapidly and precisely control brain state by changing both the nature of ongoing activity and by controlling the gain and precision of neural responses.},
	Author = {Zagha, Edward and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-06 23:27:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-06 23:27:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.010},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neurons},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {178-86},
	Pmc = {PMC4254046},
	pmid = {25310628},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural control of brain state},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.010}}

@article{McGinley:2015a,
	Abstract = {The state of the brain and body constantly varies on rapid and slow timescales. These variations contribute to the apparent noisiness of sensory responses at both the neural and the behavioral level. Recent investigations of rapid state changes in awake, behaving animals have provided insight into the mechanisms by which optimal sensory encoding and behavioral performance are achieved. Fluctuations in state, as indexed by pupillometry, impact both the "signal" (sensory evoked response) and the "noise" (spontaneous activity) of cortical responses. By taking these fluctuations into account, neural response (co)variability is significantly reduced, revealing the brain to be more reliable and predictable than previously thought.},
	Author = {McGinley, Matthew J and Vinck, Martin and Reimer, Jacob and Batista-Brito, Renata and Zagha, Edward and Cadwell, Cathryn R and Tolias, Andreas S and Cardin, Jessica A and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 15:31:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 15:31:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.012},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Humans; Motor Activity; Nerve Net; Neurons; Time Factors; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1143-61},
	Pmc = {PMC4718218},
	pmid = {26402600},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Waking State: Rapid Variations Modulate Neural and Behavioral Responses},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/McGinley_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.012}}

@article{McGinley:2015,
	Abstract = {The neural correlates of optimal states for signal detection task performance are largely unknown. One hypothesis holds that optimal states exhibit tonically depolarized cortical neurons with enhanced spiking activity, such as occur during movement. We recorded membrane potentials of auditory cortical neurons in mice trained on a challenging tone-in-noise detection task while assessing arousal with simultaneous pupillometry and hippocampal recordings. Arousal measures accurately predicted multiple modes of membrane potential activity, including rhythmic slow oscillations at low arousal, stable hyperpolarization at intermediate arousal, and depolarization during phasic or tonic periods of hyper-arousal. Walking always occurred during hyper-arousal. Optimal signal detection behavior and sound-evoked responses, at both sub-threshold and spiking levels, occurred at intermediate arousal when pre-decision membrane potentials were stably hyperpolarized. These results reveal a cortical physiological signature of the classically observed inverted-U relationship between task performance and arousal and that optimal detection exhibits enhanced sensory-evoked responses and reduced background synaptic activity.},
	Author = {McGinley, Matthew J and David, Stephen V and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 15:31:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 15:31:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.038},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arousal; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Perception; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Neurons; Signal Detection, Psychological},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {179-92},
	Pmc = {PMC4631312},
	pmid = {26074005},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical Membrane Potential Signature of Optimal States for Sensory Signal Detection},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.038}}

@article{Brockmann:2011,
	Abstract = {The coactivation of prefrontal and hippocampal networks in oscillatory rhythms is critical for precise information flow in mnemonic and executive tasks, yet the mechanisms governing its development are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that already in neonatal rats, patterns of discontinuous oscillatory activity precisely entrain the firing of prefrontal neurons and have distinct spatial and temporal organization over cingulate and prelimbic cortices. Moreover, we show that hippocampal theta bursts drive the generation of neonatal prefrontal oscillations by phase-locking the neuronal firing via axonal pathways. Consequently, functional impairment of the hippocampus reduces the prefrontal activity. With ongoing maturation continuous theta-gamma oscillations emerge and mutually entrain the prejuvenile prefrontal-hippocampal networks. Thus, theta-modulated communication within developing prefrontal-hippocampal networks may be relevant for circuitry refinement and maturation of functional units underlying information storage at adulthood.},
	Author = {Brockmann, Marco D and P{\"o}schel, Beatrice and Cichon, Nicole and Hanganu-Opatz, Ileana L},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 15:29:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 15:29:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.041},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Amino Acids; Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Clocks; Electric Stimulation; Fourier Analysis; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Hippocampus; Lidocaine; N-Methylaspartate; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Parvalbumins; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {332-47},
	pmid = {21791291},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coupled oscillations mediate directed interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the neonatal rat},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Brockmann_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.041}}

@article{Cichon:2014,
	Abstract = {Flexible communication within the brain, which relies on oscillatory activity, is not confined to adult neuronal networks. Experimental evidence has documented the presence of discontinuous patterns of oscillatory activity already during early development. Their highly variable spatial and time-frequency organization has been related to region specificity. However, it might be equally due to the absence of unitary criteria for classifying the early activity patterns, since they have been mainly characterized by visual inspection. Therefore, robust and unbiased methods for categorizing these discontinuous oscillations are needed for increasingly complex data sets from different labs. Here, we introduce an unsupervised detection and classification algorithm for the discontinuous activity patterns of rodents during early development. For this, in a first step time windows with discontinuous oscillations vs. epochs of network "silence" were identified. In a second step, the major features of detected events were identified and processed by principal component analysis for deciding on their contribution to the classification of different oscillatory patterns. Finally, these patterns were categorized using an unsupervised cluster algorithm. The results were validated on manually characterized neonatal spindle bursts (SB), which ubiquitously entrain neocortical areas of rats and mice, and prelimbic nested gamma spindle bursts (NG). Moreover, the algorithm led to satisfactory results for oscillatory events that, due to increased similarity of their features, were more difficult to classify, e.g., during the pre-juvenile developmental period. Based on a linear classification, the optimal number of features to consider increased with the difficulty of detection. This algorithm allows the comparison of neonatal and pre-juvenile oscillatory patterns in their spatial and temporal organization. It might represent a first step for the unbiased elucidation of activity patterns during development.},
	Author = {Cichon, Nicole B and Denker, Michael and Gr{\"u}n, Sonja and Hanganu-Opatz, Ileana L},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 15:27:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 15:27:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2014.00050},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {development; high-frequency oscillations; network oscillations; prefrontal cortex; principal component analysis; synchrony},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Pages = {50},
	Pmc = {PMC4034041},
	pmid = {24904296},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Unsupervised classification of neocortical activity patterns in neonatal and pre-juvenile rodents},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Cichon_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2014.00050}}

@article{Hoy:2015,
	Abstract = {The laminar structure and conserved cellular organization of mouse visual cortex provide a useful model to determine the mechanisms underlying the development of visual system function. However, the normal development of many receptive field properties has not yet been thoroughly quantified, particularly with respect to layer identity and in the absence of anesthesia. Here, we use multisite electrophysiological recording in the awake mouse across an extended period of development, starting at eye opening, to measure receptive field properties and behavioral-state modulation of responsiveness. We find selective responses for orientation, direction, and spatial frequency at eye opening, which are similar across cortical layers. After this initial similarity, we observe layer-specific maturation of orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and linearity over the following week. Developmental increases in selectivity are most robust and similar between layers 2-4, whereas layers 5 and 6 undergo distinct refinement patterns. Finally, we studied layer-specific behavioral-state modulation of cortical activity and observed a striking reorganization in the effects of running on response gain. During week 1 after eye opening, running increases responsiveness in layers 4 and 5, whereas in adulthood, the effects of running are most pronounced in layer 2/3. Together, these data demonstrate that response selectivity is present in all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) at eye opening in the awake mouse and identify the features of basic V1 function that are further shaped over this early developmental period in a layer-specific manner.},
	Author = {Hoy, Jennifer L and Niell, Cristopher M},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 15:14:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 15:14:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3174-14.2015},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {V1; development; gain modulation; mouse; orientation selectivity; receptive field},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Eye Movements; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Running; Spatial Navigation; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {3370-83},
	Pmc = {PMC4339350},
	pmid = {25716837},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Layer-specific refinement of visual cortex function after eye opening in the awake mouse},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Hoy_JNeurosci2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3174-14.2015}}

@article{Alivisatos:2013a,
	Abstract = {Neuroscience is at a crossroads. Great effort is being invested into deciphering specific neural interactions and circuits. At the same time, there exist few general theories or principles that explain brain function. We attribute this disparity, in part, to limitations in current methodologies. Traditional neurophysiological approaches record the activities of one neuron or a few neurons at a time. Neurochemical approaches focus on single neurotransmitters. Yet, there is an increasing realization that neural circuits operate at emergent levels, where the interactions between hundreds or thousands of neurons, utilizing multiple chemical transmitters, generate functional states. Brains function at the nanoscale, so tools to study brains must ultimately operate at this scale, as well. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are poised to provide a rich toolkit of novel methods to explore brain function by enabling simultaneous measurement and manipulation of activity of thousands or even millions of neurons. We and others refer to this goal as the Brain Activity Mapping Project. In this Nano Focus, we discuss how recent developments in nanoscale analysis tools and in the design and synthesis of nanomaterials have generated optical, electrical, and chemical methods that can readily be adapted for use in neuroscience. These approaches represent exciting areas of technical development and research. Moreover, unique opportunities exist for nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, and other physical scientists and engineers to contribute to tackling the challenging problems involved in understanding the fundamentals of brain function.},
	Author = {Alivisatos, A Paul and Andrews, Anne M and Boyden, Edward S and Chun, Miyoung and Church, George M and Deisseroth, Karl and Donoghue, John P and Fraser, Scott E and Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer and Looger, Loren L and Masmanidis, Sotiris and McEuen, Paul L and Nurmikko, Arto V and Park, Hongkun and Peterka, Darcy S and Reid, Clay and Roukes, Michael L and Scherer, Axel and Schnitzer, Mark and Sejnowski, Terrence J and Shepard, Kenneth L and Tsao, Doris and Turrigiano, Gina and Weiss, Paul S and Xu, Chris and Yuste, Rafael and Zhuang, Xiaowei},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 12:27:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 12:27:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1021/nn4012847},
	Journal = {ACS Nano},
	Journal-Full = {ACS nano},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1850-66},
	Pmc = {PMC3665747},
	pmid = {23514423},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nanotools for neuroscience and brain activity mapping},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Alivisatos_ACSNano2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4012847}}

@article{Fenlon:2015a,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of poorly understood behavioural disorders, which have increased in prevalence in the past two decades. Animal models offer the opportunity to understand the biological basis of these disorders. Studies comparing different mouse strains have identified the inbred BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) strain as a mouse model of ASD based on its anti-social and repetitive behaviours. Adult BTBR mice have complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, reduced cortical thickness and changes in early neurogenesis. However, little is known about the development or ultimate organisation of cortical areas devoted to specific sensory and motor functions in these mice that may also contribute to their behavioural phenotype.
RESULTS: In this study, we performed diffusion tensor imaging and tractography, together with histological analyses to investigate the emergence of functional areas in the cerebral cortex and their connections in BTBR mice and age-matched C57Bl/6 control mice. We found evidence that neither the anterior commissure nor the hippocampal commissure compensate for the loss of callosal connections, indicating that no interhemispheric neocortical connectivity is present in BTBR mice. We also found that both the primary visual and somatosensory cortical areas are shifted medially in BTBR mice compared to controls and that cortical thickness is differentially altered in BTBR mice between cortical areas and throughout development.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area formation are altered in an age- and region-specific manner in BTBR mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits previously observed in this strain. Some of these developmental patterns of change are also present in human ASD patients, and elucidating the aetiology driving cortical changes in BTBR mice may therefore help to increase our understanding of this disorder.},
	Author = {Fenlon, Laura R and Liu, Sha and Gobius, Ilan and Kurniawan, Nyoman D and Murphy, Skyle and Moldrich, Randal X and Richards, Linda J},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 12:08:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 12:10:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y},
	Journal = {Neural Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Neural development},
	Keywords = {development; corpus callosum; connectivity; neocortex; cerebral; activity-development;},
	Mesh = {Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Aging; Animals; Anterior Cerebellar Commissure; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Disease Models, Animal; Fornix, Brain; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Phenotype; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex},
	Pages = {10},
	Pmc = {PMC4412039},
	pmid = {25879444},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Formation of functional areas in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y}}

@article{Fenlon:2015,
	Abstract = {The corpus callosum connects the two cortical hemispheres of the mammalian brain and is susceptible to structural defects during development, which often result in significant neuropsychological dysfunction. To date, such individuals have been studied primarily with regards to the integrity of the callosal tract at the midline. However, the mechanisms regulating the contralateral targeting of the corpus callosum, after midline crossing has occurred, are less well understood. Recent evidence suggests that defects in contralateral targeting can occur in isolation from midline-tract malformations, and may have significant functional implications. We propose that contralateral targeting is a crucially important and relatively under-investigated event in callosal development, and that defects in this process may constitute an undiagnosed phenotype in several neurological disorders.},
	Author = {Fenlon, Laura R and Richards, Linda J},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 12:08:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 12:10:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.007},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {autism; brain development; callosal dysgenesis; contralateral targeting; corpus callosum; schizophrenia; development; corpus callosum; connectivity; neocortex; cerebral; activity-development;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Corpus Callosum; Functional Laterality; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neuroimaging},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {264-72},
	pmid = {25841797},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Contralateral targeting of the corpus callosum in normal and pathological brain function},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Fenlon_TrendsNeurosci2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.007}}

@article{Kozberg:2016,
	Abstract = {UNLABELLED: In the adult brain, increases in neural activity lead to increases in local blood flow. However, many prior measurements of functional hemodynamics in the neonatal brain, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in human infants, have noted altered and even inverted hemodynamic responses to stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that localized neural activity in early postnatal mice does not evoke blood flow increases as in the adult brain, and elucidate the neural and metabolic correlates of these altered functional hemodynamics as a function of developmental age. Using wide-field GCaMP imaging, the development of neural responses to somatosensory stimulus is visualized over the entire bilaterally exposed cortex. Neural responses are observed to progress from tightly localized, unilateral maps to bilateral responses as interhemispheric connectivity becomes established. Simultaneous hemodynamic imaging confirms that spatiotemporally coupled functional hyperemia is not present during these early stages of postnatal brain development, and develops gradually as cortical connectivity is established. Exploring the consequences of this lack of functional hyperemia, measurements of oxidative metabolism via flavoprotein fluorescence suggest that neural activity depletes local oxygen to below baseline levels at early developmental stages. Analysis of hemoglobin oxygenation dynamics at the same age confirms oxygen depletion for both stimulus-evoked and resting-state neural activity. This state of unmet metabolic demand during neural network development poses new questions about the mechanisms of neurovascular development and its role in both normal and abnormal brain development. These results also provide important insights for the interpretation of fMRI studies of the developing brain.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of neuronal connectivity is accompanied by development of the mechanisms that regulate local blood flow in response to neural activity. Novel in vivo imaging reveals that, in the developing mouse brain, strong and localized GCaMP neural responses to stimulus fail to evoke local blood flow increases, leading to a state in which oxygen levels become locally depleted. These results demonstrate that the development of cortical connectivity occurs in an environment of altered energy availability that itself may play a role in shaping normal brain development. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of abnormal developmental trajectories, and for the interpretation of functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired in the developing brain.},
	Author = {Kozberg, Mariel G and Ma, Ying and Shaik, Mohammed A and Kim, Sharon H and Hillman, Elizabeth M C},
	Date-Added = {2016-07-01 12:05:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-07-01 12:05:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2363-15.2016},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {GCaMP imaging; fMRI; flavoprotein fluorescence; functional hyperemia; neurovascular coupling; oxygen consumption; postnatal neural development},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {6704-17},
	pmid = {27335402},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid Postnatal Expansion of Neural Networks Occurs in an Environment of Altered Neurovascular and Neurometabolic Coupling},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Kozberg_JNeurosci2016.pdf}}

@article{Wise:1978,
	Author = {Wise, S P and Jones, E G},
	Date-Added = {2016-05-13 20:02:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-05-13 20:02:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901780202},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Functional Laterality; Neural Pathways; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamic Nuclei; Thalamus},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {187-208},
	pmid = {627623},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental studies of thalamocortical and commissural connections in the rat somatic sensory cortex},
	Volume = {178},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1978.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901780202}}

@article{Wise:1977,
	Abstract = {The retrograde, horseradish peroxidase technique has been used to demonstrate the cells of origin of corticofugal fiber systems arising in the rat somatic sensory cortex and projecting to the striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord. Correlative experiments conducted with the anterograde, autoradiographic method have been used to confirm the terminal distribution of many of these fiber systems. Corticofugal pathways directed to subcortical structures arise in the first and second somatic sensory areas exclusively from pyramidal cells of the infragranular layers, V and VI. Fibers which descend to the midbrain, pons, medulla and spinal cord arise exclusively from the largest pyramidal cells, the somata of which are found in the deep part of layer V (layer VB). There is some evidence for a sublaminar organization of the different classes of efferent cells within this layer. Fibers projecting to the diencephalon arise from somata situated throughout layer VI and to a lesser extent in layer V. Corticostriatal fibers arise only from cells with somata in layer V, but the somata are more superficially situated than those of the other classes of corticofugal neurons. The laminar distribution of the somata of corticofugal neurons differs considerably from that of commissural and ipsilateral corticocortical neurons.},
	Author = {Wise, S P and Jones, E G},
	Date-Added = {2016-05-13 20:02:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-05-13 20:02:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901750202},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cats; Corpus Striatum; Diencephalon; Haplorhini; Medulla Oblongata; Mesencephalon; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent; Pons; Pyramidal Tracts; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Tectum Mesencephali; Thalamus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {129-57},
	pmid = {408380},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cells of origin and terminal distribution of descending projections of the rat somatic sensory cortex},
	Volume = {175},
	Year = {1977},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901750202}}

@article{Wise:1976,
	Abstract = {Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments have been used to demonstrate the origin and terminal distribution of commissural fibers in the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of the rat. The commissural fibers originate from pyramidal cells of all layers, but predominantly from layers III and V. The fibers terminate in a series of approximately vertical bands. In each of these there are concentrations of terminals extending from the inner portion of the molecular layer to the deep portion of layer III as well as in the superficial part of layer V, and in layer VI. Discrete vertical bands of cortex are reciprocally connected across the midline to give both the origin and terminal regions of the projection a patchy or "columnar" appearance. The commissural fibers arise from and terminate in areas of the cortex that lie between and alongside the aggregations of granule cells that distinguish SI of the rat. No commissural fibers terminate within the aggregations of layer IV cells themselves but the more superficial terminal ramifications may come to overlie these aggregations. A heterotopic projection to the contralateral second somatosensory cortex has been observed and is similar in form to the homotopic projection to SI. Many commissural fibers have crossed the midline in the corpus callosum by the day of birth but lie in the underlying white matter and do not enter the cortical plate until at least the third postnatal day. During the first postnatal week these fibers grow somewhat diffusely into the maturing cortex and their topographic and laminar pattern of distribution attains its adult characteristics by the end of the first week. Commissural axons, thus, arise from immature cells but the maturation of cell form seems to precede the ingrowth of these axons and the acquisition of commissural synapses.},
	Author = {Wise, S P and Jones, E G},
	Date-Added = {2016-05-13 20:02:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-05-13 20:02:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901680302},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Neural Pathways; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {313-43},
	pmid = {950383},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex},
	Volume = {168},
	Year = {1976},
	url = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1976.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901680302}}

@article{Mohajerani:2013,
	Abstract = {Using millisecond-timescale voltage-sensitive dye imaging in lightly anesthetized or awake adult mice, we show that a palette of sensory-evoked and hemisphere-wide activity motifs are represented in spontaneous activity. These motifs can reflect multiple modes of sensory processing, including vision, audition and touch. We found similar cortical networks with direct cortical activation using channelrhodopsin-2. Regional analysis of activity spread indicated modality-specific sources, such as primary sensory areas, a common posterior-medial cortical sink where sensory activity was extinguished within the parietal association area and a secondary anterior medial sink within the cingulate and secondary motor cortices for visual stimuli. Correlation analysis between functional circuits and intracortical axonal projections indicated a common framework corresponding to long-range monosynaptic connections between cortical regions. Maps of intracortical monosynaptic structural connections predicted hemisphere-wide patterns of spontaneous and sensory-evoked depolarization. We suggest that an intracortical monosynaptic connectome shapes the ebb and flow of spontaneous cortical activity.},
	Author = {Mohajerani, Majid H and Chan, Allen W and Mohsenvand, Mostafa and LeDue, Jeffrey and Liu, Rui and McVea, David A and Boyd, Jamie D and Wang, Yu Tian and Reimers, Mark and Murphy, Timothy H},
	Date-Added = {2016-04-04 23:31:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-04-04 23:31:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3499},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Axons; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1426-35},
	Pmc = {PMC3928052},
	pmid = {23974708},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous cortical activity alternates between motifs defined by regional axonal projections},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Mohajerani_NatNeurosci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mohajerani_NatNeurosci2013a.pdf}}

@article{Feinberg:2015,
	Abstract = {More than twenty types of retinal ganglion cells conduct visual information from the eye to the rest of the brain. Each retinal ganglion cell type tessellates the retina in a regular mosaic, so that every point in visual space is processed for visual primitives such as contrast and motion. This information flows to two principal brain centres: the visual cortex and the superior colliculus. The superior colliculus plays an evolutionarily conserved role in visual behaviours, but its functional architecture is poorly understood. Here we report on population recordings of visual responses from neurons in the mouse superior colliculus. Many neurons respond preferentially to lines of a certain orientation or movement axis. We show that cells with similar orientation preferences form large patches that span the vertical thickness of the retinorecipient layers. This organization is strikingly different from the randomly interspersed orientation preferences in the mouse's visual cortex; instead, it resembles the orientation columns observed in the visual cortices of large mammals. Notably, adjacent superior colliculus orientation columns have only limited receptive field overlap. This is in contrast to the organization of visual cortex, where each point in the visual field activates neurons with all preferred orientations. Instead, the superior colliculus favours specific contour orientations within ∼30$\,^{\circ}$ regions of the visual field, a finding with implications for behavioural responses mediated by this brain centre.},
	Author = {Feinberg, Evan H and Meister, Markus},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-21 23:37:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-21 23:37:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature14103},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motion; Neurons; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {7542},
	Pages = {229-32},
	pmid = {25517100},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Orientation columns in the mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {519},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015a.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015b.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-6 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015c.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015d.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015e.jpg},
	Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015f.jpg},
	File0 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015g.jpg}}








@article{Schmolesky:1998,
	Abstract = {The onset latencies of single-unit responses evoked by flashing visual stimuli were measured in the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and in cortical visual areas V1, V2, V3, V4, middle temporal area (MT), medial superior temporal area (MST), and in the frontal eye field (FEF) in individual anesthetized monkeys. Identical procedures were carried out to assess latencies in each area, often in the same monkey, thereby permitting direct comparisons of timing across areas. This study presents the visual flash-evoked latencies for cells in areas where such data are common (V1 and V2), and are therefore a good standard, and also in areas where such data are sparse (LGNd M and P layers, MT, V4) or entirely lacking (V3, MST, and FEF in anesthetized preparation). Visual-evoked onset latencies were, on average, 17 ms shorter in the LGNd M layers than in the LGNd P layers. Visual responses occurred in V1 before any other cortical area. The next wave of activation occurred concurrently in areas V3, MT, MST, and FEF. Visual response latencies in areas V2 and V4 were progressively later and more broadly distributed. These differences in the time course of activation across the dorsal and ventral streams provide important temporal constraints on theories of visual processing.},
	Author = {Schmolesky, M T and Wang, Y and Hanes, D P and Thompson, K G and Leutgeb, S and Schall, J D and Leventhal, A G},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-14 19:27:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-14 19:29:40 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {neurophysiology; Classical/physiology; monkey; visual system; visual cortex; retina; LGN; Thalamic Nuclei; topographic map; Stimulation; conduction velocity; retina; response latency},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Macaca; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Signal Transduction; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3272-8},
	pmid = {9636126},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Signal timing across the macaque visual system},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Schmolesky_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}}

@article{Rash:2016,
	Abstract = {Cortical columns are basic cellular and functional units of the cerebral cortex that are malformed in many brain disorders, but how they initially develop is not well understood. Using an optogenetic sensor in the mouse embryonic forebrain, we demonstrate that Ca(2+) fluxes propagate bidirectionally within the elongated fibers of radial glial cells (RGCs), providing a novel communication mechanism linking the proliferative and postmitotic zones before the onset of synaptogenesis. Our results indicate that Ca(2+) activity along RGC fibers provides feedback information along the radial migratory pathway, influencing neurogenesis and migration during early column development. Furthermore, we find that this columnar Ca(2+) propagation is induced by Notch and fibroblast growth factor activities classically implicated in cortical expansion and patterning. Thus, cortical morphogens and growth factors may influence cortical column assembly in part by regulating long-distance Ca(2+) communication along the radial axis of cortical development.},
	Author = {Rash, Brian G and Ackman, James B and Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-14 19:25:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-14 19:25:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1501733},
	Journal = {Sci Adv},
	Journal-Full = {Science advances},
	Keywords = {Calcium; GCaMP; migration; neuron; radial glial cells},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {e1501733},
	Pmc = {PMC4771444},
	pmid = {26933693},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Bidirectional radial Ca(2+) activity regulates neurogenesis and migration during early cortical column formation},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2016},
	url = {papers/Rash_SciAdv2016.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501733}}

@article{Chen:2011a,
	Abstract = {The taste system is one of our fundamental senses, responsible for detecting and responding to sweet, bitter, umami, salty, and sour stimuli. In the tongue, the five basic tastes are mediated by separate classes of taste receptor cells each finely tuned to a single taste quality. We explored the logic of taste coding in the brain by examining how sweet, bitter, umami, and salty qualities are represented in the primary taste cortex of mice. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate topographic segregation in the functional architecture of the gustatory cortex. Each taste quality is represented in its own separate cortical field, revealing the existence of a gustotopic map in the brain. These results expose the basic logic for the central representation of taste.},
	Author = {Chen, Xiaoke and Gabitto, Mariano and Peng, Yueqing and Ryba, Nicholas J P and Zuker, Charles S},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-14 19:24:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-14 19:24:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1204076},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Optogenetics; Stereotaxic Techniques; Taste; Taste Perception; Wakefulness},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cycloheximide; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Molecular Imaging; Neurons; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Glutamate; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Taste Buds},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6047},
	Pages = {1262-6},
	Pmc = {PMC3523322},
	pmid = {21885776},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain},
	Volume = {333},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Chen_Science2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204076}}

@article{Peng:2015,
	Abstract = {Taste is responsible for evaluating the nutritious content of food, guiding essential appetitive behaviours, preventing the ingestion of toxic substances, and helping to ensure the maintenance of a healthy diet. Sweet and bitter are two of the most salient sensory percepts for humans and other animals; sweet taste allows the identification of energy-rich nutrients whereas bitter warns against the intake of potentially noxious chemicals. In mammals, information from taste receptor cells in the tongue is transmitted through multiple neural stations to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain. Recent imaging studies have shown that sweet and bitter are represented in the primary gustatory cortex by neurons organized in a spatial map, with each taste quality encoded by distinct cortical fields. Here we demonstrate that by manipulating the brain fields representing sweet and bitter taste we directly control an animal's internal representation, sensory perception, and behavioural actions. These results substantiate the segregation of taste qualities in the cortex, expose the innate nature of appetitive and aversive taste responses, and illustrate the ability of gustatory cortex to recapitulate complex behaviours in the absence of sensory input.},
	Author = {Peng, Yueqing and Gillis-Smith, Sarah and Jin, Hao and Tr{\"a}nkner, Dimitri and Ryba, Nicholas J P and Zuker, Charles S},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-14 19:23:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-14 19:23:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature15763},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Optogenetics; Stereotaxic Techniques; Taste; Taste Perception; Wakefulness},
	Mesh = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Optogenetics; Stereotaxic Techniques; Taste; Taste Perception; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7579},
	Pages = {512-5},
	Pmc = {PMC4712381},
	pmid = {26580015},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sweet and bitter taste in the brain of awake behaving animals},
	Volume = {527},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Peng_Nature2015.pdf}}

@article{Zhang:2003c,
	Abstract = {Mammals can taste a wide repertoire of chemosensory stimuli. Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed in taste tissue, abolish sweet, amino acid, and bitter taste reception, but do not impact sour or salty tastes. Therefore, despite relying on different receptors, sweet, amino acid, and bitter transduction converge on common signaling molecules. Using PLCbeta2 taste-blind animals, we then examined a fundamental question in taste perception: how taste modalities are encoded at the cellular level. Mice engineered to rescue PLCbeta2 function exclusively in bitter-receptor expressing cells respond normally to bitter tastants but do not taste sweet or amino acid stimuli. Thus, bitter is encoded independently of sweet and amino acids, and taste receptor cells are not broadly tuned across these modalities.},
	Author = {Zhang, Yifeng and Hoon, Mark A and Chandrashekar, Jayaram and Mueller, Ken L and Cook, Boaz and Wu, Dianqing and Zuker, Charles S and Ryba, Nicholas J P},
	Date-Added = {2016-03-14 19:22:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-03-14 19:23:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Citric Acid; Female; GTP-Binding Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Isoenzymes; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neurons, Afferent; Phospholipase C beta; Quinine; Receptors, Cell Surface; Sensory Receptor Cells; Signal Transduction; Sucrose; TRPM Cation Channels; Taste; Taste Buds; Type C Phospholipases},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Citric Acid; Female; GTP-Binding Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Isoenzymes; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neurons, Afferent; Phospholipase C beta; Quinine; Receptors, Cell Surface; Sensory Receptor Cells; Signal Transduction; Sucrose; TRPM Cation Channels; Taste; Taste Buds; Type C Phospholipases},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {293-301},
	pmid = {12581520},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Zhang_Cell2003.pdf}}


@article{Azevedo:2009,
	Abstract = {The human brain is often considered to be the most cognitively capable among mammalian brains and to be much larger than expected for a mammal of our body size. Although the number of neurons is generally assumed to be a determinant of computational power, and despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells. With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex, greater cortical size (representing 82% of total brain mass) in humans compared with other primates does not reflect an increased relative number of cortical neurons. The ratios between glial cells and neurons in the human brain structures are similar to those found in other primates, and their numbers of cells match those expected for a primate of human proportions. These findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.},
	Author = {Azevedo, Frederico A C and Carvalho, Ludmila R B and Grinberg, Lea T and Farfel, Jos{\'e} Marcelo and Ferretti, Renata E L and Leite, Renata E P and Jacob Filho, Wilson and Lent, Roberto and Herculano-Houzel, Suzana},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-19 23:38:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-19 23:38:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.21974},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Aged; Antigens, Nuclear; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuroglia; Neurons},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {532-41},
	pmid = {19226510},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain},
	Volume = {513},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Azevedo_JCompNeurol2009.pdf}}

@article{Llinas:2012,
	Author = {Llin{\'a}s, Rodolfo and Sugimori, Mutsuyuki},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:53:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:53:15 +0000},
	Journal = {Cerebellum},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebellum (London, England)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebellum; Dendrites; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Electrophysiology; Humans; Purkinje Cells; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {612-28},
	pmid = {23035258},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Probing the functional properties of mammalian dendrites. 1980},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Llinas:1980a,
	Abstract = {1. Intradendritic recordings from Purkinje cells in vitro indicate that white matter stimulation produces large synaptic responses by the activation of the climbing fibre afferent, but antidromic potentials do not actively invade the dendritic tree. 2. Climbing fibre responses may be reversed in a manner similar to that observed at the somatic level. However, the reversal does not show the biphasicity often seen at somatic level. 3. Input resistance of these dendrites was found to range from 15 to 30 M omega. The non-linear properties seen at the somatic level for depolarizing currents are also encountered here. However, there seems to be less anomalous rectification. 4. Detailed analysis of repetitive firing of Purkinje cells elicited by outward DC current shows that, as in the case of the antidromic invasion, the fast somatic potentials (s.s.) do not invade the dendrite actively. However, the dendritic spike bursts (d.s.b.s) interposed between the s.s. potentials are most prominent at dendritic level. 5. Two types of voltage-dependent Ca responses were observed. At low stimulus level a plateau-like depolarization is accompanied by a prominent conductance change; further depolarization produces large dendritic action potentials. These two classes of response are TTX-resistant but are blocked by Cd, Co, Mn or D600, or by the removal of extracellular Ca. 6. Following blockage of the Ca conductance, plateau potentials produced by a non-inactivating Na conductance are observed mainly near the soma indicating that this voltage-dependent conductance is probably associated with the somatic membrane. 7. Spontaneous firing in Purkinje cell dendrites is very similar to that observed at the soma. However, the amplitude of these bursts is larger at dendritic level. It is further concluded that these TTX-insensitive spikes are generated at multiple sites along the dendritic tree. 8. Six ionic conductances seem to be involved in Purkinje cell electroresponsiveness: (a) an inactivating and (b) a non-inactivating Na conductance at or near the soma, (c) a spike- and (d) a plateau-generating Ca conductance, and (e) voltage-dependent and (f) Ca-dependent K currents. 9. The possible role of these conductances in Purkinje cell integration is discussed.},
	Author = {Llin{\'a}s, R and Sugimori, M},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:53:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:53:12 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Dendrites; Electric Conductivity; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Neurons, Afferent; Purkinje Cells; Sodium; Synapses},
	Month = {Aug},
	Pages = {197-213},
	Pmc = {PMC1282967},
	pmid = {7441553},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices},
	Volume = {305},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Llinas:1980,
	Abstract = {1. The electrical activity of Purkinje cells was studied in guinea-pig cerebellar slices in vitro. Intracellular recordings from Purkinje cell somata were obtained under direct vision, and antidromic, synaptic and direct electroresponsiveness was demonstrated. Synaptic potentials produced by the activation of the climbing fibre afferent could be reversed by direct membrane depolarization. 2. Input resistance of impaled neurones ranged from 10 to 19 M omega and demonstrated non-linearities in both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing directions. 3. Direct activation of a Purkinje cell indicated that repetitive firing of fast somatic spikes (s.s.) occurs, after a threshold, with a minimum spike frequency of about 30 spikes/sec, resembling the '2-class' response of crab nerve (Hodgkin, 1948). 4. As the amplitude of the stimulus was increased, a second form of electroresponsiveness characterized by depolarizing spike bursts (d.s.b.) was observed and was often accomppanied by momentary inactivation of the s.s. potentials. Upon application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) or removal of Na+ ions from the superfusion fluid, the s.s. potentials were abolished while the burst responses remained intact. However, Ca conductance blockers such as Co, Cd, Mn and D600, or the replacement of Ca by Mg, completely abolish d.s.b.s. 5. If Ca conductance was blocked, or Ca removed from the superfusion fluid without blockage of Na conductance, two types of Na-dependent electroresponsiveness were seen: (a) the s.s. potentials and (b) slow rising all-or-none responses which reached plateau at approximately -15 mV and could last for several seconds. These all-or-none Na-dependent plateau depolarizations outlasted the stimulus and were accompanied by a large increase in membrane conductance. Within certain limits the rate of rise and amplitude of the plateau were independent of stimulus strength. The latency, however, was shortened as stimulus amplitude was increased. These potentials were blocked by TTX or by Na-free solutions. 6. Substitution of extracellular Ca by Ba or intracellular injection of tetraethylammonium generated prolonged action potentials lasting for several seconds and showing a plateau more ositive than those obtained in norrmal circumstances by either non-inactivating Na or Ca currents. 7. Spontaneous firing of the Purkinje cell was characterized by burst-like activity consisting of both s.s. and d.s.b. responses. Addition of TTX to the bath left the basic spontaneous activity and its frequency unaltered, indicating tha Ca spiking and Ca-dependent K conductance changes are the main events underlying this oscillatory behaviour. 8...},
	Author = {Llin{\'a}s, R and Sugimori, M},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:53:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:53:07 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Barium; Calcium; Electric Conductivity; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Purkinje Cells; Sodium; Synapses; Tetraethylammonium Compounds},
	Month = {Aug},
	Pages = {171-95},
	Pmc = {PMC1282966},
	pmid = {7441552},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell somata in mammalian cerebellar slices},
	Volume = {305},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Jan:1976,
	Abstract = {The anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction were studied. 2. The dependence of muscle resting potentials on [K+]o and [Na+]o follows the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation (PNa/PK=0-23). Chloride ions distribute passively across the membrane. 3. The mean specific membrane resistance of muscle fibres is 4-3 X 10(3) omega cm2, and the mean specific membrane capacitance is 7-1 muF/cm2. The muscle fibre is virtually isopotential. 4. Transmitter release is quantal. Both the miniature excitatory junctional potential and the evoked release follow the Poisson distribution. 5. Transmitter release depends on approximately the fourth power of [Ca2+]o. If Sr2+ replaces Ca2+, it depends on approximately the fourth power of [Sr2+]o. Mg2+ reduces transmitter release without altering the fourth power dependence on [Ca2+]o.},
	Author = {Jan, L Y and Jan, Y N},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:52:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:52:38 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Chlorides; Drosophila melanogaster; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Larva; Magnesium; Membrane Potentials; Neuromuscular Junction; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Sodium; Strontium; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {189-214},
	Pmc = {PMC1307637},
	pmid = {11339},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Properties of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila melanogaster},
	Volume = {262},
	Year = {1976}}

@article{Katz:1967,
	Abstract = {1. The axo-axonic giant synapse in the stellate ganglion of the squid has been used to study synaptic transmission.2. When nerve impulses have been eliminated with tetrodotoxin, synaptic transfer of potential changes can still be obtained by applying brief depolarizing pulses to the presynaptic terminal.3. Suitably matched pulses are as effective as the normal presynaptic spike in evoking post-synaptic potentials. The synaptic delay and the time course of the post-synaptic potential are very similar to that in the normal preparation.4. The synaptic transfer (input/output) characteristic has been studied under different experimental conditions. With brief (1-2 msec) current pulses, post-synaptic response becomes detectable when the presynaptic depolarization exceeds about 30 mV. The post-synaptic potential increases about tenfold with 10 mV increments of presynaptic depolarization.5. Calcium increases, magnesium reduces the slope of the synaptic transfer curve. The influences on this curve of (i) duration of the pulse, (ii) preceding level of membrane potential, (iii) position of recording electrode, (iv) rate of repetitive stimulation are described.6. After loading the synaptic terminal with tetraethylammonium ions, large inside-positive potentials can be produced in the terminal and maintained for many milliseconds.7. By raising the internal potential to a sufficiently high level, synaptic transfer becomes suppressed during the pulse, and the post-synaptic response is delayed until the end of the pulse.8. This observation is in accord with a prediction of the ;calcium hypothesis', viz. that inward movement of a positively charged Ca compound, or of the calcium ion itself, constitutes one of the essential links in the ;electro-secretory' coupling process of the axon terminal.},
	Author = {Katz, B and Miledi, R},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:51:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:51:22 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Calcium; Electric Stimulation; In Vitro Techniques; Iontophoresis; Mollusca; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurotransmitter Agents; Stellate Ganglion; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tetraethylammonium Compounds; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {407-36},
	Pmc = {PMC1365564},
	pmid = {4383089},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A study of synaptic transmission in the absence of nerve impulses},
	Volume = {192},
	Year = {1967}}

@article{Coombs:1955,
	Author = {Coombs, J S and Eccles, J C and Fatt, P},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:50:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 17:00:12 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {neurons; GABA; receptor; Ion Channel Gating; neurophysiology; voltage-clamp},
	Mesh = {Neurons; Synaptic Potentials},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {326-74},
	Pmc = {PMC1363415},
	pmid = {13278905},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The specific ionic conductances and the ionic movements across the motoneuronal membrane that produce the inhibitory post-synaptic potential},
	Volume = {130},
	Year = {1955},
	url = {papers/Coombs_JPhysiol1955.pdf}}

@article{Fatt:1953,
	Author = {Fatt, P and Katz, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:50:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-10-20 17:41:24 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {MUSCLES/physiology; SHELLFISH},
	Mesh = {Animals; Mollusca; Muscles; Shellfish},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {171-204},
	Pmc = {PMC1366030},
	pmid = {13062231},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The electrical properties of crustacean muscle fibres},
	Volume = {120},
	Year = {1953},
	url = {papers/Fatt_JPhysiol1953.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952e,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:55 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {AXONS},
	Mesh = {Axons; Nerve Fibers},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {899},
	Pages = {177-83},
	pmid = {13003922},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Propagation of electrical signals along giant nerve fibers},
	Volume = {140},
	Year = {1952}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952d,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:48 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {AXONS},
	Mesh = {Axons; Humans},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {500-44},
	Pmc = {PMC1392413},
	pmid = {12991237},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve},
	Volume = {117},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952a.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952c,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:41 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {AXONS; SODIUM/effects},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Ions; Loligo; Membrane Potentials; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {497-506},
	Pmc = {PMC1392212},
	pmid = {14946715},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952b.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952b,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:34 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {AXONS},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Humans; Loligo},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {473-96},
	Pmc = {PMC1392209},
	pmid = {14946714},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952c.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952a,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:28 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {AXONS; POTASSIUM/effects; SODIUM/effects},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Ions; Loligo; Potassium; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {449-72},
	Pmc = {PMC1392213},
	pmid = {14946713},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952d.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1952,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F and Katz, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-13 18:12:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:14:20 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {AXONS},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Loligo},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {424-48},
	Pmc = {PMC1392219},
	pmid = {14946712},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1952},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1939,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-11 19:48:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-11 19:50:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/144710a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Action Potentials; squid giant axon; neurophysiology; Classical/physiology},
	Pages = {710-711},
	Title = {Action Potentials Recorded from Inside a Nerve Fibre},
	Volume = {144},
	Year = {1939},
	url = {papers/Hodgkin_Nature1939.pdf}}

@article{Hodgkin:1949b,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Katz, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-11 19:19:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-11 19:19:53 +0000},
	Journal = {J Exp Biol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of experimental biology},
	Keywords = {NERVOUS SYSTEM},
	Mesh = {Axons; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Nerve Fibers; Nervous System},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {292-4, pl},
	pmid = {15395900},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effect of calcium on the axoplasm of giant nerve fibers},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1949}}

@article{Hodgkin:1949a,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Katz, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-11 19:18:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-11 19:20:07 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {NERVOUS SYSTEM},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Decapodiformes; Nervous System; Temperature},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {240-9},
	Pmc = {PMC1392577},
	pmid = {15394322},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effect of temperature on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {1949}}

@article{Hodgkin:1949,
	Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Katz, B},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-11 19:18:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-11 19:20:21 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {NEURONS; SODIUM},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Decapodiformes; Ions; Neurons; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {37-77},
	Pmc = {PMC1392331},
	pmid = {18128147},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of giant axon of the squid},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {1949},
	url = {papers/HODGKIN_JPhysiol1949.pdf}}

@article{Root:2014,
	Abstract = {The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in reward, aversion, addiction and depression through descending interactions with several brain structures, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA provides reciprocal inputs to LHb, but their actions are unclear. Here we show that the majority of rat and mouse VTA neurons innervating LHb coexpress markers for both glutamate signaling (vesicular glutamate transporter 2; VGluT2) and GABA signaling (glutamic acid decarboxylase; GAD, and vesicular GABA transporter; VGaT). A single axon from these mesohabenular neurons coexpresses VGluT2 protein and VGaT protein and, surprisingly, establishes symmetric and asymmetric synapses on LHb neurons. In LHb slices, light activation of mesohabenular fibers expressing channelrhodopsin2 driven by VGluT2 (Slc17a6) or VGaT (Slc32a1) promoters elicits release of both glutamate and GABA onto single LHb neurons. In vivo light activation of mesohabenular terminals inhibits or excites LHb neurons. Our findings reveal an unanticipated type of VTA neuron that cotransmits glutamate and GABA and provides the majority of mesohabenular inputs.},
	Author = {Root, David H and Mejias-Aponte, Carlos A and Zhang, Shiliang and Wang, Hui-Ling and Hoffman, Alexander F and Lupica, Carl R and Morales, Marisela},
	Date-Added = {2016-01-07 20:54:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-07 20:54:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3823},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Glutamic Acid; Habenula; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reward; Synapses; Ventral Tegmental Area; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1543-51},
	pmid = {25242304},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Single rodent mesohabenular axons release glutamate and GABA},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Root_NatNeurosci2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Root_NatNeurosci2014a.pdf}}

@article{Pei:2015,
	Abstract = {Direction selectivity of direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the retina results from patterned excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs during motion stimuli. The inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs are directionally tuned to the antipreferred (null) direction and therefore potently suppress spiking during motion in the null direction. However, whether direction-selective inhibition is indispensable for direction selectivity is unclear. Here, we selectively eliminated the directional tuning of inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs by disrupting GABA release from the presynaptic interneuron starburst amacrine cell in the mouse retina. We found that, even without directionally tuned inhibition, direction selectivity can still be implemented in a subset of On-Off DSGCs by direction-selective excitation and a temporal offset between excitation and isotropic inhibition. Our results therefore demonstrate the concerted action of multiple synaptic mechanisms for robust direction selectivity in the retina. Significance statement: The direction-selective circuit in the retina has been a classic model to study neural computations by the brain. An important but unresolved question is how direction selectivity is implemented by directionally tuned excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Here we specifically removed the direction tuning of inhibition from the circuit. We found that direction tuning of inhibition is important but not indispensable for direction selectivity of DSGCs' spiking activity, and that the residual direction selectivity is implemented by direction-selective excitation and temporal offset between excitation and inhibition. Our results highlight the concerted actions of synaptic excitation and inhibition required for robust direction selectivity in the retina and provide critical insights into how patterned excitation and inhibition collectively implement sensory processing.},
	Author = {Pei, Zhe and Chen, Qiang and Koren, David and Giammarinaro, Benno and Acaron Ledesma, Hector and Wei, Wei},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-15 18:44:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-15 18:44:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0933-15.2015},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {direction selectivity; retina; starburst amacrine cell; synaptic excitation; synaptic inhibition; vesicular GABA transporter},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {38},
	Pages = {13219-32},
	Pmc = {PMC4579379},
	pmid = {26400950},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Conditional Knock-Out of Vesicular GABA Transporter Gene from Starburst Amacrine Cells Reveals the Contributions of Multiple Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Direction Selectivity in the Retina},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Pei_JNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Catania:2002,
	Abstract = {We investigated naked mole-rat somatosensory cortex to determine how brain areas are modified in mammals with unusual and extreme sensory specializations. Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) have numerous anatomical specializations for a subterranean existence, including rows of sensory hairs along the body and tail, reduced eyes, and ears sensitive to low frequencies. However, chief among their adaptations are behaviorally important, enlarged incisors permanently exterior to the oral cavity that are used for digging, object manipulation, social interactions, and feeding. Here we report an extraordinary brain organization where nearly one-third (31%) of primary somatosensory cortex is devoted to the representations of the upper and lower incisors. In addition, somatosensory cortex is greatly enlarged (as a proportion of total neocortical area) compared with closely related laboratory rats. Finally, somatosensory cortex in naked mole-rats encompasses virtually all of the neocortex normally devoted to vision. These findings indicate that major cortical remodeling has occurred in naked mole-rats, paralleling the anatomical and behavioral specializations related to fossorial life.},
	Author = {Catania, Kenneth C and Remple, Michael S},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-14 01:08:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-14 01:08:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.072097999},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Models, Anatomic; Mole Rats; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Somatosensory Cortex; Tooth; Touch},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {5692-7},
	Pmc = {PMC122833},
	pmid = {11943853},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole-rat brain},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Catania_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.072097999}}

@article{Crish:2006,
	Abstract = {Naked mole-rats are fossorial rodents native to eastern Africa that spend their lives in extensive subterranean burrows where visual cues are poor. Not surprisingly, they have a degenerated eye and optic nerve, suggesting they have poor visual abilities. However, little is known about their central visual system. To investigate the organization of their central visual system, we injected a neuronal tracer into the eyes of naked mole-rats and mice to compare the neural structures mediating vision. We found that the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus were severely atrophied in the naked mole-rat. The olivary pretectal nucleus was reduced but still retained its characteristic morphology, possibly indicating a role in light detection. In addition, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is well innervated and resembles the same structure in other rodents. The naked mole-rat appears to have selectively lost structures that mediate form vision while retaining structures needed for minimal entrainment of circadian rhythms. Similar results have been reported for other mole-rat species. Taken together, these data suggest that light detection may still play an important role in the lives of these "blind" animals: most likely for circadian entrainment or setting seasonal rhythms.},
	Author = {Crish, Samuel D and Dengler-Crish, Christine M and Catania, Kenneth C},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-14 01:06:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-14 01:06:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/ar.a.20288},
	Journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol},
	Journal-Full = {The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Ocular; Animals; Eye; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mole Rats; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {205-12},
	pmid = {16419086},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Central visual system of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)},
	Volume = {288},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Crish_AnatRecADiscovMolCellEvolBiol2006.pdf}}

@article{Guertin:2009,
	Abstract = {At the beginning of the 20th century, Thomas Graham Brown conducted experiments that after a long hiatus changed views on the neural control of locomotion. His seminal work supported by subsequent evidence generated largely from the 1960s onwards showed that across species walking, flying, and swimming are controlled largely by a neuronal network that has been referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. In mammals, this caudally localized spinal cord network was found to generate the basic command signals sent to muscles of the limbs for locomotor rhythm and pattern generation. This article constitutes a comprehensive review summarizing key findings on the organization and properties of this network.},
	Author = {Guertin, Pierre A},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-12 00:27:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-12 00:28:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002},
	Journal = {Brain Res Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research reviews},
	Keywords = {Locomotion; behavior; Swimming; SPINAL CORD; rat; rodent, development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; Locomotion; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {45-56},
	pmid = {19720083},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Guertin_BrainResRev2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002}}

@article{Nishimaru:2000,
	Abstract = {It is well known that in the neonatal rat spinal cord preparation, alternating rhythmic bursts in the left and right ventral roots in a given lumbar segment can be induced by bath-application of N-methyl-D-aspartate or 5-hydroxytryptamine. Alternation between L2 and L5 ventral roots on the same side, representing the activity of flexor and extensor muscles, respectively, can be observed as well. In the prenatal period in the rat, alternation between the left and right ventral roots is established between embryonic day (E) 16.5 and E18.5. The alternation between the L2 and L5 ventral roots emerges at E20.5. Recent findings show that locomotor-like rhythmic activity with similar characteristics can be induced in the neonatal mouse preparation. In the lumbar spinal cord in the neonatal mouse, it is likely that the rhythm-generating network is distributed throughout the lumbar region with a rostro-caudal gradient, a situation similar to that in the neonatal and fetal rat spinal cord. With this review we hope to highlight the dramatic changes that neuronal networks generating locomotor-like activity undergo during the prenatal development of the rat. Moreover, the distribution of the neuronal network generating the locomotor rhythm in the neonatal rat and mouse spinal cord is compared.},
	Author = {Nishimaru, H and Kudo, N},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-11 23:40:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-11 23:41:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research bulletin},
	Keywords = {Locomotion; behavior; Swimming; SPINAL CORD; rat; rodent; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Embryo, Mammalian; In Vitro Techniques; Locomotion; Lumbar Vertebrae; Mice; Nerve Net; Periodicity; Rats; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {661-9},
	pmid = {11165801},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Formation of the central pattern generator for locomotion in the rat and mouse},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Nishimaru_BrainResBull2000.pdf}}

@article{Clarac:1992,
	Abstract = {In studies of central nervous system networks, it is synaptic transmission to the postsynaptic soma-dendritic membrane that has received the most attention, in particular in relation to the analysis of sensory-motor integration. Sensory transmission is gated during ongoing movements in both invertebrates and vertebrates, such that it may be depressed in one phase of a cyclic movement and facilitated in another, in order to optimize the execution of the ongoing motor task. This presynaptic modulation is not limited to sensory afferents, but also occurs in synapses of both excitatory and inhibitory premotor interneurons. The modulation can be mediated by the release of different transmitters at axo-axonal synapses, which activate different types of receptors. In addition, presynaptic sensory axons can be coupled via gap junctions, which under certain conditions may mediate a presynaptic facilitation.},
	Author = {Clarac, F and el Manira, A and Cattaert, D},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-11 23:39:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-11 23:39:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Locomotion; behavior; Swimming; SPINAL CORD; rat; rodent},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Astacoidea; Cats; Chloride Channels; Electric Stimulation; GTP-Binding Proteins; Ion Channel Gating; Locomotion; Membrane Proteins; Models, Neurological; Motor Activity; Receptors, GABA-A; Sensation; Signal Transduction; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {764-9},
	pmid = {1335811},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Presynaptic control as a mechanism of sensory-motor integration},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Cazalets:1992,
	Abstract = {1. The role of serotonin (5-HT) and excitatory amino-acids (EAAs) in the activation of the neural networks (i.e. the central pattern generators) that organize locomotion in mammals was investigated in an isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparation from the newborn rat. 2. The neuroactive substances were bath applied and the activity of fictive locomotion was recorded in the ventral roots. 3. Serotonin initiated an alternating pattern of right and left action potential bursts. The period of this rhythm was dose dependent, i.e. it decreased from around 10 s at 2 x 10(-5) M to 5 s at 10(-4) M. The effects of serotonin were blocked by a 5-HT1 antagonist (propranolol) and by 5-HT2 antagonists (ketanserin, cyproheptadine, mianserin). 5-HT3 antagonists were ineffective. The effects of methoxytryptamine, a non-selective 5-HT agonist, mimicked the 5-HT effects. 4. The endogenous EAAs, glutamate and aspartate, also triggered an alternating rhythmic pattern. Their effects were blocked by 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5; a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker) and 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (a non-NMDA receptor blocker). 5. Several EAA agonists (N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA) and kainate) initiated rhythmic activity. The period of the induced rhythm (from 3 to 1 s) was similar with both of these substances but in a range of concentrations which was ten times lower in the case of kainate (10(-6) to 5 x 10(-6) M) than in that of NMA (10(-5) to 4 x 10(-5) M). alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate and quisqualate occasionally triggered some episodes of fictive locomotion with a threshold at 6 x 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, respectively.},
	Author = {Cazalets, J R and Sqalli-Houssaini, Y and Clarac, F},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-11 23:39:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-11 23:39:52 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {Locomotion; behavior; Swimming; SPINAL CORD; rat; rodent},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Aspartic Acid; Brain Stem; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Locomotion; N-Methylaspartate; Nerve Net; Quisqualic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Sep},
	Pages = {187-204},
	Pmc = {PMC1175639},
	pmid = {1362441},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino acids in neonatal rat},
	Volume = {455},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Cazalets_JPhysiol1992.pdf}}

@article{Cazalets:1990,
	Abstract = {Swimming behaviour was studied in neonate rats by carrying out electromyographic recordings. The study showed that the early swimming pattern was characterized by highly instable temporal parameters. A decrease was found to occur with age in the variability of the instantaneous period in each leg and in that of the antiphase pattern. Moreover, a dissociation occurred during development between the foreleg and the backleg activity. While patterns involving the forelegs always remained extremely instable, a considerable improvement was found to occur with time in the hindlimb activity.},
	Author = {Cazalets, J R and Menard, I and Cr{\'e}mieux, J and Clarac, F},
	Date-Added = {2015-12-11 23:36:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-12-11 23:38:04 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Keywords = {Locomotion; rat; rodent; behavior; Swimming; development},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Central Nervous System; Electromyography; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Locomotion; Motor Activity; Muscle Contraction; Muscles; Neuromuscular Junction; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Swimming},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {215-25},
	pmid = {2285479},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Cazalets_BehavBrainRes1990.pdf}}

@article{Newsome:1985,
	Abstract = {Physiological experiments have produced evidence that the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the monkey is selectively involved in the analysis of visual motion. We tested this hypothesis by studying the effects of small chemical lesions of MT on eye movements made in response to moving as opposed to stationary visual targets. We observed two deficits for eye movements made to moving targets: a monkey's ability to match the speed of his smooth pursuit eye movements to the speed of the moving target was impaired, and a monkey's ability to adjust the amplitude of a saccadic eye movement to compensate for target motion was impaired. In contrast, saccades to stationary targets were unaffected by the MT lesions, suggesting that monkeys with MT lesions had more difficulty responding to moving than to stationary stimuli. These results provide the first behavioral evidence that neural processing in MT contributes to the cortical analysis of visual motion.},
	Author = {Newsome, W T and Wurtz, R H and D{\"u}rsteler, M R and Mikami, A},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-18 03:11:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-18 03:12:33 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; Neocortex; monkey; function; behavior; topographic map; vision; Motion Perception},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Ibotenic Acid; Macaca mulatta; Motion Perception; Oxazoles; Psychomotor Performance; Saccades; Temporal Lobe; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {825-40},
	pmid = {3973698},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Deficits in visual motion processing following ibotenic acid lesions of the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{Zhu:2015,
	Abstract = {Recently, we created a family of engineered G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) which can precisely control three major GPCR signaling pathways (Gq, Gi, and Gs). DREADD technology has been successfully applied in a variety of in vivo studies to control GPCR signaling, and here we describe recent advances of DREADD technology and discuss its potential application in drug discovery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.},
	Author = {Zhu, Hu and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-17 21:44:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-17 21:44:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/ijnp/pyu007},
	Journal = {Int J Neuropsychopharmacol},
	Journal-Full = {The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP)},
	Keywords = {GPCRs; GsD; chemogenetics; hM3Dq; hM4Di; DREADD; activity manipulation; Methods},
	Mesh = {Animals; Genetic Techniques; Humans; Neurons; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pmc = {PMC4368861},
	pmid = {25522378},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {DREADD: a chemogenetic GPCR signaling platform},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Zhu_IntJNeuropsychopharmacol2015.pdf}}

@article{Armbruster:2007,
	Abstract = {We evolved muscarinic receptors in yeast to generate a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated solely by a pharmacologically inert drug-like and bioavailable compound (clozapine-N-oxide). Subsequent screening in human cell lines facilitated the creation of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine GPCRs suitable for in vitro and in situ studies. We subsequently created lines of telomerase-immortalized human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells stably expressing all five family members and found that each one faithfully recapitulated the signaling phenotype of the parent receptor. We also expressed a G(i)-coupled designer receptor in hippocampal neurons (hM(4)D) and demonstrated its ability to induce membrane hyperpolarization and neuronal silencing. We have thus devised a facile approach for designing families of GPCRs with engineered ligand specificities. Such reverse-engineered GPCRs will prove to be powerful tools for selectively modulating signal-transduction pathways in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Armbruster, Blaine N and Li, Xiang and Pausch, Mark H and Herlitze, Stefan and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-17 21:39:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-17 21:40:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0700293104},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Methods; Grants; activity manipulation; DREADD},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Line, Transformed; Clozapine; Designer Drugs; Epitopes; Evolution, Molecular; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrolysis; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Mutant Proteins; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Neurons; Phosphatidylinositols; Protein Engineering; Pulmonary Artery; Rats; Receptor, Muscarinic M3; Receptor, Muscarinic M4; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Saccharomyces cerevisiae},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {5163-8},
	Pmc = {PMC1829280},
	pmid = {17360345},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Evolving the lock to fit the key to create a family of G protein-coupled receptors potently activated by an inert ligand},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Armbruster_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700293104}}

@article{Rogan:2011,
	Abstract = {A significant challenge for neuroscientists is to determine how both electrical and chemical signals affect the activity of cells and circuits and how the nervous system subsequently translates that activity into behavior. Remote, bidirectional manipulation of those signals with high spatiotemporal precision is an ideal approach to addressing that challenge. Neuroscientists have recently developed a diverse set of tools that permit such experimental manipulation with varying degrees of spatial, temporal, and directional control. These tools use light, peptides, and small molecules to primarily activate ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that in turn activate or inhibit neuronal firing. By monitoring the electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral effects of such activation/inhibition, researchers can better understand the links between brain activity and behavior. Here, we review the tools that are available for this type of experimentation. We describe the development of the tools and highlight exciting in vivo data. We focus primarily on designer GPCRs (receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) and microbial opsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, halorhodopsin, Volvox carteri channelrhodopsin) but also describe other novel techniques that use orthogonal receptors, caged ligands, allosteric modulators, and other approaches. These tools differ in the direction of their effect (activation/inhibition, hyperpolarization/depolarization), their onset and offset kinetics (milliseconds/minutes/hours), the degree of spatial resolution they afford, and their invasiveness. Although none of these tools is perfect, each has advantages and disadvantages, which we describe, and they are all still works in progress. We conclude with suggestions for improving upon the existing tools.},
	Author = {Rogan, Sarah C and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-17 21:38:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-17 21:38:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1124/pr.110.003020},
	Journal = {Pharmacol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Pharmacological reviews},
	Keywords = {Methods; Grants; activity manipulation; DREADD},
	Mesh = {Animals; Designer Drugs; Humans; Ligands; Light; Neurons; Opsins; Peptides; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {291-315},
	Pmc = {PMC3082452},
	pmid = {21415127},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Remote control of neuronal signaling},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Rogan_PharmacolRev2011.pdf}}

@article{Dong:2010,
	Abstract = {Recently we have perfected a chemical-genetic approach to gain precise spatio-temporal control of cellular signaling. This approach entails the cell-type specific expression of mutant G-protein coupled receptors which have been evolved to be activated by the pharmacologically inert drug-like small molecule clozapine N-oxide. We have named these mutant GPCRs DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs). In this paper we will first review recent applications of this technology for the remote control of neuronal and non-neuronal signaling. Next, we will also introduce new variants which could be useful for the control of cellular signaling in discrete cellular compartments. Finally, we will suggest future basic science and therapeutic applications of this general technology.},
	Author = {Dong, Shuyun and Allen, John A and Farrell, Martilias and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-17 21:35:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-17 21:37:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1039/c002568m},
	Journal = {Mol Biosyst},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular bioSystems},
	Keywords = {Methods; Grants; activity manipulation; DREADD},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; Genetic Techniques; Growth and Development; Humans; Models, Biological; Organ Specificity; Time Factors},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1376-80},
	pmid = {20532295},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A chemical-genetic approach for precise spatio-temporal control of cellular signaling},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Dong_MolBiosyst2010.pdf}}

@article{Vardy:2015,
	Abstract = {DREADDs are chemogenetic tools widely used to remotely control cellular signaling, neuronal activity, and behavior. Here we used a structure-based approach to develop a new Gi-coupled DREADD using the kappa-opioid receptor as a template (KORD) that is activated by the pharmacologically inert ligand salvinorin B (SALB). Activation of virally expressed KORD in several neuronal contexts robustly attenuated neuronal activity and modified behaviors. Additionally, co-expression of the KORD and the Gq-coupled M3-DREADD within the same neuronal population facilitated the sequential and bidirectional remote control of behavior. The availability of DREADDs activated by different ligands provides enhanced opportunities for investigating diverse physiological systems using multiplexed chemogenetic actuators.},
	Author = {Vardy, Eyal and Robinson, J Elliott and Li, Chia and Olsen, Reid H J and DiBerto, Jeffrey F and Giguere, Patrick M and Sassano, Flori M and Huang, Xi-Ping and Zhu, Hu and Urban, Daniel J and White, Kate L and Rittiner, Joseph E and Crowley, Nicole A and Pleil, Kristen E and Mazzone, Christopher M and Mosier, Philip D and Song, Juan and Kash, Thomas L and Malanga, C J and Krashes, Michael J and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-16 19:08:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-16 19:09:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.065},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {DREADD; Methods; Grants; activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Diterpenes; Ligands; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {936-46},
	Pmc = {PMC4441592},
	pmid = {25937170},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A New DREADD Facilitates the Multiplexed Chemogenetic Interrogation of Behavior},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Vardy_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.065}}

@article{Robinson:2014,
	Abstract = {An essential aspect of episodic memory is the formation of associations between neutral sensory cues in the environment. In light of recent evidence that this critical aspect of learning does not require the hippocampus, we tested the involvement of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in this process using a chemogenetic approach that allowed us to temporarily silence neurons along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the RSC. A viral vector containing the gene for a synthetic inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptor (hM4Di) was infused into RSC. When the receptor was later activated by systemic injection of clozapine-N-oxide, neural activity in RSC was transiently silenced (confirmed using a patch-clamp procedure). Rats expressing hM4Di and control rats were trained in a sensory preconditioning procedure in which a tone and light were paired on some trials and a white noise stimulus was presented alone on the other trials during the Preconditioning phase. Thus, rats were given the opportunity to form an association between a tone and a light in the absence of reinforcement. Later, the light was paired with food. During the test phase when the auditory cues were presented alone, controls exhibited more conditioned responding during presentation of the tone compared with the white noise reflecting the prior formation of a tone-light association. Silencing RSC neurons during the Preconditioning phase prevented the formation of an association between the tone and light and eliminated the sensory preconditioning effect. These findings indicate that RSC may contribute to episodic memory formation by linking essential sensory stimuli during learning.},
	Author = {Robinson, Siobhan and Todd, Travis P and Pasternak, Anna R and Luikart, Bryan W and Skelton, Patrick D and Urban, Daniel J and Bucci, David J},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-16 19:04:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-16 19:04:50 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1349-14.2014},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {DREADD; episodic; hippocampus; learning; parahippocampal; retrosplenial; activity manipulation; Methods; behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Association Learning; Cerebral Cortex; Clozapine; Conditioning (Psychology); Cues; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {33},
	Pages = {10982-8},
	Pmc = {PMC4131013},
	pmid = {25122898},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Chemogenetic silencing of neurons in retrosplenial cortex disrupts sensory preconditioning},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Robinson_JNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Fotowat:2009,
	Abstract = {Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a robust escape response to objects approaching on a collision course. Although a pair of large command interneurons called the giant fibers (GFs) have been postulated to trigger such behaviors, their role has not been directly demonstrated. Here, we show that escape from visual stimuli like those generated by approaching predators does not rely on the activation of the GFs and consists of a more complex and less stereotyped motor sequence than that evoked by the GFs. Instead, the timing of escape is tightly correlated with the activity of previously undescribed descending interneurons that signal a threshold angular size of the approaching object. The activity pattern of these interneurons shares features with those of visual escape circuits of several species, including pigeons, frogs, and locusts, and may therefore have evolved under similar constraints. These results show that visually evoked escapes in Drosophila can rely on at least two descending neuronal pathways: the GFs and the novel pathway we characterize electrophysiologically. These pathways exhibit very different patterns of sensory activity and are associated with two distinct motor programs.},
	Author = {Fotowat, Haleh and Fayyazuddin, Amir and Bellen, Hugo J and Gabbiani, Fabrizio},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-16 17:16:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-16 17:17:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00073.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {behavior; function; vision; visual system; Drosophila melanogaster; aversive; looming response},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Biomechanical Phenomena; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Escape Reaction; Interneurons; Lighting; Microelectrodes; Muscles; Mutation; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Receptors, Nicotinic; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {875-85},
	Pmc = {PMC3817277},
	pmid = {19474177},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A novel neuronal pathway for visually guided escape in Drosophila melanogaster},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Fotowat_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00073.2009}}

@article{Ball:1971,
	Abstract = {Twenty-four infants ranging in age from 2 to 11 weeks responded to symmetrically expanding shadows, which optically specify an approaching object, with an integrated avoidance response and upset. This response did not occur for asymmetrically expanding shadows nor for contracting shadows that specify an object on a miss path and a receding object. The response was observed in all the infants regardless of age, and the addition of kinetic depth information to the displays did not increase the intensity or likelihood of the response. In a second experiment, seven infants defensively reacted to the approach of a real object except when it was on a miss path.},
	Author = {Ball, W and Tronick, E},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-16 17:11:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-16 17:19:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {infant; human; behavior; aversive; vision; visual system; activity-development; looming response},
	Mesh = {Avoidance Learning; Distance Perception; Psychology, Child},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3973},
	Pages = {818-20},
	pmid = {5541165},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Infant responses to impending collision: optical and real},
	Volume = {171},
	Year = {1971}}

@article{Biagi:2015,
	Abstract = {In adults, motion perception is mediated by an extensive network of occipital, parietal, temporal, and insular cortical areas. Little is known about the neural substrate of visual motion in infants, although behavioural studies suggest that motion perception is rudimentary at birth and matures steadily over the first few years. Here, by measuring Blood Oxygenated Level Dependent (BOLD) responses to flow versus random-motion stimuli, we demonstrate that the major cortical areas serving motion processing in adults are operative by 7 wk of age. Resting-state correlations demonstrate adult-like functional connectivity between the motion-selective associative areas, but not between primary cortex and temporo-occipital and posterior-insular cortices. Taken together, the results suggest that the development of motion perception may be limited by slow maturation of the subcortical input and of the cortico-cortical connections. In addition they support the existence of independent input to primary (V1) and temporo-occipital (V5/MT+) cortices very early in life.},
	Author = {Biagi, Laura and Crespi, Sofia Allegra and Tosetti, Michela and Morrone, Maria Concetta},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-15 17:17:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-15 17:22:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002260},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {human; infant; visual system; Visual Cortex; BEHAVIOR; Motion Perception; topographic map; fMRI; connectivity; network analysis; activity-development},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e1002260},
	Pmc = {PMC4587790},
	pmid = {26418729},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {BOLD Response Selective to Flow-Motion in Very Young Infants},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Biagi_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}}

@article{Oh:2014,
	Abstract = {Comprehensive knowledge of the brain's wiring diagram is fundamental for understanding how the nervous system processes information at both local and global scales. However, with the singular exception of the C. elegans microscale connectome, there are no complete connectivity data sets in other species. Here we report a brain-wide, cellular-level, mesoscale connectome for the mouse. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas uses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing adeno-associated viral vectors to trace axonal projections from defined regions and cell types, and high-throughput serial two-photon tomography to image the EGFP-labelled axons throughout the brain. This systematic and standardized approach allows spatial registration of individual experiments into a common three dimensional (3D) reference space, resulting in a whole-brain connectivity matrix. A computational model yields insights into connectional strength distribution, symmetry and other network properties. Virtual tractography illustrates 3D topography among interconnected regions. Cortico-thalamic pathway analysis demonstrates segregation and integration of parallel pathways. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a freely available, foundational resource for structural and functional investigations into the neural circuits that support behavioural and cognitive processes in health and disease.},
	Author = {Oh, Seung Wook and Harris, Julie A and Ng, Lydia and Winslow, Brent and Cain, Nicholas and Mihalas, Stefan and Wang, Quanxin and Lau, Chris and Kuan, Leonard and Henry, Alex M and Mortrud, Marty T and Ouellette, Benjamin and Nguyen, Thuc Nghi and Sorensen, Staci A and Slaughterbeck, Clifford R and Wakeman, Wayne and Li, Yang and Feng, David and Ho, Anh and Nicholas, Eric and Hirokawa, Karla E and Bohn, Phillip and Joines, Kevin M and Peng, Hanchuan and Hawrylycz, Michael J and Phillips, John W and Hohmann, John G and Wohnoutka, Paul and Gerfen, Charles R and Koch, Christof and Bernard, Amy and Dang, Chinh and Jones, Allan R and Zeng, Hongkui},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 01:08:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 01:14:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature13186},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {connectivity; Methods; Computational Biology; Graph theory; network; Neocortex; Thalamic Nuclei; topographic map; mouse; Mice},
	Mesh = {Animals; Atlases as Topic; Axons; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Connectome; Corpus Striatum; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7495},
	Pages = {207-14},
	pmid = {24695228},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain},
	Volume = {508},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Oh_Nature2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Oh_Nature2014a.pdf}}

@article{Markowitz:2015,
	Abstract = {Time-locked sequences of neural activity can be found throughout the vertebrate forebrain in various species and behavioral contexts. From "time cells" in the hippocampus of rodents to cortical activity controlling movement, temporal sequence generation is integral to many forms of learned behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying sequence generation are not well known. Here, we describe a spatial and temporal organization of the songbird premotor cortical microcircuit that supports sparse sequences of neural activity. Multi-channel electrophysiology and calcium imaging reveal that neural activity in premotor cortex is correlated with a length scale of 100 µm. Within this length scale, basal-ganglia-projecting excitatory neurons, on average, fire at a specific phase of a local 30 Hz network rhythm. These results show that premotor cortical activity is inhomogeneous in time and space, and that a mesoscopic dynamical pattern underlies the generation of the neural sequences controlling song.},
	Author = {Markowitz, Jeffrey E and Liberti, 3rd, William A and Guitchounts, Grigori and Velho, Tarciso and Lois, Carlos and Gardner, Timothy J},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-13 22:57:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-13 22:57:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002158},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {e1002158},
	Pmc = {PMC4454690},
	pmid = {26039895},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Mesoscopic patterns of neural activity support songbird cortical sequences},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Markowitz_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}}

@article{Hagihara:2015,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity is important for the functional refinement of neuronal circuits in the early visual system. At the level of the cerebral cortex, however, it is still unknown whether the formation of fundamental functions such as orientation selectivity depends on neuronal activity, as it has been difficult to suppress activity throughout development. Using genetic silencing of cortical activity starting before the formation of orientation selectivity, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons in the mouse visual cortex formed and matured normally despite a strong suppression of both spontaneous and visually evoked activity throughout development. After the orientation selectivity formed, the distribution of the preferred orientations of neurons was reorganized. We found that this process required spontaneous activity, but not visually evoked activity. Thus, the initial formation and maturation of orientation selectivity is largely independent of neuronal activity, and the initial selectivity is subsequently modified depending on neuronal activity.},
	Author = {Hagihara, Kenta M and Murakami, Tomonari and Yoshida, Takashi and Tagawa, Yoshiaki and Ohki, Kenichi},
	Date-Added = {2015-11-13 22:16:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-13 22:52:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.4155},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; Visual Cortex; activity manipulation; activity-dependent; activity-development; topographic map; Orientation; direction; mouse; mice; spontaneous activity},
	Month = {Nov},
	pmid = {26523644},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Neuronal activity is not required for the initial formation and maturation of visual selectivity},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Hagihara_NatNeurosci2015a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hagihara_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Aston-Jones:2013,
	Abstract = {Optogenetics with microbial opsin genes, and pharmacogenetics with designer receptors, represent potent and versatile experimental modalities that can be integrated with each other as well as with a rich diversity of synergistic methods to provide fundamental opportunities in neuroscience research. The 7th Annual Brain Research Meeting in New Orleans in October 2012, Optogenetics and Pharmacogenetics in Neuronal Function and Dysfunction, brought together leading researchers that have developed and used these tools to explore a wide range of questions in nervous system function and dysfunction. This special issue of Brain Research includes articles by speakers in this meeting and others, which together synthesize and summarize the state of the art for optogenetics and designer receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).},
	Author = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-30 19:26:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-11-16 19:08:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.026},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Methods; technique; activity manipulation; Grants; DREADD},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways; Brain; Cognition; Humans; Motivation; Optogenetics; Pharmacogenetics; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {1-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3663045},
	pmid = {23422677},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Recent advances in optogenetics and pharmacogenetics},
	Volume = {1511},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Aston-Jones_BrainRes2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.026}}

@article{DePuy:2013,
	Abstract = {The C1 neurons are a nodal point for blood pressure control and other autonomic responses. Here we test whether these rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons use glutamate as a transmitter in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). After injecting Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus (AAV2) DIO-Ef1α-channelrhodopsin2(ChR2)-mCherry (AAV2) into the RVLM of dopamine-β-hydroxylase Cre transgenic mice (DβH(Cre/0)), mCherry was detected exclusively in RVLM-CA neurons. Within the DMV >95% mCherry-immunoreactive(ir) axonal varicosities were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir and the same proportion were vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)-ir. VGLUT2-mCherry colocalization was virtually absent when AAV2 was injected into the RVLM of DβH(Cre/0);VGLUT2(flox/flox) mice, into the caudal VLM (A1 noradrenergic neuron-rich region) of DβH(Cre/0) mice or into the raphe of ePet(Cre/0) mice. Following injection of AAV2 into RVLM of TH-Cre rats, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities were highly colocalized in DMV within EYFP-positive or EYFP-negative axonal varicosities. Ultrastructurally, mCherry terminals from RVLM-CA neurons in DβH(Cre/0) mice made predominantly asymmetric synapses with choline acetyl-transferase-ir DMV neurons. Photostimulation of ChR2-positive axons in DβH(Cre/0) mouse brain slices produced EPSCs in 71% of tested DMV preganglionic neurons (PGNs) but no IPSCs. Photostimulation (20 Hz) activated PGNs up to 8 spikes/s (current-clamp). EPSCs were eliminated by tetrodotoxin, reinstated by 4-aminopyridine, and blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor blockers. In conclusion, VGLUT2 is expressed by RVLM-CA (C1) neurons in rats and mice regardless of the presence of AAV2, the C1 neurons activate DMV parasympathetic PGNs monosynaptically and this connection uses glutamate as an ionotropic transmitter.},
	Author = {DePuy, Seth D and Stornetta, Ruth L and Bochorishvili, Genrieta and Deisseroth, Karl and Witten, Ilana and Coates, Melissa and Guyenet, Patrice G},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-30 19:26:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-30 19:26:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4269-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamine; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Synaptic Transmission; Vagus Nerve; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1486-97},
	Pmc = {PMC3727439},
	pmid = {23345223},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Glutamatergic neurotransmission between the C1 neurons and the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4269-12.2013}}

@article{Alivisatos:2013,
	Author = {Alivisatos, A Paul and Chun, Miyoung and Church, George M and Deisseroth, Karl and Donoghue, John P and Greenspan, Ralph J and McEuen, Paul L and Roukes, Michael L and Sejnowski, Terrence J and Weiss, Paul S and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-30 19:26:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-30 19:26:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1236939},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Hippocampus; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neurons},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6125},
	Pages = {1284-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3722427},
	pmid = {23470729},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuroscience. The brain activity map},
	Volume = {339},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236939}}

@article{Gazzaniga:2005,
	Abstract = {Forty-five years ago, Roger Sperry, Joseph Bogen and I embarked on what are now known as the modern split-brain studies. These experiments opened up new frontiers in brain research and gave rise to much of what we know about hemispheric specialization and integration. The latest developments in split-brain research build on the groundwork laid by those early studies. Split-brain methodology, on its own and in conjunction with neuroimaging, has yielded insights into the remarkable regional specificity of the corpus callosum as well as into the integrative role of the callosum in the perception of causality and in our perception of an integrated sense of self.},
	Author = {Gazzaniga, Michael S},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-30 00:32:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-30 00:33:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn1723},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mirror symmetry; hemisphere; hemispherectomy; Corpus Callosum; human; BEHAVIOR; Perception; Perceptual Disorders; sensory map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Dominance, Cerebral; Humans; Neurosciences},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {653-9},
	pmid = {16062172},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1723}}

@article{Burbridge:2014,
	Abstract = {The elaboration of nascent synaptic connections into highly ordered neural circuits is an integral feature of the developing vertebrate nervous system. In sensory systems, patterned spontaneous activity before the onset of sensation is thought to influence this process, but this conclusion remains controversial, largely due to the inherent difficulty recording neural activity in early development. Here, we describe genetic and pharmacological manipulations of spontaneous retinal activity, assayed in vivo, that demonstrate a causal link between retinal waves and visual circuit refinement. We also report a decoupling of downstream activity in retinorecipient regions of the developing brain after retinal wave disruption. Significantly, we show that the spatiotemporal characteristics of retinal waves affect the development of specific visual circuits. These results conclusively establish retinal waves as necessary and instructive for circuit refinement in the developing nervous system and reveal how neural circuits adjust to altered patterns of activity prior to experience.},
	Author = {Burbridge, Timothy J and Xu, Hong-Ping and Ackman, James B and Ge, Xinxin and Zhang, Yueyi and Ye, Mei-Jun and Zhou, Z Jimmy and Xu, Jian and Contractor, Anis and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-04 20:43:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-04 20:43:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.051},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Eye Proteins; Functional Laterality; Homeodomain Proteins; In Vitro Techniques; Meclofenamic Acid; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Paired Box Transcription Factors; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Nicotinic; Repressor Proteins; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1049-64},
	Pmc = {PMC4258148},
	pmid = {25466916},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual circuit development requires patterned activity mediated by retinal acetylcholine receptors},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Burbridge_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Burbridge_Neuron2014a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.051}}

@article{Wefers:2000,
	Abstract = {Binocular interactions play a prominent role in shaping the axonal arbors of geniculocortical fibers and the arbors of Y cells in the retinogeniculate pathway of the fetal cat. Fiber interactions between the two eyes have also been suggested to regulate the formation of retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dlgn) of the fetal monkey, but whether this reflects structural refinements of retinal arbors has not been established. To address this issue, we quantified the morphologic properties of individual fibers in two macaque monkeys at embryonic day (E) 110 and E121 that had an eye removed at E69 and E61, respectively. Fibers were labeled by DiI crystals into the fixed optic tract and were visualized by confocal microscopy. Three measurements were made: the number of branch points within the axon terminal arbor, the total arborization length, and the incidence of axonal side branches on the preterminal axon within the confines of the geniculate. There were no significant differences with respect to these parameters between the prenatal enucleates and normal monkeys of comparable age. This was the case for retinal fibers innervating the magnocellular and the parvocellular segments of the dlgn. The arbors stemming from the remaining eye were widely distributed in the dlgn, with some terminating in territories normally innervated by the other (enucleated) eye. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the expanded projection from the remaining eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the prenatally enucleated monkey is due to the maintenance of a contingent of retinal fibers normally eliminated by ganglion cell death.},
	Author = {Wefers, C J and Dehay, C and Berland, M and Kennedy, H and Chalupa, L M},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:40:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:40:04 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Carbocyanines; Cell Size; Dendrites; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies; Macaca fascicularis; Retina; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {362-9},
	pmid = {11054699},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Binocular competition does not regulate retinogeniculate arbor size in fetal monkey},
	Volume = {427},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Polleux:1998b,
	Abstract = {In the homozygous (but not the heterozygous) reeler mutant, disruption of neuron migration leads to a major perturbation of the cortical environment that in turn could modify (1) the specification of neuronal fate and (2) the proliferation dynamics of cortical precursors. To investigate these issues, tritiated thymidine injections during cortical neurogenesis were coupled with postnatal injections of a retrograde tracer in the spinal cord to accurately measure the neurogenesis of corticospinal neurons in the heterozygous and homozygous mutant. The homozygous reeler shows (1) strict conservation of area-specific timetables of corticospinal neuron generation; (2) neurons with the appropriate birthdates show an enhanced probability of projecting to the spinal cord; (3) during early stages of corticogenesis, there is a reduced rate of neuron production followed at later stages by an increased rate of neuron production; and (4) these changes in the rate of neuron production were shown to be at least partially attributable to changes in the proportions of differentiative divisions. Taken together, our results show that in the developing cortex, the neurogenesis and specification of a given neuronal phenotype are partially controlled by the postmigratory compartment. On the other hand, neither areal identity nor the chronology of production of layer-specific neuronal phenotype seems to depend on the integrity of the cellular environment.},
	Author = {Polleux, F and Dehay, C and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:39:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:39:57 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count; Cell Death; Cell Division; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Neocortex; Neurons; Pyramidal Tracts; Somatosensory Cortex; Thymidine; Tritium},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {9910-23},
	pmid = {9822747},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurogenesis and commitment of corticospinal neurons in reeler},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Snider:1999,
	Abstract = {In the fetal monkey the projections from the two eyes are initially completely intermingled within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) before separating into eye-specific layers (). To assess the cellular basis of this developmental process, we examined the morphological properties of individual retinogeniculate axons in prenatal monkeys of known gestational ages. The period studied spanned the time from when binocular overlap has been reported to be maximum, circa embryonic (E) day 77 through E112, when the segregation process is already largely completed in the caudal portion of the nucleus. Retinogeniculate fibers were labeled by making small deposits of DiI crystals into the fixed optic tract. After adequate time was allowed for diffusion of the tracer, fibers were visualized by confocal microscopy, and morphometric measures were made from photomontages. This revealed that retinogeniculate fibers in the embryonic monkey undergo continuous growth and elaboration during binocular overlap and subsequent segregation. Importantly, very few side-branches were found along the preterminal axon throughout the developmental period studied. Thus, restructuring of retinogeniculate fibers does not underlie the formation of eye-restricted projections in the primate. Rather, the results support the hypothesis that binocular segregation in the embryonic monkey is caused by the loss of retinal fibers that initially innervate inappropriate territories ().},
	Author = {Snider, C J and Dehay, C and Berland, M and Kennedy, H and Chalupa, L M},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:39:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:39:45 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Geniculate Bodies; Macaca fascicularis; Microscopy, Confocal; Retina; Vision, Binocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {220-8},
	pmid = {9870952},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal development of retinogeniculate axons in the macaque monkey during segregation of binocular inputs},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Lukaszewicz:2006,
	Abstract = {Regionalization of cell cycle kinetics of cortical precursors has been described in nonhuman primates and rodents indicating a fate map of areas as distinct proliferative programs in the germinal zones of the neocortex. It remains to be understood how proliferative gradients during corticogenesis are transcribed into a stepwise function to form adult areal borders. Here we have used the monkey areas 17 and 18, which show striking cytoarchitectonic differences, as a model system for studying how developmental events establish areal boundaries in the adult. We present data indicating that the events that are involved in the formation of a sharp border separating 2 areas involve an orchestration of diverse phenomena including differential rates of proliferation, migration, and tangential expansion.},
	Author = {Lukaszewicz, Agn{\`e}s and Cortay, V{\'e}ronique and Giroud, Pascale and Berland, Michel and Smart, Iain and Kennedy, Henry and Dehay, Colette},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:39:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:39:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhk011},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Haplorhini; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Organogenesis},
	Month = {Jul},
	Pages = {i26-34},
	pmid = {16766704},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The concerted modulation of proliferation and migration contributes to the specification of the cytoarchitecture and dimensions of cortical areas},
	Volume = {16 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhk011}}

@article{Markov:2014,
	Abstract = {Retrograde tracer injections in 29 of the 91 areas of the macaque cerebral cortex revealed 1,615 interareal pathways, a third of which have not previously been reported. A weight index (extrinsic fraction of labeled neurons [FLNe]) was determined for each area-to-area pathway. Newly found projections were weaker on average compared with the known projections; nevertheless, the 2 sets of pathways had extensively overlapping weight distributions. Repeat injections across individuals revealed modest FLNe variability given the range of FLNe values (standard deviation <1 log unit, range 5 log units). The connectivity profile for each area conformed to a lognormal distribution, where a majority of projections are moderate or weak in strength. In the G29 × 29 interareal subgraph, two-thirds of the connections that can exist do exist. Analysis of the smallest set of areas that collects links from all 91 nodes of the G29 × 91 subgraph (dominating set analysis) confirms the dense (66%) structure of the cortical matrix. The G29 × 29 subgraph suggests an unexpectedly high incidence of unidirectional links. The directed and weighted G29 × 91 connectivity matrix for the macaque will be valuable for comparison with connectivity analyses in other species, including humans. It will also inform future modeling studies that explore the regularities of cortical networks.},
	Author = {Markov, N T and Ercsey-Ravasz, M M and Ribeiro Gomes, A R and Lamy, C and Magrou, L and Vezoli, J and Misery, P and Falchier, A and Quilodran, R and Gariel, M A and Sallet, J and Gamanut, R and Huissoud, C and Clavagnier, S and Giroud, P and Sappey-Marinier, D and Barone, P and Dehay, C and Toroczkai, Z and Knoblauch, K and Van Essen, D C and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs270},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {connection; cortex; graph; monkey; network},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Macaca fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Neuroimaging; Neuronal Tract-Tracers},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {17-36},
	Pmc = {PMC3862262},
	pmid = {23010748},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A weighted and directed interareal connectivity matrix for macaque cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs270}}

@article{Kennedy:2012,
	Abstract = {Variability of gene expression of cortical precursors may partially reflect the operation of the gene regulatory network and determines the boundaries of the state space within which self-organization of the cortex can unfold. In primates, including humans, the outer subventricular zone, a primate-specific germinal zone, generates a large contingent of the projection neurons participating in the interareal network. The number of projection neurons in individual pathways largely determines the network properties as well as the hierarchical organization of the cortex. Mathematical modeling of cell-cycle kinetics of cortical precursors in the germinal zones reveals how multiple control loops ensure the generation of precise numbers of different categories of projection neurons and allow partial simulation of cortical self-organization. We show that molecular manipulation of the cell cycle of cortical precursors shifts the trajectory of the cortical precursor within its state space, increases the diversity in the cortical lineage tree, and explores changes in phylogenetic complexity. These results explore how self-organization underlies the complexity of the cortex and suggest evolutionary mechanisms.},
	Author = {Kennedy, Henry and Dehay, Colette},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00016-7},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Cell Cycle; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Nerve Net; Neurons; Primates},
	Pages = {341-60},
	pmid = {22230635},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Self-organization and interareal networks in the primate cortex},
	Volume = {195},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00016-7}}

@article{Kennedy:2007,
	Abstract = {The primate neocortex is characterized by a highly expanded supragranular layer (SGL). The interareal connectivity of the neurons in the SLG largely determines the cortical hierarchy that constrains information flow through the cortex. Interareal connectivity is made by precise numbers of connections, raising the possibility that the physiology of a target area is dictated by the numbers of connections and hierarchical distance in each of the pathways that it receives. The developmental mechanisms ensuring the precision of these interareal networks is in part determined by (i) the numbers of SGL neurons generated by the OSVZ, a primate-specific germinal zone. Neuron generation rate in the OSVZ is determined by regulation of the G1 phase of the cell-cycle. This regulation is area-specific and is linked to thalamic projections to the OSVZ; (ii) Prolonged pre- and postnatal pruning of connections originating from the SGL when the infant monkey visually explores its environment. Remodelling serves to sharpen initial patterns of connections and establishes the adult hierarchy. These results suggest that primate cortical networks underlying high-level function undergo prolonged self-organization via regressive phenomena in the cortical plate (axon elimination) and progressive phenomena (directed growth of cortical axons).},
	Author = {Kennedy, Henry and Douglas, Rodney and Knoblauch, Kenneth and Dehay, Colette},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:36 +0000},
	Journal = {Novartis Found Symp},
	Journal-Full = {Novartis Foundation symposium},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cerebral Cortex; Embryo, Mammalian; Models, Biological; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Primates},
	Pages = {178-94 discussion 195-8, 276-81},
	pmid = {18494259},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Self-organization and pattern formation in primate cortical networks},
	Volume = {288},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Dehay:2007,
	Abstract = {The spatio-temporal timing of the last round of mitosis, followed by the migration of neuroblasts to the cortical plate leads to the formation of the six-layered cortex that is subdivided into functionally defined cortical areas. Whereas many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms have been established in rodents, there are a number of unique features that require further elucidation in primates. Recent findings both in rodents and in primates indicate that regulation of the cell cycle, specifically of the G1 phase has a crucial role in controlling area-specific rates of neuron production and the generation of cytoarchitectonic maps.},
	Author = {Dehay, Colette and Kennedy, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2097},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Cycle; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cerebral Cortex; G1 Phase; Humans; Neurons; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {438-50},
	pmid = {17514197},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell-cycle control and cortical development},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2097}}

@article{Molnar:2006a,
	Abstract = {This review aims to provide examples of how both comparative and genetic analyses contribute to our understanding of the rules for cortical development and evolution. Genetic studies have helped us to realize the evolutionary rules of telencephalic organization in vertebrates. The control of the establishment of conserved telencephalic subdivisions and the formation of boundaries between these subdivisions has been examined and the very specific alterations at the striatocortical junction have been revealed. Comparative studies and genetic analyses both demonstrate the differential origin and migratory pattern of the two basic neuron types of the cerebral cortex. GABAergic interneurons are mostly generated in the subpallium and a common mechanism governs their migration to the dorsal cortex in both mammals and sauropsids. The pyramidal neurons are generated within the cortical germinal zone and migrate radially, the earliest generated cell layers comprising preplate cells. Reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius cells are a general feature of all vertebrates studied so far; however, there is a considerable amplification of the Reelin signalling with cortical complexity, which might have contributed to the establishment of the basic mammalian pattern of cortical development. Based on numerous recent observations we shall present the argument that specialization of the mitotic compartments may constitute a major drive behind the evolution of the mammalian cortex. Comparative developmental studies have revealed distinct features in the early compartments of the developing macaque brain, drawing our attention to the limitations of some of the current model systems for understanding human developmental abnormalities of the cortex. Comparative and genetic aspects of cortical development both reveal the workings of evolution.},
	Author = {Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n and M{\'e}tin, Christine and Stoykova, Anastassia and Tarabykin, Victor and Price, David J and Francis, Fiona and Meyer, Gundela and Dehay, Colette and Kennedy, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04611.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Cell Differentiation; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurons},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {921-34},
	Pmc = {PMC1931431},
	pmid = {16519657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Comparative aspects of cerebral cortical development},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04611.x}}

@article{Dehay:1996a,
	Abstract = {Prenatal bilateral enucleation induces cortex, which normally would have become striate cortex, to follow a default developmental pathway and to take on the cytoarchitectonic appearance of extrastriate cortex (default extrastriate cortex, Dehay et al. [1996] J. Comp. Neurol. 367:70-89). We have investigated if this manipulation influences the cortical expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase (CO). Early enucleation (before embryonic day 81; E81) had only minor effects on the distribution of AChE and CO in the striate cortex. In animals that underwent operation, the striate cortex CO blobs were significantly more closely spaced on the operculum compared with the calcarine. After early enucleation, there was a periodic distribution of CO dense patches in default extrastriate cortex. These CO patches had a center-to-center spacing that was considerably smaller than that of CO stripes in normal area V2, but was somewhat larger than that of the CO blobs in striate cortex. Although the CO stripes characteristic of normal area V2 could not be detected, there were some high-frequency CO patches, similar to those found in default extrastriate cortex. Early enucleation caused a failure to form the transient AChE bands running perpendicular to the striate border, which are normally present in the fetus and early neonate. Late enucleation did not alter AChE expression in extrastriate cortex. The relatively minor effects of early enucleation in the reduced striate cortex contrast with the changes in expression of these enzymes in extrastriate cortex, which accompany large shifts in the location of the striate border. This suggests a massive reorganisation of cortical phenotype in extrastriate cortex.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Giroud, P and Berland, M and Killackey, H P and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961216)376:3\&lt;386::AID-CNE3\&gt;3.0.CO;2-Z},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV; Eye Enucleation; Female; Macaca; Neuronal Plasticity; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {386-402},
	pmid = {8956106},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Phenotypic characterisation of respecified visual cortex subsequent to prenatal enucleation in the monkey: development of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase patterns},
	Volume = {376},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961216)376:3%5C&lt;386::AID-CNE3%5C&gt;3.0.CO;2-Z}}

@article{Barone:1996,
	Abstract = {In experiments combining retrograde tracers and histochemistry, we have looked at the prenatal development of the cortical pathway linking areas V2 and V4. Transient expression of acetylcholinesterase in fetal area V2 reveals the separate compartments that project to V4 (temporal directed pathway) and V5 (parietal directed pathway). During early stages of pathway formation, V2 neurons projecting to area V4 are clustered in the appropriate compartments. During the phase of rapid axonal growth, there is a selective increase of connections originating from the appropriate compartments leading to a strongly clustered organization at the peak of connectivity. During this phase, injections involving the white matter also showed clustering, but this was somewhat reduced in comparison to that of gray matter injections. The growth phase is followed by an elimination phase during which there is a tendency for a preferential loss of intercluster connections, which may sharpen the early formed pattern. These results demonstrate the primary role of axonal guidance and target recognition mechanisms followed by a limited extent of selective elimination during the formation of functional cortical pathways in the primate isocortex. Compared to previous findings, these results suggest that the developmental restriction of callosal connections is not a universal model of cortical development. In the present report, the directed growth and early specification of feed-forward connections contrast with the prolonged remodelling of monkey feedback projections, suggesting two distinct developmental strategies of pathway formation in the monkey.},
	Author = {Barone, P and Dehay, C and Berland, M and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:38:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:38:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961007)374:1\&lt;1::AID-CNE1\&gt;3.0.CO;2-7},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electron Transport Complex IV; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Macaca fascicularis; Microinjections; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-20},
	pmid = {8891943},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of directed growth and target selection in the formation of cortical pathways: prenatal development of the projection of area V2 to area V4 in the monkey},
	Volume = {374},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961007)374:1%5C&lt;1::AID-CNE1%5C&gt;3.0.CO;2-7}}

@article{Dehay:1996,
	Abstract = {Bilateral enucleation was performed at different fetal ages during corticogenesis, and the brains were prepared for histological examination. Early-enucleated fetuses (operated prior to embryonic day 77) showed morphological changes at the level of the thalamus and the cortex. In the thalamus, there was a loss of lamination and a decrease in size of the lateral geniculate nucleus. There was a decrease in the size of the inferior pulvinar, but there was no change in the lateral pulvinar. The border of striate cortex was as sharp in the enucleates as it was in the normal monkeys. In three of the four early enucleates, we observed an interdigitation of striate and extrastriate cortex. In three of the early enucleates, we observed a small island of nonstriate cortex near the striate border that was surrounded entirely by striate cortex. Enucleation led to an age-related reduction of striate cortex. This reduction was greater in the operculum than in the calcarine fissure. The reduction of striate cortex was accompanied by an increase in the dimensions of extrastriate visual cortex, so that the overall dimensions of the neocortex remained invariant. The extrastriate cortex in the enucleated animals presented a uniform cytoarchitecture and was indistinguishable from area 18 in the normal animal. There were changes in the gyral pattern that were restricted mainly to the cortex on the operculum. A deepening of minor dimples as well as the induction of a variable number of supplementary sulci led to an increase in the convolution of the occipital lobe. These results are discussed with respect to the specification of cortical areas. They demonstrate that the reduction in striate cortex was not accompanied by an equivalent reduction in the neocortex; rather, there was a border shift, and a large volume of cortex that was destined to become striate cortex appears to be cytoarchitectonically normal extrastriate cortex.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Giroud, P and Berland, M and Killackey, H and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960325)367:1\&lt;70::AID-CNE6\&gt;3.0.CO;2-G},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Eye Enucleation; Fetus; Macaca fascicularis; Neuronal Plasticity; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {70-89},
	pmid = {8867284},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Contribution of thalamic input to the specification of cytoarchitectonic cortical fields in the primate: effects of bilateral enucleation in the fetal monkey on the boundaries, dimensions, and gyrification of striate and extrastriate cortex},
	Volume = {367},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960325)367:1%5C&lt;70::AID-CNE6%5C&gt;3.0.CO;2-G}}

@article{Barone:1995,
	Abstract = {The pre- and postnatal developmental changes of the cortical afferents to area 17 were studied in the macaque monkey. Paired injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow were made in area 17. Quantitative techniques were used to examine the spatial patterns of labeling in three distinct locations of the extrastriate cortex that correspond to known visual areas. In the adult, each cortical region has a characteristic laminar distribution. In the fetus the proportion of supragranular layer neurons in all cortical regions was much higher than in the adult. The present study shows that despite the very high levels of labeled supragranular layer neurons, there is some early areal specialization so that the adult configuration does not emerge from a uniform distribution. The developmental decline in the proportion of labeled supragranular neurons is complete by 1 month after birth. Each injection of tracer gave rise in each cortical area to dense labeling in a restricted region (projection zone). Areal measurements of projection zones in the supra- and infragranular layers showed that the developmental decrease in the proportion of labeled supragranular layer neurons is accompanied by a relative change of the dimensions of supra- and infragranular projection zones: the supragranular projection zone in the fetus is larger than the infragranular projection zone and vice versa in the adult. In the fetus, the two projection zones corresponding to each of the two tracers overlap in the supragranular layers whereas they are largely separated in the infragranular layers. During development there is a progressive decrease in the overlap of the supragranular projection zones and an increase in the overlap in the infragranular layers. Again, the adult configuration is achieved 1 month after birth. This developmental inversion of the areal dimensions of the projection zones in supra- and infragranular layers is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the proportion of double-labeled neurons located in supragranular layers. These results clearly show that early in development, axonal projections to area V1 are modified in very different ways according to whether they originate from supra- or infragranular layers. This developmental process lasts for about 80 d. These findings show that in the primate there is a prolonged remodeling of axonal projections that is a highly characteristic feature of this species.},
	Author = {Barone, P and Dehay, C and Berland, M and Bullier, J and Kennedy, H},
	Date = {1995 Jan-Feb},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:36 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Macaca fascicularis; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Pregnancy; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {22-38},
	pmid = {7719128},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental remodeling of primate visual cortical pathways},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Meissirel:1993,
	Abstract = {Anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was used to study transient axons from the visual cortex in the pyramidal tract. Injections at birth restricted to the visual cortex labeled axons in the vicinity of the pontine nuclei. Two to eight days after birth, axons from the occipital cortex were found posterior to the pontine nucleus, their caudalmost stable target. Transient corticospinal axons from the presumptive primary visual cortex did not grow caudal to the pyramidal decussation. Innervation of more distal targets preceded innervation of proximal targets. Innervation of the pontine nucleus is initiated around 68 hours after birth, when the transient extension in the medullary pyramidal tract has attained its maximum caudal extent. Innervation of the superior colliculus begins 9 days after birth. Retrograde tracers were used to follow the developmental changes in the cortical distribution of the parent neurons giving rise to axons in the pyramidal tract. In the adult, labeled neurons following injection of retrograde tracer in the pyramidal tract occupied less than a third of the neocortex and were centred on the anterior part of the coronal and spleniocruciate gyri. In the immature brain, labeled neurons covered more than two-thirds of the neocortex. Areal density measurements in the neonate showed that peak labeling was centred in the anterior coronal and spleniocruciate gyri, where corticospinal cells in the adult are located. There was a marked rostral-caudal gradient so that labeled neurons were very scarce towards the occipital pole. These results, showing transient neocortical axons in the pyramidal tract in a carnivore, suggest that this may be a common feature of mammalian development. The finding that the adult pattern of corticospinal projections does not emerge from a uniform distribution is discussed with respect to the areal specification of cortical connectivity.},
	Author = {Meissirel, C and Dehay, C and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.903380205},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ferrets; Neural Pathways; Occipital Lobe; Pons; Pyramidal Tracts; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {193-213},
	pmid = {8308167},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transient cortical pathways in the pyramidal tract of the neonatal ferret},
	Volume = {338},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380205}}

@article{Dehay:1993,
	Abstract = {An as-yet unresolved issue in developmental neurobiology is whether the discrete areas that form the mammalian cortex emerge from a uniform cortical plate or whether they are already specified in the germinal zone. A feature of the primate striate cortex is that the number of neurons per unit area is twice that of anywhere else in the cerebral cortex. Here we take advantage of this unique structural feature to investigate whether the extra striate cortical cells are due to increased neuron production during neurogenesis. We labelled precursors undergoing terminal cell division with 3H-thymidine and allowed them to migrate to the cortical plate. Cell counts revealed that their rate of production in the germinal zone of striate cortex is higher than in that given rise to extrastriate cortex. Also, we used 3H-thymidine pulse injections to investigate cell cycle dynamics and found that this phase of increased production of striate cortical cells is associated with changes in the parameters of the cell cycle. These results show that cortical area identity is at least partially determined at the level of the ventricular zone.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Giroud, P and Berland, M and Smart, I and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/366464a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cell Cycle; Cell Movement; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Fetus; Macaca fascicularis; Neurons; S Phase; Thymidine; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6454},
	Pages = {464-6},
	pmid = {8247154},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modulation of the cell cycle contributes to the parcellation of the primate visual cortex},
	Volume = {366},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366464a0}}

@article{Kennedy:1990,
	Author = {Kennedy, H and Dehay, C and Horsburgh, G},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/348494a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV; Primates; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6301},
	Pages = {494},
	pmid = {2174128},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Striate cortex periodicity},
	Volume = {348},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/348494a0}}

@article{Kennedy:1993a,
	Abstract = {Environmental control of gene expression can occur early or late during development, and this is relevant to understanding species differences in cortical specification. Experiments in the developing visual system of the primate show that the areal limits of striate cortex are specified by the thalamic inputs, so that afferent specification of cortex appears as a general feature of mammalian development. Primates differ from nonprimates in that thalamic afferents control very early stages of corticogenesis when symmetrical cell division is forming the pool of striate neuron precursors. Other cortical features are specified much later in primates than in nonprimates. We speculate that the early specification of certain features and the late specification of others contribute to the sophistication of the cerebral cortex characteristic of primates.},
	Author = {Kennedy, H and Dehay, C},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:09 +0000},
	Journal = {Perspect Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Perspectives on developmental neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Anophthalmos; Cell Differentiation; Cerebral Cortex; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Eye Enucleation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Morphogenesis; Primates; Rodentia; Species Specificity; Thalamus; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {93-9},
	pmid = {8087537},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The importance of developmental timing in cortical specification},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Kennedy:1993,
	Abstract = {The developmental basis for the localization of function in the mammalian cortex remains a controversial issue. The newly formed rodent cortex displays a considerable uniformity in terms of its connectivity. This contrasts with the primate, where even the first formed connections can show a high degree of areal specificity. An important clue to understanding these species differences can be obtained by examining how and when the sensory periphery exerts its organizing influence on the developing cortex. In rodents the developmental timetable ensures that the organizational control of the periphery persists late in development, when neurons are forming their first connections. By contrast, in primates the late onset and prolonged duration of corticogenesis result in the periphery being able to exert its influence much earlier, during the phase of precursor proliferation. Differences and similarities between primate and rodent corticogenesis are highly informative. In rodents, recent results with molecular markers show that regional differences in developmental potential exist in the cerebral cortex before innervation from the periphery. Similar findings are predicted in primates. It is to be expected that a more complete understanding of the rules governing the emergence of distinct cortical areas will come from resolving how afferent specification acts within the confines of such regional specializations.},
	Author = {Kennedy, H and Dehay, C},
	Date = {1993 May-Jun},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:37:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:37:04 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Mice; Primates; Rodentia; Species Specificity},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {171-86},
	pmid = {8324368},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical specification of mice and men},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Dehay:1988a,
	Abstract = {Cytochrome oxidase (CytOx) is known to preferentially stain those regions of the visual cortex which receive direct projections from the thalamus. The pattern of CytOx stain has been used to investigate the maturation of thalamic input to areas V1 and V2 in the newborn monkey. In both areas, the intensity of CytOx activity was similar in newborns and adults. The distribution of CytOx in area V2 was not found to vary with age. In area V1, the only difference in CytOx activity in newborns was a relative immaturity of staining in layer 4C. The callosal connections of visual areas V1 and V2 were investigated by the axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and free horseradish peroxidase. In the adult, V1 was found to be reciprocally callosally connected for a distance of 1-2.5 mm from the V1/V2 border, whilst V2 was connected for a distance of 3-8 mm from the border. In both areas, callosal connections showed a certain degree of clustering, particularly in V2 which contained 97-98% of the total number of callosal connections of these two areas. In the newborn, the number, tangential extent and clustered distribution of callosal connections were as in the adult. In the newborn, as in the adult, callosal connections coincided with regions of high CytOx activity in area V2. The results showing a relative maturity of the tangential distribution of callosal projecting neurons on the one hand, and an immaturity of thalamic projections on the other, are discussed in terms of: (1) the maturational status of the newborn monkey compared to other mammals at the moment of birth and (2) the possible role of visual experience in shaping cortical connections.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:36:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:36:55 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Macaca fascicularis; Thalamic Nuclei; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {237-44},
	pmid = {3166701},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The maturational status of thalamocortical and callosal connections of visual areas V1 and V2 in the newborn monkey},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Kennedy:1988,
	Abstract = {The efferent and afferent connections of the V1/V2 border with the contralateral hemisphere have been examined using anatomical tracers. The V1/V2 border was found to exchange connections with the contralateral V2 area as well as a restricted strip of V1 lying adjacent to the V1/V2 border. Besides these homotopic projections, two heterotopic projections were found to V3/V3A and V5. Anterograde tracing of callosal connections showed that terminals in these heterotopic sites were focused in layer 4, the recipient layer of projections originating from the ipsilateral V1/V2 border. Bilateral injections of fluorescent dyes showed that these heterotopic targets of the V1/V2 border are connected to the homologous ipsilateral V1/V2 border region. The laminar location of callosal projecting neurons as well as their terminals were characteristic for each cortical region. The laminar pattern of callosal connectivity was found to differ markedly from that of associational visual pathways. Two principal hypotheses are suggested by these results. First, the fact that V1 in part is reciprocally callosally connected in all mammals supports the notion that this interhemispheric pathway completes long-range intrinsic cortical connections. Second, the convergence of inter- and intrahemispheric pathways could provide the anatomical basis for the modulation of the sensory processing within one hemisphere by ongoing activity in the contralateral hemisphere.},
	Author = {Kennedy, H and Dehay, C},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:36:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:36:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Dominance, Cerebral; Macaca fascicularis; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {225-36},
	pmid = {3166700},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional implications of the anatomical organization of the callosal projections of visual areas V1 and V2 in the macaque monkey},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Dehay:1988,
	Abstract = {We have examined the anatomical features of ipsilateral transient cortical projections to areas 17, 18, and 19 in the kitten with the use of axonal tracers Fast Blue and WGA-HRP. Injections of tracers in any of the three primary visual areas led to retrograde labeling in frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Retrogradely labeled cells were not randomly distributed, but instead occurred preferentially at certain loci. The pattern of retrograde labeling was not influenced by the area injected. The main locus of transiently projecting neurons was an isolated region in the ectosylvian gyrus, probably corresponding to auditory area A1. Other groups of transiently projecting neurons had more variable locations in the frontoparietal cortex. The laminar distribution of neurons sending a transient projection to the visual cortex is characteristic and different from that of parent neurons of other cortical pathways at the same age. In the frontoparietal cortex, transiently projecting neurons were located mainly in layer 1 and the upper part of layers 2 and 3. In the ectosylvian gyrus, nearly all the neurons are located in layers 2 and 3. In addition, a few transiently projecting neurons are found in layer 6 and in the white matter. Transiently projecting neurons have a pyramidal morphology except for the occasional spindle-shaped cell of layer 1 and multipolar cells observed in the white matter. Anterograde studies were used to investigate the location of transient fibers in the visual cortex. Injections of WGA-HRP at the site of origin of transient projections gave rise to few retrogradely labeled cells in areas 17, 18, and 19, demonstrating that transient projections to these areas are not reciprocal. Although labeled axons were found over a wide area of the posterior cortex, they were more numerous over certain regions, including areas 17, 18, and 19, and absent from other more lateral cortical regions. Transient projecting fibers were present in all cortical layers at birth. Plotting the location of transient fibers in numerous sections and at all ages showed that these fibers are not more plentiful in the white matter than they are in the gray matter. We found no evidence that the white/gray matter border constituted a physical barrier to the growth of transient axons. Comparison of the organization of this transient pathway to that of other transient connections is discussed with respect to the development of the cortex.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Kennedy, H and Bullier, J},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:36:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:36:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902720106},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Aging; Amidines; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Brain Mapping; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Motor Cortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {68-89},
	pmid = {2454978},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of transient cortical projections from auditory, somatosensory, and motor cortices to visual areas 17, 18, and 19 in the kitten},
	Volume = {272},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902720106}}

@article{Kennedy:1989,
	Abstract = {Area 17 in the neonate of numerous species receives projections from cortical areas that do not project to area 17 in the adult. To investigate if this were the case in the developing primate, we have made injections of retrograde tracers in area 17 of newborn monkeys (Macaca irus) and examined the areal distribution of labeled neurons. Neurons projecting to area 17 were found to be restricted to those cortical regions that project to area 17 in the adult. The projection to area 17 in the neonate did appear to be very different in that in the superior temporal sulcus there was a large contingent of labeled neurons in supragranular layers. This constitutes a transient projection because in the adult area 17 projecting neurons in this cortical region originate almost exclusively from infragranular layers. To test if a change in the laminar distribution of area 17 projecting neurons in extrastriate cortex is a general feature of postnatal development, we have computed in neonates and adults the proportion of area 17 afferent neurons in infra- and supragranular layers for each cortical region that projects to area 17. This revealed (i) that in the adult the laminar distribution of area 17 afferents is characteristic for each cortical area and (ii) that this distribution emerges during development from an immature state in which labeled neurons are more numerous in supragranular layers. These results show that there is an extensive remodeling of the neuronal circuitry connecting visual cortical areas during postnatal development in the monkey and that the transient connectivity of primate area 17 is very different from that observed in other mammalian species.},
	Author = {Kennedy, H and Bullier, J and Dehay, C},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:36:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:36:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca; Neurons; Visual Cortex; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {8093-7},
	Pmc = {PMC298221},
	pmid = {2479015},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transient projection from the superior temporal sulcus to area 17 in the newborn macaque monkey},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Dehay:1989,
	Abstract = {In several species, the peripheral input from the eyes partly determines the pattern of interconnections between the visual areas of the two cerebral hemispheres through the fibre tract termed the corpus callosum. In the macaque monkey, the neurons projecting through the callosum are largely restricted to area 18 throughout ontogeny, whereas area 17 is characterized by few or no callosal projections. Here, we show that suppressing the peripheral input by prenatal removal of the eyes leads to a marked reduction in the extent of area 17, resulting in a large shift in the position of the histologically identifiable boundary between the two areas. Even so, the boundary continues to separate an area rich with callosal connections (area 18) from one poor in such projections (area 17), indicating there is no effect on the callosal connectivity of area 17. In contrast, in area 18, eye removal results in many more neurons with callosal projections than in normal animals. The results suggest that the factors that determine the parcellation of cortical areas also specify their connectivity.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Horsburgh, G and Berland, M and Killackey, H and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:36:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:36:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/337265a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Corpus Callosum; Electron Transport Complex IV; Eye; Macaca fascicularis; Neurons; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Reference Values; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {6204},
	Pages = {265-7},
	pmid = {2536139},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maturation and connectivity of the visual cortex in monkey is altered by prenatal removal of retinal input},
	Volume = {337},
	Year = {1989},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337265a0}}

@article{Seabrook:2013,
	Abstract = {Neurons in layer VI of visual cortex represent one of the largest sources of nonretinal input to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and play a major role in modulating the gain of thalamic signal transmission. However, little is known about how and when these descending projections arrive and make functional connections with dLGN cells. Here we used a transgenic mouse to visualize corticogeniculate projections to examine the timing of cortical innervation in dLGN. Corticogeniculate innervation occurred at postnatal ages and was delayed compared with the arrival of retinal afferents. Cortical fibers began to enter dLGN at postnatal day 3 (P3) to P4, a time when retinogeniculate innervation is complete. However, cortical projections did not fully innervate dLGN until eye opening (P12), well after the time when retinal inputs from the two eyes segregate to form nonoverlapping eye-specific domains. In vitro thalamic slice recordings revealed that newly arriving cortical axons form functional connections with dLGN cells. However, adult-like responses that exhibited paired pulse facilitation did not fully emerge until 2 weeks of age. Finally, surgical or genetic elimination of retinal input greatly accelerated the rate of corticogeniculate innervation, with axons invading between P2 and P3 and fully innervating dLGN by P8 to P10. However, recordings in genetically deafferented mice showed that corticogeniculate synapses continued to mature at the same rate as controls. These studies suggest that retinal and cortical innervation of dLGN is highly coordinated and that input from retina plays an important role in regulating the rate of corticogeniculate innervation.},
	Author = {Seabrook, Tania A and El-Danaf, Rana N and Krahe, Thomas E and Fox, Michael A and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2015-09-02 00:05:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-09-02 00:05:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5271-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Cholera Toxin; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Eye Enucleation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Myelin Basic Protein; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Retina; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {10085-97},
	Pmc = {PMC3682386},
	pmid = {23761904},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal input regulates the timing of corticogeniculate innervation},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5271-12.2013}}

@article{Yilmaz:2013,
	Abstract = {Much of brain science is concerned with understanding the neural circuits that underlie specific behaviors. While the mouse has become a favorite experimental subject, the behaviors of this species are still poorly explored. For example, the mouse retina, like that of other mammals, contains ∼20 different circuits that compute distinct features of the visual scene [1, 2]. By comparison, only a handful of innate visual behaviors are known in this species--the pupil reflex [3], phototaxis [4], the optomotor response [5], and the cliff response [6]--two of which are simple reflexes that require little visual processing. We explored the behavior of mice under a visual display that simulates an approaching object, which causes defensive reactions in some other species [7, 8]. We show that mice respond to this stimulus either by initiating escape within a second or by freezing for an extended period. The probability of these defensive behaviors is strongly dependent on the parameters of the visual stimulus. Directed experiments identify candidate retinal circuits underlying the behavior and lead the way into detailed study of these neural pathways. This response is a new addition to the repertoire of innate defensive behaviors in the mouse that allows the detection and avoidance of aerial predators.},
	Author = {Yilmaz, Melis and Meister, Markus},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-31 20:29:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-31 20:30:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.015},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {mouse; mice; visual system; behavior; function; Escape Reaction; aversive; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex; superior colliculus},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {2011-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3809337},
	pmid = {24120636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid innate defensive responses of mice to looming visual stimuli},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Yilmaz_CurrBiol2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Yilmaz_CurrBiol2013a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.015}}

@article{Zhao:2014,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits in the brain often receive inputs from multiple sources, such as the bottom-up input from early processing stages and the top-down input from higher-order areas. Here we study the function of top-down input in the mouse superior colliculus (SC), which receives convergent inputs from the retina and visual cortex. Neurons in the superficial SC display robust responses and speed tuning to looming stimuli that mimic approaching objects. The looming-evoked responses are reduced by almost half when the visual cortex is optogenetically silenced in awake, but not in anesthetized, mice. Silencing the cortex does not change the looming speed tuning of SC neurons, or the response time course, except at the lowest tested speed. Furthermore, the regulation of SC responses by the corticotectal input is organized retinotopically. This effect we revealed may thus provide a potential substrate for the cortex, an evolutionarily new structure, to modulate SC-mediated visual behaviors.},
	Author = {Zhao, Xinyu and Liu, Mingna and Cang, Jianhua},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-31 20:09:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-31 20:31:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.037},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {mouse; mice; visual system; behavior; function; Escape Reaction; aversive; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex; superior colliculus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {202-13},
	Pmc = {PMC4184914},
	pmid = {25220812},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual cortex modulates the magnitude but not the selectivity of looming-evoked responses in the superior colliculus of awake mice},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Zhao_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.037}}

@article{Striem-Amit:2015,
	Abstract = {Is visual input during critical periods of development crucial for the emergence of the fundamental topographical mapping of the visual cortex? And would this structure be retained throughout life-long blindness or would it fade as a result of plastic, use-based reorganization? We used functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging based on intrinsic blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations to investigate whether significant traces of topographical mapping of the visual scene in the form of retinotopic organization, could be found in congenitally blind adults. A group of 11 fully and congenitally blind subjects and 18 sighted controls were studied. The blind demonstrated an intact functional connectivity network structural organization of the three main retinotopic mapping axes: eccentricity (centre-periphery), laterality (left-right), and elevation (upper-lower) throughout the retinotopic cortex extending to high-level ventral and dorsal streams, including characteristic eccentricity biases in face- and house-selective areas. Functional connectivity-based topographic organization in the visual cortex was indistinguishable from the normally sighted retinotopic functional connectivity structure as indicated by clustering analysis, and was found even in participants who did not have a typical retinal development in utero (microphthalmics). While the internal structural organization of the visual cortex was strikingly similar, the blind exhibited profound differences in functional connectivity to other (non-visual) brain regions as compared to the sighted, which were specific to portions of V1. Central V1 was more connected to language areas but peripheral V1 to spatial attention and control networks. These findings suggest that current accounts of critical periods and experience-dependent development should be revisited even for primary sensory areas, in that the connectivity basis for visual cortex large-scale topographical organization can develop without any visual experience and be retained through life-long experience-dependent plasticity. Furthermore, retinotopic divisions of labour, such as that between the visual cortex regions normally representing the fovea and periphery, also form the basis for topographically-unique plastic changes in the blind.},
	Author = {Striem-Amit, Ella and Ovadia-Caro, Smadar and Caramazza, Alfonso and Margulies, Daniel S and Villringer, Arno and Amedi, Amir},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-28 23:53:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-28 23:58:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/brain/awv083},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {blindness; development; plasticity; vision; activity-development; connectivity; functional connectivity; Neocortex; Visual Cortex; extrastriate; topographic map; resting-state fMRI; Grants},
	Mesh = {Adult; Blindness; Case-Control Studies; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Young Adult},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {Pt 6},
	Pages = {1679-95},
	pmid = {25869851},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional connectivity of visual cortex in the blind follows retinotopic organization principles},
	Volume = {138},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Striem-Amit_Brain2015.pdf}}

@article{Balkema:1981,
	Abstract = {Mice of the mutant strain pearl (pe/pe) differ from the wild strain by a single gene mutation, which leads to a lightening of the coat color. We tested this strain to see if this mutant gene also expressed itself in one or more visual abnormalities. Pearl mice were found to lack totally the optokinetic nystagmus reflex that was present in every normal mouse that we examined. This lack of optokinetic nystagmus was not due to oculomotor defects, since postrotatory nystagmus was normal. As described for other pigmentation mutants, we found that pearl mutants had a reduced ipsilateral projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual cortex. We recorded from single cells in the superior colliculus and found response properties and light sensitivities to be normal over the luminance range at which optokinetic nystagmus was tested. However, at very dim backgrounds (scotopic levels), the incremental sensitivities of these cells in pearl mice were about 100 times lower than those of normal mice. This reduction in sensitivity was restricted to scotopic backgrounds and was not due to abnormalities in either the time course of dark adaptation or the receptive field sizes of single cells. In recordings of the electroretinographic response, both the waveforms and the normalized magnitudes of the A and B waves of pearl were indistinguishable from those of normal mice, which seems to indicate that the cause of pearl's sensitivity defect is located central to the main electrical events in the photoreceptors. The normality of many aspects of the visual system of pearl mice contrasts sharply with the complete absence of optokinetic nystagmus, with the reduced ipsilateral projection, and with the reduced dark sensitivity of the cells in the superior colliculus.},
	Author = {Balkema, Jr, G W and Pinto, L H and Dr{\"a}ger, U C and Vanable, Jr, J W},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-28 21:54:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-28 21:56:53 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {vision; Visual Cortex; superior colliculus; behavior; Motor Activity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electric Conductivity; Eye Movements; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mutation; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Degeneration; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1320-9},
	pmid = {7310489},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of abnormalities in the visual system of the mutant mouse pearl},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Schneider:1969,
	Author = {Schneider, G E},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-28 21:51:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-28 21:53:38 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {vision; visual cortex; superior colliculus; behavior; Motor Activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cricetinae; Discrimination (Psychology); Orientation; Tectum Mesencephali; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3870},
	Pages = {895-902},
	pmid = {5763873},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two visual systems},
	Volume = {163},
	Year = {1969},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/163/3870/895.citation}}

@article{Prusky:2000,
	Abstract = {We have developed a simple computer-based discrimination task that enables the quick determination of visual acuities in rodents. A grating is displayed randomly on one of two monitors at the wide end of a trapezoidal-shaped tank containing shallow water. Animals are trained to swim toward the screens, and at a fixed distance, choose the screen displaying the grating and escape to a submerged platform hidden below it. Both mice and rats learn the task quickly. Performance falls below 70% when the spatial frequency is increased beyond 0.5 cycles in most C57BU6 mice, and around 1.0 cycles per degree (cpd) in Long-Evans rats.},
	Author = {Prusky, G T and West, P W and Douglas, R M},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-28 17:37:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-28 17:38:04 +0000},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {mouse; mice; vision; behavior; Methods; technique; visual system; Visual Cortex; superior colliculus},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Psychophysics; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Visual Acuity},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {2201-9},
	pmid = {10878281},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Behavioral assessment of visual acuity in mice and rats},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2000.pdf}}

@article{Laramee:2014,
	Abstract = {In the mouse, visual extrastriate areas are located within distinct acallosal zones. It has been proposed that the striate-extrastriate and callosal projections are interdependent. In visually deprived mice, the normal patterns of callosal and striate-extrastriate projections are disrupted. It remains unknown whether visual deprivation affects the topography of V1-extrastriate projections and their relationship with callosal projections. Two anterograde tracers were injected in V1 and multiple retrograde tracer injections were performed in the contralateral hemisphere of intact and enucleated C57BL/6 mice and in ZRDCT/An mice to determine the effects of prenatal and postnatal afferent sensory activity on the topography of V1-extrastriate and callosal projections. Greater topographic anomalies were found in striate-extrastriate projections of anophthalmic than enucleated mice. In enucleated mice, the relationship between striate-extrastriate projections and callosal zones was highly variable. In anophthalmic mice, there was also a greater overlap between these projections. These results suggest that the prenatal afferent sensory activity regulates some aspects of the distribution of V1-extrastriate and callosal projections, in addition to the development of a normal topographic representation in extrastriate areas.},
	Author = {Laram{\'e}e, Marie-Eve and Bronchti, Gilles and Boire, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-27 16:30:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 18:43:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1007/s00429-013-0623-6},
	Journal = {Brain Struct Funct},
	Journal-Full = {Brain structure \& function},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation; activity-dependent; Activity-development; Sensory Deprivation; spontaneous activity; retinal waves; cortical circuits; connectivity; hemisphere; symmetry; extrastriate; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; Visual Cortex; mice; mouse; eye; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Anophthalmos; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2051-70},
	pmid = {23942645},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Primary visual cortex projections to extrastriate cortices in enucleated and anophthalmic mice},
	Volume = {219},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Laramée_BrainStructFunct2014.pdf}}

@article{Craddock:2013,
	Abstract = {At macroscopic scales, the human connectome comprises anatomically distinct brain areas, the structural pathways connecting them and their functional interactions. Annotation of phenotypic associations with variation in the connectome and cataloging of neurophenotypes promise to transform our understanding of the human brain. In this Review, we provide a survey of magnetic resonance imaging--based measurements of functional and structural connectivity. We highlight emerging areas of development and inquiry and emphasize the importance of integrating structural and functional perspectives on brain architecture.},
	Author = {Craddock, R Cameron and Jbabdi, Saad and Yan, Chao-Gan and Vogelstein, Joshua T and Castellanos, F Xavier and Di Martino, Adriana and Kelly, Clare and Heberlein, Keith and Colcombe, Stan and Milham, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-22 22:25:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-22 22:25:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.2482},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Mesh = {Brain; Connectome; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Phenotype},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {524-39},
	Pmc = {PMC4096321},
	pmid = {23722212},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging human connectomes at the macroscale},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Craddock_NatMethods2013.pdf}}

@article{Madisen:2015,
	Abstract = {UNLABELLED: An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this are still limited in functionality and specificity. Here we utilize several intersectional strategies to generate multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing high levels of novel genetic tools with high specificity. We developed driver and double reporter mouse lines and viral vectors using the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic effectors, all at substantially higher levels than before. High functionality was shown in example mouse lines for GCaMP6, YCX2.60, VSFP Butterfly 1.2, and Jaws. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the ability to monitor and manipulate neuronal activities with increased specificity.
VIDEO ABSTRACT: },
	Author = {Madisen, Linda and Garner, Aleena R and Shimaoka, Daisuke and Chuong, Amy S and Klapoetke, Nathan C and Li, Lu and van der Bourg, Alexander and Niino, Yusuke and Egolf, Ladan and Monetti, Claudio and Gu, Hong and Mills, Maya and Cheng, Adrian and Tasic, Bosiljka and Nguyen, Thuc Nghi and Sunkin, Susan M and Benucci, Andrea and Nagy, Andras and Miyawaki, Atsushi and Helmchen, Fritjof and Empson, Ruth M and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and Boyden, Edward S and Reid, R Clay and Carandini, Matteo and Zeng, Hongkui},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-22 19:24:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-22 19:24:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.022},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Targeting; Hippocampus; Integrases; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Optogenetics; Organ Culture Techniques; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {942-58},
	Pmc = {PMC4365051},
	pmid = {25741722},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Madisen_Neuron2015.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.022}}

@article{Daw:2007a,
	Abstract = {Feedforward inhibitory GABAergic transmission is critical for mature cortical circuit function; in the neonate, however, GABA is depolarizing and believed to have a different role. Here we show that the GABAA receptor-mediated conductance is depolarizing in excitatory (stellate) cells in neonatal (postnatal day [P]3-5) layer IV barrel cortex, but GABAergic transmission at this age is not engaged by thalamocortical input in the feedforward circuit and has no detectable circuit function. However, recruitment occurs at P6-7 as a result of coordinated increases in thalamic drive to fast-spiking interneurons, fast-spiking interneuron-stellate cell connectivity and hyperpolarization of the GABAA receptor-mediated response. Thus, GABAergic circuits are not engaged by thalamocortical input in the neonate, but are poised for a remarkably coordinated development of feedforward inhibition at the end of the first postnatal week, which has profound effects on circuit function at this critical time in development.},
	Author = {Daw, Michael I and Ashby, Michael C and Isaac, John T R},
	Date-Added = {2015-04-08 23:02:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-04-08 23:03:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1866},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {plasticity; development; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex; interneurons; GABA;},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Cerebral Cortex; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; GABA Antagonists; Green Fluorescent Proteins; In Vitro Techniques; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {453-61},
	pmid = {17351636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coordinated developmental recruitment of latent fast spiking interneurons in layer IV barrel cortex},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1866}}

@article{Cruz-Martin:2010,
	Abstract = {Fragile X syndrome (FXS) causes mental impairment and autism through transcriptional silencing of the Fmr1 gene, resulting in the loss of the RNA-binding protein fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Cortical pyramidal neurons in affected individuals and Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice have an increased density of dendritic spines. The mutant mice also show defects in synaptic and experience-dependent circuit plasticity, which are known to be mediated in part by dendritic spine dynamics. We used in vivo time-lapse imaging with two-photon microscopy through cranial windows in male and female neonatal mice to test the hypothesis that dynamics of dendritic protrusions are altered in KO mice during early postnatal development. We find that layer 2/3 neurons from wild-type mice exhibit a rapid decrease in dendritic spine dynamics during the first 2 postnatal weeks, as immature filopodia are replaced by mushroom spines. In contrast, KO mice show a developmental delay in the downregulation of spine turnover and in the transition from immature to mature spine subtypes. Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling, which reverses some adult phenotypes of KO mice, accentuated this immature protrusion phenotype in KO mice. Thus, absence of FMRP delays spine stabilization and dysregulated mGluR signaling in FXS may partially normalize this early synaptic defect.},
	Author = {Cruz-Mart{\'\i}n, Alberto and Crespo, Michelle and Portera-Cailliau, Carlos},
	Date-Added = {2015-04-08 22:35:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-04-08 22:55:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0577-10.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {plasticity; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; autism; Autistic Disorder; Grants; mouse; in vivo; two-photon imaging; spines; synapse formation; Somatosensory Cortex; Neocortex; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Dendritic Spines; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein; Fragile X Syndrome; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Pseudopodia; Pyridines; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {7793-803},
	Pmc = {PMC2903441},
	pmid = {20534828},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Delayed stabilization of dendritic spines in fragile X mice},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Cruz-Martín_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0577-10.2010}}

@article{Zuo:2005a,
	Abstract = {Synapse formation and elimination occur throughout life, but the magnitude of such changes at distinct developmental stages remains unclear. Using transgenic mice overexpressing yellow fluorescent protein and transcranial two-photon microscopy, we repeatedly imaged dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. In young adolescent mice (1-month-old), 13%-20% of spines were eliminated and 5%-8% formed over 2 weeks in barrel, motor, and frontal cortices, indicating a cortical-wide spine loss during this developmental period. As animals mature, there is also a substantial loss of dendritic filopodia involved in spinogenesis. In adult mice (4-6 months old), 3%-5% of spines were eliminated and formed over 2 weeks in various cortical regions. Over 18 months, only 26% of spines were eliminated and 19% formed in adult barrel cortex. Thus, after a concurrent loss of spines and spine precursors in diverse regions of young adolescent cortex, spines become stable and a majority of them can last throughout life.},
	Author = {Zuo, Yi and Lin, Aerie and Chang, Paul and Gan, Wen-Biao},
	Date-Added = {2015-04-08 22:28:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-04-08 22:29:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.001},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {plasticity; Neocortex; Somatosensory Cortex; barrels; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; spines; in vivo; two-photon imaging},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Dendritic Spines; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Mice, Transgenic},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {181-9},
	pmid = {15848798},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zuo_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.001}}

@article{Carvell:1996,
	Abstract = {The importance of early tactile experience in the development of discriminative somatomotor function was assessed by examining the proficiency and movement strategies of rats raised without normal sensory inputs provided by their mystacial vibrissae. Infant-trimmed animals had their whiskers clipped daily from birth to 45 d of age, after which they were allowed to regrow for 60-70 d before initiation of behavioral training, which lasted as long as several months. Adult-trimmed animals had their whiskers trimmed for comparable periods during adulthood. Rats were tested on one of two tactile discriminations, rough versus smooth or rough versus rough, that differed with respect to the overall size of their surface features. Whisker movements during task performance were examined in detail using video-based motion analysis software. Infant-trimmed animals performed rough versus smooth discriminations as well as adult-trimmed rats or normally reared animals. Except for one subject, infant-trimmed rats were severely impaired in their ability to distinguish rough versus rough surfaces. Deficits persisted in spite of months of training with the regrown vibrissae. The animals that failed to master this task displayed whisking patterns that notably lacked frequencies in the normal range of 6-12 Hz. Thus, abnormal tactile experience early in life substantially, and perhaps permanently, impairs sensorimotor integration underlying active touch.},
	Author = {Carvell, G E and Simons, D J},
	Date-Added = {2015-04-08 22:25:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-04-08 22:25:43 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {plasticity; Sensory Deprivation; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Somatosensory Cortex; Neocortex; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Deprivation; Somatosensory Cortex; Time Factors; Touch},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {2750-7},
	pmid = {8786450},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Abnormal tactile experience early in life disrupts active touch},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Carvell_JNeurosci1996.pdf}}

@article{Hofer:2009,
	Abstract = {Sensory experiences exert a powerful influence on the function and future performance of neuronal circuits in the mammalian neocortex. Restructuring of synaptic connections is believed to be one mechanism by which cortical circuits store information about the sensory world. Excitatory synaptic structures, such as dendritic spines, are dynamic entities that remain sensitive to alteration of sensory input throughout life. It remains unclear, however, whether structural changes at the level of dendritic spines can outlast the original experience and thereby provide a morphological basis for long-term information storage. Here we follow spine dynamics on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in functionally defined regions of adult mouse visual cortex during plasticity of eye-specific responses induced by repeated closure of one eye (monocular deprivation). The first monocular deprivation episode doubled the rate of spine formation, thereby increasing spine density. This effect was specific to layer-5 cells located in binocular cortex, where most neurons increase their responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Restoring binocular vision returned spine dynamics to baseline levels, but absolute spine density remained elevated and many monocular deprivation-induced spines persisted during this period of functional recovery. However, spine addition did not increase again when the same eye was closed for a second time. This absence of structural plasticity stands out against the robust changes of eye-specific responses that occur even faster after repeated deprivation. Thus, spines added during the first monocular deprivation experience may provide a structural basis for subsequent functional shifts. These results provide a strong link between functional plasticity and specific synaptic rearrangements, revealing a mechanism of how prior experiences could be stored in cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Hofer, Sonja B and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and H{\"u}bener, Mark},
	Date-Added = {2015-04-08 22:18:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-04-08 22:20:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature07487},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {plasticity; Sensory Deprivation; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Visual Cortex; Neocortex; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dendrites; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Pyramidal Cells; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7227},
	Pages = {313-7},
	pmid = {19005470},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits},
	Volume = {457},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Hofer_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07487}}

@article{Hofer:2010,
	Abstract = {Recent advances in multi-electrode recording and imaging techniques have made it possible to observe the activity of large populations of neurons. However, to take full advantage of these techniques, new methods for the analysis of population responses must be developed. In this paper, we present an algorithm for optimizing population decoding with distance metrics. To demonstrate the utility of this algorithm under experimental conditions, we evaluate its performance in decoding both population spike trains and calcium signals with different correlation structures. Our results demonstrate that the optimized decoder outperforms other simple population decoders and suggest that optimization could serve as a tool for quantifying the potential contribution of individual cells to the population code.},
	Author = {Hofer, Sonja B and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Horvath, Domonkos and Grothe, Benedikt and Lesica, Nicholas A},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:28:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:28:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2010.04.007},
	Journal = {Neural Netw},
	Journal-Full = {Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Computer Simulation; Electrophysiology; Gerbillinae; Nerve Net; Neural Networks (Computer); Neurons; Neurophysiology; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {728-32},
	pmid = {20488662},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optimization of population decoding with distance metrics},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2010.04.007}}

@article{Mrsic-Flogel:2012,
	Author = {Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Bonhoeffer, Tobias},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:27:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:27:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/486041a},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Lineage; Electric Conductivity; Electrical Synapses; Female; Gap Junctions; Male; Neocortex; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7401},
	Pages = {41-2},
	pmid = {22678277},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neuroscience: Sibling neurons bond to share sensations},
	Volume = {486},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/486041a}}

@article{Han:2013,
	Author = {Han, Yunyun and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:27:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:27:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3507},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Linear Models; Male; Nerve Net; Neurons; Orientation; Sensory Receptor Cells; Thalamus; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1166-8},
	pmid = {23982448},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A finely tuned cortical amplifier},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3507}}

@article{Pecka:2014,
	Abstract = {At eye opening, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) are selective for stimulus features, but circuits continue to refine in an experience-dependent manner for some weeks thereafter. How these changes contribute to the coding of visual features embedded in complex natural scenes remains unknown. Here we show that normal visual experience after eye opening is required for V1 neurons to develop a sensitivity for the statistical structure of natural stimuli extending beyond the boundaries of their receptive fields (RFs), which leads to improvements in coding efficiency for full-field natural scenes (increased selectivity and information rate). These improvements are mediated by an experience-dependent increase in the effectiveness of natural surround stimuli to hyperpolarize the membrane potential specifically during RF-stimulus epochs triggering action potentials. We suggest that neural circuits underlying surround modulation are shaped by the statistical structure of visual input, which leads to more selective coding of features in natural scenes.},
	Author = {Pecka, Michael and Han, Yunyun and Sader, Elie and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:27:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:29:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.010},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {visual system; Visual Cortex; sensory coding; excitatory; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Mouse; in vivo; sensory map;},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Nervous System; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {457-69},
	Pmc = {PMC4210638},
	pmid = {25263755},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience-dependent specialization of receptive field surround for selective coding of natural scenes},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Pecka_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.010}}

@article{Cossell:2015,
	Abstract = {The strength of synaptic connections fundamentally determines how neurons influence each other's firing. Excitatory connection amplitudes between pairs of cortical neurons vary over two orders of magnitude, comprising only very few strong connections among many weaker ones. Although this highly skewed distribution of connection strengths is observed in diverse cortical areas, its functional significance remains unknown: it is not clear how connection strength relates to neuronal response properties, nor how strong and weak inputs contribute to information processing in local microcircuits. Here we reveal that the strength of connections between layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) obeys a simple rule--the few strong connections occur between neurons with most correlated responses, while only weak connections link neurons with uncorrelated responses. Moreover, we show that strong and reciprocal connections occur between cells with similar spatial receptive field structure. Although weak connections far outnumber strong connections, each neuron receives the majority of its local excitation from a small number of strong inputs provided by the few neurons with similar responses to visual features. By dominating recurrent excitation, these infrequent yet powerful inputs disproportionately contribute to feature preference and selectivity. Therefore, our results show that the apparently complex organization of excitatory connection strength reflects the similarity of neuronal responses, and suggest that rare, strong connections mediate stimulus-specific response amplification in cortical microcircuits.},
	Author = {Cossell, Lee and Iacaruso, Maria Florencia and Muir, Dylan R and Houlton, Rachael and Sader, Elie N and Ko, Ho and Hofer, Sonja B and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:25:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:26:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature14182},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {visual system; Visual Cortex; functional connectivity; excitatory; Patch-Clamp Techniques; optical imaging; calcium imaging; Mouse; in vivo; sensory map;},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {7539},
	Pages = {399-403},
	pmid = {25652823},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional organization of excitatory synaptic strength in primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {518},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Cossell_Nature2015.pdf}}

@article{Harris:2013a,
	Abstract = {The sensory cortex contains a wide array of neuronal types, which are connected together into complex but partially stereotyped circuits. Sensory stimuli trigger cascades of electrical activity through these circuits, causing specific features of sensory scenes to be encoded in the firing patterns of cortical populations. Recent research is beginning to reveal how the connectivity of individual neurons relates to the sensory features they encode, how differences in the connectivity patterns of different cortical cell classes enable them to encode information using different strategies, and how feedback connections from higher-order cortex allow sensory information to be integrated with behavioural context.},
	Author = {Harris, Kenneth D and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2015-02-25 16:05:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-02-25 16:06:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12654},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {review literature; behavior; sensory map; connectivity; neuron;; Visual Cortex; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Cerebral Cortex; Interneurons; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Sensory Receptor Cells; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7474},
	Pages = {51-8},
	pmid = {24201278},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical connectivity and sensory coding},
	Volume = {503},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Harris_Nature2013.pdf}}

@article{Mitra:1999,
	Abstract = {Modern imaging techniques for probing brain function, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, intrinsic and extrinsic contrast optical imaging, and magnetoencephalography, generate large data sets with complex content. In this paper we develop appropriate techniques for analysis and visualization of such imaging data to separate the signal from the noise and characterize the signal. The techniques developed fall into the general category of multivariate time series analysis, and in particular we extensively use the multitaper framework of spectral analysis. We develop specific protocols for the analysis of fMRI, optical imaging, and MEG data, and illustrate the techniques by applications to real data sets generated by these imaging modalities. In general, the analysis protocols involve two distinct stages: "noise" characterization and suppression, and "signal" characterization and visualization. An important general conclusion of our study is the utility of a frequency-based representation, with short, moving analysis windows to account for nonstationarity in the data. Of particular note are 1) the development of a decomposition technique (space-frequency singular value decomposition) that is shown to be a useful means of characterizing the image data, and 2) the development of an algorithm, based on multitaper methods, for the removal of approximately periodic physiological artifacts arising from cardiac and respiratory sources.},
	Author = {Mitra, P P and Pesaran, B},
	Date-Added = {2015-01-27 09:52:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-01-27 11:22:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77236-X},
	Journal = {Biophys J},
	Journal-Full = {Biophysical journal},
	Keywords = {Brain; Fourier Analysis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Multivariate Analysis; Computational Biology; optical imaging; neurophysiology; Mathematics; technique},
	Mesh = {Brain; Fourier Analysis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Multivariate Analysis},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {691-708},
	Pmc = {PMC1300074},
	pmid = {9929474},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Analysis of dynamic brain imaging data},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Mitra_BiophysJ1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77236-X}}

@article{Sengupta:1999,
	Abstract = {The singular value decomposition is a matrix decomposition technique widely used in the analysis of multivariate data, such as complex space-time images obtained in both physical and biological systems. In this paper, we examine the distribution of singular values of low-rank matrices corrupted by additive noise. Past studies have been limited to uniform uncorrelated noise. Using diagrammatic and saddle point integration techniques, we extend these results to heterogeneous and correlated noise sources. We also provide perturbative estimates of error bars on the reconstructed low-rank matrix obtained by truncating a singular value decomposition.},
	Author = {Sengupta, A M and Mitra, P P},
	Date-Added = {2015-01-27 08:00:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-01-27 08:00:32 +0000},
	Journal = {Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics},
	Journal-Full = {Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {3389-92},
	pmid = {11970154},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Distributions of singular values for some random matrices},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Sengupta_PhysRevEStatPhysPlasmasFluidsRelatInterdiscipTopics1999.pdf}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2012a,
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2015-01-13 15:47:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-01-13 15:47:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncel.2012.00045},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Pages = {45},
	Pmc = {PMC3494101},
	pmid = {23162428},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {The Yin and Yen of GABA in Brain Development and Operation in Health and Disease},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2012.00045}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2012,
	Abstract = {DURING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, THERE IS A PROGRESSIVE REDUCTION OF INTRACELLULAR CHLORIDE ASSOCIATED WITH A SHIFT IN GABA POLARITY: GABA depolarizes and occasionally excites immature neurons, subsequently hyperpolarizing them at later stages of development. This sequence, which has been observed in a wide range of animal species, brain structures and preparations, is thought to play an important role in activity-dependent formation and modulation of functional circuits. This sequence has also been considerably reinforced recently with new data pointing to an evolutionary preserved rule. In a recent "Hypothesis and Theory Article," the excitatory action of GABA in early brain development is suggested to be "an experimental artefact" (Bregestovski and Bernard, 2012). The authors suggest that the excitatory action of GABA is due to an inadequate/insufficient energy supply in glucose-perfused slices and/or to the damage produced by the slicing procedure. However, these observations have been repeatedly contradicted by many groups and are inconsistent with a large body of evidence including the fact that the developmental shift is neither restricted to slices nor to rodents. We summarize the overwhelming evidence in support of both excitatory GABA during development, and the implications this has in developmental neurobiology.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Woodin, Melanie A and Sernagor, Evelyne and Cancedda, Laura and Vinay, Laurent and Rivera, Claudio and Legendre, Pascal and Luhmann, Heiko J and Bordey, Angelique and Wenner, Peter and Fukuda, Atsuo and van den Pol, Anthony N and Gaiarsa, Jean-Luc and Cherubini, Enrico},
	Date-Added = {2015-01-13 15:47:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-01-13 15:47:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncel.2012.00035},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {GABA; brain slices; chloride homeostasis; development; energy substrates; giant depolarizing potentials},
	Pages = {35},
	Pmc = {PMC3428604},
	pmid = {22973192},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Refuting the challenges of the developmental shift of polarity of GABA actions: GABA more exciting than ever!},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_FrontCellNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2012.00035}}

@article{Deidda:2015,
	Abstract = {Hyperpolarizing and inhibitory GABA regulates critical periods for plasticity in sensory cortices. Here we examine the role of early, depolarizing GABA in the control of plasticity mechanisms. We report that brief interference with depolarizing GABA during early development prolonged critical-period plasticity in visual cortical circuits without affecting the overall development of the visual system. The effects on plasticity were accompanied by dampened inhibitory neurotransmission, downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and reduced density of extracellular matrix perineuronal nets. Early interference with depolarizing GABA decreased perinatal BDNF signaling, and a pharmacological increase of BDNF signaling during GABA interference rescued the effects on plasticity and its regulators later in life. We conclude that depolarizing GABA exerts a long-lasting, selective modulation of plasticity of cortical circuits by a strong crosstalk with BDNF.},
	Author = {Deidda, Gabriele and Allegra, Manuela and Cerri, Chiara and Naskar, Shovan and Bony, Guillaume and Zunino, Giulia and Bozzi, Yuri and Caleo, Matteo and Cancedda, Laura},
	Date-Added = {2015-01-13 15:44:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-01-13 15:44:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3890},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {87-96},
	pmid = {25485756},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early depolarizing GABA controls critical-period plasticity in the rat visual cortex},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2015},
	url = {papers/Deidda_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}}

@article{Liegeois:2010,
	Abstract = {Hemispherectomy (disconnection or removal of an entire cerebral hemisphere) is a rare surgical procedure used for the relief of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. After hemispherectomy, contralateral hemiplegia persists whereas gross expressive and receptive language functions can be remarkably spared. Motor speech deficits have rarely been examined systematically, thus limiting the accuracy of postoperative prognosis. We describe the speech profiles of hemispherectomized participants characterizing their intelligibility, articulation, phonological speech errors, dysarthric features, and execution and sequencing of orofacial speech and non-speech movements. Thirteen participants who had undergone hemispherectomy (six left, seven right; nine with congenital, four with acquired hemiplegia; operated between four months and 13 years) were investigated. Results showed that all participants were intelligible but showed a mild dysarthric profile characterized by neuromuscular asymmetry and reduced quality and coordination of movements, features that are characteristic of adult-onset unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, flaccid-ataxic variant. In addition, one left and four right hemispherectomy cases presented with impaired production of speech and non-speech sequences. No participant showed evidence of verbal or oral dyspraxia. It is concluded that mild dysarthria is persistent after left or right hemispherectomy, irrespective of age at onset of hemiplegia. These results indicate incomplete functional re-organization for the control of fine speech motor movements throughout childhood, and provide no evidence of hemispheric differences.},
	Author = {Li{\'e}geois, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique and Morgan, Angela T and Stewart, Lorna H and Helen Cross, J and Vogel, Adam P and Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh},
	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:31:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-12-12 20:31:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.bandl.2009.12.004},
	Journal = {Brain Lang},
	Journal-Full = {Brain and language},
	Keywords = {HEMIPLEGIA; NEUROSURGERY; SPEECH; hemipshere; hemispherectomy; cerebral; cortex; cortical; human},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysarthria; Epilepsy; Female; Hemiplegia; Hemispherectomy; Humans; Infant; Language Development; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Postoperative Complications; Recovery of Function; Speech; Speech Articulation Tests; Speech Intelligibility; Speech Perception; Young Adult},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {126-34},
	pmid = {20096448},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Speech and oral motor profile after childhood hemispherectomy},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Liégeois_BrainLang2010.pdf}}

@article{Basser:1962,
	Author = {Basser, L S},
	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:09:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:16:44 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {HEMIPLEGIA; NEUROSURGERY; SPEECH; hemipshere; hemispherectomy; cerebral; cortex; cortical; human},
	Mesh = {Hemiplegia; Neurosurgery; Speech},
	Month = {Sep},
	Pages = {427-60},
	pmid = {13969875},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Hemiplegia of early onset and the faculty of speech with special reference to the effects of hemispherectomy},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {1962},
	url = {papers/BASSER_Brain1962.pdf}}

@article{Ackman2014c,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex exhibits spontaneous and sensory evoked patterns of activity during early development that is vital for the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Identifying the source and flow of this activity locally and globally is critical for understanding principles guiding self-organization in the developing brain. Here we use whole brain transcranial optical imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution to demonstrate that dynamical patterns of neuronal activity in developing mouse neocortex consist of spatially discrete domains that are coordinated in an age, areal, and behavior- dependent fashion. Ongoing cortical activity displays mirror-symmetric activation patterns across the cerebral hemispheres and stereotyped network architectures that are shaped during development, with parietal-sensorimotor subnetworks functionally connected to occipital regions through frontal-medial cortical areas. This study provides the first broad description of population activity in the developing neocortex at a scope and scale that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic spatiotemporal resolutions provided by traditional neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging techniques. Mesoscale maps of cortical population dynamics within animal models will be crucial for future efforts to understand and treat neurodevelopmental disorders.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Zeng, Hongkui and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 16:14:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-12-01 02:11:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1101/012237},
	Journal = {bioRxiv},
    publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
	Month = {Dec},
	Title = {Structured dynamics of neural activity across developing neocortex},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Ackman_bioRxiv2014.pdf},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/012237},
    eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/12/05/012237.full.pdf}}

@article{Mullen2021,
	author = {Mullen, Brian R. and Weiser, Sydney C. and Ascencio, Desiderio and Ackman, James B.},
	title = {Automated classification of signal sources in mesoscale calcium imaging},
	elocation-id = {2021.02.23.432573},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1101/2021.02.23.432573},
	publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
	abstract = {Functional imaging of neural cell populations is critical for mapping intra- and inter-regional network dynamics across the neocortex. Recently we showed that an unsupervised machine learning decomposition of densely sampled recordings of cortical calcium dynamics results in a collection of components comprised of neuronal signal sources distinct from optical, movement, and vascular artifacts. Here we build a supervised learning classifier that automatically separates neural activity and artifact components, using a set of extracted spatial and temporal metrics that characterize the respective components. We demonstrate that the performance of the machine classifier matches human identification of signal components in novel data sets. Further, we analyze control data recorded in glial cell reporter and non-fluorescent mouse lines that validates human and machine identification of functional component class. This combined workflow of data-driven video decomposition and machine classification of signal sources will aid robust and scalable mapping of complex cerebral dynamics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.},
	eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432573v1.full.pdf},
	journal = {bioRxiv}
}

@article{Weiser2020,
        author = {Weiser, Sydney C. and Mullen, Brian R. and Ascencio, Desiderio and Ackman, James B.},
        title = {Data-driven filtration and segmentation of mesoscale neural dynamics},
        elocation-id = {2020.12.30.424865},
        year = {2020},
        doi = {10.1101/2020.12.30.424865},
        publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
        abstract = {Recording neuronal group activity across the cortical hemispheres from awake, behaving mice is essential for understanding information flow across cerebral networks. Video recordings of cerebral function comes with challenges, including optical and movement-associated vessel artifacts, and limited references for time series extraction. Here we present a data-driven workflow that isolates artifacts from calcium activity patterns, and segments independent functional units across the cortical surface. Independent Component Analysis utilizes the statistical interdependence of pixel activation to completely unmix signals from background noise, given sufficient spatial and temporal samples. We also utilize isolated signal components to produce segmentations of the cortical surface, unique to each individual{\textquoteright}s functional patterning. Time series extraction from these maps maximally represent the underlying signal in a highly compressed format. These improved techniques for data pre-processing, spatial segmentation, and time series extraction result in optimal signals for further analysis.},
        eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424865v2.full.pdf},
        journal = {bioRxiv}}

@article{Sakaki:1997,
	Abstract = {Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores induces a capacitative Ca2+ influx in non-neural cells. It has been unknown whether the capacitative Ca2+ influx occurs in the cells of nervous systems. We found the capacitative Ca2+ influx in the neural retina of early embryonic chick with Fura-2 fluorescence measurements. A Ca(2+)-free medium containing thapsigargin (500 nM), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-ATPase of intracellular Ca2+ stores, was applied to the neural retina of embryonic day 3 (E3) chick. A rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was evoked after the reintroduction of extracellular Ca2+, and this Ca2+ rise was suppressed by Zn2+ (1 mM) and Ni2+ (5 mM). The developmental changes in the Ca2+ rise induced by thapsigargin (250 nM) were studied from E3 to E13. The thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ rise was largest at E3, declined rapidly toward E6, and then decreased gradually until E13, when the Ca2+ rise almost disappeared. This developmental profile correlated with the decline in the mitotic activities of the retinal cells studied by Prada et al. The fluorescence imaging with the vertical slice of the E9 retina showed that the site at which the thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ rise was largest was the most outer layer of the retina, where proliferating cells are located. This spatial distribution and the above developmental profile may suggest that the capacitative Ca2+ influx occurs at the early period of neurogenesis when the cells have mitotic activities.},
	Author = {Sakaki, Y and Sugioka, M and Fukuda, Y and Yamashita, M},
	Date-Added = {2014-12-09 21:38:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-12-09 21:38:47 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Chick Embryo; Electric Conductivity; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fluorescent Dyes; Fura-2; Neurons; Retina; Thapsigargin},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {62-8},
	pmid = {8989663},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Capacitative Ca2+ influx in the neural retina of chick embryo},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Sakaki_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}}

@article{Rash:2001,
	Abstract = {In many vertebrate and invertebrate systems, pioneering axons play a crucial role in establishing large axon tracts. Previous studies have addressed whether the first axons to cross the midline to from the corpus callosum arise from neurons in either the cingulate cortex (Koester and O'Leary [1994] J. Neurosci. 11:6608-6620) or the rostrolateral neocortex (Ozaki and Wahlsten [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 400:197-206). However, these studies have not provided a consensus on which populations pioneer the corpus callosum. We have found that neurons within the cingulate cortex project axons that cross the midline and enter the contralateral hemisphere at E15.5. By using different carbocyanine dyes injected into either the cingulate cortex or the neocortex of the same brain, we found that cingulate axons crossed the midline before neocortical axons and projected into the contralateral cortex. Furthermore, the first neocortical axons to reach the midline crossed within the tract formed by these cingulate callosal axons, and appeared to fasciculate with them as they crossed the midline. These data indicate that axons from the cingulate cortex might pioneer a pathway for later arriving neocortical axons that form the corpus callosum. We also found that a small number of cingulate axons project to the septum as well as to the ipsilateral hippocampus via the fornix. In addition, we found that neurons in the cingulate cortex projected laterally to the rostrolateral neocortex at least 1 day before the neocortical axons reach the midline. Because the rostrolateral neocortex is the first neocortical region to develop, it sends the first neocortical axons to the midline to form the corpus callosum. We postulate that, together, both laterally and medially projecting cingulate axons may pioneer a path for the medially directed neocortical axons, thus helping to guide these axons toward and across the midline during the formation of the corpus callosum.},
	Author = {Rash, B G and Richards, L J},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-15 19:41:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-15 19:41:49 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Carbocyanines; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Corpus Callosum; Efferent Pathways; Female; Fetus; Fluorescent Dyes; Fornix, Brain; Functional Laterality; Growth Cones; Gyrus Cinguli; Hippocampus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neocortex; Pyridinium Compounds; Septal Nuclei},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {147-57},
	pmid = {11331522},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A role for cingulate pioneering axons in the development of the corpus callosum},
	Volume = {434},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Lee:2014,
	Abstract = {Sensory processing is dependent upon behavioral state. In mice, locomotion is accompanied by changes in cortical state and enhanced visual responses. Although recent studies have begun to elucidate intrinsic cortical mechanisms underlying this effect, the neural circuits that initially couple locomotion to cortical processing are unknown. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been shown to be capable of initiating running and is associated with the ascending reticular activating system. Here, we find that optogenetic stimulation of the MLR in awake, head-fixed mice can induce both locomotion and increases in the gain of cortical responses. MLR stimulation below the threshold for overt movement similarly changed cortical processing, revealing that MLR's effects on cortex are dissociable from locomotion. Likewise, stimulation of MLR projections to the basal forebrain also enhanced cortical responses, suggesting a pathway linking the MLR to cortex. These studies demonstrate that the MLR regulates cortical state in parallel with locomotion.},
	Author = {Lee, A Moses and Hoy, Jennifer L and Bonci, Antonello and Wilbrecht, Linda and Stryker, Michael P and Niell, Cristopher M},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-09 12:55:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-09 12:55:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.031},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Stem; Locomotion; Mesencephalon; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {455-66},
	Pmc = {PMC4151326},
	pmid = {25033185},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Identification of a brainstem circuit regulating visual cortical state in parallel with locomotion},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Lee_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.031}}

@article{Homae:2010,
	Abstract = {Human cognition and behaviors are subserved by global networks of neural mechanisms. Although the organization of the brain is a subject of interest, the process of development of global cortical networks in early infancy has not yet been clarified. In the present study, we explored developmental changes in these networks from several days to 6 months after birth by examining spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity, using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. We set up 94 measurement channels over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions of the infant brain. The obtained signals showed complex time-series properties, which were characterized as 1/f fluctuations. To reveal the functional connectivity of the cortical networks, we calculated the temporal correlations of continuous signals between all the pairs of measurement channels. We found that the cortical network organization showed regional dependency and dynamic changes in the course of development. In the temporal, parietal, and occipital regions, connectivity increased between homologous regions in the two hemispheres and within hemispheres; in the frontal regions, it decreased progressively. Frontoposterior connectivity changed to a "U-shaped" pattern within 6 months: it decreases from the neonatal period to the age of 3 months and increases from the age of 3 months to the age of 6 months. We applied cluster analyses to the correlation coefficients and showed that the bilateral organization of the networks begins to emerge during the first 3 months of life. Our findings suggest that these developing networks, which form multiple clusters, are precursors of the functional cerebral architecture.},
	Author = {Homae, Fumitaka and Watanabe, Hama and Otobe, Takayuki and Nakano, Tamami and Go, Tohshin and Konishi, Yukuo and Taga, Gentaro},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-08 17:17:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-09 12:54:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5618-09.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {resting-state connectivity; fMRI; network analysis; Graph theory; default mode network; human; development; birth},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {4877-82},
	pmid = {20371807},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of global cortical networks in early infancy},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Homae_JNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Smyser:2010,
	Abstract = {Application of resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) to the study of prematurely born infants enables assessment of the earliest forms of cerebral connectivity and characterization of its early development in the human brain. We obtained 90 longitudinal fcMRI data sets from a cohort of preterm infants aged from 26 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) through term equivalent age at PMA-specific time points. Utilizing seed-based correlation analysis, we identified resting state networks involving varied cortical regions, the thalamus, and cerebellum. Identified networks demonstrated a regionally variable age-specific pattern of development, with more mature forms consisting of localized interhemispheric connections between homotopic counterparts. Anatomical distance was found to play a critical role in the rate of connection development. Prominent differences were noted between networks identified in term control versus premature infants at term equivalent, including in the thalamocortical connections critical for neurodevelopment. Putative precursors of the default mode network were detected in term control infants but were not identified in preterm infants, including those at term equivalent. Identified patterns of network maturation reflect the intricate relationship of structural and functional processes present throughout this important developmental period and are consistent with prior investigations of neurodevelopment in this population.},
	Author = {Smyser, Christopher D and Inder, Terrie E and Shimony, Joshua S and Hill, Jason E and Degnan, Andrew J and Snyder, Abraham Z and Neil, Jeffrey J},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-08 16:30:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-08 16:34:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq035},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {resting-state connectivity; fMRI; Human; network analysis; Graph theory; mirror symmetry; hemisphere; axon guidance; default mode network},
	Mesh = {Brain; Female; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Neurogenesis; Pregnancy; Premature Birth},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {2852-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2978240},
	pmid = {20237243},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Longitudinal analysis of neural network development in preterm infants},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Smyser_CerebCortex2010.pdf}}

@article{Colonnese:2014,
	Abstract = {The ability to generate behaviorally appropriate cortical network states is central to sensory perception and plasticity, but little is known about the timing and mechanisms of their development. I paired intracellular and extracellular recordings in the visual cortex of awake infant rats to determine the synaptic and circuit mechanisms regulating the development of a key network state, the persistent and stable subthreshold membrane potential (Vm) depolarization associated with wakefulness/alertness in cortical networks, called the "desynchronized" or "activated" state. Current-clamp recordings reveal that the desynchronized state is absent during the first 2 postnatal weeks, despite behavioral wakefulness. During this period, Vm remains at the resting membrane potential >80% of the time, regardless of behavioral state. Vm dynamics during spontaneous or light-evoked activity were highly variable, contained long-duration supratheshold plateau potentials, and high spike probability, suggesting an unstable and hyperexcitable early cortical network. Voltage-clamp recordings reveal that effective feedforward inhibition is absent at these early ages despite the presence of feedback inhibition. Stable membrane depolarization during wakefulness finally emerges 1-2 d before eye opening and is statistically indistinguishable from that in adults within days. Reduced cortical excitability, fast feedforward inhibition, and the slow cortical oscillation appear simultaneously with stable depolarization, suggesting that an absence of inhibitory balance during early development prevents the expression of the active state and hence a normal wakeful state in early cortex. These observations identify feedforward inhibition as a potential key regulator of cortical network activity development.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-03 14:37:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-03 14:37:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3659-13.2014},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Synchronization; Eye; Female; Light; Male; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sleep; Visual Pathways; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {5477-85},
	Pmc = {PMC3988407},
	pmid = {24741038},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid developmental emergence of stable depolarization during wakefulness by inhibitory balancing of cortical network excitability},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Colonnese:2012,
	Abstract = {The immature brain spontaneously expresses unique patterns of electrical activity that are believed to contribute to the development of neuronal networks. Certain electrographic features of this activity, particularly modulation on an infraslow time scale, resemble activity patterns observed in the mature brain at 'rest', loosely defined as the absence of an investigator imposed task. However, it is not clear whether the immature activity patterns observed at rest are precursors of the spontaneous neuronal activity that forms resting state networks in the adult. Here, we review recent studies that have explored the generative mechanisms of resting state activity during development in the primary sensory systems of premature human neonates and neonatal rodents. The remarkable hypothesis suggested by this work is that while resting state activity during the pre- and possibly near-term period can bear superficial resemblance to adult activity it is fundamentally different in terms of function and origin. During early development spontaneous thalamocortical activity in primary sensory regions is determined largely by transitory generators in the sensory periphery. This is in contrast to the adult, where spontaneous activity generated within thalamocortex, particularly by cortico-cortical connections, dominates. We therefore suggest a conservative interpretation of developmental mapping studies which are based on indirect measurement of activity (e.g. fMRI), or on the partitioning of EEG frequency using bands derived from adult studies. The generative mechanisms for brain activity at early ages are likely different from those of adults, and may play very different roles; for example in circuit formation as opposed to attention.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-03 14:32:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-03 14:36:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.046},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {review literature; resting-state fMRI; default mode network; development; Human},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Rest},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {2212-21},
	pmid = {22387472},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits: Implications for resting state fMRI},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_Neuroimage2012.pdf}}

@article{Newman:2006,
	Abstract = {Many networks of interest in the sciences, including social networks, computer networks, and metabolic and regulatory networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules. The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure is one of the outstanding issues in the study of networked systems. One highly effective approach is the optimization of the quality function known as "modularity" over the possible divisions of a network. Here I show that the modularity can be expressed in terms of the eigenvectors of a characteristic matrix for the network, which I call the modularity matrix, and that this expression leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection that returns results of demonstrably higher quality than competing methods in shorter running times. I illustrate the method with applications to several published network data sets.},
	Author = {Newman, M E J},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-02 19:57:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-02 19:58:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0601602103},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Graph theory; network analysis; Theoretical; Mathematics},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {8577-82},
	Pmc = {PMC1482622},
	pmid = {16723398},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modularity and community structure in networks},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Newman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601602103}}

@article{Bonacich:2007,
	Author = {Bonacich, P},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 22:01:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 22:04:10 +0000},
	Journal = {Social Networks},
	Keywords = {Graph theory; network analysis; Mathematics; Theoretical},
	Pages = {555--564},
	Title = {Some unique properties of eigenvector centrality},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Bonacich_SocialNetworks2007.pdf}}

@article{Bonacich:1972,
	Author = {Bonacich, P},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 21:53:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 21:56:19 +0000},
	Journal = {Sociological Methodology},
	Keywords = {Graph theory; network analysis; Mathematics; Theoretical},
	Pages = {176--185},
	Title = {Technique for Analyzing Overlapping Memberships},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1972},
	url = {papers/Bonacich_SociologicalMethodology1972.pdf}}

@article{Bonacich:1987,
	Author = {Bonacich, P},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 21:51:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 21:52:27 +0000},
	Journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
	Keywords = {Graph theory; network analysis; Mathematics; Theoretical},
	Pages = {1170-1182},
	Title = {Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1987},
	url = {papers/Bonacich_AmericanJournalofSociology1987.pdf}}

@article{Lohmann:2010,
	Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance data acquired in a task-absent condition ("resting state") require new data analysis techniques that do not depend on an activation model. In this work, we introduce an alternative assumption- and parameter-free method based on a particular form of node centrality called eigenvector centrality. Eigenvector centrality attributes a value to each voxel in the brain such that a voxel receives a large value if it is strongly correlated with many other nodes that are themselves central within the network. Google's PageRank algorithm is a variant of eigenvector centrality. Thus far, other centrality measures - in particular "betweenness centrality" - have been applied to fMRI data using a pre-selected set of nodes consisting of several hundred elements. Eigenvector centrality is computationally much more efficient than betweenness centrality and does not require thresholding of similarity values so that it can be applied to thousands of voxels in a region of interest covering the entire cerebrum which would have been infeasible using betweenness centrality. Eigenvector centrality can be used on a variety of different similarity metrics. Here, we present applications based on linear correlations and on spectral coherences between fMRI times series. This latter approach allows us to draw conclusions of connectivity patterns in different spectral bands. We apply this method to fMRI data in task-absent conditions where subjects were in states of hunger or satiety. We show that eigenvector centrality is modulated by the state that the subjects were in. Our analyses demonstrate that eigenvector centrality is a computationally efficient tool for capturing intrinsic neural architecture on a voxel-wise level.},
	Author = {Lohmann, Gabriele and Margulies, Daniel S and Horstmann, Annette and Pleger, Burkhard and Lepsien, Joeran and Goldhahn, Dirk and Schloegl, Haiko and Stumvoll, Michael and Villringer, Arno and Turner, Robert},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 21:12:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 21:13:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0010232},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {Graph theory; network analysis; fMRI; resting-state connectivity; Human},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Brain Mapping; Humans; Hunger; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Satiety Response},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e10232},
	Pmc = {PMC2860504},
	pmid = {20436911},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lohmann_PLoSOne2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010232}}

@article{Kamada:1989,
	Author = {Kamada, T. and Kawai, S},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 20:02:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 20:03:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Information Processing Letters},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-15},
	Title = {An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected Graphs},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Kamada_InformationProcessingLetters1989.pdf}}

@article{Fruchterman:1991,
	Author = {Fruchterman, T.M.J. and Reingold, E.M.},
	Date-Added = {2014-10-01 20:00:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-10-01 20:01:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Software - Practice and Experience},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1129-1164},
	Title = {Graph Drawing by Force-directed Placement},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Fruchterman_Software-PracticeandExperience1991.pdf}}

@article{Stevens:2009,
	Abstract = {This study examined how the mutual interactions of functionally integrated neural networks during resting-state fMRI differed between adolescence and adulthood. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify functionally connected neural networks in 100 healthy participants aged 12-30 years. Hemodynamic timecourses that represented integrated neural network activity were analyzed with tools that quantified system "causal density" estimates, which indexed the proportion of significant Granger causality relationships among system nodes. Mutual influences among networks decreased with age, likely reflecting stronger within-network connectivity and more efficient between-network influences with greater development. Supplemental tests showed that this normative age-related reduction in causal density was accompanied by fewer significant connections to and from each network, regional increases in the strength of functional integration within networks, and age-related reductions in the strength of numerous specific system interactions. The latter included paths between lateral prefrontal-parietal circuits and "default mode" networks. These results contribute to an emerging understanding that activity in widely distributed networks thought to underlie complex cognition influences activity in other networks.},
	Author = {Stevens, Michael C and Pearlson, Godfrey D and Calhoun, Vince D},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 21:18:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 21:19:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/hbm.20673},
	Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp},
	Journal-Full = {Human brain mapping},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; development; human; default mode network; Human; Child; development},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Adult; Aging; Brain; Child; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neural Pathways; Regression Analysis; Rest; Young Adult},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {2356-66},
	pmid = {19172655},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Changes in the interaction of resting-state neural networks from adolescence to adulthood},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Stevens_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20673}}

@article{Cao:2014,
	Abstract = {Human brain function undergoes complex transformations across the lifespan. We employed resting-state functional MRI and graph-theory approaches to systematically chart the lifespan trajectory of the topological organization of human whole-brain functional networks in 126 healthy individuals ranging in age from 7 to 85 years. Brain networks were constructed by computing Pearson's correlations in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent temporal fluctuations among 1024 parcellation units followed by graph-based network analyses. We observed that the human brain functional connectome exhibited highly preserved non-random modular and rich club organization over the entire age range studied. Further quantitative analyses revealed linear decreases in modularity and inverted-U shaped trajectories of local efficiency and rich club architecture. Regionally heterogeneous age effects were mainly located in several hubs (e.g., default network, dorsal attention regions). Finally, we observed inverse trajectories of long- and short-distance functional connections, indicating that the reorganization of connectivity concentrates and distributes the brain's functional networks. Our results demonstrate topological changes in the whole-brain functional connectome across nearly the entire human lifespan, providing insights into the neural substrates underlying individual variations in behavior and cognition. These results have important implications for disease connectomics because they provide a baseline for evaluating network impairments in age-related neuropsychiatric disorders.},
	Author = {Cao, Miao and Wang, Jin-Hui and Dai, Zheng-Jia and Cao, Xiao-Yan and Jiang, Li-Li and Fan, Feng-Mei and Song, Xiao-Wei and Xia, Ming-Rui and Shu, Ni and Dong, Qi and Milham, Michael P and Castellanos, F Xavier and Zuo, Xi-Nian and He, Yong},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 21:15:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 21:16:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.004},
	Journal = {Dev Cogn Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Functional connectomics; Graph theory; Lifespan trajectory; Rich club; network analysis; resting-state fMRI; human; adult; development; Child},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Cognition; Connectome; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Sex Factors},
	Month = {Jan},
	Pages = {76-93},
	pmid = {24333927},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Cao_DevCognNeurosci2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.004}}

@article{He:2009,
	Abstract = {The characterization of topological architecture of complex brain networks is one of the most challenging issues in neuroscience. Slow (<0.1 Hz), spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in functional magnetic resonance imaging are thought to be potentially important for the reflection of spontaneous neuronal activity. Many studies have shown that these fluctuations are highly coherent within anatomically or functionally linked areas of the brain. However, the underlying topological mechanisms responsible for these coherent intrinsic or spontaneous fluctuations are still poorly understood. Here, we apply modern network analysis techniques to investigate how spontaneous neuronal activities in the human brain derived from the resting-state BOLD signals are topologically organized at both the temporal and spatial scales. We first show that the spontaneous brain functional networks have an intrinsically cohesive modular structure in which the connections between regions are much denser within modules than between them. These identified modules are found to be closely associated with several well known functionally interconnected subsystems such as the somatosensory/motor, auditory, attention, visual, subcortical, and the "default" system. Specifically, we demonstrate that the module-specific topological features can not be captured by means of computing the corresponding global network parameters, suggesting a unique organization within each module. Finally, we identify several pivotal network connectors and paths (predominantly associated with the association and limbic/paralimbic cortex regions) that are vital for the global coordination of information flow over the whole network, and we find that their lesions (deletions) critically affect the stability and robustness of the brain functional system. Together, our results demonstrate the highly organized modular architecture and associated topological properties in the temporal and spatial brain functional networks of the human brain that underlie spontaneous neuronal dynamics, which provides important implications for our understanding of how intrinsically coherent spontaneous brain activity has evolved into an optimal neuronal architecture to support global computation and information integration in the absence of specific stimuli or behaviors.},
	Author = {He, Yong and Wang, Jinhui and Wang, Liang and Chen, Zhang J and Yan, Chaogan and Yang, Hong and Tang, Hehan and Zhu, Chaozhe and Gong, Qiyong and Zang, Yufeng and Evans, Alan C},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 20:52:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 20:53:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005226},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; human; Spontaneous activity; default mode network; connectivity; graph theory; network analysis},
	Mesh = {Brain; Humans; Reproducibility of Results},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e5226},
	Pmc = {PMC2668183},
	pmid = {19381298},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Uncovering intrinsic modular organization of spontaneous brain activity in humans},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/He_PLoSOne2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005226}}

@article{Andrews-Hanna:2010,
	Abstract = {One of the most consistent observations in human functional imaging is that a network of brain regions referred to as the "default network" increases its activity during passive states. Here we explored the anatomy and function of the default network across three studies to resolve divergent hypotheses about its contributions to spontaneous cognition and active forms of decision making. Analysis of intrinsic activity revealed the network comprises multiple, dissociated components. A midline core (posterior cingulate and anterior medial prefrontal cortex) is active when people make self-relevant, affective decisions. In contrast, a medial temporal lobe subsystem becomes engaged when decisions involve constructing a mental scene based on memory. During certain experimentally directed and spontaneous acts of future-oriented thought, these dissociated components are simultaneously engaged, presumably to facilitate construction of mental models of personally significant events.},
	Author = {Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R and Reidler, Jay S and Sepulcre, Jorge and Poulin, Renee and Buckner, Randy L},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 20:10:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 20:12:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; default mode network; human; network analysis; graph theory; Adult; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cluster Analysis; Cognition; Emotions; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imagination; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory; Nerve Net; Neuropsychological Tests},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {550-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2848443},
	pmid = {20188659},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Andrews-Hanna_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005}}

@article{Thomason:2014,
	Abstract = {The human brain undergoes dramatic maturational changes during late stages of fetal and early postnatal life. The importance of this period to the establishment of healthy neural connectivity is apparent in the high incidence of neural injury in preterm infants, in whom untimely exposure to ex-uterine factors interrupts neural connectivity. Though the relevance of this period to human neuroscience is apparent, little is known about functional neural networks in human fetal life. Here, we apply graph theoretical analysis to examine human fetal brain connectivity. Utilizing resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 33 healthy human fetuses, 19 to 39 weeks gestational age (GA), our analyses reveal that the human fetal brain has modular organization and modules overlap functional systems observed postnatally. Age-related differences between younger (GA <31 weeks) and older (GA≥31 weeks) fetuses demonstrate that brain modularity decreases, and connectivity of the posterior cingulate to other brain networks becomes more negative, with advancing GA. By mimicking functional principles observed postnatally, these results support early emerging capacity for information processing in the human fetal brain. Current technical limitations, as well as the potential for fetal fMRI to one day produce major discoveries about fetal origins or antecedents of neural injury or disease are discussed.},
	Author = {Thomason, Moriah E and Brown, Jesse A and Dassanayake, Maya T and Shastri, Rupal and Marusak, Hilary A and Hernandez-Andrade, Edgar and Yeo, Lami and Mody, Swati and Berman, Susan and Hassan, Sonia S and Romero, Roberto},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 18:19:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 18:19:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0094423},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {e94423},
	Pmc = {PMC4006774},
	pmid = {24788455},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Intrinsic functional brain architecture derived from graph theoretical analysis in the human fetus},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Thomason_PLoSOne2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094423}}

@article{Thomason:2013,
	Abstract = {Compelling evidence indicates that psychiatric and developmental disorders are generally caused by disruptions in the functional connectivity (FC) of brain networks. Events occurring during development, and in particular during fetal life, have been implicated in the genesis of such disorders. However, the developmental timetable for the emergence of neural FC during human fetal life is unknown. We present the results of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging performed in 25 healthy human fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (24 to 38 weeks of gestation). We report the presence of bilateral fetal brain FC and regional and age-related variation in FC. Significant bilateral connectivity was evident in half of the 42 areas tested, and the strength of FC between homologous cortical brain regions increased with advancing gestational age. We also observed medial to lateral gradients in fetal functional brain connectivity. These findings improve understanding of human fetal central nervous system development and provide a basis for examining the role of insults during fetal life in the subsequent development of disorders in neural FC.},
	Author = {Thomason, Moriah E and Dassanayake, Maya T and Shen, Stephen and Katkuri, Yashwanth and Alexis, Mitchell and Anderson, Amy L and Yeo, Lami and Mody, Swati and Hernandez-Andrade, Edgar and Hassan, Sonia S and Studholme, Colin and Jeong, Jeong-Won and Romero, Roberto},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-26 17:28:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-26 17:29:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.3004978},
	Journal = {Sci Transl Med},
	Journal-Full = {Science translational medicine},
	Keywords = {human; fetal; fMRI; resting-state connectivity; default mode network; hemisphere; activity-development; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Brain; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neural Pathways; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {173},
	Pages = {173ra24},
	Pmc = {PMC3618956},
	pmid = {23427244},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cross-hemispheric functional connectivity in the human fetal brain},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Thomason_SciTranslMed2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Thomason_SciTranslMed2013a.pdf}}

@article{Zuo:2012,
	Abstract = {The network architecture of functional connectivity within the human brain connectome is poorly understood at the voxel level. Here, using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 1003 healthy adults, we investigate a broad array of network centrality measures to provide novel insights into connectivity within the whole-brain functional network (i.e., the functional connectome). We first assemble and visualize the voxel-wise (4 mm) functional connectome as a functional network. We then demonstrate that each centrality measure captures different aspects of connectivity, highlighting the importance of considering both global and local connectivity properties of the functional connectome. Beyond "detecting functional hubs," we treat centrality as measures of functional connectivity within the brain connectome and demonstrate their reliability and phenotypic correlates (i.e., age and sex). Specifically, our analyses reveal age-related decreases in degree centrality, but not eigenvector centrality, within precuneus and posterior cingulate regions. This implies that while local or (direct) connectivity decreases with age, connections with hub-like regions within the brain remain stable with age at a global level. In sum, these findings demonstrate the nonredundancy of various centrality measures and raise questions regarding their underlying physiological mechanisms that may be relevant to the study of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.},
	Author = {Zuo, Xi-Nian and Ehmke, Ross and Mennes, Maarten and Imperati, Davide and Castellanos, F Xavier and Sporns, Olaf and Milham, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-23 16:31:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-23 16:34:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr269},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; graph theory; network analysis; Human; adult},
	Mesh = {Adult; Aging; Algorithms; Brain; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Sex Characteristics},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1862-75},
	pmid = {21968567},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Network centrality in the human functional connectome},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Zuo_CerebCortex2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr269}}

@article{Heuvel:2009,
	Abstract = {During rest, multiple cortical brain regions are functionally linked forming resting-state networks. This high level of functional connectivity within resting-state networks suggests the existence of direct neuroanatomical connections between these functionally linked brain regions to facilitate the ongoing interregional neuronal communication. White matter tracts are the structural highways of our brain, enabling information to travel quickly from one brain region to another region. In this study, we examined both the functional and structural connections of the human brain in a group of 26 healthy subjects, combining 3 Tesla resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging time-series with diffusion tensor imaging scans. Nine consistently found functionally linked resting-state networks were retrieved from the resting-state data. The diffusion tensor imaging scans were used to reconstruct the white matter pathways between the functionally linked brain areas of these resting-state networks. Our results show that well-known anatomical white matter tracts interconnect at least eight of the nine commonly found resting-state networks, including the default mode network, the core network, primary motor and visual network, and two lateralized parietal-frontal networks. Our results suggest that the functionally linked resting-state networks reflect the underlying structural connectivity architecture of the human brain.},
	Author = {van den Heuvel, Martijn P and Mandl, Ren{\'e} C W and Kahn, Ren{\'e} S and Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-23 16:23:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-23 16:24:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/hbm.20737},
	Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp},
	Journal-Full = {Human brain mapping},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; network analysis; graph theory; human; adult},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Oxygen; Rest; Young Adult},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3127-41},
	pmid = {19235882},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functionally linked resting-state networks reflect the underlying structural connectivity architecture of the human brain},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Heuvel_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20737}}

@article{Damoiseaux:2006,
	Abstract = {Functional MRI (fMRI) can be applied to study the functional connectivity of the human brain. It has been suggested that fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal during rest reflect the neuronal baseline activity of the brain, representing the state of the human brain in the absence of goal-directed neuronal action and external input, and that these slow fluctuations correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks. Several studies on resting fMRI have been conducted, reporting an apparent similarity between the identified patterns. The spatial consistency of these resting patterns, however, has not yet been evaluated and quantified. In this study, we apply a data analysis approach called tensor probabilistic independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data to find coherencies that are consistent across subjects and sessions. We characterize and quantify the consistency of these effects by using a bootstrapping approach, and we estimate the BOLD amplitude modulation as well as the voxel-wise cross-subject variation. The analysis found 10 patterns with potential functional relevance, consisting of regions known to be involved in motor function, visual processing, executive functioning, auditory processing, memory, and the so-called default-mode network, each with BOLD signal changes up to 3%. In general, areas with a high mean percentage BOLD signal are consistent and show the least variation around the mean. These findings show that the baseline activity of the brain is consistent across subjects exhibiting significant temporal dynamics, with percentage BOLD signal change comparable with the signal changes found in task-related experiments.},
	Author = {Damoiseaux, J S and Rombouts, S A R B and Barkhof, F and Scheltens, P and Stam, C J and Smith, S M and Beckmann, C F},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-23 16:15:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-23 16:22:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0601417103},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; default mode network; network; human},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Health; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Rest},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {13848-53},
	Pmc = {PMC1564249},
	pmid = {16945915},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Damoiseaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601417103}}

@article{Salvador:2005,
	Abstract = {We investigated large-scale systems organization of the whole human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from healthy volunteers in a no-task or 'resting' state. Images were parcellated using a prior anatomical template, yielding regional mean time series for each of 90 regions (major cortical gyri and subcortical nuclei) in each subject. Significant pairwise functional connections, defined by the group mean inter-regional partial correlation matrix, were mostly either local and intrahemispheric or symmetrically interhemispheric. Low-frequency components in the time series subtended stronger inter-regional correlations than high-frequency components. Intrahemispheric connectivity was generally related to anatomical distance by an inverse square law; many symmetrical interhemispheric connections were stronger than predicted by the anatomical distance between bilaterally homologous regions. Strong interhemispheric connectivity was notably absent in data acquired from a single patient, minimally conscious following a brainstem lesion. Multivariate analysis by hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling consistently defined six major systems in healthy volunteers-- corresponding approximately to four neocortical lobes, medial temporal lobe and subcortical nuclei- - that could be further decomposed into anatomically and functionally plausible subsystems, e.g. dorsal and ventral divisions of occipital cortex. An undirected graph derived by thresholding the healthy group mean partial correlation matrix demonstrated local clustering or cliquishness of connectivity and short mean path length compatible with prior data on small world characteristics of non-human cortical anatomy. Functional MRI demonstrates a neurophysiological architecture of the normal human brain that is anatomically sensible, strongly symmetrical, disrupted by acute brain injury, subtended predominantly by low frequencies and consistent with a small world network topology.},
	Author = {Salvador, Raymond and Suckling, John and Coleman, Martin R and Pickard, John D and Menon, David and Bullmore, Ed},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-23 16:01:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-23 16:02:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhi016},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; graph theory; network analysis; Neocortex; Human; default mode network},
	Mesh = {Adult; Algorithms; Brain; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cluster Analysis; Echo-Planar Imaging; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Neurological; Multivariate Analysis; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1332-42},
	pmid = {15635061},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurophysiological architecture of functional magnetic resonance images of human brain},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Salvador_CerebCortex2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi016}}

@article{Fair:2009,
	Abstract = {The mature human brain is organized into a collection of specialized functional networks that flexibly interact to support various cognitive functions. Studies of development often attempt to identify the organizing principles that guide the maturation of these functional networks. In this report, we combine resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI), graph analysis, community detection, and spring-embedding visualization techniques to analyze four separate networks defined in earlier studies. As we have previously reported, we find, across development, a trend toward 'segregation' (a general decrease in correlation strength) between regions close in anatomical space and 'integration' (an increased correlation strength) between selected regions distant in space. The generalization of these earlier trends across multiple networks suggests that this is a general developmental principle for changes in functional connectivity that would extend to large-scale graph theoretic analyses of large-scale brain networks. Communities in children are predominantly arranged by anatomical proximity, while communities in adults predominantly reflect functional relationships, as defined from adult fMRI studies. In sum, over development, the organization of multiple functional networks shifts from a local anatomical emphasis in children to a more "distributed" architecture in young adults. We argue that this "local to distributed" developmental characterization has important implications for understanding the development of neural systems underlying cognition. Further, graph metrics (e.g., clustering coefficients and average path lengths) are similar in child and adult graphs, with both showing "small-world"-like properties, while community detection by modularity optimization reveals stable communities within the graphs that are clearly different between young children and young adults. These observations suggest that early school age children and adults both have relatively efficient systems that may solve similar information processing problems in divergent ways.},
	Author = {Fair, Damien A and Cohen, Alexander L and Power, Jonathan D and Dosenbach, Nico U F and Church, Jessica A and Miezin, Francis M and Schlaggar, Bradley L and Petersen, Steven E},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:50:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:53:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; graph theory; network analysis; human; development; Child; Adult; default mode network},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {e1000381},
	Pmc = {PMC2671306},
	pmid = {19412534},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Fair_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381}}

@article{Gao:2009,
	Abstract = {Several lines of evidence have implicated the existence of the brain's default network during passive or undirected mental states. Nevertheless, results on the emergence of the default network in very young pediatric subjects are lacking. Using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy pediatric subjects between 2 weeks and 2 years of age, we describe the temporal evolution of the default network in a critical, previously unstudied, period of early human brain development. Our results demonstrate that a primitive and incomplete default network is present in 2-week-olds, followed by a marked increase in the number of brain regions exhibiting connectivity, and the percent of connection at 1 year of age. By 2 years of age, the default network becomes similar to that observed in adults, including medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial (PCC/Rsp), inferior parietal lobule, lateral temporal cortex, and hippocampus regions. While the anatomical representations of the default network highly depend on age, the PCC/Rsp is consistently observed at in both age groups and is central to the most and strongest connections of the default network, suggesting that PCC/Rsp may serve as the main "hub" of the default network as this region does in adults. In addition, although not as remarkable as the PCC/Rsp, the MPFC also emerges as a potential secondary hub starting from 1 year of age. These findings reveal the temporal development of the default network in the critical period of early brain development and offer new insights into the emergence of brain default network.},
	Author = {Gao, Wei and Zhu, Hongtu and Giovanello, Kelly S and Smith, J Keith and Shen, Dinggang and Gilmore, John H and Lin, Weili},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:28:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:28:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0811221106},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Adult; Age Distribution; Brain; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {6790-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2672537},
	pmid = {19351894},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Evidence on the emergence of the brain's default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Gao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811221106}}

@article{Goldman-Rakic:1988,
	Author = {Goldman-Rakic, P S},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:17:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:17:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Association; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Humans; Neural Pathways; Primates; Psychomotor Performance},
	Pages = {137-56},
	pmid = {3284439},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Goldman-Rakic_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033}}

@article{Shi:2012,
	Abstract = {Recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that developmental abnormalities related to schizophrenia may occur as early as the neonatal stage. Impairments of brain gray matter and wiring problems of axonal fibers are commonly suspected to be responsible for the disconnection hypothesis in schizophrenia adults, but significantly less is known in neonates. In this study, we investigated 26 neonates who were at genetic risk for schizophrenia and 26 demographically matched healthy neonates using both morphological and white matter networks to examine possible brain connectivity abnormalities. The results showed that both populations exhibited small-world network topology. Morphological network analysis indicated that the brain structural associations of the high-risk neonates tended to have globally lower efficiency, longer connection distance, and less number of hub nodes and edges with relatively higher betweenness. Subgroup analysis showed that male neonates were significantly disease-affected, while the female neonates were not. White matter network analysis, however, showed that the fiber networks were globally unaffected, although several subcortical-cortical connections had significantly less number of fibers in high-risk neonates. This study provides new lines of evidence in support of the disconnection hypothesis, reinforcing the notion that the genetic risk of schizophrenia induces alterations in both gray matter structural associations and white matter connectivity.},
	Author = {Shi, Feng and Yap, Pew-Thian and Gao, Wei and Lin, Weili and Gilmore, John H and Shen, Dinggang},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:12:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:12:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.026},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {structural connectivity; DTI; infant; Human; development; Schizophrenia; graph theory; network analysis},
	Mesh = {Brain; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neural Pathways; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1622-33},
	Pmc = {PMC3408572},
	pmid = {22613620},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Altered structural connectivity in neonates at genetic risk for schizophrenia: a combined study using morphological and white matter networks},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Shi_Neuroimage2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.026}}

@article{Hagmann:2010,
	Abstract = {From toddler to late teenager, the macroscopic pattern of axonal projections in the human brain remains largely unchanged while undergoing dramatic functional modifications that lead to network refinement. These functional modifications are mediated by increasing myelination and changes in axonal diameter and synaptic density, as well as changes in neurochemical mediators. Here we explore the contribution of white matter maturation to the development of connectivity between ages 2 and 18 y using high b-value diffusion MRI tractography and connectivity analysis. We measured changes in connection efficacy as the inverse of the average diffusivity along a fiber tract. We observed significant refinement in specific metrics of network topology, including a significant increase in node strength and efficiency along with a decrease in clustering. Major structural modules and hubs were in place by 2 y of age, and they continued to strengthen their profile during subsequent development. Recording resting-state functional MRI from a subset of subjects, we confirmed a positive correlation between structural and functional connectivity, and in addition observed that this relationship strengthened with age. Continuously increasing integration and decreasing segregation of structural connectivity with age suggests that network refinement mediated by white matter maturation promotes increased global efficiency. In addition, the strengthening of the correlation between structural and functional connectivity with age suggests that white matter connectivity in combination with other factors, such as differential modulation of axonal diameter and myelin thickness, that are partially captured by inverse average diffusivity, play an increasingly important role in creating brain-wide coherence and synchrony.},
	Author = {Hagmann, P and Sporns, O and Madan, N and Cammoun, L and Pienaar, R and Wedeen, V J and Meuli, R and Thiran, J-P and Grant, P E},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:08:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:10:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1009073107},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {graph theory; network analysis; structural connectivity; resting-state fMRI; DTI; Human; Child; Development},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Myelin Sheath; Synapses},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {44},
	Pages = {19067-72},
	Pmc = {PMC2973853},
	pmid = {20956328},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Hagmann_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009073107}}

@article{Supekar:2009,
	Abstract = {The ontogeny of large-scale functional organization of the human brain is not well understood. Here we use network analysis of intrinsic functional connectivity to characterize the organization of brain networks in 23 children (ages 7-9 y) and 22 young-adults (ages 19-22 y). Comparison of network properties, including path-length, clustering-coefficient, hierarchy, and regional connectivity, revealed that although children and young-adults' brains have similar "small-world" organization at the global level, they differ significantly in hierarchical organization and interregional connectivity. We found that subcortical areas were more strongly connected with primary sensory, association, and paralimbic areas in children, whereas young-adults showed stronger cortico-cortical connectivity between paralimbic, limbic, and association areas. Further, combined analysis of functional connectivity with wiring distance measures derived from white-matter fiber tracking revealed that the development of large-scale brain networks is characterized by weakening of short-range functional connectivity and strengthening of long-range functional connectivity. Importantly, our findings show that the dynamic process of over-connectivity followed by pruning, which rewires connectivity at the neuronal level, also operates at the systems level, helping to reconfigure and rebalance subcortical and paralimbic connectivity in the developing brain. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of network analysis of brain connectivity to elucidate key principles underlying functional brain maturation, paving the way for novel studies of disrupted brain connectivity in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.},
	Author = {Supekar, Kaustubh and Musen, Mark and Menon, Vinod},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 20:03:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 20:07:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000157},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; graph theory; network analysis; Human; Child; development; default mode network},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Young Adult},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {e1000157},
	Pmc = {PMC2705656},
	pmid = {19621066},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Supekar_PLoSBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000157}}

@article{Uddin:2011,
	Abstract = {Brain structural and functional development, throughout childhood and into adulthood, underlies the maturation of increasingly sophisticated cognitive abilities. High-level attentional and cognitive control processes rely on the integrity of, and dynamic interactions between, core neurocognitive networks. The right fronto-insular cortex (rFIC) is a critical component of a salience network (SN) that mediates interactions between large-scale brain networks involved in externally oriented attention [central executive network (CEN)] and internally oriented cognition [default mode network (DMN)]. How these systems reconfigure and mature with development is a critical question for cognitive neuroscience, with implications for neurodevelopmental pathologies affecting brain connectivity. Using functional and effective connectivity measures applied to fMRI data, we examine interactions within and between the SN, CEN, and DMN. We find that functional coupling between key network nodes is stronger in adults than in children, as are causal links emanating from the rFIC. Specifically, the causal influence of the rFIC on nodes of the SN and CEN was significantly greater in adults compared with children. Notably, these results were entirely replicated on an independent dataset of matched children and adults. Developmental changes in functional and effective connectivity were related to structural connectivity along these links. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography revealed increased structural integrity in adults compared with children along both within- and between-network pathways associated with the rFIC. These results suggest that structural and functional maturation of rFIC pathways is a critical component of the process by which human brain networks mature during development to support complex, flexible cognitive processes in adulthood.},
	Author = {Uddin, Lucina Q and Supekar, Kaustubh S and Ryali, Srikanth and Menon, Vinod},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 19:46:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 19:47:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4465-11.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; human; Child; default mode network; Attention; Decision Making; graph theory; network analysis},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Cognition; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Young Adult},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {50},
	Pages = {18578-89},
	Pmc = {PMC3641286},
	pmid = {22171056},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamic reconfiguration of structural and functional connectivity across core neurocognitive brain networks with development},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Uddin_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4465-11.2011}}

@article{Hwang:2013,
	Abstract = {Functional hubs are brain regions that play a crucial role in facilitating communication among parallel, distributed brain networks. The developmental emergence and stability of hubs, however, is not well understood. The current study used measures of network topology drawn from graph theory to investigate the development of functional hubs in 99 participants, 10-20 years of age. We found that hub architecture was evident in late childhood and was stable from adolescence to early adulthood. Connectivity between hub and non-hub ("spoke") regions, however, changed with development. From childhood to adolescence, the strength of connections between frontal hubs and cortical and subcortical spoke regions increased. From adolescence to adulthood, hub-spoke connections with frontal hubs were stable, whereas connectivity between cerebellar hubs and cortical spoke regions increased. Our findings suggest that a developmentally stable functional hub architecture provides the foundation of information flow in the brain, whereas connections between hubs and spokes continue to develop, possibly supporting mature cognitive function.},
	Author = {Hwang, Kai and Hallquist, Michael N and Luna, Beatriz},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 19:43:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 19:44:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs227},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {adolescents; brain networks; development; functional connectivity; graph theory; default mode network; human; resting-state fMRI},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Brain; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Rest; Young Adult},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {2380-93},
	Pmc = {PMC3767958},
	pmid = {22875861},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Hwang_CerebCortex2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs227}}

@article{Fransson:2011,
	Abstract = {The functional network topology of the adult human brain has recently begun to be noninvasively mapped using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and described using mathematical tools originating from graph theory. Previous studies have revealed the existence of disproportionally connected brain regions, so called cortical hubs, which act as information convergence zones and supposedly capture key aspects of how the brain's architecture supports human behavior and how it is affected by disease. In this study, we present results showing that cortical hubs and their associated cortical networks are largely confined to primary sensory and motor brain regions in the infant brain. Our findings in infants stand in stark contrast to the situation found in adults where the majority of cortical hubs and hub-related networks are located in heteromodal association cortex. Our findings suggest that the functional network architecture in infants is linked to support tasks that are of a perception-action nature.},
	Author = {Fransson, Peter and Aden, Ulrika and Blennow, Mats and Lagercrantz, Hugo},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 19:18:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 19:19:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq071},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {human; infant; Child; fMRI; default mode network; resting-state connectivity; network analysis; graph theory},
	Mesh = {Adult; Aging; Brain Mapping; Brain Waves; Cerebral Cortex; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neuropsychological Tests; Young Adult},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {145-54},
	pmid = {20421249},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Fransson_CerebCortex2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq071}}

@article{Buckner:2009,
	Abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that some brain areas act as hubs interconnecting distinct, functionally specialized systems. These nexuses are intriguing because of their potential role in integration and also because they may augment metabolic cascades relevant to brain disease. To identify regions of high connectivity in the human cerebral cortex, we applied a computationally efficient approach to map the degree of intrinsic functional connectivity across the brain. Analysis of two separate functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets (each n = 24) demonstrated hubs throughout heteromodal areas of association cortex. Prominent hubs were located within posterior cingulate, lateral temporal, lateral parietal, and medial/lateral prefrontal cortices. Network analysis revealed that many, but not all, hubs were located within regions previously implicated as components of the default network. A third dataset (n = 12) demonstrated that the locations of hubs were present across passive and active task states, suggesting that they reflect a stable property of cortical network architecture. To obtain an accurate reference map, data were combined across 127 participants to yield a consensus estimate of cortical hubs. Using this consensus estimate, we explored whether the topography of hubs could explain the pattern of vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease (AD) because some models suggest that regions of high activity and metabolism accelerate pathology. Positron emission tomography amyloid imaging in AD (n = 10) compared with older controls (n = 29) showed high amyloid-beta deposition in the locations of cortical hubs consistent with the possibility that hubs, while acting as critical way stations for information processing, may also augment the underlying pathological cascade in AD.},
	Author = {Buckner, Randy L and Sepulcre, Jorge and Talukdar, Tanveer and Krienen, Fenna M and Liu, Hesheng and Hedden, Trey and Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R and Sperling, Reisa A and Johnson, Keith A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-22 13:30:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 13:30:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Young Adult},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1860-73},
	Pmc = {PMC2750039},
	pmid = {19211893},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Buckner_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Buckner_JNeurosci2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009}}

@article{Fox:2007a,
	Abstract = {The majority of functional neuroscience studies have focused on the brain's response to a task or stimulus. However, the brain is very active even in the absence of explicit input or output. In this Article we review recent studies examining spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of functional magnetic resonance imaging as a potentially important and revealing manifestation of spontaneous neuronal activity. Although several challenges remain, these studies have provided insight into the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain, variability in behaviour and potential physiological correlates of neurological and psychiatric disease.},
	Author = {Fox, Michael D and Raichle, Marcus E},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 14:37:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 14:38:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2201},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; default mode network; functional connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oxygen},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {700-11},
	pmid = {17704812},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Fox_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2201}}

@article{Barch:2013,
	Abstract = {Understanding how brain systems interact to produce complex behaviors is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. Palaniyappan and colleagues enhance our understanding of how interactions among brain systems contribute to individual differences in function and psychopathology by examining causal interactions among the salience and central executive systems in schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Barch, Deanna M},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 14:00:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 14:00:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.004},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Male; Neural Pathways; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {603-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3858486},
	pmid = {24080424},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain network interactions in health and disease},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Barch_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.004}}

@article{Uddin:2013,
	Abstract = {In recent work, O'Reilly and colleagues demonstrate relatively intact interhemispheric functional connectivity in a macaque brain in the absence of major commissural fibers. This work adds to a growing body of literature challenging the notion that structural and functional brain connectivity metrics are related in a straightforward manner.},
	Author = {Uddin, Lucina Q},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 14:00:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 14:00:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.011},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Waves; Connectome; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {600-2},
	Pmc = {PMC3858496},
	pmid = {24094797},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Complex relationships between structural and functional brain connectivity},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Uddin_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.011}}

@article{Zanto:2013,
	Abstract = {A recent study shows that the fronto-parietal network (FPN), and subregions therein, alters its functional connectivity with nodes of other networks based on task goals. Moreover, FPN patterns of connectivity not only reflect engagement of specific tasks, but also serve as a code that can be transferred to facilitate learning novel tasks.},
	Author = {Zanto, Theodore P and Gazzaley, Adam},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 14:00:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 14:00:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.001},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Brain; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Male; Neural Pathways; Psychomotor Performance},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {602-3},
	Pmc = {PMC3873155},
	pmid = {24129332},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fronto-parietal network: flexible hub of cognitive control},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.001}}

@article{Singer:2013,
	Abstract = {Recent discoveries on the organisation of the cortical connectome together with novel data on the dynamics of neuronal interactions require an extension of classical concepts on information processing in the cerebral cortex. These new insights justify considering the brain as a complex, self-organised system with nonlinear dynamics in which principles of distributed, parallel processing coexist with serial operations within highly interconnected networks. The observed dynamics suggest that cortical networks are capable of providing an extremely high-dimensional state space in which a large amount of evolutionary and ontogenetically acquired information can coexist and be accessible to rapid parallel search.},
	Author = {Singer, Wolf},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.006},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; nonlinear dynamics; oscillations; reservoir computing; synchrony},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex; Computer Simulation; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Nonlinear Dynamics},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {616-26},
	pmid = {24139950},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical dynamics revisited},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Singer_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.006}}

@article{Harmelech:2013,
	Abstract = {When the brain is 'at rest', spatiotemporal activity patterns emerge spontaneously, that is, in the absence of an overt task. However, what these patterns reveal about cortical function remains elusive. In this article, we put forward the hypothesis that the correlation patterns among these spontaneous fluctuations (SPs) reflect the profile of individual a priori cognitive biases, coded as synaptic efficacies in cortical networks. Thus, SPs offer a new means for mapping personal traits in both neurotypical and atypical cases. Three sets of observations and related empirical evidence provide support for this hypothesis. First, SPs correspond to activation patterns that occur during typical task performance. Second, individual differences in SPs reflect individual biases and abnormalities. Finally, SPs can be actively remodeled in a long-term manner by focused and intense cortical training.},
	Author = {Harmelech, Tal and Malach, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.014},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {BOLD-fMRI; a priori biases; cortex; human; resting state; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bias (Epidemiology); Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neurons; Rest},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {606-15},
	pmid = {24182697},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurocognitive biases and the patterns of spontaneous correlations in the human cortex},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.014}}

@article{Menon:2013,
	Abstract = {The human brain undergoes protracted developmental changes during which it constructs functional networks that engender complex cognitive abilities. Understanding brain function ultimately depends on knowledge of how dynamic interactions between distributed brain regions mature with age to produce sophisticated cognitive systems. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the ontogeny of functional brain networks. Here I describe how complementary methods for probing functional connectivity are providing unique insights into the emergence and maturation of distinct functional networks from childhood to adulthood. I highlight six emerging principles governing the development of large-scale functional networks and discuss how they inform cognitive and affective function in typically developing children and in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.},
	Author = {Menon, Vinod},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.015},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {627-40},
	pmid = {24183779},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental pathways to functional brain networks: emerging principles},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.015}}

@article{Buckner:2013,
	Abstract = {The human cerebral cortex is vastly expanded relative to other primates and disproportionately occupied by distributed association regions. Here we offer a hypothesis about how association networks evolved their prominence and came to possess circuit properties vital to human cognition. The rapid expansion of the cortical mantle may have untethered large portions of the cortex from strong constraints of molecular gradients and early activity cascades that lead to sensory hierarchies. What fill the gaps between these hierarchies are densely interconnected networks that widely span the cortex and mature late into development. Limitations of the tethering hypothesis are discussed as well as its broad implications for understanding critical features of the human brain as a byproduct of size scaling.},
	Author = {Buckner, Randy L and Krienen, Fenna M},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.017},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {cerebellum; cortical circuits; default network; prefrontal cortex; prospection; social cognition},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Humans; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {648-65},
	pmid = {24210963},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The evolution of distributed association networks in the human brain},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Buckner_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.017}}

@article{Kim:2013,
	Abstract = {Mapping of neural connectivity across the mammalian brain is a daunting and exciting prospect. Current approaches can be divided into three classes: macroscale, focusing on coarse inter-regional connectivity; mesoscale, involving a finer focus on neurons and projections; and microscale, reconstructing full details of all synaptic contacts. It remains to be determined how to bridge the datasets or insights from the different levels of study. Here we review recent light-microscopy-based approaches that may help in integration across scales.},
	Author = {Kim, Sung-Yon and Chung, Kwanghun and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.005},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Microscopy; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {596-9},
	pmid = {24210964},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Light microscopy mapping of connections in the intact brain},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Kim_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.005}}

@article{Rubinov:2013,
	Abstract = {Pathoconnectomics, the mapping of abnormal brain networks, is a popular current framework for the study of brain dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. In this review we evaluate the conceptual foundations of this framework, describe the construction and analysis of empirical models of brain networks or connectomes, and summarize recent reports of the large-scale whole-brain connectome organization of two candidate brain-network disorders, schizophrenia and autism. We consider the evidence for the abnormal brain-network nature of psychiatric disorders and find it inconclusive. For instance, although there is some evidence for more random whole-brain network organization in schizophrenia and autism, future studies need to determine if these and other observed brain-network abnormalities represent sufficient phenotypes of psychiatric disorders, in order to validate pathoconnectomics as a scientific and clinical framework.},
	Author = {Rubinov, Mikail and Bullmore, Ed},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 13:59:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 13:59:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.007},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {MRI; complex networks; connectomics; endophenotype; psychiatry},
	Mesh = {Brain; Humans; Mental Disorders; Microscopy; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neuroimaging},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {641-7},
	pmid = {24238779},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fledgling pathoconnectomics of psychiatric disorders},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Rubinov_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.007}}

@article{Heuvel:2013,
	Abstract = {Virtually all domains of cognitive function require the integration of distributed neural activity. Network analysis of human brain connectivity has consistently identified sets of regions that are critically important for enabling efficient neuronal signaling and communication. The central embedding of these candidate 'brain hubs' in anatomical networks supports their diverse functional roles across a broad range of cognitive tasks and widespread dynamic coupling within and across functional networks. The high level of centrality of brain hubs also renders them points of vulnerability that are susceptible to disconnection and dysfunction in brain disorders. Combining data from numerous empirical and computational studies, network approaches strongly suggest that brain hubs play important roles in information integration underpinning numerous aspects of complex cognitive function.},
	Author = {van den Heuvel, Martijn P and Sporns, Olaf},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 12:27:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 12:31:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; connectivity; connectomics; default mode network; graph theory; review literature; Human; network analysis; network modelling; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Brain; Cognition; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {683-96},
	pmid = {24231140},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Network hubs in the human brain},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Heuvel_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012}}

@article{Brown:2001,
	Abstract = {'Independent component analysis' is a technique of data transformation that finds independent sources of activity in recorded mixtures of sources. It can be used to recover fluctuations of membrane potential from individual neurons in multiple-detector optical recordings. There are some examples in which more than 100 neurons can be separated simultaneously. Independent component analysis automatically separates overlapping action potentials, recovers action potentials of different sizes from the same neuron, removes artifacts and finds the position of each neuron on the detector array. One limitation is that the number of sources--neurons and artifacts--must be equal to or less than the number of simultaneous recordings. Independent component analysis also has many other applications in neuroscience including, removal of artifacts from EEG data, identification of spatially independent brain regions in fMRI recordings and determination of population codes in multi-unit recordings.},
	Author = {Brown, G D and Yamada, S and Sejnowski, T J},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-19 04:09:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-19 04:27:27 +0000},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {wholeBrain; Mathematics; Analysis of Variance; Methods; optical imaging},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Brain; Electroencephalography; Humans; Linear Models; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Neurons},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {54-63},
	pmid = {11163888},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Independent component analysis at the neural cocktail party},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Brown_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Liang:2011,
	Abstract = {Intrinsic connectional architecture of the brain is a crucial element in understanding the governing principle of brain organization. To date, enormous effort has been focused on addressing this issue in humans by combining resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) with other techniques. However, this research area is significantly underexplored in animals, perhaps because of confounding effects of anesthetic agents used in most animal experiments on functional connectivity. To bridge this gap, we have systematically investigated the intrinsic connectional architecture in the rodent brain by using a previously established awake-animal imaging model. First, group independent component analysis was applied to the rsfMRI data to extract elementary functional clusters of the brain. The connectional relationships between these clusters, as evaluated by partial correlation analysis, were then used to construct a graph of whole-brain neural network. This network exhibited the typical features of small-worldness and strong community structures seen in the human brain. Finally, the whole-brain network was segregated into community structures using a graph-based analysis. The results of this work provided a functional atlas of intrinsic connectional architecture of the rat brain at both intraregion and interregion levels. More importantly, the current work revealed that functional networks in rats are organized in a nontrivial manner and conserve fundamental topological properties that are also seen in the human brain. Given the high psychopathological relevance of network organization of the brain, this study demonstrated the feasibility of studying mechanisms and therapies of multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases through translational research.},
	Author = {Liang, Zhifeng and King, Jean and Zhang, Nanyin},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-18 21:25:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-18 21:25:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4557-10.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; default mode network; rat; in vivo; functional connectivity; Motor Activity; awake},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3776-83},
	Pmc = {PMC3073070},
	pmid = {21389232},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Uncovering intrinsic connectional architecture of functional networks in awake rat brain},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4557-10.2011}}

@article{Hutchison:2010,
	Abstract = {The rodent brain is organized into functional networks that can be studied through examination of synchronized low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations (LFFs) of the functional magnetic resonance imaging -blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. In this study, resting networks of LFFs were estimated from the whole-brain BOLD signals using independent component analysis (ICA). ICA provides a hypothesis-free technique for determining the functional connectivity map that does not require a priori selection of a seed region. Twenty Long-Evans rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (1%, n = 10) or ketamine/xylazine (50/6 mg . kg(-1) . h(-1) ip, n = 10) and imaged for 5-10 min in a 9.4 T MR scanner without experimental stimulation or task requirement. Independent, synchronous LFFs of BOLD signals were found to exist in clustered, bilaterally symmetric regions of both cortical and subcortical structures, including primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, motor cortices, visual cortices, posterior and anterior cingulate cortices, hippocampi, caudate-putamen, and thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. The somatosensory and motor cortices typically demonstrated both symmetric and asymmetric components with unique frequency profiles. Similar independent network components were found under isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. The report demonstrates, for the first time, 12 independent resting networks that are bilaterally synchronous in different cortical and subcortical areas of the rat brain.},
	Author = {Hutchison, R Matthew and Mirsattari, Seyed M and Jones, Craig K and Gati, Joseph S and Leung, L Stan},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-18 21:06:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-18 21:08:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00141.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; default mode network; rat; in vivo; functional connectivity},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Functional Laterality; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Oxygen; Principal Component Analysis; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rest},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3398-406},
	pmid = {20410359},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional networks in the anesthetized rat brain revealed by independent component analysis of resting-state FMRI},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Hutchison_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00141.2010}}

@article{Lu:2007,
	Abstract = {Synchronized low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations of the functional MRI (fMRI) signal have recently been applied to investigate large-scale neuronal networks of the brain in the absence of specific task instructions. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of these fluctuations remain largely unknown. To this end, electrophysiological recordings and resting-state fMRI measurements were conducted in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats. Using a seed-voxel analysis strategy, region-specific, anesthetic dose-dependent fMRI resting-state functional connectivity was detected in bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1FL) of the resting brain. Cortical electroencephalographic signals were also recorded from bilateral S1FL; a visual cortex locus served as a control site. Results demonstrate that, unlike the evoked fMRI response that correlates with power changes in the gamma bands, the resting-state fMRI signal correlates with the power coherence in low-frequency bands, particularly the delta band. These data indicate that hemodynamic fMRI signal differentially registers specific electrical oscillatory frequency band activity, suggesting that fMRI may be able to distinguish the ongoing from the evoked activity of the brain.},
	Author = {Lu, Hanbing and Zuo, Yantao and Gu, Hong and Waltz, James A and Zhan, Wang and Scholl, Clara A and Rea, William and Yang, Yihong and Stein, Elliot A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-18 21:03:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-18 21:04:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0705791104},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {resting-state fMRI; default mode network; rat; in vivo; Anesthesia; EEG; sleep; Delta Rhythm; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Rats},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {18265-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2084331},
	pmid = {17991778},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synchronized delta oscillations correlate with the resting-state functional MRI signal},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705791104}}

@article{Nitz:2009,
	Abstract = {The registration of spatial information by neurons of the parietal cortex takes on many forms. In most experiments, spatially modulated parietal activity patterns are found to take as their frame of reference some part of the body such as the retina. However, recent findings obtained in single neuron recordings from both rat and monkey parietal cortex suggest that the frame of reference utilized by parietal cortex may also be abstract or arbitrary in nature. Evidence in rats comes from work indicating that parietal activity in freely behaving rodents is organized according to the space defined by routes taken through an environment. In monkeys, evidence for an object-centered frame of reference has recently been presented. The present work reviews single neuron recording experiments in parietal cortex of freely behaving rats and considers the potential contribution of parietal cortex in solving navigational tasks. It is proposed that parietal cortex, in interaction with the hippocampus, plays a critical role in the selection of the most appropriate route between two points and, in addition, produces a route-based positional signal capable of guiding sensorimotor transitions.},
	Author = {Nitz, Douglas},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-16 16:13:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 16:13:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.007},
	Journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem},
	Journal-Full = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
	Keywords = {rat; Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Motor Activity; grid cells; Decision Making; goal directed behavior; retrosplenial cortex},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Exploratory Behavior; Haplorhini; Hippocampus; Maze Learning; Memory; Motor Activity; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {179-85},
	pmid = {18804545},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parietal cortex, navigation, and the construction of arbitrary reference frames for spatial information},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Nitz_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}}

@article{Calton:2009,
	Abstract = {The ability of an organism to accurately navigate from one place to another requires integration of multiple spatial constructs, including the determination of one's position and direction in space relative to allocentric landmarks, movement velocity, and the perceived location of the goal of the movement. In this review, we propose that while limbic areas are important for the sense of spatial orientation, the posterior parietal cortex is responsible for relating this sense with the location of a navigational goal and in formulating a plan to attain it. Hence, the posterior parietal cortex is important for the computation of the correct trajectory or route to be followed while navigating. Prefrontal and motor areas are subsequently responsible for executing the planned movement. Using this theory, we are able to bridge the gap between the rodent and primate literatures by suggesting that the allocentric role of the rodent PPC is largely analogous to the egocentric role typically emphasized in primates, that is, the integration of spatial orientation with potential goals in the planning of goal-directed movements.},
	Author = {Calton, Jeffrey L and Taube, Jeffrey S},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-16 15:16:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 15:21:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.015},
	Journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem},
	Journal-Full = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
	Keywords = {rat; Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Motor Activity; grid cells; Decision Making; goal directed behavior; retrosplenial cortex},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cognition; Frontal Lobe; Goals; Hippocampus; Maze Learning; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Primates; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {186-96},
	Pmc = {PMC2666283},
	pmid = {18929674},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Where am I and how will I get there from here? A role for posterior parietal cortex in the integration of spatial information and route planning},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Calton_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.015}}

@article{Whitlock:2008,
	Abstract = {The navigational system of the mammalian cortex comprises a number of interacting brain regions. Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and place cells in the hippocampus are thought to participate in the formation of a dynamic representation of the animal's current location, and these cells are presumably critical for storing the representation in memory. To traverse the environment, animals must be able to translate coordinate information from spatial maps in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus into body-centered representations that can be used to direct locomotion. How this is done remains an enigma. We propose that the posterior parietal cortex is critical for this transformation.},
	Author = {Whitlock, Jonathan R and Sutherland, Robert J and Witter, Menno P and Moser, May-Britt and Moser, Edvard I},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-16 14:54:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 14:55:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804216105},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; rat; grid cells; hippocampus; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Entorhinal Cortex;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Entorhinal Cortex; Hippocampus; Memory; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Spatial Behavior},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {39},
	Pages = {14755-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2567440},
	pmid = {18812502},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Navigating from hippocampus to parietal cortex},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Whitlock_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804216105}}

@article{Nitz:2006,
	Abstract = {Quick and efficient traversal of learned routes is critical to the survival of many animals. Routes can be defined by both the ordering of navigational epochs, such as continued forward motion or execution of a turn, and the distances separating them. The neural substrates conferring the ability to fluidly traverse complex routes are not well understood, but likely entail interactions between frontal, parietal, and rhinal cortices and the hippocampus. This paper demonstrates that posterior parietal cortical neurons map both individual and multiple navigational epochs with respect to their order in a route. In direct contrast to spatial firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, parietal neurons discharged in a place- and direction-independent fashion. Parietal route maps were scalable and versatile in that they were independent of the size and spatial configuration of navigational epochs. The results provide a framework in which to consider parietal function in spatial cognition.},
	Author = {Nitz, Douglas A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-16 14:51:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 14:51:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.037},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; rat; grid cells; hippocampus; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Entorhinal Cortex;},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Male; Maze Learning; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior; Speech Perception},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {747-56},
	pmid = {16504949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Tracking route progression in the posterior parietal cortex},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Nitz_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.037}}

@article{McNaughton:1994,
	Abstract = {Neural activity related to unrestrained movement through space was studied in rat sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortices during performance of an eight-arm, radial maze task. Nearly half of the cells exhibited movement-related activity that discriminated among three basic modes of locomotion: left turns, right turns, and forward motion. Correlates ranged from strong excitation (relative to the still condition) to strong inhibition, and were distributed among the movement modes in a variety of different ways. For example, cells that discriminated between clockwise and counterclockwise turns did so with either antagonistic responses or simple excitation or inhibition. Others showed either excitation or inhibition relative to both turning and the still condition, and hence were selective for forward motion. Many cells exhibited somatosensory responsiveness; however, in agreement with findings of others, motion correlates could rarely be sensibly explained by the somatosensory response. Moreover, movement correlates sometimes varied considerably with spatial context. Some cells exhibited more complex motion correlates, such as an apparent dependence on the nature of the preceding movement. Irrespective of the specific sensory or motor determinants of cell activity, which varied considerably among cells, the posterior neocortex of the rat appears to generate a robust and redundant internal representation of body motion through space. Such a representation could be useful in constructing "cognitive maps" of the environment.},
	Author = {McNaughton, B L and Mizumori, S J and Barnes, C A and Leonard, B J and Marquis, M and Green, E J},
	Date = {1994 Jan-Feb},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-16 14:49:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 14:50:32 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; rat; grid cells; hippocampus; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Entorhinal Cortex;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology; Male; Motor Cortex; Movement; Orientation; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Somatosensory Cortex; Space Perception},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {27-39},
	pmid = {8180489},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical representation of motion during unrestrained spatial navigation in the rat},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Torrealba:2008,
	Abstract = {Spatial cognition is a complex higher function in mammals and is involved in a variety of tasks that can be explored in the laboratory. In this review we will discuss the role of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex of rodents, also known as the parietal association cortex, and the hippocampal formation in spatial navigation. We will also discuss other higher associational functions of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex as they relate to Dr. Pinto-Hamuy's contribution to understanding behavioral functions.},
	Author = {Torrealba, Fernando and Vald{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} Luis},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-15 15:48:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-15 15:56:33 +0000},
	Doi = {/S0716-97602008000400002},
	Journal = {Biol Res},
	Journal-Full = {Biological research},
	Keywords = {Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; connectivity; review literature; Spatial Behavior; navigation; grid cells; hippocampus; Neocortex; Association cortex; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Visual Cortex; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei; thalamus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cognition; Memory; Parietal Lobe; Rats; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {369-77},
	pmid = {19621117},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The parietal association cortex of the rat},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Torrealba_BiolRes2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/0716-97602008000400002}}

@article{Massimini:2004,
	Abstract = {During much of sleep, virtually all cortical neurons undergo a slow oscillation (<1 Hz) in membrane potential, cycling from a hyperpolarized state of silence to a depolarized state of intense firing. This slow oscillation is the fundamental cellular phenomenon that organizes other sleep rhythms such as spindles and slow waves. Using high-density electroencephalogram recordings in humans, we show here that each cycle of the slow oscillation is a traveling wave. Each wave originates at a definite site and travels over the scalp at an estimated speed of 1.2-7.0 m/sec. Waves originate more frequently in prefrontal-orbitofrontal regions and propagate in an anteroposterior direction. Their rate of occurrence increases progressively reaching almost once per second as sleep deepens. The pattern of origin and propagation of sleep slow oscillations is reproducible across nights and subjects and provides a blueprint of cortical excitability and connectivity. The orderly propagation of correlated activity along connected pathways may play a role in spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity during sleep.},
	Author = {Massimini, Marcello and Huber, Reto and Ferrarelli, Fabio and Hill, Sean and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-12 14:56:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-12 14:56:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1318-04.2004},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Humans;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Sleep},
	Mesh = {Adult; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Humans; Male; Membrane Potentials; Neuronal Plasticity; Sleep; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Pages = {6862-70},
	pmid = {15295020},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Massimini_JNeurosci2004.pdf}}

@article{Hamburger:1963b,
	Author = {Hamburger, V},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 20:30:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 20:30:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.142.3597.1367},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3597},
	Pages = {1367},
	pmid = {17752414},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Embryology},
	Volume = {142},
	Year = {1963},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.142.3597.1367}}

@article{Hamburger:1963a,
	Author = {Hamburger, V and Balaban, M},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 20:30:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:16:29 +0000},
	Journal = {Dev Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental biology},
	Keywords = {EMBRYO; PERIODICITY; SPINAL CORD; Motor Activity; development},
	Mesh = {Embryo, Nonmammalian; Periodicity; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Mar},
	Pages = {533-45},
	pmid = {13952299},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Observations and experiments on spontaneous rhythmical behavior in the chick embryo},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1963},
	url = {papers/HAMBURGER_DevBiol1963.pdf}}

@article{Hamburger:1963,
	Author = {Hamburger, V},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 20:30:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:16:04 +0000},
	Journal = {Q Rev Biol},
	Journal-Full = {The Quarterly review of biology},
	Keywords = {BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CHICK EMBRYO; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EMBRYO; EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY; FISHES; MOVEMENT; NEURONS; PERIODICITY; PHYSIOLOGY, COMPARATIVE; REFLEX; SALAMANDERS; SPINAL CORD; Motor Activity; spontaneous activity; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Chick Embryo; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Fishes; Movement; Neurons; Periodicity; Physiology, Comparative; Reflex; Research; Spinal Cord; Urodela},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {342-65},
	pmid = {14111168},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMBRYOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1963},
	url = {papers/HAMBURGER_QRevBiol1963.pdf}}

@article{Corner:1977,
	Author = {Corner, M A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 20:17:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 20:28:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {sleep; review literature; behavior; development; Embryo and Fetal Development; Mammals; Chick Embryo; Fishes/growth &development; Motor Activity; Spinal Cord},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anura; Brachyura; Chickens; Cockroaches; Fetus; Fishes; Lizards; Mollusca; Motor Activity; Muscle Contraction; Muscles; Phylogeny; Rats; Sheep; Sleep; Swimming; Wasps},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {279-95},
	pmid = {335440},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sleep and the beginnings of behavior in the animal kingdom--studies of ultradian motility cycles in early life},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Corner_ProgNeurobiol1977.pdf}}

@article{Gramsbergen:1976,
	Abstract = {The development of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and, especially, behavioral state-specific EEG patterns was studied in white and black hooded rats of the Lister strain, aged 9-30 days. Movements of the rat were recorded and the behavioral state was monitored by means of a push-button device. The EEG was collected when the rat was in State 1 (regular respiration, absence of movements, and, after the 14th day when the rat eye opens, eyes closed), State 2 (irregular respiration, continual occurrence of twitches, and, after the 14th day, eyes closed), and in State 4 (irregular respiration, presence of gross body movements, and, after the 14th day, eyes opened). The EEG of rats on the 9th and 10th day did not reveal behavioral state-specific patterns. The amplitudes of the EEG were low and only low frequencies occurred. Between the 10th and 13th day an EEG pattern specific for State 1 containing high amplitudes developed. From the 14th day onwards spindles (frequencies from 14-18 Hz) occurred in the EEG during State 1. From the 14th day onwards, the EEG from the visual cortex during State 2 showed a regular and continually occurring 5-Hz rhythm. Bursts with 5-Hz waves were recorded from the visual cortex only intermittently during State 4. The EEG frequencies during the bursts varied between 5 and 7 Hz from the 17th day onwards. Computer analysis of the amplitude distributions showed a considerable increase in the power after the 10th day. The analysis of the frequency spectra indicated that the power increase occurs expecially in the higher frequencies of the EEG signal. Visual analysis as well as computer analysis of the EEG did not reveal systematic changes in the EEG after the 18th day when the EEG was similar to that recorded at older ages.},
	Author = {Gramsbergen, A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 19:59:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 20:00:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dev.420090604},
	Journal = {Dev Psychobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental psychobiology},
	Keywords = {EEG; neurophysiology; rat; in vivo; Cerebral Cortex; sleep; development; spontaneous activity; cortical oscillations},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Computers; Electroencephalography; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Rats; Respiration; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {501-15},
	pmid = {1001836},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of the EEG in the rat},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1976},
	url = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1976.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420090604}}

@article{Connors:1984a,
	Abstract = {Epilepsy is characterized by highly synchronized paroxysmal bursts of activity within a large population of cortical neurones. Because such spontaneous, synchronized discharges can occur even in isolated blocks of neocortex, mechanisms for initiating and coordinating this activity must reside within the cortex itself. However, the specific cellular properties and local neural circuitry responsible for such behaviour are unknown. In a previous study of neocortex in vitro, we found that treatment with the convulsants penicillin and bicuculline led to synchronized bursts which were driven by unusually large and long-lasting excitatory synaptic conductances. I now report evidence that synchronized bursts are initiated by a small, spacially discrete subpopulation of cells located in the area comprising layer IV and upper layer V. Neural elements in these layers appear to project paroxysmal synaptic excitation radially, onto the neurones of other layers.},
	Author = {Connors, B W},
	Date = {1984 Aug 23-29},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 19:33:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 19:34:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {epilepsy; seizure; GABA; in vitro; Neocortex; spontaneous activity; cortical oscillations},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bicuculline; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Conductivity; Evoked Potentials; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Guinea Pigs; Kinetics; Neurons},
	Number = {5979},
	Pages = {685-7},
	pmid = {6147755},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Initiation of synchronized neuronal bursting in neocortex},
	Volume = {310},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Connors_Nature1984.pdf}}

@article{Woolf:1991,
	Author = {Woolf, N J},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 19:10:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 19:12:36 +0000},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {sleep; review literature; Acetylcholine; cortical oscillations; spontaneous activity; Cerebral Cortex; thalamus; Brain Stem; midbrain},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arousal; Behavior; Brain; Brain Mapping; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Cholinergic Fibers; Cognition; Efferent Pathways; Mammals; Motor Activity; Neurons; Rats; Sensation; Sleep; Spinal Cord},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {475-524},
	pmid = {1763188},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Woolf_ProgNeurobiol1991.pdf}}

@article{Sanchez-Vives:2000a,
	Abstract = {Contrast adaptation is a psychophysical phenomenon, the neuronal bases of which reside largely in the primary visual cortex. The cellular mechanisms of contrast adaptation were investigated in the cat primary visual cortex in vivo through intracellular recording and current injections. Visual cortex cells, and to a much less extent, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons, exhibited a reduction in firing rate during prolonged presentations of a high-contrast visual stimulus, a process we termed high-contrast adaptation. In a majority of cortical and dLGN cells, the period of adaptation to high contrast was followed by a prolonged (5-80 sec) period of reduced responsiveness to a low-contrast stimulus (postadaptation suppression), an effect that was associated, and positively correlated, with a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and an increase in apparent membrane conductance. In simple cells, the period of postadaptation suppression was not consistently associated with a decrease in the grating modulated component of the evoked synaptic barrages (the F1 component). The generation of the hyperpolarization appears to be at least partially intrinsic to the recorded cells, because the induction of neuronal activity with the intracellular injection of current resulted in both a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and a decrease in the spike response to either current injections or visual stimuli. Conversely, high-contrast visual stimulation could suppress the response to low-intensity sinusoidal current injection. We conclude that control of the membrane potential by intrinsic neuronal mechanisms contributes importantly to the adaptation of neuronal responsiveness to varying levels of contrast. This feedback mechanism, internal to cortical neurons, provides them with the ability to continually adjust their responsiveness as a function of their history of synaptic and action potential activity.},
	Author = {Sanchez-Vives, M V and Nowak, L G and McCormick, D A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 17:58:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 17:58:49 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {sleep; slow oscillations; Neocortex; cat; spontaneous activity; in vivo; Anesthesia},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Ocular; Animals; Cats; Contrast Sensitivity; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Potassium Channels; Signal Transduction; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {4267-85},
	pmid = {10818163},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Membrane mechanisms underlying contrast adaptation in cat area 17 in vivo},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Krosigk:1993,
	Abstract = {Spindle waves are a prototypical example of synchronized oscillations, a common feature of neuronal activity in thalamic and cortical systems in sleeping and waking animals. Spontaneous spindle waves recorded from slices of the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus were generated by rebound burst firing in relay cells. This rebound burst firing resulted from inhibitory postsynaptic potentials arriving from the perigeniculate nucleus, the cells of which were activated by burst firing in relay neurons. Reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition markedly enhanced GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in relay cells and subsequently generated a slowed and rhythmic population activity resembling that which occurs during an absence seizure. Pharmacological block of GABAB receptors abolished this seizure-like activity but not normal spindle waves, suggesting that GABAB antagonists may be useful in the treatment of absence seizures.},
	Author = {von Krosigk, M and Bal, T and McCormick, D A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:29:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:29:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Calcium; Epilepsy, Absence; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Potassium; Receptors, Amino Acid; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, Kainic Acid; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5119},
	Pages = {361-4},
	pmid = {8392750},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cellular mechanisms of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus},
	Volume = {261},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Steriade:1993d,
	Abstract = {Sleep is characterized by synchronized events in billions of synaptically coupled neurons in thalamocortical systems. The activation of a series of neuromodulatory transmitter systems during awakening blocks low-frequency oscillations, induces fast rhythms, and allows the brain to recover full responsiveness. Analysis of cortical and thalamic networks at many levels, from molecules to single neurons to large neuronal assemblies, with a variety of techniques, ranging from intracellular recordings in vivo and in vitro to computer simulations, is beginning to yield insights into the mechanisms of the generation, modulation, and function of brain oscillations.},
	Author = {Steriade, M and McCormick, D A and Sejnowski, T J},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:29:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 18:37:40 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arousal; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Sleep; Thalamus},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5134},
	Pages = {679-85},
	pmid = {8235588},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain},
	Volume = {262},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Steriade_Science1993.pdf}}

@article{Blumenfeld:2000,
	Abstract = {Absence seizures (3-4 Hz) and sleep spindles (6-14 Hz) occur mostly during slow-wave sleep and have been hypothesized to involve the same corticothalamic network. However, the mechanism by which this network transforms from one form of activity to the other is not well understood. Here we examine this question using ferret lateral geniculate nucleus slices and stimulation of the corticothalamic tract. A feedback circuit, meant to mimic the cortical influence in vivo, was arranged such that thalamic burst firing resulted in stimulation of the corticothalamic tract. Stimuli were either single shocks to mimic normal action potential firing by cortical neurons or high-frequency bursts (six shocks at 200 Hz) to simulate increased cortical firing, such as during seizures. With one corticothalamic stimulus per thalamic burst, 6-10 Hz oscillations resembling spindle waves were generated. However, if the stimulation was a burst, the network immediately transformed into a 3-4 Hz paroxysmal oscillation. This transition was associated with a strong increase in the burst firing of GABAergic perigeniculate neurons. In addition, thalamocortical neurons showed a transition from fast (100-150 msec) IPSPs to slow ( approximately 300 msec) IPSPs. The GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35348 blocked the slow IPSPs and converted the 3-4 Hz paroxysmal oscillations back to 6-10 Hz spindle waves. Conversely, the GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin blocked spindle frequency oscillations resulting in 3-4 Hz oscillations with either single or burst stimuli. We suggest that differential activation of thalamic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in response to varying corticothalamic input patterns may be critical in setting the oscillation frequency of thalamocortical network interactions.},
	Author = {Blumenfeld, H and McCormick, D A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:28:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:28:46 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Ferrets; GABA Antagonists; Geniculate Bodies; Male; Microelectrodes; Nerve Net; Neural Conduction; Neurons; Organophosphorus Compounds; Picrotoxin; Reaction Time; Thalamus; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {5153-62},
	pmid = {10864972},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Corticothalamic inputs control the pattern of activity generated in thalamocortical networks},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{McCormick:2001,
	Abstract = {The highly interconnected networks of the mammalian forebrain can generate a wide variety of synchronized activities, including those underlying epileptic seizures, which often appear as a transformation of otherwise normal brain rhythms. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus are particularly prone to the generation of the large, synchronized bursts of activity underlying many forms of seizures owing to strong recurrent excitatory connections, the presence of intrinsically burst-generating neurons, ephaptic interactions among closely spaced neurons, and synaptic plasticity. The simplest form of epileptiform activity in these structures is the interictal spike, a synchronized burst of action potentials generated by recurrent excitation, followed by a period of hyperpolarization, in a localized pool of pyramidal neurons. Seizures can also be generated in response to a loss of balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences and can take the form of either tonic depolarizations or repetitive, rhythmic burst discharges, either as clonic or spike-wave activity, again mediated both by intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic interactions. The interaction of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, in conjunction with intrathalamic communication, can also generate spike waves similar to those occurring during human absence seizure discharges. Although epileptic syndromes and their causes are diverse, the cellular mechanisms of seizure generation appear to fall into only two categories: rhythmic or tonic "runaway" excitation or the synchronized and rhythmic interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons and membrane conductances.},
	Author = {McCormick, D A and Contreras, D},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:28:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:28:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.815},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neurons},
	Pages = {815-46},
	pmid = {11181977},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.815}}

@article{McCormick:2002,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex and thalamus can both generate cyclical oscillations of neuronal activity. Within the thalamus, sleep spindles are generated as a recurrent interaction between thalamocortical and thalamic reticular cells. Abnormally strong activation of the inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons can result in the transformation of this normal rhythm into one that resembles that underlying absence seizures. The cerebral cortex can generate periodic activity at < 1 Hz through recurrent excitation that is controlled by inhibition. Again, loss of inhibitory control allows this normal activity to become epileptiform. Together, the cerebral cortex and thalamus can form cyclical loops of activity that may contribute to some forms of epileptic seizures. It is proposed that hypsarrhythmic activity that is characteristic of children with infantile spasms may be generated through abnormal, locally synchronized bursts of activity within the cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:28:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:28:28 +0000},
	Journal = {Int Rev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {International review of neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy, Absence; Humans; Oscillometry; Periodicity; Reference Values; Thalamus},
	Pages = {99-114},
	pmid = {12040908},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical and subcortical generators of normal and abnormal rhythmicity},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Huguenard:2007,
	Abstract = {The circuitry within the thalamus creates an intrinsic oscillatory unit whose function depends critically on reciprocal synaptic connectivity between excitatory thalamocortical relay neurons and inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons along with a robust post-inhibitory rebound mechanism in relay neurons. Feedforward and feedback connections between cortex and thalamus reinforce the thalamic oscillatory activity into larger thalamocortical networks to generate sleep spindles and spike-wave discharge of generalized absence epilepsy. The degree of synchrony within the thalamic network seems to be crucial in determining whether normal (spindle) or pathological (spike-wave) oscillations occur, and recent studies show that regulation of excitability in the reticular nucleus leads to dynamical modulation of the state of the thalamic circuit and provide a basis for explaining how a variety of unrelated genetic alterations might lead to the spike-wave phenotype. In addition, given the central role of the reticular nucleus in generating spike-wave discharge, these studies have suggested specific interventions that would prevent seizures while still allowing normal spindle generation to occur. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com).},
	Author = {Huguenard, John R and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:27:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:27:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.007},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Clocks; Nonlinear Dynamics; Prosencephalon; Thalamus},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {350-6},
	pmid = {17544519},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamic synchrony and dynamic regulation of global forebrain oscillations},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.007}}

@article{Frohlich:2010,
	Abstract = {Local field potentials and the underlying endogenous electric fields (EFs) are traditionally considered to be epiphenomena of structured neuronal network activity. Recently, however, externally applied EFs have been shown to modulate pharmacologically evoked network activity in rodent hippocampus. In contrast, very little is known about the role of endogenous EFs during physiological activity states in neocortex. Here, we used the neocortical slow oscillation in vitro as a model system to show that weak sinusoidal and naturalistic EFs enhance and entrain physiological neocortical network activity with an amplitude threshold within the range of in vivo endogenous field strengths. Modulation of network activity by positive and negative feedback fields based on the network activity in real-time provide direct evidence for a feedback loop between neuronal activity and endogenous EF. This significant susceptibility of active networks to EFs that only cause small changes in membrane potential in individual neurons suggests that endogenous EFs could guide neocortical network activity.},
	Author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Flavio and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:27:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:27:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.005},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Ferrets; Male; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Oscillometry},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {129-43},
	Pmc = {PMC3139922},
	pmid = {20624597},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.005}}

@article{Foust:2010,
	Abstract = {Purkinje neurons are the output cells of the cerebellar cortex and generate spikes in two distinct modes, known as simple and complex spikes. Revealing the point of origin of these action potentials, and how they conduct into local axon collaterals, is important for understanding local and distal neuronal processing and communication. By using a recent improvement in voltage-sensitive dye imaging technique that provided exceptional spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to resolve the region of spike initiation as well as follow spike propagation into axon collaterals for each action potential initiated on single trials. All fast action potentials, for both simple and complex spikes, whether occurring spontaneously or in response to a somatic current pulse or synaptic input, initiated in the axon initial segment. At discharge frequencies of less than approximately 250 Hz, spikes propagated faithfully through the axon and axon collaterals, in a saltatory manner. Propagation failures were only observed for very high frequencies or for the spikelets associated with complex spikes. These results demonstrate that the axon initial segment is a critical decision point in Purkinje cell processing and that the properties of axon branch points are adjusted to maintain faithful transmission.},
	Author = {Foust, Amanda and Popovic, Marko and Zecevic, Dejan and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:27:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:27:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0552-10.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Biophysics; Cerebellum; Electric Stimulation; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Fibers; Neuropeptides; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging; tau Proteins},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {6891-902},
	Pmc = {PMC2990270},
	pmid = {20484631},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Action potentials initiate in the axon initial segment and propagate through axon collaterals reliably in cerebellar Purkinje neurons},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0552-10.2010}}

@article{Tahvildari:2012,
	Abstract = {The neocortex depends upon a relative balance of recurrent excitation and inhibition for its operation. During spontaneous Up states, cortical pyramidal cells receive proportional barrages of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Many of these synaptic potentials arise from the activity of nearby neurons, although the identity of these cells is relatively unknown, especially for those underlying the generation of inhibitory synaptic events. To address these fundamental questions, we developed an in vitro submerged slice preparation of the mouse entorhinal cortex that generates robust and regular spontaneous recurrent network activity in the form of the slow oscillation. By performing whole-cell recordings from multiple cell types identified with green fluorescent protein expression and electrophysiological and/or morphological properties, we show that distinct functional subpopulations of neurons exist in the entorhinal cortex, with large variations in contribution to the generation of balanced excitation and inhibition during the slow oscillation. The most active neurons during the slow oscillation are excitatory pyramidal and inhibitory fast spiking interneurons, receiving robust barrages of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Weak action potential activity was observed in stellate excitatory neurons and somatostatin-containing interneurons. In contrast, interneurons containing neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 3a receptor, were silent. Our data demonstrate remarkable functional specificity in the interactions between different excitatory and inhibitory cortical neuronal subtypes, and suggest that it is the large recurrent interaction between pyramidal neurons and fast spiking interneurons that is responsible for the generation of persistent activity that characterizes the depolarized states of the cortex.},
	Author = {Tahvildari, Babak and W{\"o}lfel, Markus and Duque, Alvaro and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-11 14:26:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 14:26:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1181-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Clocks; Cerebral Cortex; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Humans; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Reaction Time},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {12165-79},
	Pmc = {PMC3466092},
	pmid = {22933799},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Selective functional interactions between excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons and differential contribution to persistent activity of the slow oscillation},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1181-12.2012}}

@article{Killackey:1995,
	Abstract = {The primary somatosensory cortex of small rodents is an isomorphic representation of the body surface. Similar representations are characteristic of the subcortical pathways, leading from the periphery to the cortex, and these representations develop in a sequence that begins at the periphery, and that ends in the cortex. Furthermore, central representations at all levels of the neural axis are altered by perinatal perturbations of the peripheral surface. This has led to the hypothesis that the periphery plays an instructional role in the formation of central neuronal structures. The morphology of this discrete organization has been examined thoroughly during the development of the thalamocortical projections. The mechanism(s) that underlies the formation of these representations remains unclear although some recent evidence suggests the involvement of activity-dependent processes that are modulated by 5-HT.},
	Author = {Killackey, H P and Rhoades, R W and Bennett-Clarke, C A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-10 19:09:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 19:37:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {development; activity-dependent; spontaneous activity; Sensory Deprivation; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex; topographic map; Serotonin; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {402-7},
	pmid = {7482806},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The formation of a cortical somatotopic map},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Killackey_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}}

@article{Vertes:1984,
	Author = {Vertes, R P},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-10 18:14:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 18:19:25 +0000},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {review literature; sleep; Spinal Cord; Brain Stem; Motor Activity; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cats; Cortical Synchronization; Eye Movements; Geniculate Bodies; Hippocampus; Humans; Locus Coeruleus; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Tonus; Occipital Lobe; Pons; Rats; Respiration; Reticular Formation; Sleep, REM},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {241-88},
	pmid = {6382442},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Vertes_ProgNeurobiol1984.pdf}}

@article{Jouvet-Mounier:1970,
	Author = {Jouvet-Mounier, D and Astic, L and Lacote, D},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-10 15:19:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 15:20:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dev.420020407},
	Journal = {Dev Psychobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental psychobiology},
	Keywords = {sleep; rat; cat; Guinea Pigs; development; behavior; Motor Activity; spontaneous activity; state},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Cats; Circadian Rhythm; Electroencephalography; Guinea Pigs; Rats; Sleep; Sleep Stages; Wakefulness; Weaning},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {216-39},
	pmid = {5527153},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ontogenesis of the states of sleep in rat, cat, and guinea pig during the first postnatal month},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1970},
	url = {papers/Jouvet-Mounier_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420020407}}

@article{Stelzner:1975,
	Author = {Stelzner, D J and Ershler, W B and Weber, E D},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-10 15:09:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 15:10:49 +0000},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental neurology},
	Keywords = {development; spontaneous activity; Spinal Cord; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; behavior; Motor Activity; rat;},
	Mesh = {Acute Disease; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Chronic Disease; Female; Gliosis; Locomotion; Motor Skills; Neural Pathways; Posture; Rats; Red Nucleus; Reflex, Abnormal; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {156-77},
	pmid = {1109335},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Effects of spinal transection in neonatal and weanling rats: survival of function},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Stelzner_ExpNeurol1975.pdf}}

@article{Altman:1975,
	Abstract = {In laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 1 to 21 days emergence of postural and locomotor skills was studied in the open field and in experimental situations with homing used as motivation. Righting is mediated initially by curving and rocking of the trunk, later head and shoulder are rotated, and lastly the hindlimbs turn and provide co-ordinated support. Pivoting prodominates during the second half of the first week, crawling during most of the second week, and walking or running by the end of the second week. Balancing on narrow paths and compensating for lateral displacement on rotating rods mature later, as do various skills (climbing up or down on inclined surfaces, rods and ropes, and jumping across gaps) that require substantial hindlimb co-ordiantion.},
	Author = {Altman, J and Sudarshan, K},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-10 14:30:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 14:31:31 +0000},
	Journal = {Anim Behav},
	Journal-Full = {Animal behaviour},
	Keywords = {development; Motor Activity; behavior; Locomotion; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Forelimb; Head; Hindlimb; Housing, Animal; Locomotion; Male; Motor Skills; Movement; Orientation; Posture; Rats},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {896-920},
	pmid = {1200422},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Altman_AnimBehav1975.pdf}}

@article{Narayanan:1971,
	Author = {Narayanan, C H and Fox, M W and Hamburger, V},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-09 02:31:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-10 14:57:16 +0000},
	Journal = {Behaviour},
	Journal-Full = {Behaviour},
	Keywords = {development; rat; fetal; Embryo; spontaneous activity; Motor Activity; Spinal Cord; sleep; behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Fetus; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {100-34},
	pmid = {5157515},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal development of spontaneous and evoked activity in the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus)},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1971},
	url = {papers/Narayanan_Behaviour1971.pdf}}

@article{Blumberg:1994,
	Abstract = {Twitches of the limbs during REM sleep in adult mammals result from descending motor activation from the brainstem. In contrast, many spontaneous movements in embryos appear similar to REM-related twitches and result from the local firing of spinal motor neurons. To determine which mechanism produces twitches in neonates, we analyzed twitching in 5- and 8-day-old rat pups that had spinal cords transected in the lower thoracic region. This transection separated motor units controlling forelimb movements from motor units controlling hindlimb movements. Spinal transection did not significantly affect the amount of forelimb twitching. In contrast, the amount of hindlimb twitching in transected pups was reduced by only 35%-50%. Given that hindlimb twitching was not eliminated by spinal transection, it is concluded that there are 2 independent mechanisms producing twitches at these ages.},
	Author = {Blumberg, M S and Lucas, D E},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-08 20:28:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-08 20:28:45 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioral neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spinal Cord; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; development; spontaneous activity; Movement; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Stem; Female; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Neural Pathways; Rats; Sleep, REM; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1196-202},
	pmid = {7893412},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dual mechanisms of twitching during sleep in neonatal rats},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Blumberg_BehavNeurosci1994.pdf}}

@article{Robinson:2000,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) is a ubiquitous feature of fetal and infant behavior. Although SMA appears random, successive limb movements often occur in bouts. Bout organization was evident at all ages in fetal (embryonic day [E] 17-21) and infant (postnatal day [P] 1-9) rats, with nearly all bouts comprising 1-4 movements of different limbs. A computational model of SMA, including spontaneous activity of spinal motor neurons, intrasegmental and intersegmental interactions, recurrent inhibition, and descending influences, produced bouts with the same structure as that observed in perinatal rats. Consistent with the model, bouts were not eliminated on E20 after cervical spinal transection, suggesting that the brain is not necessary to produce bout organization. These investigations provide a foundation for understanding the contributions of SMA to neuromuscular and motor development.},
	Author = {Robinson, S R and Blumberg, M S and Lane, M S and Kreber, L A},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-08 20:24:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-08 20:24:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioral neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spinal Cord; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; development; spontaneous activity; Movement; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Fetal Movement; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Neuromuscular Junction; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {328-36},
	pmid = {10832794},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous motor activity in fetal and infant rats is organized into discrete multilimb bouts},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Robinson_BehavNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Sokoloff:2000,
	Abstract = {In infant rats, huddling improves surface-to-volume ratios and provides metabolic savings during cold exposure. It is unclear, however, whether endothermy is also a necessary component of huddling. In the present experiment, huddles composed of infant Norway rats (2- or 8-day-olds), which produce heat endogenously, or Syrian golden hamsters (8-day-olds), which do not produce heat endogenously, were exposed to decreases in air temperature. Behavioral and physiological responses were monitored throughout the test. Rats, especially at 8 days of age, were better able to thermoregulate using huddling than hamsters, due in part to endogenous heat production. Furthermore, 8-day-old rats exhibited behavioral responses that promote heat retention, suggesting that both physiological and behavioral mechanisms contribute to effective thermoregulation during huddling in the cold.},
	Author = {Sokoloff, G and Blumberg, M S and Adams, M M},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-08 20:24:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-08 20:25:30 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioral neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Thermodynamics; thermoregulation; development; spontaneous activity; Movement; rat},
	Mesh = {Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Temperature Regulation; Cricetinae; Energy Metabolism; Mesocricetus; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {585-93},
	pmid = {10883808},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A comparative analysis of huddling in infant Norway rats and Syrian golden hamsters: does endothermy modulate behavior?},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Schouenborg:2004,
	Abstract = {The study of plasticity in the central nervous system is a major and very dynamic neuroscience research field with enormous clinical potential. Considerable advances in this field have been made during the past 10 years. It now appears that most circuits in the brain and spinal cord show plasticity and that they can be modified by experience. Knowledge of the mechanisms of plasticity in the nervous system is therefore essential for the understanding of how the nervous system is wired during development and how it adapts in response to changes in the body and environment. Recent findings indicate that functional sensorimotor modules probe the sensory signals from the body that are generated as a consequence of module specific activity and use this sensory feedback to calibrate the strength in its input-output connections. This experience-dependent signal adapts the circuitry in the sensorimotor module to the body anatomy and biomechanics.},
	Author = {Schouenborg, Jens},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-08 20:21:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-08 20:22:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.009},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Spinal Cord; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; development; spontaneous activity; Movement},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Central Nervous System; Feedback; Humans; Learning; Movement; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Sensation; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {693-7},
	pmid = {15582370},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning in sensorimotor circuits},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Schouenborg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}}

@article{Varela:2001,
	Abstract = {The emergence of a unified cognitive moment relies on the coordination of scattered mosaics of functionally specialized brain regions. Here we review the mechanisms of large-scale integration that counterbalance the distributed anatomical and functional organization of brain activity to enable the emergence of coherent behaviour and cognition. Although the mechanisms involved in large-scale integration are still largely unknown, we argue that the most plausible candidate is the formation of dynamic links mediated by synchrony over multiple frequency bands.},
	Author = {Varela, F and Lachaux, J P and Rodriguez, E and Martinerie, J},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:17:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:18:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/35067550},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {synchrony; review literature; neurophysiology; in vivo; EEG; LFP; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; technique; Methods; Theoretical; Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Attention; Brain; Cognition; Electrophysiology; Learning; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {229-39},
	pmid = {11283746},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Varela_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35067550}}

@article{Collins:2001,
	Abstract = {We have measured intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) using Fura-2 or Ca(2+)-sensitive microelectrodes in voltage-clamped neurones of the snail, Helix aspersa. Caffeine-induced transient increases in [Ca(2+)]i were normally followed by a brief fall of [Ca(2+)]i below its pre-caffeine level. We investigated the cause of this undershoot by raising [Ca(2+)]i; and by inhibiting the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPases (PMCA or SERCA respectively). When the cell membrane potential was decreased from -60 to -25mV, steady-state [Ca(2+)]i increased. The caffeine-induced transients were smaller while the undershoots were larger than in control conditions. When the PMCA was inhibited by high pH the steady-state [Ca(2+)]i increased by 100-400nM. The caffeine-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase and the subsequent undershoot both became larger. Injection of orthovanadate, which inhibits the PMCA and increases [Ca(2+)]i, did not block either effect of caffeine. But when the SERCA was inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid the undershoot disappeared. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not influence the undershoot. These results suggest that the undershoot is generated by the Ca(2+)] ATPase of the stores rather than that of the plasma membrane. Since the undershoot increased as [Ca(2+)]i increased, we conclude that at higher levels of [Ca(2+)]i the stores refill more rapidly.},
	Author = {Collins, R O and Thomas, R C},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:14:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:14:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1054/ceca.2001.0209},
	Journal = {Cell Calcium},
	Journal-Full = {Cell calcium},
	Mesh = {Animals; Caffeine; Calcium; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Enzyme Inhibitors; Helix (Snails); Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indoles; Intracellular Fluid; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {41-8},
	pmid = {11396986},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effect of calcium pump inhibitors on the response of intracellular calcium to caffeine in snail neurones},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Collins_CellCalcium2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ceca.2001.0209}}

@article{Rolston:2009,
	Abstract = {Commercially available data acquisition systems for multielectrode recording from freely moving animals are expensive, often rely on proprietary software, and do not provide detailed, modifiable circuit schematics. When used in conjunction with electrical stimulation, they are prone to prolonged, saturating stimulation artifacts that prevent the recording of short-latency evoked responses. Yet electrical stimulation is integral to many experimental designs, and critical for emerging brain-computer interfacing and neuroprosthetic applications. To address these issues, we developed an easy-to-use, modifiable, and inexpensive system for multielectrode neural recording and stimulation. Setup costs are less than US{\$}10,000 for 64 channels, an order of magnitude lower than comparable commercial systems. Unlike commercial equipment, the system recovers rapidly from stimulation and allows short-latency action potentials (<1 ms post-stimulus) to be detected, facilitating closed-loop applications and exposing neural activity that would otherwise remain hidden. To illustrate this capability, evoked activity from microstimulation of the rodent hippocampus is presented. System noise levels are similar to existing platforms, and extracellular action potentials and local field potentials can be recorded simultaneously. The system is modular, in banks of 16 channels, and flexible in usage: while primarily designed for in vivo use, it can be combined with commercial preamplifiers to record from in vitro multielectrode arrays. The system's open-source control software, NeuroRighter, is implemented in C#, with an easy-to-use graphical interface. As C# functions in a managed code environment, which may impact performance, analysis was conducted to ensure comparable speed to C++ for this application. Hardware schematics, layout files, and software are freely available. Since maintaining wired headstage connections with freely moving animals is difficult, we describe a new method of electrode-headstage coupling using neodymium magnets.},
	Author = {Rolston, John D and Gross, Robert E and Potter, Steve M},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:13:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:13:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/neuro.16.012.2009},
	Journal = {Front Neuroeng},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroengineering},
	Keywords = {data acquisition system; hippocampus; local field potential; microstimulation; multi-electrode array; population spike; recording; stimulation artifact},
	Pages = {12},
	Pmc = {PMC2722905},
	pmid = {19668698},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rolston_FrontNeuroeng2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.16.012.2009}}

@article{Brickley:1998,
	Abstract = {Spatiotemporal correlations in the pattern of spontaneous and evoked retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity are believed to influence the topographic organization of connections throughout the developing visual system. We have tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of interfering with these potential activity cues during development on the functional organization of binocular maps in the Xenopus frog optic tectum. Paired recordings combined with cross-correlation analyses demonstrated that exposing normal frogs to a continuous 1 Hz of stroboscopic illumination synchronized the firing of all three classes of RGC projecting to the tectum and induced similar patterns of temporally correlated activity across both lobes of the nucleus. Embryonic and eye-rotated larval animals were reared until early adulthood under equivalent stroboscopic conditions. The maps formed by each RGC class in the contralateral tectum showed normal topography and stratification after strobe rearing, but with consistently enlarged multiunit receptive fields. Maps of the ipsilateral eye, formed by crossed isthmotectal axons, showed significant disorder and misalignment with direct visual input from the retina, and in the eye-rotated animals complete compensatory reorientation of these maps usually induced by this procedure failed to occur. These findings suggest that refinement of retinal arbors in the tectum and the ability of crossed isthmotectal arbors to establish binocular convergence with these retinal afferents are disrupted when they all fire together. Our data thus provide direct experimental evidence that spatiotemporal activity patterns within and between the two eyes regulate the precision of their developing connections.},
	Author = {Brickley, S G and Dawes, E A and Keating, M J and Grant, S},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:09:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:12:12 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation; activity-development; development; Xenopus; visual system; optic tectum; neurophysiology; topographic map; ocular dominance; frog},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Larva; Neuronal Plasticity; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rotation; Superior Colliculi; Time Factors; Vision, Binocular; Xenopus},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1491-504},
	pmid = {9454857},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synchronizing retinal activity in both eyes disrupts binocular map development in the optic tectum},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Brickley_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Leinekugel:1997,
	Abstract = {We asked whether GABA(A) and NMDA receptors may act in synergy in neonatal hippocampal slices, at a time when GABA exerts a depolarizing action. The GABA(A) receptor agonist isoguvacine reduced the voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of single NMDA channels recorded in cell-attached configuration from P(2-5) CA3 pyramidal neurons and potentiated the Ca2+ influx through NMDA channels. The synaptic response evoked by electrical stimulation of stratum radiatum was mediated by a synergistic interaction between GABA(A) and NMDA receptors. Network-driven Giant Depolarizing Potentials, which are a typical feature of the neonatal hippocampal network, provided coactivation of GABA(A) and NMDA receptors and were associated with spontaneous and synchronous Ca2+ increases in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Thus, at the early stages of development, GABA is a major excitatory transmitter that acts in synergy with NMDA receptors. This provides in neonatal neurons a hebbian stimulation that may be involved in neuronal plasticity and network formation in the developing hippocampus.},
	Author = {Leinekugel, X and Medina, I and Khalilov, I and Ben-Ari, Y and Khazipov, R},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:07:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:08:40 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {activity-dependent; development; hippocampus; rat; in vitro; GABA},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Calcium Channels; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; Hippocampus; Ion Channel Gating; Isonicotinic Acids; Magnesium; Male; Membrane Potentials; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {243-55},
	pmid = {9052795},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ca2+ oscillations mediated by the synergistic excitatory actions of GABA(A) and NMDA receptors in the neonatal hippocampus},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Leinekugel_Neuron1997.pdf}}

@article{Akerman:2006a,
	Abstract = {Neurotransmission during development regulates synaptic maturation in neural circuits, but the contribution of different neurotransmitter systems is unclear. We investigated the role of GABAA receptor-mediated Cl- conductances in the development of synaptic responses in the Xenopus visual system. Intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) was found to be high in immature tectal neurons and then falls over a period of several weeks. GABAergic synapses are present at early stages of tectal development and, when activated by optic nerve stimulation or visual stimuli, induce sustained depolarizing Cl- conductances that facilitate retinotectal transmission by NMDA receptors. To test whether depolarizing GABAergic inputs cooperate with NMDA receptors during activity-dependent maturation of glutamatergic synapses, we prematurely reduced [Cl-]i in tectal neurons in vivo by expressing the Cl- transporter KCC2. This blocked the normal developmental increase in AMPA receptor-mediated retinotectal transmission and increased GABAergic synaptic input to tectal neurons. Therefore, depolarizing GABAergic transmission plays a pivotal role in the maturation of excitatory transmission and controls the balance of excitation and inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit.},
	Author = {Akerman, Colin J and Cline, Hollis T},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-03 13:04:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-03 13:05:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0319-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Chloride Channels; GABA; development; Xenopus; frog; in vivo; activity-dependent},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Membrane; Chloride Channels; Electric Conductivity; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Larva; Membrane Potentials; Neural Inhibition; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways; Xenopus laevis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {5117-30},
	pmid = {16687503},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}}

@article{Munz:2014,
	Abstract = {We examined how correlated firing controls axon remodeling, using in vivo time-lapse imaging and electrophysiological analysis of individual retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons that were visually stimulated either synchronously or asynchronously relative to neighboring inputs in the Xenopus laevis optic tectum. RGCs stimulated out of synchrony rapidly lost the ability to drive tectal postsynaptic partners while their axons grew and added many new branches. In contrast, synchronously activated RGCs produced fewer new branches, but these were more stable. The effects of synchronous activation were prevented by the inhibition of neurotransmitter release and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade, which is consistent with a role for synaptic NMDAR activation in the stabilization of axonal branches and suppression of further exploratory branch addition.},
	Author = {Munz, Martin and Gobert, Delphine and Schohl, Anne and Poqu{\'e}russe, Jessie and Podgorski, Kaspar and Spratt, Perry and Ruthazer, Edward S},
	Date-Added = {2014-09-02 15:39:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-02 15:40:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1251593},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {activity-dependent; Xenopus; frog; hebbian; development; optic tectum; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Electrical Synapses; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Psychological Theory; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Transmission; Time-Lapse Imaging; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6186},
	Pages = {904-9},
	pmid = {24855269},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid Hebbian axonal remodeling mediated by visual stimulation},
	Volume = {344},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Munz_Science2014.pdf}}

@article{Schwartz:2001,
	Abstract = {The population of neurons participating in an epileptiform event varies from moment to moment. Most techniques currently used to localize epileptiform events in vivo have spatial and/or temporal sampling limitations. Here we show in an animal model that optical imaging based on intrinsic signals is an excellent method for in vivo mapping of clinically relevant epileptiform events, such as interictal spikes, ictal onsets, ictal spread and secondary homotopic foci. In addition, a decrease in the optical signal correlates spatially with a decrease in neuronal activity recorded from cortex surrounding an epileptic focus. Optical mapping of epilepsy might be a useful adjunct in the surgical treatment of neocortical epilepsy, which critically depends on the precise localization of intrinsically epileptogenic neurons.},
	Author = {Schwartz, T H and Bonhoeffer, T},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-29 18:48:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-29 18:49:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nm0901-1063},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Journal-Full = {Nature medicine},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; intrinsic signal; in vivo; ferret; epilepsy; seizure; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Electrophysiology; Epilepsies, Partial; Ferrets; Optics and Photonics},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1063-7},
	pmid = {11533712},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo optical mapping of epileptic foci and surround inhibition in ferret cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Schwartz_NatMed2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0901-1063}}

@article{Suarez:2014,
	Abstract = {Bilateral integration of sensory and associative brain processing is achieved by precise connections between homologous regions in the two hemispheres via the corpus callosum. These connections form postnatally, and unilateral deprivation of sensory or spontaneous cortical activity during a critical period severely disrupts callosal wiring. However, little is known about how this early activity affects precise circuit formation. Here, using in utero electroporation of reporter genes, optogenetic constructs, and direct disruption of activity in callosal neurons combined with whisker ablations, we show that balanced interhemispheric activity, and not simply intact cortical activity in either hemisphere, is required for functional callosal targeting. Moreover, bilateral ablation of whiskers in symmetric or asymmetric configurations shows that spatially symmetric interhemispheric activity is required for appropriate callosal targeting. Our findings reveal a principle governing axon targeting, where spatially balanced activity between regions is required to establish their appropriate connectivity.},
	Author = {Su{\'a}rez, Rodrigo and Fenlon, Laura R and Marek, Roger and Avitan, Lilach and Sah, Pankaj and Goodhill, Geoffrey J and Richards, Linda J},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-29 18:12:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-29 18:42:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.040},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; development; activity-development; mirror symmetry; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Corpus Callosum; Female; Functional Laterality; Mice; Neural Pathways; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1289-98},
	pmid = {24945772},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Balanced interhemispheric cortical activity is required for correct targeting of the corpus callosum},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Suárez_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.040}}

@article{Brandes:2001,
	Author = {Ulrik Brandes},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-27 21:06:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-27 21:07:09 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
	Keywords = {network analysis; graph theory; Mathematics; Theoretical; Computational Biology},
	Pages = {163--177},
	Title = {A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Brandes_JournalofMathematicalSociology2001.pdf}}

@article{Sporns:2005,
	Abstract = {The connection matrix of the human brain (the human "connectome") represents an indispensable foundation for basic and applied neurobiological research. However, the network of anatomical connections linking the neuronal elements of the human brain is still largely unknown. While some databases or collations of large-scale anatomical connection patterns exist for other mammalian species, there is currently no connection matrix of the human brain, nor is there a coordinated research effort to collect, archive, and disseminate this important information. We propose a research strategy to achieve this goal, and discuss its potential impact.},
	Author = {Sporns, Olaf and Tononi, Giulio and K{\"o}tter, Rolf},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-27 20:55:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-27 20:58:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {connectivity; connectome; connectomics; network analysis; graph theory; Human; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; Nerve Net; Neurons; Synapses},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e42},
	Pmc = {PMC1239902},
	pmid = {16201007},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The human connectome: A structural description of the human brain},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Sporns_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042}}

@article{Smith:2013,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous fluctuations in activity in different parts of the brain can be used to study functional brain networks. We review the use of resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI) for the purpose of mapping the macroscopic functional connectome. After describing MRI acquisition and image-processing methods commonly used to generate data in a form amenable to connectomics network analysis, we discuss different approaches for estimating network structure from that data. Finally, we describe new possibilities resulting from the high-quality rfMRI data being generated by the Human Connectome Project and highlight some upcoming challenges in functional connectomics.},
	Author = {Smith, Stephen M and Vidaurre, Diego and Beckmann, Christian F and Glasser, Matthew F and Jenkinson, Mark and Miller, Karla L and Nichols, Thomas E and Robinson, Emma C and Salimi-Khorshidi, Gholamreza and Woolrich, Mark W and Barch, Deanna M and U{\u g}urbil, Kamil and Van Essen, David C},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-27 20:40:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-27 20:41:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.016},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {connectomics; network modelling; resting-state fMRI; human; default mode network; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Oxygen; Rest},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {666-82},
	Pmc = {PMC4004765},
	pmid = {24238796},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Smith_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.016}}

@article{Nadel:1990,
	Author = {Nadel, L},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-27 16:13:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-27 17:50:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	Keywords = {goal directed behavior; rat; rodent; learning; memory; development; behavior; Locomotion; Motor Activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cognition; Cues; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Male; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Orientation; Rats; Spatial Behavior},
	Pages = {613-26; discussion 626-36},
	pmid = {2075964},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Varieties of spatial cognition. Psychobiological considerations},
	Volume = {608},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Nadel_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}}

@article{Zhang:2014,
	Abstract = {Top-down modulation of sensory processing allows the animal to select inputs most relevant to current tasks. We found that the cingulate (Cg) region of the mouse frontal cortex powerfully influences sensory processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) through long-range projections that activate local γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) circuits. Optogenetic activation of Cg neurons enhanced V1 neuron responses and improved visual discrimination. Focal activation of Cg axons in V1 caused a response increase at the activation site but a decrease at nearby locations (center-surround modulation). Whereas somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons contributed preferentially to surround suppression, vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons were crucial for center facilitation. Long-range corticocortical projections thus act through local microcircuits to exert spatially specific top-down modulation of sensory processing.},
	Author = {Zhang, Siyu and Xu, Min and Kamigaki, Tsukasa and Hoang Do, Johnny Phong and Chang, Wei-Cheng and Jenvay, Sean and Miyamichi, Kazunari and Luo, Liqun and Dan, Yang},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-27 15:52:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-27 15:52:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1254126},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Discrimination (Psychology); GABAergic Neurons; Gyrus Cinguli; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Inhibition; Photic Stimulation; Somatostatin; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6197},
	Pages = {660-5},
	pmid = {25104383},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Selective attention. Long-range and local circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing},
	Volume = {345},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Zhang_Science2014.pdf}}

@article{An:2014,
	Abstract = {Self-generated neuronal activity originating from subcortical regions drives early spontaneous motor activity, which is a hallmark of the developing sensorimotor system. However, the neural activity patterns and role of primary motor cortex (M1) in these early movements are still unknown. Combining voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) with simultaneous extracellular multielectrode recordings in postnatal day 3 (P3)-P5 rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and M1 in vivo, we observed that tactile forepaw stimulation induced spindle bursts in S1 and gamma and spindle bursts in M1. Approximately 40% of the spontaneous gamma and spindle bursts in M1 were driven by early motor activity, whereas 23.7% of the M1 bursts triggered forepaw movements. Approximately 35% of the M1 bursts were uncorrelated to movements and these bursts had significantly fewer spikes and shorter burst duration. Focal electrical stimulation of layer V neurons in M1 mimicking physiologically relevant 40 Hz gamma or 10 Hz spindle burst activity reliably elicited forepaw movements. We conclude that M1 is already involved in somatosensory information processing during early development. M1 is mainly activated by tactile stimuli triggered by preceding spontaneous movements, which reach M1 via S1. Only a fraction of M1 activity transients trigger motor responses directly. We suggest that both spontaneously occurring and sensory-evoked gamma and spindle bursts in M1 contribute to the maturation of corticospinal and sensorimotor networks required for the refinement of sensorimotor coordination.},
	Author = {An, Shuming and Kilb, Werner and Luhmann, Heiko J},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-20 19:13:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-20 19:14:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4539-13.2014},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; in vivo; motor; neocortex; rat; somatosensory; wholeBrain},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {33},
	Pages = {10870-83},
	pmid = {25122889},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sensory-evoked and spontaneous gamma and spindle bursts in neonatal rat motor cortex},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/An_JNeurosci2014.pdf}}

@article{Spitzer:2012,
	Abstract = {For many years it has been assumed that the identity of the transmitters expressed by neurons is stable and unchanging. Recent work, however, shows that electrical activity can respecify neurotransmitter expression during development and in the mature nervous system, and an understanding is emerging of the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent transmitter respecification. Changes in postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor expression accompany and match changes in transmitter specification, thus enabling synaptic transmission. The functional roles of neurotransmitter respecification are beginning to be understood and appear to involve homeostatic synaptic regulation, which in turn influences behaviour. Activation of this novel form of plasticity by sensorimotor stimuli may provide clinical benefits.},
	Author = {Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-20 18:41:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-20 18:42:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn3154},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {review literature; Spontaneous activity; development; Neurotransmitters/*physiology; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Homeostasis; Models, Biological; Motor Activity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Synapses},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {94-106},
	pmid = {22251956},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Spitzer_NatRevNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3154}}

@article{Christensen:2013,
	Abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Valproate is used for the treatment of epilepsy and other neuropsychological disorders and may be the only treatment option for women of childbearing potential. However, prenatal exposure to valproate may increase the risk of autism.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prenatal exposure to valproate is associated with an increased risk of autism in offspring.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based study of all children born alive in Denmark from 1996 to 2006. National registers were used to identify children exposed to valproate during pregnancy and diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (childhood autism [autistic disorder], Asperger syndrome, atypical autism, and other or unspecified pervasive developmental disorders). We analyzed the risks associated with all autism spectrum disorders as well as childhood autism. Data were analyzed by Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age at conception, paternal age at conception, parental psychiatric history, gestational age, birth weight, sex, congenital malformations, and parity). Children were followed up from birth until the day of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, death, emigration, or December 31, 2010, whichever came first.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Absolute risk (cumulative incidence) and the hazard ratio (HR) of autism spectrum disorder and childhood autism in children after exposure to valproate in pregnancy.
RESULTS: Of 655,615 children born from 1996 through 2006, 5437 were identified with autism spectrum disorder, including 2067 with childhood autism. The mean age of the children at end of follow-up was 8.84 years (range, 4-14; median, 8.85). The estimated absolute risk after 14 years of follow-up was 1.53% (95% CI, 1.47%-1.58%) for autism spectrum disorder and 0.48% (95% CI, 0.46%-0.51%) for childhood autism. Overall, the 508 children exposed to valproate had an absolute risk of 4.42% (95% CI, 2.59%-7.46%) for autism spectrum disorder (adjusted HR, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.7-4.9]) and an absolute risk of 2.50% (95% CI, 1.30%-4.81%) for childhood autism (adjusted HR, 5.2 [95% CI, 2.7-10.0]). When restricting the cohort to the 6584 children born to women with epilepsy, the absolute risk of autism spectrum disorder among 432 children exposed to valproate was 4.15% (95% CI, 2.20%-7.81%) (adjusted HR, 1.7 [95% CI, 0.9-3.2]), and the absolute risk of childhood autism was 2.95% (95% CI, 1.42%-6.11%) (adjusted HR, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4-6.0]) vs 2.44% (95% CI, 1.88%-3.16%) for autism spectrum disorder and 1.02% (95% CI, 0.70%-1.49%) for childhood autism among 6152 children not exposed to valproate.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Maternal use of valproate during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and childhood autism in the offspring, even after adjusting for maternal epilepsy. For women of childbearing potential who use antiepileptic medications, these findings must be balanced against the treatment benefits for women who require valproate for epilepsy control.},
	Author = {Christensen, Jakob and Gr{\o}nborg, Therese Koops and S{\o}rensen, Merete Juul and Schendel, Diana and Parner, Erik Thorlund and Pedersen, Lars Henning and Vestergaard, Mogens},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-20 18:39:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-20 18:40:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1001/jama.2013.2270},
	Journal = {JAMA},
	Journal-Full = {JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association},
	Keywords = {development; Human; fetal; infant; Child; epilepsy; spontaneous activity; Drug; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Autistic Disorder; Child; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Child, Preschool; Denmark; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Maternal Age; Mental Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Registries; Risk; Valproic Acid; Young Adult},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {1696-703},
	pmid = {23613074},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism},
	Volume = {309},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.2270}}

@article{Meador:2013,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many women of childbearing potential take antiepileptic drugs, but the cognitive effects of fetal exposure are uncertain. We aimed to assess effects of commonly used antiepileptic drugs on cognitive outcomes in children up to 6 years of age.
METHODS: In this prospective, observational, assessor-masked, multicentre study, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) between October, 1999, and February, 2004, at 25 epilepsy centres in the UK and the USA. Our primary outcome was intelligence quotient (IQ) at 6 years of age (age-6 IQ) in all children, assessed with linear regression adjusted for maternal IQ, antiepileptic drug type, standardised dose, gestational birth age, and use of periconceptional folate. We also assessed multiple cognitive domains and compared findings with outcomes at younger ages. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00021866.
FINDINGS: We included 305 mothers and 311 children (six twin pairs) in the primary analysis. 224 children completed 6 years of follow-up (6-year-completer sample). Multivariate analysis of all children showed that age-6 IQ was lower after exposure to valproate (mean 97, 95% CI 94-101) than to carbamazepine (105, 102-108; p=0·0015), lamotrigine (108, 105-110; p=0·0003), or phenytoin (108, 104-112; p=0·0006). Children exposed to valproate did poorly on measures of verbal and memory abilities compared with those exposed to the other antiepileptic drugs and on non-verbal and executive functions compared with lamotrigine (but not carbamazepine or phenytoin). High doses of valproate were negatively associated with IQ (r=-0·56, p<0·0001), verbal ability (r=-0·40, p=0·0045), non-verbal ability (r=-0·42, p=0·0028), memory (r=-0·30, p=0·0434), and executive function (r=-0·42, p=0·0004), but other antiepileptic drugs were not. Age-6 IQ correlated with IQs at younger ages, and IQ improved with age for infants exposed to any antiepileptic drug. Compared with a normative sample (173 [93%] of 187 children), right-handedness was less frequent in children in our study overall (185 [86%] of 215; p=0·0404) and in the lamotrigine (59 [83%] of 71; p=0·0287) and valproate (38 [79%] of 40; p=0·0089) groups. Verbal abilities were worse than non-verbal abilities in children in our study overall and in the lamotrigine and valproate groups. Mean IQs were higher in children exposed to periconceptional folate (108, 95% CI 106-111) than they were in unexposed children (101, 98-104; p=0·0009).
INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with reduced cognitive abilities across a range of domains at 6 years of age. Reduced right-handedness and verbal (vs non-verbal) abilities might be attributable to changes in cerebral lateralisation induced by exposure to antiepileptic drugs. The positive association of periconceptional folate with IQ is consistent with other recent studies.},
	Author = {Meador, Kimford J and Baker, Gus A and Browning, Nancy and Cohen, Morris J and Bromley, Rebecca L and Clayton-Smith, Jill and Kalayjian, Laura A and Kanner, Andres and Liporace, Joyce D and Pennell, Page B and Privitera, Michael and Loring, David W and {NEAD Study Group}},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-20 18:38:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-20 18:39:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X},
	Journal = {Lancet Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Lancet. Neurology},
	Keywords = {development; Human; fetal; infant; Child; epilepsy; spontaneous activity; Drug; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Observation; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies; Triazines},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {244-52},
	Pmc = {PMC3684942},
	pmid = {23352199},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X}}

@article{Bassett:2008,
	Abstract = {The complex organization of connectivity in the human brain is incompletely understood. Recently, topological measures based on graph theory have provided a new approach to quantify large-scale cortical networks. These methods have been applied to anatomical connectivity data on nonhuman species, and cortical networks have been shown to have small-world topology, associated with high local and global efficiency of information transfer. Anatomical networks derived from cortical thickness measurements have shown the same organizational properties of the healthy human brain, consistent with similar results reported in functional networks derived from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalographic data. Here we show, using anatomical networks derived from analysis of inter-regional covariation of gray matter volume in MRI data on 259 healthy volunteers, that classical divisions of cortex (multimodal, unimodal, and transmodal) have some distinct topological attributes. Although all cortical divisions shared nonrandom properties of small-worldness and efficient wiring (short mean Euclidean distance between connected regions), the multimodal network had a hierarchical organization, dominated by frontal hubs with low clustering, whereas the transmodal network was assortative. Moreover, in a sample of 203 people with schizophrenia, multimodal network organization was abnormal, as indicated by reduced hierarchy, the loss of frontal and the emergence of nonfrontal hubs, and increased connection distance. We propose that the topological differences between divisions of normal cortex may represent the outcome of different growth processes for multimodal and transmodal networks and that neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia specifically impact multimodal cortical organization.},
	Author = {Bassett, Danielle S and Bullmore, Edward and Verchinski, Beth A and Mattay, Venkata S and Weinberger, Daniel R and Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-19 16:51:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-19 17:03:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1929-08.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {human; fMRI; graph theory; network analysis; Theoretical; wholeBrain; MRI; DTI},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain Mapping; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {9239-48},
	Pmc = {PMC2878961},
	pmid = {18784304},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Bassett_JNeurosci2008.pdf}}

@Software{Csardi:2013,
	Author = {Csardi, G.},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-15 17:00:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-30 20:20:54 +0000},
	Keywords = {Software},
	Title = {igraph, The network analysis package},
	Url = {http://igraph.org},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Clauset:2004,
	Author = {Clauset, A. and Newman, M. E. J. and Moore, C.},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-15 16:57:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-15 17:00:02 +0000},
	Keywords = {Software},
	Title = {Finding community structure in very large networks},
	eprint = {http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0408187v2.pdf},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Clauset_2004.pdf}}

@Software{Dollar:2014,
	Author = {Doll{\'a}r, P.},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-15 16:55:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-15 17:02:03 +0000},
	Keywords = {Software},
	Lastchecked = {2014-08},
	Title = {Piotr's Image and Video Matlab Toolbox},
	Url = {http://vision.ucsd.edu/~pdollar/toolbox/doc/index.html},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{Lucas:1981,
	Author = {Lucas, B. D. and Kanade, T.},
	Booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-15 16:16:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-15 16:19:42 +0000},
	Keywords = {Software},
	Pages = {674-697},
	Title = {An Iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Lucas_1981.pdf}}

@Software{Ackman:2014b,
	Author = {Ackman, James B},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-15 15:47:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-15 17:19:28 +0000},
	Keywords = {wholeBrain; Software},
	Lastchecked = {2014-08},
	Title = {wholeBrainDX, Image analysis suite for whole brain calcium imaging},
	Url = {https://github.com/ackman678/wholeBrainDX},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Newman:2004,
	Author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-11 23:45:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-11 23:47:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133},
	Issue = {6},
	Journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
	Month = {Jun},
	Numpages = {5},
	Pages = {066133},
	Publisher = {American Physical Society},
	Title = {Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks},
	eprint = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Newman_Phys.Rev.E2004.pdf}}

@article{Gaspar:2003,
	Abstract = {New genetic models that target the serotonin system show that transient alterations in serotonin homeostasis cause permanent changes to adult behaviour and modify the fine wiring of brain connections. These findings have revived a long-standing interest in the developmental role of serotonin. Molecular genetic approaches are now showing us that different serotonin receptors, acting at different developmental stages, modulate different developmental processes such as neurogenesis, apoptosis, axon branching and dendritogenesis. Our understanding of the specification of the serotonergic phenotype is improving. In addition, studies have revealed that serotonergic traits are dissociable, as there are populations of neurons that contain serotonin but do not synthesize it.},
	Author = {Gaspar, Patricia and Cases, Olivier and Maroteaux, Luc},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-08 18:11:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-08 18:11:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn1256},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Aging; Embryo, Mammalian; Homeostasis; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mice; Molecular Biology; Neurons; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonin},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1002-12},
	pmid = {14618156},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Gaspar_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Lebrand:1998,
	Abstract = {Neurons in first-order sensory thalamic nuclei have been shown to express functional plasma membrane serotonin (SERT) and vesicular monoamine (VMAT2) transporters during early postnatal development. In the present study, we provide an extensive description of the spatial and the temporal patterns of VMAT2 and SERT expression, during early embryonic development and postnatal life, by using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. VMAT2 and SERT genes are transiently expressed in a wide population of non-monoaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system with a large overlap in the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of both genes. A selective pattern of expression of both genes was observed in the thalamus with expression limited to the dorsal thalamus and more particularly to primary sensory relay nuclei that convey point to point projection maps. Transient expression of the transporters was also observed in sensory cranial nerves, in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, septum, and amygdala. VMAT2 and SERT gene expression was not necessarily linked, as some neural populations expressed only VMAT2, while others only contained SERT. Since VMAT2 serves to transport catecholamines besides serotonin, we examined the developmental expression of the plasma membrane dopamine and norepinephrine transporters but found no transient expression of these genes. Despite minor temporal disparities, VMAT2 and SERT extinguished almost simultaneously during the second and third weeks of post-natal life. These expressions did not seem to be dependent on peripheral neural inputs, since monocular enucleations and infraorbital nerve cuts effected on the day of birth, did not modify the period of transporter expression or of extinction.},
	Author = {Lebrand, C and Cases, O and Wehrl{\'e}, R and Blakely, R D and Edwards, R H and Gaspar, P},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-08 18:10:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-08 18:10:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Chemistry; Carrier Proteins; Cell Membrane; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Eye Enucleation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons, Afferent; Neuropeptides; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Prosencephalon; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin; Symporters; Thalamus; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nerve; Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins; Vision, Monocular},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {506-24},
	pmid = {9826275},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transient developmental expression of monoamine transporters in the rodent forebrain},
	Volume = {401},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Lebrand_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}}

@article{Lebrand:1996,
	Abstract = {Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to affect the development and patterning of the mouse barrelfield. We show that the dense transient 5-HT innervation of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices originates in the thalamus rather than in the raphe: 5-HT is detected in thalamocortical fibers and most 5-HT cortical labeling disappears after thalamic lesions. Thalamic neurons do not synthesize 5-HT but take up exogenous 5-HT through 5-HT high affinity uptake sites located on thalamocortical axons and terminals. 3H-5-HT injected into the cortex is retrogradely transported to thalamic neurons. In situ hybridization shows a transient expression of the genes encoding the serotonin transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter in thalamic sensory neurons. In these glutamatergic neurons, internalized 5-HT might thus be stored and used as a "borrowed transmitter" for extraneuronal signaling or could exert an intraneuronal control on thalamic maturation.},
	Author = {Lebrand, C and Cases, O and Adelbrecht, C and Doye, A and Alvarez, C and El Mestikawy, S and Seif, I and Gaspar, P},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-08 18:10:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-08 18:12:12 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Biological Transport; Carrier Proteins; Cerebral Cortex; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons, Afferent; Neuropeptides; Neurotransmitter Agents; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Synaptic Vesicles; Thalamus; Time Factors; Tritium; Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins; barrel cortex; topographic map; Visual Cortex; Auditory Cortex; wholeBrain},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {823-35},
	pmid = {8938116},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transient uptake and storage of serotonin in developing thalamic neurons},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Lebrand_Neuron1996.pdf}}

@article{Newman:2000,
	Abstract = {The small-world network model is a simple model of the structure of social networks, which possesses characteristics of both regular lattices and random graphs. The model consists of a one-dimensional lattice with a low density of shortcuts added between randomly selected pairs of points. These shortcuts greatly reduce the typical path length between any two points on the lattice. We present a mean-field solution for the average path length and for the distribution of path lengths in the model. This solution is exact in the limit of large system size and either a large or small number of shortcuts.},
	Author = {Newman, M E and Moore, C and Watts, D J},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-06 18:24:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-06 18:24:59 +0000},
	Journal = {Phys Rev Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Physical review letters},
	Mesh = {Computer Simulation; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Theoretical; Neural Networks (Computer); Social Behavior},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {3201-4},
	pmid = {11019047},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mean-field solution of the small-world network model},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Newman_PhysRevLett2000.pdf}}

@article{Humphries:2008,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many technological, biological, social, and information networks fall into the broad class of 'small-world' networks: they have tightly interconnected clusters of nodes, and a shortest mean path length that is similar to a matched random graph (same number of nodes and edges). This semi-quantitative definition leads to a categorical distinction ('small/not-small') rather than a quantitative, continuous grading of networks, and can lead to uncertainty about a network's small-world status. Moreover, systems described by small-world networks are often studied using an equivalent canonical network model--the Watts-Strogatz (WS) model. However, the process of establishing an equivalent WS model is imprecise and there is a pressing need to discover ways in which this equivalence may be quantified.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We defined a precise measure of 'small-world-ness' S based on the trade off between high local clustering and short path length. A network is now deemed a 'small-world' if S>1--an assertion which may be tested statistically. We then examined the behavior of S on a large data-set of real-world systems. We found that all these systems were linked by a linear relationship between their S values and the network size n. Moreover, we show a method for assigning a unique Watts-Strogatz (WS) model to any real-world network, and show analytically that the WS models associated with our sample of networks also show linearity between S and n. Linearity between S and n is not, however, inevitable, and neither is S maximal for an arbitrary network of given size. Linearity may, however, be explained by a common limiting growth process.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network may be quantified. Several key properties of the metric are described and the use of WS canonical models is placed on a more secure footing.},
	Author = {Humphries, Mark D and Gurney, Kevin},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-06 18:22:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-06 18:22:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0002051},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Mesh = {Metric System; Models, Biological},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e0002051},
	Pmc = {PMC2323569},
	pmid = {18446219},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Network 'small-world-ness': a quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002051}}

@article{Sporns:2004,
	Abstract = {Recent research has revealed general principles in the structural and functional organization of complex networks which are shared by various natural, social and technological systems. This review examines these principles as applied to the organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Specifically, we examine the structural properties of large-scale anatomical and functional brain networks and discuss how they might arise in the course of network growth and rewiring. Moreover, we examine the relationship between the structural substrate of neuroanatomy and more dynamic functional and effective connectivity patterns that underlie human cognition. We suggest that network analysis offers new fundamental insights into global and integrative aspects of brain function, including the origin of flexible and coherent cognitive states within the neural architecture.},
	Author = {Sporns, Olaf and Chialvo, Dante R and Kaiser, Marcus and Hilgetag, Claus C},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-06 17:59:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-06 17:59:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Brain; Cognition; Humans; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {418-25},
	pmid = {15350243},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Organization, development and function of complex brain networks},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Sporns_TrendsCognSci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008}}

@article{Lim:2013,
	Abstract = {Human brain maturation is characterized by the prolonged development of structural and functional properties of large-scale networks that extends into adulthood. However, it is not clearly understood which features change and which remain stable over time. Here, we examined structural connectivity based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 121 participants between 4 and 40 years of age. DTI data were analyzed for small-world parameters, modularity, and the number of fiber tracts at the level of streamlines. First, our findings showed that the number of fiber tracts, small-world topology, and modular organization remained largely stable despite a substantial overall decrease in the number of streamlines with age. Second, this decrease mainly affected fiber tracts that had a large number of streamlines, were short, within modules and within hemispheres; such connections were affected significantly more often than would be expected given their number of occurrences in the network. Third, streamline loss occurred earlier in females than in males. In summary, our findings suggest that core properties of structural brain connectivity, such as the small-world and modular organization, remain stable during brain maturation by focusing streamline loss to specific types of fiber tracts.},
	Author = {Lim, Sol and Han, Cheol E and Uhlhaas, Peter J and Kaiser, Marcus},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-05 13:08:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-05 13:09:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht333},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {brain connectivity; connectome; maturation; network analysis; tractography; resting state; default mode network; technique; Methods; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software; neonate; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; wholeBrain},
	Month = {Dec},
	pmid = {24343892},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Preferential Detachment During Human Brain Development: Age- and Sex-Specific Structural Connectivity in Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Data},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Lim_CerebCortex2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht333}}

@article{Heuvel:2014,
	Abstract = {The human connectome is the result of an elaborate developmental trajectory. Acquiring diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state fMRI, we studied connectome formation during the preterm phase of macroscopic connectome genesis. In total, 27 neonates were scanned at week 30 and/or week 40 gestational age (GA). Examining the architecture of the neonatal anatomical brain network revealed a clear presence of a small-world modular organization before term birth. Analysis of neonatal functional connectivity (FC) showed the early formation of resting-state networks, suggesting that functional networks are present in the preterm brain, albeit being in an immature state. Moreover, structural and FC patterns of the neonatal brain network showed strong overlap with connectome architecture of the adult brain (85 and 81%, respectively). Analysis of brain development between week 30 and week 40 GA revealed clear developmental effects in neonatal connectome architecture, including a significant increase in white matter microstructure (P < 0.01), small-world topology (P < 0.01) and interhemispheric FC (P < 0.01). Computational analysis further showed that developmental changes involved an increase in integration capacity of the connectivity network as a whole. Taken together, we conclude that hallmark organizational structures of the human connectome are present before term birth and subject to early development.},
	Author = {van den Heuvel, Martijn P and Kersbergen, Karina J and de Reus, Marcel A and Keunen, Kristin and Kahn, Ren{\'e} S and Groenendaal, Floris and de Vries, Linda S and Benders, Manon J N L},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-05 13:07:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-05 13:09:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu095},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {connectome; development; functional connectivity; neonatal; structural connectivity; resting state; default mode network; technique; Methods; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software; neonate; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; wholeBrain},
	Month = {May},
	pmid = {24833018},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {The Neonatal Connectome During Preterm Brain Development},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Heuvel_CerebCortex2014.pdf}}

@article{Doria:2010,
	Abstract = {The functions of the resting state networks (RSNs) revealed by functional MRI remain unclear, but it has seemed possible that networks emerge in parallel with the development of related cognitive functions. We tested the alternative hypothesis: that the full repertoire of resting state dynamics emerges during the period of rapid neural growth before the normal time of birth at term (around 40 wk of gestation). We used a series of independent analytical techniques to map in detail the development of different networks in 70 infants born between 29 and 43 wk of postmenstrual age (PMA). We characterized and charted the development of RSNs from recognizable but often fragmentary elements at 30 wk of PMA to full facsimiles of adult patterns at term. Visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, default mode, frontoparietal, and executive control networks developed at different rates; however, by term, complete networks were present, several of which were integrated with thalamic activity. These results place the emergence of RSNs largely during the period of rapid neural growth in the third trimester of gestation, suggesting that they are formed before the acquisition of cognitive competencies in later childhood.},
	Author = {Doria, Valentina and Beckmann, Christian F and Arichi, Tomoki and Merchant, Nazakat and Groppo, Michela and Turkheimer, Federico E and Counsell, Serena J and Murgasova, Maria and Aljabar, Paul and Nunes, Rita G and Larkman, David J and Rees, Geraint and Edwards, A David},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-05 13:06:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-05 13:09:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1007921107},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {resting state; default mode network; technique; Methods; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software; neonate; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Bias (Epidemiology); Brain; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Nerve Net; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Premature Birth; Regression Analysis; Rest},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {20015-20},
	Pmc = {PMC2993415},
	pmid = {21041625},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of resting state networks in the preterm human brain},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Doria_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}}

@article{Ko:2014,
	Abstract = {In primary visual cortex (V1), connectivity between layer 2/3 (L2/3) excitatory neurons undergoes extensive reorganization after the onset of visual experience whereby neurons with similar feature selectivity form functional microcircuits (Ko et al., 2011, 2013). It remains unknown whether visual experience is required for the developmental refinement of intracortical circuitry or whether this maturation is guided intrinsically. Here, we correlated the connectivity between V1 L2/3 neurons assayed by simultaneous whole-cell recordings in vitro to their response properties measured by two-photon calcium imaging in vivo in dark-reared mice. We found that neurons with similar responses to oriented gratings or natural movies became preferentially connected in the absence of visual experience. However, the relationship between connectivity and similarity of visual responses to natural movies was not as strong in dark-reared as in normally reared mice. Moreover, dark rearing prevented the normally occurring loss of connections between visually nonresponsive neurons after eye opening (Ko et al., 2013). Therefore, our data suggest that the absence of visual input does not prevent the emergence of functionally specific recurrent connectivity in cortical circuits; however, visual experience is required for complete microcircuit maturation.},
	Author = {Ko, Ho and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Hofer, Sonja B},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-28 15:16:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-28 15:16:50 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0875-14.2014},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {experience-dependent; functional microcircuit organization; microcircuit development; mouse visual cortex; synaptic connectivity; two-photon imaging},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {9812-6},
	pmid = {25031418},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of feature-specific connectivity in cortical microcircuits in the absence of visual experience},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Ko_JNeurosci2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0875-14.2014}}

@article{Nasiriavanaki:2014,
	Abstract = {The increasing use of mouse models for human brain disease studies presents an emerging need for a new functional imaging modality. Using optical excitation and acoustic detection, we developed a functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography system, which allows noninvasive imaging of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain, with a large field of view and a high spatial resolution. Bilateral correlations were observed in eight functional regions, including the olfactory bulb, limbic, parietal, somatosensory, retrosplenial, visual, motor, and temporal regions, as well as in several subregions. The borders and locations of these regions agreed well with the Paxinos mouse brain atlas. By subjecting the mouse to alternating hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions, strong and weak functional connectivities were observed, respectively. In addition to connectivity images, vascular images were simultaneously acquired. These studies show that functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography is a promising, noninvasive technique for functional imaging of the mouse brain.},
	Author = {Nasiriavanaki, Mohammadreza and Xia, Jun and Wan, Hanlin and Bauer, Adam Quentin and Culver, Joseph P and Wang, Lihong V},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-28 14:38:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-28 14:39:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1311868111},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {RSFC; fcPAT; hyperoxia; hypoxia; mouse brain functional imaging; wholeBrain; topographic map; parcellation; optical physiology},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Anoxia; Brain; Brain Mapping; Disease Models, Animal; Electrodes; Equipment Design; Hemodynamics; Hemoglobins; Hyperoxia; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lasers; Male; Mice; Neural Pathways; Normal Distribution; Photoacoustic Techniques},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {21-6},
	Pmc = {PMC3890828},
	pmid = {24367107},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Nasiriavanaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311868111}}

@article{Mohns:2008,
	Abstract = {The neonatal hippocampus exhibits regularly recurring waves of synchronized neuronal activity in vitro. Because active sleep (AS), characterized by bursts of phasic motor activity in the form of myoclonic twitching, may provide conditions that are conducive to activity-dependent development of hippocampal circuits, we hypothesized that the waves of synchronous neuronal activity that have been observed in vitro would be associated with AS-related twitching. Using unanesthetized 1- to 12-d-old rats, we report here that the majority of neurons in CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) are significantly more active during AS than during either quiet sleep or wakefulness. Neuronal activity typically occurs in phasic bursts, during which most neurons are significantly cross-correlated both within and across the CA1 and DG fields. All AS-active neurons increase their firing rates during periods of myoclonic twitching of the limbs, and a subset of these neurons exhibit a burst of activity immediately after limb twitches, suggesting that the twitches themselves provide sensory feedback to the infant hippocampus, as occurs in the infant spinal cord and neocortex. Finally, the synchronous bursts of neuronal activity are coupled to the emergence of the AS-related hippocampal gamma rhythm during the first postnatal week, as well as the emergence of the AS-related theta rhythm during the second postnatal week. We hypothesize that the phasic motor events of active sleep provide the developing hippocampus with discrete sensory stimulation that contributes to the development and refinement of hippocampal circuits as well as the development of synchronized interactions between hippocampus and neocortex.},
	Author = {Mohns, Ethan J and Blumberg, Mark S},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 15:34:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 15:34:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1967-08.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Hippocampus; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep; Theta Rhythm},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {40},
	Pages = {10134-44},
	Pmc = {PMC2678192},
	pmid = {18829971},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synchronous bursts of neuronal activity in the developing hippocampus: modulation by active sleep and association with emerging gamma and theta rhythms},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2008.pdf}}

@article{Karlsson:2005,
	Abstract = {Sleep is a poorly understood behavior that predominates during infancy but is studied almost exclusively in adults. One perceived impediment to investigations of sleep early in ontogeny is the absence of state-dependent neocortical activity. Nonetheless, in infant rats, sleep is reliably characterized by the presence of tonic (i.e., muscle atonia) and phasic (i.e., myoclonic twitching) components; the neural circuitry underlying these components, however, is unknown. Recently, we described a medullary inhibitory area (MIA) in week-old rats that is necessary but not sufficient for the normal expression of atonia. Here we report that the infant MIA receives projections from areas containing neurons that exhibit state-dependent activity. Specifically, neurons within these areas, including the subcoeruleus (SubLC), pontis oralis (PO), and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT), exhibit discharge profiles that suggest causal roles in the modulation of muscle tone and the production of myoclonic twitches. Indeed, lesions in the SubLC and PO decreased the expression of muscle atonia without affecting twitching (resulting in "REM sleep without atonia"), whereas lesions of the DLPT increased the expression of atonia while decreasing the amount of twitching. Thus, the neural substrates of infant sleep are strikingly similar to those of adults, a surprising finding in light of theories that discount the contribution of supraspinal neural elements to sleep before the onset of state-dependent neocortical activity.},
	Author = {Karlsson, Karl A E and Gall, Andrew J and Mohns, Ethan J and Seelke, Adele M H and Blumberg, Mark S},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 15:32:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 15:32:42 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0030143},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Locus Coeruleus; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Muscle Tonus; Neurons; Pons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {e143},
	Pmc = {PMC1079781},
	pmid = {15826218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The neural substrates of infant sleep in rats},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Karlsson_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}}

@article{Mohns:2006,
	Abstract = {Recent findings in infant rats suggest that the preoptic area (POA) and/or basal forebrain (BF) contribute to developmental changes in sleep and wake organization between postnatal day 2 (P2) and P9. To examine the contributions of these forebrain areas to sleep and wakefulness, separate lesions of the POA or BF, or combined lesions (POA + BF), were performed at P9, and precollicular transections were performed at P2. In addition, modafinil, a drug of unknown mechanism of action the effects of which on sleep and wakefulness have been hypothesized to result from inhibition of POA activity, was administered at P2 and P9. Finally, extracellular neuronal activity was recorded from the POA and BF. POA lesions decreased sleep bout durations and increased wake bout durations. BF lesions inhibited sleep bout durations to a lesser extent, while leaving wake bout durations unaffected. POA + BF lesions produced a combination of these effects, resulting in short bouts of sleep and wakefulness similar to those of transected P8 rats. Even at P2, transections decreased sleep bout durations. The finding, however, that the sleep-inhibiting and wake-promoting effects of modafinil were more potent at P9 than at P2 suggests increasing sleep-wake modulation by the POA between these two ages. Finally, neuronal recordings confirmed the presence of state-dependent neurons within the infant POA and BF. We propose that the POA, in addition to promoting sleep, inhibits wakefulness via direct and indirect inhibitory connections with wake-promoting neurons in the BF, and that this inhibitory influence increases across early development.},
	Author = {Mohns, Ethan J and Karlsson, Karl A E and Blumberg, Mark S},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 15:31:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 15:31:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04652.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Benzhydryl Compounds; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Electromyography; Male; Neurons; Preoptic Area; Prosencephalon; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1301-10},
	Pmc = {PMC2645537},
	pmid = {16553791},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The preoptic hypothalamus and basal forebrain play opposing roles in the descending modulation of sleep and wakefulness in infant rats},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Mohns_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Woolsey:1978,
	Author = {Woolsey, T A},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 15:19:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 15:19:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Behav Evol},
	Journal-Full = {Brain, behavior and evolution},
	Mesh = {Bibliography as Topic; History, 20th Century; Psychophysiology; United States},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {307-24},
	pmid = {359102},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {C. N. Woolsey--scientist and artist: a complete bibliography (1933--1974)},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Woolsey_BrainBehavEvol1978.pdf}}

@book{Harlow:1958,
	Annote = {http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/5224793

From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350:  

>This paper discusses and illustrates the topographic representation of somesthetic and motor functions in the cerebral cortex of several nonhuman species. Somesthetic function was mapped in anesthetized animals on the basis of evoked potentials elicited in the cortex by light touch stimulation of the skin. Motor function was mapped also in anesthetized animals on the basis of movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the cortex. The report provides summary diagrams in which the size and locations of cortical areas related to specific skin areas are mapped on the cortical surface. The primary somesthetic area (area SI of Woolsey-1958), second somatic sensory area (area SII of Woolsey-1958), primary motor cortex (area MI of Woolsey-1958) and supplementary motor cortex (area MII of Woolsey-1958) are illustrated for the rat, rabbit, cat and macaque with highly detailed illustrations of the primary somesthetic and motor areas in the macaque.},
	Author = {Harlow, H.F. and Woolsey, C.N.},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 14:58:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:24:29 +0000},
	Keywords = {Somatosensory Cortex; topographic map; neurophysiology; Neocortex; mouse; rat;},
	Lccn = {58013447},
	Publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	Title = {Biological and biochemical bases of behavior},
	eprint = {http://books.google.com/books?id=L8M0AAAAMAAJ},
	Year = {1958},
	url = {papers/Harlow_1958.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350}}

@article{Wong-Riley:1980,
	Abstract = {The posteromedial barrel subfield of the somatosensory cortex of mice was examined histochemically for cytochrome oxidase activity (cytochrome c oxidase; ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1). In normal mice a high enzymatic activity was found within the barrel hollows, rather than in the sides and septa. Electron microscopic examination indicated that within the hollows reactive mitochondria reside in many dendrites, in some axonal terminals, and in a few neuronal perikarya. After neonatal cauterization of selected row(s) of vibrissae, the corresponding row(s) of barrels appeared as narrowed fused band(s) and their cytochrome oxidase activity was much reduced. Removal of vibrissae in the adult, by either cauterization or repeated plucking, did not cause size changes of cortical barrels. However, there was a significant decrease in the oxidative enzymatic activity within these barrels. Thus, the deprivation of sensory input through damage to, or removal of, the peripheral sensory organ induces an enzymatic response in neurons that are at least two to three synapses away from the periphery.},
	Author = {Wong-Riley, M T and Welt, C},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 14:28:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 14:28:21 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV; Hair; Mechanoreceptors; Mice; Neural Pathways; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {2333-7},
	Pmc = {PMC348709},
	pmid = {6246540},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Histochemical changes in cytochrome oxidase of cortical barrels after vibrissal removal in neonatal and adult mice},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Wong-Riley_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}}

@article{Woolsey:1967,
	Author = {Woolsey, T A},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 14:12:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 14:12:38 +0000},
	Journal = {Johns Hopkins Med J},
	Journal-Full = {The Johns Hopkins medical journal},
	Mesh = {Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Golgi Apparatus; Mice; Rabbits; Rodentia; Sensation; Vestibulocochlear Nerve; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {91-112},
	pmid = {6032827},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Somatosensory, auditory and visual cortical areas of the mouse},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {1967},
	url = {papers/Woolsey_JohnsHopkinsMedJ1967.pdf}}

@article{Woolsey:1970a,
	Author = {Woolsey, T A and Van der Loos, H},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 14:06:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 14:06:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Histological Techniques;Sensation;Biometry;Terminology;K;Electrodes;Hair;Animal;Evoked Potentials;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/physiology;Surface Properties;Mice;16 Barrels},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biometry; Cerebral Cortex; Electrodes; Evoked Potentials; Hair; Histological Techniques; Mice; Sensation; Surface Properties; Terminology as Topic},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {205-42},
	pmid = {4904874},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (SI) of mouse cerebral cortex. The description of a cortical field composed of discrete cytoarchitectonic units},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1970},
	url = {papers/Woolsey_BrainRes1970.pdf}}

@article{Narboux-Neme:2008,
	Abstract = {The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; synonyms, SERT, 5-HTT) is expressed much more broadly during development than in adulthood. To obtain a full picture of all sites of SERT expression during development we used a new mouse model where Cre recombinase was inserted into the gene encoding the serotonin transporter. Two reporter mouse lines, ROSA26R and the Tau(mGFP), allowed to map all the cells that express SERT at any point during development. Combined LacZ histochemistry and GFP immunolabelling showed neuronal cell bodies and axon fiber tracts. Earliest recombination in embryos was visible in the periphery in the heart and liver by E10.5 followed by recombination in the brain in raphe serotonergic neurons by E12.5. Further, recombination in non-serotonin neurons was visible in the choroid plexus, roof plate, and neural crest derivatives; by E15.5, recombination was found in the dorsal thalamus, cingulate cortex, CA3 field of the hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells, superior olivary nucleus and cochlear nucleus. Postnatally, SERT mediated recombination was visible in the medial prefrontal cortex and layer VI neurons in the isocortex. Recombined cells were co-labelled with Neu-N, but not with GAD67, and were characterized by long range projections (corpus callosum, fornix, thalamocortical). This fate map of serotonin transporter expressing cells emphasizes the broad expression of SERT in non-serotonin neurons during development and clarifies the localization of SERT expression in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. The identification of targets of SSRIs and serotonin releasers during embryonic and early postnatal life helps understanding the very diverse physiological consequences of administration of these drugs during development.},
	Author = {Narboux-N{\^e}me, Nicolas and Pavone, Luigi Michele and Avallone, Luigi and Zhuang, Xiaoxi and Gaspar, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 13:43:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 13:43:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.020},
	Journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	Journal-Full = {Neuropharmacology},
	Keywords = {grant; ideas; thalamocortical; Thalamic Nuclei; Neocortex; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Integrases; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Raphe Nuclei; Serotonin; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors; tau Proteins},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {994-1005},
	pmid = {18789954},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Serotonin transporter transgenic (SERTcre) mouse line reveals developmental targets of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Narboux-Nême_Neuropharmacology2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.020}}

@article{Zhuang:2005,
	Abstract = {We used a knock-in strategy to generate two lines of mice expressing Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of the dopamine transporter promoter (DAT-cre mice) or the serotonin transporter promoter (SERT-cre mice). In DAT-cre mice, immunocytochemical staining of adult brains for the dopamine-synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase and for Cre recombinase revealed that virtually all dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain expressed Cre. Crossing DAT-cre mice with ROSA26-stop-lacZ or ROSA26-stop-YFP reporter mice revealed a near perfect correlation between staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and beta-galactosidase or YFP. YFP-labeled fluorescent dopaminergic neurons could be readily identified in live slices. Crossing SERT-cre mice with the ROSA26-stop-lacZ or ROSA26-stop-YFP reporter mice similarly revealed a near perfect correlation between staining for serotonin-synthetic enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and beta-galactosidase or YFP. Additional Cre expression in the thalamus and cortex was observed, reflecting the known pattern of transient SERT expression during early postnatal development. These findings suggest a general strategy of using neurotransmitter transporter promoters to drive selective Cre expression and thus control mutations in specific neurotransmitter systems. Crossed with fluorescent-gene reporters, this strategy tags neurons by neurotransmitter status, providing new tools for electrophysiology and imaging.},
	Author = {Zhuang, Xiaoxi and Masson, Justine and Gingrich, Jay A and Rayport, Stephen and Hen, Ren{\'e}},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 13:38:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 13:38:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.09.020},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Chimera; Dopamine; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Targeting; Genes, Reporter; Integrases; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Biology; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurochemistry; Neurons; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Serotonin; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; beta-Galactosidase},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {27-32},
	pmid = {15763133},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Targeted gene expression in dopamine and serotonin neurons of the mouse brain},
	Volume = {143},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zhuang_JNeurosciMethods2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.09.020}}

@article{Li:2013b,
	Abstract = {A dynamic interplay between intrinsic regional molecular cues and extrinsic factors from the thalamus shape multiple features of early cortical development. It remains uncertain and controversial, however, whether the initial formation of cortical columns depends on neuronal activity, and there is little evidence that cortical lamination or neuronal differentiation is influenced by extrinsic activity. We examined the role of thalamic-derived factors in cortical development by selectively eliminating glutamatergic synaptic transmission from thalamocortical neurons in mice and found that eliminating thalamocortical neurotransmission prevented the formation of "barrel" columns in somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, based on cytoarchitectonic criteria and genetic markers, blocking thalamocortical neurotransmission also perturbed the development of superficial cortical lamina and the morphologic development of neurons. These experiments demonstrate that barrels and aspects of the layer-dependent pattern of cortical cytoarchitecture, gene expression, and neuronal differentiation depend on thalamocortical neurotransmission, extending the apparent influence of extrinsic, presumably activity-dependent factors, on cortical development.},
	Author = {Li, Hong and Fertuzinhos, Sofia and Mohns, Ethan and Hnasko, Thomas S and Verhage, Matthijs and Edwards, Robert and Sestan, Nenad and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-25 13:37:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-25 13:37:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.043},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Somatosensory Cortex; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {970-86},
	Pmc = {PMC3768017},
	pmid = {24012009},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Laminar and columnar development of barrel cortex relies on thalamocortical neurotransmission},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Li_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.043}}

@article{Kobayashi:1963,
	Author = {Kobayashi, T},
	Date-Added = {2014-07-11 13:17:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-07-11 13:33:27 +0000},
	Journal = {Am J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The American journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN; GROWTH; mouse; mice; Cerebral Cortex; postnatal; development; human},
	Mesh = {Body Weight; Brain; Growth},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {343-6},
	pmid = {14033949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain-to-body ratios and time of maturation of the mouse brain},
	Volume = {204},
	Year = {1963},
	url = {papers/KOBAYASHI_AmJPhysiol1963.pdf}}

@article{Bai:2008,
	Abstract = {During forebrain development the lateral cortical stream (LCS) supplies neurons to structures in the ventral telencephalon including the amygdala and piriform cortex. In the current study, we used spatially directed in utero electroporation and RNAi to investigate mechanisms of migration to the ventral telencephalon. Cells labeled by in utero electroporation of the lateral ventricular zone migrated into the LCS, and entered the lateral neocortex, piriform cortex and amygdala, where they differentiated primarily as pyramidal neurons. RNAi of DCX or LIS1 disrupted migration into amygdala and piriform cortex and caused many neurons to accumulate in the external and amygdalar capsules. RNAi of LIS1 and DCX had similar as well as distinguishable effects on the pattern of altered migration. Combinatorial RNAi of LIS1 and DCX further suggested interaction in the functions of LIS1 and DCX on the morphology and migration of migrating neurons in the LCS. Together, these results confirm that the LCS contributes pyramidal neurons to ventral forebrain structures and reveals that DCX and LIS1 have important functions in this major migratory pathway in the developing forebrain.},
	Author = {Bai, Jilin and Ramos, Raddy L and Paramasivam, Murugan and Siddiqi, Faez and Ackman, James B and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Date-Added = {2014-06-23 18:26:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-06-23 18:26:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1159/000109859},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Amygdala; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Electroporation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neuropeptides; Olfactory Pathways; Prosencephalon; Pyramidal Cells; RNA Interference; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stem Cells},
	Number = {1-3},
	Pages = {144-56},
	pmid = {18075262},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The role of DCX and LIS1 in migration through the lateral cortical stream of developing forebrain},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Bai_DevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109859}}

@article{Golding:2014,
	Abstract = {Inhibitory interneurons (INs) critically control the excitability and plasticity of neuronal networks, but whether activity can direct INs into specific circuits during development is unknown. Here, we report that in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), which relays retinal input to the cortex, circuit activity is required for the migration, molecular differentiation, and functional integration of INs. We first characterize the prenatal origin and molecular identity of dLGN INs, revealing their recruitment from an Otx2(+) neuronal pool located in the adjacent ventral LGN. Using time-lapse and electrophysiological recordings, together with genetic and pharmacological perturbation of retinal waves, we show that retinal activity directs the navigation and circuit incorporation of dLGN INs during the first postnatal week, thereby regulating the inhibition of thalamocortical circuits. These findings identify an input-dependent mechanism regulating IN migration and circuit inhibition, which may account for the progressive recruitment of INs into expanding excitatory circuits during evolution.},
	Author = {Golding, Bruno and Pouchelon, Gabrielle and Bellone, Camilla and Murthy, Sahana and Di Nardo, Ariel A and Govindan, Subashika and Ogawa, Masahuro and Shimogori, Tomomi and L{\"u}scher, Christian and Dayer, Alexandre and Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2014-04-08 16:06:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-04-08 16:06:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.032},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1057-69},
	pmid = {24607228},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal input directs the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons into thalamic visual circuits},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Golding_Neuron2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.032}}

@article{Chen:2013a,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent calcium sensors are widely used to image neural activity. Using structure-based mutagenesis and neuron-based screening, we developed a family of ultrasensitive protein calcium sensors (GCaMP6) that outperformed other sensors in cultured neurons and in zebrafish, flies and mice in vivo. In layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the mouse visual cortex, GCaMP6 reliably detected single action potentials in neuronal somata and orientation-tuned synaptic calcium transients in individual dendritic spines. The orientation tuning of structurally persistent spines was largely stable over timescales of weeks. Orientation tuning averaged across spine populations predicted the tuning of their parent cell. Although the somata of GABAergic neurons showed little orientation tuning, their dendrites included highly tuned dendritic segments (5-40-µm long). GCaMP6 sensors thus provide new windows into the organization and dynamics of neural circuits over multiple spatial and temporal scales.},
	Author = {Chen, Tsai-Wen and Wardill, Trevor J and Sun, Yi and Pulver, Stefan R and Renninger, Sabine L and Baohan, Amy and Schreiter, Eric R and Kerr, Rex A and Orger, Michael B and Jayaraman, Vivek and Looger, Loren L and Svoboda, Karel and Kim, Douglas S},
	Date-Added = {2014-03-28 15:24:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-03-28 15:25:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12354},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {technique; Methods; gene; calcium imaging; in vivo; Mouse; optical physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Dendritic Spines; Fluorescent Dyes; GABAergic Neurons; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Molecular Imaging; Mutagenesis; Protein Engineering; Pyramidal Cells; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7458},
	Pages = {295-300},
	Pmc = {PMC3777791},
	pmid = {23868258},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity},
	Volume = {499},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Chen_Nature2013a.pdf}}

@article{Zingg:2014,
	Abstract = {Numerous studies have examined the neuronal inputs and outputs of many areas within the mammalian cerebral cortex, but how these areas are organized into neural networks that communicate across the entire cortex is unclear. Over 600 labeled neuronal pathways acquired from tracer injections placed across the entire mouse neocortex enabled us to generate a cortical connectivity atlas. A total of 240 intracortical connections were manually reconstructed within a common neuroanatomic framework, forming a cortico-cortical connectivity map that facilitates comparison of connections from different cortical targets. Connectivity matrices were generated to provide an overview of all intracortical connections and subnetwork clusterings. The connectivity matrices and cortical map revealed that the entire cortex is organized into four somatic sensorimotor, two medial, and two lateral subnetworks that display unique topologies and can interact through select cortical areas. Together, these data provide a resource that can be used to further investigate cortical networks and their corresponding functions.},
	Author = {Zingg, Brian and Hintiryan, Houri and Gou, Lin and Song, Monica Y and Bay, Maxwell and Bienkowski, Michael S and Foster, Nicholas N and Yamashita, Seita and Bowman, Ian and Toga, Arthur W and Dong, Hong-Wei},
	Date-Added = {2014-03-18 00:58:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-03-18 00:58:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1096-111},
	pmid = {24581503},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural networks of the mouse neocortex},
	Volume = {156},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014.xlsx},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023}}




@article{Blumberg:2013a,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: During active (or REM) sleep, infant mammals exhibit myoclonic twitches of skeletal muscles throughout the body, generating jerky, discrete movements of the distal limbs. Hundreds of thousands of limb twitches are produced daily, and sensory feedback from these movements is a substantial driver of infant brain activity, suggesting that they contribute to motor learning and sensorimotor integration. It is not known whether the production of twitches is random or spatiotemporally structured, or whether the patterning of twitching changes with age; such information is critical for understanding how twitches contribute to development.
RESULTS: We used high-speed videography and 3D motion tracking to assess the spatiotemporal structure of twitching at forelimb joints in 2- and 8-day-old rats. At both ages, twitches exhibited highly structured spatiotemporal properties at multiple timescales, including synergistic and multijoint movements within and across forelimbs. Hierarchical cluster analysis and latent class analysis revealed developmental changes in twitching quantity and patterning. Critically, we found evidence for a selectionist process whereby movement patterns at the early age compete for retention and expression over development.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but are highly structured at multiple timescales. This structure has important implications for understanding brain and spinal mechanisms that produce twitching, and the role that sensory feedback from twitching plays in sensorimotor system development. We propose that twitches represent a heretofore-overlooked form of motor exploration that helps animals probe the biomechanics of their limbs, build motor synergies, and lay a foundation for complex, automatic, and goal-directed wake movements.},
	Author = {Blumberg, Mark S and Coleman, Cassandra M and Gerth, Ashlynn I and McMurray, Bob},
	Date-Added = {2014-02-25 21:00:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-02-25 21:01:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.055},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {development; Rats; sleep; sensory-motor; spontaneous activity;},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {2100-9},
	Pmc = {PMC3823644},
	pmid = {24139739},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal structure of REM sleep twitching reveals developmental origins of motor synergies},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.055}}

@article{Blumberg:2013,
	Abstract = {It is still not known how the 'rudimentary' movements of fetuses and infants are transformed into the coordinated, flexible and adaptive movements of adults. In addressing this important issue, we consider a behavior that has been perennially viewed as a functionless by-product of a dreaming brain: the jerky limb movements called myoclonic twitches. Recent work has identified the neural mechanisms that produce twitching as well as those that convey sensory feedback from twitching limbs to the spinal cord and brain. In turn, these mechanistic insights have helped inspire new ideas about the functional roles that twitching might play in the self-organization of spinal and supraspinal sensorimotor circuits. Striking support for these ideas is coming from the field of developmental robotics: when twitches are mimicked in robot models of the musculoskeletal system, the basic neural circuitry undergoes self-organization. Mutually inspired biological and synthetic approaches promise not only to produce better robots, but also to solve fundamental problems concerning the developmental origins of sensorimotor maps in the spinal cord and brain.},
	Author = {Blumberg, Mark S and Marques, Hugo Gravato and Iida, Fumiya},
	Date-Added = {2014-02-25 20:59:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-02-25 21:01:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.075},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {toread; development; Rats; sleep; sensory-motor; spontaneous activity; review; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Feedback, Sensory; Fetal Movement; Humans; Motor Activity; Movement; Musculoskeletal Development; Rats; Robotics; Sleep; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {R532-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3709969},
	pmid = {23787051},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Twitching in sensorimotor development from sleeping rats to robots},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Blumberg_CurrBiol2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.075}}

@article{Ackman:2014,
	Abstract = {The initial structural and functional development of visual circuits in reptiles, birds, and mammals happens independent of sensory experience. After eye opening, visual experience further refines and elaborates circuits that are critical for normal visual function. Innate genetic programs that code for gradients of molecules provide gross positional information for developing nerve cells, yet much of the cytoarchitectural complexity and synaptogenesis of neurons depends on calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, and neural activity before the onset of vision. In fact, specific spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity, or 'retinal waves', emerge amidst the development of the earliest connections made between excitable cells in the developing eye. These patterns of spontaneous activity, which have been observed in all amniote retinae examined to date, may be an evolved adaptation for species with long gestational periods before the onset of functional vision, imparting an informational robustness and redundancy to guide development of visual maps across the nervous system. Recent experiments indicate that retinal waves play a crucial role in the development of interconnections between different parts of the visual system, suggesting that these spontaneous patterns serve as a template-matching mechanism to prepare higher-order visually associative circuits for the onset of visuomotor learning and behavior. Key questions for future studies include determining the exact sources and nature of spontaneous activity during development, characterizing the interactions between neural activity and transcriptional gene regulation, and understanding the extent of circuit connectivity governed by retinal waves within and between sensory-motor systems.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2014-02-25 20:58:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-02-25 20:58:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.011},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {166-175},
	Pmc = {PMC3957181},
	pmid = {24492092},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of emergent neural activity in visual map development},
	Volume = {24C},
	Year = {2014},
	url = {papers/Ackman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2014.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.011}}

@article{Fogassi:2005,
	Abstract = {Inferior parietal lobule (IPL) neurons were studied when monkeys performed motor acts embedded in different actions and when they observed similar acts done by an experimenter. Most motor IPL neurons coding a specific act (e.g., grasping) showed markedly different activations when this act was part of different actions (e.g., for eating or for placing). Many motor IPL neurons also discharged during the observation of acts done by others. Most responded differentially when the same observed act was embedded in a specific action. These neurons fired during the observation of an act, before the beginning of the subsequent acts specifying the action. Thus, these neurons not only code the observed motor act but also allow the observer to understand the agent's intentions.},
	Author = {Fogassi, Leonardo and Ferrari, Pier Francesco and Gesierich, Benno and Rozzi, Stefano and Chersi, Fabian and Rizzolatti, Giacomo},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-29 16:00:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-29 16:00:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1106138},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; learning; behavior; monkey; Posterior parietal cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Comprehension; Electrophysiology; Food; Goals; Haplorhini; Intention; Microelectrodes; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Psychomotor Performance; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5722},
	Pages = {662-7},
	pmid = {15860620},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding},
	Volume = {308},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Fogassi_Science2005.pdf}}

@article{Hohl:2013,
	Abstract = {We have used a new approach to study the neural decoding function that converts the population response in extrastriate area MT into estimates of target motion to drive smooth pursuit eye movement. Experiments reveal significant trial-by-trial correlations between the responses of MT neurons and the initiation of pursuit. The preponderance of significant correlations and the relatively low reduction in noise between MT and the behavioral output support the hypothesis of a sensory origin for at least some of the trial-by-trial variation in pursuit initiation. The finding of mainly positive MT-pursuit correlations, whether the target speed is faster or slower than the neuron's preferred speed, places strong constraints on the neural decoding computation. We propose that decoding is based on normalizing a weighted population vector of opponent motion responses; normalization comes from neurons uncorrelated with those used to compute the weighted population vector.},
	Author = {Hohl, Sonja S and Chaisanguanthum, Kris S and Lisberger, Stephen G},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-29 15:38:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-29 15:39:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.026},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Eye Movements; Saccades; monkey; sensory-motor; visual system; function; behavior},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Eye Movements; Macaca mulatta; Male; Models, Neurological; Motion Perception; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Pursuit, Smooth; Reaction Time; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {167-79},
	Pmc = {PMC3757094},
	pmid = {23849202},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sensory population decoding for visually guided movements},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Hohl_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hohl_Neuron2013a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.026}}


@article{Lee:2013,
	Abstract = {Sensory inputs control motor behavior with a strength, or gain, that can be modulated according to the movement conditions. In smooth pursuit eye movements, the response to a brief perturbation of target motion is larger during pursuit of a moving target than during fixation of a stationary target. As a step toward identifying the locus and mechanism of gain modulation, we test whether it acts on signals that are in visual or motor coordinates. Monkeys tracked targets that moved at 15$\,^{\circ}$/s in one of eight directions, including left, right, up, down, and the four oblique directions. In eight-ninths of the trials, the target underwent a brief perturbation that consisted of a single cycle of a 10 Hz sine wave of amplitude $\pm$5$\,^{\circ}$/s in one of the same eight directions. Even for oblique directions of baseline target motion, the magnitude of the eye velocity response to the perturbation was largest for a perturbation near the axis of target motion and smallest for a perturbation along the orthogonal axis. Computational modeling reveals that our data are reproduced when the strength of visual-motor transmission is modulated in sensory coordinates, and there is a static motor bias that favors horizontal eye movements. A network model shows how the output from the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (FEF(SEM)) could implement gain control by shifting the peak of a visual population response along the axes of preferred image speed and direction.},
	Author = {Lee, Joonyeol and Yang, Jin and Lisberger, Stephen G},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-29 15:35:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-29 15:35:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4846-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {sensory-motor; Eye Movements; Saccades; monkey; visual system; function; behavior; Cerebellum},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Functional Laterality; Haplorhini; Individuality; Male; Models, Neurological; Movement; Nerve Net; Normal Distribution; Parietal Lobe; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Pursuit, Smooth; Retina; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {9420-30},
	Pmc = {PMC3705569},
	pmid = {23719810},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Control of the gain of visual-motor transmission occurs in visual coordinates for smooth pursuit eye movements},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Lee_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Lisberger:2010,
	Abstract = {Smooth-pursuit eye movements transform 100 ms of visual motion into a rapid initiation of smooth eye movement followed by sustained accurate tracking. Both the mean and variation of the visually driven pursuit response can be accounted for by the combination of the mean tuning curves and the correlated noise within the sensory representation of visual motion in extrastriate visual area MT. Sensory-motor and motor circuits have both housekeeping and modulatory functions, implemented in the cerebellum and the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields. The representation of pursuit is quite different in these two regions of the brain, but both regions seem to control pursuit directly with little or no noise added downstream. Finally, pursuit exhibits a number of voluntary characteristics that happen on short timescales. These features make pursuit an excellent exemplar for understanding the general properties of sensory-motor processing in the brain.},
	Author = {Lisberger, Stephen G},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-29 15:32:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-29 15:33:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.027},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {sensory-motor; Eye Movements; Saccades; monkey; visual system; review literature; function; behavior; Cerebellum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Eye Movements; Humans; Motion Perception; Photic Stimulation; Pursuit, Smooth; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {477-91},
	Pmc = {PMC2887486},
	pmid = {20510853},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual guidance of smooth-pursuit eye movements: sensation, action, and what happens in between},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lisberger_Neuron2010.pdf}}

@article{Oertel-Knochel:2011,
	Abstract = {The hemispheres of the human brain are anatomically and functionally asymmetric, and many cognitive and motor functions such as language and handedness are lateralized. This review examines anatomical, psychological, and physiological approaches to the understanding of separate hemispheric functions and their integration. The concept of hemispheric laterality plays a central role in current neuropsychological and pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Reduced hemispheric asymmetry has also been reported for other mental disorders, for example, bipolar disorder. Recent research reflects an increasing interest in the molecular and population genetics of laterality and its potential link with animal models of schizophrenia. The authors review the principles of laterality and brain asymmetry and discuss the evidence for changes in asymmetry in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.},
	Author = {Oertel-Kn{\"o}chel, Viola and Linden, David E J},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-28 02:34:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-28 13:43:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1177/1073858410386493},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Schizophrenia; review literature; human; neurological disorder; Genetic; Functional Laterality; lateralization; mirror symmetry; hemisphere},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebrum; Functional Laterality; Humans; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {456-67},
	pmid = {21518811},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Oertel-Knöchel_Neuroscientist2011.pdf}}

@article{Dragovic:2005,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of various anomalous handedness subtypes in schizophrenia patients remains ambiguous. Although current literature favours the notion that the shift in lateral preferences seen is because of an increase of mixed-handedness, several studies suggest that exclusive left handedness is more prevalent than in the general population.
METHOD: Over 40 studies with reported prevalence data on various handedness subtypes in a schizophrenia population were evaluated by meta-analysis. Combined odds ratios for the three common handedness subtypes (left, mixed, and right) were separately calculated.
RESULTS: Each of the three atypical hand dominance patterns were significantly greater in schizophrenia patients than in control subjects, showing that the leftward shift in handedness distribution is not entirely because of an increase in mixed-handedness alone.
CONCLUSION: An increase of exclusive left-handedness is at variance with the prevailing assertion that the handedness shift in schizophrenia patients is because of a diffuse and bilateral hemispheric insult.},
	Author = {Dragovic, M and Hammond, G},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 21:07:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 21:08:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00519.x},
	Journal = {Acta Psychiatr Scand},
	Journal-Full = {Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica},
	Keywords = {Functional Laterality; lateralization; handedness; Schizophrenia; behavior; Human; review literature},
	Mesh = {Functional Laterality; Humans; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {410-9},
	pmid = {15877707},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Dragovic_ActaPsychiatrScand2005.pdf}}

@article{Sommer:2001,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cerebral lateralisation appears to be decreased in schizophrenia. Results of studies investigating this, however, are equivocal.
AIMS: To review quantitatively the literature on decreased lateralisation in schizophrenia.
METHOD: Meta-analyses were conducted on 19 studies on handedness, 10 dichotic listening studies and 39 studies investigating anatomical asymmetry in schizophrenia.
RESULTS: The prevalence of mixed- and left-handedness ('non-right-handedness') was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy controls, and also as compared to psychiatric controls. The analysis of dichotic listening studies revealed no significant difference in lateralisation in schizophrenia. However, when analysis was restricted to studies using consonant-vowel or fused word tasks, significantly decreased lateralisation in schizophrenia emerged. Asymmetry of the planum temporale and the Sylvian fissure was significantly decreased in schizophrenia, while asymmetry of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle was not.
CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Sommer, I and Ramsey, N and Kahn, R and Aleman, A and Bouma, A},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 20:45:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 21:02:27 +0000},
	Journal = {Br J Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science},
	Keywords = {Grants; Schizophrenia; Functional Laterality; lateralization; Cerebral Cortex; behavior; handedness; Human; review literature; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Brain; Dichotic Listening Tests; Functional Laterality; Humans; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Speech Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Pages = {344-51},
	pmid = {11282814},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Handedness, language lateralisation and anatomical asymmetry in schizophrenia: meta-analysis},
	Volume = {178},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Sommer_BrJPsychiatry2001.pdf}}

@article{Crawley:2008a,
	Abstract = {Comprehensive behavioral analyses of transgenic and knockout mice have successfully identified the functional roles of many genes in the brain. Over the past 10 years, strategies for mouse behavioral phenotyping have evolved to maximize the scope and replicability of findings from a cohort of mutant mice, minimize the interpretation of procedural artifacts, and provide robust translational tools to test hypotheses and develop treatments. This Primer addresses experimental design issues and offers examples of high-throughput batteries, learning and memory tasks, and anxiety-related tests.},
	Author = {Crawley, Jacqueline N},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 20:08:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 20:10:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.001},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Behavior, Animal;Female;Phenotype;research support, n.i.h., intramural;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Male;review;Mice; Schizophrenia; Methods; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Phenotype},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {809-18},
	pmid = {18367082},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Behavioral phenotyping strategies for mutant mice},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Crawley_Neuron2008a.pdf}}

@article{Crawley:1999,
	Abstract = {Rigorous experimental design can minimize the high risk of false positives and false negatives in the behavioral phenotyping of a new transgenic or knockout mouse. Use of well established, quantitative, reproducible behavioral tasks, appropriate Ns, correct statistical methods, consideration of background genes contributed by the parental strains, and attention to litter and gender issues, will maximize meaningful comparisons of -/-, +/-, and +/+ genotypes. Strategies developed and used by our laboratory are described in this review. Preliminary observations evaluate general health and neurological reflexes. Sensory abilities and motor functions are extensively quantitated. Specific tests include observations of home cage behaviors, body weight, body temperature, appearance of the fur and whiskers, righting reflex, acoustic startle, eye blink, pupil constriction, vibrissae reflex, pinna reflex, Digiscan open field locomotion, rotarod motor coordination, hanging wire, footprint pathway, visual cliff, auditory threshold, pain threshold, and olfactory acuity. Hypothesis testing then focuses on at least three well-validated tasks within each relevant behavioral domain. Specific tests for mice are described herein for the domains of learning and memory, feeding, nociception, and behaviors relevant to discrete symptoms of human anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. An example of our approach is illustrated in the behavioral phenotyping of C/EBPdelta knockout mice, which appear to be normal on general health, neurological reflexes, sensory and motor tasks, and the Morris water task, but show remarkably enhanced performance on contextual fear conditioning.},
	Author = {Crawley, J N},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 20:04:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 20:05:48 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {mouse; mice; behavior; Phenotype; Schizophrenia; Methods; review literature; Grants; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Health; Humans; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Phenotype; Psychomotor Performance; Research Design; Sensation},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {18-26},
	pmid = {10448192},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests},
	Volume = {835},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Crawley_BrainRes1999.pdf}}

@article{Pletnikov:2008,
	Abstract = {A strong candidate gene for schizophrenia and major mental disorders, disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first described in a large Scottish family in which a balanced chromosomal translocation segregates with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses. The translocation mutation may result in loss of DISC1 function via haploinsufficiency or dominant-negative effects of a predicted mutant DISC1 truncated protein product. DISC1 has been implicated in neurodevelopment, including maturation of the cerebral cortex. To evaluate the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant DISC1, the Tet-off system under the regulation of the CAMKII promoter was used to generate transgenic mice with inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 (hDISC1) limited to forebrain regions, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Expression of mutant hDISC1 was not associated with gross neurodevelopmental abnormalities, but led to a mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles and attenuation of neurite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons. These morphological changes were associated with decreased protein levels of endogenous mouse DISC1, LIS1 and SNAP-25. Compared to their sex-matched littermate controls, mutant hDISC1 transgenic male mice exhibited spontaneous hyperactivity in the open field and alterations in social interaction, and transgenic female mice showed deficient spatial memory. The results show that the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant hDISC1 are consistent with a dominant-negative mechanism, and are similar to some features of schizophrenia. The present mouse model may facilitate the study of aspects of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Pletnikov, M V and Ayhan, Y and Nikolskaia, O and Xu, Y and Ovanesov, M V and Huang, H and Mori, S and Moran, T H and Ross, C A},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 19:54:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 19:54:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4002079},
	Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Molecular psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Schizophrenia; Grants; behavior; gene; mice; Mouse},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Behavioral Symptoms; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Lateral Ventricles; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Weight; Mutation; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {173-86, 115},
	pmid = {17848917},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice is associated with brain and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of schizophrenia},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Pletnikov_MolPsychiatry2008.pdf}}

@article{Carandini:2013,
	Abstract = {The study of perceptual decision-making offers insight into how the brain uses complex, sometimes ambiguous information to guide actions. Understanding the underlying processes and their neural bases requires that one pair recordings and manipulations of neural activity with rigorous psychophysics. Though this research has been traditionally performed in primates, it seems increasingly promising to pursue it at least partly in mice and rats. However, rigorous psychophysical methods are not yet as developed for these rodents as they are for primates. Here we give a brief overview of the sensory capabilities of rodents and of their cortical areas devoted to sensation and decision. We then review methods of psychophysics, focusing on the technical issues that arise in their implementation in rodents. These methods represent a rich set of challenges and opportunities.},
	Author = {Carandini, Matteo and Churchland, Anne K},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-27 16:03:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 16:04:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3410},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; behavior; Functional Laterality; Decision Making; Grants; wholeBrain; Schizophrenia; Methods; review literature; Psychophysics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Decision Making; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Perception; Physical Stimulation; Psychophysics; Rats; Signal Detection, Psychological},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {824-31},
	pmid = {23799475},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Probing perceptual decisions in rodents},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Carandini_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Jia:2013,
	Abstract = {Our ability to control complex systems is a fundamental challenge of contemporary science. Recently introduced tools to identify the driver nodes, nodes through which we can achieve full control, predict the existence of multiple control configurations, prompting us to classify each node in a network based on their role in control. Accordingly a node is critical, intermittent or redundant if it acts as a driver node in all, some or none of the control configurations. Here we develop an analytical framework to identify the category of each node, leading to the discovery of two distinct control modes in complex systems: centralized versus distributed control. We predict the control mode for an arbitrary network and show that one can alter it through small structural perturbations. The uncovered bimodality has implications from network security to organizational research and offers new insights into the dynamics and control of complex systems.},
	Author = {Jia, Tao and Liu, Yang-Yu and Cs{\'o}ka, Endre and P{\'o}sfai, M{\'a}rton and Slotine, Jean-Jacques and Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o}},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-15 14:33:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-15 14:34:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms3002},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Keywords = {graph theory; Mathematics; models; self organization; network; Game Theory; Methods},
	Pages = {2002},
	pmid = {23774965},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of bimodality in controlling complex networks},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Jia_NatCommun2013.pdf}}

@article{Raj:2008,
	Abstract = {Gene expression is a fundamentally stochastic process, with randomness in transcription and translation leading to cell-to-cell variations in mRNA and protein levels. This variation appears in organisms ranging from microbes to metazoans, and its characteristics depend both on the biophysical parameters governing gene expression and on gene network structure. Stochastic gene expression has important consequences for cellular function, being beneficial in some contexts and harmful in others. These situations include the stress response, metabolism, development, the cell cycle, circadian rhythms, and aging.},
	Author = {Raj, Arjun and van Oudenaarden, Alexander},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-14 17:44:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-14 17:45:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {handedness; gene; Gene Expression; development; Experimental; self organization; Selection (Genetics); Game Theory; asymmetry; lateralization},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bacteria; Eukaryotic Cells; Gene Expression; Humans; Stochastic Processes; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {216-26},
	Pmc = {PMC3118044},
	pmid = {18957198},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Raj_Cell2008.pdf}}

@article{Cai:2013,
	Abstract = {In the transgenic multicolor labeling strategy called 'Brainbow', Cre-loxP recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression among fluorescent proteins, resulting in the indelible marking of mouse neurons with multiple distinct colors. This method has been adapted to non-neuronal cells in mice and to neurons in fish and flies, but its full potential has yet to be realized in the mouse brain. Here we present several lines of mice that overcome limitations of the initial lines, and we report an adaptation of the method for use in adeno-associated viral vectors. We also provide technical advice about how best to image Brainbow-expressing tissue.},
	Author = {Cai, Dawen and Cohen, Kimberly B and Luo, Tuanlian and Lichtman, Jeff W and Sanes, Joshua R},
	Date-Added = {2014-01-08 21:07:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-08 21:07:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.2450},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {540-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3713494},
	pmid = {23817127},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Improved tools for the Brainbow toolbox},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Cai_NatMethods2013.pdf}}

@article{Kohl:2004,
	Abstract = {Fever is a common clinical complaint in adults and children with a variety of infectious illnesses, as well as a frequently reported adverse event following immunization. Although the level of measured temperature indicative of a "fever" was first defined in 1868, it remains unclear what role fever has as a physiologic reaction to invading substances, how best to measure body temperature and compare measurements from different body sites, and, consequently, how to interpret fever data derived from vaccine safety trials or immunization safety surveillance. However, even with many aspects of the societal, medical, economic, and epidemiologic meanings of fever as an adverse event following immunization (AEFI) still elusive, it is a generally benign--albeit common--clinical sign. By standardizing the definition and means of assessment of fever in vaccine safety studies, thereby permitting comparability of data, we hope to arrive at an improved understanding of its importance as an AEFI.},
	Author = {Kohl, Katrin S and Marcy, S Michael and Blum, Michael and Connell Jones, Marcy and Dagan, Ron and Hansen, John and Nalin, David and Rothstein, Edward and {Brighton Collaboration Fever Working Group}},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-12 17:13:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-12 17:14:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1086/422454},
	Journal = {Clin Infect Dis},
	Journal-Full = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
	Keywords = {health, child, infant, flu, influenza, vaccination, epilepsy, seizures},
	Mesh = {Adult; Child; Fever; Humans; Infant; Seizures, Febrile; Vaccination},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {389-94},
	pmid = {15307007},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fever after immunization: current concepts and improved future scientific understanding},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Kohl_ClinInfectDis2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422454}}

@article{Koplan:1979,
	Abstract = {Using decision analysis, we estimated the benefits, risks and costs of routine childhood immunization against pertussis. Without an immunization program, we predict that there would be a 71-fold increase in cases and an almost fourfold increase in deaths (2.0 to 7.6) per cohort of one million children. With a vaccination program, we predict 0.1 case of encephalitis associated with pertussis and five cases of post-vaccination encephalitis; without a program, there would be only 2.3 cases of encephalitis associated with pertussis. Community vaccination would reduce by 61 per cent the costs related to pertussis. Our analysis supports continuation of vaccination in routine childhood immunization programs, but suggests the need for more reliable data on complications from the vaccine, further study of the epidemiology of pertussis and development of a less toxic vaccine.},
	Author = {Koplan, J P and Schoenbaum, S C and Weinstein, M C and Fraser, D W},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-12 17:03:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-12 17:04:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1056/NEJM197910253011703},
	Journal = {N Engl J Med},
	Journal-Full = {The New England journal of medicine},
	Keywords = {health, child, infant, flu, influenza, vaccination, epilepsy, seizures},
	Mesh = {Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Theory; Encephalitis; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated; Europe; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Models, Theoretical; National Health Programs; Personal Health Services; Pertussis Vaccine; Risk; United States; Vaccination; Whooping Cough},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {906-11},
	pmid = {39253},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pertussis vaccine--an analysis of benefits, risks and costs},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1979},
	url = {papers/Koplan_NEnglJMed1979.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197910253011703}}

@article{Nelson:1976,
	Abstract = {We examined the frequency of development of afebrile seizures in 1706 children who had experienced at least one febrile seizure and were followed to the age of seven years. Epilepsy developed by seven years of age in 20 per 1000 (2 per cent), and another 10 per 1000 had at least one afebrile seizure that did not meet our definition of epilepsy. In children whose neurologic or developmental status was suspect or abnormal before any seizure and whose first seizure was complex (longer than 15 minutes, multiple or focal) epilepsy developed at a rate 18 times higher than in children with no febrile seizures (92 vs. 5 per 1000; P less than 0.001). In the largest group with febrile seizures, those previously normal with noncomplex first febrile seizures, epilepsy developed in 11 per 1000; this rate, although moderate, was greater than that for children with no febrile seizures (P = 0.027). Prior neurologic and developmental status and characteristics of the first febrile seizure are important predictors of epilepsy after febrile seizures.},
	Author = {Nelson, K B and Ellenberg, J H},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-12 16:30:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-12 16:30:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1056/NEJM197611042951901},
	Journal = {N Engl J Med},
	Journal-Full = {The New England journal of medicine},
	Keywords = {health, child, infant, flu, influenza, vaccination, epilepsy, seizures},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Recurrence; Risk; Time Factors},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {1029-33},
	pmid = {972656},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Predictors of epilepsy in children who have experienced febrile seizures},
	Volume = {295},
	Year = {1976},
	url = {papers/Nelson_NEnglJMed1976.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197611042951901}}

@article{Klein:2010,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In February 2008, we alerted the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to preliminary evidence of a twofold increased risk of febrile seizures after the combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine when compared with separate measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccines. Now with data on twice as many vaccine recipients, our goal was to reexamine seizure risk after MMRV vaccine.
METHODS: Using 2000-2008 Vaccine Safety Datalink data, we assessed seizures and fever visits among children aged 12 to 23 months after MMRV and separate MMR + varicella vaccines. We compared seizure risk after MMRV vaccine to that after MMR + varicella vaccines by using Poisson regression as well as with supplementary regressions that incorporated chart-review results and self-controlled analyses.
RESULTS: MMRV vaccine recipients (83,107) were compared with recipients of MMR + varicella vaccines (376,354). Seizure and fever significantly clustered 7 to 10 days after vaccination with all measles-containing vaccines but not after varicella vaccination alone. Seizure risk during days 7 to 10 was higher after MMRV than after MMR + varicella vaccination (relative risk: 1.98 [95% confidence interval: 1.43-2.73]). Supplementary analyses yielded similar results. The excess risk for febrile seizures 7 to 10 days after MMRV compared with separate MMR + varicella vaccination was 4.3 per 10,000 doses (95% confidence interval: 2.6-5.6).
CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles-containing vaccine, fever and seizure were elevated 7 to 10 days after vaccination. Vaccination with MMRV results in 1 additional febrile seizure for every 2300 doses given instead of separate MMR + varicella vaccines. Providers who recommend MMRV should communicate to parents that it increases the risk of fever and seizure over that already associated with measles-containing vaccines.},
	Author = {Klein, Nicola P and Fireman, Bruce and Yih, W Katherine and Lewis, Edwin and Kulldorff, Martin and Ray, Paula and Baxter, Roger and Hambidge, Simon and Nordin, James and Naleway, Allison and Belongia, Edward A and Lieu, Tracy and Baggs, James and Weintraub, Eric and {Vaccine Safety Datalink}},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-12 15:49:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-12 16:29:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1542/peds.2010-0665},
	Journal = {Pediatrics},
	Journal-Full = {Pediatrics},
	Keywords = {health, child, infant, flu, influenza, vaccination, epilepsy, seizures},
	Mesh = {Age Distribution; Chickenpox Vaccine; Cohort Studies; Databases, Factual; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Retrospective Studies; Seizures, Febrile; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; Time Factors; Vaccination; Vaccines, Combined},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e1-8},
	pmid = {20587679},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Klein_Pediatrics2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0665}}

@article{Chen:2013,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian neocortex, segregated processing streams are thought to be important for forming sensory representations of the environment, but how local information in primary sensory cortex is transmitted to other distant cortical areas during behaviour is unclear. Here we show task-dependent activation of distinct, largely non-overlapping long-range projection neurons in the whisker region of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in awake, behaving mice. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we monitored neuronal activity in anatomically identified S1 neurons projecting to secondary somatosensory (S2) or primary motor (M1) cortex in mice using their whiskers to perform a texture-discrimination task or a task that required them to detect the presence of an object at a certain location. Whisking-related cells were found among S2-projecting (S2P) but not M1-projecting (M1P) neurons. A higher fraction of S2P than M1P neurons showed touch-related responses during texture discrimination, whereas a higher fraction of M1P than S2P neurons showed touch-related responses during the detection task. In both tasks, S2P and M1P neurons could discriminate similarly between trials producing different behavioural decisions. However, in trials producing the same decision, S2P neurons performed better at discriminating texture, whereas M1P neurons were better at discriminating location. Sensory stimulus features alone were not sufficient to elicit these differences, suggesting that selective transmission of S1 information to S2 and M1 is driven by behaviour.},
	Author = {Chen, Jerry L and Carta, Stefano and Soldado-Magraner, Joana and Schneider, Bernard L and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-10 14:52:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-10 14:53:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12236},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {calcium imaging; optical physiology; neurophysiology; in vivo; mouse; Somatosensory Cortex; barrels; Motor Cortex; behavior; function; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Calcium; Discrimination (Psychology); Mice; Neurons; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7458},
	Pages = {336-40},
	pmid = {23792559},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Behaviour-dependent recruitment of long-range projection neurons in somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {499},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Chen_Nature2013.pdf}}

@article{Ramnani:2006,
	Abstract = {Evidence has been accumulating that the primate cerebellum contributes not only to motor control, but also to higher 'cognitive' function. However, there is no consensus about how the cerebellum processes such information. The answer to this puzzle can be found in the nature of cerebellar connections to areas of the cerebral cortex (particularly the prefrontal cortex) and in the uniformity of its intrinsic cellular organization, which implies uniformity in information processing regardless of the area of origin in the cerebral cortex. With this in mind, the relatively well-developed models of how the cerebellum processes information from the motor cortex might be extended to explain how it could also process information from the prefrontal cortex.},
	Author = {Ramnani, Narender},
	Date-Added = {2013-10-09 15:51:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-10-09 15:52:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn1953},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {review literature; Cerebellar Cortex; Cerebellum; function; Cerebral Cortex; Thalamic Nuclei; thalamus; Neocortex; Motor Activity/physiology; Motor Cortex; behavior;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {511-22},
	pmid = {16791141},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ramnani_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Altman:1969a,
	Author = {Altman, J},
	Date-Added = {2013-10-09 15:27:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-10-09 15:27:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901360303},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Cortex; Neurons; Purkinje Cells; Rats; Thymidine; Tritium},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {269-93},
	pmid = {5788129},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. 3. Dating the time of production and onset of differentiation of cerebellar microneurons in rats},
	Volume = {136},
	Year = {1969},
	url = {papers/Altman_JCompNeurol1969.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901360303}}

@article{Ahrens:2013,
	Abstract = {Brain function relies on communication between large populations of neurons across multiple brain areas, a full understanding of which would require knowledge of the time-varying activity of all neurons in the central nervous system. Here we use light-sheet microscopy to record activity, reported through the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5G, from the entire volume of the brain of the larval zebrafish in vivo at 0.8 Hz, capturing more than 80% of all neurons at single-cell resolution. Demonstrating how this technique can be used to reveal functionally defined circuits across the brain, we identify two populations of neurons with correlated activity patterns. One circuit consists of hindbrain neurons functionally coupled to spinal cord neuropil. The other consists of an anatomically symmetric population in the anterior hindbrain, with activity in the left and right halves oscillating in antiphase, on a timescale of 20 s, and coupled to equally slow oscillations in the inferior olive.},
	Author = {Ahrens, Misha B and Orger, Michael B and Robson, Drew N and Li, Jennifer M and Keller, Philipp J},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-28 16:09:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-28 16:09:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.2434},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {wholeBrain; calcium imaging; calcium sensor; technique; Microscopy; Methods; Zebrafish; in vivo},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Microscopy; Zebrafish},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {413-20},
	pmid = {23524393},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Whole-brain functional imaging at cellular resolution using light-sheet microscopy},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013.zip}}

@article{Kloppel:2007,
	Abstract = {The neuronal correlates of handedness are still poorly understood. Here we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of handedness on neuronal activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area and dorsal premotor cortex during simple unilateral and bilateral finger movements. In 16 right-handed and 16 left-handed individuals, we mapped changes in regional neuronal activity while participants responded to four symbolic cues presented in a pseudorandom order. According to pre-specified cues, they pressed a button with their right, left or both index fingers or withheld a response. For unilateral right index finger button presses, reaction times, motor and premotor activity were the same for both right- and left-handers. Compared with right-handers, left-handers had shorter reaction times with unilateral left index finger button presses, along with greater activation of the supplementary motor area and right frontal opercular cortex. Simultaneous bilateral compared with unilateral button presses led to a relative increase of activity in the right and left dorsal premotor cortex and the right primary sensorimotor cortex in right but not left-handers. Neither right nor left-handers showed any tendency during bilateral button presses towards faster responses with the dominant hand and the reaction times were equal in the two groups. Therefore, we conclude that the relative increase of activity in dorsal premotor and right primary sensorimotor cortices in right-handers represents a genuine difference in bimanual motor control related to handedness.},
	Author = {Kl{\"o}ppel, Stefan and van Eimeren, Thilo and Glauche, Volkmar and Vongerichten, Anna and M{\"u}nchau, Alexander and Frackowiak, Richard S J and B{\"u}chel, Christian and Weiller, Cornelius and Siebner, Hartwig R},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:49:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:49:32 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.038},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language; fMRI},
	Mesh = {Adult; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Cortex; Movement},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {274-80},
	pmid = {17056278},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effect of handedness on cortical motor activation during simple bilateral movements},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Klöppel_Neuroimage2007.pdf}}

@article{Li:2013a,
	Abstract = {Mapping cortical hemispheric asymmetries in infants would increase our understanding of the origins and developmental trajectories of hemispheric asymmetries. We analyze longitudinal cortical hemispheric asymmetries in 73 healthy subjects at birth, 1, and 2 years of age using surface-based morphometry of magnetic resonance images with a specific focus on the vertex position, sulcal depth, mean curvature, and local surface area. Prominent cortical asymmetries are found around the peri-Sylvian region and superior temporal sulcus (STS) at birth that evolve modestly from birth to 2 years of age. Sexual dimorphisms of cortical asymmetries are present at birth, with males having the larger magnitudes and sizes of the clusters of asymmetries than females that persist from birth to 2 years of age. The left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) is significantly posterior to the right SMG, and the maximum position difference increases from 10.2 mm for males (6.9 mm for females) at birth to 12.0 mm for males (8.4 mm for females) by 2 years of age. The right STS and parieto-occipital sulcus are significantly larger and deeper than those in the left hemisphere, and the left planum temporale is significantly larger and deeper than that in the right hemisphere at all 3 ages. Our results indicate that early hemispheric structural asymmetries are inherent and gender related.},
	Author = {Li, Gang and Nie, Jingxin and Wang, Li and Shi, Feng and Lyall, Amanda E and Lin, Weili and Gilmore, John H and Shen, Dinggang},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:46:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:47:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs413},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language; MRI},
	Month = {Jan},
	pmid = {23307634},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Mapping Longitudinal Hemispheric Structural Asymmetries of the Human Cerebral Cortex From Birth to 2 Years of Age},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Li_CerebCortex2013.pdf}}

@article{Hill:2010,
	Abstract = {We have established a population average surface-based atlas of human cerebral cortex at term gestation and used it to compare infant and adult cortical shape characteristics. Accurate cortical surface reconstructions for each hemisphere of 12 healthy term gestation infants were generated from structural magnetic resonance imaging data using a novel segmentation algorithm. Each surface was inflated, flattened, mapped to a standard spherical configuration, and registered to a target atlas sphere that reflected shape characteristics of all 24 contributing hemispheres using landmark constrained surface registration. Population average maps of sulcal depth, depth variability, three-dimensional positional variability, and hemispheric depth asymmetry were generated and compared with previously established maps of adult cortex. We found that cortical structure in term infants is similar to the adult in many respects, including the pattern of individual variability and the presence of statistically significant structural asymmetries in lateral temporal cortex, including the planum temporale and superior temporal sulcus. These results indicate that several features of cortical shape are minimally influenced by the postnatal environment.},
	Author = {Hill, Jason and Dierker, Donna and Neil, Jeffrey and Inder, Terrie and Knutsen, Andrew and Harwell, John and Coalson, Timothy and Van Essen, David},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:44:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:45:23 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-09.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language; neuroimaging; fMRI},
	Mesh = {Atlases as Topic; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2268-76},
	Pmc = {PMC2836191},
	pmid = {20147553},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A surface-based analysis of hemispheric asymmetries and folding of cerebral cortex in term-born human infants},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Hill_JNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Bishop:2013,
	Abstract = {In most people, language is processed predominantly by the left hemisphere of the brain, but we do not know how or why. A popular view is that developmental language disorders result from a poorly lateralized brain, but until recently, evidence has been weak and indirect. Modern neuroimaging methods have made it possible to study normal and abnormal development of lateralized function in the developing brain and have confirmed links with language and literacy impairments. However, there is little evidence that weak cerebral lateralization has common genetic origins with language and literacy impairments. Our understanding of the association between atypical language lateralization and developmental disorders may benefit if we reconceptualize the nature of cerebral asymmetry to recognize its multidimensionality and consider variation in lateralization over developmental time. Contrary to popular belief, cerebral lateralization may not be a highly heritable, stable characteristic of individuals; rather, weak lateralization may be a consequence of impaired language learning.},
	Author = {Bishop, Dorothy V M},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:40:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:40:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1230531},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition Disorders; Dyslexia; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Functional Laterality; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Language Development; Language Development Disorders; Mitochondrial Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Repressor Proteins; Ribosomal Proteins; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6138},
	Pages = {1230531},
	pmid = {23766329},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cerebral asymmetry and language development: cause, correlate, or consequence?},
	Volume = {340},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Bishop_Science2013.pdf}}

@article{Mento:2010,
	Abstract = {In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging has allowed researchers to individuate the earlier morphological development of the right hemisphere compared with the left hemisphere during late-gestational development. Anatomical asymmetry, however, does not necessarily mean functional asymmetry, and whether the anatomical differences between hemispheres at this early age are paralleled by functional specialisations remains unknown. In this study, the presence of lateralised electrical brain activity related to both pitch detection and discrimination was investigated in 34 prematurely-born infants [24-34 gestational weeks (GWs)] all tested at the same post-conceptional age of 35 weeks. By means of a frequency-change oddball experimental paradigm, with 'standard' tones at 1000 Hz (P = 90%) and 'deviant' tones at 2000 Hz (P = 10%), we were able to record higher right event-related potential activity in the interval windows between 350 and 650 ms after stimulus onset. An explorative hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the different distribution of the hemispheric asymmetry score in newborns < 30 weeks old. Here, we show electrophysiological evidence of the early functional right lateralisation for pitch processing (detection and discrimination) arising by 30 GWs, but not before, in preterm newborns despite the longer environmental sensorial experience of newborns < 30 GWs. Generally, these findings suggest that the earlier right structural maturation in foetal epochs seems to be paralleled by a right functional development.},
	Author = {Mento, Giovanni and Suppiej, Agnese and Alto{\`e}, Gianmarco and Bisiacchi, Patrizia S},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:37:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:37:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07076.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language; infant; EEG; neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Brain; Electroencephalography; Female; Functional Laterality; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pitch Perception; Pregnancy},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {565-74},
	pmid = {20105238},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional hemispheric asymmetries in humans: electrophysiological evidence from preterm infants},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mento_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Ward:1987,
	Abstract = {The relation between morphological variation of the corpus callosum and variation in the degree of paw preference was investigated in 129/J and BALB/cCF mice. A positive relationship explaining 24% of the variance of paw preference was found in 129/J mice; no such relationship exists in BALB/cCF mice. It is suggested that, since the genetic dissimilarity between these two inbred strains is comparable in magnitude with the genetic dissimilarity between unrelated human subjects, genetic variation may have been an uncontrolled source of heterogeneity in previous human neuropsychological studies.},
	Author = {Ward, R and Tremblay, L and Lassonde, M},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:04:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:04:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; asymmetry; lateralization; hemisphere; behavior; forelimb; handedness; Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Corpus Callosum; Female; Forelimb; Functional Laterality; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {84-8},
	pmid = {3690305},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The relationship between callosal variation and lateralization in mice is genotype-dependent},
	Volume = {424},
	Year = {1987},
	url = {papers/Ward_BrainRes1987.pdf}}

@article{Fride:1990,
	Abstract = {Cerebral lateralization has been suggested to play a regulatory role in immune function. In this study, several measures of immune function were evaluated in mice selectively bred for either a strong (HI) or weak (LO) degree of behavioral asymmetry (paw preference) and compared to an unselected control population (HET). Both HI and LO animals had fewer spleen cells but higher degrees of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (on a per cell basis) than HET mice. However, only HI mice had lower immune functions compared to HET controls manifest as reduced mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. These findings indicate that although both extremes in the degree of paw preference may be associated with deviations from the norm, a high degree of behavioral lateralization is associated with decreased immune responsiveness in this animal model.},
	Author = {Fride, E and Collins, R L and Skolnick, P and Arora, P K},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:01:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:02:30 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Behav Immun},
	Journal-Full = {Brain, behavior, and immunity},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; asymmetry; lateralization; hemisphere; behavior; forelimb; handedness; Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Functional Laterality; Immune System; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; Male; Mice; Psychoneuroimmunology; Species Specificity; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {129-38},
	pmid = {2144194},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Immune function in lines of mice selected for high or low degrees of behavioral asymmetry},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Betancur:1991,
	Abstract = {The brain is known to modulate the immune system in an asymmetrical way. In mice, there is an association between handedness and immune response and it has also been shown that hemicortical ablation has opposite effects on some immune parameters. An association between autoantibody production and paw preference was previously observed in female mice, but not in males, suggesting that the association between immune reactivity and functional brain asymmetry is a sex-dependent phenomenon. In three independent experiments, natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte subset distribution, and mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation were assessed in male C3H/OuJIco mice selected for handedness and after unilateral cortical ablation. Handedness was shown to be associated with NK cell activity but not with lymphocyte subset distribution or lymphoproliferation. Left-handers exhibited lower NK cell activity compared to right-handed or ambidextrous animals. In contrast to previous results in female mice, mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was not associated with handedness in males. Left cortical ablations depressed NK cell activity, while right lesions had no effect. Neither left or right lesions affected lymphocyte subsets. No interaction between paw preference and side of the lesion was found in the modulation of NK cell activity. These and previous data show that the association between paw preference and immune reactivity varies according to the sex of the animal and the immunological parameters studied. This indicates that the brain may modulate different components of the immune system in different ways, through mechanisms apparently involving sex hormones.},
	Author = {Betancur, C and Neveu, P J and Vitiello, S and Le Moal, M},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:01:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:02:30 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Behav Immun},
	Journal-Full = {Brain, behavior, and immunity},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; asymmetry; lateralization; hemisphere; behavior; forelimb; handedness; Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cerebral Cortex; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Dominance, Cerebral; Functional Laterality; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Sex Characteristics; T-Lymphocyte Subsets},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {162-9},
	pmid = {1893219},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Natural killer cell activity is associated with brain asymmetry in male mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Betancur_BrainBehavImmun1991.pdf}}

@article{Manhaes:2003,
	Abstract = {In the present work, the hypothesis that the ontogenetic development of the corpus callosum (CC) affects the establishment of behavioral lateralization was tested by studying paw preference performance in adult Swiss mice that were subjected to mid-sagittal transection of the CC on the first postnatal day. Magnitude and direction of laterality were evaluated independently. No significant differences between groups were found for the magnitude of paw preference. On the other hand, the transected group presented a significant populational bias favoring the left paw that was not present in the control groups. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the development of the CC plays a role in the establishment of the normal pattern of behavioral lateralization.},
	Author = {Manh{\~a}es, Alex C and Krahe, Thomas E and Caparelli-D{\'a}quer, Egas and Ribeiro-Carvalho, Anderson and Schmidt, Sergio L and Filgueiras, Cl{\'a}udio C},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 20:00:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:01:12 +0000},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; asymmetry; lateralization; hemisphere; behavior; forelimb; handedness; Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Corpus Callosum; Denervation; Forelimb; Functional Laterality; Growth Cones; Male; Mice; Motor Cortex; Movement},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {69-72},
	pmid = {12902020},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neonatal transection of the corpus callosum affects paw preference lateralization of adult Swiss mice},
	Volume = {348},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Manhães_NeurosciLett2003.pdf}}

@article{Gruber:1991,
	Abstract = {Ward et al. (Brain Research 424 (1987) 84-88) have reported that reduced size of the corpus callosum (CC) was associated with a lower degree of paw preference in the mouse strain 129/J but not in the strain BALB/cCF. Both strains show individually different degrees of development of the CC but mice completely lacking CC occur rarely. The mouse strain I/LnJ shows complete agenesis of the CC. Thus, we have compared the degree of paw lateralization by means of a food reaching task in two samples of I/LnJ mice (n1 = 81, n2 = 93) with that of two common mouse strains which show a normal CC (C57BL/6JIbm, n = 44; DBA/2JZur, n = 48). The two samples of I/LnJ mice were tested in different laboratories. The first sample of I/LnJ mice had a mean age of 36 weeks. As compared to the control mice, the males but not the females showed a significantly reduced degree of paw preference. Both, callosal and acallosal mice showed a preference for left choices. The replication sample of I/LnJ mice contained only animals between 6 and 8 weeks old. All of them were ambilateral. There was no side preference and no gender difference. We conclude that congenital absence of the CC is a factor which may substantially interfere with the development of paw lateralization. However, depending on age and gender, about half of the acallosal mice develop a paw preference.},
	Author = {Gruber, D and Waanders, R and Collins, R L and Wolfer, D P and Lipp, H P},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 19:25:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 19:27:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioural brain research},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; forelimb; behavior; handedness; Corpus Callosum},
	Mesh = {Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Corpus Callosum; Female; Foot; Functional Laterality; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred DBA; Mice, Neurologic Mutants},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {9-16},
	pmid = {1786116},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Weak or missing paw lateralization in a mouse strain (I/LnJ) with congenital absence of the corpus callosum},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Gruber_BehavBrainRes1991.pdf}}

@article{Rogers:2009,
	Abstract = {Hand preferences of primates are discussed as part of the broad perspective of brain lateralization in animals, and compared with paw preferences in non-primates. Previously, it has been suggested that primates are more likely to express a species-typical hand preference on complex tasks, especially in the case of coordinated hand use in using tools. I suggest that population-level hand preferences are manifested when the task demands the obligate use of the processing specialization of one hemisphere, and that this depends on the nature of the task rather than its complexity per se. Depending on the species, simple reaching tasks may not demand the obligate use of a specialized hemisphere and so do not constrain limb/hand use. In such cases, individuals may show hand preferences that are associated with consistent differences in behaviour. The individual's hand preference is associated with the expression of behaviour controlled by the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand (fear and reactivity in left-handed individuals versus proactivity in right-handed individuals). Recent findings of differences in brain structure between left- and right-handed primates (e.g. somatosensory cortex in marmosets) have been discussed and related to potential evolutionary advances.},
	Author = {Rogers, Lesley J},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 13:13:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 13:15:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0225},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; asymmetry; hemisphere; lateralization; handedness; forelimb; behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Choice Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Forelimb; Functional Laterality; Hand; Humans; Individuality; Species Specificity; Tool Use Behavior; Vertebrates},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1519},
	Pages = {943-54},
	Pmc = {PMC2666076},
	pmid = {19064357},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Hand and paw preferences in relation to the lateralized brain},
	Volume = {364},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rogers_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}}

@article{Galaburda:2006a,
	Abstract = {All four genes thus far linked to developmental dyslexia participate in brain development, and abnormalities in brain development are increasingly reported in dyslexia. Comparable abnormalities induced in young rodent brains cause auditory and cognitive deficits, underscoring the potential relevance of these brain changes to dyslexia. Our perspective on dyslexia is that some of the brain changes cause phonological processing abnormalities as well as auditory processing abnormalities; the latter, we speculate, resolve in a proportion of individuals during development, but contribute early on to the phonological disorder in dyslexia. Thus, we propose a tentative pathway between a genetic effect, developmental brain changes, and perceptual and cognitive deficits associated with dyslexia.},
	Author = {Galaburda, Albert M and LoTurco, Joseph and Ramus, Franck and Fitch, R Holly and Rosen, Glenn D},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 12:40:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:41:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1772},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; Dyslexia; neurological disorder; gene; mouse; rat; learning; behavior; hemisphere},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Dyslexia; Humans; Models, Molecular},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1213-7},
	pmid = {17001339},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Galaburda_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Collins:1968,
	Author = {Collins, R L},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 12:30:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {J Hered},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of heredity},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; Forelimb; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Functional Laterality; Genetics; Hybridization, Genetic; Inbreeding; Male; Mice},
	Month = {Jan-Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {9-12},
	pmid = {5656926},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {On the inheritance of handedness. I. Laterality in inbred mice},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {1968},
	url = {papers/Collins_JHered1968.pdf}}

@article{Sun:2006a,
	Abstract = {In the human brain, distinct functions tend to be localized in the left or right hemispheres, with language ability usually localized predominantly in the left and spatial recognition in the right. Furthermore, humans are perhaps the only mammals who have preferential handedness, with more than 90% of the population more skillful at using the right hand, which is controlled by the left hemisphere. How is a distinct function consistently localized in one side of the human brain? Because of the convergence of molecular and neurological analysis, we are beginning to consider the puzzle of brain asymmetry and handedness at a molecular level.},
	Author = {Sun, Tao and Walsh, Christopher A},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 00:16:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn1930},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Dominance, Cerebral; Functional Laterality; Humans},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {655-62},
	pmid = {16858393},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1930}}

@article{Biddle:1993,
	Abstract = {Lateralization of paw preference in laboratory mice in a single-paw reaching task has been used as a model system for left- and right-hand usage. Given a set number of paw reaches for food from a centrally placed food tube, an individual mouse will exhibit a reliable number of left and right paw reaches. Within any single inbred strain, there are approximately equal numbers of left-pawed and right-pawed mice. Nevertheless, significant strain differences have been reported for the degree of lateralization of paw preference. We report here a systematic survey of paw preference in 12 inbred strains of the mouse in which the degree of lateralization falls into two groups of weakly lateralized and highly lateralized paw preference. The genetic inference is that a single major gene may control some function, and alternate alleles at this locus are expressed as weakly and highly lateralized paw preference. Reciprocal crosses indicate the trait is additive with no maternal or X-linked effects. The direction of paw preference has previously appeared to be genetically neutral, but in some strains there is evidence of significant deviation of the numbers of mice to the left and right of equal paw usage, independent of degree of lateralization, and this suggests that direction of left-right paw usage may be a separate genetic trait in the mouse model.},
	Author = {Biddle, F G and Coffaro, C M and Ziehr, J E and Eales, B A},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 00:15:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Genome},
	Journal-Full = {Genome / National Research Council Canada = G{\'e}nome / Conseil national de recherches Canada},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Functional Laterality; Genetic Variation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {935-43},
	pmid = {8270204},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic variation in paw preference (handedness) in the mouse},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Biddle_Genome1993.pdf}}

@article{Signore:1991,
	Abstract = {Mice from a pool of inbred strains (384 males and 329 females) were tested for handedness according to Collins' protocol in order to assess the reliability of this measurement. As previously reported by Collins these data revealed that a) approximately half of the mice were right-handed and half left-handed, b) most of the mice were strongly lateralized and c) females were more lateralized than males. The study of the psychometric characteristics of the test suggested that this measurement of behavioral asymmetry is both stable and observer independent. The test of paw preference also appeared to measure preexisting lateralization and was not a function of training during the test.},
	Author = {Signore, P and Nosten-Bertrand, M and Chaoui, M and Roubertoux, P L and Marchaland, C and Perez-Diaz, F},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-25 00:02:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Physiol Behav},
	Journal-Full = {Physiology \& behavior},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Cerebral Cortex; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Psychomotor Performance; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {701-4},
	pmid = {1881972},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An assessment of handedness in mice},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Signore_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}}

@article{Li:2013,
	Author = {Li, Qingsong and Bian, Shan and Liu, Bingfang and Hong, Janet and Toth, Miklos and Sun, Tao},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-24 19:34:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/cr.2013.106},
	Journal = {Cell Res},
	Journal-Full = {Cell research},
	Keywords = {Laterality; behavior; cerebral cortex; asymmetry; hemisphere; proposal; Grants; forelimb},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1147-9},
	Pmc = {PMC3760628},
	pmid = {23917527},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Establishing brain functional laterality in adult mice through unilateral gene manipulation in the embryonic cortex},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Li_CellRes2013.pdf}}

@article{Mountcastle:1997,
	Abstract = {The modular organization of nervous systems is a widely documented principle of design for both vertebrate and invertebrate brains of which the columnar organization of the neocortex is an example. The classical cytoarchitectural areas of the neocortex are composed of smaller units, local neural circuits repeated iteratively within each area. Modules may vary in cell type and number, in internal and external connectivity, and in mode of neuronal processing between different large entities; within any single large entity they have a basic similarity of internal design and operation. Modules are most commonly grouped into entities by sets of dominating external connections. This unifying factor is most obvious for the heterotypical sensory and motor areas of the neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities form distributed systems. The neighborhood relations between connected subsets of modules in different entities result in nested distributed systems that serve distributed functions. A cortical area defined in classical cytoarchitectural terms may belong to more than one and sometimes to several distributed systems. Columns in cytoarchitectural areas located at some distance from one another, but with some common properties, may be linked by long-range, intracortical connections.},
	Author = {Mountcastle, V B},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-18 16:44:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-18 16:44:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; isocortex; cortical columns; topographic map; Anatomy; function},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurons},
	Month = {Apr},
	Pages = {701-22},
	pmid = {9153131},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The columnar organization of the neocortex},
	Volume = {120 ( Pt 4)},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Mountcastle_Brain1997.pdf}}

@article{Mountcastle:1957a,
	Abstract = {THE METHOD of single unit analysis has now been applied to three primary sensory receiving areas of the cerebral cortex (4, 14, -15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25). Among these studies, considerable attention has been given to the somatic sensory areas, for Li et al. in an extensive series of investigations
(20, 21, 22, 23) have described the responses of neurons in this region to electrical stimulation of the specific relay nucleus of the thalamus, as well as to stimulation of those thalamic nuclei they designate as unspecific, or diffusely projecting. The discharge properties of neurons of the somatic sensory areas in response to peripheral nerve volleys have been detailed by Amassian (4), and he has also given the first description of the neuronal activity of a sensory association area (5). Preliminary reports of similar studies have appeared from the Paris laboratories of Albe-Fessard (2, 3, 11).
In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of the first somatic sensory cortex by the method of single unit analysis, and to determine as precisely as possi ble the firing patterns of cortical Cells activated by stimuli delivered to the related sense organs. We wished also to determine which modality components of somatic sensibility project upon the somatic sensory cortex, as well as to gain some idea of the functional organization of that projection. Our purposes required that the activity of cortical cells be observed over considerable periods of time in a stable fash- ion. It appears from the published records that the technique of intracellu- lar recording from cortical cells has not yet reached the stage of perfection required, for only Phillips (26, 27), dealing with the motor cortex, has been able to study cortical neurons for considerable periods of time after im- palement without deterioration of resting or action potentials. His beautiful records, however, give examples of what may be hoped for with this tech- nique. We have, therefore, persisted in the method of extracellular recording. A chamber has been developed by one of us (12) with which it is possible to obliterate cortical pulsations without the risk of direct pressure injury, yet allowing free lateral movement of the electrode carrier.},
	Author = {Mountcastle, V B and Davies, P W and Berman, A L},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-18 16:37:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-18 19:20:13 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {CEREBRAL CORTEX/physiology; cortical columns; Neocortex; Anatomy; function; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; cat; Classical/physiology},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {374-407},
	pmid = {13439409},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Response properties of neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex to peripheral stimuli},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1957},
	url = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957a.pdf}}

@article{Mountcastle:1957,
	Abstract = {THE PRESENT PAPER describes some observations upon the modality and topographical attributes of single neurons of the first somatic sensory area of the cat's cerebral cortex, the analogue of the cortex of the postcentral gy- rus in the primate brain. These data, together with others upon the response latencies of the cells of different layers of the cortex to peripheral stimuli, support an hypothesis of the functional organization of this cortical area. This is that the neurons which lie in narrow vertical columns, or cylinders, extending from layer II through layer VI make up an elementary unit of organization, for they are activated by stimulation of the same single class of peripheral receptors, from almost identical peripheral receptive fields, at latencies which are not significantly different for the cells of the various lay- ers. It is emphasized that this pattern of organization obtains only for the early repetitiv `e responses of cortical neurons to brief peripheral stimuli. These neurons may be rela ted in quite different organization patterns when analyzed in terms of later discharges. A report of these experiments was made to the American Physiological Society in September, 1955 (10, 17).},
	Author = {Mountcastle, V B},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-18 16:34:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-18 19:20:27 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {CEREBRAL CORTEX/physiology; cortical columns; Neocortex; Anatomy; function; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; cat; Classical/physiology},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {408-34},
	pmid = {13439410},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1957},
	url = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957.pdf}}

@article{Gu:2013,
	Abstract = {Fluorescence imaging is one of the most versatile and widely used visualization methods in biomedical research. However, tissue autofluorescence is a major obstacle confounding interpretation of in vivo fluorescence images. The unusually long emission lifetime (5-13 μs) of photoluminescent porous silicon nanoparticles can allow the time-gated imaging of tissues in vivo, completely eliminating shorter-lived (<10 ns) emission signals from organic chromophores or tissue autofluorescence. Here using a conventional animal imaging system not optimized for such long-lived excited states, we demonstrate improvement of signal to background contrast ratio by >50-fold in vitro and by >20-fold in vivo when imaging porous silicon nanoparticles. Time-gated imaging of porous silicon nanoparticles accumulated in a human ovarian cancer xenograft following intravenous injection is demonstrated in a live mouse. The potential for multiplexing of images in the time domain by using separate porous silicon nanoparticles engineered with different excited state lifetimes is discussed.},
	Author = {Gu, Luo and Hall, David J and Qin, Zhengtao and Anglin, Emily and Joo, Jinmyoung and Mooney, David J and Howell, Stephen B and Sailor, Michael J},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 17:27:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 17:28:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/ncomms3326},
	Journal = {Nat Commun},
	Journal-Full = {Nature communications},
	Keywords = {technique; Methods; in vivo; Microscopy; Dyes},
	Month = {Aug},
	Pages = {2326},
	pmid = {23933660},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo time-gated fluorescence imaging with biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Gu_NatCommun2013.pdf}}

@article{Reimann:2013,
	Abstract = {Brain activity generates extracellular voltage fluctuations recorded as local field potentials (LFPs). It is known that the relevant microvariables, the ionic currents across membranes, jointly generate the macrovariables, the extracellular voltage, but neither the detailed biophysical knowledge nor the required computational power have been available to model these processes. We simulated the LFP in a model of the rodent neocortical column composed of >12,000 reconstructed, multicompartmental, and spiking cortical layer 4 and 5 pyramidal neurons and basket cells, including five million dendritic and somatic compartments with voltage- and ion-dependent currents, realistic connectivity, and probabilistic AMPA, NMDA, and GABA synapses. We found that, depending on a number of factors, the LFP reflects local and cross-layer processing. Active currents dominate the generation of LFPs, not synaptic ones. Spike-related currents impact the LFP not only at higher frequencies but below 50 Hz. This work calls for re-evaluating the genesis of LFPs.},
	Author = {Reimann, Michael W and Anastassiou, Costas A and Perin, Rodrigo and Hill, Sean L and Markram, Henry and Koch, Christof},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 17:06:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 17:07:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.023},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Mathematics; models; Electroencephalography; LFP; EEG; neurophysiology; field potential; Neocortex; Methods},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {375-90},
	Pmc = {PMC3732581},
	pmid = {23889937},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A biophysically detailed model of neocortical local field potentials predicts the critical role of active membrane currents},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Reimann_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.023}}

@article{Zembrzycki:2013,
	Abstract = {The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) contains a complete body map that mirrors the subcortical maps developed by peripheral sensory input projecting to the sensory hindbrain, the thalamus and then S1. Peripheral changes during development alter these maps through 'bottom-up' plasticity. Unknown is how S1 size influences map organization and whether an altered S1 map feeds back to affect subcortical maps. We show that the size of S1 in mice is significantly reduced by cortex-specific deletion of Pax6, resulting in a reduced body map and loss of body representations by an exclusion of later-differentiating sensory thalamocortical input. An initially normal sensory thalamus was repatterned to match the aberrant S1 map by apoptotic deletion of thalamic neurons representing body parts with axons excluded from S1. Deleted representations were rescued by altering competition between thalamocortical axons using sensory deprivation or increasing the size of S1. Thus, S1 size determined the resolution and completeness of body maps and engaged 'top-down' plasticity that repatterned the sensory thalamus to match S1.},
	Author = {Zembrzycki, Andreas and Chou, Shen-Ju and Ashery-Padan, Ruth and Stoykova, Anastassia and O'Leary, Dennis D M},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 17:01:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 17:01:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3454},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; connectivity; parcellation; Neocortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1060-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3769112},
	pmid = {23831966},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sensory cortex limits cortical maps and drives top-down plasticity in thalamocortical circuits},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Zembrzycki_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Ke:2013,
	Abstract = {We report a water-based optical clearing agent, SeeDB, which clears fixed brain samples in a few days without quenching many types of fluorescent dyes, including fluorescent proteins and lipophilic neuronal tracers. Our method maintained a constant sample volume during the clearing procedure, an important factor for keeping cellular morphology intact, and facilitated the quantitative reconstruction of neuronal circuits. Combined with two-photon microscopy and an optimized objective lens, we were able to image the mouse brain from the dorsal to the ventral side. We used SeeDB to describe the near-complete wiring diagram of sister mitral cells associated with a common glomerulus in the mouse olfactory bulb. We found the diversity of dendrite wiring patterns among sister mitral cells, and our results provide an anatomical basis for non-redundant odor coding by these neurons. Our simple and efficient method is useful for imaging intact morphological architecture at large scales in both the adult and developing brains.},
	Author = {Ke, Meng-Tsen and Fujimoto, Satoshi and Imai, Takeshi},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 17:00:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 17:00:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3447},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Microscopy; technique; Methods; Imaging},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1154-61},
	pmid = {23792946},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {SeeDB: a simple and morphology-preserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Ke_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Harris:2013,
	Abstract = {Sensory cortices receive inputs not only from thalamus but also from higher-order cortical regions. Here, Zagha et al. (2013) show that motor cortical inputs can switch barrel cortex into a desynchronized state that enables more faithful representation of subtle sensory stimuli.},
	Author = {Harris, Kenneth D},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 16:57:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 16:58:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.034},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vivo; mouse; Somatosensory Cortex; Motor Cortex; neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; state; multimodal; spontaneous activity; review literature},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {408-10},
	Pmc = {PMC3739006},
	pmid = {23931991},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Top-down control of cortical state},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Harris_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.034}}

@article{Zagha:2013,
	Abstract = {Long-range corticocortical communication may have important roles in context-dependent sensory processing, yet we know very little about how these pathways influence their target regions. We studied the influence of primary motor cortex activity on primary somatosensory cortex in the mouse whisker system. We show that primary motor and somatosensory cortices undergo coherent, context-dependent changes in network state. Moreover, we show that motor cortex activity can drive changes in somatosensory cortex network state. A series of experiments demonstrate the involvement of the direct corticocortical feedback pathway, providing temporally precise and spatially targeted modulation of network dynamics. Cortically mediated changes in network state significantly impact sensory coding, with activated states increasing the reliability of responses to complex stimuli. By influencing network state, corticocortical communication from motor cortex may ensure that during active exploration the relevant sensory region is primed for enhanced sensory discrimination.},
	Author = {Zagha, Edward and Casale, Amanda E and Sachdev, Robert N S and McGinley, Matthew J and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 16:57:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 16:58:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.008},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vivo; mouse; Somatosensory Cortex; Motor Cortex; neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; state; multimodal; spontaneous activity;},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {567-78},
	Pmc = {PMC3742632},
	pmid = {23850595},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Motor cortex feedback influences sensory processing by modulating network state},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Zagha_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.008}}

@article{Olcese:2013,
	Abstract = {Multisensory integration (MI) is crucial for sensory processing, but it is unclear how MI is organized in cortical microcircuits. Whole-cell recordings in a mouse visuotactile area located between primary visual and somatosensory cortices revealed that spike responses were less bimodal than synaptic responses but displayed larger multisensory enhancement. MI was layer and cell type specific, with multisensory enhancement being rare in the major class of inhibitory interneurons and in the output infragranular layers. Optogenetic manipulation of parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity revealed that the scarce MI of interneurons enables MI in neighboring pyramids. Finally, single-cell resolution calcium imaging revealed a gradual merging of modalities: unisensory neurons had higher densities toward the borders of the primary cortices, but were located in unimodal clusters in the middle of the cortical area. These findings reveal the role of different neuronal subcircuits in the synaptic process of MI in the rodent parietal cortex.},
	Author = {Olcese, Umberto and Iurilli, Giuliano and Medini, Paolo},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 16:55:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 16:56:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.010},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vivo; mouse; Patch-Clamp Techniques; calcium imaging; Somatosensory Cortex; motor; multimodal; topographic map},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {579-93},
	pmid = {23850594},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cellular and synaptic architecture of multisensory integration in the mouse neocortex},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Olcese_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.010}}

@article{Partanen:2013,
	Abstract = {Learning, the foundation of adaptive and intelligent behavior, is based on plastic changes in neural assemblies, reflected by the modulation of electric brain responses. In infancy, auditory learning implicates the formation and strengthening of neural long-term memory traces, improving discrimination skills, in particular those forming the prerequisites for speech perception and understanding. Although previous behavioral observations show that newborns react differentially to unfamiliar sounds vs. familiar sound material that they were exposed to as fetuses, the neural basis of fetal learning has not thus far been investigated. Here we demonstrate direct neural correlates of human fetal learning of speech-like auditory stimuli. We presented variants of words to fetuses; unlike infants with no exposure to these stimuli, the exposed fetuses showed enhanced brain activity (mismatch responses) in response to pitch changes for the trained variants after birth. Furthermore, a significant correlation existed between the amount of prenatal exposure and brain activity, with greater activity being associated with a higher amount of prenatal speech exposure. Moreover, the learning effect was generalized to other types of similar speech sounds not included in the training material. Consequently, our results indicate neural commitment specifically tuned to the speech features heard before birth and their memory representations.},
	Author = {Partanen, Eino and Kujala, Teija and N{\"a}{\"a}t{\"a}nen, Risto and Liitola, Auli and Sambeth, Anke and Huotilainen, Minna},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 16:32:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 16:32:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1302159110},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {event-related potentials; mismatch negativity},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {15145-50},
	pmid = {23980148},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth},
	Volume = {110},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Partanen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}}

@article{Borjigin:2013,
	Abstract = {The brain is assumed to be hypoactive during cardiac arrest. However, the neurophysiological state of the brain immediately following cardiac arrest has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we performed continuous electroencephalography in rats undergoing experimental cardiac arrest and analyzed changes in power density, coherence, directed connectivity, and cross-frequency coupling. We identified a transient surge of synchronous gamma oscillations that occurred within the first 30 s after cardiac arrest and preceded isoelectric electroencephalogram. Gamma oscillations during cardiac arrest were global and highly coherent; moreover, this frequency band exhibited a striking increase in anterior-posterior-directed connectivity and tight phase-coupling to both theta and alpha waves. High-frequency neurophysiological activity in the near-death state exceeded levels found during the conscious waking state. These data demonstrate that the mammalian brain can, albeit paradoxically, generate neural correlates of heightened conscious processing at near-death.},
	Author = {Borjigin, Jimo and Lee, Uncheol and Liu, Tiecheng and Pal, Dinesh and Huff, Sean and Klarr, Daniel and Sloboda, Jennifer and Hernandez, Jason and Wang, Michael M and Mashour, George A},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-13 16:25:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-13 16:25:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1308285110},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {consciousness; global hypoxia; global ischemia; near-death experience},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {14432-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3761619},
	pmid = {23940340},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain},
	Volume = {110},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Borjigin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}}

@article{Berger:2007,
	Abstract = {Cortical dynamics can be imaged at high spatiotemporal resolution with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) and calcium-sensitive dyes (CaSDs). We combined these two imaging techniques using epifluorescence optics together with whole cell recordings to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity in the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex in vitro and in the supragranular layers in vivo. The two optical signals reported distinct aspects of cortical function. VSD fluorescence varied linearly with membrane potential and was dominated by subthreshold postsynaptic potentials, whereas the CaSD signal predominantly reflected local action potential firing. Combining VSDs and CaSDs allowed us to monitor the synaptic drive and the spiking activity of a given area at the same time in the same preparation. The spatial extent of the two dye signals was different, with VSD signals spreading further than CaSD signals, reflecting broad subthreshold and narrow suprathreshold receptive fields. Importantly, the signals from the dyes were differentially affected by pharmacological manipulations, stimulation strength, and depth of isoflurane anesthesia. Combined VSD and CaSD measurements can therefore be used to specify the temporal and spatial relationships between subthreshold and suprathreshold activity of the neocortex.},
	Author = {Berger, Thomas and Borgdorff, Aren and Crochet, Sylvain and Neubauer, Florian B and Lefort, Sandrine and Fauvet, Bruno and Ferezou, Isabelle and Carleton, Alan and L{\"u}scher, Hans-Rudolf and Petersen, Carl C H},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-10 16:45:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-10 16:46:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.01178.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {calcium imaging; Multiphoton; Microscopy; technical report; voltage sensor; neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Larva; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Net; Nonlinear Dynamics; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae; Xenopus},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {3751-62},
	pmid = {17360827},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Combined voltage and calcium epifluorescence imaging in vitro and in vivo reveals subthreshold and suprathreshold dynamics of mouse barrel cortex},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Berger_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01178.2006}}

@article{Vogelstein:2010,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent calcium indicators are becoming increasingly popular as a means for observing the spiking activity of large neuronal populations. Unfortunately, extracting the spike train of each neuron from a raw fluorescence movie is a nontrivial problem. This work presents a fast nonnegative deconvolution filter to infer the approximately most likely spike train of each neuron, given the fluorescence observations. This algorithm outperforms optimal linear deconvolution (Wiener filtering) on both simulated and biological data. The performance gains come from restricting the inferred spike trains to be positive (using an interior-point method), unlike the Wiener filter. The algorithm runs in linear time, and is fast enough that even when simultaneously imaging >100 neurons, inference can be performed on the set of all observed traces faster than real time. Performing optimal spatial filtering on the images further refines the inferred spike train estimates. Importantly, all the parameters required to perform the inference can be estimated using only the fluorescence data, obviating the need to perform joint electrophysiological and imaging calibration experiments.},
	Author = {Vogelstein, Joshua T and Packer, Adam M and Machado, Timothy A and Sippy, Tanya and Babadi, Baktash and Yuste, Rafael and Paninski, Liam},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-10 14:51:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-10 14:51:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.01073.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {methods; technical report; calcium imaging; Multiphoton; Computers},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Calcium Signaling; Computer Simulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Video; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Normal Distribution; Poisson Distribution; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Time Factors},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3691-704},
	Pmc = {PMC3007657},
	pmid = {20554834},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fast nonnegative deconvolution for spike train inference from population calcium imaging},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Vogelstein_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01073.2009}}

@article{Ko:2013,
	Abstract = {Sensory processing occurs in neocortical microcircuits in which synaptic connectivity is highly structured and excitatory neurons form subnetworks that process related sensory information. However, the developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of functionally organized connectivity in cortical microcircuits remain unknown. Here we directly relate patterns of excitatory synaptic connectivity to visual response properties of neighbouring layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex at different postnatal ages, using two-photon calcium imaging in vivo and multiple whole-cell recordings in vitro. Although neural responses were already highly selective for visual stimuli at eye opening, neurons responding to similar visual features were not yet preferentially connected, indicating that the emergence of feature selectivity does not depend on the precise arrangement of local synaptic connections. After eye opening, local connectivity reorganized extensively: more connections formed selectively between neurons with similar visual responses and connections were eliminated between visually unresponsive neurons, but the overall connectivity rate did not change. We propose a sequential model of cortical microcircuit development based on activity-dependent mechanisms of plasticity whereby neurons first acquire feature preference by selecting feedforward inputs before the onset of sensory experience--a process that may be facilitated by early electrical coupling between neuronal subsets--and then patterned input drives the formation of functional subnetworks through a redistribution of recurrent synaptic connections.},
	Author = {Ko, Ho and Cossell, Lee and Baragli, Chiara and Antolik, Jan and Clopath, Claudia and Hofer, Sonja B and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2013-09-10 14:10:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-10 14:12:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature12015},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {activity-development; topographic map; visual system; Visual Cortex; Multiphoton; calcium imaging; Patch-Clamp Techniques; in vivo; mouse; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Eye; Eyelids; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Movement; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Pyramidal Cells; Synapses; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7443},
	Pages = {96-100},
	pmid = {23552948},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The emergence of functional microcircuits in visual cortex},
	Volume = {496},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Ko_Nature2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12015}}

@article{Van-Hooser:2012,
	Abstract = {Visual experience plays a critical role in the development of direction-selective responses in ferret visual cortex. In visually naive animals, presentation of a bidirectional "training" stimulus induces rapid increases in the direction-selective responses of single neurons that can be predicted by small but significant direction biases that are present in neighboring neurons at the onset of stimulation. In this study we used in vivo two-photon imaging of calcium signals to further explore the contribution of visual experience to the emergence of direction- selective responses in ferret visual cortex. The first set of experiments was designed to determine whether visual experience is required for the development of the initial neighborhood bias. In animals that were dark-reared until the time of eye opening, we found that individual neurons exhibited weak direction-selective responses accompanied by a reduced but statistically significant neighborhood bias, indicating that both features arise without the need for visual experience. The second set of experiments used a unidirectional training stimulus to assess the relative roles of the neighborhood bias and visual experience in determining the direction preference that cortical neurons acquire during direction training. We found that neurons became more responsive to the trained direction even when they were located in regions of the cortex with an initial neighborhood bias for the direction opposite the training stimulus. Together, these results suggest an adaptive developmental strategy for the elaboration of direction-selective responses, one in which experience-independent mechanisms provide a symmetry-breaking seed for the instructive effects of visual experience.},
	Author = {Van Hooser, Stephen D and Li, Ye and Christensson, Maria and Smith, Gordon B and White, Leonard E and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-28 14:55:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:57:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0230-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {topographic map; visual system; ferret; Visual Cortex; calcium imaging; optical physiology; currOpinRvw; activity-development;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Ferrets; Male; Molecular Imaging; Motion Perception; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {7258-66},
	Pmc = {PMC3368384},
	pmid = {22623671},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Initial neighborhood biases and the quality of motion stimulation jointly influence the rapid emergence of direction preference in visual cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/VanHooser_JNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0230-12.2012}}

@article{Soto:2012,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity is thought to regulate synaptogenesis in many parts of the developing nervous system. In vivo evidence for this regulation, however, is scarce and comes almost exclusively from experiments in which normal activity was reduced or blocked completely. Thus, whether spontaneous activity itself promotes synaptogenesis or plays a purely permissive role remains uncertain. In addition, how activity influences synapse dynamics to shape connectivity and whether its effects among neurons are uniform or cell-type-dependent is unclear. In mice lacking the cone-rod homeobox gene (Crx), photoreceptors fail to establish normal connections with bipolar cells (BCs). Here, we find that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in Crx⁻/⁻ mice become rhythmically hyperactive around the time of eye opening as a result of increased spontaneous glutamate release from BCs. This elevated neurotransmission enhances synaptogenesis between BCs and RGCs, without altering the overall circuit architecture. Using live imaging, we discover that spontaneous activity selectively regulates the rate of synapse formation, not elimination, in this circuit. Reconstructions of the connectivity patterns of three BC types with a shared RGC target further revealed that neurotransmission specifically promotes the formation of multisynaptic appositions from one BC type without affecting the maintenance or elimination of connections from the other two. Although hyperactivity in Crx⁻/⁻ mice persists, synapse numbers do not increase beyond 4 weeks of age, suggesting closure of a critical period for synaptic refinement in the inner retina. Interestingly, despite their hyperactivity, RGC axons maintain normal eye-specific territories and cell-type-specific layers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.},
	Author = {Soto, Florentina and Ma, Xiaofeng and Cecil, Jacob L and Vo, Bradly Q and Culican, Susan M and Kerschensteiner, Daniel},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-28 14:29:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:29:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0194-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {spontaneous activity; activity-dependent; Retina; Glutamate; bipolar cells; Retinal Ganglion Cells; retinal waves; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biophysics; Calcium Channels; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent; Cholera Toxin; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Eye; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Guanylate Kinase; Homeodomain Proteins; Injections, Intraocular; Luminescent Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peanut Agglutinin; Periodicity; Presynaptic Terminals; Receptors, Dopamine D4; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rhodopsin; Synapses; Trans-Activators; Transfection; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {5426-39},
	Pmc = {PMC3353326},
	pmid = {22514306},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity promotes synapse formation in a cell-type-dependent manner in the developing retina},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Soto_JNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0194-12.2012}}

@article{Kuhl:2010,
	Abstract = {The last decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young children's early processing of language. Noninvasive, safe functional brain measurements have now been proven feasible for use with children starting at birth. The phonetic level of language is especially accessible to experimental studies that document the innate state and the effect of learning on the brain. The neural signatures of learning at the phonetic level can be documented at a remarkably early point in development. Continuity in linguistic development from infants' earliest brain responses to phonetic stimuli is reflected in their language and prereading abilities in the second, third, and fifth year of life, a finding with theoretical and clinical impact. There is evidence that early mastery of the phonetic units of language requires learning in a social context. Neuroscience on early language learning is beginning to reveal the multiple brain systems that underlie the human language faculty.},
	Author = {Kuhl, Patricia K},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-28 14:07:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:07:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.038},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; Cerebral Cortex; Language Development Disorders; Dyslexia; function; human; review literature; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Brain; Cognition; Computer Simulation; Critical Period (Psychology); Evoked Potentials; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Language; Language Development; Verbal Learning},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {713-27},
	Pmc = {PMC2947444},
	pmid = {20826304},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.038}}

@article{Antonini:1993a,
	Abstract = {If vision in one eye is blurred or occluded during a critical period in postnatal development, neurons in the visual cortex lose their responses to stimulation through that eye within a few days. Anatomical changes in the nerve terminals that provide input to the visual cortex have previously been observed only after weeks of deprivation, suggesting that synapses become physiologically ineffective before the branches on which they sit are withdrawn. Reconstruction of single geniculocortical axonal arbors in the cat after either brief or prolonged monocular occlusion revealed striking axonal rearrangements in both instances. Rapid withdrawal of the branches of deprived-eye arbors suggests that axonal branches bearing synapses respond quickly to changing patterns of neuronal activity.},
	Author = {Antonini, A and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:36:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:36:05 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cats; Geniculate Bodies; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5115},
	Pages = {1819-21},
	pmid = {8511592},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid remodeling of axonal arbors in the visual cortex},
	Volume = {260},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Antonini:1993,
	Abstract = {This study analyzes the morphological changes in geniculocortical axons terminating in the primary visual cortex of the cat, during the period in which, in normal development, the terminals in layer IV undergo an eye-specific segregation. Geniculocortical afferent fibers were filled anterogradely by the Phaseolus lectin (PHA-L) injected into the main laminae of the LGN. After standard immunohistochemical procedures, single axons were serially reconstructed in two or three dimensions. Experiments were performed in normal kittens and in kittens in which retinal activity was continuously blocked by repeated intraocular injections of TTX. In normal kittens, arbors were reconstructed at four different ages (19, 23, 30-31, and 39 days postnatally) spanning the period during which the geniculocortical projection segregates into eye-specific columns in layer IV (LeVay et al., 1978). Results reveal that sparse but widely extending branches characteristic of young arbors are eliminated during normal development at the same time as selected portions of the arbor grow considerably in length and complexity. The terminal arborizations also subdivide into distinct patches of terminals, consistent with the segregation of left and right eye afferents. In TTX-treated animals, axonal arbors reconstructed at postnatal days 23, 29, and 39 show a complexity and extent of terminal arborization similar to that of normal animals, though more variable in size and degree of elaboration. No progressive changes are evident with age. Further, the majority of arbors reconstructed from TTX-treated animals lack the patchy organization typical of normal animals.},
	Author = {Antonini, A and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:36:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:37:51 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; cat; retina; Thalamic Nuclei; LGN; activity manipulation; spontaneous activity; retinal waves; Anatomy; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axons; Cats; Geniculate Bodies; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Retina; Tetrodotoxin; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {3549-73},
	pmid = {8340819},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of individual geniculocortical arbors in cat striate cortex and effects of binocular impulse blockade},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Furman:2013,
	Abstract = {Prior to eye opening, waves of spontaneous activity sweep across the developing retina. These "retinal waves", together with genetically encoded molecular mechanisms, mediate the formation of visual maps in the brain. However, the specific role of wave activity in synapse development in retino-recipient brain regions is unclear. Here, we compare the functional development of synapses and the morphological development of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of wild-type mice (WT) and transgenic mice (β2-TG) in which retinal wave propagation is spatially truncated (Xu et al., 2011). We use two recently developed brain slice preparations to examine neurons and synapses in the binocular vs. mainly-monocular SC. We find that retinocollicular synaptic strength is reduced whereas the number of retinal inputs is increased in the binocular SC of β2-TG mice in comparison to WT mice. In contrast, in the mainly-monocular SC, the number of retinal inputs is normal in β2-TG mice, but transiently, synapses are abnormally strong, possibly due to enhanced activity-dependent competition between local, 'small' retinal domains. These findings demonstrate that retinal wave size plays an instructive role in the synaptic and morphological development of SC neurons, possibly through a competitive process among retinofugal axons.},
	Author = {Furman, Moran and Xu, Hong-Ping and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:19:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:21:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.01066.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; spontaneous activity; synapses; Patch-Clamp Techniques; in vitro; mice; mouse; Neurophysiology; activity-dependent; development; retinal waves; superior colliculus; vision; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Jun},
	pmid = {23741047},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Competition driven by retinal waves promotes the morphological and functional synaptic development of neurons in the superior colliculus},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01066.2012}}

@article{Furman:2012,
	Abstract = {In the developing visual system of mammals, retinal axons from the two eyes compete for postsynaptic partners. After eye opening, this process is regulated in part by homeostatically constrained competition for synaptic connectivity with target neurons. However, prior to eye opening, the functional and synaptic basis of binocular map development is unclear. To examine the role of binocular interactions during early stages of visual map development, we performed in vitro patch-clamp recordings from the superior colliculus (SC) of neonatal mice. Using newly designed slice preparations, we compared retinocollicular synapse development in the medial SC, which receives binocular input, and the lateral SC, which is predominantly monocular. Surprisingly, we found that at P6-7, when eye-specific segregation has just emerged, retinocollicular synapses were stronger and more mature and dendritic arbors were more elaborate in the medial than the lateral SC. Furthermore, monocular enucleation of the ipsilateral eye at P0 selectively reduced synaptic strength and dendritic branching in the medial SC and abolished the differences normally observed between the two slices at P6-7. This specifically implicates binocular interactions in the development of retinocollicular connectivity prior to eye opening. Our findings contrast with the predictions of a constrained-connectivity model of binocular map development and suggest instead that binocular competition prior to eye opening enhances retinocollicular synaptic strength and the morphological development of retino-recipient neurons.},
	Author = {Furman, Moran and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:19:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:21:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00943.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; spontaneous activity; synapses; Patch-Clamp Techniques; in vitro; mice; mouse; Neurophysiology; activity-dependent; development; retinal waves; superior colliculus; vision; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Eye; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Culture Techniques; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Vision, Binocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {3200-16},
	pmid = {22402661},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synapse maturation is enhanced in the binocular region of the retinocollicular map prior to eye opening},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00943.2011}}

@article{Turrigiano:2011,
	Abstract = {Maintaining the proper balance between excitation and inhibition is critical for the normal function of cortical circuits. This balance is thought to be maintained by an array of homeostatic mechanisms that regulate neuronal and circuit excitability, including mechanisms that target excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and mechanisms that target intrinsic neuronal excitability. In this review, I discuss where and when these mechanisms are used in complex microcircuits, what is currently known about the signaling pathways that underlie them, and how these different ways of achieving network stability cooperate and/or compete. An important challenge for the field of homeostatic plasticity is to assemble our understanding of these individual mechanisms into a coherent view of how microcircuit stability is maintained during experience-dependent circuit refinement.},
	Author = {Turrigiano, Gina},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:12:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:15:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153238},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; plasticity; homeostatic plasticity; neurophysiology; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Homeostasis; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Synapses},
	Pages = {89-103},
	pmid = {21438687},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Too many cooks? Intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic mechanisms in cortical circuit refinement},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Turrigiano_AnnuRevNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153238}}

@article{Levelt:2012,
	Abstract = {In many regions of the developing brain, neuronal circuits undergo defined phases of enhanced plasticity, termed critical periods. Work in the rodent visual cortex has led to important insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the timing of the critical period. Although there is little doubt that the maturation of specific inhibitory circuits plays a key role in the opening of the critical period in the visual cortex, it is less clear what puts an end to it. In this review, we describe the established mechanisms and point out where more experimental work is needed. We also show that plasticity in the visual cortex is present well before, and long after, the peak of the critical period.},
	Author = {Levelt, Christiaan N and H{\"u}bener, Mark},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 20:08:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:09:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113813},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {activity-development; visual system; Visual Cortex; plasticity; Critical Period; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Critical Period (Psychology); Dominance, Ocular; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Signal Transduction; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex},
	Pages = {309-30},
	pmid = {22462544},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Critical-period plasticity in the visual cortex},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Levelt_AnnuRevNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113813}}

@article{Syed:2004a,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous rhythmic waves in the developing mammalian retina are thought to propagate among differentiated neurons in the inner retina (IR) and play an important role in activity-dependent visual development. Here we report a new form of rhythmic Ca(2+) wave in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the developing rabbit retina. Ca(2+) imaging from two-photon optical sections near the ventricular surface of the whole-mount retina showed rhythmic Ca(2+) transients propagating laterally as waves. The VZ waves had a distinctively slow Ca(2+) dynamics (lasting approximately 20 s) but shared a similar frequency and propagation speed with the IR waves. Simultaneous Ca(2+) imaging in VZ and multi-electrode array recording in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) revealed close spatiotemporal correlation between spontaneous VZ and IR waves, suggesting a common source of initiation and/or regulation of the two waves. Pharmacological studies further showed that all drugs that blocked IR waves also blocked VZ waves. However, the muscarinic antagonist atropine selectively blocked VZ but not IR waves at this developmental stage, indicating that IR waves were not dependent on VZ waves, but VZ waves likely relied on the initiation of IR waves. Eliciting IR waves with puffs of nicotinic or non-N-methyl-d-aspartate agonists in GCL produced atropine-sensitive waves in the VZ, demonstrating a unique, retrograde signaling pathway from IR to VZ. Thus differentiated neurons in the IR use spontaneous, rhythmic waves to send both forward signals to the central visual targets and retrograde messages to the developing cells in the VZ.},
	Author = {Syed, Mohsin Md and Lee, Seunghoon and He, Shigang and Zhou, Z Jimmy},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-14 20:09:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-14 20:09:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.01129.2003},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {retinal waves, spontaneous activity; activity-development; calcium imaging; retina; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Atropine; Axons; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Cholinergic Antagonists; Electrodes; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Female; GABA Antagonists; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muscarinic Antagonists; Neurotransmitter Agents; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1999-2009},
	pmid = {14681336},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous waves in the ventricular zone of developing mammalian retina},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Syed_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}}

@article{Copenhagen:1996,
	Abstract = {Propagated waves of excitation in developing neural tissues may be a critical feature of maturation. Recent findings shed new light on the mechanisms underlying these waves.},
	Author = {Copenhagen, D R},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-14 16:25:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-14 16:26:17 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; Spontaneous activity; review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Retina; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1368-70},
	pmid = {8939594},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal development: on the crest of an exciting wave},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Copenhagen_CurrBiol1996.pdf}}

@article{Zhou:1998,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous, rhythmic waves of excitation in the developing mammalian retina play a critical role in the formation of precise neuronal connectivity in the visual system. However, it is not known what circuits in the retina are responsible for the production of these waves. Using patch-clamp recordings in the whole-mount neonatal rabbit retina, this study reports that the displaced starburst amacrine cell, a unique cholinergic interneuron in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, undergoes rhythmic bursts of membrane depolarization with a frequency and duration similar to those of spontaneous retinal waves. Simultaneous patch-clamp recordings from pairs of neighboring starburst and ganglion cells show that the rhythmic activity in starburst cells is closely correlated with that in ganglion cells, and that the excitation in both cell types is most likely driven by synaptic input. However, in contrast to ganglion cells, displaced starburst cells usually do not generate spontaneous somatic action potentials. Instead, they seem to use subthreshold potentials (at least at the soma) to mediate the rhythmic excitation. The results suggest that acetylcholine is likely released rhythmically in the developing retina. Thus, starburst amacrine cells form the first identified network of retinal interneurons that directly participate in spontaneous rhythmic activities in the developing retina.},
	Author = {Zhou, Z J},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-14 14:43:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-14 14:44:20 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Rabbits; spontaneous activity; retina; visual system; activity-development; retinal waves; in vitro; Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers; Fluorescent Dyes; Isoquinolines; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Periodicity; Rabbits; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {4155-65},
	pmid = {9592095},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Direct participation of starburst amacrine cells in spontaneous rhythmic activities in the developing mammalian retina},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Miller:1972,
	Author = {Miller, D J},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-08 15:23:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-08 15:24:25 +0000},
	Journal = {Child Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Child development},
	Keywords = {entrainment; development; human; infant; visual system; habituation; learning; memory},
	Mesh = {Attention; Child Development; Color Perception; Fixation, Ocular; Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Humans; Infant; Male; Memory; Orientation; Probability; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {481-93},
	pmid = {5034730},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual habituation in the human infant},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {1972},
	url = {papers/Miller_ChildDev1972.pdf}}

@article{Lau:2008,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spatially mapped large scale gene expression databases enable quantitative comparison of data measurements across genes, anatomy, and phenotype. In most ongoing efforts to study gene expression in the mammalian brain, significant resources are applied to the mapping and visualization of data. This paper describes the implementation and utility of Brain Explorer, a 3D visualization tool for studying in situ hybridization-based (ISH) expression patterns in the Allen Brain Atlas, a genome-wide survey of 21,000 expression patterns in the C57BL\6J adult mouse brain.
RESULTS: Brain Explorer enables users to visualize gene expression data from the C57Bl/6J mouse brain in 3D at a resolution of 100 microm3, allowing co-display of several experiments as well as 179 reference neuro-anatomical structures. Brain Explorer also allows viewing of the original ISH images referenced from any point in a 3D data set. Anatomic and spatial homology searches can be performed from the application to find data sets with expression in specific structures and with similar expression patterns. This latter feature allows for anatomy independent queries and genome wide expression correlation studies.
CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression information in the adult mouse brain and the ability to perform data mining and visualization of gene expression and neuroanatomy in an integrated manner.},
	Author = {Lau, Christopher and Ng, Lydia and Thompson, Carol and Pathak, Sayan and Kuan, Leonard and Jones, Allan and Hawrylycz, Mike},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-08 12:55:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-08 12:56:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1186/1471-2105-9-153},
	Journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
	Journal-Full = {BMC bioinformatics},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visualization; technical report; Methods; Programming Languages; Software; Computational Biology; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Computer Graphics; Computer Simulation; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Anatomic; Models, Biological; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Software; Tissue Distribution; User-Computer Interface},
	Pages = {153},
	Pmc = {PMC2375125},
	pmid = {18366675},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Exploration and visualization of gene expression with neuroanatomy in the adult mouse brain},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lau_BMCBioinformatics2008.pdf}}


@article{Arcelli:1997,
	Abstract = {The present study evaluated the occurrence, distribution, and number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamus of different mammalian species (bat, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, monkey, humans), by means of light microscopical immunoenzymatic localization of GABA or of its biosynthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and by ultrastructural immunogold detection of GABA. Our data demonstrated that: 1) GABAergic local circuit neurons were detected in the thalamic visual domain in all the species analyzed, whereas in other thalamic nuclei their presence and number varied among species; 2) the number of GABAergic local circuit neurons progressively increased in the dorsal thalamus of species with more complex behavior; 3) the presence of local circuit neurons conferred a similar intrinsic organization to the dorsal thalamic nuclei, characterized by complex synaptic arrangements; 4) in the reticular thalamic nucleus, whose neurons were GABA-immunoreactive in all the examined species, the cellular density decreased from the bat to humans. These findings strongly suggest that thalamic GABAergic local circuit neurons are not directly related to the ability to perform specific sensorimotor tasks, but they are likely to reflect an increasing complexity of the local information processing that occurs at thalamic level.},
	Author = {Arcelli, P and Frassoni, C and Regondi, M C and De Biasi, S and Spreafico, R},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-07 13:09:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-07 13:11:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research bulletin},
	Keywords = {development; visual system; thalamus; Primates; rodent; GABA; interneurons},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Guinea Pigs; Mammals; Rabbits; Rats; Synapses; Thalamic Nuclei; Thalamus; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {27-37},
	pmid = {8978932},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABAergic neurons in mammalian thalamus: a marker of thalamic complexity?},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Arcelli_BrainResBull1997.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:2009,
	Abstract = {In the past three decades, mounting evidence has revealed that specification of the basic cortical neuronal classes starts at the time of their final mitotic divisions in the embryonic proliferative zones. This early cell determination continues during the migration of the newborn neurons across the widening cerebral wall, and it is in the cortical plate that they attain their final positions and establish species-specific cytoarchitectonic areas. Here, the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex is viewed in the context of the radial unit and protomap hypotheses. A broad spectrum of findings gave insight into the pathogenesis of cortical malformations and the biological bases for the evolution of the modern human neocortex. We examine the history and evidence behind the concept of early specification of neurons and provide the latest compendium of genes and signaling molecules involved in neuronal fate determination and specification.},
	Author = {Rakic, Pasko and Ayoub, Albert E and Breunig, Joshua J and Dominguez, Martin H},
	Date-Added = {2013-08-07 12:51:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-07 12:52:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2009.01.007},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {review literature; Molecular Biology; Gene Expression; Cerebral Cortex; topographic map; Visual Cortex; visual system; patterning; development; Grants},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Brain Mapping; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Neurogenesis; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {291-301},
	Pmc = {PMC3601545},
	pmid = {19380167},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Decision by division: making cortical maps},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rakic_TrendsNeurosci2009.pdf}}

@article{Akrouh:2013,
	Abstract = {The developing retina generates spontaneous glutamatergic (stage III) waves of activity that sequentially recruit neighboring ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON and OFF RGCs). This activity pattern is thought to help establish parallel ON and OFF pathways in downstream visual areas. The circuits that produce stage III waves and desynchronize ON and OFF RGC firing remain obscure. Using dual patch-clamp recordings, we find that ON and OFF RGCs receive sequential excitatory input from ON and OFF cone bipolar cells (CBCs), respectively. This input sequence is generated by crossover circuits, in which ON CBCs control glutamate release from OFF CBCs via diffusely stratified inhibitory amacrine cells. In addition, neighboring ON CBCs communicate directly and indirectly through lateral glutamatergic transmission and gap junctions, both of which are required for wave initiation and propagation. Thus, intersecting lateral excitatory and vertical inhibitory circuits give rise to precisely patterned stage III retinal waves.},
	Author = {Akrouh, Alejandro and Kerschensteiner, Daniel},
	Date-Added = {2013-07-15 14:14:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:10:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.012},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; spontaneous activity; development; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; bipolar cells; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {23830830},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Intersecting Circuits Generate Precisely Patterned Retinal Waves},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Akrouh_Neuron2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.012}}

@article{Rivlin-Etzion:2012,
	Abstract = {Direction selectivity in the retina is mediated by direction-selective ganglion cells. These cells are part of a circuit in which they are asymmetrically wired to inhibitory neurons. Thus, they respond strongly to an image moving in the preferred direction and weakly to an image moving in the opposite (null) direction. Here, we demonstrate that adaptation with short visual stimulation of a direction-selective ganglion cell using drifting gratings can reverse this cell's directional preference by 180$\,^{\circ}$. This reversal is robust, long lasting, and independent of the animal's age. Our findings indicate that, even within circuits that are hardwired, the computation of direction can be altered by dynamic circuit mechanisms that are guided by visual stimulation.},
	Author = {Rivlin-Etzion, Michal and Wei, Wei and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2013-07-15 14:13:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-15 14:14:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.041},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Retina; development; Retinal Ganglion Cells; direction; topographic map; neurophysiology; inhibition},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Motion Perception; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {518-25},
	Pmc = {PMC3496185},
	pmid = {23141064},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual stimulation reverses the directional preference of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Rivlin-Etzion_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.041}}

@article{Gitton:1999,
	Abstract = {In the H-2Z1 mouse line, postnatal expression of the lacZ containing transgene in the cerebral cortex is restricted to layer IV neurons of the somatosensory area. We have used H-2Z1 embryos in previous heterotopic transplantation experiments to investigate the chronology of determination of areal identity. From the onset of neurogenesis, the cortex was regionalized in domains fated to express or not the somatosensory area-specific transgene. Determination occured 1 day later. In the present study, we show that, in vivo, H-2Z1 expression coincides with invasion of the cortical plate by thalamic afferents. We therefore investigated the role of thalamic innervation in the onset of H-2Z1 expression. For this purpose, we examined the pattern of H-2Z1 expression in perinatal cortical explant, in reeler mutant and MaoA deficient mice, or in animals which had received neonatal lesions affecting the somatosensory cortex or the thalamocortical projection. We found that, around birth, a switch occurs in the control of H-2Z1 expression: whereas H-2Z1 expression developed autonomously in embryonic parietal cortex in the absence of thalamic fibers, a transient requirement for a thalamic axon derived signal was observed postnatally. This property has interesting implications for the plasticity of cortical areas in development and evolution.},
	Author = {Gitton, Y and Cohen-Tannoudji, M and Wassef, M},
	Date-Added = {2013-07-15 14:11:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-15 14:12:10 +0000},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {genes; technique; ideas; Thalamic Nuclei; marker; Somatosensory Cortex; mouse; development; Neocortex;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Biological Markers; Cells, Cultured; Denervation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Genes, Reporter; Lac Operon; Lip; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Mice, Transgenic; Monoamine Oxidase; Neural Pathways; Parietal Lobe; Somatosensory Cortex; Thalamus; Transgenes; beta-Galactosidase},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {611-20},
	pmid = {10498279},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of thalamic axons in the expression of H-2Z1, a mouse somatosensory cortex specific marker},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Gitton_CerebCortex1999.pdf}}

@article{Song:2005a,
	Abstract = {The oocyte is a highly differentiated cell. It makes organelles specialized to its unique functions and progresses through a series of developmental stages to acquire a fertilization competent phenotype. This review will integrate the biology of the oocyte with what is known about oocyte-specific gene regulation and transcription factors involved in oocyte development. We propose that oogenesis is reliant on a dynamic gene regulatory network that includes oocyte-specific transcriptional regulators.},
	Author = {Song, Jia L and Wessel, Gary M},
	Date-Added = {2013-07-05 21:11:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-05 21:13:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.07301005.x},
	Journal = {Differentiation},
	Journal-Full = {Differentiation; research in biological diversity},
	Keywords = {development; Transcription; gene; Environment; Regeneration; Stem Cells},
	Mesh = {Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; DNA-Binding Proteins; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Octamer Transcription Factor-3; Oocytes; Oogenesis; Organ Specificity; Ovary; Ovum; Pregnancy; RNA, Ribosomal; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Xenopus Proteins},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-17},
	pmid = {15733063},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {How to make an egg: transcriptional regulation in oocytes},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Song_Differentiation2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.07301005.x}}


@article{King:2000,
	Abstract = {Many animals with laterally placed eyes, such as chameleons, move their eyes independently of one another. In contrast, primates with frontally placed eyes and binocular vision must move them together so that both eyes are aimed at the same point in visual space. Is binocular coordination an innate feature of how our brains are wired, or have we simply learned to move our eyes together? This question sparked a controversy in the 19(th) century between two eminent German scientists, Ewald Hering and Hermann von Helmholtz. Hering took the position that binocular coordination was innate and vigorously challenged von Helmholtz's view that it was learned. Hering won the argument and his hypothesis, known as Hering's Law of Equal Innervation, became generally accepted. New evidence suggests, however, that similar to chameleons, primates may program movements of each eye independently. Binocular coordination is achieved by a neural network at the motor periphery comprised of motoneurons and specialized interneurons located near or in the cranial nerve nuclei that innervate the extraocular muscles. It is assumed that this network must be trained and calibrated during infancy and probably throughout life in order to maintain the precise binocular coordination characteristic of primate eye movements despite growth, aging effects, and injuries to the eye movement neuromuscular system. Malfunction of this network or its ability to adaptively learn may be a contributing cause of strabismus.},
	Author = {King, W M and Zhou, W},
	Date-Added = {2013-07-01 21:14:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-01 21:15:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Anat Rec},
	Journal-Full = {The Anatomical record},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; Activity-development; visual system; motor; Saccades; binocular disparity; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Eye Movements; Lizards; Motor Neurons; Oculomotor Muscles; Primates; Strabismus; Vision, Binocular},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {153-61},
	pmid = {10944576},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New ideas about binocular coordination of eye movements: is there a chameleon in the primate family tree?},
	Volume = {261},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/King_AnatRec2000.pdf}}

@article{Medina:2000,
	Abstract = {Recent data on the expression of several homeobox genes in the embryonic telencephalon of mammals, birds and reptiles support the homology of a part of the avian pallium, named the Wulst, and at least the more-medial and superior parts of mammalian neocortex. This conclusion is also supported by previous embryological, topological and hodological data. Furthermore, new evidence on the connections and electrophysiological properties of specific subfields within the avian Wulst, and on the thalamic territories that project to these fields, supports the more-specific conclusion that a primary visual area and a primary somatosensory-somatomotor area are present in the avian Wulst; these areas are likely to be homologous to their counterparts in mammals. In spite of this, developmental, morphological and comparative evidence indicate that some structural and physiological traits that appear to be similar in the Wulst and neocortex (such as the lamination or binocularity) evolved independently in birds and mammals.},
	Author = {Medina, L and Reiner, A},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-14 18:49:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-14 18:50:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; turtle; Evolution; Visual Cortex; birds; reptiles; mammals; review literature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Brain; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Homeobox; Mammals; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-12},
	pmid = {10631781},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Do birds possess homologues of mammalian primary visual, somatosensory and motor cortices?},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Medina_TrendsNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Mulligan:1990,
	Abstract = {The projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate complex to the visual cortex in Pseudemys and Chrysemys turtles was examined by using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vitro and the retrograde transport of HRP in vivo. In vitro HRP injections into the lateral forebrain bundle were used to fill geniculocortical axons anterogradely, which were then analyzed in cortical wholemount preparations. Geniculocortical axons gain access to the visual cortex along its entire rostral-caudal extent. They course in slightly curved trajectories for up to 2 mm from the lateral edge of the cortex through both the lateral (or pallial thickening) and medial parts of Desan's cortical area D2. Single axons are of fine caliber. They tend to cross each other and sometimes branch in the pallial thickening, but are generally unbranched in the medial part of D2. They bear small, fusiform varicosities at irregular intervals along their lengths. Although axons show small variations in the number of varicosities per 100 microns segment, no consistent variation in varicosity number as a function of distance could be detected. These results indicate that geniculocortical axons project to the visual cortex in an orderly pattern. The retrograde transport experiments provide some clue as to the significance of this pattern. Small, ionotophoretic injections of HRP in the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate complex. Injections in the rostral visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal pole of the geniculate complex. Injections at progressively more caudal loci within the visual cortex labeled neurons at progressively more rostral loci within the geniculate complex. Thus, there is a representation of the rostral-caudal axis of the geniculate complex along the caudal-rostral axis of the visual cortex. Consistent with the anterograde transport experiments that showed individual geniculocortical axons coursing through both lateral and medial parts of the visual cortex, HRP injections restricted to the medial edge of the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons along the entire dorsal-ventral axis of the geniculate complex at the appropriate rostral-caudal position. The neurophysiological studies of Mazurskaya ('72: J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 8:550-555; respond to a small, moving stimulus anywhere in visual space, implying a convergence of inputs from all points in visual space somewhere along the retinogeniculocortical pathway. The experiments reported here suggest a convergence in the geniculocortical projections of information along the vertical meridians, or azimuth lines, of visual space onto neurons lying along lateral to medial transects through the visual cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Mulligan, K A and Ulinski, P S},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-14 16:44:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-14 16:50:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902960403},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; Turtles; in vivo; visual system; topographic map; Anatomy; connectivity; Histocytochemistry; tracer},
	Mesh = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Endings; Turtles; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {531-47},
	pmid = {2358551},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Organization of geniculocortical projections in turtles: isoazimuth lamellae in the visual cortex},
	Volume = {296},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Mulligan_JCompNeurol1990a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960403}}

@article{Cosans:1990,
	Abstract = {The spatial pattern of projections within turtle visual cortex was studied by using focal injections of horseradish peroxidase into visual cortex in an in vitro wholebrain preparation. Injections anterogradely filled the axons of many layer 2 neurons, which could be followed for 200-500 microns from the injection sites. Axons were typically unbranched, relatively straight, and bore small varicosities at irregular intervals. They radiated from the injection sites in all directions, but showed some preference toward orientations along the lateral-medial axis of the cortex. Earlier work (Mulligan and Ulinski, '90) had demonstrated that turtle visual cortex contains a series of isoazimuth lamellae, each representing an individual azimuth of visual space and oriented perpendicular to the rostral-caudal axis of the cortex. The present study provides evidence for intrinsic projections both along isoazimuth lamellae and between adjacent lamellae. These projections may play roles in the elaboration of wide receptive fields of cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Cosans, C E and Ulinski, P S},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-14 16:44:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-14 16:46:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902960404},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; Turtles; in vivo; visual system; topographic map; Anatomy; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Horseradish Peroxidase; Turtles; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {548-58},
	pmid = {2358552},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatial organization of axons in turtle visual cortex: intralamellar and interlamellar projections},
	Volume = {296},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Cosans_JCompNeurol1990.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960404}}

@article{Schutte:1995,
	Abstract = {Centrifugal fibers innervating the retina have been shown in all classes of vertebrate, except for mammals where conventional tract-tracing methods have not been able to unmistakably demonstrate their existence. In a previous study, a unilateral, intravitreal injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was used to reveal indoleamine-accumulating centrifugal fibers which were visualized by an immunoreaction against serotonin. In the present study, I employed a modification of this method to stain retinopetal neurons in the rat. Terminals were located preferentially in the outer retina; labeled fibers could be traced back along an ipsilateral pathway to somata in the dorso-caudal portions of the chiasm or the medio-lateral preoptic area, and thence towards the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The unique beaded appearance of the fibers distinguishes them from retinal ganglion cell axons. The labeling of central cell bodies strongly suggests that they possess terminals in the retina. Thus, at least some mammalian retinas receive centrifugal innervation. This indoleamine-accumulating retinopetal pathway may be involved in retinal melatonin synthesis, coordination of circadian rhythms, and interocular phenomena.},
	Author = {Sch{\"u}tte, M},
	Date = {1995 Nov-Dec},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-14 16:17:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-14 16:19:16 +0000},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinopetal; retino-retinal; retino-retino; connectivity; visual system; Serotonin; retina; mirror symmetry; Binocular;},
	Mesh = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine; Animals; Immunologic Techniques; Male; Nerve Fibers; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Preoptic Area; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina; Serotonin; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1083-92},
	pmid = {8962828},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Centrifugal innervation of the rat retina},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Schütte_VisNeurosci1995.pdf}}

@article{Ulinski:1988,
	Abstract = {Organization of retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in turtles has been studied by means of light and electron microscopic axon tracing techniques. Orthograde degeneration studies with Fink-Heimer methods following restricted retinal lesions show the entire retina has a topologically organized projection to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex. The nasotemporal axis of the retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex; the dorsoventral axis of the retina projects along the dorsoventral axis of the geniculate complex. The projection to the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex originates from the ventral, temporal and nasal edges of the retina. The nasotemporal axis of the ipsilateral retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex. It was not possible to determine the orientation of the dorsoventral axis of the ipsilateral retina on the geniculate complex. Light microscopic autoradiographic tracing experiments and electron microscopic degeneration experiments show the retinogeniculate projection has a laminar organization. Retinogeniculate terminals are found in both the neuropile and cell plate throughout all three subnuclei of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex but have a distinctive distribution in each subnucleus. In the subnucleus ovalis, they are frequent in both the neuropile and cell plate which forms the rostral pole of the complex. In the dorsal subnucleus, they are most prevalent in the outer part of the neuropile layer, less frequent in the inner part of the neuropile, and rare in the cell plate. In the ventral subnucleus, they are frequent in the outer part of the neuropile but are also common in the inner part of the neuropile and cell plate. These observations point to several principles of geniculate organization in turtles. First, the complex receives projections from the entire contralateral retina and a segment of the ipsilateral retina. It thus has monocular and binocular segments that together receive a topologically organized representation of the binocular visual space and the contralateral monocular visual space. Second, the three geniculate subnuclei receive information from different, specialized regions of the retina and visual space. Subnucleus ovalis receives information from the frontal binocular visual field. The ventral subnucleus receives information from the caudal binocular field. The dorsal subnucleus receives input from the contralateral monocular field. Third, there is a lamination of retinal inputs in the geniculate complex which differs in character within the three subnuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Ulinski, P S and Nautiyal, J},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-14 16:07:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-14 16:08:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902760107},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {turtle; anatomy; connectivity; topographic map; visual system; LGN; retina; Visual Cortex;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Endings; Retina; Turtles; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {92-112},
	pmid = {3192765},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Organization of retinogeniculate projections in turtles of the genera Pseudemys and Chrysemys},
	Volume = {276},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Ulinski_JCompNeurol1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902760107}}


@article{Hall:1970,
	Abstract = {The telencephalic projections of the turtle thalamus were studied using the Fink-Heimer ('67) technique for staining dezenerated axons and their terminals. Large thalamic lesions produced terminal degeneration in the basal telencephalic nuclei, the core of the dorsal ventricular ridge and the outer half of layer I in general cortex. A variety of control lesions confirmed that these projections arisc in the thalamus. Circumscribed thalamic lesions revealed first, that there is some degree of spatial organization in the turtlc's thalamocortical projection system and second, that at least one sensory relay nucleus, the dorsal lateral geniculate, projects to general cortex. Detailed comparisons of the turtle's thalamotelencephalic projections with thosc present in two primitive mammalian species, the hedgehog and the opos- sum, provided a basis for identifying probablc homologies in thc forebrains of reptilcs and mnmmals.},
	Author = {Hall, W C and Ebner, F F},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 19:25:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 19:27:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901400107},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {turtle; Visual Cortex; anatomy; LGN; thalamus; connectivity; Histological Techniques; Classical; projection; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Geniculate Bodies; Insectivora; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways; Opossums; Telencephalon; Thalamus; Turtles},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {101-22},
	pmid = {5459208},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamotelencephalic projections in the turtle (Pseudemys scripta)},
	Volume = {140},
	Year = {1970},
	url = {papers/Hall_JCompNeurol1970.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901400107}}

@article{Prechtl:1997,
	Abstract = {The computations involved in the processing of a visual scene invariably involve the interactions among neurons throughout all of visual cortex. One hypothesis is that the timing of neuronal activity, as well as the amplitude of activity, provides a means to encode features of objects. The experimental data from studies on cat [Gray, C. M., Konig, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (1989) Nature (London) 338, 334-337] support a view in which only synchronous (no phase lags) activity carries information about the visual scene. In contrast, theoretical studies suggest, on the one hand, the utility of multiple phases within a population of neurons as a means to encode independent visual features and, on the other hand, the likely existence of timing differences solely on the basis of network dynamics. Here we use widefield imaging in conjunction with voltage-sensitive dyes to record electrical activity from the virtually intact, unanesthetized turtle brain. Our data consist of single-trial measurements. We analyze our data in the frequency domain to isolate coherent events that lie in different frequency bands. Low frequency oscillations (<5 Hz) are seen in both ongoing activity and activity induced by visual stimuli. These oscillations propagate parallel to the afferent input. Higher frequency activity, with spectral peaks near 10 and 20 Hz, is seen solely in response to stimulation. This activity consists of plane waves and spiral-like waves, as well as more complex patterns. The plane waves have an average phase gradient of approximately pi/2 radians/mm and propagate orthogonally to the low frequency waves. Our results show that large-scale differences in neuronal timing are present and persistent during visual processing.},
	Author = {Prechtl, J C and Cohen, L B and Pesaran, B and Mitra, P P and Kleinfeld, D},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:57:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:59:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {turtle; voltage sensor; optical imaging; optical physiology; neurophysiology; in vivo; visual cortex; next},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Electrophysiology; Photic Stimulation; Turtles; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {7621-6},
	Pmc = {PMC23872},
	pmid = {9207142},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual stimuli induce waves of electrical activity in turtle cortex},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Prechtl_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}}

@article{Rutishauser:2013,
	Abstract = {Brain activity often consists of interactions between internal-or on-going-and external-or sensory-activity streams, resulting in complex, distributed patterns of neural activity. Investigation of such interactions could benefit from closed-loop experimental protocols in which one stream can be controlled depending on the state of the other. We describe here methods to present rapid and precisely timed visual stimuli to awake animals, conditional on features of the animal's on-going brain state; those features are the presence, power and phase of oscillations in local field potentials (LFP). The system can process up to 64 channels in real time. We quantified its performance using simulations, synthetic data and animal experiments (chronic recordings in the dorsal cortex of awake turtles). The delay from detection of an oscillation to the onset of a visual stimulus on an LCD screen was 47.5ms and visual-stimulus onset could be locked to the phase of ongoing oscillations at any frequency ≤40Hz. Our software's architecture is flexible, allowing on-the-fly modifications by experimenters and the addition of new closed-loop control and analysis components through plugins. The source code of our system "StimOMatic" is available freely as open-source.},
	Author = {Rutishauser, Ueli and Kotowicz, Andreas and Laurent, Gilles},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:44:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:50:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.020},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {technique; Methods; next; neurophysiology; hardware; Programming Languages; visual system; in vivo; Electrophysiology},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {139-55},
	pmid = {23473800},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A method for closed-loop presentation of sensory stimuli conditional on the internal brain-state of awake animals},
	Volume = {215},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Rutishauser_JNeurosciMethods2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.020}}

@article{Kriegstein:1986,
	Abstract = {We have examined the synaptic physiology of the isolated dorsal cortex of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Electrical stimulation of afferent pathways elicited distinct, stereotyped responses in pyramidal and stellate neurons. Single shocks evoked a long-lasting barrage of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in stellate cells, and led to a burst of several action potentials. Under the same circumstances, pyramidal cells displayed a small amount of short-latency excitation, but this was accompanied by a profound and prolonged set of inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs). Synaptic excitation of the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells could evoke dendritic action potentials that were visible at the soma as small all-or-none spikes rising from the hyperpolarized level of the IPSP. There appeared to be two mechanistically different types of IPSPs in pyramidal cells. The first occurred at short latency, could produce a very large conductance increase, reversed polarity at -71 mV, and was chloride-dependent. The second was generally smaller and more protracted, had a relatively negative reversal potential of -85 to -95 mV, and was insensitive to chloride injection. Focal application of small doses of the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) onto the somata of pyramidal cells caused a conductance increase and hyperpolarization. This response had features in common with the short-latency IPSP, including an identical reversal potential. Application of large doses of GABA to the somata of pyramidal cells or smaller doses to their dendrites elicited multiphasic or purely depolarizing responses that were at least partly due to time- or space-dependent shifts of the equilibrium potential of the response. Bicuculline methiodide, a potent GABA antagonist, depressed both the responses to GABA and the short-latency IPSP, but not the long-latency IPSP; synchronized epileptiform burst discharges also resulted. These findings, together with responses to locally applied electric shocks and the excitatory amino acid glutamate, suggested that inhibition of pyramidal cells was generated intrinsically by stellate cells, and that the cortical circuit provides pathways for both feedforward and feedback GABAergic inhibition. The data also suggest that pyramidal cells are mutually excitatory. These features are similar to the basic intrinsic circuitry in the telencephalic cortices of mammals.},
	Author = {Kriegstein, A R and Connors, B W},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:38:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:39:23 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Turtles; physiology; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bicuculline; Chlorides; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Intracellular Fluid; Membrane Potentials; Pyramidal Tracts; Synapses; Turtles; Visual Cortex; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {178-91},
	pmid = {2868076},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cellular physiology of the turtle visual cortex: synaptic properties and intrinsic circuitry},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Kriegstein_JNeurosci1986.pdf}}

@article{Wu:2008,
	Abstract = {The development of voltage-sensitive dyes (VSD) and fast optical imaging techniques have brought us a new tool for examining spatiotemporal patterns of population neuronal activity in the neocortex. Propagating waves have been observed during almost every type of cortical processing examined by VSD imaging or electrode arrays. These waves provide subthreshold depolarization to individual neurons and increase their spiking probability. Therefore, the propagation of the waves sets up a spatiotemporal framework for increased excitability in neuronal populations, which can help to determine when and where the neurons are likely to fire. In this review, first discussed is propagating waves observed in various systems and possible mechanisms for generating and sustaining these waves. Then discussed are wave dynamics as an emergent behavior of the population activity that can, in turn, influence the activity of individual neurons. The functions of spontaneous and sensory-evoked waves remain to be explored. An important next step will be to examine the interaction between dynamics of propagating waves and functions in the cortex, and to verify if cortical processing can be modified when these waves are altered.},
	Author = {Wu, Jian-Young and Xiaoying Huang and Chuan Zhang},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:28:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:29:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1177/1073858408317066},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {waves; Visual Cortex; visual system; optical imaging; neurophysiology; voltage sensor; review literature},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Sensory Receptor Cells},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {487-502},
	Pmc = {PMC2679998},
	pmid = {18997124},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Propagating waves of activity in the neocortex: what they are, what they do},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Wu_Neuroscientist2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858408317066}}

@article{Senseman:1999,
	Abstract = {The network behavior of cortical cells during the processing of a light flash was characterized in an isolated, but functionally intact, turtle visual system. Rapid changes in intracellular membrane potential were monitored optically using a voltage-sensitive dye (VSD). Spatially coherent changes in membrane potential were determined by subjecting high-speed movies of the VSD signals to Karhunen-Lo{\'e}ve decomposition. In all experimental trials analyzed (n > 50), coherent activity was restricted to a small number of similar spatial patterns or modes. At least four modes (M(1,1), M(1,2), M(2,1), and M(2,2)) have an organizational structure similar to the normal modes of a vibrating membrane (drum). This empirical observation of modal activity provides a useful framework for analyzing the macroscopic behavior of cortical networks.},
	Author = {Senseman, D M and Robbins, K A},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:23:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:25:41 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Turtles; Visual Cortex; waves; neurophysiology; optical imaging; voltage sensor; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; technique; next},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Mathematics; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Photic Stimulation; Turtles; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {RC3},
	pmid = {10234049},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modal behavior of cortical neural networks during visual processing},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Senseman_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Senseman:2002,
	Abstract = {In the pond turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, visually evoked cortical waves propagate at different velocities within the primary visual area compared with waves that pass into the secondary visual area. In an effort to separate intra- and intercortical wave motions, movies of visually evoked cortical waves recorded by high-speed voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging were subjected to Karhunen-Lo{\'e}ve (KL) decomposition. This procedure decomposes the VSD movies into a series of basis images that capture different spatial patterns of coherent activity. Most of the energy of the compound wave motion (>95%) was captured by the three largest basis images, M(1,1), M(1,2), and M(2,1). Based on visual comparison with maps of wave front latency, KL basis image M(1,2) appears to capture the spread of depolarization within the primary visual area, whereas KL basis image M(2,1) appears to capture the spread of depolarization from the primary into the secondary visual area. The contribution of different basis images to the intra- and intercortical wave motions was tested by reconstructing the response using different combinations of KL basis images. Only KL basis images M(1,1) and M(1,2) were needed to reconstruct intracortical wave motion, while basis images M(1,1) and M(2,1) were needed to reconstruct intercortical wave motion. It was also found that the direction and speed of wave propagation could be deduced by visual inspection of the basis image projections on to the original data set. The relative advantage of KL decomposition for the analysis of complex wave motions captured by VSD imaging is discussed.},
	Author = {Senseman, David M and Robbins, Kay A},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:10:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:17:17 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {computation biology; models; Computer Simulation; neurophysiology; optical imaging; voltage sensor; Visual Cortex; visual system; next},
	Mesh = {Animals; Coloring Agents; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Turtles; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1499-514},
	pmid = {11877522},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High-speed VSD imaging of visually evoked cortical waves: decomposition into intra- and intercortical wave motions},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Senseman_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Robbins:2004,
	Abstract = {Waves have long been thought to be a fundamental mechanism for communicating information within a medium and are widely observed in biological systems. However, a quantitative analysis of biological waves is confounded by the variability and complexity of the response. This paper proposes a robust technique for extracting wave structure from experimental data by calculating "wave subspaces" from the KL decomposition of the data set. If a wave subspace contains a substantial portion of the data set energy during a particular time interval, one can deduce the structure of the wave and potentially isolate its information content. This paper uses the wave subspace technique to extract and compare wave structure in data from three different preparations of the turtle visual cortex. The paper demonstrates that wave subspace caricatures from the three cortical preparations have qualitative similarities. In the numerical model, where information about the underlying dynamics is available, wave subspace landmarks are related to activation and changes in behavior of other dynamic variables besides membrane potential.},
	Author = {Robbins, Kay A and Senseman, David M},
	Date = {2004 May-Jun},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 18:09:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:10:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1023/B:JCNS.0000025689.01581.26},
	Journal = {J Comput Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of computational neuroscience},
	Keywords = {computation biology; models; Computer Simulation; Mathematics; Visual Cortex; Turtles; visual system; wave},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Principal Component Analysis; Reaction Time; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, GABA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Space Perception; Time Factors; Turtles; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {267-98},
	pmid = {15114050},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Extracting wave structure from biological data with application to responses in turtle visual cortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Robbins_JComputNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JCNS.0000025689.01581.26}}

@article{Nenadic:2003,
	Abstract = {This article describes a large-scale model of turtle visual cortex that simulates the propagating waves of activity seen in real turtle cortex. The cortex model contains 744 multicompartment models of pyramidal cells, stellate cells, and horizontal cells. Input is provided by an array of 201 geniculate neurons modeled as single compartments with spike-generating mechanisms and axons modeled as delay lines. Diffuse retinal flashes or presentation of spots of light to the retina are simulated by activating groups of geniculate neurons. The model is limited in that it does not have a retina to provide realistic input to the geniculate, and the cortex and does not incorporate all of the biophysical details of real cortical neurons. However, the model does reproduce the fundamental features of planar propagating waves. Activation of geniculate neurons produces a wave of activity that originates at the rostrolateral pole of the cortex at the point where a high density of geniculate afferents enter the cortex. Waves propagate across the cortex with velocities of 4 microm/ms to 70 microm/ms and occasionally reflect from the caudolateral border of the cortex.},
	Author = {Nenadic, Zoran and Ghosh, Bijoy K and Ulinski, Philip},
	Date = {2003 Mar-Apr},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-12 17:53:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-12 18:05:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Comput Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of computational neuroscience},
	Keywords = {computation biology; Computer Simulation; models; Turtles; neurophysiology; waves; Visual Cortex; visual system; Mathematics; technique; next},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Axons; Computer Simulation; Demography; Dendrites; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Reaction Time; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, GABA-B; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses; Time Factors; Turtles; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {161-84},
	pmid = {12567015},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Propagating waves in visual cortex: a large-scale model of turtle visual cortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Nenadic_JComputNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nenadic_JComputNeurosci2003a.pdf}}

@article{Godecke:1996,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian visual cortex, many neurons are driven binocularly and response properties such as orientation preference or spatial frequency tuning are virtually identical for the two eyes. A precise match of orientation is essential in order to detect disparity and is therefore a prerequisite for stereoscopic vision. It is not clear whether this match is accomplished by activity-dependent mechanisms together with the common visual experience normally received by the eyes, or whether the visual system relies on other, perhaps even innate, cues to achieve this task. Here we test whether visual experience is responsible for the match in a reverse-suturing experiment in which kittens were raised so that both eyes were never able to see at the same time. A comparison of the layout of the two maps formed under these conditions showed them to be virtually identical. Considering that the two eyes never had common visual experience, this indicates that correlated visual input is not required for the alignment of orientation preference maps.},
	Author = {G{\"o}decke, I and Bonhoeffer, T},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-10 19:48:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-10 19:50:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/379251a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {cat; kitten; spontaneous activity; activity manipulation; activity-development; development; Visual Cortex; Neocortex; visual system; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Orientation; Sensory Deprivation; Sutures; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {6562},
	Pages = {251-4},
	pmid = {8538789},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of identical orientation maps for two eyes without common visual experience},
	Volume = {379},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Gödecke_Nature1996.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379251a0}}

@article{Toth:1989,
	Abstract = {In juvenile and adult Xenopus laevis, in adult Bufo marinus and Rana esculenta frogs retino-retinal projections were traced by filling the central stump of one optic nerve, cut 2-3 mm from the eye, with horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) or cobaltic-lysine complex (CLC). The presence of retino-retinal projections was confirmed in all 3 species both in the juvenile and the adult. Up to 12 ganglion cells per retina were found to be filled retrogradely with HRP together with optic axons filled anterogradely with CLC. These findings suggest that (1) a small proportion of ganglion cells project, erroneously, to the opposite retina and (2) this erroneous retino-retinal projection persists throughout the whole lifespan of the animals.},
	Author = {T{\'o}th, P and Straznicky, C},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-10 18:42:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-10 19:17:29 +0000},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {retino-retinal; retino-retino; retinopetal; mirror symmetry; development; activity-development; frog; Amphibia; growth; retina; visual system; tracer; anatomy; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Bufo marinus; Cobalt; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lysine; Neural Pathways; Optic Nerve; Rana esculenta; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {43-7},
	pmid = {2510094},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retino-retinal projections in three anuran species},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Tóth_NeurosciLett1989.pdf}}

@article{Sarnaik:2013,
	Abstract = {The convergence of eye-specific thalamic inputs to visual cortical neurons forms the basis of binocular vision. Inputs from the same eye that signal light increment (On) and decrement (Off) are spatially segregated into subregions, giving rise to cortical receptive fields (RFs) that are selective for stimulus orientation. Here we map RFs of binocular neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex using spike-triggered average. We find that subregions of the same sign (On-On and Off-Off) preferentially overlap between the 2 monocular RFs, leading to binocularly matched orientation tuning. We further demonstrate that such subregion correspondence and the consequent matching of RF orientation are disrupted in mice reared in darkness during development. Surprisingly, despite the lack of all postnatal visual experience, a substantial degree of subregion correspondence still remains. In addition, dark-reared mice show normal monocular RF structures and binocular overlap. These results thus reveal the specific roles of experience-dependent and -independent processes in binocular convergence and refinement of On and Off inputs onto single cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Sarnaik, Rashmi and Wang, Bor-Shuen and Cang, Jianhua},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-10 17:03:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:53:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht027},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {spontaneous activity; topographic map; mouse; neurophysiology; activity-development; currOpinRvw; Orientation; Visual Cortex; visual system; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Feb},
	pmid = {23389996},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Experience-Dependent and Independent Binocular Correspondence of Receptive Field Subregions in Mouse Visual Cortex},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Sarnaik_CerebCortex2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht027}}

@article{Huberman:2005,
	Abstract = {Axon guidance cues contributing to the development of eye-specific visual projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have not previously been identified. Here we show that gradients of ephrin-As and their receptors (EphAs) direct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from the two eyes into their stereotyped pattern of layers in the LGN. Overexpression of EphAs in ferret RGCs using in vivo electroporation induced axons from both eyes to misproject within the LGN. The effects of EphA overexpression were competition-dependent and restricted to the early postnatal period. These findings represent the first demonstration of eye-specific pathfinding mediated by axon guidance cues and, taken with other reports, indicate that ephrin-As can mediate several mapping functions within individual target structures.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Murray, Karl D and Warland, David K and Feldheim, David A and Chapman, Barbara},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-10 16:30:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-10 16:36:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1505},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {ferret; Anatomy; topographic map; Genes; development; activity-development; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Electroporation; Ephrin-A3; Ephrin-A5; Female; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Agents; Male; Receptor, EphA3; Receptor, EphA5; Receptors, Eph Family; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1013-21},
	Pmc = {PMC2652399},
	pmid = {16025110},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ephrin-As mediate targeting of eye-specific projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Huberman_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1505}}

@article{Cang:2013,
	Abstract = {Brain connections are organized into topographic maps that are precisely aligned both within and across modalities. This alignment facilitates coherent integration of different categories of sensory inputs and allows for proper sensorimotor transformations. Topographic maps are established and aligned by multistep processes during development, including interactions of molecular guidance cues expressed in gradients; spontaneous activity-dependent axonal and dendritic remodeling; and sensory-evoked plasticity driven by experience. By focusing on the superior colliculus, a major site of topographic map alignment for different sensory modalities, this review summarizes current understanding of topographic map development in the mammalian visual system and highlights recent advances in map alignment studies. A major goal looking forward is to reveal the molecular and synaptic mechanisms underlying map alignment and to understand the physiological and behavioral consequences when these mechanisms are disrupted at various scales. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience Volume 36 is July 08, 2013. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.},
	Author = {Cang, Jianhua and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-10 13:05:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 02:57:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170341},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; spontaneous activity; visual system; retina; superior colliculus; review literature; Visual Cortex; topographic map; activity-development; activity manipulation; Genes; trophic signal; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Apr},
	pmid = {23642132},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Developmental Mechanisms of Topographic Map Formation and Alignment},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Cang_AnnuRevNeurosci2013.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170341}}

@article{Friauf:1991,
	Abstract = {1. The development of excitatory activation in the visual cortex was studied in fetal and neonatal cats. During fetal and neonatal life, the immature cerebral cortex (the cortical plate) is sandwiched between two synaptic zones: the marginal zone above, and an area just below the cortical plate, the subplate. The subplate is transient and disappears by approximately 2 mo postnatal. Here we have investigated whether the subplate and the cortical plate receive functional synaptic inputs in the fetus, and when the adultlike pattern of excitatory synaptic input to the cortical plate appears during development. 2. Extracellular field potential recording to electrical stimulation of the optic radiation was performed in slices of cerebral cortex maintained in vitro. Laminar profiles of field potentials were converted by the current-source density (CSD) method to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of neuronal excitation within the subplate and the cortical plate. 3. Between embryonic day 47 (E47) and postnatal day 28 (P28; birth, E65), age-related changes occur in the pattern of synaptic activation of neurons in the cortical plate and the subplate. Early in development, at E47, E57, and P0, short-latency (probably monosynaptic) excitation is most obvious in the subplate, and longer latency (presumably polysynaptic) excitation can be seen in the cortical plate. Synaptic excitation in the subplate is no longer apparent at P21 and P28, a time when cell migration is finally complete and the cortical layers have formed. By contrast, excitation in the cortical plate is prominent in postnatal animals, and the temporal and spatial pattern has changed. 4. The adultlike sequence of synaptic activation in the different cortical layers can be seen by P28. It differs from earlier ages in several respects. First, short-latency (probably monosynaptic) excitation can be detected in cortical layer 4. Second, multisynaptic, long-lasting activation is present in layers 2/3 and 5. 5. Our results show that the subplate zone, known from anatomic studies to be a synaptic neurophil during development, receives functional excitatory inputs from axons that course in the developing white matter. Because the only mature neurons present in this zone are the subplate neurons, we conclude that subplate neurons are the principal, if not the exclusive, recipients of this input. The results suggest further that the excitation in the subplate in turn is relayed to neurons of the cortical plate via axon collaterals of subplate neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Friauf, E and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 19:22:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:06:44 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {neurophysiology; extracellular; electrical recording; development; synapses; Stimulation; in vitro; cat; kitten; Visual Cortex; neocortex;; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electric Stimulation; Fetus; Gestational Age; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2059-71},
	pmid = {1812236},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Changing patterns of synaptic input to subplate and cortical plate during development of visual cortex},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Friauf_JNeurophysiol1991.pdf}}

@article{McConnell:1989,
	Abstract = {During the development of the nervous system, growing axons must traverse considerable distances to find their targets. In insects, this problem is solved in part by pioneer neurons, which lay down the first axonal pathways when distances are at a minimum. Here the existence of a similar kind of neuron in the developing mammalian telencephalon is described. These are the subplate cells, the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral cortex. Axons from subplate neurons traverse the internal capsule and invade the thalamus early in fetal life, even before the neurons of cortical layers 5 and 6, which will form the adult subcortical projections, are generated. During postnatal life, after the adult pattern of axonal projections is firmly established, most subplate neurons disappear. These observations raise the possibility that the early axonal scaffold formed by subplate cells may prove essential for the establishment of permanent subcortical projections.},
	Author = {McConnell, S K and Ghosh, A and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:38:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:38:25 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons; Superior Colliculi; Thalamus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4921},
	Pages = {978-82},
	pmid = {2475909},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {245},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/McConnell_Science1989.pdf}}

@article{Ghosh:1992a,
	Abstract = {During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, thalamic axons must grow into the telencephalon and select appropriate cortical targets. In order to begin to understand the cellular interactions that are important in cortical target selection by thalamic axons, we have examined the morphology of axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as they navigate their way to the primary visual cortex. The morphology of geniculocortical axons was revealed by placing the lipophilic tracer Dil into the LGN of paraformaldehyde-fixed brains from fetal and neonatal cats between embryonic day 26 (E26; gestation is 65 d) and postnatal day 7 (P7). This morphological approach has led to three major observations. (1) As LGN axons grow within the intermediate zone of the telencephalon toward future visual cortex (E30-40), many give off distinct interstitial axon collaterals that penetrate the subplate of nonvisual cortical areas. These collaterals are transient and are not seen postnatally. (2) There is a prolonged period during which LGN axons are restricted to the visual subplate prior to their ingrowth into the cortical plate; the first LGN axons arrive within visual subplate by E36 but are not detected in layer 6 of visual cortex until about E50. (3) Within the visual subplate, LGN axons extend widespread terminal branches. This represents a marked change in their morphology from the simple growth cones present earlier as LGN axons navigate en route to visual cortex. The presence of interstitial collaterals suggests that there may be ongoing interactions between LGN axons and subplate neurons along the entire intracortical route traversed by the axons. From the extensive branching of LGN axons within the visual subplate during the waiting period, it appears that they are not simply "waiting." Rather, LGN axons may participate in dynamic cellular interactions within the subplate long before they contact their ultimate target neurons in layer 4. These observations confirm the existence of a prolonged waiting period in the development of thalamocortical connections and provide important morphological evidence in support of the previous suggestion that interactions between thalamic axons and subplate neurons are necessary for cortical target selection.},
	Author = {Ghosh, A and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:28:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:34:43 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Carbocyanines; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies; Gestational Age; Neural Pathways; Telencephalon; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39-55},
	pmid = {1729444},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pathfinding and target selection by developing geniculocortical axons},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Ghosh:1994,
	Abstract = {To investigate the cellular interactions within the mammalian visual cortex that are important in ocular dominance column formation, we have examined the role of subplate neurons in this process. LGN axons segregate in layer 4 of the cat's visual cortex between the third and sixth postnatal weeks to give rise to the adult pattern of ocular dominance columns. Subplate neurons are a transient population of neurons that sit in the white matter but have extensive projections into the overlying cortex, particularly layer 4, during neonatal life. Many subplate neurons are present at birth, but most are gone by the end of the period of LGN axon segregation. To examine whether these neurons are required for the segregation of LGN axons, we deleted them by intracortical injections of kainic acid either just after LGN axons had grown into layer 4 (first postnatal week) or later, just before the onset of segregation (third postnatal week). The consequences for the patterning of geniculocortical terminals were evaluated by transneuronal transport of 3H-proline injected into one eye at times when segregation would normally be complete. Following deletion of subplate neurons at either age, LGN axons failed to segregate into ocular dominance columns. Following the late deletions only, geniculocortical axons lost their laminar restriction to layer 4 and projected to layers 2 and 3 as well. Deletion of subplate neurons also resulted in long-term changes in the cytoarchitecture of layer 4. These observations suggest that the interactions that mediate segregation of LGN axons within layer 4 of visual cortex are susceptible to influences from subplate neurons. Although the mechanisms by which subplate neurons exert their effect are not yet clear, these experiments strongly suggest that interactions between LGN axons and layer 4 neurons are not sufficient for column formation, and that subplate neurons most likely play a critical role in interactions leading to ocular segregation.},
	Author = {Ghosh, A and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:28:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:34:43 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Kainic Acid; Neurons; Neurons, Afferent; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3862-80},
	pmid = {8207493},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Segregation of geniculocortical afferents during the critical period: a role for subplate neurons},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{McConnell:1994,
	Abstract = {The adult cerebral cortex extends axons to a variety of subcortical targets, including the thalamus and superior colliculus. These descending projections are pioneered during development by the axons of a transient population of subplate neurons (McConnell et al., 1989). We show here that the descending axons of cortical plate neurons appear to be delayed significantly in their outgrowth, compared with those of subplate neurons. To assess the possible role of subplate neurons in the formation of these pathways, subplate neurons were ablated during the embryonic period. In all cases, an axon pathway formed from visual cortex through the internal capsule and into the thalamus. In half of all cases, however, cortical axons failed to invade their normal subcortical targets. In the other half, targets were innervated normally. Subplate neurons are therefore likely to provide important cues that aid the process by which cortical axons grow toward, select, and invade their subcortical targets.},
	Author = {McConnell, S K and Ghosh, A and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:28:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:34:43 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Axons; Carbocyanines; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Efferent Pathways; Fetus; Fluorescent Dyes; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Temporal Lobe; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1892-907},
	pmid = {7512631},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subplate pioneers and the formation of descending connections from cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Ghosh:1992,
	Abstract = {During development of the mammalian visual system, axon terminals of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons, initially intermixed within layer 4 of the visual cortex, gradually segregate according to eye preference to form ocular dominance columns. In addition to LGN axons and layer 4 neurons, subplate neurons may also participate in interactions leading to column formation. Deletion of subplate neurons before the formation of ocular dominance columns prevents the segregation of LGN axons within layer 4. Thus, interactions between LGN axons and layer 4 neurons are not sufficient; subplate neurons are also required for formation of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Ghosh, A and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:28:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:34:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cats; Cell Death; Kainic Acid; Neurons; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5050},
	Pages = {1441-3},
	pmid = {1542795},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns},
	Volume = {255},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Ghosh_Science1992.pdf}}

@article{Ghosh:1990,
	Abstract = {The neurons of layer 4 in the adult cerebral cortex receive their major ascending inputs from the thalamus. In development, however, thalamic axons arrive at the appropriate cortical area long before their target layer 4 neurons have migrated into the cortical plate. The axons accumulate and wait in the zone below the cortical plate, the subplate, for several weeks before invading the cortical plate. The subplate is a transient zone that contains the first postmitotic neurons of the telencephalon. These neurons mature well before other cortical neurons, and disappear by cell death after the thalamic axons have grown into the overlying cortical plate. The close proximity of growing thalamocortical axons and subplate neurons suggests that they might be involved in interactions important for normal thalamocortical development. Here we show that early in development the deletion of subplate neurons located beneath visual cortex prevents axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus from recognizing and innervating visual cortex, their normal target. In the absence of subplate neurons, lateral geniculate nucleus axons continue to grow in the white matter past visual cortex despite the presence of their target layer 4 neurons. Thus the transient subplate neurons are necessary for appropriate cortical target selection by thalamocortical axons.},
	Author = {Ghosh, A and Antonini, A and McConnell, S K and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 17:28:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 17:34:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/347179a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {development; subplate neurons; cat; neocortex; cerebral cortex; patterning; topographic map; axon guidance; visual cortex; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cats; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Cerebral Cortex; Immunohistochemistry; Kainic Acid; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Neurons; Thalamus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6289},
	Pages = {179-81},
	pmid = {2395469},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections},
	Volume = {347},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Ghosh_Nature1990.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347179a0}}

@article{Demas:2012,
	Abstract = {Developing amphibians need vision to avoid predators and locate food before visual system circuits fully mature. Xenopus tadpoles can respond to visual stimuli as soon as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) innervate the brain, however, in mammals, chicks and turtles, RGCs reach their central targets many days, or even weeks, before their retinas are capable of vision. In the absence of vision, activity-dependent refinement in these amniote species is mediated by waves of spontaneous activity that periodically spread across the retina, correlating the firing of action potentials in neighboring RGCs. Theory suggests that retinorecipient neurons in the brain use patterned RGC activity to sharpen the retinotopy first established by genetic cues. We find that in both wild type and albino Xenopus tadpoles, RGCs are spontaneously active at all stages of tadpole development studied, but their population activity never coalesces into waves. Even at the earliest stages recorded, visual stimulation dominates over spontaneous activity and can generate patterns of RGC activity similar to the locally correlated spontaneous activity observed in amniotes. In addition, we show that blocking AMPA and NMDA type glutamate receptors significantly decreases spontaneous activity in young Xenopus retina, but that blocking GABA(A) receptor blockers does not. Our findings indicate that vision drives correlated activity required for topographic map formation. They further suggest that developing retinal circuits in the two major subdivisions of tetrapods, amphibians and amniotes, evolved different strategies to supply appropriately patterned RGC activity to drive visual circuit refinement.},
	Author = {Demas, James A and Payne, Hannah and Cline, Hollis T},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:22:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:33:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dneu.20880},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; spontaneous activity; Xenopus; vision; Activity-development; development; topographic map; visual system; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Neurogenesis; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways; Xenopus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {537-46},
	Pmc = {PMC3157589},
	pmid = {21312343},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Vision drives correlated activity without patterned spontaneous activity in developing Xenopus retina},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Demas_DevNeurobiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20880}}

@article{Grzywacz:2000,
	Abstract = {We report on the temporal properties of the spontaneous bursts of activity in the developing turtle retina. Quantitative statistical criteria were used to detect, cluster, and analyze the temporal properties of the bursts. The interburst interval, duration, firing rate, and number of spikes per burst varied widely among cells and from burst to burst in a single cell. Part of this variability was due to the positive correlation between a burst's duration and the interburst interval preceding that burst. This correlation indicated the influence of a refractory period on the bursts' properties. Further evidence of such a refractoriness came from the bursts' auto-covariance function, which gives the tendency of a spike to occur a given amount of time after another spike. This function showed a positive phase (between approximately 10 ms and 10 s) followed by a negative one (between 10 s and more than 100 s), suggestive of burst refractoriness. The bursts seemed to be propagating from cell to cell, because there was a long (symmetrically distributed) delay between the activation of two neighbor cells (median absolute delay = 2.3 s). However, the activity often failed to propagate from one cell to the other (median safety factor = 0.59). The number of spikes per burst in neighbor cells was statistically positively correlated, indicating that the activity in the two cells was driven by the same excitatory process. At least two factors contribute to the excitability during bursts, because the positive phase of the cross-covariance function (similar to auto-covariance but for two cells) had a temporally asymmetric fast component (1-3 ms) followed by a temporally symmetric slow component (1 ms to 10 s).},
	Author = {Grzywacz, N M and Sernagor, E},
	Date = {2000 Mar-Apr},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:04:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:05:54 +0000},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; turtle; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cluster Analysis; Electrophysiology; Microelectrodes; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Turtles},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {229-41},
	pmid = {10824677},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing turtle retinal ganglion cells: statistical analysis},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Sernagor:1999,
	Abstract = {Extracellular recordings were obtained from the ganglion cell (GC) layer during correlated spontaneous bursting activity (SBA) in the immature turtle retina. Pharmacological agents were bath-applied, and their effects on burst and correlation parameters were determined. SBA requires synaptic transmission. It was blocked in the presence of curare and mecamylamine, two cholinergic nicotinic antagonists, and enhanced with neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. SBA was profoundly inhibited during blockade of glutamatergic receptors with the broad spectrum antagonist kynurenate and it vanished with 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2-3-dione (DNQX) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), two AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists. Blockade of NMDA receptors with D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP-5) led only to a modest reduction in SBA. Blockade of GABAA receptors with bicuculline prolonged the duration of the bursts. Inhibition of GABA uptake with nipecotic acid led to a decrease in burst rate. Blockade of K+ channels with cesium (Cs+) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) led to a dramatic decrease in excitability. Burst propagation between neighboring GCs was reduced by K+ channel blockade. Gap junction blockade had no consistent effect on bursts or correlation parameters. None of these drugs had a strong effect on the refractory period between bursts. We conclude that correlated SBA in immature turtle GCs requires both cholinergic nicotinic and glutamatergic (mainly through AMPA/kainate receptors) synaptic transmission. GABAergic activity modulates the intensity and the duration of the bursts. Extracellular K+ is involved in lateral activity propagation and increases retinal excitability, which may be required for burst generation.},
	Author = {Sernagor, E and Grzywacz, N M},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:04:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:05:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; turtle; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity; development},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Embryonic Development; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gap Junctions; Potassium; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission; Turtles},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3874-87},
	pmid = {10234019},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing turtle retinal ganglion cells: pharmacological studies},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Sernagor:1996,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role played by early neural activity in shaping retinal functions has not yet been established. In the developing vertebrate retina, ganglion cells fire spontaneous bursts of action potentials before the onset of visual experience. This spontaneous bursting disappears shortly after birth or eye opening. In the present study, we have investigated whether the outgrowth of receptive fields in turtle retinal ganglion cells is affected by early spontaneous bursting or by early visual experience.
RESULTS: Ganglion cells normally stop bursting spontaneously 2-4 weeks post-hatching, the time when receptive-field areas reach adult size. When turtles are reared in the dark, the spontaneous bursting persists. Concomitantly, receptive-field areas expand to more than twice those observed in normal adults. To test whether chronic blockade of spontaneous bursting inhibits the expansion of developing receptive-field areas, we have exposed the retina to curare, a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, because spontaneous bursting by ganglion cells requires acetylcholine. Curare was released from Elvax, a slow-release polymer that was implanted in the eye. When spontaneous bursting was chronically blocked with curare in hatchlings, dark-induced expansion of receptive fields was abolished. Moreover, receptive fields of ganglion cells exposed to curare in hatchlings reared in normal light and dark cycles were smaller than normal.
CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent spontaneous bursts of activity control the outgrowth of receptive-field areas in retinal ganglion cells. The onset of visual experience induces the disappearance of the immature spontaneous bursts, resulting in the stabilization of receptive-field areas to their mature size.},
	Author = {Sernagor, E and Grzywacz, N M},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:04:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:06:12 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; currOpinRvw; turtle; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Darkness; Receptors, Cholinergic; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Turtles},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1503-8},
	pmid = {8939611},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Influence of spontaneous activity and visual experience on developing retinal receptive fields},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Sernagor_CurrBiol1996.pdf}}

@article{Sernagor:1995,
	Abstract = {1. Receptive field properties of adult retinal ganglion cells are well documented, but little is known about their development. We made extracellular recordings of activity from turtle retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis (stages 22-26), during the first 40 days posthatching, and in adults. 2. From stage 22 the cells fired in spontaneous recurring bursts, and from stage 23 they responded to light. Polar plots of the responses to motion were highly anisotropic in early embryonic cells. More than 40% of embryonic cells exhibited multiaxis anisotropy, and only 6% were statistically isotropic. The incidence of anisotropic cells gradually decreased throughout development. The incidence of isotropic cells and the excitatory receptive field diameters of all ganglion cells gradually increased during development and their maturation coincided with the disappearance of the spontaneous bursts (2-4 wk posthatching). 3. Both sensitivities to stimulus orientation and direction of motion were observed at the earliest stages of development. However, orientation selectivity reached a peak incidence at hatching, whereas directional selectivity completely disappeared, only to reappear in adults. 4. These results show that mature spatiotemporal receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells emerge from initially highly anisotropic properties, which may reflect an immature, polarized dendritic layout. Their maturation might be mediated by dendritic outgrowth and strengthening of excitatory synaptic connections, which could be induced by spontaneous activity and driven to maturation by exposure to light at birth. Mature directional selectivity seems to require visual experience or the late establishment of a specialized inhibitory synaptic drive.},
	Author = {Sernagor, E and Grzywacz, N M},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:04:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:05:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; turtle; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Extracellular Space; Motion Perception; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Space Perception; Time Perception; Turtles; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1355-64},
	pmid = {7643153},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of complex receptive field properties of ganglion cells in the developing turtle retina},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}}

@article{Wong:1998,
	Abstract = {Even before birth and the onset of sensory experience, neural activity plays an important role in shaping the vertebrate nervous system. In the embryonic chick visual system, activity in the retina before vision has been implicated in the refinement of retinotopic maps, the elimination of transient projections, and the survival of a full complement of neurons. In this study, we report the detection of a physiological substrate for these phenomena: waves of spontaneous activity in the ganglion cell layer of the embryonic chick retina. The activity is robust and highly patterned, taking the form of large amplitude, rhythmic, and wide-ranging waves of excitation that propagate across the retina. Activity waves are most prominent and organized between embryonic days 13-18, coinciding with the developmental period during which retinal axons refine their connections in their targets. The spatial and temporal features of the patterns observed are consistent with the role of activity patterns in shaping eye-specific projections and retinotopic maps but inconsistent with the hypothesis that they specify lamina-specific projections in the tectum. Antagonists of glutamatergic and glycinergic transmission and of gap junctional communication suppress spontaneous activity, whereas antagonists to GABAergic transmission potentiate it. Based on these results, we propose that spontaneous activity in the ganglion cells is regulated by chemical inputs from both bipolar and amacrine cells and by gap junctional coupling involving ganglion cells.},
	Author = {Wong, W T and Sanes, J R and Wong, R O},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 16:00:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:00:41 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; currOpinRvw; Chick Embryo; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Chick Embryo; Cholinergic Antagonists; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fluorescent Dyes; Fura-2; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Gap Junctions; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Receptors, Glycine; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors; Transfection; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {8839-52},
	pmid = {9786990},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmentally regulated spontaneous activity in the embryonic chick retina},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Catsicas:1998,
	Abstract = {The development of the central nervous system is dependent on spontaneous action potentials and changes in [Ca2+]i occurring in neurons [1-4]. In the mammalian retina, waves of spontaneous electrical activity spread between retinal neurons, raising [Ca2+]i as they pass [5-7]. In the ferret retina, the first spontaneous Ca2+ waves have been reported at postnatal day 2 and are thought to result from the Ca2+ influx associated with bursts of action potentials seen in ganglion cells at this time [5-7]. These waves depend on depolarisation produced by voltage-gated sodium channels, but their initiation and/or propagation also depends upon nicotinic cholinergic synaptic transmission between amacrine cells and ganglion cells [8]. Here, we report contrasting results for the chick retina where Ca2+ transients are seen at times before retinal synapse formation but when there are extensive networks of gap junctions. These Ca2+ transients do not require nicotinic cholinergic transmission but are modulated by acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine and glycine. Furthermore, they propagate into the depth of the retina, suggesting that they are not restricted to ganglion and amacrine cells. The transients are abolished by the gap-junctional blocker octanol. Thus, the Ca2+ transients seen early in chick retinal development are triggered and propagate in the absence of synapses by a mechanism that involves several neurotransmitters and gap junctions.},
	Author = {Catsicas, M and Bonness, V and Becker, D and Mobbs, P},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-31 15:56:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 15:57:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; currOpinRvw; Chick Embryo; Retina; visual system; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Chick Embryo; Dopamine; Gap Junctions; Glycine; Neurons; Retina; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {283-6},
	pmid = {9501073},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous Ca2+ transients and their transmission in the developing chick retina},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Catsicas_CurrBiol1998.pdf}}

@article{Sharma:2010,
	Abstract = {Regulation of progenitor cell fate determines the numbers of neurons in the developing brain. While proliferation of neural progenitors predominates during early central nervous system (CNS) development, progenitor cell fate shifts toward differentiation as CNS circuits develop, suggesting that signals from developing circuits may regulate proliferation and differentiation. We tested whether activity regulates neurogenesis in vivo in the developing visual system of Xenopus tadpoles. Both cell proliferation and the number of musashi1-immunoreactive progenitors in the optic tectum decrease as visual system connections become stronger. Visual deprivation for 2 days increased proliferation of musashi1-immunoreactive radial glial progenitors, while visual experience increased neuronal differentiation. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and overexpression of musashi1 indicate that musashi1 is necessary and sufficient for neural progenitor proliferation in the CNS. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which increased brain activity in developing circuits decreases cell proliferation and increases neuronal differentiation through the downregulation of musashi1 in response to circuit activity.},
	Author = {Sharma, Pranav and Cline, Hollis T},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-30 19:52:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-30 19:52:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.028},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Central Nervous System; Immunohistochemistry; Larva; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuroglia; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Ribonucleoproteins; Sensory Deprivation; Stem Cells; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways; Xenopus; Xenopus Proteins},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {442-55},
	Pmc = {PMC3005332},
	pmid = {21040846},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual activity regulates neural progenitor cells in developing xenopus CNS through musashi1},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Sharma_Neuron2010.pdf}}

@article{Ruthazer:2004,
	Abstract = {The development of orderly topographic maps in the central nervous system (CNS) results from a collaboration of chemoaffinity cues that establish the coarse organization of the projection and activity-dependent mechanisms that fine-tune the map. Using the retinotectal projection as a model system, we describe evidence that biochemical tags and patterned neural activity work in parallel to produce topographically ordered axonal projections. Finally, we review recent experiments in other CNS projections that support the proposition that cooperation between molecular guidance cues and activity-dependent processes constitutes a general paradigm for CNS map formation.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, Edward S and Cline, Hollis T},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-30 19:49:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-30 19:49:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/neu.10344},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurobiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Eye; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Thalamus; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {134-46},
	pmid = {15007832},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Insights into activity-dependent map formation from the retinotectal system: a middle-of-the-brain perspective},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_JNeurobiol2004.pdf}}

@article{Smetters:1994,
	Abstract = {Recent studies have shown that electrical activity, particularly that mediated by NMDA receptors, has a profound effect on the development of specific neuronal connections. Blocking NMDA receptors in the ferret's lateral geniculate nucleus prevents the segregation of retinal afferents into ON and OFF sublaminae. We have now examined the involvement of NMDA receptors in the separation of afferents from the two eyes that occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus several weeks earlier in development. Blockade of NMDA receptor activity does not appear to interfere with this eye-specific segregation.},
	Author = {Smetters, D K and Hahm, J and Sur, M},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 19:49:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 19:51:00 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Ferrets; LGN; visual system; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Eye; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Neural Pathways; Organ Specificity; Piperazines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {168-78},
	pmid = {7834339},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist does not prevent eye-specific segregation in the ferret retinogeniculate pathway},
	Volume = {658},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Bickford:2010,
	Abstract = {The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the mouse has emerged as a model system in the study of thalamic circuit development. However, there is still a lack of information regarding how and when various types of retinal and nonretinal synapses develop. We examined the synaptic organization of the developing mouse dLGN in the common pigmented C57/BL6 strain, by recording the synaptic responses evoked by electrical stimulation of optic tract axons, and by investigating the ultrastructure of identified synapses. At early postnatal ages (<P12), optic tract evoked responses were primarily excitatory. The full complement of inhibitory responses did not emerge until after eye opening (>P14), when optic tract stimulation routinely evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential/inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP/IPSP) sequence, with the latter having both a GABA(A) and GABA(B) component. Electrophysiological and ultrastructural observations were consistent. At P7, many synapses were present, but synaptic profiles lacked the ultrastructural features characteristic of the adult dLGN, and little gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could be detected by using immunocytochemical techniques. In contrast, by P14, GABA staining was robust, mature synaptic profiles of retinal and nonretinal origin were easily distinguished, and the size and proportion of synaptic contacts were similar to those of the adult. The emergence of nonretinal synapses coincides with pruning of retinogeniculate connections, and the transition of retinal activity from spontaneous to visually driven. These results indicate that the synaptic architecture of the mouse dLGN is similar to that of other higher mammals, and thus provides further support for its use as a model system for visual system development.},
	Author = {Bickford, Martha E and Slusarczyk, Arkadiusz and Dilger, Emily K and Krahe, Thomas E and Kucuk, Can and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:27:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 18:28:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.22223},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Voltage-Gated; Calcium Channels; development; synapse formation; plasticity; in vitro; GABA; Mouse},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Culture Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Presynaptic Terminals; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, GABA-B; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Visual Pathways; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {622-35},
	pmid = {20034053},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic development of the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {518},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Bickford_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}}

@article{Guido:2008,
	Abstract = {Much of our present understanding about the mechanisms contributing to the activity-dependent refinement of sensory connections comes from experiments done in the retinogeniculate pathway. In recent years the mouse has emerged as a model system of study. This review outlines the major changes in connectivity that occur in this species and a potential mechanism that can account for such remodelling. During early postnatal life when spontaneous activity of retinal ganglion cells sweeps across the retina in waves, retinal projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) segregate to form non-overlapping eye-specific domains. There is a loss of binocular innervation, a pruning of excitatory inputs from a dozen or more to one or two, and the emergence of inhibitory circuitry. Many of these changes underlie the development of precise eye-specific visual maps and receptive field structure of LGN neurons. Retinal activity plays a major role both in the induction and maintenance of this refinement. The activity-dependent influx of Ca(2+) through L-type channels and associated activation of CREB signalling may underlie the pruning and stabilization of developing retinogeniculate connections.},
	Author = {Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:26:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 18:27:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2008.157115},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Voltage-Gated; Calcium Channels; development; synapse formation; plasticity; in vitro; review literature},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Geniculate Bodies; Retina; Synapses},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {Pt 18},
	Pages = {4357-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2614014},
	pmid = {18556365},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Refinement of the retinogeniculate pathway},
	Volume = {586},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Guido_JPhysiol2008.pdf}}

@article{Ziburkus:2009,
	Abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to determine whether retinal activity can support long-term changes in synaptic strength in the developing dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus. To test for this we made use of a rodent in vitro explant preparation in which retinal afferents and the intrinsic circuitry of the LGN remain intact. We repetitively stimulated the optic tract with a tetanus protocol that approximated the temporal features of spontaneous retinal waves. We found the amplitude of extracellular field potentials evoked by retinal stimulation changed significantly after tetanus and that the polarity of these alterations was related to postnatal age. At a time when substantial pruning of retinal connections occurs (postnatal day 1 [P1] to P14), high-frequency stimulation led to an immediate and long-term depression (LTD). However, at times when pruning wanes and adult-like patterns of connectivity are stabilizing (P16 to P30), the identical form of stimulation produced a modest form of potentiation (long-term potentiation [LTP]). The LTD was unaffected by the bath application of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. However, both LTD and LTP were blocked by L-type Ca(2+)-channel antagonists. Thus the Ca(2+) influx associated with L-type channel activation mediates the induction of synaptic plasticity and may signal the pruning and subsequent stabilization of developing retinogeniculate connections.},
	Author = {Ziburkus, Jok{\=u}bas and Dilger, Emily K and Lo, Fu-Sun and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:22:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 20:01:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.90618.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Voltage-Gated; Calcium Channels; development; synapse formation; plasticity; in vitro; synaptic; LTP; LTD; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Biophysics; Calcium Channel Blockers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Geniculate Bodies; Long-Term Potentiation; Long-Term Synaptic Depression; Nimodipine; Nitrendipine; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Synapses; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3082-90},
	Pmc = {PMC2804430},
	pmid = {19776360},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {LTD and LTP at the developing retinogeniculate synapse},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Ziburkus_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}}

@article{Lo:2002,
	Abstract = {Using intracellular recordings in an isolated (in vitro) rat brain stem preparation, we examined the synaptic responses of developing relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In newborn rats, strong stimulation of the optic tract (OT) evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that gave rise to a sustained (300-1,300 ms), slow-decaying (<0.01 mV/s), depolarization (25-40 mV). Riding atop this response was a train of spikes of variable amplitude. We refer to this synaptically evoked event as a plateau potential. Pharmacology experiments indicate the plateau potential was mediated by the activation of high-threshold L-type Ca(2+) channels. Synaptic activation of the plateau potential relied on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated activity and the spatial and/or temporal summation of retinally evoked EPSPs. Inhibitory postsynaptic responses (IPSPs) did not prevent the expression of the plateau potential. However, GABA(A) receptor activity modulated the intensity of optic tract stimulation needed to evoke the plateau potential, while GABA(B) receptor activity affected its duration. Expression of the plateau potential was developmentally regulated, showing a much higher incidence at P1-2 (90%) than at P19-20 (1%). This was in part due to the fact that developing relay cells show a greater degree of spatial summation than their mature counterparts, receiving input from as many as 7-12 retinal ganglion cells. Early spontaneous retinal activity is also likely to trigger the plateau potential. Repetitive stimulation of optic tract in a manner that approximated the high-frequency discharge of retinal ganglion cells led to a massive temporal summation of EPSPs and the activation of a sustained depolarization (>1 min) that was blocked by L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists. These age-related changes in Ca(2+) signaling may contribute to the activity-dependent refinement of retinogeniculate connections.},
	Author = {Lo, Fu-Sun and Ziburkus, Jokubas and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:19:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 18:21:43 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Voltage-Gated; Calcium Channels; development; synapse formation; plasticity; GABA; rat; in vitro},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Action Potentials; Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; GABA Antagonists; Geniculate Bodies; Neurons; Nitrendipine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1175-85},
	pmid = {11877491},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic mechanisms regulating the activation of a Ca(2+)-mediated plateau potential in developing relay cells of the LGN},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Lo_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Krahe:2011,
	Abstract = {Monocular deprivation (MD) is a classic paradigm for experience-dependent cortical plasticity. One form is known as homeostatic plasticity, in which neurons innervated by the deprived eye show a remarkable capacity to compensate for degraded visual signals in an attempt to stabilize network activity. Although the evidence supporting homeostatic plasticity in visual cortex is extensive, it remains unclear whether neurons in subcortical visual structures respond to MD in a similar manner. Here we examined whether cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the thalamic relay between the retina and visual cortex, show similar forms of experience-dependent homeostatic plasticity following MD. Two-week-old mice were monocularly deprived for a period of 5-7 d and miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) were obtained from cells located in dLGN regions receiving input from the deprived or nondeprived eye. We found that MD promotes increases in the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and were restricted to the monocular segment contralateral to the deprived eye. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the probability of glutamate release at corticothalamic terminals that arise from the deprived visual cortex. Our findings indicate that homeostatic synaptic regulation from MD extends beyond cortical circuitry and shed light on how the brain modulates and integrates activity in the face of altered sensory experience.},
	Author = {Krahe, Thomas E and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:16:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 18:18:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1173-11.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; mouse; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; development; plasticity; Sensory Deprivation; homeostatic plasticity},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Monocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {6842-9},
	Pmc = {PMC3319043},
	pmid = {21543614},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Homeostatic plasticity in the visual thalamus by monocular deprivation},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Krahe_JNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Dilger:2011,
	Abstract = {In developing cells of the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), synaptic responses evoked by optic tract (OT) stimulation give rise to long-lasting, high-amplitude depolarizations known as plateau potentials. These events are mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels and occur during early postnatal life, a time when retinogeniculate connections are remodelling. To better understand the relationship between L-type activity and dLGN development we used an in vitro thalamic slice preparation which preserves the retinal connections and intrinsic circuitry in dLGN and examined how synaptic responses evoked by OT stimulation lead to the activation of plateau potentials. By varying the strength and temporal frequency of OT stimulation we identified at least three factors that contribute to the developmental regulation of plateau activity: the degree of retinal convergence, the temporal pattern of retinal stimulation and the emergence of feed-forward inhibition. Before natural eye opening (postnatal day 14), the excitatory synaptic responses of relay cells receiving multiple retinal inputs summated in both the spatial and temporal domains to produce depolarizations sufficient to activate L-type activity. After eye opening, when inhibitory responses are fully developed, plateau activity was rarely evoked even with high temporal rates of OT stimulation. When the bulk of this inhibition was blocked by bath application of bicuculline, the incidence of plateau activity increased significantly. We also made use of a transgenic mouse that lacks the β3 subunit of the L-type Ca2+ channel. These mutants have far fewer membrane-bound Ca2+ channels and attenuated L-type activity. In β3 nulls, L-type plateau activity was rarely observed even at young ages when plateau activity prevails. Thus, in addition to the changing patterns of synaptic connectivity and retinal activity, the expression of L-type Ca2+ channels is a requisite component in the manifestation of plateau activity.},
	Author = {Dilger, Emily K and Shin, Hee-Sup and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 18:14:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 18:16:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2010.202499},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei; visual system; mouse; LGN; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Voltage-Gated; Calcium Channels; development; synapse formation; plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Synapses; Synaptic Potentials; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {Pt 4},
	Pages = {919-37},
	Pmc = {PMC3060370},
	pmid = {21173075},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Requirements for synaptically evoked plateau potentials in relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the mouse},
	Volume = {589},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Dilger_JPhysiol2011.pdf}}

@article{Bender:2003a,
	Abstract = {The excitatory feedforward projection from layer (L) 4 to L2/3 in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex exhibits precise, columnar topography that is critical for columnar processing of whisker inputs. Here, we characterize the development of axonal topography in this projection using single-cell reconstructions in S1 slices. In the mature projection [postnatal day (P) 14-26], axons of L4 cells extending into L2/3 were confined almost entirely to the home barrel column, consistent with previous results. At younger ages (P8-11), however, axonal topography was significantly less columnar, with a large proportion of branches innervating neighboring barrel columns representing adjacent whisker rows. Mature topography developed from this initial state by targeted axonal growth within the home column and by growth of barrel columns themselves. Raising rats with all or a subset of whiskers plucked from P8-9, manipulations that induce reorganization of functional whisker maps and synaptic depression at L4 to L2/3 synapses, did not alter normal anatomical development of L4 to L2/3 axons. Thus, development of this projection does not require normal sensory experience after P8, and deprivation-induced reorganization of whisker maps at this age is unlikely to involve physical remodeling of L4 to L2/3 axons.},
	Author = {Bender, Kevin J and Rangel, Juliana and Feldman, Daniel E},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 17:39:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 17:41:23 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {patterning; Somatosensory Cortex; barrels; axon guidance; synapse formation; Neocortex; development},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Dendrites; Electric Stimulation; Lysine; Membrane Potentials; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {8759-70},
	Pmc = {PMC3066032},
	pmid = {14507976},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of columnar topography in the excitatory layer 4 to layer 2/3 projection in rat barrel cortex},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}}

@article{Kovacs:2007,
	Abstract = {A key feature of memory processes is to link different input signals by association and to preserve this coupling at the level of synaptic connections. Late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity thought to encode long-term memory, requires gene transcription and protein synthesis. In this study, we report that a recently cloned coactivator of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), called transducer of regulated CREB activity 1 (TORC1), contributes to this process by sensing the coincidence of calcium and cAMP signals in neurons and by converting it into a transcriptional response that leads to the synthesis of factors required for enhanced synaptic transmission. We provide evidence that TORC1 is involved in L-LTP maintenance at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus.},
	Author = {Kov{\'a}cs, Kriszti{\'a}n A and Steullet, Pascal and Steinmann, Myriam and Do, Kim Q and Magistretti, Pierre J and Halfon, Olivier and Cardinaux, Jean-Ren{\'e}},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 16:59:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 17:00:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0607524104},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {coincidence detector; plasticity; synapses; learning; memory; in vitro},
	Mesh = {Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Animals; Calcineurin; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Hippocampus; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Mice; Neurons; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Synapses; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {4700-5},
	Pmc = {PMC1838663},
	pmid = {17360587},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {TORC1 is a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector involved in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Kovács_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607524104}}

@article{Fino:2010,
	Abstract = {Corticostriatal projections constitute the main input to the basal ganglia, an ensemble of interconnected subcortical nuclei involved in procedural learning. Thus, long-term plasticity at corticostriatal synapses would provide a basic mechanism for the function of basal ganglia in learning and memory. We had previously reported the existence of a corticostriatal anti-Hebbian spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at synapses onto striatal output neurons, the medium-sized spiny neurons. Here, we show that the blockade of GABAergic transmission reversed the time dependence of corticostriatal STDP. We explored the receptors and signalling mechanisms involved in the corticostriatal STDP. Although classical models for STDP propose NMDA receptors as the unique coincidence detector, the involvement of multiple coincidence detectors has also been demonstrated. Here, we show that corticostriatal STDP depends on distinct coincidence detectors. Specifically, long-term potentiation is dependent on NMDA receptor activation, while long-term depression requires distinct coincidence detectors: the phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta) and the inositol-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-gated calcium stores. Furthermore, we found that PLCbeta activation is controlled by group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors, type-1 muscarinic receptors and voltage-sensitive calcium channel activities. Activation of PLCbeta and IP3Rs leads to robust retrograde endocannabinoid signalling mediated by 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Interestingly, the same coincidence detectors govern the corticostriatal anti-Hebbian STDP and the Hebbian STDP reported at cortical synapses. Therefore, LTP and LTD induced by STDP at corticostriatal synapses are mediated by independent signalling mechanisms, each one being controlled by distinct coincidence detectors.},
	Author = {Fino, Elodie and Paille, Vincent and Cui, Yihui and Morera-Herreras, Teresa and Deniau, Jean-Michel and Venance, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 16:54:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 16:58:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188466},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {coincidence detector; currOpinRvw; synapses; plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Basal Ganglia; Calcium Channels; Cerebral Cortex; Endocannabinoids; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glycerides; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurotransmitter Agents; Phospholipase C beta; Rats; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Receptor, Muscarinic M1; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {Pt 16},
	Pages = {3045-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2956944},
	pmid = {20603333},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Distinct coincidence detectors govern the corticostriatal spike timing-dependent plasticity},
	Volume = {588},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Fino_JPhysiol2010.pdf}}

@article{Bender:2006,
	Abstract = {Many cortical synapses exhibit spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in which the precise timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes induces synaptic strengthening [long-term potentiation (LTP)] or weakening [long-term depression (LTD)]. Standard models posit a single, postsynaptic, NMDA receptor-based coincidence detector for LTP and LTD components of STDP. We show instead that STDP at layer 4 to layer 2/3 synapses in somatosensory (S1) cortex involves separate calcium sources and coincidence detection mechanisms for LTP and LTD. LTP showed classical NMDA receptor dependence. LTD was independent of postsynaptic NMDA receptors and instead required group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and calcium from voltage-sensitive channels and IP3 receptor-gated stores. Downstream of postsynaptic calcium, LTD required retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, leading to presynaptic LTD expression, and also required activation of apparently presynaptic NMDA receptors. These LTP and LTD mechanisms detected firing coincidence on approximately 25 and approximately 125 ms time scales, respectively, and combined to implement the overall STDP rule. These findings indicate that STDP is not a unitary process and suggest that endocannabinoid-dependent LTD may be relevant to cortical map plasticity.},
	Author = {Bender, Vanessa A and Bender, Kevin J and Brasier, Daniel J and Feldman, Daniel E},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 16:31:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 16:32:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0176-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {coincidence detector; learning; memory; synapses; plasticity; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Dizocilpine Maleate; Neuronal Plasticity; Piperidines; Pyrazoles; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Somatosensory Cortex; Time Factors},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {4166-77},
	Pmc = {PMC3071735},
	pmid = {16624937},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two coincidence detectors for spike timing-dependent plasticity in somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Duguid:2006,
	Abstract = {Long-term plasticity typically relies on postsynaptic NMDA receptors to detect the coincidence of pre- and postsynaptic activity. Recent studies, however, have revealed forms of plasticity that depend on coincidence detection by presynaptic NMDA receptors. In the amygdala, cortical afferent associative presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) requires activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors by simultaneous thalamic and cortical afferents. Surprisingly, both types of afferent can also undergo postsynaptically induced NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP. In the neocortex, spike-timing-dependent long-term depression (LTD) requires simultaneous activation of presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors and retrograde signalling by endocannabinoids. In cerebellar LTD, presynaptic NMDA receptor activation suggests that similar presynaptic mechanisms may exist. Recent studies also indicate the existence of presynaptic coincidence detection that is independent of NMDA receptors, suggesting that such mechanisms have a widespread role in plasticity.},
	Author = {Duguid, Ian and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Per Jesper},
	Date-Added = {2013-05-28 16:05:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 16:06:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2006.05.008},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; synapses; plasticity; coincidence detector},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Humans; Long-Term Potentiation; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Presynaptic Terminals; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {312-22},
	pmid = {16713246},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Novel presynaptic mechanisms for coincidence detection in synaptic plasticity},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Duguid_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}}

@article{Wree:1983,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex of the albino mouse was examined by means of a quantitative method. An image analyzer was used in conjunction with an automatic scanning procedure to determine the grey level index in Nissl-stained sections. Computer plots of various ranges of grey level indices enabled delineation of cortical areas, from which cortical maps were graphically reconstructed. The cortical areal pattern is, in some regions, similar to the commonly used map of Caviness (1975) but differs considerably in other regions, especially in the temporal one. Furthermore, the primary visual cortex of the mouse was shown to be composed of two distinct cytoarchitectonic areas. The results of the study are discussed with respect to the literature on anatomical and functional localizations in the mouse cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Wree, A and Zilles, K and Schleicher, A},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-23 18:06:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 18:07:00 +0000},
	Journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
	Journal-Full = {Anatomy and embryology},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics; mouse},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Computers; Male; Mice; Temporal Lobe; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {333-53},
	pmid = {6869850},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. VIII. The areal pattern of the cortex of the albino mouse},
	Volume = {166},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Wree_AnatEmbryol(Berl)1983.pdf}}

@article{Campi:2010,
	Abstract = {In this study we examine and describe the neuroanatomical organization of sensory cortex in four rodents: laboratory Norway rats (Long Evans; Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), and wild-caught Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Specifically, we examined the myeloarchitecture and cytochrome oxidase reactivity for several well-identified areas in visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19), somatosensory cortex (areas S1, S2 and PV), and auditory cortex [areas A1+AAF (R) and TA] and compared the percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to each of these areas. Our results demonstrate that squirrels have a larger mean percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to visual areas than rats. The difference is due to the greater percentage of cortex devoted to known areas such as area 17 and area 18 and not simply to a difference in the number of visual areas, which ultimately makes this distinction even more pronounced. Furthermore, both rat groups have a larger percentage of the dorsolateral cortex devoted to somatosensory and auditory cortical areas. Differences within groups were also observed. The arboreal squirrel had a larger mean percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to areas 17 and 18 compared with the terrestrial squirrel. The laboratory Norway rat had a larger percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to both somatosensory and auditory areas than the wild-caught Norway rat. Our results indicate that differences in sensory apparatus, use of sensory systems, and niche are reflected in the organization and size of cortical areas.},
	Author = {Campi, Katharine L and Krubitzer, Leah},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-23 18:04:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 18:05:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.22466},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Animals, Wild; Body Weight; Brain Mapping; Circadian Rhythm; Functional Laterality; Life Style; Myelin Sheath; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sciuridae; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {4491-512},
	Pmc = {PMC3432265},
	pmid = {20886618},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Comparative studies of diurnal and nocturnal rodents: differences in lifestyle result in alterations in cortical field size and number},
	Volume = {518},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Campi_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}}

@article{Campi:2011,
	Abstract = {In this study we examine the size of primary sensory areas in the neocortex and the cellular composition of area 17/V1 in three rodent groups: laboratory nocturnal Norway rats (Long-Evans; Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught nocturnal Norway rats (R. norvegicus), and laboratory diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Specifically, we used areal measures of myeloarchitecture of the primary sensory areas to compare area size and the isotropic fractionator method to estimate the number of neurons and nonneurons in area 17 in each species. Our results demonstrate that the percentage of cortex devoted to area 17 is significantly greater and the percentage of cortex devoted to S1 is significantly smaller in the diurnal Nile grass rat compared with the nocturnal Norway rat groups. Further, the laboratory rodent groups have a greater percentage of cortex devoted to auditory cortex compared with the wild-caught group. We also demonstrate that wild-caught rats have a greater density of neurons in area 17 compared to laboratory-reared animals. However, there were no other clear cellular composition differences in area 17 or differences in the percentage of brain weight devoted to area 17 between nocturnal and diurnal rats. Thus, there are differences in primary sensory area size between diurnal versus nocturnal and laboratory versus wild-caught rat groups and cellular density between wild-caught and laboratory rat groups. Our results demonstrate that the differences in the size and cellular composition of cortical areas do not fit with what would be expected based on brain scaling differences alone, and have a consistent relationship with lifestyle and sensory morphology.},
	Author = {Campi, Katharine L and Collins, Christine E and Todd, William D and Kaas, Jon and Krubitzer, Leah},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-23 18:03:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 18:04:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1159/000324862},
	Journal = {Brain Behav Evol},
	Journal-Full = {Brain, behavior and evolution},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics; review literature},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Ocular; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Circadian Rhythm; Dark Adaptation; Female; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {116-30},
	Pmc = {PMC3094678},
	pmid = {21525748},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Comparison of area 17 cellular composition in laboratory and wild-caught rats including diurnal and nocturnal species},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Campi_BrainBehavEvol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324862}}

@article{Caviness:1975,
	Abstract = {The neocortex of the normal mouse has been subdivided into architectonic fields on the basis of its cellular and fiber patterns. The map of medial, retrohippocampal, frontal and insular regions is little different from that of Brodmann as modified in minor ways by Krieg. The map of parietal, occipital and temporal regions follows closely the major rearrangements introduced to Brodmann's map by Krieg. Krieg's map has been modified to give individual status to the barrel fields and to disignate occipital fields around the full circumference of field 17, and temporal fields circumferentially around field 41.},
	Author = {Caviness, Jr, V S},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-23 17:17:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:17:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901640207},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Frontal Lobe; Hybridization, Genetic; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Occipital Lobe; Parietal Lobe; Temporal Lobe},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {247-63},
	pmid = {1184785},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Architectonic map of neocortex of the normal mouse},
	Volume = {164},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Caviness_JCompNeurol1975.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901640207}}

@article{Reep:2009,
	Abstract = {A rodent model of directed attention has been developed based upon behavioral analysis of contralateral neglect, pharmacological manipulations, and anatomical analysis of neural circuitry. In each of these three domains the rodent model exhibits striking similarities to humans. We hypothesize that there is a specific thalamo-cortical-basal ganglia network that subserves spatial attentional functions. Key components of this network are medial agranular and posterior parietal cortex, dorsocentral striatum, and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus. Several issues need to be addressed before we can hope to realistically understand or model the functions of this network. Among these are the roles of medial versus lateral posterior parietal cortex; cholinergic mechanisms in attention; interhemispheric interactions; the role of synchronous firing at the cortical, striatal, and thalamic levels; interactions between cortical and thalamic projections to the striatum; interactions between cortical and nigral inputs to the thalamus; the role of collicular inputs to the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus; the role of cerebral cortex versus superior colliculus in driving the motor output expressed as orienting behavior during directed attention; the extent to which the circuitry we describe for directed attention also plays a role in other forms of attention.},
	Author = {Reep, Roger L and Corwin, James V},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 21:10:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 16:12:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.010},
	Journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem},
	Journal-Full = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics; rat; Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Motor Activity; grid cells; Decision Making; goal directed behavior; retrosplenial cortex},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Animals; Attention; Basal Ganglia; Cortical Synchronization; Disease Models, Animal; Functional Laterality; Humans; Motor Activity; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Orientation; Parietal Lobe; Perceptual Disorders; Tectum Mesencephali; Thalamus},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {104-13},
	pmid = {18824116},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Posterior parietal cortex as part of a neural network for directed attention in rats},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Reep_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}}

@article{Kaas:2011,
	Abstract = {In Prosimian primates, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys microstimulation with half second trains of electrical pulses identifies separate zones in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) where reaching, defensive, grasping, and other complex movements can be evoked. Each functional zone receives a different pattern of visual and somatosensory inputs, and projects preferentially to functionally matched parts of motor and premotor cortex. As PPC is a relatively small portion of cortex in most mammals, including the close relatives of primates, we suggest that a larger, more significant PPC emerged with the first primates as a region where several ethologically relevant behaviors could be initiated by sensory and intrinsic signals, and mediated via connections with premotor and motor cortex. While several classes of PPC modules appear to be retained by all primates, elaboration and differentiation of these modules likely occurred in some primates, especially humans.},
	Author = {Kaas, Jon H and Gharbawie, Omar A and Stepniewska, Iwona},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 21:08:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:56:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnana.2011.00034},
	Journal = {Front Neuroanat},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Pages = {34},
	Pmc = {PMC3116136},
	pmid = {21716641},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The organization and evolution of dorsal stream multisensory motor pathways in primates},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kaas_FrontNeuroanat2011.pdf}}

@book{Chalupa:2008,
	Address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
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245 00 $aEye, retina, and visual system of the mouse /$cedited by Leo M. Chalupa and Robert W. Williams.
260    $aCambridge, Mass. :$bMIT Press,$cc2008.
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504    $aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
650  0 $aMice$xSense organs.
650  0 $aEye.
650  0 $aVisual pathways.
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700 1  $aWilliams, Robert W.,$d1952-
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	Author = {Chalupa, Leo M and Williams, Robert W.},
	Call-Number = {QL737.R6},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 20:54:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:56:13 +0000},
	Dewey-Call-Number = {573.8/819353},
	Genre = {Mice},
	Isbn = {9780262033817 (hardcover : alk. paper)},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Library-Id = {2007047445},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {Eye, retina, and visual system of the mouse},
	eprint = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip085/2007047445.html},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{Paxinos:1995,
	Address = {San Diego},
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245 04 $aThe rat nervous system /$cedited by George Paxinos.
250    $a2nd ed.
260    $aSan Diego :$bAcademic Press,$cc1995.
300    $axvii, 1136 p. :$bill. ;$c29 cm.
504    $aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
650  0 $aRats$xAnatomy.
650  0 $aBrain$xAnatomy.
650  0 $aRats$xNervous system.
700 1  $aPaxinos, George,$d1944-
856 42 $3Publisher description$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/els032/94026442.html
856 41 $3Table of contents$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els032/94026442.html
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	Author = {Paxinos, George},
	Call-Number = {QL937},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 20:45:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:55:51 +0000},
	Dewey-Call-Number = {599.32/33},
	Edition = {2nd ed},
	Genre = {Rats},
	Isbn = {0125476353 (acid-free paper)},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Library-Id = {94026442},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {The rat nervous system},
	eprint = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/els032/94026442.html},
	Year = {1995}}

@book{Paxinos:2004,
	Address = {Amsterdam},
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010    $a  2004270372
020    $a0125476388 (alk. paper)
040    $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC
050 00 $aQL937$b.R33 2004
082 00 $a573.8/19352$222
245 04 $aThe rat nervous system /$cedited by George Paxinos.
250    $a3rd ed.
260    $aAmsterdam ;$aBoston :$bElsevier Academic Press,$cc2004.
300    $axvii, 1309 p. :$bill. (some col.) ;$c29 cm.
504    $aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
650  0 $aRats$xAnatomy.
650  0 $aBrain$xAnatomy.
650  0 $aRats$xNervous system.
700 1  $aPaxinos, George,$d1944-
856 41 $3Table of contents$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els051/2004270372.html
856 42 $3Publisher description$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/els051/2004270372.html
},
	Author = {Paxinos, George},
	Call-Number = {QL937},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 20:45:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:55:42 +0000},
	Dewey-Call-Number = {573.8/19352},
	Edition = {3rd ed},
	Genre = {Rats},
	Isbn = {0125476388 (alk. paper)},
	Keywords = {neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Library-Id = {2004270372},
	Publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press},
	Title = {The rat nervous system},
	eprint = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els051/2004270372.html},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Lim:2012,
	Abstract = {We have mapped intracortical activity in vivo independent of sensory input using arbitrary point channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) stimulation and regional voltage sensitive dye imaging in B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-COP4/EYFP)18Gfng/J transgenic mice. Photostimulation of subsets of deep layer pyramidal neurons within forelimb, barrel, or visual primary sensory cortex led to downstream cortical maps that were dependent on synaptic transmission and were similar to peripheral sensory stimulation. ChR2-evoked maps confirmed homotopic connections between hemispheres and intracortical sensory and motor cortex connections. This ability of optogentically activated subpopulations of neurons to drive appropriate downstream maps suggests that mechanisms exist to allow prototypical cortical maps to self-assemble from the stimulation of neuronal subsets. Using this principle of map self-assembly, we employed ChR2 point stimulation to map connections between cortical areas that are not selectively activated by peripheral sensory stimulation or behavior. Representing the functional cortical regions as network nodes, we identified asymmetrical connection weights in individual nodes and identified the parietal association area as a network hub. Furthermore, we found that the strength of reciprocal intracortical connections between primary and secondary sensory areas are unequal, with connections from primary to secondary sensory areas being stronger than the reciprocal.},
	Author = {Lim, Diana H and Mohajerani, Majid H and Ledue, Jeffrey and Boyd, Jamie and Chen, Shangbin and Murphy, Timothy H},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:18:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:18:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2012.00011},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {11},
	Pmc = {PMC3304170},
	pmid = {22435052},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo Large-Scale Cortical Mapping Using Channelrhodopsin-2 Stimulation in Transgenic Mice Reveals Asymmetric and Reciprocal Relationships between Cortical Areas},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Lim_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}}

@article{Hong:2012,
	Abstract = {Neurons are interconnected with extraordinary precision to assemble a functional nervous system. Compared to axon guidance, far less is understood about how individual pre- and postsynaptic partners are matched. To ensure the proper relay of olfactory information in the fruitfly Drosophila, axons of ∼50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) form one-to-one connections with dendrites of ∼50 classes of projection neurons (PNs). Here, using genetic screens, we identified two evolutionarily conserved, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-repeat containing transmembrane Teneurin proteins, Ten-m and Ten-a, as synaptic-partner-matching molecules between PN dendrites and ORN axons. Ten-m and Ten-a are highly expressed in select PN-ORN matching pairs. Teneurin loss- and gain-of-function cause specific mismatching of select ORNs and PNs. Finally, Teneurins promote homophilic interactions in vitro, and Ten-m co-expression in non-partner PNs and ORNs promotes their ectopic connections in vivo. We propose that Teneurins instruct matching specificity between synaptic partners through homophilic attraction.},
	Author = {Hong, Weizhe and Mosca, Timothy J and Luo, Liqun},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:18:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:18:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10926},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Olfactory Pathways; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Protein Binding; RNA Interference; Receptors, Cell Surface; Smell; Synapses; Tenascin},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7393},
	Pages = {201-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3345284},
	pmid = {22425994},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Teneurins instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory map},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Hong_Nature2012.pdf}}


@article{Mosca:2012,
	Abstract = {Synapse assembly requires trans-synaptic signals between the pre- and postsynapse, but our understanding of the essential organizational molecules involved in this process remains incomplete. Teneurin proteins are conserved, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-repeat-containing transmembrane proteins with large extracellular domains. Here we show that two Drosophila Teneurins, Ten-m and Ten-a, are required for neuromuscular synapse organization and target selection. Ten-a is presynaptic whereas Ten-m is mostly postsynaptic; neuronal Ten-a and muscle Ten-m form a complex in vivo. Pre- or postsynaptic Teneurin perturbations cause severe synapse loss and impair many facets of organization trans-synaptically and cell autonomously. These include defects in active zone apposition, release sites, membrane and vesicle organization, and synaptic transmission. Moreover, the presynaptic microtubule and postsynaptic spectrin cytoskeletons are severely disrupted, suggesting a mechanism whereby Teneurins organize the cytoskeleton, which in turn affects other aspects of synapse development. Supporting this, Ten-m physically interacts with α-Spectrin. Genetic analyses of teneurin and neuroligin reveal that they have differential roles that synergize to promote synapse assembly. Finally, at elevated endogenous levels, Ten-m regulates target selection between specific motor neurons and muscles. Our study identifies the Teneurins as a key bi-directional trans-synaptic signal involved in general synapse organization, and demonstrates that proteins such as these can also regulate target selection.},
	Author = {Mosca, Timothy J and Hong, Weizhe and Dani, Vardhan S and Favaloro, Vincenzo and Luo, Liqun},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:18:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:18:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10923},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Markers; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cytoskeleton; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Gene Expression Regulation; Larva; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Muscles; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurons; Receptors, Cell Surface; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tenascin},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7393},
	Pages = {237-41},
	Pmc = {PMC3326183},
	pmid = {22426000},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Trans-synaptic Teneurin signalling in neuromuscular synapse organization and target choice},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mosca_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Grienberger:2012,
	Abstract = {Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert their highly specific functions in well-defined cellular subcompartments. In this Primer, we briefly review the general mechanisms of neuronal calcium signaling. We then introduce the calcium imaging devices, including confocal and two-photon microscopy as well as miniaturized devices that are used in freely moving animals. We provide an overview of the classical chemical fluorescent calcium indicators and of the protein-based genetically encoded calcium indicators. Using application examples, we introduce new developments in the field, such as calcium imaging in awake, behaving animals and the use of calcium imaging for mapping single spine sensory inputs in cortical neurons in vivo. We conclude by providing an outlook on the prospects of calcium imaging for the analysis of neuronal signaling and plasticity in various animal models.},
	Author = {Grienberger, Christine and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:18:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:18:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.011},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Aequorin; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Luminescent Agents; Neurons; Photons; Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {862-85},
	pmid = {22405199},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging calcium in neurons},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Grienberger_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{McGinley:2012,
	Abstract = {Broadband transient sounds, such as clicks and consonants, activate a traveling wave in the cochlea. This wave evokes firing in auditory nerve fibers that are tuned to high frequencies several milliseconds earlier than in fibers tuned to low frequencies. Despite this substantial traveling wave delay, octopus cells in the brainstem receive broadband input and respond to clicks with submillisecond temporal precision. The dendrites of octopus cells lie perpendicular to the tonotopically organized array of auditory nerve fibers, placing the earliest arriving inputs most distally and the latest arriving closest to the soma. Here, we test the hypothesis that the topographic arrangement of synaptic inputs on dendrites of octopus cells allows octopus cells to compensate the traveling wave delay. We show that in mice the full cochlear traveling wave delay is 1.6 ms. Because the dendrites of each octopus cell spread across approximately one-third of the tonotopic axis, a click evokes a soma-directed sweep of synaptic input lasting 0.5 ms in individual octopus cells. Morphologically and biophysically realistic, computational models of octopus cells show that soma-directed sweeps with durations matching in vivo measurements result in the largest and sharpest somatic EPSPs. A low input resistance and activation of a low-voltage-activated potassium conductance that are characteristic of octopus cells are important determinants of sweep sensitivity. We conclude that octopus cells have dendritic morphologies and biophysics tailored to accomplish the precise encoding of broadband transient sounds.},
	Author = {McGinley, Matthew J and Liberman, M Charles and Bal, Ramazan and Oertel, Donata},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0272-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways; Brain Waves; Cochlea; Cochlear Nerve; Cochlear Nucleus; Dendrites; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Inbred ICR; Models, Neurological},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {9301-11},
	Pmc = {PMC3417346},
	pmid = {22764237},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Generating synchrony from the asynchronous: compensation for cochlear traveling wave delays by the dendrites of individual brainstem neurons},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/McGinley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Nataraj:2011,
	Abstract = {Different neocortical regions are functionally specialized, but whether this specialization is reflected in the forms of plasticity present during developmental critical periods (CPs) is largely unknown. In rodent visual cortex, we recently showed that a form of intrinsic plasticity [LTP of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE)] in the monocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1M) plays an important role in modulating cortical responsiveness following visual deprivation. Here we ask whether LTP-IE is present and similarly regulated by visual experience in the binocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1B), where inputs from the two eyes compete during the CP. In contrast to V1M, where LTP-IE is present throughout the CP, in V1B LTP-IE was only transiently expressed at the onset of the CP. Also distinct from V1M, brief monocular deprivation (MD) was unable to modulate LTP-IE magnitude in V1B, and even binocular deprivation (the equivalent of MD in V1M) could only influence LTP-IE expression during a narrow time window at the peak of the CP. Finally, we asked whether these differences depend on differences in sensory activation of the two areas during development. MD of ipsilateral inputs from before eye opening (to reduce competitive interactions) did not affect the pattern of LTP-IE expression in V1B. Further, the differences in plasticity in the two cortical areas persisted when animals were reared in the dark to remove all patterned visual input. Thus neocortical LTP-IE expression shows dramatic regional and temporal differentiation, and these differences are not driven by differences in sensory experience.},
	Author = {Nataraj, Kiran and Turrigiano, Gina},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:02:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4455-11.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biophysics; Critical Period (Psychology); Dark Adaptation; Electric Stimulation; Female; Functional Laterality; Long-Term Potentiation; Lysine; Male; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {17932-40},
	Pmc = {PMC3272675},
	pmid = {22159108},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Regional and temporal specificity of intrinsic plasticity mechanisms in rodent primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Nataraj_JNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Grant:2012,
	Abstract = {In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of corticothalamic axon guidance; patterning of the early telencephalon, the sequence and choreography of the development of projections from subplate, layers 5 and 6. These cortical subpopulations display different axonal outgrowth kinetics and innervate distinct thalamic nuclei in a temporal pattern determined by cortical layer identity and subclass specificity. Guidance by molecular cues, structural cues, and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to this development. There is a substantial rearrangement of the corticofugal connectivity outside the thalamus at the border of and within the reticular thalamic nucleus, a region that shares some of the characteristics of the cortical subplate during development. The early transient circuits are not well understood, nor the extent to which this developmental pattern may be driven by peripheral sensory activity. We hypothesize that transient circuits during embryonic and early postnatal development are critical in the matching of the cortical and thalamic representations and forming the cortical circuits in the mature brain.},
	Author = {Grant, Eleanor and Hoerder-Suabedissen, Anna and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnins.2012.00053},
	Journal = {Front Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {53},
	Pmc = {PMC3343305},
	pmid = {22586359},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the corticothalamic projections},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Grant_FrontNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Blandina:2012,
	Abstract = {Histamine axons originate from a single source, the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of physiological processes, including the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, appetite, endocrine homeostasis, body temperature, pain perception, learning, memory, and emotion. An important question is whether these diverse physiological roles are served by different histamine neuronal subpopulation. While the histamine system is generally regarded as one single functional unit that provides histamine throughout the brain, evidence is beginning to accumulate in favor of heterogeneity of histamine neurons. The aim of this review is to summarize experimental evidence demonstrating that histamine neurons are heterogeneous, organized into functionally distinct circuits, impinging on different brain regions, and displaying selective control mechanisms. This could imply independent functions of subsets of histamine neurons according to their respective origin and terminal projections.},
	Author = {Blandina, Patrizio and Munari, Leonardo and Provensi, Gustavo and Passani, Maria B},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2012.00033},
	Journal = {Front Syst Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {33},
	Pmc = {PMC3343474},
	pmid = {22586376},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center or distinct subpopulations?},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Blandina_FrontSystNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Stanley:2012,
	Abstract = {Medical applications of nanotechnology typically focus on drug delivery and biosensors. Here, we combine nanotechnology and bioengineering to demonstrate that nanoparticles can be used to remotely regulate protein production in vivo. We decorated a modified temperature-sensitive channel, TRPV1, with antibody-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are heated in a low-frequency magnetic field. When local temperature rises, TRPV1 gates calcium to stimulate synthesis and release of bioengineered insulin driven by a Ca(2+)-sensitive promoter. Studying tumor xenografts expressing the bioengineered insulin gene, we show that exposure to radio waves stimulates insulin release from the tumors and lowers blood glucose in mice. We further show that cells can be engineered to synthesize genetically encoded ferritin nanoparticles and inducibly release insulin. These approaches provide a platform for using nanotechnology to activate cells.},
	Author = {Stanley, Sarah A and Gagner, Jennifer E and Damanpour, Shadi and Yoshida, Mitsukuni and Dordick, Jonathan S and Friedman, Jeffrey M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1216753},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bioengineering; Blood Glucose; Calcium; Embryonic Stem Cells; Epitopes; Ferric Compounds; Ferritins; HEK293 Cells; Hot Temperature; Humans; Insulin; Male; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; PC12 Cells; Radio Waves; Rats; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; TRPV Cation Channels; Transfection; Transplantation, Heterologous},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6081},
	Pages = {604-8},
	pmid = {22556257},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Radio-wave heating of iron oxide nanoparticles can regulate plasma glucose in mice},
	Volume = {336},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Stanley_Science2012.pdf}}

@article{Swindell:2006a,
	Abstract = {Rx is a homeobox-containing gene that is critical for vertebrate eye development. Its expression domain delineates a field of cells from which the retina and the ventral hypothalamus develop. The 5' upstream regulatory sequences of the medaka fish Rx gene are functionally conserved during evolution to a degree that they direct gene expression into the Rx-expressing field of cells in mice. Using these sequences, we made a Cre line that can be used for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina.},
	Author = {Swindell, Eric C and Bailey, Travis J and Loosli, Felix and Liu, Chaomei and Amaya-Manzanares, Felipe and Mahon, Kathleen A and Wittbrodt, Joachim and Jamrich, Milan},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dvg.20225},
	Journal = {Genesis},
	Journal-Full = {Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Alleles; Animals; Eye Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Homeobox; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Integrases; Lac Operon; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Oryzias; Retina},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {361-3},
	pmid = {16850473},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rx-Cre, a tool for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006a.pdf}}

@article{Li:2012a,
	Abstract = {A fundamental feature of the mammalian neocortex is its columnar organization. In the visual cortex, functional columns consisting of neurons with similar orientation preferences have been characterized extensively, but how these columns are constructed during development remains unclear. The radial unit hypothesis posits that the ontogenetic columns formed by clonally related neurons migrating along the same radial glial fibre during corticogenesis provide the basis for functional columns in adult neocortex. However, a direct correspondence between the ontogenetic and functional columns has not been demonstrated. Here we show that, despite the lack of a discernible orientation map in mouse visual cortex, sister neurons in the same radial clone exhibit similar orientation preferences. Using a retroviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein to label radial clones of excitatory neurons, and in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to measure neuronal response properties, we found that sister neurons preferred similar orientations whereas nearby non-sister neurons showed no such relationship. Interestingly, disruption of gap junction coupling by viral expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Cx26 (also known as Gjb2) or by daily administration of a gap junction blocker, carbenoxolone, during the first postnatal week greatly diminished the functional similarity between sister neurons, suggesting that the maturation of ontogenetic into functional columns requires intercellular communication through gap junctions. Together with the recent finding of preferential excitatory connections among sister neurons, our results support the radial unit hypothesis and unify the ontogenetic and functional columns in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Li, Ye and Lu, Hui and Cheng, Pei-lin and Ge, Shaoyu and Xu, Huatai and Shi, Song-Hai and Dan, Yang},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 16:41:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11110},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {development; visual system; Selection; Cooperative Behavior; topographic map; Visual Cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Carbenoxolone; Cell Communication; Clone Cells; Connexins; Female; Gap Junctions; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7401},
	Pages = {118-21},
	Pmc = {PMC3375857},
	pmid = {22678292},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Clonally related visual cortical neurons show similar stimulus feature selectivity},
	Volume = {486},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Li_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Yu:2012a,
	Abstract = {Radial glial cells are the primary neural progenitor cells in the developing neocortex. Consecutive asymmetric divisions of individual radial glial progenitor cells produce a number of sister excitatory neurons that migrate along the elongated radial glial fibre, resulting in the formation of ontogenetic columns. Moreover, sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic columns preferentially develop specific chemical synapses with each other rather than with nearby non-siblings. Although these findings provide crucial insight into the emergence of functional columns in the neocortex, little is known about the basis of this lineage-dependent assembly of excitatory neuron microcircuits at single-cell resolution. Here we show that transient electrical coupling between radially aligned sister excitatory neurons regulates the subsequent formation of specific chemical synapses in the neocortex. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings showed that sister excitatory neurons preferentially form strong electrical coupling with each other rather than with adjacent non-sister excitatory neurons during early postnatal stages. This preferential coupling allows selective electrical communication between sister excitatory neurons, promoting their action potential generation and synchronous firing. Interestingly, although this electrical communication largely disappears before the appearance of chemical synapses, blockade of the electrical communication impairs the subsequent formation of specific chemical synapses between sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic columns. These results suggest a strong link between lineage-dependent transient electrical coupling and the assembly of precise excitatory neuron microcircuits in the neocortex.},
	Author = {Yu, Yong-Chun and He, Shuijin and Chen, She and Fu, Yinghui and Brown, Keith N and Yao, Xing-Hua and Ma, Jian and Gao, Kate P and Sosinsky, Gina E and Huang, Kun and Shi, Song-Hai},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10958},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Lineage; Electric Conductivity; Electrical Synapses; Gap Junctions; Meclofenamic Acid; Mice; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Neurons; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7401},
	Pages = {113-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3599787},
	pmid = {22678291},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Preferential electrical coupling regulates neocortical lineage-dependent microcircuit assembly},
	Volume = {486},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Yu_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Rushmore:2006,
	Abstract = {Visuospatial neglect is a common neurological syndrome caused by unilateral brain damage to the posterior and inferior parietal cerebral cortex, and is characterized by an inability to respond or orient to stimuli presented in the contralesional hemifield. Neglect has been elicited in experimental models of the rat, cat and monkey, and is thought to result in part from a pathological state of inhibition exerted on the damaged hemisphere by the hyperexcited intact hemisphere. We sought to test this theory by assessing neural activity levels in multiple brain structures during neglect using 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) as a metabolic marker of neural activity. Neglect was induced in two ways: (i) by cooling deactivation of posterior parietal cortex or (ii) in conjunction with broader cortical blindness produced by unilateral lesion of all contiguous visual cortical areas spanning occipital, parietal and temporal regions. The direction and magnitude of changes in 2DG uptake were measured in cerebral cortex and midbrain structures. Finally, the 2DG uptake was assessed in a group of cats in which the lesion-induced neglect component of blindness was cancelled by cooling of either the contralateral posterior parietal cortex or the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). Overall, we found that (i) both lesion- and cooling-induced neglect are associated with decreases in 2DG uptake in specific ipsilateral cortical and midbrain regions; (ii) levels of 2DG uptake in the intermediate and deep layers of the SC contralateral to both cooling and lesion deactivations are increased; (iii) changes in 2DG uptake were not identified in the contralateral cortex; and (iv) reversal of the lesion-induced neglect component of blindness is associated with a reduction of contralesional 2DG uptake to normal or subnormal levels. These data are in accord with theories of neglect that include mutually suppressive mechanisms between the two hemispheres, and we show that these mechanisms operate at the level of the SC, but are not apparent at the level of cortex. These results suggest that the most effective therapies for visual neglect will be those that act to decrease neural activity in the intermediate layers of the SC contralateral to the brain damage.},
	Author = {Rushmore, R Jarrett and Valero-Cabre, Antoni and Lomber, Stephen G and Hilgetag, Claus C and Payne, Bertram R},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/brain/awl140},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blindness, Cortical; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cold Temperature; Deoxyglucose; Disease Models, Animal; Motion Perception; Parietal Lobe; Perceptual Disorders; Superior Colliculi; Visual Field Tests},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {Pt 7},
	Pages = {1803-21},
	pmid = {16731540},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect},
	Volume = {129},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Rushmore_Brain2006.pdf}}

@article{Huster:2012,
	Abstract = {The simultaneous recording and analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI data in human systems, cognitive and clinical neurosciences is rapidly evolving and has received substantial attention. The significance of multimodal brain imaging is documented by a steadily increasing number of laboratories now using simultaneous EEG-fMRI aiming to achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution of human brain function. Due to recent developments in technical and algorithmic instrumentation, the rate-limiting step in multimodal studies has shifted from data acquisition to analytic aspects. Here, we introduce and compare different methods for data integration and identify the benefits that come with each approach, guiding the reader toward an understanding and informed selection of the integration approach most suitable for addressing a particular research question.},
	Author = {Huster, Ren{\'e} J and Debener, Stefan and Eichele, Tom and Herrmann, Christoph S},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0447-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Subtraction Technique},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {6053-60},
	pmid = {22553012},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Methods for simultaneous EEG-fMRI: an introductory review},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Huster_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Min:2012,
	Abstract = {Endocannabinoid mediated spike timing-dependent depression (t-LTD) is crucially involved in the development of the sensory neocortex. t-LTD at excitatory synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex requires cannabinoid CB(1) receptor (CB(1)R) activation, as well as activation of NMDA receptors located on the presynaptic terminal, but the exact signaling cascade leading to t-LTD remains unclear. We found that astrocytes are critically involved in t-LTD. Astrocytes gradually increased their Ca(2+) signaling specifically during the induction of t-LTD in a CB(1)R-dependent manner. In this way, astrocytes might act as a memory buffer for previous coincident neuronal activity. Following activation, astrocytes released glutamate, which activated presynaptic NMDA receptors to induce t-LTD. Astrocyte stimulation coincident with afferent activity resulted in long-term depression, indicating that astrocyte activation is sufficient for the induction of synaptic depression. Taken together, our findings describe the retrograde signaling cascade underlying neocortical t-LTD. The critical involvement of astrocytes in this process highlights their importance for experience-dependent sensory remodeling.},
	Author = {Min, Rogier and Nevian, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3075},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Benzoxazines; Biophysics; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Dizocilpine Maleate; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Long-Term Synaptic Depression; Morpholines; Naphthalenes; Neocortex; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Piperidines; Probability; Pyrazoles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Signal Transduction; Sodium Channel Blockers; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin; Thalamus; Time Factors},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {746-53},
	pmid = {22446881},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Astrocyte signaling controls spike timing-dependent depression at neocortical synapses},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Min_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Huber:2012,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms linking sensation and action during learning are poorly understood. Layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex might participate in sensorimotor integration and learning; they receive input from sensory cortex and excite deep layer neurons, which control movement. Here we imaged activity in the same set of layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex over weeks, while mice learned to detect objects with their whiskers and report detection with licking. Spatially intermingled neurons represented sensory (touch) and motor behaviours (whisker movements and licking). With learning, the population-level representation of task-related licking strengthened. In trained mice, population-level representations were redundant and stable, despite dynamism of single-neuron representations. The activity of a subpopulation of neurons was consistent with touch driving licking behaviour. Our results suggest that ensembles of motor cortex neurons couple sensory input to multiple, related motor programs during learning.},
	Author = {Huber, D and Gutnisky, D A and Peron, S and O'Connor, D H and Wiegert, J S and Tian, L and Oertner, T G and Looger, L L and Svoboda, K},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11039},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feedback, Sensory; Hippocampus; Learning; Long-Term Potentiation; Mice; Microscopy; Models, Neurological; Motor Cortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Tongue; Touch; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7395},
	Pages = {473-8},
	pmid = {22538608},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Huber_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Madisen:2012,
	Abstract = {Cell type-specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 and archaerhodopsin Arch-ER2. All four transgenes mediated Cre-dependent, robust activation or silencing of cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo upon light stimulation, with ChR2-EYFP and Arch-ER2 demonstrating light sensitivity approaching that of in utero or virally transduced neurons. We further show specific photoactivation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in behaving ChR2-EYFP reporter mice. The robust, consistent and inducible nature of our ChR2 mice represents a significant advance over previous lines, and the Arch-ER2 and eNpHR3.0 mice are to our knowledge the first demonstration of successful conditional transgenic optogenetic silencing. When combined with the hundreds of available Cre driver lines, this optimized toolbox of reporter mice will enable widespread investigations of neural circuit function with unprecedented reliability and accuracy.},
	Author = {Madisen, Linda and Mao, Tianyi and Koch, Henner and Zhuo, Jia-min and Berenyi, Antal and Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi and Hsu, Yun-Wei A and Garcia, 3rd, Alfredo J and Gu, Xuan and Zanella, Sebastien and Kidney, Jolene and Gu, Hong and Mao, Yimei and Hooks, Bryan M and Boyden, Edward S and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Ramirez, Jan Marino and Jones, Allan R and Svoboda, Karel and Han, Xue and Turner, Eric E and Zeng, Hongkui},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3078},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Archaeal Proteins; Brain; Electroporation; Halorhodopsins; Integrases; Light; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Proteins; Rhodopsin; Wakefulness},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {793-802},
	Pmc = {PMC3337962},
	pmid = {22446880},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Wester:2012,
	Abstract = {The cortex is organized in vertical and horizontal circuits that determine the spatiotemporal properties of distributed cortical activity. Despite detailed knowledge of synaptic interactions among individual cells in the neocortex, little is known about the rules governing interactions among local populations. Here, we used self-sustained recurrent activity generated in cortex, also known as up-states, in rat thalamocortical slices in vitro to understand interactions among laminar and horizontal circuits. By means of intracellular recordings and fast optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes, we show that single thalamic inputs activate the cortical column in a preferential layer 4 (L4) → layer 2/3 (L2/3) → layer 5 (L5) sequence, followed by horizontal propagation with a leading front in supragranular and infragranular layers. To understand the laminar and columnar interactions, we used focal injections of TTX to block activity in small local populations, while preserving functional connectivity in the rest of the network. We show that L2/3 alone, without underlying L5, does not generate self-sustained activity and is inefficient propagating activity horizontally. In contrast, L5 sustains activity in the absence of L2/3 and is necessary and sufficient to propagate activity horizontally. However, loss of L2/3 delays horizontal propagation via L5. Finally, L5 amplifies activity in L2/3. Our results show for the first time that columnar interactions between supragranular and infragranular layers are required for the normal propagation of activity in the neocortex. Our data suggest that supragranular and infragranular circuits, with their specific and complex set of inputs and outputs, work in tandem to determine the patterns of cortical activation observed in vivo.},
	Author = {Wester, Jason C and Contreras, Diego},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5006-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Electron Transport Complex IV; Membrane Potentials; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Optics and Photonics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Sodium Channel Blockers; Tetrodotoxin; Thalamus; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {5454-71},
	Pmc = {PMC3415278},
	pmid = {22514308},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Columnar interactions determine horizontal propagation of recurrent network activity in neocortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wester_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Derecki:2012,
	Abstract = {Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism spectrum disorder. The disease is characterized in most cases by mutation of the MECP2 gene, which encodes a methyl-CpG-binding protein. Although MECP2 is expressed in many tissues, the disease is generally attributed to a primary neuronal dysfunction. However, as shown recently, glia, specifically astrocytes, also contribute to Rett pathophysiology. Here we examine the role of another form of glia, microglia, in a murine model of Rett syndrome. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into irradiation-conditioned Mecp2-null hosts resulted in engraftment of brain parenchyma by bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells of microglial phenotype, and arrest of disease development. However, when cranial irradiation was blocked by lead shield, and microglial engraftment was prevented, disease was not arrested. Similarly, targeted expression of MECP2 in myeloid cells, driven by Lysm(cre) on an Mecp2-null background, markedly attenuated disease symptoms. Thus, through multiple approaches, wild-type Mecp2-expressing microglia within the context of an Mecp2-null male mouse arrested numerous facets of disease pathology: lifespan was increased, breathing patterns were normalized, apnoeas were reduced, body weight was increased to near that of wild type, and locomotor activity was improved. Mecp2(+/-) females also showed significant improvements as a result of wild-type microglial engraftment. These benefits mediated by wild-type microglia, however, were diminished when phagocytic activity was inhibited pharmacologically by using annexin V to block phosphatydilserine residues on apoptotic targets, thus preventing recognition and engulfment by tissue-resident phagocytes. These results suggest the importance of microglial phagocytic activity in Rett syndrome. Our data implicate microglia as major players in the pathophysiology of this devastating disorder, and suggest that bone marrow transplantation might offer a feasible therapeutic approach for it.},
	Author = {Derecki, No{\"e}l C and Cronk, James C and Lu, Zhenjie and Xu, Eric and Abbott, Stephen B G and Guyenet, Patrice G and Kipnis, Jonathan},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10907},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Annexin A5; Apoptosis; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Female; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Locomotion; Male; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Phagocytosis; Phosphatidylserines; Respiration; Rett Syndrome; Rotarod Performance Test},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7392},
	Pages = {105-9},
	Pmc = {PMC3321067},
	pmid = {22425995},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Derecki_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Simini:2012,
	Abstract = {Introduced in its contemporary form in 1946 (ref. 1), but with roots that go back to the eighteenth century, the gravity law is the prevailing framework with which to predict population movement, cargo shipping volume and inter-city phone calls, as well as bilateral trade flows between nations. Despite its widespread use, it relies on adjustable parameters that vary from region to region and suffers from known analytic inconsistencies. Here we introduce a stochastic process capturing local mobility decisions that helps us analytically derive commuting and mobility fluxes that require as input only information on the population distribution. The resulting radiation model predicts mobility patterns in good agreement with mobility and transport patterns observed in a wide range of phenomena, from long-term migration patterns to communication volume between different regions. Given its parameter-free nature, the model can be applied in areas where we lack previous mobility measurements, significantly improving the predictive accuracy of most of the phenomena affected by mobility and transport processes.},
	Author = {Simini, Filippo and Gonz{\'a}lez, Marta C and Maritan, Amos and Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o}},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-15 14:50:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10856},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {graph theory; Mathematics; models; self organization; network; Game Theory; Methods},
	Mesh = {Emigration and Immigration; Europe; Internationality; Models, Statistical; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Statistical Distributions; Stochastic Processes; Telephone; Transportation; United States},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7392},
	Pages = {96-100},
	pmid = {22367540},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {A universal model for mobility and migration patterns},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Simini_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Harvey:2012,
	Abstract = {The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has an important role in many cognitive behaviours; however, the neural circuit dynamics underlying PPC function are not well understood. Here we optically imaged the spatial and temporal activity patterns of neuronal populations in mice performing a PPC-dependent task that combined a perceptual decision and memory-guided navigation in a virtual environment. Individual neurons had transient activation staggered relative to one another in time, forming a sequence of neuronal activation spanning the entire length of a task trial. Distinct sequences of neurons were triggered on trials with opposite behavioural choices and defined divergent, choice-specific trajectories through a state space of neuronal population activity. Cells participating in the different sequences and at distinct time points in the task were anatomically intermixed over microcircuit length scales (<100 micrometres). During working memory decision tasks, the PPC may therefore perform computations through sequence-based circuit dynamics, rather than long-lived stable states, implemented using anatomically intermingled microcircuits.},
	Author = {Harvey, Christopher D and Coen, Philip and Tank, David W},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-15 21:57:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10918},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Posterior parietal cortex; ppc; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; mouse; in vivo; optical physiology; two-photon imaging; optical imaging; synchrony; Theoretical; Decision Making; memory; learning; Hippocampal; grid cells; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Attention},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Decision Making; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Parietal Lobe; Photic Stimulation; User-Computer Interface},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7392},
	Pages = {62-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3321074},
	pmid = {22419153},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task},
	Volume = {484},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Harvey_Nature2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Harvey_Nature2012a.pdf}}

@article{Petersen:2004b,
	Abstract = {The functional and anatomical rearrangements of cortical sensory maps accompanying changes in experience are not well understood. We examined in vivo and in vitro how the sensory map and underlying synaptic connectivity of the developing rat barrel cortex are altered when the sensory input to the cortex is partially deprived. In the nondeprived cortex, both the sensory responses and synaptic connectivity between columns were strengthened through an increase in the synaptic connection probability between L2/3 pyramids in adjacent columns. This was accompanied by a selective growth of L2/3pyramid axonal arbors between spared columns. In contrast, deprived and nondeprived cortical columns became weakly connected in their L2/3 pyramid connections.},
	Author = {Petersen, Carl C H and Brecht, Michael and Hahn, Thomas T G and Sakmann, Bert},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:16:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:17:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1096750},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5671},
	Pages = {739-42},
	pmid = {15118164},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic changes in layer 2/3 underlying map plasticity of developing barrel cortex},
	Volume = {304},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Petersen_Science2004.pdf}}

@article{Lee:2012,
	Abstract = {Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) interneurons has been identified on the basis of their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties and innervation pattern. However, how the activity of each subtype of interneurons contributes to sensory processing remains unclear. Here we show that optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) sharpens neuronal feature selectivity and improves perceptual discrimination. Using multichannel recording with silicon probes and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated optical activation, we found that increased spiking of PV+ interneurons markedly sharpened orientation tuning and enhanced direction selectivity of nearby neurons. These effects were caused by the activation of inhibitory neurons rather than a decreased spiking of excitatory neurons, as archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch)-mediated optical silencing of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CAMKIIα)-positive excitatory neurons caused no significant change in V1 stimulus selectivity. Moreover, the improved selectivity specifically required PV+ neuron activation, as activating somatostatin or vasointestinal peptide interneurons had no significant effect. Notably, PV+ neuron activation in awake mice caused a significant improvement in their orientation discrimination, mirroring the sharpened V1 orientation tuning. Together, these results provide the first demonstration that visual coding and perception can be improved by increased spiking of a specific subtype of cortical inhibitory interneurons.},
	Author = {Lee, Seung-Hee and Kwan, Alex C and Zhang, Siyu and Phoumthipphavong, Victoria and Flannery, John G and Masmanidis, Sotiris C and Taniguchi, Hiroki and Huang, Z Josh and Zhang, Feng and Boyden, Edward S and Deisseroth, Karl and Dan, Yang},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11312},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; Discrimination Learning; Interneurons; Mice; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition; Parvalbumins; Rhodopsin; Rhodopsins, Microbial; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception; Wakefulness; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {7411},
	Pages = {379-83},
	Pmc = {PMC3422431},
	pmid = {22878719},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activation of specific interneurons improves V1 feature selectivity and visual perception},
	Volume = {488},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Lee_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Wilson:2012,
	Abstract = {Brain circuits process information through specialized neuronal subclasses interacting within a network. Revealing their interplay requires activating specific cells while monitoring others in a functioning circuit. Here we use a new platform for two-way light-based circuit interrogation in visual cortex in vivo to show the computational implications of modulating different subclasses of inhibitory neurons during sensory processing. We find that soma-targeting, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons principally divide responses but preserve stimulus selectivity, whereas dendrite-targeting, somatostatin-expressing (SOM) neurons principally subtract from excitatory responses and sharpen selectivity. Visualized in vivo cell-attached recordings show that division by PV neurons alters response gain, whereas subtraction by SOM neurons shifts response levels. Finally, stimulating identified neurons while scanning many target cells reveals that single PV and SOM neurons functionally impact only specific subsets of neurons in their projection fields. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibitory neuronal subclasses have distinct and complementary roles in cortical computations.},
	Author = {Wilson, Nathan R and Runyan, Caroline A and Wang, Forea L and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11347},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dendrites; Electrophysiology; Interneurons; Mice; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Parvalbumins; Somatostatin; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {7411},
	Pages = {343-8},
	pmid = {22878717},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo},
	Volume = {488},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wilson_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{West:2011,
	Abstract = {Activity-dependent plasticity of vertebrate neurons allows the brain to respond to its environment. During brain development, both spontaneous and sensory-driven neural activity are essential for instructively guiding the process of synapse development. These effects of neuronal activity are transduced in part through the concerted regulation of a set of activity-dependent transcription factors that coordinate a program of gene expression required for the formation and maturation of synapses. Here we review the cellular signaling networks that regulate the activity of transcription factors during brain development and discuss the functional roles of specific activity-regulated transcription factors in specific stages of synapse formation, refinement, and maturation. Interestingly, a number of neurodevelopmental disorders have been linked to abnormalities in activity-regulated transcriptional pathways, indicating that these signaling networks are critical for cognitive development and function.},
	Author = {West, Anne E and Greenberg, Michael E},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a005744},
	Journal = {Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Calcium Signaling; Cognition Disorders; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Models, Genetic; Neurites; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pmc = {PMC3098681},
	pmid = {21555405},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription in synapse development and cognitive function},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/West_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2011.pdf}}

@article{Petrof:2012,
	Abstract = {The subgranular layers (layers 5 and 6) of primary sensory cortex provide corticofugal output to thalamus and they also project to the appropriate secondary sensory cortices. Here we injected two combinations of different color retrograde fluorescent markers in the thalamic and cortical targets of these layers from the three primary sensory cortices (somatosensory, auditory, and visual) in mice to examine the degree of overlap between corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers. We found that, for all three primary sensory cortices, double-labeled cells were extremely rare, indicating that corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers represent largely independent populations.},
	Author = {Petrof, Iraklis and Viaene, Angela N and Sherman, S Murray},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.23006},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neurons; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1678-86},
	Pmc = {PMC3561675},
	pmid = {22120996},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two populations of corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers of the mouse primary sensory cortices},
	Volume = {520},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Petrof_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}}

@article{Nassi:2009,
	Abstract = {Incoming sensory information is sent to the brain along modality-specific channels corresponding to the five senses. Each of these channels further parses the incoming signals into parallel streams to provide a compact, efficient input to the brain. Ultimately, these parallel input signals must be elaborated on and integrated in the cortex to provide a unified and coherent percept. Recent studies in the primate visual cortex have greatly contributed to our understanding of how this goal is accomplished. Multiple strategies including retinal tiling, hierarchical and parallel processing and modularity, defined spatially and by cell type-specific connectivity, are used by the visual system to recover the intricate detail of our visual surroundings.},
	Author = {Nassi, Jonathan J and Callaway, Edward M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2619},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Models, Biological; Primates; Retina; Sensory Receptor Cells; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {360-72},
	Pmc = {PMC2771435},
	pmid = {19352403},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Nassi_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}}

@article{Yu:2012,
	Abstract = {In primates, prostriata is a small area located between the primary visual cortex (V1) and the hippocampal formation. Prostriata sends connections to multisensory and high-order association areas in the temporal, parietal, cingulate, orbitofrontal, and frontopolar cortices. It is characterized by a relatively simple histological organization, alluding to an early origin in mammalian evolution. Here we show that prostriata neurons in marmoset monkeys exhibit a unique combination of response properties, suggesting a new pathway for rapid distribution of visual information in parallel with the traditionally recognized dorsal and ventral streams. Whereas the location and known connections of prostriata suggest a high-level association area, its response properties are unexpectedly simple, resembling those found in early stages of the visual processing: neurons have robust, nonadapting responses to simple stimuli, with latencies comparable to those found in V1, and are broadly tuned to stimulus orientation and spatiotemporal frequency. However, their receptive fields are enormous and form a unique topographic map that emphasizes the far periphery of the visual field. These results suggest a specialized circuit through which stimuli in peripheral vision can bypass the elaborate hierarchy of extrastriate visual areas and rapidly elicit coordinated motor and cognitive responses across multiple brain systems.},
	Author = {Yu, Hsin-Hao and Chaplin, Tristan A and Davies, Amanda J and Verma, Richa and Rosa, Marcello G P},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.029},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Callitrichinae; Limbic System; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {1351-7},
	pmid = {22704993},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A specialized area in limbic cortex for fast analysis of peripheral vision},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Yu_CurrBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Paul:2012,
	Abstract = {The assembly of neural circuits involves multiple sequential steps such as the specification of cell-types, their migration to proper brain locations, morphological and physiological differentiation, and the formation and maturation of synaptic connections. This intricate and often prolonged process is guided by elaborate genetic mechanisms that regulate each step. Evidence from numerous systems suggests that each cell-type, once specified, is endowed with a genetic program that unfolds in response to, and is regulated by, extrinsic signals, including cell-cell and synaptic interactions. To a large extent, the execution of this intrinsic program is achieved by the expression of specific sets of genes that support distinct developmental processes. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the developmental progression of gene expression in synaptic partners of neurons may provide a basis for exploring the genetic mechanisms regulating circuit assembly. Here we examined the developmental gene expression profiles of well-defined cell-types in a stereotyped microcircuit of the cerebellar cortex. We found that the transcriptomes of Purkinje cell and stellate/basket cells are highly dynamic throughout postnatal development. We revealed "phasic expression" of transcription factors, ion channels, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, gap junction proteins, and identified distinct molecular pathways that might contribute to sequential steps of cerebellar inhibitory circuit formation. We further revealed a correlation between genomic clustering and developmental co-expression of hundreds of transcripts, suggesting the involvement of chromatin level gene regulation during circuit formation.},
	Author = {Paul, Anirban and Cai, Ying and Atwal, Gurinder S and Huang, Z Josh},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fncir.2012.00037},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {37},
	Pmc = {PMC3385560},
	pmid = {22754500},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental Coordination of Gene Expression between Synaptic Partners During GABAergic Circuit Assembly in Cerebellar Cortex},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Paul_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}}

@article{Thomson:2010,
	Abstract = {This review attempts to summarise some of the major areas of neocortical research as it pertains to neocortical layer 6. After a brief summary of the development of this intriguing layer, the major pyramidal cell classes to be found in layer 6 are described and compared. The connections made and received by these different classes of neurones are then discussed and the possible functions of these connections, with particular reference to the shaping of responses in visual cortex and thalamus. Inhibition in layer 6 is discussed where appropriate, but not in great detail. Many types of interneurones are to be found in each cortical layer and layer 6 is no exception, but the functions of each type remain to be elucidated (Gonchar et al., 2007).},
	Author = {Thomson, Alex M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnana.2010.00013},
	Journal = {Front Neuroanat},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {13},
	Pmc = {PMC2885865},
	pmid = {20556241},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neocortical layer 6, a review},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Thomson_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf}}

@article{Mahou:2012,
	Abstract = {We achieve simultaneous two-photon excitation of three chromophores with distinct absorption spectra using synchronized pulses from a femtosecond laser and an optical parametric oscillator. The two beams generate separate multiphoton processes, and their spatiotemporal overlap provides an additional two-photon excitation route, with submicrometer overlay of the color channels. We report volume and live multicolor imaging of 'Brainbow'-labeled tissues as well as simultaneous three-color fluorescence and third-harmonic imaging of fly embryos.},
	Author = {Mahou, Pierre and Zimmerley, Maxwell and Loulier, Karine and Matho, Katherine S and Labroille, Guillaume and Morin, Xavier and Supatto, Willy and Livet, Jean and D{\'e}barre, Delphine and Beaurepaire, Emmanuel},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:14:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:15:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.2098},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Color; Drosophila melanogaster; Fluorescence; Lasers; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Photons; Time Factors},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {815-8},
	pmid = {22772730},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Multicolor two-photon tissue imaging by wavelength mixing},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mahou_NatMethods2012.pdf}}

@article{Clemens:2012,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience plays a critical role in the development of cortical circuits. At the time of eye opening, visual cortical neurons in the ferret exhibit orientation selectivity, but lack direction selectivity, which is a feature of mature cortical neurons in this species. Direction selectivity emerges in the days and weeks following eye opening via a process that requires visual experience. However, the circuit mechanisms that underlie the development of direction selectivity remain unclear. Here, we used microelectrodes to examine the laminar chronology of the development of direction selectivity around the time of eye opening to identify the locations within the cortical circuit that are altered during this process. We found that neurons in layers 4 and 2/3 exhibited weak direction selectivity just before natural eye opening. Layer 4 neurons in animals that had opened their eyes but were younger than postnatal day 35 (PND 35) exhibited modestly increased direction selectivity, but layer 2/3 cells remained as weakly tuned as before eye opening. Animals that had opened their eyes and were PND 35 or older exhibited increased direction selectivity in both layers 4 and 2/3. On average, initial increases in direction selectivity in animals younger than PND 35 were explained by increases in responses to the preferred direction, while subsequent increases in direction selectivity in animals PND 35 or older were explained by decreases in responses to the null direction. These results suggest that all cortical layers are influenced by sensory stimulation during early stages of experience-dependent development.},
	Author = {Clemens, Jared M and Ritter, Neil J and Roy, Arani and Miller, Julie M and Van Hooser, Stephen D},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3399-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Ferrets; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {50},
	Pages = {18177-85},
	Pmc = {PMC3532899},
	pmid = {23238731},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The laminar development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Clemens_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Stensola:2012,
	Abstract = {The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is part of the brain's circuit for dynamic representation of self-location. The metric of this representation is provided by grid cells, cells with spatial firing fields that tile environments in a periodic hexagonal pattern. Limited anatomical sampling has obscured whether the grid system operates as a unified system or a conglomerate of independent modules. Here we show with recordings from up to 186 grid cells in individual rats that grid cells cluster into a small number of layer-spanning anatomically overlapping modules with distinct scale, orientation, asymmetry and theta-frequency modulation. These modules can respond independently to changes in the geometry of the environment. The discrete topography of the grid-map, and the apparent autonomy of the modules, differ from the graded topography of maps for continuous variables in several sensory systems, raising the possibility that the modularity of the grid map is a product of local self-organizing network dynamics.},
	Author = {Stensola, Hanne and Stensola, Tor and Solstad, Trygve and Fr{\o}land, Kristian and Moser, May-Britt and Moser, Edvard I},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 14:36:50 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11649},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {rat; grid cells; hippocampus; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Entorhinal Cortex;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex; Environment; Male; Models, Neurological; Orientation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Theta Rhythm},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7427},
	Pages = {72-8},
	pmid = {23222610},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The entorhinal grid map is discretized},
	Volume = {492},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Stensola_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Su:2012,
	Abstract = {Diverse sensory organs, including mammalian taste buds and insect chemosensory sensilla, show a marked compartmentalization of receptor cells; however, the functional impact of this organization remains unclear. Here we show that compartmentalized Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) communicate with each other directly. The sustained response of one ORN is inhibited by the transient activation of a neighbouring ORN. Mechanistically, such lateral inhibition does not depend on synapses and is probably mediated by ephaptic coupling. Moreover, lateral inhibition in the periphery can modulate olfactory behaviour. Together, the results show that integration of olfactory information can occur via lateral interactions between ORNs. Inhibition of a sustained response by a transient response may provide a means of encoding salience. Finally, a CO(2)-sensitive ORN in the malaria mosquito Anopheles can also be inhibited by excitation of an adjacent ORN, suggesting a broad occurrence of lateral inhibition in insects and possible applications in insect control.},
	Author = {Su, Chih-Ying and Menuz, Karen and Reisert, Johannes and Carlson, John R},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11712},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Carbon Dioxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drosophila melanogaster; Female; Neural Inhibition; Olfactory Pathways; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Sensilla; Smell; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7427},
	Pages = {66-71},
	Pmc = {PMC3518700},
	pmid = {23172146},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Non-synaptic inhibition between grouped neurons in an olfactory circuit},
	Volume = {492},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Su_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Yang:2010a,
	Abstract = {Imaging neurons, glia and vasculature in the living brain has become an important experimental tool for understanding how the brain works. Here we describe in detail a protocol for imaging cortical structures at high optical resolution through a thinned-skull cranial window in live mice using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Surgery can be performed within 30-45 min and images can be acquired immediately thereafter. The procedure can be repeated multiple times allowing longitudinal imaging of the cortex over intervals ranging from days to years. Imaging through a thinned-skull cranial window avoids exposure of the meninges and the cortex, thus providing a minimally invasive approach for studying structural and functional changes of cells under normal and pathological conditions in the living brain.},
	Author = {Yang, Guang and Pan, Feng and Parkhurst, Christopher N and Grutzendler, Jaime and Gan, Wen-Biao},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nprot.2009.222},
	Journal = {Nat Protoc},
	Journal-Full = {Nature protocols},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Equipment Design; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Photons; Skull; Synapses},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {201-8},
	pmid = {20134419},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010a.pdf}}

@article{Warner:2012,
	Abstract = {The hierarchical development of the primate visual cortex and associated streams remains somewhat of a mystery. While anatomical, physiological, and psychological studies have demonstrated the early maturation of the dorsal "where"/"how" or motion cortical stream, little is known about the circuitry responsible. The influence of the retinogeniculostriate pathway has been investigated, but little attention has been paid to the role of two more recently described disynaptic retinothalamic projections to the middle temporal (MT) area, an early maturing dorsal stream cortical field, and which bypass the primary visual cortex (V1). These pathways are via the koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the medial portion of the inferior pulvinar (PIm). Both have been demonstrated in the adult nonhuman primate, but their influence during the maturation of the visual cortex is unknown. We used a combination of neural tracing and immunohistochemistry to follow the development of LGN and PIm inputs to area MT in the marmoset monkey. Our results revealed that the early maturation of area MT is likely due to the disynaptic retinopulvinar input and not the retinogeniculate input or the direct projection from V1. Furthermore, from soon after birth to adulthood, there was a dynamic shift in the ratio of input from these three structures to area MT, with an increasing dominance of the direct V1 afference.},
	Author = {Warner, Claire E and Kwan, William C and Bourne, James A},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3269-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Callithrix; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Male; Neurons; Pulvinar; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {17073-85},
	pmid = {23197701},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The early maturation of visual cortical area MT is dependent on input from the retinorecipient medial portion of the inferior pulvinar},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Warner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Okun:2012,
	Abstract = {Cortical circuits encode sensory stimuli through the firing of neuronal ensembles, and also produce spontaneous population patterns in the absence of sensory drive. This population activity is often characterized experimentally by the distribution of multineuron "words" (binary firing vectors), and a match between spontaneous and evoked word distributions has been suggested to reflect learning of a probabilistic model of the sensory world. We analyzed multineuron word distributions in sensory cortex of anesthetized rats and cats, and found that they are dominated by fluctuations in population firing rate rather than precise interactions between individual units. Furthermore, cortical word distributions change when brain state shifts, and similar behavior is seen in simulated networks with fixed, random connectivity. Our results suggest that similarity or dissimilarity in multineuron word distributions could primarily reflect similarity or dissimilarity in population firing rate dynamics, and not necessarily the precise interactions between neurons that would indicate learning of sensory features.},
	Author = {Okun, Michael and Yger, Pierre and Marguet, Stephan L and Gerard-Mercier, Florian and Benucci, Andrea and Katzner, Steffen and Busse, Laura and Carandini, Matteo and Harris, Kenneth D},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1831-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {17108-19},
	Pmc = {PMC3520056},
	pmid = {23197704},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Population rate dynamics and multineuron firing patterns in sensory cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Okun_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Mancini:2012,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps of the receptive surface are a fundamental feature of neural organization in many sensory systems. While touch is finely mapped in the cerebral cortex, it remains controversial how precise any cortical nociceptive map may be. Given that nociceptive innervation density is relatively low on distal skin regions such as the digits, one might conclude that the nociceptive system lacks fine representation of these regions. Indeed, only gross spatial organization of nociceptive maps has been reported so far. However, here we reveal the existence of fine-grained somatotopy for nociceptive inputs to the digits in human primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Using painful nociceptive-selective laser stimuli to the hand, and phase-encoded functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis methods, we observed somatotopic maps of the digits in contralateral SI. These nociceptive maps were highly aligned with maps of non-painful tactile stimuli, suggesting comparable cortical representations for, and possible interactions between, mechanoreceptive and nociceptive signals. Our findings may also be valuable for future studies tracking the time course and the spatial pattern of plastic changes in cortical organization involved in chronic pain.},
	Author = {Mancini, Flavia and Haggard, Patrick and Iannetti, Gian Domenico and Longo, Matthew R and Sereno, Martin I},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3059-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Brain Mapping; Female; Hand; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nociception; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Skin; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {17155-62},
	Pmc = {PMC3529201},
	pmid = {23197708},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fine-grained nociceptive maps in primary somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mancini_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Ren:2012,
	Abstract = {Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurological disorder that is associated with mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. RTT patients suffer from mental retardation and behavioral disorders, including heightened anxiety and state-dependent breathing irregularities, such as hyperventilation and apnea. Many symptoms are recapitulated by the Mecp2-null male mice (Mecp2(-/y)). To characterize developmental progression of the respiratory phenotype and explore underlying mechanisms, we examined Mecp2(-/y) and wild-type (WT) mice from presymptomatic periods to end-stage disease. We monitored breathing patterns of unrestrained mice during wake-sleep states and while altering stress levels using movement restraint or threatening odorant (trimethylthiazoline). Respiratory motor patterns generated by in situ working heart-brainstem preparations (WHBPs) were measured to assess function of brainstem respiratory networks isolated from suprapontine structures. Data revealed two general stages of respiratory dysfunction in Mecp2(-/y) mice. At the early stage, respiratory abnormalities were limited to wakefulness, correlated with markers of stress (increased fecal deposition and blood corticosterone levels), and alleviated by antalarmin (corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist). Furthermore, the respiratory rhythm generated by WHBPs was similar in WT and Mecp2(-/y) mice. During the later stage, respiratory abnormalities were evident during wakefulness and sleep. Also, WHBPs from Mecp2(-/y) showed central apneas. We conclude that, at early disease stages, stress-related modulation from suprapontine structures is a significant factor in the Mecp2(-/y) respiratory phenotype and that anxiolytics may be effective. At later stages, abnormalities of brainstem respiratory networks are a significant cause of irregular breathing patterns and central apneas.},
	Author = {Ren, Jun and Ding, Xiuqing and Funk, Gregory D and Greer, John J},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2951-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Anxiety; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; Mice; Respiration; Respiration Disorders; Rett Syndrome; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {48},
	Pages = {17230-40},
	pmid = {23197715},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Anxiety-related mechanisms of respiratory dysfunction in a mouse model of Rett syndrome},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ren_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Stevenson:2012,
	Abstract = {How interactions between neurons relate to tuned neural responses is a longstanding question in systems neuroscience. Here we use statistical modeling and simultaneous multi-electrode recordings to explore the relationship between these interactions and tuning curves in six different brain areas. We find that, in most cases, functional interactions between neurons provide an explanation of spiking that complements and, in some cases, surpasses the influence of canonical tuning curves. Modeling functional interactions improves both encoding and decoding accuracy by accounting for noise correlations and features of the external world that tuning curves fail to capture. In cortex, modeling coupling alone allows spikes to be predicted more accurately than tuning curve models based on external variables. These results suggest that statistical models of functional interactions between even relatively small numbers of neurons may provide a useful framework for examining neural coding.},
	Author = {Stevenson, Ian H and London, Brian M and Oby, Emily R and Sachs, Nicholas A and Reimer, Jacob and Englitz, Bernhard and David, Stephen V and Shamma, Shihab A and Blanche, Timothy J and Mizuseki, Kenji and Zandvakili, Amin and Hatsopoulos, Nicholas G and Miller, Lee E and Kording, Konrad P},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002775},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {e1002775},
	Pmc = {PMC3499254},
	pmid = {23166484},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional connectivity and tuning curves in populations of simultaneously recorded neurons},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Stevenson_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Reichl:2012,
	Abstract = {In the juvenile brain, the synaptic architecture of the visual cortex remains in a state of flux for months after the natural onset of vision and the initial emergence of feature selectivity in visual cortical neurons. It is an attractive hypothesis that visual cortical architecture is shaped during this extended period of juvenile plasticity by the coordinated optimization of multiple visual cortical maps such as orientation preference (OP), ocular dominance (OD), spatial frequency, or direction preference. In part (I) of this study we introduced a class of analytically tractable coordinated optimization models and solved representative examples, in which a spatially complex organization of the OP map is induced by interactions between the maps. We found that these solutions near symmetry breaking threshold predict a highly ordered map layout. Here we examine the time course of the convergence towards attractor states and optima of these models. In particular, we determine the timescales on which map optimization takes place and how these timescales can be compared to those of visual cortical development and plasticity. We also assess whether our models exhibit biologically more realistic, spatially irregular solutions at a finite distance from threshold, when the spatial periodicities of the two maps are detuned and when considering more than 2 feature dimensions. We show that, although maps typically undergo substantial rearrangement, no other solutions than pinwheel crystals and stripes dominate in the emerging layouts. Pinwheel crystallization takes place on a rather short timescale and can also occur for detuned wavelengths of different maps. Our numerical results thus support the view that neither minimal energy states nor intermediate transient states of our coordinated optimization models successfully explain the architecture of the visual cortex. We discuss several alternative scenarios that may improve the agreement between model solutions and biological observations.},
	Author = {Reichl, Lars and Heide, Dominik and L{\"o}wel, Siegrid and Crowley, Justin C and Kaschube, Matthias and Wolf, Fred},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002756},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {e1002756},
	Pmc = {PMC3493502},
	pmid = {23144602},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coordinated optimization of visual cortical maps (II) numerical studies},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Reichl_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Mukamel:2010a,
	Abstract = {Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.},
	Author = {Mukamel, Roy and Ekstrom, Arne D and Kaplan, Jonas and Iacoboni, Marco and Fried, Itzhak},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.045},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electrophysiology; Emotions; Facial Expression; Hand; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Motor Activity; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {750-6},
	Pmc = {PMC2904852},
	pmid = {20381353},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010a.pdf}}

@article{Sato:2012b,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is composed of various types of neurons that reflect its laminar and area structures. It has been suggested that not only intrinsic but also afferent-derived extrinsic factors are involved in neuronal differentiation during development. However, the role and molecular mechanism of such extrinsic factors are almost unknown. Here, we attempted to identify molecules that are expressed in the thalamus and affect cortical cell development. First, thalamus-specific molecules were sought by comparing gene expression profiles of the developing rat thalamus and cortex using microarrays, and by constructing a thalamus-enriched subtraction cDNA library. A systematic screening by in situ hybridization showed that several genes encoding extracellular molecules were strongly expressed in sensory thalamic nuclei. Exogenous and endogenous protein localization further demonstrated that two extracellular molecules, Neuritin-1 (NRN1) and VGF, were transported to thalamic axon terminals. Application of NRN1 and VGF to dissociated cell culture promoted the dendritic growth. An organotypic slice culture experiment further showed that the number of primary dendrites in multipolar stellate neurons increased in response to NRN1 and VGF, whereas dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons was not promoted. These molecules also increased neuronal survival of multipolar neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that the thalamus-specific molecules NRN1 and VGF play an important role in the dendritic growth and survival of cortical neurons in a cell type-specific manner.},
	Author = {Sato, Haruka and Fukutani, Yuma and Yamamoto, Yuji and Tatara, Eiichi and Takemoto, Makoto and Shimamura, Kenji and Yamamoto, Nobuhiko},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0293-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antibodies, Blocking; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; DNA Primers; DNA, Complementary; Dendrites; Electroporation; Female; GPI-Linked Proteins; Genetic Vectors; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Microarray Analysis; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Plasmids; Pregnancy; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus; Transfection},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {44},
	Pages = {15388-402},
	pmid = {23115177},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamus-derived molecules promote survival and dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012a.pdf}}

@article{State:2012,
	Author = {State, Matthew W and {\v S}estan, Nenad},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1224989},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Child, Preschool; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genetic Loci; Humans; Mutation; Neocortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6100},
	Pages = {1301-3},
	pmid = {22984058},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuroscience. The emerging biology of autism spectrum disorders},
	Volume = {337},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/State_Science2012.pdf}}

@article{Holmes:2012,
	Abstract = {Cervical dystonia (CD; spasmodic torticollis) can be evoked by inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) in the nonhuman primate (Burbaud et al., 1998; Dybdal et al., 2012). Suppression of GABAergic neurons that project from SNpr results in the disinhibition of the targets to which these neurons project. It therefore should be possible to prevent CD by inhibition of the appropriate nigral target region(s). Here we tested the hypothesis that the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC), a key target of nigral projections, are required for the emergence of CD. To test this hypothesis, we pretreated the DLSC of four macaques with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol to determine whether this treatment would prevent CD evoked by muscimol infusions in SNpr. Our data supported this hypothesis: inhibition of DLSC attenuated CD evoked by muscimol in SNpr in all four animals. In two of the four subjects, quadrupedal rotations were evoked by muscimol application into SNpr sites that were distinct from those that induced dystonia. We found that inhibition of DLSC did not significantly alter quadrupedal rotations, suggesting that this response is dissociable from the SNpr-evoked CD. Our results are the first to demonstrate a role of DLSC in mediating the expression of CD. Furthermore, these data reveal a functional relationship between SNpr and DLSC in regulating posture and movement in the nonhuman primate, raising the possibility that the nigrotectal pathway has potential as a target for therapeutic interventions for CD.},
	Author = {Holmes, Angela L and Forcelli, Patrick A and DesJardin, Jacqueline T and Decker, Ashley L and Teferra, Menna and West, Elizabeth A and Malkova, Ludise and Gale, Karen},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2295-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bicuculline; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Administration Routes; Female; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Head Movements; Macaca mulatta; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Movement; Muscimol; Postural Balance; Sensation Disorders; Substantia Nigra; Superior Colliculi; Torticollis},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {38},
	Pages = {13326-32},
	pmid = {22993447},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Superior colliculus mediates cervical dystonia evoked by inhibition of the substantia nigra pars reticulata},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Anastasiades:2012,
	Abstract = {The integration of neurons within the developing cerebral cortex is a prolonged process dependent on a combination of molecular and physiological cues. To examine the latter we used laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) of caged glutamate in conjunction with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to probe the integration of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor regions of the mouse neocortex. In the days immediately after postnatal day 5 (P5) the origin of the LSPS-evoked AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic inputs were diffuse and poorly defined with considerable variability between cells. Over the subsequent week this coalesced and shifted, primarily influenced by an increased contribution from layers 2/3 cells, which became a prominent motif of the afferent input onto layer 5 pyramidal cells regardless of cortical region. To further investigate this particular emergent translaminar connection, we alternated our mapping protocol between two holding potentials (-70 and +40 mV) allowing us to detect exclusively NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated inputs. This revealed distal MK-801-sensitive synaptic inputs that predict the formation of the mature, canonical layer 2/3 to 5 pathway. However, these were a transient feature and had been almost entirely converted to AMPAR synapses at a later age (P16). To examine the role of activity in the recruitment of early NMDAR synapses, we evoked brief periods (20 min) of rhythmic bursting. Short intense periods of activity could cause a prolonged augmentation of the total input onto pyramidal cells up until P12; a time point when the canonical circuit has been instated and synaptic integration shifts to a more consolidatory phase.},
	Author = {Anastasiades, Paul G and Butt, Simon J B},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1262-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Biophysics; Brain Mapping; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Glutamates; Lasers; Magnesium; Mice; Motor Cortex; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {38},
	Pages = {13085-99},
	pmid = {22993426},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A role for silent synapses in the development of the pathway from layer 2/3 to 5 pyramidal cells in the neocortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Anastasiades_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Rizo:2012,
	Author = {Rizo, Josep},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1228654},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Optical Tweezers; SNARE Proteins},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6100},
	Pages = {1300-1},
	pmid = {22984057},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell biology. Staging membrane fusion},
	Volume = {337},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Rizo_Science2012.pdf}}

@article{Sherratt:2012,
	Author = {Sherratt, Thomas N and Roberts, Gilbert},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1226328},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biological Evolution; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6100},
	Pages = {1304-5},
	pmid = {22984060},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ecology. When paths to cooperation converge},
	Volume = {337},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Sherratt_Science2012.pdf}}

@article{Capotondo:2012,
	Abstract = {The recent hypothesis that postnatal microglia are maintained independently of circulating monocytes by local precursors that colonize the brain before birth has relevant implications for the treatment of various neurological diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), for which hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is applied to repopulate the recipient myeloid compartment, including microglia, with cells expressing the defective functional hydrolase. By studying wild-type and LSD mice at diverse time-points after HCT, we showed the occurrence of a short-term wave of brain infiltration by a fraction of the transplanted hematopoietic progenitors, independently from the administration of a preparatory regimen and from the presence of a disease state in the brain. However, only the use of a conditioning regimen capable of ablating functionally defined brain-resident myeloid precursors allowed turnover of microglia with the donor, mediated by local proliferation of early immigrants rather than entrance of mature cells from the circulation.},
	Author = {Capotondo, Alessia and Milazzo, Rita and Politi, Letterio Salvatore and Quattrini, Angelo and Palini, Alessio and Plati, Tiziana and Merella, Stefania and Nonis, Alessandro and di Serio, Clelia and Montini, Eugenio and Naldini, Luigi and Biffi, Alessandra},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1205858109},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Flow Cytometry; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microglia; Transplantation Conditioning},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {15018-23},
	Pmc = {PMC3443128},
	pmid = {22923692},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain conditioning is instrumental for successful microglia reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Capotondo_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}}

@article{Yurovsky:2012,
	Abstract = {The study of cognitive development hinges, largely, on the analysis of infant looking. But analyses of eye gaze data require the adoption of linking hypotheses: assumptions about the relationship between observed eye movements and underlying cognitive processes. We develop a general framework for constructing, testing, and comparing these hypotheses, and thus for producing new insights into early cognitive development. We first introduce the general framework--applicable to any infant gaze experiment--and then demonstrate its utility by analyzing data from a set of experiments investigating the role of attentional cues in infant learning. The new analysis uncovers significantly more structure in these data, finding evidence of learning that was not found in standard analyses and showing an unexpected relationship between cue use and learning rate. Finally, we discuss general implications for the construction and testing of quantitative linking hypotheses. MATLAB code for sample linking hypotheses can be found on the first author's website.},
	Author = {Yurovsky, Daniel and Hidaka, Shohei and Wu, Rachel},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0047419},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e47419},
	Pmc = {PMC3482231},
	pmid = {23110071},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Quantitative linking hypotheses for infant eye movements},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Yurovsky_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Margolis:2012,
	Abstract = {Sensory maps are reshaped by experience. It is unknown how map plasticity occurs in vivo in functionally diverse neuronal populations because activity of the same cells has not been tracked over long time periods. Here we used repeated two-photon imaging of a genetic calcium indicator to measure whisker-evoked responsiveness of the same layer 2/3 neurons in adult mouse barrel cortex over weeks, first with whiskers intact, then during continued trimming of all but one whisker. Across the baseline period, neurons displayed heterogeneous yet stable responsiveness. During sensory deprivation, responses to trimmed whisker stimulation globally decreased, whereas responses to spared whisker stimulation increased for the least active neurons and decreased for the most active neurons. These findings suggest that recruitment of inactive, 'silent' neurons is part of a convergent redistribution of population activity underlying sensory map plasticity. Sensory-driven responsiveness is a key property controlling experience-dependent activity changes in individual neurons.},
	Author = {Margolis, David J and L{\"u}tcke, Henry and Schulz, Kristina and Haiss, Florent and Weber, Bruno and K{\"u}gler, Sebastian and Hasan, Mazahir T and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3240},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; Computer Simulation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Luminescent Proteins; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological; Neurons; Neuropil; Optics and Photonics; Physical Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Synapsins; Time Factors; Transduction, Genetic; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1539-46},
	pmid = {23086335},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reorganization of cortical population activity imaged throughout long-term sensory deprivation},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Margolis_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Blanco-Hernandez:2012,
	Abstract = {The olfactory system, particularly the olfactory epithelium, presents a unique opportunity to study the regenerative capabilities of the brain, because of its ability to recover after damage. In this study, we ablated olfactory sensory neurons with methimazole and followed the anatomical and functional recovery of circuits expressing genetic markers for I7 and M72 receptors (M72-IRES-tau-LacZ and I7-IRES-tau-GFP). Our results show that 45 days after methimazole-induced lesion, axonal projections to the bulb of M72 and I7 populations are largely reestablished. Furthermore, regenerated glomeruli are re-formed within the same areas as those of control, unexposed mice. This anatomical regeneration correlates with functional recovery of a previously learned odorant-discrimination task, dependent on the cognate ligands for M72 and I7. Following regeneration, mice also recover innate responsiveness to TMT and urine. Our findings show that regeneration of neuronal circuits in the olfactory system can be achieved with remarkable precision and underscore the importance of glomerular organization to evoke memory traces stored in the brain.},
	Author = {Blanco-Hern{\'a}ndez, Eduardo and Valle-Leija, Pablo and Zomosa-Signoret, Viviana and Drucker-Col{\'\i}n, Ren{\'e} and Vidaltamayo, Rom{\'a}n},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046338},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e46338},
	Pmc = {PMC3468571},
	pmid = {23071557},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Odor memory stability after reinnervation of the olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Blanco-Hernández_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Watakabe:2012,
	Abstract = {We are interested in identifying and characterizing various projection neurons that constitute the neocortical circuit. For this purpose, we developed a novel lentiviral vector that carries the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and the transgene under the TET Responsive Element promoter (TRE) on a single backbone. By pseudotyping such a vector with modified rabies G-protein, we were able to express palmitoylated-GFP (palGFP) or turboFP635 (RFP) in corticothalamic, corticocortical, and corticopontine neurons of mice. The high-level expression of the transgene achieved by the TET-Off system enabled us to observe characteristic elaboration of neuronal processes for each cell type. At higher magnification, we were able to observe fine structures such as boutons and spines as well. We also injected our retrograde TET-Off vector to the marmoset cortex and proved that it can be used to label the long-distance cortical connectivity of millimeter scale. In conclusion, our novel retrograde tracer provides an attractive option to investigate the morphologies of identified cortical projection neurons of various species.},
	Author = {Watakabe, Akiya and Kato, Shigeki and Kobayashi, Kazuto and Takaji, Masafumi and Nakagami, Yuki and Sadakane, Osamu and Ohtsuka, Masanari and Hioki, Hiroyuki and Kaneko, Takeshi and Okuno, Hiroyuki and Kawashima, Takashi and Bito, Haruhiko and Kitamura, Yoshihiro and Yamamori, Tetsuo},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046157},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e46157},
	Pmc = {PMC3465318},
	pmid = {23071541},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visualization of cortical projection neurons with retrograde TET-off lentiviral vector},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Watakabe_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Reese:2012,
	Abstract = {The brain is one of the most studied and highly complex systems in the biological world. While much research has concentrated on studying the brain directly, our focus is the structure of the brain itself: at its core an interconnected network of nodes (neurons). A better understanding of the structural connectivity of the brain should elucidate some of its functional properties. In this paper we analyze the connectome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Consisting of only 302 neurons, it is one of the better-understood neural networks. Using a Laplacian Matrix of the 279-neuron "giant component" of the network, we use an eigenvalue counting function to look for fractal-like self similarity. This matrix representation is also used to plot visualizations of the neural network in eigenfunction coordinates. Small-world properties of the system are examined, including average path length and clustering coefficient. We test for localization of eigenfunctions, using graph energy and spacial variance on these functions. To better understand results, all calculations are also performed on random networks, branching trees, and known fractals, as well as fractals which have been "rewired" to have small-world properties. We propose algorithms for generating Laplacian matrices of each of these graphs.},
	Author = {Reese, Tyler M and Brzoska, Antoni and Yott, Dylan T and Kelleher, Daniel J},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:12:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0040483},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e40483},
	Pmc = {PMC3465333},
	pmid = {23071485},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Analyzing self-similar and fractal properties of the C. elegans neural network},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Reese_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Sugar:2011,
	Abstract = {A connectome is an indispensable tool for brain researchers, since it quickly provides comprehensive knowledge of the brain's anatomical connections. Such knowledge lies at the basis of understanding network functions. Our first comprehensive and interactive account of brain connections comprised the rat hippocampal-parahippocampal network. We have now added all anatomical connections with the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) as well as the intrinsic connections of this region, because of the interesting functional overlap between these brain regions. The RSC is involved in a variety of cognitive tasks including memory, navigation, and prospective thinking, yet the exact role of the RSC and the functional differences between its subdivisions remain elusive. The connectome presented here may help to define this role by providing an unprecedented interactive and searchable overview of all connections within and between the rat RSC, parahippocampal region and hippocampal formation.},
	Author = {Sugar, J{\o}rgen and Witter, Menno P and van Strien, Niels M and Cappaert, Natalie L M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fninf.2011.00007},
	Journal = {Front Neuroinform},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroinformatics},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Pages = {7},
	Pmc = {PMC3147162},
	pmid = {21847380},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The retrosplenial cortex: intrinsic connectivity and connections with the (para)hippocampal region in the rat. An interactive connectome},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Sugar_FrontNeuroinform2011.pdf}}

@article{McNaughton:2006,
	Abstract = {The hippocampal formation can encode relative spatial location, without reference to external cues, by the integration of linear and angular self-motion (path integration). Theoretical studies, in conjunction with recent empirical discoveries, suggest that the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) might perform some of the essential underlying computations by means of a unique, periodic synaptic matrix that could be self-organized in early development through a simple, symmetry-breaking operation. The scale at which space is represented increases systematically along the dorsoventral axis in both the hippocampus and the MEC, apparently because of systematic variation in the gain of a movement-speed signal. Convergence of spatially periodic input at multiple scales, from so-called grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, might result in non-periodic spatial firing patterns (place fields) in the hippocampus.},
	Author = {McNaughton, Bruce L and Battaglia, Francesco P and Jensen, Ole and Moser, Edvard I and Moser, May-Britt},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-16 14:38:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn1932},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {rat; grid cells; hippocampus; Spatial Behavior; navigation; Entorhinal Cortex; place cells},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Hippocampus; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {663-78},
	pmid = {16858394},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/McNaughton_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Wagner:2006,
	Abstract = {Retinoic acid is well recognized to promote neuronal differentiation in the embryonic nervous system, but how it influences the postnatal cerebral cortex remains largely unknown. The domain of highest retinoic acid actions in the cortex of the mouse constricts postnatally to a narrow band that includes the dorsal visual stream and the attentional and executive networks. This band of cortex, which is distinguished by the retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme RALDH3, exhibits signs of delayed maturation and enhanced plasticity compared to the surrounding cortex, as indicated by suppression of parvalbumin, neurofilament, cytochrome oxidase and perineuronal net maturation, and persistence of the embryonic, polysialated form of the neural cell-adhesion molecule PSA-NCAM. During the first postnatal week, the RALDH3-expressing territory translocates in the caudal cortex from the medial limbic lobe to the adjacent neocortex. This topographical shift requires the neurotrophin NT-3 because in mice lacking neuronal NT-3 the RALDH3 enzyme maintains its early postnatal pattern up to adulthood. In the NT-3-null mutants, expression of the markers, whose topography colocalizes with RALDH3 in the normal cortex, matches the abnormal RALDH3 pattern. This indicates that the uneven retinoic acid distribution serves a role in patterning the maturation and to some extent function of the normal postnatal cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Wagner, Elisabeth and Luo, Tuanlian and Sakai, Yasuo and Parada, Luis F and Dr{\"a}ger, Ursula C},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04934.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Markers; Cell Differentiation; Cerebral Cortex; Electron Transport Complex IV; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1; Neural Pathways; Neurofilament Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotrophin 3; Parvalbumins; Protein Transport; Retinal Dehydrogenase; Sialic Acids; Tretinoin},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {329-40},
	pmid = {16836633},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinoic acid delineates the topography of neuronal plasticity in postnatal cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Wagner_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Grimsley:2011,
	Abstract = {Adult mice are highly vocal animals, with both males and females vocalizing in same sex and cross sex social encounters. Mouse pups are also highly vocal, producing isolation vocalizations when they are cold or removed from the nest. This study examined patterns in the development of pup isolation vocalizations, and compared these to adult vocalizations. In three litters of CBA/CaJ mice, we recorded isolation vocalizations at ages postnatal day 5 (p5), p7, p9, p11, and p13. Adult vocalizations were obtained in a variety of social situations. Altogether, 28,384 discrete vocal signals were recorded using high-frequency-sensitive equipment and analyzed for syllable type, spectral and temporal features, and the temporal sequencing within bouts. We found that pups produced all but one of the 11 syllable types recorded from adults. The proportions of syllable types changed developmentally, but even the youngest pups produced complex syllables with frequency-time variations. When all syllable types were pooled together for analysis, changes in the peak frequency or the duration of syllables were small, although significant, from p5 through p13. However, individual syllable types showed different, large patterns of change over development, requiring analysis of each syllable type separately. Most adult syllables were substantially lower in frequency and shorter in duration. As pups aged, the complexity of vocal bouts increased, with a greater tendency to switch between syllable types. Vocal bouts from older animals, p13 and adult, had significantly more sequential structure than those from younger mice. Overall, these results demonstrate substantial changes in social vocalizations with age. Future studies are required to identify whether these changes result from developmental processes affecting the vocal tract or control of vocalization, or from vocal learning. To provide a tool for further research, we developed a MATLAB program that generates bouts of vocalizations that correspond to mice of different ages.},
	Author = {Grimsley, Jasmine M S and Monaghan, Jessica J M and Wenstrup, Jeffrey J},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0017460},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Acoustics; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Male; Mice; Nonlinear Dynamics; Phonetics; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; Vocal Cords; Vocalization, Animal},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {e17460},
	Pmc = {PMC3052362},
	pmid = {21408007},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Development of social vocalizations in mice},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Grimsley_PLoSOne2011.pdf}}

@article{Taniguchi:2013,
	Abstract = {Diverse γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing interneurons regulate the functional organization of cortical circuits and derive from multiple embryonic sources. It remains unclear to what extent embryonic origin influences interneuron specification and cortical integration because of difficulties in tracking defined cell types. Here, we followed the developmental trajectory of chandelier cells (ChCs), the most distinct interneurons that innervate the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons and control action potential initiation. ChCs mainly derive from the ventral germinal zone of the lateral ventricle during late gestation and require the homeodomain protein Nkx2.1 for their specification. They migrate with stereotyped routes and schedule and achieve specific laminar distribution in the cortex. The developmental specification of this bona fide interneuron type likely contributes to the assembly of a cortical circuit motif.},
	Author = {Taniguchi, Hiroki and Lu, Jiangteng and Huang, Z Josh},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1227622},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Lineage; Female; Interneurons; Lateral Ventricles; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Neocortex; Neural Stem Cells; Nuclear Proteins; Pyramidal Cells; Transcription Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {6115},
	Pages = {70-4},
	pmid = {23180771},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse neocortex},
	Volume = {339},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Taniguchi_Science2013.pdf}}

@article{Haider:2013,
	Abstract = {The activity of the cerebral cortex is thought to depend on the precise relationship between synaptic excitation and inhibition. In the visual cortex, in particular, intracellular measurements have related response selectivity to coordinated increases in excitation and inhibition. These measurements, however, have all been made during anaesthesia, which strongly influences cortical state and therefore sensory processing. The synaptic activity that is evoked by visual stimulation during wakefulness is unknown. Here we measured visually evoked responses--and the underlying synaptic conductances--in the visual cortex of anaesthetized and awake mice. Under anaesthesia, responses could be elicited from a large region of visual space and were prolonged. During wakefulness, responses were more spatially selective and much briefer. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of synaptic conductances showed a difference in synaptic inhibition between the two conditions. Under anaesthesia, inhibition tracked excitation in amplitude and spatial selectivity. By contrast, during wakefulness, inhibition was much stronger than excitation and had extremely broad spatial selectivity. We conclude that during wakefulness, cortical responses to visual stimulation are dominated by synaptic inhibition, restricting the spatial spread and temporal persistence of neural activity. These results provide a direct glimpse of synaptic mechanisms that control sensory responses in the awake cortex.},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal and H{\"a}usser, Michael and Carandini, Matteo},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11665},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia; Animals; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors; Visual Cortex; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7430},
	Pages = {97-100},
	Pmc = {PMC3537822},
	pmid = {23172139},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex},
	Volume = {493},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Haider_Nature2013.pdf}}

@article{Lazarenko:2010,
	Abstract = {At surgical depths of anesthesia, inhalational anesthetics cause a loss of motor response to painful stimuli (i.e., immobilization) that is characterized by profound inhibition of spinal motor circuits. Yet, although clearly depressed, the respiratory motor system continues to provide adequate ventilation under these same conditions. Here, we show that isoflurane causes robust activation of CO(2)/pH-sensitive, Phox2b-expressing neurons located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) of the rodent brainstem, in vitro and in vivo. In brainstem slices from Phox2b-eGFP mice, the firing of pH-sensitive RTN neurons was strongly increased by isoflurane, independent of prevailing pH conditions. At least two ionic mechanisms contributed to anesthetic activation of RTN neurons: activation of an Na(+)-dependent cationic current and inhibition of a background K(+) current. Single-cell reverse transcription-PCR analysis of dissociated green fluorescent protein-labeled RTN neurons revealed expression of THIK-1 (TWIK-related halothane-inhibited K(+) channel, K(2P)13.1), a channel that shares key properties with the native RTN current (i.e., suppression by inhalational anesthetics, weak rectification, inhibition by extracellular Na(+), and pH-insensitivity). Isoflurane also increased firing rate of RTN chemosensitive neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats, again independent of CO(2) levels. In these animals, isoflurane transiently enhanced activity of the respiratory system, an effect that was most prominent at low levels of respiratory drive and mediated primarily by an increase in respiratory frequency. These data indicate that inhalational anesthetics cause activation of RTN neurons, which serve an important integrative role in respiratory control; the increased drive provided by enhanced RTN neuronal activity may contribute, in part, to maintaining respiratory motor activity under immobilizing anesthetic conditions.},
	Author = {Lazarenko, Roman M and Fortuna, Michal G and Shi, Yingtang and Mulkey, Daniel K and Takakura, Ana C and Moreira, Thiago S and Guyenet, Patrice G and Bayliss, Douglas A},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1956-10.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Pressure; Chemoreceptor Cells; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Gene Expression Regulation; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ion Channel Gating; Isoflurane; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phrenic Nerve; Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain; Respiration; Respiratory Center; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {9324-34},
	Pmc = {PMC2910363},
	pmid = {20610767},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Anesthetic activation of central respiratory chemoreceptor neurons involves inhibition of a THIK-1-like background K(+) current},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lazarenko_JNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Meyer-Lindenberg:2012,
	Abstract = {Mental health and social life are intimately inter-related, as demonstrated by the frequent social deficits of psychiatric patients and the increased rate of psychiatric disorders in people exposed to social environmental adversity. Here, we review emerging evidence that combines epidemiology, social psychology and neuroscience to bring neural mechanisms of social risk factors for mental illness into focus. In doing so, we discuss existing evidence on the effects of common genetic risk factors in social neural pathways and outline the need for integrative approaches to identify the converging mechanisms of social environmental and genetic risk in brain.},
	Author = {Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas and Tost, Heike},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3083},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Calcium Channels; Emotions; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Mental Disorders; Receptors, Oxytocin; Risk Factors; Social Behavior},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {663-8},
	pmid = {22504349},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neural mechanisms of social risk for psychiatric disorders},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Meyer-Lindenberg_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Halje:2012,
	Abstract = {The standard pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease using the dopamine precursor levodopa is unfortunately limited by gradual development of disabling involuntary movements for which the underlying causes are poorly understood. Here we show that levodopa-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats is strongly associated with pronounced 80 Hz local field potential oscillations in the primary motor cortex following levodopa treatment. When this oscillation is interrupted by application of a dopamine antagonist onto the cortical surface the dyskinetic symptoms disappear. The finding that abnormal cortical oscillations are a key pathophysiological mechanism calls for a revision of the prevailing hypothesis that links levodopa-induced dyskinesia to an altered sensitivity to dopamine only in the striatum. Apart from having important implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the discovered pathophysiological mechanism may also play a role in several other psychiatric and neurological conditions involving cortical dysfunction.},
	Author = {Halje, P{\"a}r and Tamt{\`e}, Martin and Richter, Ulrike and Mohammed, Mohsin and Cenci, M Angela and Petersson, Per},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:09:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:10:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3047-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Cerebral Cortex; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Levodopa; Microelectrodes; Neostriatum; Neurons; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {47},
	Pages = {16541-51},
	pmid = {23175810},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is strongly associated with resonant cortical oscillations},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Halje_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{McMullen:2011,
	Abstract = {Many multiphoton imaging applications would benefit from a larger field of view; however, large field of views (>mm) require low magnification objectives which have low light collection efficiencies. We demonstrate a light collection system mounted on a low magnification objective that increases fluorescence collection by as much as 20-fold in scattering tissues. This peripheral detector results in an effective numerical aperture of collection >0.8 with a 3-4 mm field of view.},
	Author = {McMullen, J D and Kwan, A C and Williams, R M and Zipfel, W R},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:08:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:08:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03419.x},
	Journal = {J Microsc},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of microscopy},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Abdominal Neoplasms; Animals; Brain; Carcinoma; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pathology; Spinal Cord},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {119-24},
	pmid = {21118215},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Enhancing collection efficiency in large field of view multiphoton microscopy},
	Volume = {241},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/McMullen_JMicrosc2011.pdf}}

@article{Kwan:2010,
	Abstract = {Neural activity can be captured by state-of-the-art optical imaging methods although the analysis of the resulting data sets is often manual and not standardized. Therefore, laboratories using large-scale calcium imaging eagerly await software toolboxes that can automate the process of identifying cells and inferring spikes. An algorithm proposed and implemented in a recent paper by Mukamel et al. [Neuron 63, 747-760 (2009)] used independent component analysis and offers significant improvements over conventional methods. The approach should be widely applicable, as tested with data obtained from the mouse cerebellum, neocortex, and spinal cord. The emergence of analysis tools in parallel with the rapid advances in optical imaging is an exciting development that will stimulate new discoveries and further elucidate the functions of neural circuits.},
	Author = {Kwan, Alex C},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:08:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:08:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.2976/1.3284977},
	Journal = {HFSP J},
	Journal-Full = {HFSP journal},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2880024},
	pmid = {20676302},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Toward reconstructing spike trains from large-scale calcium imaging data},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kwan_HFSPJ2010.pdf}}

@article{Li:2012,
	Abstract = {The usefulness of genetically encoded probes for optical monitoring of neuronal activity and brain circuits would be greatly advanced by the generation of multiple indicators with non-overlapping color spectra. Most existing indicators are derived from or spectrally convergent on GFP. We generated a bright, red, pH-sensitive fluorescent protein, pHTomato, that can be used in parallel with green probes to monitor neuronal activity. SypHTomato, made by fusing pHTomato to the vesicular membrane protein synaptophysin, reported activity-dependent exocytosis as efficiently as green reporters. When expressed with the GFP-based indicator GCaMP3 in the same neuron, sypHTomato enabled concomitant imaging of transmitter release and presynaptic Ca(2+) transients at single nerve terminals. Expressing sypHTomato and GCaMP3 in separate cells enabled the simultaneous determination of presynaptic vesicular turnover and postsynaptic sub- and supra-threshold responses from a connected pair of neurons. With these new tools, we observed a close size matching between pre- and postsynaptic compartments, as well as interesting target cell-dependent regulation of presynaptic vesicle pools. Lastly, by coupling expression of pHTomato- and GFP-based probes with distinct variants of channelrhodopsin, we provided proof-of-principle for an all-optical approach to multiplex control and tracking of distinct circuit pathways.},
	Author = {Li, Yulong and Tsien, Richard W},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3126},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Cells, Cultured; Exocytosis; Fluorescent Dyes; HEK293 Cells; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Luminescent Proteins; Nerve Net; Synaptic Potentials; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1047-53},
	pmid = {22634730},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {pHTomato, a red, genetically encoded indicator that enables multiplex interrogation of synaptic activity},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Koralek:2012,
	Abstract = {The ability to learn new skills and perfect them with practice applies not only to physical skills but also to abstract skills, like motor planning or neuroprosthetic actions. Although plasticity in corticostriatal circuits has been implicated in learning physical skills, it remains unclear if similar circuits or processes are required for abstract skill learning. Here we use a novel behavioural task in rodents to investigate the role of corticostriatal plasticity in abstract skill learning. Rodents learned to control the pitch of an auditory cursor to reach one of two targets by modulating activity in primary motor cortex irrespective of physical movement. Degradation of the relation between action and outcome, as well as sensory-specific devaluation and omission tests, demonstrate that these learned neuroprosthetic actions are intentional and goal-directed, rather than habitual. Striatal neurons change their activity with learning, with more neurons modulating their activity in relation to target-reaching as learning progresses. Concomitantly, strong relations between the activity of neurons in motor cortex and the striatum emerge. Specific deletion of striatal NMDA receptors impairs the development of this corticostriatal plasticity, and disrupts the ability to learn neuroprosthetic skills. These results suggest that corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for abstract skill learning, and that neuroprosthetic movements capitalize on the neural circuitry involved in natural motor learning.},
	Author = {Koralek, Aaron C and Jin, Xin and Long, 2nd, John D and Costa, Rui M and Carmena, Jose M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10845},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Algorithms; Animals; Cues; Learning; Male; Man-Machine Systems; Mice; Motor Cortex; Motor Skills; Movement; Neostriatum; Neuronal Plasticity; Prostheses and Implants; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reward},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {7389},
	Pages = {331-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3477868},
	pmid = {22388818},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills},
	Volume = {483},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Koralek_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Kinoshita:2012,
	Abstract = {It is generally accepted that the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal motor neurons is responsible for dexterous hand movements in primates. However, the role of the 'phylogenetically older' indirect pathways from the motor cortex to motor neurons, mediated by spinal interneurons, remains elusive. Here we used a novel double-infection technique to interrupt the transmission through the propriospinal neurons (PNs), which act as a relay of the indirect pathway in macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata and Macaca mulatta). The PNs were double infected by injection of a highly efficient retrograde gene-transfer vector into their target area and subsequent injection of adeno-associated viral vector at the location of cell somata. This method enabled reversible expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged tetanus neurotoxin, thereby permitting the selective and temporal blockade of the motor cortex--PN--motor neuron pathway. This treatment impaired reach and grasp movements, revealing a critical role for the PN-mediated pathway in the control of hand dexterity. Anti-GFP immunohistochemistry visualized the cell bodies and axonal trajectories of the blocked PNs, which confirmed their anatomical connection to motor neurons. This pathway-selective and reversible technique for blocking neural transmission does not depend on cell-specific promoters or transgenic techniques, and is a new and powerful tool for functional dissection in system-level neuroscience studies.},
	Author = {Kinoshita, Masaharu and Matsui, Ryosuke and Kato, Shigeki and Hasegawa, Taku and Kasahara, Hironori and Isa, Kaoru and Watakabe, Akiya and Yamamori, Tetsuo and Nishimura, Yukio and Alstermark, Bror and Watanabe, Dai and Kobayashi, Kazuto and Isa, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11206},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dependovirus; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hand; Macaca; Metalloendopeptidases; Motor Cortex; Motor Neurons; Neurosciences; Synaptic Transmission; Tetanus Toxin},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7406},
	Pages = {235-8},
	pmid = {22722837},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic dissection of the circuit for hand dexterity in primates},
	Volume = {487},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Kinoshita_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Park:2009,
	Abstract = {Constructing a rich and continuous visual experience requires computing specific details across views as well as integrating similarities across views. In this paper, we report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence that these distinct computations may occur in two scene-sensitive regions in the brain, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Participants saw different snapshot views from panoramic scenes, which represented clearly different views, but appeared to come from the same scene. Using fMRI adaptation, we tested whether the PPA and RSC treated these panoramic views as the same or different. In the panoramic condition, three different views from a single panoramic scene were presented. We did not find any attenuation for panoramic repeats in the PPA, showing viewpoint-specificity. In contrast, RSC showed significant attenuation for the panoramic condition, showing viewpoint-integration. However, when the panoramic views were not presented in a continuous way, both the specificity in the PPA and the integration in RSC were lost. These results demonstrate that the PPA and RSC compute different properties of scenes: the PPA focuses on selective discrimination of different views while RSC focuses on the integration of scenes under the same visual context. These complementary functions of the PPA and RSC enable both specific and integrative representations of scenes across several viewpoints.},
	Author = {Park, Soojin and Chun, Marvin M},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.058},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cues; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Young Adult},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1747-56},
	Pmc = {PMC2753672},
	pmid = {19398014},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Different roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in panoramic scene perception},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Park_Neuroimage2009.pdf}}

@article{Tsai:2009a,
	Abstract = {It is well known that the density of neurons varies within the adult brain. In neocortex, this includes variations in neuronal density between different lamina as well as between different regions. Yet the concomitant variation of the microvessels is largely uncharted. Here, we present automated histological, imaging, and analysis tools to simultaneously map the locations of all neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and the centerlines and diameters of all blood vessels within thick slabs of neocortex from mice. Based on total inventory measurements of different cortical regions ( approximately 10(7) cells vectorized across brains), these methods revealed: (1) In three dimensions, the mean distance of the center of neuronal somata to the closest microvessel was 15 mum. (2) Volume samples within lamina of a given region show that the density of microvessels does not match the strong laminar variation in neuronal density. This holds for both agranular and granular cortex. (3) Volume samples in successive radii from the midline to the ventral-lateral edge, where each volume summed the number of cells and microvessels from the pia to the white matter, show a significant correlation between neuronal and microvessel densities. These data show that while neuronal and vascular densities do not track each other on the 100 mum scale of cortical lamina, they do track each other on the 1-10 mm scale of the cortical mantle. The absence of a disproportionate density of blood vessels in granular lamina is argued to be consistent with the initial locus of functional brain imaging signals.},
	Author = {Tsai, Philbert S and Kaufhold, John P and Blinder, Pablo and Friedman, Beth and Drew, Patrick J and Karten, Harvey J and Lyden, Patrick D and Kleinfeld, David},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3287-09.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus; Cerebral Cortex; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microvessels; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {14553-70},
	pmid = {19923289},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Correlations of neuronal and microvascular densities in murine cortex revealed by direct counting and colocalization of nuclei and vessels},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tsai_JNeurosci2009.pdf}}

@article{Erzurumlu:2012,
	Abstract = {In primary sensory neocortical areas of mammals, the distribution of sensory receptors is mapped with topographic precision and amplification in proportion to the peripheral receptor density. The visual, somatosensory and auditory cortical maps are established during a critical period in development. Throughout this window in time, the developing cortical maps are vulnerable to deleterious effects of sense organ damage or sensory deprivation. The rodent barrel cortex offers an invaluable model system with which to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of topographic maps and their plasticity during development. Five rows of mystacial vibrissa (whisker) follicles on the snout and an array of sinus hairs are represented by layer IV neural modules ('barrels') and thalamocortical axon terminals in the primary somatosensory cortex. Perinatal damage to the whiskers or the sensory nerve innervating them irreversibly alters the structural organization of the barrels. Earlier studies emphasized the role of the sensory periphery in dictating whisker-specific brain maps and patterns. Recent advances in molecular genetics and analyses of genetically altered mice allow new insights into neural pattern formation in the neocortex and the mechanisms underlying critical period plasticity. Here, we review the development and patterning of the barrel cortex and the critical period plasticity.},
	Author = {Erzurumlu, Reha S and Gaspar, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08075.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Critical Period (Psychology); Humans; Mice; Models, Biological; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1540-53},
	Pmc = {PMC3359866},
	pmid = {22607000},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development and critical period plasticity of the barrel cortex},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Erzurumlu_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Hochberg:2012,
	Abstract = {Paralysis following spinal cord injury, brainstem stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other disorders can disconnect the brain from the body, eliminating the ability to perform volitional movements. A neural interface system could restore mobility and independence for people with paralysis by translating neuronal activity directly into control signals for assistive devices. We have previously shown that people with long-standing tetraplegia can use a neural interface system to move and click a computer cursor and to control physical devices. Able-bodied monkeys have used a neural interface system to control a robotic arm, but it is unknown whether people with profound upper extremity paralysis or limb loss could use cortical neuronal ensemble signals to direct useful arm actions. Here we demonstrate the ability of two people with long-standing tetraplegia to use neural interface system-based control of a robotic arm to perform three-dimensional reach and grasp movements. Participants controlled the arm and hand over a broad space without explicit training, using signals decoded from a small, local population of motor cortex (MI) neurons recorded from a 96-channel microelectrode array. One of the study participants, implanted with the sensor 5 years earlier, also used a robotic arm to drink coffee from a bottle. Although robotic reach and grasp actions were not as fast or accurate as those of an able-bodied person, our results demonstrate the feasibility for people with tetraplegia, years after injury to the central nervous system, to recreate useful multidimensional control of complex devices directly from a small sample of neural signals.},
	Author = {Hochberg, Leigh R and Bacher, Daniel and Jarosiewicz, Beata and Masse, Nicolas Y and Simeral, John D and Vogel, Joern and Haddadin, Sami and Liu, Jie and Cash, Sydney S and van der Smagt, Patrick and Donoghue, John P},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11076},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Aged; Arm; Calibration; Drinking; Female; Hand; Hand Strength; Humans; Male; Man-Machine Systems; Microelectrodes; Middle Aged; Motor Cortex; Movement; Psychomotor Performance; Quadriplegia; Robotics; Time Factors},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {7398},
	Pages = {372-5},
	pmid = {22596161},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm},
	Volume = {485},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Hochberg_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Ahrens:2012,
	Abstract = {A fundamental question in neuroscience is how entire neural circuits generate behaviour and adapt it to changes in sensory feedback. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging to record the activity of large populations of neurons at the cellular level, throughout the brain of larval zebrafish expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor, while the paralysed animals interact fictively with a virtual environment and rapidly adapt their motor output to changes in visual feedback. We decompose the network dynamics involved in adaptive locomotion into four types of neuronal response properties, and provide anatomical maps of the corresponding sites. A subset of these signals occurred during behavioural adjustments and are candidates for the functional elements that drive motor learning. Lesions to the inferior olive indicate a specific functional role for olivocerebellar circuitry in adaptive locomotion. This study enables the analysis of brain-wide dynamics at single-cell resolution during behaviour.},
	Author = {Ahrens, Misha B and Li, Jennifer M and Orger, Michael B and Robson, Drew N and Schier, Alexander F and Engert, Florian and Portugues, Ruben},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11057},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Brain; Larva; Learning; Locomotion; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Neuropil; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Single-Cell Analysis; Zebrafish},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {7399},
	Pages = {471-7},
	pmid = {22622571},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish},
	Volume = {485},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ahrens_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Allene:2012,
	Abstract = {During early postnatal development, neuronal networks successively produce various forms of spontaneous patterned activity that provide key signals for circuit maturation. Initially, in both rodent hippocampus and neocortex, coordinated activity emerges in the form of synchronous plateau assemblies (SPAs) that are initiated by sparse groups of gap-junction-coupled oscillating neurons. Subsequently, SPAs are replaced by synapse-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). Whether these sequential changes in mechanistically distinct network activities correlate with modifications in single-cell properties is unknown. To determine this, we studied the morphophysiological fate of single SPA cells as a function of development. We focused on CA3 GABAergic interneurons, which are centrally involved in generating GDPs in the hippocampus. As the network matures, GABAergic neurons are engaged more in GDPs and less in SPAs. Using inducible genetic fate mapping, we show that the individual involvement of GABAergic neurons in SPAs is correlated to their temporal origin. In addition, we demonstrate that the SPA-to-GDP transition is paralleled by a remarkable maturation in the morphophysiological properties of GABAergic neurons. Compared with those involved in GDPs, interneurons participating in SPAs possess immature intrinsic properties, receive synaptic inputs spanning a wide amplitude range, and display large somata as well as membrane protrusions. Thus, a developmental switch in the morphophysiological properties of GABAergic interneurons as they progress from SPAs to GDPs marks the emergence of synapse-driven network oscillations.},
	Author = {Allene, Camille and Picardo, Michel A and Becq, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Miyoshi, Goichi and Fishell, Gord and Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:07:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0081-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Hippocampus; Interneurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Organ Culture Techniques},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {6688-98},
	Pmc = {PMC3371585},
	pmid = {22573691},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamic changes in interneuron morphophysiological properties mark the maturation of hippocampal network activity},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Allene_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Beurdeley:2012,
	Abstract = {Specific transfer of (orthodenticle homeobox 2) Otx2 homeoprotein into GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) is necessary and sufficient to open, then close, a critical period (CP) of plasticity in the developing mouse visual cortex. The accumulation of endogenous Otx2 in PV cells suggests the presence of specific Otx2 binding sites. Here, we find that perineuronal nets (PNNs) on the surfaces of PV cells permit the specific, constitutive capture of Otx2. We identify a 15 aa domain containing an arginine-lysine doublet (RK peptide) within Otx2, bearing prototypic traits of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding sequence that mediates Otx2 binding to PNNs, and specifically to chondroitin sulfate D and E, with high affinity. Accordingly, PNN hydrolysis by chondroitinase ABC reduces the amount of endogenous Otx2 in PV cells. Direct infusion of RK peptide similarly disrupts endogenous Otx2 localization to PV cells, reduces PV and PNN expression, and reopens plasticity in adult mice. The closure of one eye during this transient window reduces cortical acuity and is specific to the RK motif, as an Alanine-Alanine variant or a scrambled peptide fails to reactivate plasticity. Conversely, this transient reopening of plasticity in the adult restores binocular vision in amblyopic mice. Thus, one function of PNNs is to facilitate the persistent internalization of Otx2 by PV cells to maintain CP closure. The pharmacological use of the Otx2 GAG binding domain offers a novel, potent therapeutic tool with which to restore cortical plasticity in the mature brain.},
	Author = {Beurdeley, Marine and Spatazza, Julien and Lee, Henry H C and Sugiyama, Sayaka and Bernard, Cl{\'e}mence and Di Nardo, Ariel A and Hensch, Takao K and Prochiantz, Alain},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:06:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:06:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0394-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Extracellular Matrix; GABAergic Neurons; Interneurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Otx Transcription Factors; Protein Binding; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {9429-37},
	Pmc = {PMC3419577},
	pmid = {22764251},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Otx2 binding to perineuronal nets persistently regulates plasticity in the mature visual cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Beurdeley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Guo:2012,
	Abstract = {Topographically organized maps of the sensory receptor epithelia are regarded as cornerstones of cortical organization as well as valuable readouts of diverse biological processes ranging from evolution to neural plasticity. However, maps are most often derived from multiunit activity recorded in the thalamic input layers of anesthetized animals using near-threshold stimuli. Less distinct topography has been described by studies that deviated from the formula above, which brings into question the generality of the principle. Here, we explicitly compared the strength of tonotopic organization at various depths within core and belt regions of the auditory cortex using electrophysiological measurements ranging from single units to delta-band local field potentials (LFP) in the awake and anesthetized mouse. Unit recordings in the middle cortical layers revealed a precise tonotopic organization in core, but not belt, regions of auditory cortex that was similarly robust in awake and anesthetized conditions. In core fields, tonotopy was degraded outside the middle layers or when LFP signals were substituted for unit activity, due to an increasing proportion of recording sites with irregular tuning for pure tones. However, restricting our analysis to clearly defined receptive fields revealed an equivalent tonotopic organization in all layers of the cortical column and for LFP activity ranging from gamma to theta bands. Thus, core fields represent a transition between topographically organized simple receptive field arrangements that extend throughout all layers of the cortical column and the emergence of nontonotopic representations outside the input layers that are further elaborated in the belt fields.},
	Author = {Guo, Wei and Chambers, Anna R and Darrow, Keith N and Hancock, Kenneth E and Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G and Polley, Daniel B},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:05:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 16:05:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0065-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Pathways; Auditory Perception; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {9159-72},
	Pmc = {PMC3402176},
	pmid = {22764225},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Robustness of cortical topography across fields, laminae, anesthetic states, and neurophysiological signal types},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Guo_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Sansom:2009,
	Abstract = {In the developing brain, gradients are commonly used to divide neurogenic regions into distinct functional domains. In this article, we discuss the functions of morphogen and gene expression gradients in the assembly of the nervous system in the context of the development of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a mammal-specific region of the forebrain that functions at the top of the neural hierarchy to process and interpret sensory information, plan and organize tasks, and to control motor functions. The mature cerebral cortex is a modular structure, consisting of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. Those areas of neurons are generated from a uniform neuroepithelial sheet by two forms of gradients: graded extracellular signals and a set of transcription factor gradients operating across the field of neocortical stem cells. Fgf signaling from the rostral pole of the cerebral cortex sets up gradients of expression of transcription factors by both activating and repressing gene expression. However, in contrast to the spinal cord and the early Drosophila embryo, these gradients are not subsequently resolved into molecularly distinct domains of gene expression. Instead, graded information in stem cells is translated into discrete, region-specific gene expression in the postmitotic neuronal progeny of the stem cells.},
	Author = {Sansom, Stephen N and Livesey, Frederick J},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 16:02:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:54:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a002519},
	Journal = {Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; patterning; topographic map; development; Gene Expression; toread; neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Drosophila; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mice; Models, Biological; Motor Cortex; Nervous System; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Stem Cells; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {a002519},
	Pmc = {PMC2742095},
	pmid = {20066088},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Gradients in the brain: the control of the development of form and function in the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Sansom_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2009.pdf}}

@article{Courchet:2012,
	Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, Harwell et al. (2012) identify a new role for the secreted molecule Shh and its receptor Boc in synapse formation. These results add an unexpected new player to the expanding list of extracellular cues regulating the spatial specificity of synapse formation.},
	Author = {Courchet, Julien and Polleux, Franck},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:51:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:52:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.008},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; patterning; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; Laterality},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hedgehog Proteins; Nerve Net; Neurons; Pyramidal Tracts},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1055-8},
	pmid = {22445332},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sonic hedgehog, BOC, and synaptic development: new players for an old game},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Courchet_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Johansen-Berg:2012,
	Abstract = {How rapidly does learning shape our brains? A new study in this issue of Neuron by Sagi et al. (2012) that uses diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in both humans and rats suggests that just 2 hr of spatial learning is sufficient to change brain structure.},
	Author = {Johansen-Berg, Heidi and Baptista, Cassandra Sampaio and Thomas, Adam G},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:49:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:51:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.001},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread; plasticity; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; human; MRI; DTI},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Neuronal Plasticity},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1058-60},
	Pmc = {PMC3353540},
	pmid = {22445333},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Human structural plasticity at record speed},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Johansen-Berg_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Eglen:2003,
	Abstract = {A role for spontaneous spiking activity in shaping neuronal circuits has frequently been debated. Analyses of retinotopy in mutant mice with reduced correlated firing among neighboring retinal cells by Grubb et al. and McLaughlin et al. in this issue of Neuron indicate the importance of patterned spontaneous activity for retinotopic map refinement in subcortical visual targets.},
	Author = {Eglen, Stephen J and Demas, Jay and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:47:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:48:47 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {spontaneous activity; development; topographic map; patterning; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; visual system; retinal waves},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Humans; Neural Pathways; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1053-5},
	pmid = {14687538},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mapping by waves. Patterned spontaneous activity regulates retinotopic map refinement},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Eglen_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Harwell:2012,
	Abstract = {The precise connectivity of inputs and outputs is critical for cerebral cortex function; however, the cellular mechanisms that establish these connections are poorly understood. Here, we show that the secreted molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is involved in synapse formation of a specific cortical circuit. Shh is expressed in layer V corticofugal projection neurons and the Shh receptor, Brother of CDO (Boc), is expressed in local and callosal projection neurons of layer II/III that synapse onto the subcortical projection neurons. Layer V neurons of mice lacking functional Shh exhibit decreased synapses. Conversely, the loss of functional Boc leads to a reduction in the strength of synaptic connections onto layer Vb, but not layer II/III, pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that Shh is expressed in postsynaptic target cells while Boc is expressed in a complementary population of presynaptic input neurons, and they function to guide the formation of cortical microcircuitry. VIDEO ABSTRACT:},
	Author = {Harwell, Corey C and Parker, Philip R L and Gee, Steven M and Okada, Ami and McConnell, Susan K and Kreitzer, Anatol C and Kriegstein, Arnold R},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:45:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:47:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.009},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread; development; Neocortex; Gene Expression; Cerebral Cortex; patterning; lateralization},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dendritic Spines; Electric Stimulation; Electroporation; Fluorobenzenes; Functional Laterality; Furans; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hedgehog Proteins; Immunoglobulin G; Luminescent Proteins; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Nerve Net; Neurons; Nuclear Proteins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Pyramidal Tracts; RNA, Small Interfering; Receptors, Cell Surface; Repressor Proteins; Rhodopsin; Silver Staining; Stilbamidines; Synapses; Synaptophysin; Transcription Factors; Tumor Suppressor Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1116-26},
	Pmc = {PMC3551478},
	pmid = {22445340},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sonic hedgehog expression in corticofugal projection neurons directs cortical microcircuit formation},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Harwell_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Schutz-Bosbach:2007,
	Abstract = {A direct relationship between perception and action implies bi-directionality, and predicts not only effects of perception on action but also effects of action on perception. Modern theories of social cognition have intensively examined the relation from perception to action and propose that mirroring the observed actions of others underlies action understanding. Here, we suggest that this view is incomplete, as it neglects the perspective of the actor. We will review empirical evidence showing the effects of self-generated action on perceptual judgments. We propose that producing action might prime perception in a way that observers are selectively sensitive to related or similar actions of conspecifics. Therefore, perceptual resonance, not motor resonance, might be decisive for grounding sympathy and empathy and, thus, successful social interactions.},
	Author = {Sch{\"u}tz-Bosbach, Simone and Prinz, Wolfgang},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:25:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:25:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.005},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Mesh = {Auditory Perception; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Concept Formation; Humans; Imagination; Interpersonal Relations; Judgment; Kinesthesis; Motor Activity; Neurons; Perception; Psychomotor Performance; Self Concept; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {349-55},
	pmid = {17629544},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Perceptual resonance: action-induced modulation of perception},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Schütz-Bosbach_TrendsCognSci2007.pdf}}

@article{Nataraj:2010,
	Abstract = {In visual cortex monocular deprivation (MD) during a critical period (CP) reduces the ability of the deprived eye to activate cortex, but the underlying cellular plasticity mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that MD reduces the intrinsic excitability of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons and enhances long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE). Further, MD and LTP-IE induce reciprocal changes in K(v)2.1 current, and LTP-IE reverses the effects of MD on intrinsic excitability. Taken together these data suggest that MD reduces intrinsic excitability by preventing sensory-drive induced LTP-IE. The effects of MD on excitability were correlated with the classical visual system CP, and (like the functional effects of MD) could be rapidly reversed when vision was restored. These data establish LTP-IE as a candidate mechanism mediating loss of visual responsiveness within L5, and suggest that intrinsic plasticity plays an important role in experience-dependent refinement of visual cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Nataraj, Kiran and Le Roux, Nicolas and Nahmani, Marc and Lefort, Sandrine and Turrigiano, Gina},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:23:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:23:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.033},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {750-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2990987},
	pmid = {21092863},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual deprivation suppresses L5 pyramidal neuron excitability by preventing the induction of intrinsic plasticity},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Nataraj_Neuron2010.pdf}}

@article{Zheng:2004,
	Abstract = {Dual patch-clamp recording and Ca2+ uncaging revealed Ca2+-dependent corelease of ACh and GABA from, and the presence of reciprocal nicotinic and GABAergic synapses between, starburst cells in the perinatal rabbit retina. With maturation, the nicotinic synapses between starburst cells dramatically diminished, whereas the GABAergic synapses remained and changed from excitatory to inhibitory, indicating a coordinated conversion of the starburst network excitability from an early hyperexcitatory to a mature nonepileptic state. We show that this transition allows the starburst cells to use their neurotransmitters for two completely different functions. During early development, the starburst network mediates recurrent excitation and spontaneous retinal waves, which are important for visual system development. After vision begins, starburst cells release GABA in a prolonged and Ca2+-dependent manner and inhibit each other laterally via direct GABAergic synapses, which may be important for visual integration, such as the detection of motion direction.},
	Author = {Zheng, Ji-Jian and Lee, Seunghoon and Zhou, Z Jimmy},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:21:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-15 13:00:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.015},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; Rabbits; spontaneous activity; Acetylcholine; retina; visual system; in vitro; calcium imaging; Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Aging; Animals; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Mammalian; Nerve Net; Nicotine; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rabbits; Retina; Synapses; Vision, Ocular; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {851-64},
	pmid = {15572115},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A developmental switch in the excitability and function of the starburst network in the mammalian retina},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Zheng_Neuron2004.pdf}}

@article{Vanderhaeghen:2004,
	Abstract = {Roger Sperry proposed 40 years ago that topographic neural connections are established through complementary expression of chemoaffinity labels in projecting neurons and their final targets. This led to the identification of ephrins as key molecular cues controlling the topography of retinotectal projections. Recent studies have revealed a surprising twist to this model, shedding light on the developmental mechanisms patterning the projections between the thalamus and the cortex: ephrins, unexpectedly expressed in an intermediate target, control the establishment of topography of axonal projections between these two structures. The same cues are re-used later to control the mapping of thalamocortical projections within a given cortical area, which strikingly illustrates how a limited set of genes can contribute to generate several levels of complexity of a neuronal network.},
	Author = {Vanderhaeghen, Pierre and Polleux, Franck},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:19:28 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-05-05 21:54:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.009},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurophysiology;Neural Pathways;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;review;Humans},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neural Pathways; Thalamus},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {384-91},
	pmid = {15219737},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental mechanisms patterning thalamocortical projections: intrinsic, extrinsic and in between},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.009}}

@article{Stahl:2004,
	Abstract = {Examining eye movements is an important part of the neurological evaluation of humans; the distribution of the neural circuits that control these movements is such that they are disrupted--often in highly characteristic fashions--by many disease processes. Technical advances have made it possible to measure accurately the eye movements of mice, so it is now possible to use the detective power of eye movement recording to characterize neurological dysfunction in genetically altered strains. Here we introduce analytical tools used in ocular motor research and demonstrate their ability to reveal disorders of the visual pathways, inner ear, and cerebellum.},
	Author = {Stahl, John S},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:15:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-27 18:23:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.011},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Eye Movements; Mice; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Psychomotor Performance; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {28},
	Pages = {3401-10},
	pmid = {15536008},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Using eye movements to assess brain function in mice},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Stahl_VisionRes2004.pdf}}

@article{Charrier:2012,
	Abstract = {Structural genomic variations represent a major driving force of evolution, and a burst of large segmental gene duplications occurred in the human lineage during its separation from nonhuman primates. SRGAP2, a gene recently implicated in neocortical development, has undergone two human-specific duplications. Here, we find that both duplications (SRGAP2B and SRGAP2C) are partial and encode a truncated F-BAR domain. SRGAP2C is expressed in the developing and adult human brain and dimerizes with ancestral SRGAP2 to inhibit its function. In the mouse neocortex, SRGAP2 promotes spine maturation and limits spine density. Expression of SRGAP2C phenocopies SRGAP2 deficiency. It underlies sustained radial migration and leads to the emergence of human-specific features, including neoteny during spine maturation and increased density of longer spines. These results suggest that inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs has contributed to the evolution of the human neocortex and plays an important role during human brain development.},
	Author = {Charrier, C{\'e}cile and Joshi, Kaumudi and Coutinho-Budd, Jaeda and Kim, Ji-Eun and Lambert, Nelle and de Marchena, Jacqueline and Jin, Wei-Lin and Vanderhaeghen, Pierre and Ghosh, Anirvan and Sassa, Takayuki and Polleux, Franck},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:15:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:15:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.034},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cell Movement; Dendritic Spines; Evolution, Molecular; GTPase-Activating Proteins; Gene Duplication; Humans; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurons; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Segmental Duplications, Genomic; Species Specificity},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {923-35},
	Pmc = {PMC3357949},
	pmid = {22559944},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation},
	Volume = {149},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Charrier_Cell2012.pdf}}

@article{Tamietto:2012,
	Abstract = {Nonconscious [1-6], rapid [7, 8], or coarse [9] visual processing of emotional stimuli induces functional activity in a subcortical pathway to the amygdala involving the superior colliculus and pulvinar. Despite evidence in lower mammals [10, 11] and nonhuman primates [12], it remains speculative whether anatomical connections between these structures exist in the human brain [13-15]. It is also unknown whether destruction of the visual cortex, which provides a major input to the amygdala, induces modifications in anatomical connections along this subcortical pathway. We used diffusion tensor imaging to investigate in vivo anatomical connections between human amygdala and subcortical visual structures in ten age-matched controls and in one patient with early unilateral destruction of the visual cortex. We found fiber connections between pulvinar and amygdala and also between superior colliculus and amygdala via the pulvinar in the controls as well as in the patient. Destruction of the visual cortex led to qualitative and quantitative modifications along the pathways connecting these three structures and the changes were confined to the patient's damaged hemisphere. The present findings thus show extensive neural plasticity in the anatomical connections between subcortical visual structures of old evolutionary origin involved in the processing of emotional stimuli.},
	Author = {Tamietto, Marco and Pullens, Pim and de Gelder, Beatrice and Weiskrantz, Lawrence and Goebel, Rainer},
	Date-Added = {2013-04-01 15:11:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-01 15:13:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.006},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {downloads},
	Mesh = {Amygdala; Brain Injuries; Case-Control Studies; Child; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {1449-55},
	pmid = {22748315},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subcortical connections to human amygdala and changes following destruction of the visual cortex},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Tamietto_CurrBiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tamietto_CurrBiol2012a.pdf}}

@article{Hoshiko:2012,
	Abstract = {Accumulative evidence indicates that microglial cells influence the normal development of brain synapses. Yet, the mechanisms by which these immune cells target maturating synapses and influence their functional development at early postnatal stages remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the role of CX3CR1, a microglial receptor activated by the neuronal chemokine CX3CL1 (or fractalkine) which controls key functions of microglial cells. In the whisker-related barrel field of the mouse somatosensory cortex, we show that the recruitment of microglia to the sites where developing thalamocortical synapses are concentrated (i.e., the barrel centers) occurs only after postnatal day 5 and is controlled by the fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling pathway. Indeed, at this developmental stage fractalkine is overexpressed within the barrels and CX3CR1 deficiency delays microglial cell recruitment into the barrel centers. Functional analysis of thalamocortical synapses shows that CX3CR1 deficiency also delays the functional maturation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors which normally occurs at these synapses between the first and second postnatal week. These results show that reciprocal interactions between neurons and microglial cells control the functional maturation of cortical synapses.},
	Author = {Hoshiko, Maki and Arnoux, Isabelle and Avignone, Elena and Yamamoto, Nobuhiko and Audinat, Etienne},
	Date-Added = {2013-03-19 14:24:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-03-19 14:25:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1167-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; microglia; Thalamic Nuclei; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Chemokine CX3CL1; Developmental Disabilities; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; GABA Antagonists; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microglia; Receptors, Chemokine; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synapses; Thalamus},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {15106-11},
	pmid = {23100431},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Deficiency of the microglial receptor CX3CR1 impairs postnatal functional development of thalamocortical synapses in the barrel cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1167-12.2012}}

@article{Sato:2012a,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is composed of various types of neurons that reflect its laminar and area structures. It has been suggested that not only intrinsic but also afferent-derived extrinsic factors are involved in neuronal differentiation during development. However, the role and molecular mechanism of such extrinsic factors are almost unknown. Here, we attempted to identify molecules that are expressed in the thalamus and affect cortical cell development. First, thalamus-specific molecules were sought by comparing gene expression profiles of the developing rat thalamus and cortex using microarrays, and by constructing a thalamus-enriched subtraction cDNA library. A systematic screening by in situ hybridization showed that several genes encoding extracellular molecules were strongly expressed in sensory thalamic nuclei. Exogenous and endogenous protein localization further demonstrated that two extracellular molecules, Neuritin-1 (NRN1) and VGF, were transported to thalamic axon terminals. Application of NRN1 and VGF to dissociated cell culture promoted the dendritic growth. An organotypic slice culture experiment further showed that the number of primary dendrites in multipolar stellate neurons increased in response to NRN1 and VGF, whereas dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons was not promoted. These molecules also increased neuronal survival of multipolar neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that the thalamus-specific molecules NRN1 and VGF play an important role in the dendritic growth and survival of cortical neurons in a cell type-specific manner.},
	Author = {Sato, Haruka and Fukutani, Yuma and Yamamoto, Yuji and Tatara, Eiichi and Takemoto, Makoto and Shimamura, Kenji and Yamamoto, Nobuhiko},
	Date-Added = {2013-03-19 14:24:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-03-19 14:27:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0293-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; rodent; rat; mouse; Visual Cortex; Somatosensory Cortex; thalamus; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; extrinsic; Growth Factor},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antibodies, Blocking; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; DNA Primers; DNA, Complementary; Dendrites; Electroporation; Female; GPI-Linked Proteins; Genetic Vectors; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Microarray Analysis; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Plasmids; Pregnancy; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus; Transfection},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {44},
	Pages = {15388-402},
	pmid = {23115177},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamus-derived molecules promote survival and dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0293-12.2012}}

@article{Jin:2011,
	Abstract = {Reduced synaptic inhibition is an important factor contributing to posttraumatic epileptogenesis. Axonal sprouting and enhanced excitatory synaptic connectivity onto rodent layer V pyramidal (Pyr) neurons occur in epileptogenic partially isolated (undercut) neocortex. To determine if enhanced excitation also affects inhibitory circuits, we used laser scanning photostimulation of caged glutamate and whole-cell recordings from GAD67-GFP-expressing mouse fast spiking (FS) interneurons and Pyr cells in control and undercut in vitro slices to map excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Results are 1) the region-normalized excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitudes and proportion of uncaging sites from which EPSCs could be evoked (hotspot ratio) "increased" significantly in FS cells of undercut slices; 2) in contrast, these parameters were significantly "decreased" for inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in undercut FS cells; and 3) in rat layer V Pyr neurons, we found significant decreases in IPSCs in undercut versus control Pyr neurons. The decreases were mainly located in layers II and IV, suggesting a reduction in the efficacy of interlaminar synaptic inhibition. Results suggest that there is significant synaptic reorganization in this model of posttraumatic epilepsy, resulting in increased excitatory drive and reduced inhibitory input to FS interneurons that should enhance their inhibitory output and, in part, offset similar alterations in innervation of Pyr cells.},
	Author = {Jin, Xiaoming and Huguenard, John R and Prince, David A},
	Date-Added = {2013-02-19 18:47:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-02-19 18:48:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq181},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy; inhibition; Development; neurophysiology; Interneurons; Pyramidal Cells; Neocortex; optical physiology; transgenic; mouse; mice; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Stimulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Damage, Chronic; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neocortex; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Organ Culture Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1094-104},
	Pmc = {PMC3077430},
	pmid = {20855494},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reorganization of inhibitory synaptic circuits in rodent chronically injured epileptogenic neocortex},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Jin_CerebCortex2011.pdf}}

@article{Tiriac:2012,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity in the sensory periphery drives infant brain activity and is thought to contribute to the formation of retinotopic and somatotopic maps. In infant rats during active (or REM) sleep, brainstem-generated spontaneous activity triggers hundreds of thousands of skeletal muscle twitches each day; sensory feedback from the resulting limb movements is a primary activator of forebrain activity. The rodent whisker system, with its precise isomorphic mapping of individual whiskers to discrete brain areas, has been a key contributor to our understanding of somatotopic maps and developmental plasticity. But although whisker movements are controlled by dedicated skeletal muscles, spontaneous whisker activity has not been entertained as a contributing factor to the development of this system. Here we report in 3- to 6-day-old rats that whiskers twitch rapidly and asynchronously during active sleep; furthermore, neurons in whisker thalamus exhibit bursts of activity that are tightly associated with twitches but occur infrequently during waking. Finally, we observed barrel-specific cortical activity during periods of twitching. This is the first report of self-generated, sleep-related twitches in the developing whisker system, a sensorimotor system that is unique for the precision with which it can be experimentally manipulated. The discovery of whisker twitching will allow us to attain a better understanding of the contributions of peripheral sensory activity to somatosensory integration and plasticity in the developing nervous system.},
	Author = {Tiriac, Alexandre and Uitermarkt, Brandt D and Fanning, Alexander S and Sokoloff, Greta and Blumberg, Mark S},
	Date-Added = {2013-02-19 18:45:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-02-19 18:46:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.009},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {Somatosensory Cortex; topographic map; development; sensory-motor; barrels; Neocortex; Rats},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {2075-80},
	Pmc = {PMC3494768},
	pmid = {23084988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid whisker movements in sleeping newborn rats},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Tiriac_CurrBiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.009}}

@article{Chen:2012,
	Abstract = {The ability to chronically monitor neuronal activity in the living brain is essential for understanding the organization and function of the nervous system. The genetically encoded green fluorescent protein-based calcium sensor GCaMP provides a powerful tool for detecting calcium transients in neuronal somata, processes, and synapses that are triggered by neuronal activities. Here we report the generation and characterization of transgenic mice that express improved GCaMPs in various neuronal subpopulations under the control of the Thy1 promoter. In vitro and in vivo studies show that calcium transients induced by spontaneous and stimulus-evoked neuronal activities can be readily detected at the level of individual cells and synapses in acute brain slices, as well as chronically in awake, behaving animals. These GCaMP transgenic mice allow investigation of activity patterns in defined neuronal populations in the living brain and will greatly facilitate dissecting complex structural and functional relationships of neural networks.},
	Author = {Chen, Qian and Cichon, Joseph and Wang, Wenting and Qiu, Li and Lee, Seok-Jin R and Campbell, Nolan R and Destefino, Nicholas and Goard, Michael J and Fu, Zhanyan and Yasuda, Ryohei and Looger, Loren L and Arenkiel, Benjamin R and Gan, Wen-Biao and Feng, Guoping},
	Date-Added = {2013-02-19 18:43:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-02-19 18:44:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.011},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vivo; mouse; mice; transgenic; Transgenes; calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; technique},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Antigens, Thy-1; Biophysics; Brain; Calcium; Calmodulin; Cell Count; Cell Line, Transformed; Dendrites; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Gene Expression Regulation; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Mutation; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; Neurons; Odors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptide Fragments; Potassium Chloride; Retina; Transfection},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {297-308},
	pmid = {23083733},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging neural activity using Thy1-GCaMP transgenic mice},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Chen_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Chen_Neuron2012a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.011}}

@article{Vogel:2010,
	Abstract = {A full understanding of the development of the brain's functional network architecture requires not only an understanding of developmental changes in neural processing in individual brain regions but also an understanding of changes in inter-regional interactions. Resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is increasingly being used to study functional interactions between brain regions in both adults and children. We briefly review methods used to study functional interactions and networks with rs-fcMRI and how these methods have been used to define developmental changes in network functional connectivity. The developmental rs-fcMRI studies to date have found two general properties. First, regional interactions change from being predominately anatomically local in children to interactions spanning longer cortical distances in young adults. Second, this developmental change in functional connectivity occurs, in general, via mechanisms of segregation of local regions and integration of distant regions into disparate subnetworks.},
	Author = {Vogel, Alecia C and Power, Jonathan D and Petersen, Steven E and Schlaggar, Bradley L},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:46:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 20:47:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1007/s11065-010-9145-7},
	Journal = {Neuropsychol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Neuropsychology review},
	Keywords = {toread; default mode network; resting state; development; fMRI; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Brain; Brain Mapping; Functional Laterality; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Oxygen; Synapses},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {362-75},
	pmid = {20976563},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the brain's functional network architecture},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Vogel_NeuropsycholRev2010.pdf}}

@article{Donoghue:1999,
	Abstract = {To identify molecules that may play a role in the initiation of cerebral cortical area formation, we examined the expression of the Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, during primate corticogenesis. We selected the macaque monkey neocortex because of its clear areal subdivisions, large surface area, protracted development (gestation = 165 d), and similarity to the human brain. In situ hybridizations, performed at early [embryonic day 65 (E65)], middle (E80), and late (E95) stages of cortical development, revealed that EphA system family members are expressed in distinct gradients and laminar and areal domains in the embryonic neocortex. Indeed, several regionally restricted molecular patterns are already apparent within the cortical plate at E65, before the formation of thalamocortical connections, suggesting that the initial expression of some EphA system members is regulated by programs intrinsic to cortical cells. For example, EphA3, EphA6, and EphA7 are all selectively expressed within the presumptive visual cortex. However, although EphA6 and EphA7 are present throughout this region, EphA3 is only expressed in the prospective extrastriate cortex, suggesting that cortical cells harbor functional biases that may influence the formation of appropriate synaptic connections. Although several patterns of early gene expression are stable (e.g., EphA3, EphA4, and EphA6), others change as development proceeds (e.g., EphA5, EphA7, ephrin-A2, ephrin-A3, and ephrin-A5), perhaps responding to extrinsic cues. Thus, at E95, after connections between the cortical plate and thalamus have formed, receptor subtypes EphA3, EphA5, EphA6, and EphA7 and the ligand ephrin-A5 are expressed in posterior regions, whereas EphA4 and ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A3 are either uniformly distributed or anteriorly biased. Taken together, our results demonstrate molecular distinctions among cells of the embryonic primate neocortex, revealing hitherto unrecognized compartmentalization early in corticogenesis.},
	Author = {Donoghue, M J and Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:45:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 20:45:59 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gestational Age; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Macaca mulatta; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Organ Specificity; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {5967-79},
	pmid = {10407035},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular evidence for the early specification of presumptive functional domains in the embryonic primate cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Lu:2012,
	Abstract = {The default mode network (DMN) in humans has been suggested to support a variety of cognitive functions and has been implicated in an array of neuropsychological disorders. However, its function(s) remains poorly understood. We show that rats possess a DMN that is broadly similar to the DMNs of nonhuman primates and humans. Our data suggest that, despite the distinct evolutionary paths between rodent and primate brain, a well-organized, intrinsically coherent DMN appears to be a fundamental feature in the mammalian brain whose primary functions might be to integrate multimodal sensory and affective information to guide behavior in anticipation of changing environmental contingencies.},
	Author = {Lu, Hanbing and Zou, Qihong and Gu, Hong and Raichle, Marcus E and Stein, Elliot A and Yang, Yihong},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:26:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-04-23 17:55:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1200506109},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {default mode network; resting state; connectivity; wholeBrain; toread; grants; cerebral cortex; mirror symmetry; neocortex; cerebral cortex; areas; parcellation; patterning; topographic map; cytoarchitectonics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Brain Mapping; Haplorhini; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Anatomic; Models, Biological; Neural Pathways; Rats; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3979-84},
	Pmc = {PMC3309754},
	pmid = {22355129},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rat brains also have a default mode network},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012a.pdf}}

@article{Kron:2012,
	Abstract = {Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance has been identified within specific brain microcircuits in models of Rett syndrome (RTT) and other autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, macrocircuit dysfunction across the RTT brain as a whole has not been defined. To approach this issue, we mapped expression of the activity-dependent, immediate-early gene product Fos in the brains of wild-type (Wt) and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2)-null (Null) mice, a model of RTT, before and after the appearance of overt symptoms (3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively). At 6 weeks, Null mice exhibit significantly less Fos labeling than Wt in limbic cortices and subcortical structures, including key nodes in the default mode network. In contrast, Null mice exhibit significantly more Fos labeling than Wt in the hindbrain, most notably in cardiorespiratory regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS). Using nTS as a model, whole-cell recordings demonstrated that increased Fos expression in Nulls at 6 weeks of age is associated with synaptic hyperexcitability, including increased frequency of spontaneous and miniature EPSCs and increased amplitude of evoked EPSCs in Nulls. No such effect of genotype on Fos or synaptic function was seen at 3 weeks. In the mutant forebrain, reduced Fos expression, as well as abnormal sensorimotor function, were reversed by the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. In light of recent findings that the default mode network is hypoactive in autism, our data raise the possibility that hypofunction within this meta-circuit is a shared feature of RTT and other ASDs and is reversible.},
	Author = {Kron, Miriam and Howell, C James and Adams, Ian T and Ransbottom, Michael and Christian, Diana and Ogier, Michael and Katz, David M},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:22:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 20:22:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2159-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early; gene; default mode network; resting state; Autistic Disorder; autism; Rett Syndrome;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Cerebellum; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, fos; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials; Nerve Net; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Organ Specificity; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prosencephalon; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rett Syndrome; Sensory Gating; Solitary Nucleus; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {40},
	Pages = {13860-72},
	Pmc = {PMC3500840},
	pmid = {23035095},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Brain activity mapping in Mecp2 mutant mice reveals functional deficits in forebrain circuits, including key nodes in the default mode network, that are reversed with ketamine treatment},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Kron_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{White:2012,
	Abstract = {Resting-state networks derived from temporal correlations of spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations have been extensively used to elucidate the functional organization of the brain in adults and infants. We have previously developed functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography methods in adults, and we now apply these techniques to study functional connectivity in newborn infants at the bedside. We present functional connectivity maps in the occipital cortices obtained from healthy term-born infants and premature infants, including one infant with an occipital stroke. Our results suggest that functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography has potential as a valuable clinical tool for the early detection of functional deficits and for providing prognostic information on future development.},
	Author = {White, Brian R and Liao, Steve M and Ferradal, Silvina L and Inder, Terrie E and Culver, Joseph P},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:19:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 20:20:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.094},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {default mode network; resting state; human; neonatal; fetal; optical imaging; visual cortex; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Brain Injuries; Brain Mapping; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diagnostic Imaging; Electroencephalography; Feasibility Studies; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Models, Anatomic; Neural Pathways; Occipital Lobe; Pilot Projects; Point-of-Care Systems; Prognosis; Stroke; Tomography; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {2529-38},
	pmid = {21925609},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bedside optical imaging of occipital resting-state functional connectivity in neonates},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/White_Neuroimage2012.pdf}}

@article{White:2011,
	Abstract = {Functional neuroimaging (e.g., with fMRI) has been difficult to perform in mice, making it challenging to translate between human fMRI studies and molecular and genetic mechanisms. A method to easily perform large-scale functional neuroimaging in mice would enable the discovery of functional correlates of genetic manipulations and bridge with mouse models of disease. To satisfy this need, we combined resting-state functional connectivity mapping with optical intrinsic signal imaging (fcOIS). We demonstrate functional connectivity in mice through highly detailed fcOIS mapping of resting-state networks across most of the cerebral cortex. Synthesis of multiple network connectivity patterns through iterative parcellation and clustering provides a comprehensive map of the functional neuroarchitecture and demonstrates identification of the major functional regions of the mouse cerebral cortex. The method relies on simple and relatively inexpensive camera-based equipment, does not require exogenous contrast agents and involves only reflection of the scalp (the skull remains intact) making it minimally invasive. In principle, fcOIS allows new paradigms linking human neuroscience with the power of molecular/genetic manipulations in mouse models.},
	Author = {White, Brian R and Bauer, Adam Q and Snyder, Abraham Z and Schlaggar, Bradley L and Lee, Jin-Moo and Culver, Joseph P},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 20:03:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 20:13:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0016322},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {toread; technique; grants; wholeBrain; default mode network; resting state; spontaneous activity; mouse; mice; fMRI; Cerebral Cortex; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Equipment Design; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Methods; Mice; Neural Pathways; Optical Devices},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e16322},
	Pmc = {PMC3024435},
	pmid = {21283729},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Imaging of functional connectivity in the mouse brain},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011.eps},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011a.eps},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011b.eps},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011c.eps},
	Bdsk-File-6 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011e.eps},
	Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011d.eps}}

@article{Denenberg:1991c,
	Abstract = {We have recently developed a computer program for measuring midsagittal sections of the human corpus callosum, similar to one used for the rat. Callosal area, perimeter, axis length, and 99 widths for 104 subjects were entered into a factor analysis in order to define regional clusters. Seven width factors were obtained. Regional widths were found to be sensitive to Sex X Handedness interactions in the anterior body, with right-handed females and left-handed males being larger. In the posterior body males had wider callosa than females. A further analysis within the 'isthmus' region compared consistent and non-consistent right-handed males and females. Consistent right-handed males and both female groups had smaller callosa than non-consistent right-handed males. These findings confirmed the use of consistency of handedness as an important independent variable with respect to human callosal morphology.},
	Author = {Denenberg, V H and Kertesz, A and Cowell, P E},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:45:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; hemisphere; asymmetry; lateralization; Grants; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Adult; Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Female; Functional Laterality; Haplorhini; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {126-32},
	pmid = {1907877},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A factor analysis of the human's corpus callosum},
	Volume = {548},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Denenberg:1991b,
	Abstract = {As an animal swims through the Lashley III maze, an observer types into a Macintosh computer the path taken. The computer program, Observe Software, then breaks the string of choices into two-step sequences and counts the number of such sequences. These data are then sent to a spreadsheet, where the sequences are sorted into forward and backward responses. Forward choices are Correct Path, T Choice Errors and Cul Entry Errors. All backward choices are errors, by definition. They are classified as T Choices, Cul Entries, Cul Exits, and Return to Start. The animal's behavior is then described by the various error classes plus a measure called Learning Index. Examples of learning by rats and mice are presented.},
	Author = {Denenberg, V H and Talgo, N and Carroll, D A and Freter, S and Deni, R},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:45:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 16:45:09 +0000},
	Journal = {Physiol Behav},
	Journal-Full = {Physiology \& behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Escape Reaction; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mental Recall; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Microcomputers; Orientation; Problem Solving; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Software},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {857-61},
	pmid = {1775564},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A computer-aided procedure for measuring Lashley III maze performance},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Denenberg:1991a,
	Abstract = {Previous research found that the corpus callosum of male rats is larger than that of females; handling rats in infancy enhances this sex difference; and female rat pups, when handled in infancy and given 1 injection of testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 4 of life, will have callosa as large as those of males. In 2 experiments, male pups were castrated on Day 1 or received sham surgery; female pups were injected with TP on Day 4 or received an oil injection. Litters were handled or nonhandled. The previous finding that females, when handled and given TP in infancy, have a larger callosum was confirmed; however, a TP effect when administered to nonhandled females was not found. Because handling is known to cause a corticosterone release, these findings were interpreted as evidence of a developmental interaction between adrenal and gonadal hormones at the cortical level.},
	Author = {Denenberg, V H and Fitch, R H and Schrott, L M and Cowell, P E and Waters, N S},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:43:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Behavioral neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; hemisphere; asymmetry; lateralization; Grants; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arousal; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Female; Handling (Psychology); Male; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Differentiation; Testosterone},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {562-6},
	pmid = {1930724},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Corpus callosum: interactive effects of infantile handling and testosterone in the rat},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Denenberg:1991,
	Abstract = {NZB and BXSB mice were given a battery of behavioral tests including paw preference, water escape, Lashley III maze, and discrimination learning. Their brains were then evaluated for cortical ectopias. The incidence of ectopias was 40.5% in NZBs and 48.5% in BXSBs. In the NZB strain left-pawed ectopic mice (both male and female) had the fastest swimming time in the water escape test, while right-pawed ectopics were the slowest. The same findings were obtained for left- and right-pawed ectopic BXSB males, but not for the females. However, on discrimination learning the BXSB males had the exact opposite pattern: right-pawed ectopics were the best learners while left-pawed ectopics were the worst. Male BXSBs and both male and female NZBs were manifesting autoimmune disease at the time of testing, while female BXSBs were not, suggesting that autoimmunity is a necessary background condition for the differential expression of ectopias and paw preference upon learning processes. The finding that the left-pawed ectopic BXSB mice, who were the poorest learners in the non-spatial discrimination learning test, learned best in the spatial water escape test is in agreement with the Geschwind hypothesis that pathological events during brain development may, in some instances, produce superiority of function.},
	Author = {Denenberg, V H and Sherman, G F and Schrott, L M and Rosen, G D and Galaburda, A M},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:42:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; hemisphere; asymmetry; lateralization; Grants; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Discrimination (Psychology); Escape Reaction; Functional Laterality; Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Space Perception},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {98-104},
	pmid = {1799876},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatial learning, discrimination learning, paw preference and neocortical ectopias in two autoimmune strains of mice},
	Volume = {562},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Denenberg_BrainRes1991.pdf}}

@article{Waters:1991,
	Abstract = {A lateral paw preference testing unit is described. Mice are allowed access to preferred food with either their left or right forepaw, and the amount eaten with each paw is measured. The unit allows easy measurement and quantification of this behavior, without requiring food deprivation or continuous monitoring of the subjects, and may be performed in the subject's home cage. Its reliability under a number of conditions is reported. The results do not correlate with those obtained using the Collins paw preference test.},
	Author = {Waters, N S and Denenberg, V H},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:41:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Journal = {Physiol Behav},
	Journal-Full = {Physiology \& behavior},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex; hemisphere; asymmetry; lateralization; Grants; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Dominance, Cerebral; Mice; Psychomotor Performance; Social Environment},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {853-6},
	pmid = {1775563},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A measure of lateral paw preference in the mouse},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Waters_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}}

@article{Vyazovskiy:2008a,
	Abstract = {Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity is increased after wakefulness and decreases during sleep. Regional sleep EEG differences are thought to be a consequence of activation of specific cortical neuronal circuits during waking. We investigated the relationship between handedness and interhemispheric brain asymmetry. Bilateral EEG recordings were obtained from the frontal and occipital cortex in rats with a clear paw preference in a food-reaching task (right, n = 5; left, n = 5). While still na{\"\i}ve to the task, no waking or sleep EEG asymmetry was present. During the food-reaching task, the waking EEG showed significant, substantial power increases in the frontal hemisphere contralateral to the dominant paw in the low theta range (4.5-6.0 Hz). Moreover, the non-REM sleep EEG following feeding bouts was markedly asymmetric, with significantly higher power in the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred paw in frequencies >1.5 Hz. No asymmetry was evident in the occipital EEG. Correlation analyses revealed a positive association between the hemispheric asymmetry during sleep and the degree of preferred use of the contralateral paw during waking in frequencies <9.0 Hz. Our findings show that handedness is reflected in specific, regional EEG asymmetry during sleep. Neuronal activity induced by preferential use of a particular forelimb led to a local enhancement of EEG power in frequencies within the delta and sigma ranges, supporting the hypothesis of use-dependent local sleep regulation. We conclude that inherent laterality is manifested when animals are exposed to complex behavioral tasks, and sleep plays a role in consolidating the hemispheric dominance of the brain.},
	Author = {Vyazovskiy, V V and Tobler, I},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 16:36:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.01154.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {asymmetry; symmetry; EEG; neurophysiology; sleep; in vivo; rats; Frontal; visual cortex; Cerebral Cortex; asymmetry; hemipshere; Grants; forelimb},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality; Male; Occipital Lobe; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {969-75},
	pmid = {18077659},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Handedness leads to interhemispheric EEG asymmetry during sleep in the rat},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Vyazovskiy_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}}

@article{Dharmaratne:2012,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The alignment of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting retinal axons that view the same part of visual space is fundamental to binocular vision. While much progress has been made regarding the mechanisms which regulate contralateral topography, very little is known of the mechanisms which regulate the mapping of ipsilateral axons such that they align with their contralateral counterparts.
RESULTS: Using the advantageous model provided by the mouse retinocollicular pathway, we have performed anterograde tracing experiments which demonstrate that ipsilateral retinal axons begin to form terminal zones (TZs) in the superior colliculus (SC), within the first few postnatal days. These appear mature by postnatal day 11. Importantly, TZs formed by ipsilaterally-projecting retinal axons are spatially offset from those of contralaterally-projecting axons arising from the same retinotopic location from the outset. This pattern is consistent with that required for adult visuotopy. We further demonstrate that a member of the Ten-m/Odz/Teneurin family of homophilic transmembrane glycoproteins, Ten-m3, is an essential regulator of ipsilateral retinocollicular topography. Ten-m3 mRNA is expressed in a high-medial to low-lateral gradient in the developing SC. This corresponds topographically with its high-ventral to low-dorsal retinal gradient. In Ten-m3 knockout mice, contralateral ventrotemporal axons appropriately target rostromedial SC, whereas ipsilateral axons exhibit dramatic targeting errors along both the mediolateral and rostrocaudal axes of the SC, with a caudal shift of the primary TZ, as well as the formation of secondary, caudolaterally displaced TZs. In addition to these dramatic ipsilateral-specific mapping errors, both contralateral and ipsilateral retinocollicular TZs exhibit more subtle changes in morphology.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are established via the differential sensitivity of ipsilateral and contralateral axons to intrinsic guidance cues. Further, we show that Ten-m3 plays a critical role in this process and is particularly important for the mapping of the ipsilateral retinocollicular pathway.},
	Author = {Dharmaratne, Nuwan and Glendining, Kelly A and Young, Timothy R and Tran, Heidi and Sawatari, Atomu and Leamey, Catherine A},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 15:24:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 15:25:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043083},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {retinotopy; topographic map; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; mice; mouse; gene; ipsilateral},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e43083},
	Pmc = {PMC3446960},
	pmid = {23028443},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ten-m3 is required for the development of topography in the ipsilateral retinocollicular pathway},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Dharmaratne_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Wyatt:2012,
	Abstract = {The stability of dendritic spines in the neocortex is profoundly influenced by sensory experience, which determines the magnitude and pattern of neural firing. By optically manipulating the temporal structure of neural activity in vivo using channelrhodopsin-2 and repeatedly imaging dendritic spines along these stimulated neurons over a period of weeks, we show that the specific pattern, rather than the total amount of activity, determines spine stability in awake mice.},
	Author = {Wyatt, Ryan M and Tring, Elaine and Trachtenberg, Joshua T},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 15:22:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 15:22:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3134},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Dendrites; spines; neural activity; optogenetics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Amygdala; Animals; Dendritic Spines; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Rhodopsin; Sensory Receptor Cells; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {949-51},
	Pmc = {PMC3386353},
	pmid = {22706266},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Pattern and not magnitude of neural activity determines dendritic spine stability in awake mice},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wyatt_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Feldheim:1998,
	Abstract = {Visual connections to the mammalian forebrain are known to be patterned by neural activity, but it remains unknown whether the map topography of such higher sensory projections depends on axon guidance labels. Here, we show complementary expression and binding for the receptor EphA5 in mouse retina and its ligands ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 in multiple retinal targets, including the major forebrain target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). These ligands can act in vitro as topographically specific repellents for mammalian retinal axons and are necessary for normal dLGN mapping in vivo. The results suggest a general and economic modular mechanism for brain mapping whereby a projecting field is mapped onto multiple targets by repeated use of the same labels. They also indicate the nature of a coordinate system for the mapping of sensory connections to the forebrain.},
	Author = {Feldheim, D A and Vanderhaeghen, P and Hansen, M J and Fris{\'e}n, J and Lu, Q and Barbacid, M and Flanagan, J G},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 15:13:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 15:14:58 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Ephrins; retina; optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; topographic map; retinotopy; Gene Expression; gradients; genetic; axon guidance},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Embryo, Mammalian; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A5; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prosencephalon; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Receptor, EphA5; Retina; Transcription Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1303-13},
	pmid = {9883724},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topographic guidance labels in a sensory projection to the forebrain},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Feldheim_Neuron1998.pdf}}

@article{Chang:2012,
	Abstract = {Social decisions are crucial for the success of individuals and the groups that they comprise. Group members respond vicariously to benefits obtained by others, and impairments in this capacity contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and sociopathy. We examined the manner in which neurons in three frontal cortical areas encoded the outcomes of social decisions as monkeys performed a reward-allocation task. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) predominantly encoded rewards that were delivered to oneself. Neurons in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) encoded reward allocations to the other monkey, to oneself or to both. Neurons in the anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) signaled reward allocations to the other monkey or to no one. In this network of received (OFC) and foregone (ACCs) reward signaling, ACCg emerged as an important nexus for the computation of shared experience and social reward. Individual and species-specific variations in social decision-making might result from the relative activation and influence of these areas.},
	Author = {Chang, Steve W C and Gari{\'e}py, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Platt, Michael L},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:56:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:58:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3287},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {monkey; Social Behavior; reward; Cognition; orbitofrontal; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; mirror neuron; cingulate; Frontal Lobe; empathy},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {243-50},
	pmid = {23263442},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Chang_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Buckner:2008,
	Abstract = {Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain's default network-a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment. Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system. Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others. Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems. The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation. The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations. These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex. The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world. We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.},
	Author = {Buckner, Randy L and Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R and Schacter, Daniel L},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:53:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:55:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1196/annals.1440.011},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	Keywords = {grants; default mode network; resting state; fMRI; cognition; cingulate; monkey; empathy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Mar},
	Pages = {1-38},
	pmid = {18400922},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease},
	Volume = {1124},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Buckner_AnnNYAcadSci2008.pdf}}

@article{Sommer:2004,
	Abstract = {Neuronal processing in cerebral cortex and signal transmission from cortex to brain stem have been studied extensively, but little is known about the numerous feedback pathways that ascend from brain stem to cortex. In this study, we characterized the signals conveyed through an ascending pathway coursing from the superior colliculus (SC) to the frontal eye field (FEF) via mediodorsal thalamus (MD). Using antidromic and orthodromic stimulation, we identified SC source neurons, MD relay neurons, and FEF recipient neurons of the pathway in Macaca mulatta. The monkeys performed oculomotor tasks, including delayed-saccade tasks, that permitted analysis of signals such as visual activity, delay activity, and presaccadic activity. We found that the SC sends all of these signals into the pathway with no output selectivity, i.e., the signals leaving the SC resembled those found generally within the SC. Visual activity arrived in FEF too late to contribute to short-latency visual responses there, and delay activity was largely filtered out in MD. Presaccadic activity, however, seemed critical because it traveled essentially unchanged from SC to FEF. Signal transmission in the pathway was fast ( approximately 2 ms from SC to FEF) and topographically organized (SC neurons drove MD and FEF neurons having similarly eccentric visual and movement fields). Our analysis of identified neurons in one pathway from brain stem to frontal cortex thus demonstrates that multiple signals are sent from SC to FEF with presaccadic activity being prominent. We hypothesize that a major signal conveyed by the pathway is corollary discharge information about the vector of impending saccades.},
	Author = {Sommer, Marc A and Wurtz, Robert H},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:50:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:53:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00738.2003},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {visual system; Superior Colliculus; frontal eye field; Frontal Lobe; connectivity; monkey; Macaca mulatta; pulvinar; neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blinking; Brain Stem; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Electrophysiology; Feedback; Fixation, Ocular; Frontal Lobe; Macaca mulatta; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Saccades; Superior Colliculi; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1381-402},
	pmid = {14573558},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. I. Oculomotor signals sent from superior colliculus to frontal eye field via mediodorsal thalamus},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Sommer_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}}

@article{Namiki:2013,
	Abstract = {Correlated spiking activity prevails in immature cortical networks and is believed to contribute to neuronal circuit maturation; however, its spatiotemporal organization is not fully understood. Using wide-field calcium imaging from acute whole-brain slices of rat pups on postnatal days 1-6, we found that correlated spikes were initiated in the anterior part of the lateral entorhinal cortex and propagated anteriorly to the frontal cortex and posteriorly to the medial entorhinal cortex, forming traveling waves that engaged almost the entire cortex. The waves were blocked by ionotropic glutamatergic receptor antagonists but not by GABAergic receptor antagonists. During wave events, glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs were balanced and induced UP state-like depolarization. Magnified monitoring with cellular resolution revealed that the layer III neurons were first activated when the waves were initiated. Consistent with this finding, layer III contained a larger number of neurons that were autonomously active, even under a blockade of synaptic transmission. During wave propagation, the layer III neurons constituted a leading front of the wave. The waves did not enter the parasubiculum; however, in some cases, they were reflected at the parasubicular border and propagated back in the opposite direction. During this reflection process, the layer III neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex maintained persistent activity. Thus, our data emphasize the role of layer III in early network behaviors and provide insight into the circuit mechanisms through which cerebral cortical networks maturate.},
	Author = {Namiki, Shigehiro and Norimoto, Hiroaki and Kobayashi, Chiaki and Nakatani, Kei and Matsuki, Norio and Ikegaya, Yuji},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:49:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:10:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2522-12.2013},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; in vitro; multiphoton; calcium imaging; development; oscillations; synchrony; spontaneous activity; wholeBrain; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {987-1001},
	pmid = {23325237},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature Cerebral Cortex},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Namiki_JNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{De-la-Rossa:2013,
	Abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that control how progenitors generate distinct subtypes of neurons, and how undifferentiated neurons acquire their specific identity during corticogenesis, are increasingly understood. However, whether postmitotic neurons can change their identity at late stages of differentiation remains unknown. To study this question, we developed an electrochemical in vivo gene delivery method to rapidly manipulate gene expression specifically in postmitotic neurons. Using this approach, we found that the molecular identity, morphology, physiology and functional input-output connectivity of layer 4 mouse spiny neurons could be specifically reprogrammed during the first postnatal week by ectopic expression of the layer 5B output neuron-specific transcription factor Fezf2. These findings reveal a high degree of plasticity in the identity of postmitotic neocortical neurons and provide a proof of principle for postnatal re-engineering of specific neural microcircuits in vivo.},
	Author = {De la Rossa, Andres and Bellone, Camilla and Golding, Bruno and Vitali, Ilaria and Moss, Jonathan and Toni, Nicolas and L{\"u}scher, Christian and Jabaudon, Denis},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:48:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:49:26 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3299},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; development; Neocortex; axon guidance},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {193-200},
	pmid = {23292682},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo reprogramming of circuit connectivity in postmitotic neocortical neurons},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/DelaRossa_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Krey:2013,
	Abstract = {L-type voltage gated calcium channels have an important role in neuronal development by promoting dendritic growth and arborization. A point mutation in the gene encoding Ca(V)1.2 causes Timothy syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We report that channels with the Timothy syndrome alteration cause activity-dependent dendrite retraction in rat and mouse neurons and in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from individuals with Timothy syndrome. Dendrite retraction was independent of calcium permeation through the mutant channel, was associated with ectopic activation of RhoA and was inhibited by overexpression of the channel-associated GTPase Gem. These results suggest that Ca(V)1.2 can activate RhoA signaling independently of Ca(2+) and provide insights into the cellular basis of Timothy syndrome and other ASDs.},
	Author = {Krey, Jocelyn F and Pa{\c s}ca, Sergiu P and Shcheglovitov, Aleksandr and Yazawa, Masayuki and Schwemberger, Rachel and Rasmusson, Randall and Dolmetsch, Ricardo E},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:47:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:48:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3307},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; grants; Calcium Channels; neurological disorder; autism; Autistic Disorder; development},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {201-9},
	pmid = {23313911},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Timothy syndrome is associated with activity-dependent dendritic retraction in rodent and human neurons},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Krey_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Glickfeld:2013,
	Abstract = {Neurons in primary sensory cortex have diverse response properties, whereas higher cortical areas are specialized. Specific connectivity may be important for areal specialization, particularly in the mouse, where neighboring neurons are functionally diverse. To examine whether higher visual areas receive functionally specific input from primary visual cortex (V1), we used two-photon calcium imaging to measure responses of axons from V1 arborizing in three areas with distinct spatial and temporal frequency preferences. We found that visual preferences of presynaptic boutons in each area were distinct and matched the average preferences of recipient neurons. This specificity could not be explained by organization within V1 and instead was due to both a greater density and greater response amplitude of functionally matched boutons. Projections from a single layer (layer 5) and from secondary visual cortex were also matched to their target areas. Thus, transmission of specific information to downstream targets may be a general feature of cortico-cortical communication.},
	Author = {Glickfeld, Lindsey L and Andermann, Mark L and Bonin, Vincent and Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:47:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:47:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3300},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; visual cortex; extrastriate; connectivity; adult; mouse; optical imaging; calcium imaging; multiphoton},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {219-26},
	pmid = {23292681},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortico-cortical projections in mouse visual cortex are functionally target specific},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Glickfeld_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Beltramo:2013,
	Abstract = {In the absence of external stimuli, the mammalian neocortex shows intrinsic network oscillations. These dynamics are characterized by translaminar assemblies of neurons whose activity synchronizes rhythmically in space and time. How different cortical layers influence the formation of these spontaneous cellular assemblies is poorly understood. We found that excitatory neurons in supragranular and infragranular layers have distinct roles in the regulation of intrinsic low-frequency oscillations in mice in vivo. Optogenetic activation of infragranular neurons generated network activity that resembled spontaneous events, whereas photoinhibition of these same neurons substantially attenuated slow ongoing dynamics. In contrast, light activation and inhibition of supragranular cells had modest effects on spontaneous slow activity. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first causal demonstration that excitatory circuits located in distinct cortical layers differentially control spontaneous low-frequency dynamics.},
	Author = {Beltramo, Riccardo and D'Urso, Giulia and Dal Maschio, Marco and Farisello, Pasqualina and Bovetti, Serena and Clovis, Yoanne and Lassi, Glenda and Tucci, Valter and De Pietri Tonelli, Davide and Fellin, Tommaso},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:46:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:46:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3306},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; slow oscillations; Delta Rhythm; Neocortex; optogenetics; neurophysiology},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {227-34},
	pmid = {23313909},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Layer-specific excitatory circuits differentially control recurrent network dynamics in the neocortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013},
	url = {papers/Beltramo_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}}

@article{Brecht:2011,
	Abstract = {In this issue, two studies, by Ehrlich et al. and Hill et al., address the role of the frontal motor cortices in behavior of the rat and suggest a potential role for this structure in high-level control of diverse behaviors. Hill et al. show that motor cortical neurons predict whisker movements even without sensory feedback and that their activity reflects efferent control. Surprisingly, Ehrlich et al. report the participation of this same cortical region in the preparation and execution of orienting behaviors.},
	Author = {Brecht, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:45:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:46:07 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.002},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread; function; connectivity; rat; Frontal Lobe; frontal eye field; cerebral cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Frontal Lobe; Male; Memory; Motor Cortex; Neurons; Orientation; Vibrissae; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {193-6},
	pmid = {22017982},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Movement, confusion, and orienting in frontal cortices},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Brecht_Neuron2011.pdf}}

@article{Arvanitis:2008,
	Abstract = {Bidirectional signaling has emerged as an important signature by which Ephs and ephrins control biological functions. Eph/ephrin signaling participates in a wide spectrum of developmental processes, and cross-regulation with other communication pathways lies at the heart of the complexity underlying their function in vivo. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo data describing molecular, functional, and genetic interactions between Eph/ephrin and other cell surface signaling pathways. The complexity of Eph/ephrin function is discussed in terms of the pathways that regulate Eph/ephrin signaling and also the pathways that are regulated by Eph/ephrin signaling.},
	Author = {Arvanitis, Dina and Davy, Alice},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-29 14:42:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 14:44:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1101/gad.1630408},
	Journal = {Genes Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Genes \& development},
	Keywords = {review literature; calcium; Ephrins; development; synaptogenesis; grants},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Ephrins; Humans; Receptor Cross-Talk; Receptors, Eph Family; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {416-29},
	Pmc = {PMC2731651},
	pmid = {18281458},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eph/ephrin signaling: networks},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Arvanitis_GenesDev2008.pdf}}

@article{Prigge:2012,
	Abstract = {Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-gated ion channel and a major tool of optogenetics. It is used to control neuronal activity via blue light. Here we describe the construction of color-tuned high efficiency channelrhodopsins (ChRs), based on chimeras of Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and Volvox channelrhodopsin-1. These variants show superb expression and plasma membrane integration, resulting in 3-fold larger photocurrents in HEK cells compared with channelrhodopsin-2. Further molecular engineering gave rise to chimeric variants with absorption maxima ranging from 526 to 545 nm, dovetailing well with maxima of channelrhodopsin-2 derivatives ranging from 461 to 492 nm. Additional kinetic fine-tuning led to derivatives in which the lifetimes of the open state range from 19 ms to 5 s. Finally, combining green- with blue-absorbing variants allowed independent activation of two distinct neural cell populations at 560 and 405 nm. This novel panel of channelrhodopsin variants may serve as an important toolkit element for dual-color cell stimulation in neural circuits.},
	Author = {Prigge, Matthias and Schneider, Franziska and Tsunoda, Satoshi P and Shilyansky, Carrie and Wietek, Jonas and Deisseroth, Karl and Hegemann, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-21 19:28:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-21 19:29:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1074/jbc.M112.391185},
	Journal = {J Biol Chem},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
	Keywords = {technique; methods; optogenetics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Chlamydomonas; Color; Electrophysiology; Genetic Engineering; HEK293 Cells; Hippocampus; Humans; Ions; Kinetics; Light; Models, Neurological; Oocytes; Optogenetics; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Rhodopsin; Volvox; Xenopus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {38},
	Pages = {31804-12},
	Pmc = {PMC3442514},
	pmid = {22843694},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Color-tuned channelrhodopsins for multiwavelength optogenetics},
	Volume = {287},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Prigge_JBiolChem2012.pdf}}

@article{Schoppik:2006,
	Abstract = {Saccades modulate the relationship between visual motion and smooth eye movement. Before a saccade, pursuit eye movements reflect a vector average of motion across the visual field. After a saccade, pursuit primarily reflects the motion of the target closest to the endpoint of the saccade. We tested the hypothesis that the saccade produces a spatial weighting of motion around the endpoint of the saccade. Using a moving pursuit stimulus that stepped to a new spatial location just before a targeting saccade, we controlled the distance between the endpoint of the saccade and the position of the moving target. We demonstrate that the smooth eye velocity following the targeting saccade weights the presaccadic visual motion inputs by the distance from their location in space to the endpoint of the saccade, defining the extent of a spatiotemporal filter for driving the eyes. The center of the filter is located at the endpoint of the saccade in space, not at the position of the fovea. The filter is stable in the face of a distracter target, is present for saccades to stationary and moving targets, and affects both the speed and direction of the postsaccadic eye movement. The spatial filter can explain the target-selecting gain change in postsaccadic pursuit, and has intriguing parallels to the process by which perceptual decisions about a restricted region of space are enhanced by attention. The effect of the spatial saccade plan on the pursuit response to a given retinal motion describes the dynamics of a coordinate transformation.},
	Author = {Schoppik, David and Lisberger, Stephen G},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-11 14:12:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-11 14:13:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1719-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Macaca mulatta; Male; Models, Biological; Motion Perception; Photic Stimulation; Pursuit, Smooth; Saccades; Space Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {7607-18},
	Pmc = {PMC2548311},
	pmid = {16855088},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Saccades exert spatial control of motion processing for smooth pursuit eye movements},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1719-06.2006}}

@article{Schoppik:2008,
	Abstract = {Neural activity in the frontal eye fields controls smooth pursuit eye movements, but the relationship between single neuron responses, cortical population responses, and eye movements is not well understood. We describe an approach to dynamically link trial-to-trial fluctuations in neural responses to parallel variations in pursuit and demonstrate that individual neurons predict eye velocity fluctuations at particular moments during the course of behavior, while the population of neurons collectively tiles the entire duration of the movement. The analysis also reveals the strength of correlations in the eye movement predictions derived from pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons and suggests a simple model of cortical processing. These findings constrain the primate cortical code for movement, suggesting that either a few neurons are sufficient to drive pursuit at any given time or that many neurons operate collectively at each moment with remarkably little variation added to motor command signals downstream from the cortex.},
	Author = {Schoppik, David and Nagel, Katherine I and Lisberger, Stephen G},
	Date-Added = {2013-01-11 14:12:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-11 14:13:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.015},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Macaca mulatta; Male; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; Photic Stimulation; Pursuit, Smooth; Reaction Time; Stereotyped Behavior},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {248-60},
	Pmc = {PMC2426736},
	pmid = {18439409},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical mechanisms of smooth eye movements revealed by dynamic covariations of neural and behavioral responses},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Schoppik_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.015}}

@article{McConnell:1988,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian cerebral cortex, neurons in a given layer are generated at about the same time in development. These cells also tend to share similar sets of morphological and physiological properties and have projection patterns characteristic of that layer. This correspondence between the birthday and eventual fate of a cortical neuron suggests the possibility that the commitment of a cell to a particular laminar position and set of connections may occur very early on in cortical development. The experiments described here constitute an attempt to manipulate the fates of newly generated cortical neurons upon transplantation. The first set of experiments addressed the normal development of neurons in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the ferret. Injections of 3H-thymidine into newborn ferrets showed that neurons generated after birth are destined to sit in layer 2/3 of the cortex, whereas neurons born on embryonic day (E) 32 populate primarily layers 5 and 6. Many layer 2/3 neurons in adult ferrets could be retrogradely labeled with HRP from visual cortical areas 18 and 19, while about half of the neurons in layer 6 were found to project to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In the second set of experiments, presumptive layer 2/3 cells were labeled in vivo by injecting ferrets with 3H-thymidine on P1 and P2. Before the cells had a chance to migrate, they were removed from the donor brain, incubated in a fluorescent dye (DAPI or fast blue), and dissociated into a single-cell suspension. The labeled cells were then transplanted into the proliferative zone of a littermate host ferret ("isochronic" transplants). Over the next few weeks, many of these dye-labeled cells underwent changes in their position and morphology that were consistent with a radially directed migration and subsequent differentiation into cortical neurons. The final positions of isochronically transplanted neurons in the host brain were mapped out by using the 3H-thymidine marker after long survival periods. About 97% of radioactively labeled cells had migrated out into the visual cortex, where they attained a compact laminar distribution: 99% were found in layer 2/3, their normal destination. The labeled cells had normal, mostly pyramidal neuronal morphologies and appeared to be well integrated with host neurons when viewed in Nissl-stained sections. Ten isochronically transplanted neurons were successfully labeled after HRP injection into 2 normal target regions, areas 18 and 19.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {McConnell, S K},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:50:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-19 17:50:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Movement; Ferrets; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Thymidine; Transplantation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {945-74},
	pmid = {3346731},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fates of visual cortical neurons in the ferret after isochronic and heterochronic transplantation},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{McConnell:1985,
	Abstract = {Cells from the cerebral proliferative zones of newborn ferrets were labeled with tritiated thymidine and a fluorescent dye and were transplanted as a single-cell suspension into the occipital region of newborn ferrets. The transplanted cells became thoroughly integrated into the host environment: many cells migrated through the intermediate zone and into the cortical plate, where they developed as pyramidal neurons. Other transplanted cells came to resemble glial cells. After 1 to 2 months most transplanted neurons had taken up residence in layer 2 + 3, the normal destination of neurons generated on postnatal days 1 and 2. Thus the sequence of morphological differentiation and the eventual laminar position of the isochronically transplanted neurons closely paralleled that of their normal host counterparts.},
	Author = {McConnell, S K},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:50:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-19 17:50:31 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Mesh = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Ferrets; Fluorescent Dyes; Indoles; Neurons},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4719},
	Pages = {1268-71},
	pmid = {4035355},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Migration and differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons after transplantation into the brains of ferrets},
	Volume = {229},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{OLeary:1989a,
	Abstract = {In adult rats, cortical neurons that extend an exon through the pyramidal tract (a major subcortical efferent projection of the neocortex) are limited to layer V of about the rostral two-thirds of the neocortex. In neonates, however, pyramidal tract neurons are distributed throughout the neocortex, but all of those found in certain areas, such as the posterior occipital region (including primary visual cortex) selectively lose their pyramidal tract axon (Stanfield et al., 1982) yet maintain axon collaterals to other subcortical targets (O'Leary and Stanfield, 1985). To determine if the regional location of a developing pyramidal tract neuron critically influences the maintenance or elimination of the axon collaterals it initially extends, pieces of cortex from embryonic day 17 (E17) rat fetuses (exposed to 3H-thymidine on E15) were transplanted heterotopically into the cortex of newborn (PO) rats; rostral cortex was placed into the posterior occipital region (R----O), or posterior occipital cortex into a rostral cortical locale (O----R). The retrograde tracers Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY) were used to assay for the presence of specific populations of cortical projection neurons within the autoradiographically identified transplants. In terms of the extension and maintenance of pyramidal tract axons, the transplanted neurons behave like the host neurons of the recipient cortical region rather than like those of their site of origin. At P40, following FB injections into the pyramidal decussation on P34, pyramidal tract neurons are labeled within the O----R transplants, but none can be labeled within R----O transplants, although in the same R----O cases transplanted neurons are labeled by an injection of DY in the superior colliculus. However, at P13 pyramidal tract neurons can be identified within the R----O transplants, as well as in the host occipital cortex, following injections made on P9, a period when the distribution of pyramidal tract neurons in normal rats is widespread (Stanfield and O'Leary, 1985b). In a second series of host rats, on P34 FB was injected in the pyramidal decussation of the O----R cases, or in the superior colliculus of the R----O cases, and in both groups DY was injected into the region of contralateral cortex homotopic for the new location of the transplant. On P40, in both the O----R and R----O transplants, many neurons singly labeled with FB or DY are found, but no double dye-labeled cells are seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {O'Leary, D D and Stanfield, B B},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:45:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-19 17:48:55 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; map; topographic map; activity manipulation; Activity-development; gene; cell fate; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Occipital Lobe; Pyramidal Tracts; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Transplantation, Heterologous},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {2230-46},
	pmid = {2545833},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Selective elimination of axons extended by developing cortical neurons is dependent on regional locale: experiments utilizing fetal cortical transplants},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{OLeary:1989,
	Abstract = {The adult mammalian neocortex consists of numerous 'areas' distinguished from one another largely on the basis of distinctions in cytoarchitecture and connections. The developing neocortex, though, lacks many of these area-specific distinctions, and is more uniform across its extent. This less differentiated structure, here termed the 'protocortex' undergoes considerable modification after neurogenesis which results in the emergence of well-defined neocortical areas. To what extent, then, are neocortical areas predetermined? This issue is considered in the context of recent findings on the generation of the neocortex and its subsequent parcellation into distinct areas.},
	Author = {O'Leary, D D},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:45:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-19 17:49:01 +0000},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {development; map; topographic map; activity manipulation; Activity-development; gene; cell fate; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Embryonic and Fetal Development},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {400-6},
	pmid = {2479138},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex?},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Steele:1999,
	Abstract = {We investigated the role of NMDA receptors in memory encoding and retrieval. A delayed matching-to-place (DMP) paradigm in the watermaze was used to examine 1-trial spatial memory in rats. Over periods of up to 21 days, 4 daily trials were given to an escape platform hidden in a new location each day, with the memory interval (ITI) varying from 15 sec to 2 hours between trials 1 and 2, but always at 15 sec for the remaining ITIs. Using chronic i.c.v. infusions of D-AP5, acute intrahippocampal infusions, ibotenate hippocampus + dentate lesions and relevant aCSF or sham surgery control groups, we established: (1) the DMP task is hippocampal-dependent; (2) D-AP5 causes a delay-dependent impairment of memory in which the Groups x Delay interaction was significant on two separate measures of performance; (3) this memory impairment also occurs with acute intrahippocampal infusions; (4) the impairment occurs irrespective of whether the animals stay in or are removed from the training context during the memory delay interval; and (5) D-AP5 affects neither the retrieval of information about the spatial layout of the environment, nor memory of where the escape platform had been located on the last day before the start of chronic D-AP5 infusion. LTP in vivo in the dentate gyrus was blocked in the chronically-infused D-AP5 rats and HPLC measurements at sacrifice revealed appropriate intrahippocampal levels. Acute intrahippocampal infusion of radiolabelled D-AP5 revealed relatively restricted diffusion and was used to estimate whole-tissue hippocampal drug concentrations. These results indicate that (1) short-term memory for spatial information is independent of NMDA receptors; (2) the rapid consolidation of spatial information into long-term memory requires activation of hippocampal NMDA receptors; (3) NMDA receptors are not involved in memory retrieval; and (4) the delay-related effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on performance of this task cannot be explained in terms of sensorimotor disturbances. The findings relate to the idea that hippocampal synaptic plasticity is involved in event-memory (Morris and Frey, Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1997;352:1489-1503) and to a computational model of one-trial DMP performance of Foster et al. (unpublished data).},
	Author = {Steele, R J and Morris, R G},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-12 18:31:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-12 18:31:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:2<118::AID-HIPO4>3.0.CO;2-8},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Journal-Full = {Hippocampus},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Autoradiography; Behavior, Animal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Hippocampus; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Maze Learning; Memory, Short-Term; Microinjections; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Space Perception; Tritium},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {118-36},
	pmid = {10226773},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Delay-dependent impairment of a matching-to-place task with chronic and intrahippocampal infusion of the NMDA-antagonist D-AP5},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Steele_Hippocampus1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:2%3C118::AID-HIPO4%3E3.0.CO;2-8}}

@article{Ferrer:1988,
	Abstract = {Retrogradely transported tracers were injected into area 18 of the visual cortex of the adult cat to study the organization of corticocortical projections from area 17 to area 18. All injections, whether very small or relatively large, and irrespective of their exact location in area 18, produced a discontinuous, clustered distribution of labelled cells, mainly in layers II, III and upper IV, in a topographically related region of area 17. The mean centre-centre distance between neighbouring patches was about 750 microns. We conclude that the overall population of cells projecting to area 18 is genuinely distributed in a patchy fashion and that they provide an efficient spatial sample of information from area 17. Comparison of the dimensions of each injection site and of the retrogradely labelled territory suggested that each region in area 18 receives a convergent input from a zone in area 17 whose visual field representation is about 0.8 M-1 deg larger in all directions (where M is the magnification factor in millimetres per degree at the termination site in area 18). Pairs of injection were made in area 18 by placing small volumes of two fluorescent tracers, fast blue and diamidino yellow, side-by-side in either a rostrocaudal or a mediolateral plane, with different distances between them. When the boundaries of the dense central cores of two injection sites were separated, at their closest points, by about 1.6 mm, the two corresponding distributions of labelled cells in area 17 were just non-overlapping, suggesting that each group of cells in area 17 sends a divergent projection in innervate a zone about 0.8 mm larger in all directions in area 18. More closely spaced injections led to overlap of the distributions of labelling by the two dyes, with shared clusters containing a mixture of labelled cells. The proportion of double-labelled cells in these shared clusters never exceeded 4.4% (but was 70% after sequential injection of the two dyes at a single point). We conclude that, although each cluster of cells sends a divergent projection to area 18, the majority of individual axons terminate more discretely, perhaps providing specific inter-connections between functionally corresponding 'columns' in the two areas.},
	Author = {Ferrer, J M and Price, D J and Blakemore, C},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-11 15:58:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-11 15:58:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character. Royal Society (Great Britain)},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1270},
	Pages = {77-98},
	pmid = {2895934},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The organization of corticocortical projections from area 17 to area 18 of the cat's visual cortex},
	Volume = {233},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Ferrer_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1988.pdf}}

@article{King:1988,
	Abstract = {Environmental factors play an important role in certain aspects of the development of sensory systems. But the way in which the maturation of different sensory modalities is coordinated is poorly understood. We have investigated this question neurophysiologically in the mammalian superior colliculus (SC), which contains topographically aligned maps of visual and auditory space. We report here that an essentially normal auditory map, in approximate register with the visual map, is found in the SC of adult ferrets reared with abnormal binaural localization cues. Also, if, early in life, one eye is deviated laterally, there is a compensatory shift in the auditory map, but early eye rotation totally disorders the auditory representation. These results imply that development of the auditory map is affected by visual activity or by information about eye position and that there is definite, but limited, capacity for the auditory map to reorganize so that it remains aligned with the visual map.},
	Author = {King, A J and Hutchings, M E and Moore, D R and Blakemore, C},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-11 15:58:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-11 15:58:31 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/332073a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Carnivora; Eye; Ferrets; Hearing; Neurons; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6159},
	Pages = {73-6},
	pmid = {3347247},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental plasticity in the visual and auditory representations in the mammalian superior colliculus},
	Volume = {332},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/King_Nature1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332073a0}}

@article{Stein:2008,
	Abstract = {For thousands of years science philosophers have been impressed by how effectively the senses work together to enhance the salience of biologically meaningful events. However, they really had no idea how this was accomplished. Recent insights into the underlying physiological mechanisms reveal that, in at least one circuit, this ability depends on an intimate dialogue among neurons at multiple levels of the neuraxis; this dialogue cannot take place until long after birth and might require a specific kind of experience. Understanding the acquisition and usage of multisensory integration in the midbrain and cerebral cortex of mammals has been aided by a multiplicity of approaches. Here we examine some of the fundamental advances that have been made and some of the challenging questions that remain.},
	Author = {Stein, Barry E and Stanford, Terrence R},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-11 15:15:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-11 15:15:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2331},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Mental Processes; Neurons; Sensation},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {255-66},
	pmid = {18354398},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Stein_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2331}}

@article{Mu:2012,
	Abstract = {Visual cues often modulate auditory signal processing, leading to improved sound detection. However, the synaptic and circuit mechanism underlying this cross-modal modulation remains poorly understood. Using larval zebrafish, we first established a cross-modal behavioral paradigm in which a preceding flash enhances sound-evoked escape behavior, which is known to be executed through auditory afferents (VIII(th) nerves) and command-like neurons (Mauthner cells). In vivo recording revealed that the visual enhancement of auditory escape is achieved by increasing sound-evoked Mauthner cell responses. This increase in Mauthner cell responses is accounted for by the increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of sound-evoked VIII(th) nerve spiking and efficacy of VIII(th) nerve-Mauthner cell synapses. Furthermore, the visual enhancement of Mauthner cell response and escape behavior requires light-responsive dopaminergic neurons in the caudal hypothalamus and D1 dopamine receptor activation. Our findings illustrate a cooperative neural mechanism for visual modulation of audiomotor processing that involves dopaminergic neuromodulation.},
	Author = {Mu, Yu and Li, Xiao-quan and Zhang, Bo and Du, Jiu-lin},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-11 14:45:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-11 14:47:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.035},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {multimodal; Activity-development; activity manipulation; sensory map; Motor Activity; neurophysiology; Zebrafish; development; Auditory Pathways; visual system; plasticity; Dopamine; potentiation; Adaptation; habituation;},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials; Animals; Apomorphine; Behavior, Animal; Benzazepines; Biotin; Cell Communication; Dopamine Agonists; Dopamine Antagonists; Dopaminergic Neurons; Escape Reaction; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Flufenamic Acid; Functional Laterality; Glycyrrhetinic Acid; Hypothalamus; Larva; Light; Locomotion; Microscopy, Confocal; Morpholinos; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Psychoacoustics; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Signal-To-Noise Ratio; Time Factors; Valine; Visual Pathways; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {688-99},
	pmid = {22920259},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual input modulates audiomotor function via hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons through a cooperative mechanism},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mu_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.035}}

@article{Salin:1989,
	Abstract = {We have examined the topography of the afferent connections to area 17 in the cat by means of double retrograde label tracing techniques. Injections of two fluorescent retrograde tracers, diamidino yellow and fast blue, were made with variable separations in area 17 and the spatial distributions of the resulting populations of labeled cells examined in afferent cortical areas and subcortical structures. When injections were separated rostrocaudally, the topographic organizations of the projections were characterized quantitatively with two graphic methods: the labeling density curve and the connectivity graph. The labeling density curve measures labeled neuron density in successive rostrocaudal sections, whereas the connectivity graph provides a two-dimensional model of the topography of a given connectivity. The connectivity graph makes it possible to define two parameters that characterize the topography of the connection: the convergence and the divergence. The convergence is defined as the extent of an afferent structure that contains neurons converging on a line normal to the cortical surface in area 17. The divergence is the extent of area 17 that is innervated by neurons contained in an infinitely small region of the afferent structure. The results show that a number of subcortical structures project to area 17 in a nontopographic manner, i.e., that in each of these structures neurons contained in an infinitely small region send projections to the whole of area 17 and that a line normal to the surface of area 17 is innervated by neurons distributed throughout the afferent structure in question. Nontopographic projections are found from the intralaminar nuclei, the ventral mesencephalic tegmental region, the diagonal band of Broca, and the locus coeruleus. All remaining subcortical structures and cortical areas send topographically organized projections to area 17. The extent of the convergence and divergence, however, varies between structures. Only the projection from the A laminae of the LGN was found to approximate a point-to-point projection with a convergence of 0.4 mm and 2 mm in divergence. Much larger convergence and divergence values are found in the projections from the claustrum and the cortical areas. For example, the divergence reaches 20 mm for the projections from area 20 or from the anterior part of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus. Knowing the convergence and divergence values and the retinotopic organizations of area 17 and a number of its afferents, it becomes possible to test whether connections in the visual system link regions representing the same zone of the visual field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Salin, P A and Bullier, J and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-11 13:59:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-11 14:01:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902830405},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {mirror symmetry; Corpus Callosum; cat; Histological Techniques; histology; visual system; visual cortex; Neocortex; topographic map; brain mapping; graph theory; toread},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {486-512},
	pmid = {2745751},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Convergence and divergence in the afferent projections to cat area 17},
	Volume = {283},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Salin_JCompNeurol1989.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830405}}

@article{Olavarria:2012,
	Abstract = {Callosal connections form elaborate patterns that bear close association with striate and extrastriate visual areas. Although it is known that retinal input is required for normal callosal development, there is little information regarding the period during which the retina is critically needed and whether this period correlates with the same developmental stage across species. Here we review the timing of this critical period, identified in rodents and ferrets by the effects that timed enucleations have on mature callosal connections, and compare it to other developmental milestones in these species. Subsequently, we compare these events to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements of water diffusion anisotropy within developing cerebral cortex. We observed that the relationship between the timing of the critical period and the DTI-characterized developmental trajectory is strikingly similar in rodents and ferrets, which opens the possibility of using cortical DTI trajectories for predicting the critical period in species, such as humans, in which this period likely occurs prenatally. Last, we discuss the potential of utilizing DTI to distinguish normal from abnormal cerebral cortical development, both within the context of aberrant connectivity induced by early retinal deafferentation, and more generally as a potential tool for detecting abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.},
	Author = {Olavarria, Jaime F and Bock, Andrew S and Leigland, Lindsey A and Kroenke, Christopher D},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1155/2012/250196},
	Journal = {Neural Plast},
	Journal-Full = {Neural plasticity},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum},
	Pages = {250196},
	pmid = {23213572},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Deafferentation-induced plasticity of visual callosal connections: predicting critical periods and analyzing cortical abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging},
	Volume = {2012},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_NeuralPlast2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/250196}}

@article{Laing:2012,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have shown that retinal input plays an important role in the development of interhemispheric callosal connections, but little is known about the role retinal input plays on the development of ipsilateral striate-extrastriate connections and the interplay that might exist between developing ipsilateral and callosal pathways. We analyzed the effects of bilateral enucleation performed at different ages on both the distribution of extrastriate projections originating from restricted loci in medial, acallosal striate cortex, and the overall pattern of callosal connections revealed following multiple tracer injections. As in normal rats, striate-extrastriate projections in rats enucleated at birth consisted of multiple, well-defined fields that were largely confined to acallosal regions throughout extrastriate cortex. However, these projections were highly irregular and variable, and they tended to occupy correspondingly anomalous and variable acallosal regions. Moreover, area 17, but not area 18a, was smaller in enucleates compared to controls, resulting in an increase in the divergence of striate projections. Anomalies in patterns of striate-extrastriate projections were not observed in rats enucleated at postnatal day (P)6, although the size of area 17 was still reduced in these rats. These results indicate that the critical period during which the eyes influence the development of striate-extrastriate, but not the size of striate cortex, ends by P6. Finally, enucleation did not change the time course and definition of the initial invasion of axons into gray matter, suggesting that highly variable striate projections patterns do not result from anomalous pruning of exuberant distributions of 17-18a fibers in gray matter.},
	Author = {Laing, R J and Bock, A S and Lasiene, J and Olavarria, J F},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:20:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.23096},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum, toread},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {3256-76},
	pmid = {22430936},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of retinal input on the development of striate-extrastriate patterns of connections in the rat},
	Volume = {520},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Laing_JCompNeurol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23096}}

@article{Bock:2012,
	Abstract = {Retinal input plays an important role in the specification of topographically organized circuits and neuronal response properties, but the mechanism and timing of this effect is not known in most species. A system that shows dramatic dependence on retinal influences is the interhemispheric connection through the corpus callosum. Using ferrets, we analyzed the extent to which development of the visual callosal pattern depends on retinal influences, and explored the period during which these influences are required for normal pattern formation. We studied the mature callosal patterns in normal ferrets and in ferrets bilaterally enucleated (BE) at postnatal day 7 (P7) or P20. Callosal patterns were revealed in tangential sections from unfolded and flattened brains following multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase in the opposite hemisphere. We also estimated the effect of enucleation on the surface areas of striate and extrastriate visual cortex by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from intact brains. In BEP7 ferrets we found that the pattern of callosal connections was highly anomalous and the sizes of both striate and extrastriate visual cortex were significantly reduced. In contrast, enucleation at P20 had no significant effect on the callosal pattern, but it still caused a reduction in the size of striate and extrastriate visual cortex. Finally, retinal deafferentation had no significant effect on the number of visual callosal neurons. These results indicate that the critical period during which the eyes influence the development of callosal patterns, but not the size of visual cortex, ends by P20 in the ferret.},
	Author = {Bock, A S and Kroenke, C D and Taber, E N and Olavarria, J F},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:20:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.22738},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; visual system; connectivity; visual cortex; neocortex; histology; spontaneous activity; retina; brain mapping; mirror symmetry; corpus callosum; toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Ferrets; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {914-32},
	pmid = {21830218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal input influences the size and corticocortical connectivity of visual cortex during postnatal development in the ferret},
	Volume = {520},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Bock_JCompNeurol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22738}}

@article{Bock:2011a,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have reported that intrahemispheric connections between area 17 (V1, striate cortex) and other cortical visual areas are not point-to-point, but instead have some degree of convergence and divergence. Many pathological conditions can interfere with the normal development of patterns of cortico-cortical connections, but there is little information regarding whether or not early pathological insults can also induce permanent changes in the convergence and divergence of cortical connections. Obtaining this information is important because loss of precision in neural projections can contribute to functional deficits and behavioral impairment. In the present study we investigated whether retinal input is required for the development of normal values of convergence and divergence in the visual callosal pathway. We found that enucleation performed at birth induced significant increases in convergence and divergence compared to control animals. In contrast, values of convergence and divergence in rats enucleated at postnatal day 7 (P7) were similar to those in controls. Previous studies have shown that retinal input during the first postnatal week is required for the specification of the overall distribution and internal topography of visual callosal pathways. Our present results therefore extend these previous finding by showing that retinal input during the first postnatal week also specifies the precision of cortico-cortical projections. These findings raise the possibility that the precision of neural connections may be reduced in other pathological conditions that affect early development of neural connections.},
	Author = {Bock, A S and Olavarria, J F},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.005},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Blindness; Critical Period (Psychology); Disease Models, Animal; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {152-6},
	Pmc = {PMC3155624},
	pmid = {21782890},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neonatal enucleation during a critical period reduces the precision of cortico-cortical projections in visual cortex},
	Volume = {501},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bock_NeurosciLett2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.005}}

@article{Bock:2010,
	Abstract = {Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a technique that non-invasively provides quantitative measures of water translational diffusion, including fractional anisotropy (FA), that are sensitive to the shape and orientation of cellular elements, such as axons, dendrites and cell somas. For several neurodevelopmental disorders, histopathological investigations have identified abnormalities in the architecture of pyramidal neurons at early stages of cerebral cortex development. To assess the potential capability of DTI to detect neuromorphological abnormalities within the developing cerebral cortex, we compare changes in cortical FA with changes in neuronal architecture and connectivity induced by bilateral enucleation at postnatal day 7 (BEP7) in ferrets. We show here that the visual callosal pattern in BEP7 ferrets is more irregular and occupies a significantly greater cortical area compared to controls at adulthood. To determine whether development of the cerebral cortex is altered in BEP7 ferrets in a manner detectable by DTI, cortical FA was compared in control and BEP7 animals on postnatal day 31. Visual cortex, but not rostrally adjacent non-visual cortex, exhibits higher FA than control animals, consistent with BEP7 animals possessing axonal and dendritic arbors of reduced complexity than age-matched controls. Subsequent to DTI, Golgi-staining and analysis methods were used to identify regions, restricted to visual areas, in which the orientation distribution of neuronal processes is significantly more concentrated than in control ferrets. Together, these findings suggest that DTI can be of utility for detecting abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders at early stages of cerebral cortical development, and that the neonatally enucleated ferret is a useful animal model system for systematically assessing the potential of this new diagnostic strategy.},
	Author = {Bock, Andrew S and Olavarria, Jaime F and Leigland, Lindsey A and Taber, Erin N and Jespersen, Sune N and Kroenke, Christopher D},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2010.00149},
	Journal = {Front Syst Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum},
	Pages = {149},
	Pmc = {PMC2971465},
	pmid = {21048904},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Diffusion tensor imaging detects early cerebral cortex abnormalities in neuronal architecture induced by bilateral neonatal enucleation: an experimental model in the ferret},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Bock_FrontSystNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2010.00149}}

@article{Ruthazer:2010a,
	Abstract = {We combined fixed-tissue and time-lapse analyses to investigate the axonal branching phenomena underlying the development of topographically organized ipsilateral projections from area 17 to area 18a in the rat. These complementary approaches allowed us to relate static, large-scale information provided by traditional fixed-tissue analysis to highly dynamic, local, small-scale branching phenomena observed with two-photon time-lapse microscopy in acute slices of visual cortex. Our fixed-tissue data revealed that labeled area 17 fibers invaded area 18a gray matter at topographically restricted sites, reaching superficial layers in significant numbers by postnatal day 6 (P6). Moreover, most parental axons gave rise to only one or occasionally a small number of closely spaced interstitial branches beneath 18a. Our time-lapse data showed that many filopodium-like branches emerged along parental axons in white matter or deep layers in area 18a. Most of these filopodial branches were transient, often disappearing after several minutes to hours of exploratory extension and retraction. These dynamic behaviors decreased significantly from P4, when the projection is first forming, through the second postnatal week, suggesting that the expression of, or sensitivity to, cortical cues promoting new branch addition in the white matter is developmentally down-regulated coincident with gray matter innervation. Together, these data demonstrate that the development of topographically organized corticocortical projections in rats involves extensive exploratory branching along parental axons and invasion of cortex by only a small number of interstitial branches, rather than the widespread innervation of superficial cortical layers by an initially exuberant population of branches.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, Edward S and Bachleda, Amelia R and Olavarria, Jaime F},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.22502},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; visual system; connectivity; visual cortex; neocortex; histology; spontaneous activity; retina; brain mapping; mirror symmetry; corpus callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cell Differentiation; Microscopy, Video; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Time Factors; Time-Lapse Imaging; Tissue Fixation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {4963-79},
	pmid = {21031561},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of interstitial branching in the development of visual corticocortical connections: a time-lapse and fixed-tissue analysis},
	Volume = {518},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22502}}

@article{Olavarria:2008,
	Abstract = {Visual callosal fibers link cortical loci in opposite hemispheres that represent the same visual field but whose locations are not mirror-symmetric with respect to the brain midline. Presence of the eyes from postnatal day 4 (P4) to P6 is required for this map to be specified. We tested the hypothesis that specification of the callosal map requires the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Our results show that blockade of NMDARs with MK-801 during this critical period did not induce obvious abnormalities in callosal connectivity patterns, suggesting that retinal influences do not operate through NMDAR-mediated processes to specify normal callosal topography. In contrast, we found that interfering with NMDAR function either through MK801-induced blockade of NMDARs starting at P6 or neonatal enucleation significantly increases the length of axon branches and total length of arbors, without major effects on the number of branch tips. Our results further suggest that NMDARs act by altering the initial elaboration of arbors rather than by inhibiting a later-occurring remodeling process. Since the callosal map is present by P6, just as axonal branches of simple architecture grow into gray matter, we suggest that regulation of arbor development by NMDAR-mediated processes is important for maintaining the precision of this map.},
	Author = {Olavarr{\'\i}a, Jaime F and Laing, Robyn and Hiroi, Ryoko and Lasiene, Jurate},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {/S0716-97602008000400007},
	Journal = {Biol Res},
	Journal-Full = {Biological research},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Eye Enucleation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {413-24},
	pmid = {19621122},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topography and axon arbor architecture in the visual callosal pathway: effects of deafferentation and blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/0716-97602008000400007}}

@article{Olavarria:2007,
	Abstract = {Development of the visual callosal projection in rodents goes through an early critical period, from postnatal day (P) 4 to P6, during which retinal input specifies the blueprint for normal topographic connections, and a subsequent period of progressive pathway maturation that is largely complete by the time the eyes open, around P13. This study tests the hypothesis that these developmental stages correlate with age-related changes in the kinetics of synaptic responses mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate subclass of glutamate receptors (NMDARs). We used an in vitro slice preparation to perform whole-cell recordings from retrogradely-labeled visual callosal cells, as well from cortical cells with unknown projections. We analyzed age-related changes in the decay time constant of evoked as well as spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate subclass of glutamate receptors (NMDAR-EPSCs) in slices from normal pups and pups enucleated at different postnatal ages. In normal pups we found that the decay time constant of NMDAR-EPSCs increases starting at about P6 and decreases by about P13. In contrast, these changes were not observed in rats enucleated at birth. However, by delaying the age at which enucleation was performed we found that the presence of the eyes until P6, but not until P4, is sufficient for inducing slow NMDAR-EPSC kinetics during the second postnatal week, as observed in normal pups. These results provide evidence that the eyes exert a bidirectional effect on the kinetics of NMDARs: during a P4-P6 critical period, retinal influences induce processes that slow down the kinetics of NMDAR-EPSCs, while, near the age of eye opening, retinal input induces a sudden acceleration of NMDAR-EPSC kinetics. These findings suggest that the retinally-driven processes that specify normal callosal topography during the P4-P6 time window also induce an increase in the decay time constant of NMDAR-EPSCs. This increase in response kinetics may play an important role in the maturation of cortical topographic maps after P6. Using ifenprodil, a noncompetitive NR2B-selective blocker, we obtained evidence that although NR1/NR2B diheteromeric receptors contribute to evoked synaptic responses in both normal and enucleated animals, they are not primarily responsible for either the age-related changes in the kinetics of NMDAR-mediated responses, or the effects that bilateral enucleation has on the kinetics of NMDAR-EPSCs.},
	Author = {Olavarria, J F and van Brederode, J F M and Spain, W J},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:12:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:14:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.005},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system, connectivity, visual cortex, neocortex, histology, spontaneous activity, retina, brain mapping, mirror symmetry, corpus callosum},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Corpus Callosum; Denervation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Eye Enucleation; Kinetics; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Retina; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {683-99},
	pmid = {17706364},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal influences induce bidirectional changes in the kinetics of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated responses in striate cortex cells during postnatal development},
	Volume = {148},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.005}}

@article{Innocenti:1979a,
	Author = {Innocenti, G M and Frost, D O},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-10 20:06:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 20:11:20 +0000},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {visual system; mirror symmetry; Neocortex; visual cortex; activity manipulation; Sensory Deprivation; Spontaneous activity; retina; connectivity; Histological Techniques; Brain Mapping},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blindness; Cats; Corpus Callosum; Efferent Pathways; Horseradish Peroxidase; Retrograde Degeneration; Strabismus; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5719},
	Pages = {231-4},
	pmid = {450139},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Effects of visual experience on the maturation of the efferent system to the corpus callosum},
	Volume = {280},
	Year = {1979},
	url = {papers/Innocenti_Nature1979.pdf}}

@article{Nimmervoll:2012,
	Abstract = {During the pre- and neonatal period, the cerebral cortex reveals distinct patterns of spontaneous synchronized activity, which is critically involved in the formation of early networks and in the regulation of neuronal survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis). During this period, the cortex is also highly vulnerable to inflammation and in humans prenatal infection may have a profound impact on neurodevelopment causing long-term neurological deficits. Using in vitro and in vivo multi-electrode array recordings and quantification of caspase-3 (casp-3)-dependent apoptosis, we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation causes rapid alterations in the pattern of spontaneous burst activities, which subsequently leads to an increase in apoptosis. We show that these inflammatory effects are specifically initiated by the microglia-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Our data demonstrate that inflammation-induced modifications in spontaneous network activities influence casp-3-dependent cell death in the developing cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Nimmervoll, Birgit and White, Robin and Yang, Jenq-Wei and An, Shuming and Henn, Christopher and Sun, Jyh-Jang and Luhmann, Heiko J},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-20 14:55:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-20 15:00:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs156},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {genes; self organization; Competitive Behavior; optical imaging; optical physiology; toread; wholeBrain; Somatosensory Cortex; thalamus; barrels; Mouse; development; synchrony; oscillations; microglia},
	Month = {Jun},
	pmid = {22700645},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {LPS-Induced Microglial Secretion of TNFα Increases Activity-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis in the Neonatal Cerebral Cortex},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Nimmervoll_CerebCortex2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs156}}

@article{Yang:2012a,
	Abstract = {Neocortical areas are organized in columns, which form the basic structural and functional modules of intracortical information processing. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging and simultaneous multi-channel extracellular recordings in the barrel cortex of newborn rats in vivo, we found that spontaneously occurring and whisker stimulation-induced gamma bursts followed by longer lasting spindle bursts were topographically organized in functional cortical columns already at the day of birth. Gamma bursts synchronized a cortical network of 300-400 µm in diameter and were coherent with gamma activity recorded simultaneously in the thalamic ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus. Cortical gamma bursts could be elicited by focal electrical stimulation of the VPM. Whisker stimulation-induced spindle and gamma bursts and the majority of spontaneously occurring events were profoundly reduced by the local inactivation of the VPM, indicating that the thalamus is important to generate these activity patterns. Furthermore, inactivation of the barrel cortex with lidocaine reduced the gamma activity in the thalamus, suggesting that a cortico-thalamic feedback loop modulates this early thalamic network activity.},
	Author = {Yang, Jenq-Wei and An, Shuming and Sun, Jyh-Jang and Reyes-Puerta, Vicente and Kindler, Jennifer and Berger, Thomas and Kilb, Werner and Luhmann, Heiko J},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-20 14:55:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-20 14:59:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs103},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {genes; self organization; Competitive Behavior; optical imaging; optical physiology; toread; wholeBrain; Somatosensory Cortex; thalamus; barrels; Mouse; development; synchrony; oscillations},
	Month = {May},
	pmid = {22593243},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Thalamic Network Oscillations Synchronize Ontogenetic Columns in the Newborn Rat Barrel Cortex},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Yang_CerebCortex2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs103}}

@article{Blanton:1990,
	Abstract = {Before synapses form in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex, an endogenous neurotransmitter activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels on neurons in the cortical plate. Throughout cortical development, these channels exhibit voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade and are antagonized by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, a selective NMDA receptor antagonist. The activation in situ of these nonsynaptic NMDA channels demonstrates a potential physiological substrate for control of early neuronal differentiation.},
	Author = {Blanton, M G and Lo Turco, J J and Kriegstein, A R},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-15 22:04:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-15 22:05:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Activity-development; NMDA; Glutamate; Spontaneous activity; Calcium Signaling; Electrophysiology; Turtles; embryology; physiology},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Axons; Cell Differentiation; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Conductivity; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Magnesium; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Turtles},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {8027-30},
	Pmc = {PMC54885},
	pmid = {1978317},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endogenous neurotransmitter activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on differentiating neurons in embryonic cortex},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Bassett:2006a,
	Abstract = {Many complex networks have a small-world topology characterized by dense local clustering or cliquishness of connections between neighboring nodes yet a short path length between any (distant) pair of nodes due to the existence of relatively few long-range connections. This is an attractive model for the organization of brain anatomical and functional networks because a small-world topology can support both segregated/specialized and distributed/integrated information processing. Moreover, small-world networks are economical, tending to minimize wiring costs while supporting high dynamical complexity. The authors introduce some of the key mathematical concepts in graph theory required for small-world analysis and review how these methods have been applied to quantification of cortical connectivity matrices derived from anatomical tract-tracing studies in the macaque monkey and the cat. The evolution of small-world networks is discussed in terms of a selection pressure to deliver cost-effective information-processing systems. The authors illustrate how these techniques and concepts are increasingly being applied to the analysis of human brain functional networks derived from electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography and fMRI experiments. Finally, the authors consider the relevance of small-world models for understanding the emergence of complex behaviors and the resilience of brain systems to pathological attack by disease or aberrant development. They conclude that small-world models provide a powerful and versatile approach to understanding the structure and function of human brain systems.},
	Author = {Bassett, Danielle Smith and Bullmore, Ed},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-15 13:34:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-15 13:34:45 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1177/1073858406293182},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {network; technique; Methods; review literature; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software; toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {512-23},
	pmid = {17079517},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Small-world brain networks},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Bassett_Neuroscientist2006.pdf}}

@article{Bullmore:2009,
	Abstract = {Recent developments in the quantitative analysis of complex networks, based largely on graph theory, have been rapidly translated to studies of brain network organization. The brain's structural and functional systems have features of complex networks--such as small-world topology, highly connected hubs and modularity--both at the whole-brain scale of human neuroimaging and at a cellular scale in non-human animals. In this article, we review studies investigating complex brain networks in diverse experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans) and provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of graph theory. We also highlight some of the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.},
	Author = {Bullmore, Ed and Sporns, Olaf},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-15 13:33:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-05 13:06:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2575},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {network; technique; Methods; review literature; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Computer Graphics; Electroencephalography; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Nerve Net; Neural Networks (Computer)},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {186-98},
	pmid = {19190637},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Bullmore_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}}

@article{Lynall:2010,
	Abstract = {Schizophrenia has often been conceived as a disorder of connectivity between components of large-scale brain networks. We tested this hypothesis by measuring aspects of both functional connectivity and functional network topology derived from resting-state fMRI time series acquired at 72 cerebral regions over 17 min from 15 healthy volunteers (14 male, 1 female) and 12 people diagnosed with schizophrenia (10 male, 2 female). We investigated between-group differences in strength and diversity of functional connectivity in the 0.06-0.125 Hz frequency interval, and some topological properties of undirected graphs constructed from thresholded interregional correlation matrices. In people with schizophrenia, strength of functional connectivity was significantly decreased, whereas diversity of functional connections was increased. Topologically, functional brain networks had reduced clustering and small-worldness, reduced probability of high-degree hubs, and increased robustness in the schizophrenic group. Reduced degree and clustering were locally significant in medial parietal, premotor and cingulate, and right orbitofrontal cortical nodes of functional networks in schizophrenia. Functional connectivity and topological metrics were correlated with each other and with behavioral performance on a verbal fluency task. We conclude that people with schizophrenia tend to have a less strongly integrated, more diverse profile of brain functional connectivity, associated with a less hub-dominated configuration of complex brain functional networks. Alongside these behaviorally disadvantageous differences, however, brain networks in the schizophrenic group also showed a greater robustness to random attack, pointing to a possible benefit of the schizophrenia connectome, if less extremely expressed.},
	Author = {Lynall, Mary-Ellen and Bassett, Danielle S and Kerwin, Robert and McKenna, Peter J and Kitzbichler, Manfred and Muller, Ulrich and Bullmore, Ed},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 22:00:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-01-27 14:57:50 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0333-10.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {connectivity; Schizophrenia; human; fmri; Functional Laterality; network; graph theory; Technique; grant; wholeBrain; Schizophrenia},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neuropsychological Tests; Principal Component Analysis; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {28},
	Pages = {9477-87},
	Pmc = {PMC2914251},
	pmid = {20631176},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional connectivity and brain networks in schizophrenia},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lynall_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0333-10.2010}}

@article{Karlsgodt:2008,
	Abstract = {Schizophrenia has been thought of as a disorder of reduced functional and structural connectivity. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and small animal imaging have advanced our ability to investigate this hypothesis. Moreover, the power of longitudinal designs possible with these noninvasive techniques enable the study of not just how connectivity is disrupted in schizophrenia, but when this disruption emerges during development. This article reviews genetic and neurodevelopmental influences on structural and functional connectivity in human populations with or at risk for schizophrenia and in animal models of the disorder. We conclude that the weight of evidence across these diverse lines of inquiry points to a developmental disruption of neural connectivity in schizophrenia and that this disrupted connectivity likely involves susceptibility genes that affect processes involved in establishing intra- and interregional connectivity.},
	Author = {Karlsgodt, Katherine H and Sun, Daqiang and Jimenez, Amy M and Lutkenhoff, Evan S and Willhite, Rachael and van Erp, Theo G M and Cannon, Tyrone D},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 21:29:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 21:30:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1017/S095457940800062X},
	Journal = {Dev Psychopathol},
	Journal-Full = {Development and psychopathology},
	Keywords = {Schizophrenia; neurological disorder; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Functional Laterality; asymmetry; mirror symmetry; fMRI; connectivity; human; mouse},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Child Development; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Neural Conduction; Neurons; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia; Synapses; Young Adult},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1297-327},
	pmid = {18838043},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental disruptions in neural connectivity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Karlsgodt_DevPsychopathol2008.pdf}}

@article{Bressler:2010,
	Abstract = {An understanding of how the human brain produces cognition ultimately depends on knowledge of large-scale brain organization. Although it has long been assumed that cognitive functions are attributable to the isolated operations of single brain areas, we demonstrate that the weight of evidence has now shifted in support of the view that cognition results from the dynamic interactions of distributed brain areas operating in large-scale networks. We review current research on structural and functional brain organization, and argue that the emerging science of large-scale brain networks provides a coherent framework for understanding of cognition. Critically, this framework allows a principled exploration of how cognitive functions emerge from, and are constrained by, core structural and functional networks of the brain.},
	Author = {Bressler, Steven L and Menon, Vinod},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 21:24:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 21:28:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {toread; resting state; default mode network; connectivity; connectome; human; fMRI; function; Functional Laterality; Technique; Methods; Computational Biology; graph theory; network},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Humans; Neural Pathways; Psychopathology},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {277-90},
	pmid = {20493761},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Large-scale brain networks in cognition: emerging methods and principles},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Bressler_TrendsCognSci2010.pdf}}

@article{Menon:2011,
	Abstract = {The science of large-scale brain networks offers a powerful paradigm for investigating cognitive and affective dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review examines recent conceptual and methodological developments which are contributing to a paradigm shift in the study of psychopathology. I summarize methods for characterizing aberrant brain networks and demonstrate how network analysis provides novel insights into dysfunctional brain architecture. Deficits in access, engagement and disengagement of large-scale neurocognitive networks are shown to play a prominent role in several disorders including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, dementia and autism. Synthesizing recent research, I propose a triple network model of aberrant saliency mapping and cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology, emphasizing the surprising parallels that are beginning to emerge across psychiatric and neurological disorders.},
	Author = {Menon, Vinod},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 21:15:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 21:16:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
	Keywords = {toread; connectivity; connectome; function; Functional Laterality; resting state; default mode network; human; neuroimaging; fMRI; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; neurological disorder},
	Mesh = {Brain; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Psychopathology},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {483-506},
	pmid = {21908230},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2011.pdf}}

@article{Courchesne:2005,
	Abstract = {Although it has long been thought that frontal lobe abnormality must play an important part in generating the severe impairment in higher-order social, emotional and cognitive functions in autism, only recently have studies identified developmentally early frontal lobe defects. At the microscopic level, neuroinflammatory reactions involving glial activation, migration defects and excess cerebral neurogenesis and/or defective apoptosis might generate frontal neural pathology early in development. It is hypothesized that these abnormal processes cause malformation and thus malfunction of frontal minicolumn microcircuitry. It is suggested that connectivity within frontal lobe is excessive, disorganized and inadequately selective, whereas connectivity between frontal cortex and other systems is poorly synchronized, weakly responsive and information impoverished. Increased local but reduced long-distance cortical-cortical reciprocal activity and coupling would impair the fundamental frontal function of integrating information from widespread and diverse systems and providing complex context-rich feedback, guidance and control to lower-level systems.},
	Author = {Courchesne, Eric and Pierce, Karen},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 20:03:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 20:05:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; autism; connectivity; human; mirror symmetry; neurological disorder; function; Frontal Lobe; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {225-30},
	pmid = {15831407},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Courchesne_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001}}

@article{Desgent:2012,
	Abstract = {Early loss of a given sensory input in mammals causes anatomical and functional modifications in the brain via a process called cross-modal plasticity. In the past four decades, several animal models have illuminated our understanding of the biological substrates involved in cross-modal plasticity. Progressively, studies are now starting to emphasise on cell-specific mechanisms that may be responsible for this intermodal sensory plasticity. Inhibitory interneurons expressing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) play an important role in maintaining the appropriate dynamic range of cortical excitation, in critical periods of developmental plasticity, in receptive field refinement, and in treatment of sensory information reaching the cerebral cortex. The diverse interneuron population is very sensitive to sensory experience during development. GABAergic neurons are therefore well suited to act as a gate for mediating cross-modal plasticity. This paper attempts to highlight the links between early sensory deprivation, cortical GABAergic interneuron alterations, and cross-modal plasticity, discuss its implications, and further provide insights for future research in the field.},
	Author = {Desgent, S{\'e}bastien and Ptito, Maurice},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 19:31:01 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 19:33:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1155/2012/590725},
	Journal = {Neural Plast},
	Journal-Full = {Neural plasticity},
	Keywords = {GABA; interneurons; development; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; visual cortex; visual system; multimodal; vision; Sensory Deprivation; plasticity; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Spontaneous activity},
	Pages = {590725},
	Pmc = {PMC3377178},
	pmid = {22720175},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical GABAergic interneurons in cross-modal plasticity following early blindness},
	Volume = {2012},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Desgent_NeuralPlast2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/590725}}

@article{Baumann:2012,
	Author = {Baumann, Kim},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 18:49:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 18:50:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrm3456},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	Keywords = {mirror symmetry; asymmetry;development; patterning;Gene Expression;toread},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {682-3},
	pmid = {23034454},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development: Knowing left from right},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Baumann_NatRevMolCellBiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3456}}

@article{Nakamura:2012,
	Abstract = {The left-right (LR) asymmetry of visceral organs is fundamental to their function and position within the body. Over the past decade or so, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of such LR asymmetry have been revealed in many vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. These studies have identified a gene network that contributes to this process and is highly conserved from sea urchin to mouse. By contrast, some specific steps of the process, such as the symmetry-breaking event and situs-specific organogenesis, appear to have diverged during evolution. Here, we summarize the common and divergent mechanisms by which LR asymmetry is established in vertebrates.},
	Author = {Nakamura, Tetsuya and Hamada, Hiroshi},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 18:41:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 18:41:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1242/dev.061606},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Keywords = {development; mirror symmetry; asymmetry; Gene Expression; patterning; toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Movement; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Invertebrates; Mice; Sea Urchins; Vertebrates},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {3257-62},
	pmid = {22912409},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Left-right patterning: conserved and divergent mechanisms},
	Volume = {139},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Nakamura_Development2012.pdf}}

@article{Vandenberg:2010,
	Abstract = {Consistent laterality is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, physiology, and behavior. While strides have been made in understanding unilaterally expressed genes and the asymmetries of organogenesis, early mechanisms are still poorly understood. One popular model centers on the structure and function of motile cilia and subsequent chiral extracellular fluid flow during gastrulation. Alternative models focus on intracellular roles of the cytoskeleton in driving asymmetries of physiological signals or asymmetric chromatid segregation, at much earlier stages. All three models trace the origin of asymmetry back to the chirality of cytoskeletal organizing centers, but significant controversy exists about how this intracellular chirality is amplified onto cell fields. Analysis of specific predictions of each model and crucial recent data on new mutants suggest that ciliary function may not be a broadly conserved, initiating event in left-right patterning. Many questions about embryonic left-right asymmetry remain open, offering fascinating avenues for further research in cell, developmental, and evolutionary biology.},
	Author = {Vandenberg, Laura N and Levin, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 18:39:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:54:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dvdy.22450},
	Journal = {Dev Dyn},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists},
	Keywords = {development; mirror symmetry; asymmetry; Gene Expression; patterning; cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; mouse; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Embryonic Development; Humans; Models, Biological},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3131-46},
	pmid = {21031419},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Far from solved: a perspective on what we know about early mechanisms of left-right asymmetry},
	Volume = {239},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Vandenberg_DevDyn2010.pdf}}

@article{Yost:1998,
	Abstract = {Bilateran animals have external bilateral symmetry along the dorsoventral (DV) and anteroposterior (AP) axes. Internal left-right asymmetries appear to be consistently aligned along the left-right (LR) axis with respect to the other axes. Left-right development is most apparent in the directional looping of the cardiac tube, the coiling and placement of the intestines, the positioning of internal organs such as liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach. In addition, there are obvious morphological asymmetries in the brains of some vertebrates and functional left-right asymmetries in the activities of the brain, as assessed by psychological testing, MRI, and the analysis of lesions. There are several fundamental questions: What are the origins of the left-right axis, and are they highly conserved across metazoans? Once the left-right axis is established by the initial breaking of bilateral symmetry, what is the genetic pathway that perpetrates left-right development? What are the cellular and tissue mechanics that lead to morphogenesis during, for example, the looping of the cardiac tube, the coiling of the gut, or asymmetric brain development? Finally, do the asymmetric developmental pathways of each organ system take register from the same initial event that establishes the left-right axis, or are there separate mechanisms that orient heart, gut, and brain left-right asymmetry with respect to the DV and AP axes? These questions are beginning to be experimentally addressed, and papers in this issue of Developmental Genetics make contributions to several aspects in the burgeoning field of left-right development. Recent reviews have summarized the emerging genes and pathways in vertebrate left-right development [Wood, 1997; Harvey, 1998; Ramsdell and Yost, 1998]. Here, I give an overview of the contributions in this issue to the fundamental questions in left-right development.},
	Author = {Yost, H J},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 17:37:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 17:40:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)23:3<159::AID-DVG1>3.0.CO;2-1},
	Journal = {Dev Genet},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental genetics},
	Keywords = {asymmetry; lateralization; Cerebral Cortex; callosal; mirror symmetry; toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Brain; Functional Laterality; Humans; Mesoderm; Stereoisomerism},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {159-63},
	pmid = {9842710},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Left-right development from embryos to brains},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Yost_DevGenet1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)23:3%3C159::AID-DVG1%3E3.0.CO;2-1}}

@article{Borodinsky:2004,
	Abstract = {Neurotransmitters are essential for interneuronal signalling, and the specification of appropriate transmitters in differentiating neurons has been related to intrinsic neuronal identity and to extrinsic signalling proteins. Here we show that altering the distinct patterns of Ca2+ spike activity spontaneously generated by different classes of embryonic spinal neurons in vivo changes the transmitter that neurons express without affecting the expression of markers of cell identity. Regulation seems to be homeostatic: suppression of activity leads to an increased number of neurons expressing excitatory transmitters and a decreased number of neurons expressing inhibitory transmitters; the reverse occurs when activity is enhanced. The imposition of specific spike frequencies in vitro does not affect labels of cell identity but again specifies the expression of transmitters that are inappropriate for the markers they express, during an early critical period. The results identify a new role of patterned activity in development of the central nervous system.},
	Author = {Borodinsky, Laura N and Root, Cory M and Cronin, Julia A and Sann, Sharon B and Gu, Xiaonan and Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-13 16:08:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 16:34:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature02518},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; development; Activity-development; Gene Expression; Transcription Factors; Calcium Signaling; Neurophysiology;xenopus; activity manipulation; Differentiation; Transmission; Neurotransmitters},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Humans; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Organ Specificity; Phenotype; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Rats; Sodium Channels; Spinal Cord; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6991},
	Pages = {523-30},
	pmid = {15175743},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent homeostatic specification of transmitter expression in embryonic neurons},
	Volume = {429},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Borodinsky_Nature2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02518}}

@article{Marek:2010,
	Abstract = {Neuronal differentiation is accomplished through cascades of intrinsic genetic factors initiated in neuronal progenitors by external gradients of morphogens. Activity has been thought to be important only late in development, but recent evidence suggests that activity also regulates early neuronal differentiation. Activity in post-mitotic neurons before synapse formation can regulate phenotypic specification, including neurotransmitter choice, but the mechanisms are not clear. We identified a mechanism that links endogenous calcium spike activity with an intrinsic genetic pathway to specify neurotransmitter choice in neurons in the dorsal embryonic spinal cord of Xenopus tropicalis. Early activity modulated transcription of the GABAergic/glutamatergic selection gene tlx3 through a variant cAMP response element (CRE) in its promoter. The cJun transcription factor bound to this CRE site, modulated transcription and regulated neurotransmitter phenotype via its transactivation domain. Calcium signaled through cJun N-terminal phosphorylation, which integrated activity-dependent and intrinsic neurotransmitter specification. This mechanism provides a basis for early activity to regulate genetic pathways at critical decision points, switching the phenotype of developing neurons.},
	Author = {Marek, Kurt W and Kurtz, Lisa M and Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-13 16:07:23 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-13 16:08:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2582},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;development;10 circuit formation;Synapses;Electric Conductivity;Cell Differentiation;21 Neurophysiology;Animals;Brain;Neurons; Gene Expression; Transcription Factors; Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; axon guidance; cell migration;Xenopus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Base Sequence; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; Response Elements; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Xenopus; Xenopus Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {944-50},
	Pmc = {PMC2910808},
	pmid = {20581840},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {cJun integrates calcium activity and tlx3 expression to regulate neurotransmitter specification},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Marek_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2582}}

@article{Mire:2012,
	Abstract = {Developing axons must control their growth rate to follow the appropriate pathways and establish specific connections. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved remain elusive. By combining live imaging with transplantation studies in mice, we found that spontaneous calcium activity in the thalamocortical system and the growth rate of thalamocortical axons were developmentally and intrinsically regulated. Indeed, the spontaneous activity of thalamic neurons governed axon growth and extension through the cortex in vivo. This activity-dependent modulation of growth was mediated by transcriptional regulation of Robo1 through an NF-κB binding site. Disruption of either the Robo1 or Slit1 genes accelerated the progression of thalamocortical axons in vivo, and interfering with Robo1 signaling restored normal axon growth in electrically silent neurons. Thus, modifications to spontaneous calcium activity encode a switch in the axon outgrowth program that allows the establishment of specific neuronal connections through the transcriptional regulation of Slit1 and Robo1 signaling.},
	Author = {Mire, Erik and Mezzera, Cecilia and Leyva-D{\'\i}az, Eduardo and Paternain, Ana V and Squarzoni, Paola and Bluy, Lisa and Castillo-Paterna, Mar and L{\'o}pez, Mar{\'\i}a Jos{\'e} and Peregr{\'\i}n, Sandra and Tessier-Lavigne, Marc and Garel, Sonia and Galcer{\'a}n, Joan and Lerma, Juan and L{\'o}pez-Bendito, Guillermina},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-13 13:49:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-13 15:54:38 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3160},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; development; Activity-development; activity manipulation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; axon guidance; synapse formation; Synaptic Transmission; mouse; thalamus; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; optical imaging; Transcription Factors; Gene Expression},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Receptors, Immunologic; Thalamus},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1134-43},
	pmid = {22772332},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity regulates Robo1 transcription to mediate a switch in thalamocortical axon growth},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mire_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Bouwman:2004,
	Abstract = {Outgrowing axons in the developing nervous system secrete neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances, which is considered to stimulate synaptogenesis. However, some synapses develop independent of presynaptic secretion. To investigate the role of secretion in synapse formation and maintenance in vivo, we quantified synapses and their morphology in the neocortical marginal zone of munc18-1 deficient mice which lack both evoked and spontaneous secretion [Science 287 (2000) 864]. Histochemical analyses at embryonic day 18 (E18) showed that the overall organization of the neocortex and the number of cells were similar in mutants and controls. Western blot analysis revealed equal concentrations of pre- and post-synaptic marker proteins in mutants and controls and immunocytochemical analyses indicated that these markers were targeted to the neuropil of the synaptic layer in the mutant neocortex. Electron microscopy revealed that at E16 immature synapses had formed both in mutants and controls. These synapses had a similar synapse diameter, active zone length and contained similar amounts of synaptic vesicles, which were immuno-positive for two synaptic vesicle markers. However, these synapses were three times less abundant in the mutant. Two days later, E18, synapses in the controls had more total and docked vesicles, but not in the mutant. Furthermore, synapses were now five times less abundant in the mutant. In both mutant and controls, synapse-like structures were observed with irregular shaped vesicles on both sides of the synaptic cleft. These 'multivesicular structures' were immuno-positive for synaptic vesicle markers and were four times more abundant in the mutant. We conclude that in the absence of presynaptic secretion immature synapses with a normal morphology form, but fewer in number. These secretion-deficient synapses might fail to mature and instead give rise to multivesicular structures. These two observations suggest that secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances is required for synapse maintenance, not for synaptogenesis. Multivesicular structures may develop out of unstable synapses.},
	Author = {Bouwman, J and Maia, A S and Camoletto, P G and Posthuma, G and Roubos, E W and Oorschot, V M J and Klumperman, J and Verhage, M},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 22:33:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 22:34:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.027},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Anatomy; activity manipulation; transgenic; mouse; synapse formation; axon guidance; Structure-Activity Relationship; Activity-development; development; Spontaneous activity; Synaptic Transmission},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Microscopy, Electron; Munc18 Proteins; Neocortex; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Pregnancy; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {115-26},
	pmid = {15145078},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Quantification of synapse formation and maintenance in vivo in the absence of synaptic release},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Bouwman_Neuroscience2004.pdf}}

@article{Yamamoto:2002,
	Abstract = {During development of the central nervous system, growth cones navigate along specific pathways, recognize their targets and then form synaptic connections by elaborating terminal arbors. To date, a number of developmental and in vitro studies have characterized the nature of the guidance cues that underlie various types of axonal behavior, from initial outgrowth to synapse formation, including pathway selection, polarized growth, orientated growth, termination and branching. New approaches in molecular biology have identified several types of guidance cues, most of which are likely to act as local cues. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that axonal responsiveness to guidance cues changes dynamically, which appears to be elicited by environmental factors encountered by the navigating growth cones. This article addresses what molecular cues are responsible for guidance mechanisms including axonal responsiveness, focusing on axonal behavior in the developmental stages.},
	Author = {Yamamoto, Nobuhiko and Tamada, Atsushi and Murakami, Fujio},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 22:31:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 22:33:00 +0000},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {review; toread; Structure-Activity Relationship; Spontaneous activity; axon guidance; development; Activity-development; in vitro; Thalamus; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex},
	Mesh = {Axons; Brain; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Growth Cones; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Signal Transduction; Synapses},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {393-407},
	pmid = {12576293},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Wiring of the brain by a range of guidance cues},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Yamamoto_ProgNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Mason:2009,
	Author = {Mason, Carol},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:33:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:34:41 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4648-09.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; development; review literature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Developmental Biology; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Neurons; Neurosciences},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {41},
	Pages = {12735-47},
	pmid = {19828784},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of developmental neuroscience},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4648-09.2009}}

@article{Sato:2012,
	Abstract = {Electrode recordings and imaging studies have revealed that localized visual stimuli elicit waves of activity that travel across primary visual cortex. Traveling waves are present also during spontaneous activity, but they can be greatly reduced by widespread and intensive visual stimulation. In this Review, we summarize the evidence in favor of these traveling waves. We suggest that their substrate may lie in long-range horizontal connections and that their functional role may involve the integration of information over large regions of space.},
	Author = {Sato, Tatsuo K and Nauhaus, Ian and Carandini, Matteo},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:32:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:33:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.029},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Conduction; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {218-29},
	pmid = {22841308},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Traveling waves in visual cortex},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Sato_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.029}}

@article{Priebe:2012,
	Abstract = {Orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex (V1) is a receptive field property that is at once simple enough to make it amenable to experimental and theoretical approaches and yet complex enough to represent a significant transformation in the representation of the visual image. As a result, V1 has become an area of choice for studying cortical computation and its underlying mechanisms. Here we consider the receptive field properties of the simple cells in cat V1--the cells that receive direct input from thalamic relay cells--and explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel's feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synaptic depression, response variability, and the membrane time constant.},
	Author = {Priebe, Nicholas J and Ferster, David},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:31:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:31:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.011},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {194-208},
	Pmc = {PMC3477598},
	pmid = {22841306},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanisms of neuronal computation in mammalian visual cortex},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Priebe_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.011}}

@article{Gilbert:2012,
	Abstract = {The visual cortex has the capacity for experience-dependent change, or cortical plasticity, that is retained throughout life. Plasticity is invoked for encoding information during perceptual learning, by internally representing the regularities of the visual environment, which is useful for facilitating intermediate-level vision--contour integration and surface segmentation. The same mechanisms have adaptive value for functional recovery after CNS damage, such as that associated with stroke or neurodegenerative disease. A common feature to plasticity in primary visual cortex (V1) is an association field that links contour elements across the visual field. The circuitry underlying the association field includes a plexus of long-range horizontal connections formed by cortical pyramidal cells. These connections undergo rapid and exuberant sprouting and pruning in response to removal of sensory input, which can account for the topographic reorganization following retinal lesions. Similar alterations in cortical circuitry may be involved in perceptual learning, and the changes observed in V1 may be representative of how learned information is encoded throughout the cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Gilbert, Charles D and Li, Wu},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:30:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:30:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.030},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Learning; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {250-64},
	Pmc = {PMC3408614},
	pmid = {22841310},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Adult visual cortical plasticity},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Gilbert_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.030}}

@article{Reid:2012,
	Abstract = {"Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex" by Hubel and Wiesel (1962) reported several important discoveries: orientation columns, the distinct structures of simple and complex receptive fields, and binocular integration. But perhaps the paper's greatest influence came from the concept of functional architecture (the complex relationship between in vivo physiology and the spatial arrangement of neurons) and several models of functionally specific connectivity. They thus identified two distinct concepts, topographic specificity and functional specificity, which together with cell-type specificity constitute the major determinants of nonrandom cortical connectivity. Orientation columns are iconic examples of topographic specificity, whereby axons within a column connect with cells of a single orientation preference. Hubel and Wiesel also saw the need for functional specificity at a finer scale in their model of thalamic inputs to simple cells, verified in the 1990s. The difficult but potentially more important question of functional specificity between cortical neurons is only now becoming tractable with new experimental techniques.},
	Author = {Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:29:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:31:20 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.031},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Orientation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {209-17},
	pmid = {22841307},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {From functional architecture to functional connectomics},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Reid_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.031}}

@book{finlay:2003,
	Author = {Finlay, B L},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 22:04:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:27:47 +0000},
	Editor = {Hopkins},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Publisher = {Praeger},
	Title = {The Developmental Neurobiology of Early Vision},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Finlay_2003.pdf}}

@article{Roffwarg:1966,
	Author = {Roffwarg, H P and Muzio, J N and Dement, W C},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 21:46:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 22:03:57 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.152.3722.604},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {toread; human; sleep; oscillations; synchrony; development; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; EEG; Fetal Development/physiology},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {3722},
	Pages = {604-19},
	pmid = {17779492},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle},
	Volume = {152},
	Year = {1966},
	url = {papers/Roffwarg_Science1966.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.152.3722.604}}

@article{Espinosa:2012,
	Abstract = {Hubel and Wiesel began the modern study of development and plasticity of primary visual cortex (V1), discovering response properties of cortical neurons that distinguished them from their inputs and that were arranged in a functional architecture. Their findings revealed an early innate period of development and a later critical period of dramatic experience-dependent plasticity. Recent studies have used rodents to benefit from biochemistry and genetics. The roles of spontaneous neural activity and molecular signaling in innate, experience-independent development have been clarified, as have the later roles of visual experience. Plasticity produced by monocular visual deprivation (MD) has been dissected into stages governed by distinct signaling mechanisms, some of whose molecular players are known. Many crucial questions remain, but new tools for perturbing cortical cells and measuring plasticity at the level of changes in connections among identified neurons now exist. The future for the study of V1 to illuminate cortical development and plasticity is bright.},
	Author = {Espinosa, J Sebastian and Stryker, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 21:03:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-10 19:56:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {topographic map; development; activity-development; review literature; spontaneous activity; experience dependent plasticity; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {230-49},
	pmid = {22841309},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Espinosa_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009}}

@article{Takahashi:2011,
	Abstract = {The immature cortex (cortical plate [CP]) and underlying subplate (SP), a transient cell layer just below the CP, play critical roles in the formation of intracerebral connections. The purpose of this study was to examine the diffusion characteristics of the developing cortex and subcortical structures and compare to histology. We obtained high-resolution diffusion spectrum images of postnatal day (P) 0 (newborn), P35 (pediatric), and P100 (adult) cat brains, performed tractography analysis, and correlated with histological findings. Tractography revealed radial organization and radial afferent/efferent tracts not only in the CP but also in external SP at P0. Radial organization persisted only in the cortex but decreased at P35 and P100. Radial organization correlated with radial cellular organization, with highest cellular density at P0 (Cresyl Violet staining). At P0, the internal SP contained abundant corticocortical and projection tractography pathways, crossing at wide angles in areas with no myelination by Luxol Fast Blue staining. At P35 and P100, increased directional coherence of white matter was observed, with fewer local tracts, but more long association pathways. These results suggest that diffusion tractography can differentially characterize internal and external SP zones and their transition into mature cortical pathways.},
	Author = {Takahashi, Emi and Dai, Guangping and Rosen, Glenn D and Wang, Ruopeng and Ohki, Kenichi and Folkerth, Rebecca D and Galaburda, Albert M and Wedeen, Van J and Ellen Grant, P},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 21:01:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 21:01:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq084},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cell Differentiation; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neocortex; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {200-11},
	Pmc = {PMC3025725},
	pmid = {20494968},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developing neocortex organization and connectivity in cats revealed by direct correlation of diffusion tractography and histology},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_CerebCortex2011.pdf}}

@article{Rubel:2002,
	Abstract = {The neurons of the cochlear ganglion transmit acoustic information between the inner ear and the brain. These placodally derived neurons must produce a topographically precise pattern of connections in both the inner ear and the brain. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge concerning the development of these neurons, their peripheral and central connections, and their influences on peripheral and central target cells. Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular regulation of migration or the establishment of precise topographic connection to the hair cells or cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons. Studies of mice with neurotrophin deletions are beginning to yield increasing understanding of variations in ganglion cell survival and resulting innervation patterns, however. Finally, existing evidence suggests that while ganglion cells have little influence on the differentiation of their hair cell targets, quite the opposite is true in the brain. Ganglion cell innervation and synaptic activity are essential for normal development of neurons in the cochlear nucleus.},
	Author = {Rubel, Edwin W and Fritzsch, Bernd},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 21:00:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 21:01:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142849},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Non-programmatic; toread; review literature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Pathways; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cochlear Nucleus; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hair Cells, Auditory; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Neurons, Afferent; Spiral Ganglion},
	Pages = {51-101},
	pmid = {12052904},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Auditory system development: primary auditory neurons and their targets},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Rubel_AnnuRevNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Dunn:2012,
	Abstract = {Sensory circuits use common strategies, such as convergence and divergence, typically at different synapses, to pool or distribute inputs. Inputs from different presynaptic cell types converge onto a common postsynaptic cell, acting together to shape neuronal output (Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008). Also, individual presynaptic cells contact several postsynaptic cell types, generating divergence of signals. Attaining such complex wiring patterns relies on the orchestration of many events across development, including axonal and dendritic growth and synapse formation and elimination (reviewed by Waites et al., 2005; Sanes and Yamagata, 2009). Recent work has focused on how distinct presynaptic cell types form stereotypic connections with an individual postsynaptic cell (Morgan et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2011), but how a single presynaptic cell type diverges to form distinct wiring patterns with multiple postsynaptic cell types during development remains unexplored. Here we take advantage of the compactness of the visual system's first synapse to observe development of such a circuit in mouse retina. By imaging three types of postsynaptic bipolar cells and their common photoreceptor targets across development, we found that distinct bipolar cell types engage in disparate dendritic growth behaviors, exhibit targeted or exploratory approaches to contact photoreceptors, and adhere differently to the synaptotropic model of establishing synaptic territories. Furthermore each type establishes its final connectivity patterns with the same afferents on separate time scales. We propose that such differences in strategy and timeline could facilitate the division of common inputs among multiple postsynaptic cell types to create parallel circuits with diverse function.},
	Author = {Dunn, Felice A and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:59:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 20:59:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1581-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Retina; Retinal Neurons; Synapses; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10306-17},
	Pmc = {PMC3435432},
	pmid = {22836264},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Diverse strategies engaged in establishing stereotypic wiring patterns among neurons sharing a common input at the visual system's first synapse},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Dunn_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Rust:2012,
	Abstract = {Although popular accounts suggest that neurons along the ventral visual processing stream become increasingly selective for particular objects, this appears at odds with the fact that inferior temporal cortical (IT) neurons are broadly tuned. To explore this apparent contradiction, we compared processing in two ventral stream stages (visual cortical areas V4 and IT) in the rhesus macaque monkey. We confirmed that IT neurons are indeed more selective for conjunctions of visual features than V4 neurons and that this increase in feature conjunction selectivity is accompanied by an increase in tolerance ("invariance") to identity-preserving transformations (e.g., shifting, scaling) of those features. We report here that V4 and IT neurons are, on average, tightly matched in their tuning breadth for natural images ("sparseness") and that the average V4 or IT neuron will produce a robust firing rate response (>50% of its peak observed firing rate) to ∼10% of all natural images. We also observed that sparseness was positively correlated with conjunction selectivity and negatively correlated with tolerance within both V4 and IT, consistent with selectivity-building and invariance-building computations that offset one another to produce sparseness. Our results imply that the conjunction-selectivity-building and invariance-building computations necessary to support object recognition are implemented in a balanced manner to maintain sparseness at each stage of processing.},
	Author = {Rust, Nicole C and DiCarlo, James J},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:59:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 20:59:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6125-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Form Perception; Macaca mulatta; Male; Neurons; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10170-82},
	Pmc = {PMC3485085},
	pmid = {22836252},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Balanced increases in selectivity and tolerance produce constant sparseness along the ventral visual stream},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Rust_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Cohen-Cory:2002,
	Abstract = {Synapse formation and stabilization in the vertebrate central nervous system is a dynamic process, requiring bi-directional communication between pre- and postsynaptic partners. Numerous mechanisms coordinate where and when synapses are made in the developing brain. This review discusses cellular and activity-dependent mechanisms that control the development of synaptic connectivity.},
	Author = {Cohen-Cory, Susana},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:59:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 22:31:37 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1075510},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {toread; Structure-Activity Relationship; development; synapse formation; synapses; Synaptic Transmission; axon guidance; activity manipulation; Spontaneous activity; review literature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Dendrites; Nerve Growth Factors; Neuromuscular Junction; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5594},
	Pages = {770-6},
	pmid = {12399577},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The developing synapse: construction and modulation of synaptic structures and circuits},
	Volume = {298},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Cohen-Cory_Science2002.pdf}}

@article{Economides:2012,
	Abstract = {Misalignment of the eyes can lead to double vision and visual confusion. However, these sensations are rare when strabismus is acquired early in life, because the extra image is suppressed. To explore the mechanism of perceptual suppression in strabismus, the visual fields were mapped binocularly in 14 human subjects with exotropia. Subjects wore red/blue filter glasses to permit dichoptic stimulation while fixating a central target on a tangent screen. A purple stimulus was flashed at a peripheral location; its reported color ("red" or "blue") revealed which eye's image was perceived at that locus. The maps showed a vertical border between the center of gaze for each eye, splitting the visual field into two separate regions. In each region, perception was mediated by only one eye, with suppression of the other eye. Unexpectedly, stimuli falling on the fovea of the deviated eye were seen in all subjects. However, they were perceived in a location shifted by the angle of ocular deviation. This plasticity in the coding of visual direction allows accurate localization of objects everywhere in the visual scene, despite the presence of strabismus.},
	Author = {Economides, John R and Adams, Daniel L and Horton, Jonathan C},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:57:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 20:57:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1435-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Child; Exotropia; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10286-95},
	Pmc = {PMC3435149},
	pmid = {22836262},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Perception via the deviated eye in strabismus},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Economides_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Liang:2012,
	Abstract = {The neural mechanism of unconsciousness has been a major unsolved question in neuroscience despite its vital role in brain states like coma and anesthesia. The existing literature suggests that neural connections, information integration, and conscious states are closely related. Indeed, alterations in several important neural circuitries and networks during unconscious conditions have been reported. However, how the whole-brain network is topologically reorganized to support different patterns of information transfer during unconscious states remains unknown. Here we directly compared whole-brain neural networks in awake and anesthetized states in rodents. Consistent with our previous report, the awake rat brain was organized in a nontrivial manner and conserved fundamental topological properties in a way similar to the human brain. Strikingly, these topological features were well maintained in the anesthetized brain. Local neural networks in the anesthetized brain were reorganized with altered local network properties. The connectional strength between brain regions was also considerably different between the awake and anesthetized conditions. Interestingly, we found that long-distance connections were not preferentially reduced in the anesthetized condition, arguing against the hypothesis that loss of long-distance connections is characteristic to unconsciousness. These findings collectively show that the integrity of the whole-brain network can be conserved between widely dissimilar physiologic states while local neural networks can flexibly adapt to new conditions. They also illustrate that the governing principles of intrinsic brain organization might represent fundamental characteristics of the healthy brain. With the unique spatial and temporal scales of resting-state fMRI, this study has opened a new avenue for understanding the neural mechanism of (un)consciousness.},
	Author = {Liang, Zhifeng and King, Jean and Zhang, Nanyin},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:57:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-26 17:19:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1020-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {default mode network; fmri; rat; in vivo; connectivity; wholeBrain; spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Consciousness; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Isoflurane; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nerve Net; Neuroimaging; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10183-91},
	Pmc = {PMC3422560},
	pmid = {22836253},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intrinsic organization of the anesthetized brain},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Mao:2012,
	Abstract = {Brain damage resulting in loss of sensory stimulation can induce reorganization of sensory maps in cerebral cortex. Previous research on recovery from brain damage has focused primarily on adaptive plasticity within the affected modality. Less attention has been paid to maladaptive plasticity that may arise as a result of ectopic innervation from other modalities. Using ferrets in which neonatal midbrain damage results in diversion of retinal projections to the auditory thalamus, we investigated how auditory cortical function is impacted by the resulting ectopic visual activation. We found that, although auditory neurons in cross-modal auditory cortex (XMAC) retained sound frequency tuning, their thresholds were increased, their tuning was broader, and tonotopic order in their frequency maps was disturbed. Multisensory neurons in XMAC also exhibited frequency tuning, but they had longer latencies than normal auditory neurons, suggesting they arise from multisynaptic, non-geniculocortical sources. In a control group of animals with neonatal deafferentation of auditory thalamus but without redirection of retinal axons, tonotopic order and sharp tuning curves were seen, indicating that this aspect of auditory function had developed normally. This result shows that the compromised auditory function in XMAC results from invasion by ectopic visual inputs and not from deafferentation. These findings suggest that the cross-modal plasticity that commonly occurs after loss of sensory input can significantly interfere with recovery from brain damage and that mitigation of maladaptive effects is critical to maximizing the potential for recovery.},
	Author = {Mao, Yu-Ting and Pallas, Sarah L},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 20:57:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 20:57:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6524-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Pathways; Axons; Female; Ferrets; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Thalamus; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10338-51},
	Pmc = {PMC3428959},
	pmid = {22836267},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Compromise of auditory cortical tuning and topography after cross-modal invasion by visual inputs},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mao_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Emsley:2004,
	Abstract = {During the past three decades, research exploring potential neuronal replacement therapies has focused on replacing lost neurons by transplanting cells or grafting tissue into diseased regions of the brain. However, in the last decade, the development of novel approaches has resulted in an explosion of new research showing that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, normally occurs in two limited and specific regions of the adult mammalian brain, and that there are significant numbers of multipotent neural precursors in many parts of the adult mammalian brain. Recent advances in our understanding of related events of neural development and plasticity, including the role of radial glia in developmental neurogenesis, and the ability of endogenous precursors present in the adult brain to be induced to produce neurons and partially repopulate brain regions affected by neurodegenerative processes, have led to fundamental changes in the views about how the brain develops, as well as to approaches by which transplanted or endogenous precursors might be used to repair the adult brain. For example, recruitment of new neurons can be induced in a region-specific, layer-specific, and neuronal type-specific manner, and, in some cases, newly recruited neurons can form long-distance connections to appropriate targets. Elucidation of the relevant molecular controls may both allow control over transplanted precursor cells and potentially allow for the development of neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and other CNS injuries that might not require transplantation of exogenous cells.},
	Author = {Emsley, Jason G and Mitchell, Bartley D and Magavi, Sanjay S P and Arlotta, Paola and Macklis, Jeffrey D},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 17:31:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 17:31:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1602/neurorx.1.4.452},
	Journal = {NeuroRx},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroRx : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; transplant regeneration},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Nerve Net; Nerve Regeneration; Nerve Tissue; Nervous System Diseases; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Transplantation},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {452-71},
	Pmc = {PMC534952},
	pmid = {15717047},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The repair of complex neuronal circuitry by transplanted and endogenous precursors},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.1.4.452}}

@article{Maravall:2004,
	Abstract = {In rat barrel cortex, development of layer 2/3 receptive fields can be disrupted by sensory deprivation, with a critical period ending around postnatal day (PND) 14. To determine if experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic morphology could contribute to the reorganization of synaptic inputs, we analyzed dendritic structure in acute brain slices using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) and automated segmentation and analysis software. Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells from control and deprived rats were imaged from PND 9 to PND 20, spanning the critical period. Detailed analyses were performed on basal arbors, which receive the majority of synaptic input from layer 4. Some parameters (number of primary dendrites, volume subtended, aspect ratios) were stable, suggesting that development of several important properties of basal arbors has ceased by age PND 9. However, the spatial organization of secondary branching changed with age and experience. In older neurons there was a larger fraction of branch points farther from the soma. Deprivation from age PND 9 delayed these changes in secondary branching. This effect of deprivation was rapid (detectable at PND 10) and present at all ages observed. Deprivation initiated at PND 15 had no effect on basal branching measured at PND 20. Thus the spatial organization of secondary dendritic branching is experience-dependent and shares a critical period with receptive field plasticity.},
	Author = {Maravall, Miguel and Koh, Ingrid Y Y and Lindquist, W Brent and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-08 17:25:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-08 17:28:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhh026},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; development; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex; rat; rodent; spines; Dendrites; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; in vitro; multiphoton; Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Dendrites; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Sensory Deprivation},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {655-64},
	pmid = {15054062},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience-dependent changes in basal dendritic branching of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons during a critical period for developmental plasticity in rat barrel cortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Maravall_CerebCortex2004.pdf}}

@article{Parvizi:2012,
	Abstract = {Face-selective neural responses in the human fusiform gyrus have been widely examined. However, their causal role in human face perception is largely unknown. Here, we used a multimodal approach of electrocorticography (ECoG), high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrical brain stimulation (EBS) to directly investigate the causal role of face-selective neural responses of the fusiform gyrus (FG) in face perception in a patient implanted with subdural electrodes in the right inferior temporal lobe. High-resolution fMRI identified two distinct FG face-selective regions [mFus-faces and pFus-faces (mid and posterior fusiform, respectively)]. ECoG revealed a striking anatomical and functional correspondence with fMRI data where a pair of face-selective electrodes, positioned 1 cm apart, overlapped mFus-faces and pFus-faces, respectively. Moreover, electrical charge delivered to this pair of electrodes induced a profound face-specific perceptual distortion during viewing of real faces. Specifically, the subject reported a "metamorphosed" appearance of faces of people in the room. Several controls illustrate the specificity of the effect to the perception of faces. EBS of mFus-faces and pFus-faces neither produced a significant deficit in naming pictures of famous faces on the computer, nor did it affect the appearance of nonface objects. Further, the appearance of faces remained unaffected during both sham stimulation and stimulation of a pair of nearby electrodes that were not face-selective. Overall, our findings reveal a striking convergence of fMRI, ECoG, and EBS, which together offer a rare causal link between functional subsets of the human FG network and face perception.},
	Author = {Parvizi, Josef and Jacques, Corentin and Foster, Brett L and Withoft, Nathan and Rangarajan, Vinitha and Weiner, Kevin S and Grill-Spector, Kalanit},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 19:30:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 19:32:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2609-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; function; fmri; human; epilepsy; seizure; visual map; Perception; Face; Neurophysiology; extracellular; eeg; toread},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {14915-20},
	pmid = {23100414},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Parvizi_JNeurosci2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/10/identifying-the-brains-own-facia.html?ref=em}}

@article{Narboux-Neme:2012,
	Abstract = {To assess the impact of synaptic neurotransmitter release on neural circuit development, we analyzed barrel cortex formation after thalamic or cortical ablation of RIM1 and RIM2 proteins, which control synaptic vesicle fusion. Thalamus-specific deletion of RIMs reduced neurotransmission efficacy by 67%. A barrelless phenotype was found with a dissociation of effects on the presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular elements of the barrel. Presynaptically, thalamocortical axons formed a normal whisker map, whereas postsynaptically the cytoarchitecture of layer IV neurons was altered as spiny stellate neurons were evenly distributed and their dendritic trees were symmetric. Strikingly, cortex-specific deletion of the RIM genes did not modify barrel development. Adult mice with thalamic-specific RIM deletion showed a lack of activity-triggered immediate early gene expression and altered sensory-related behaviors. Thus, efficient synaptic release is required at thalamocortical but not at corticocortical synapses for building the whisker to barrel map and for efficient sensory function.},
	Author = {Narboux-N{\^e}me, Nicolas and Evrard, Alexis and Ferezou, Isabelle and Erzurumlu, Reha S and Kaeser, Pascal S and Lain{\'e}, Jeanne and Rossier, Jean and Ropert, Nicole and S{\"u}dhof, Thomas C and Gaspar, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 18:10:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 18:11:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0343-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; barrels; Somatosensory Cortex; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; mouse; Structure-Activity Relationship; activity manipulation; synapse formation; topographic map; sensory map; Sensory Deprivation; transgenic},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Male; Mice; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurotransmitter Agents; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus; Touch; Vibrissae},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {6183-96},
	pmid = {22553025},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurotransmitter release at the thalamocortical synapse instructs barrel formation but not axon patterning in the somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Narboux-Nême_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Barkovich:2012,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) have become topics of considerable interest in the neurology and neuroscience literature in recent years. The combined advances of imaging and molecular biology have improved analyses of structures in these areas of the central nervous system, while advances in genetics have made it clear that malformations of these structures are often associated with dysfunction or malformation of other organ systems. This review focuses upon the importance of communication between clinical researchers and basic scientists in the advancement of knowledge of this group of disorders. Disorders of anteroposterior (AP) patterning, cerebellar hypoplasias, disorders associated with defects of the pial limiting membrane (cobblestone cortex), disorders of the Reelin pathway, and disorders of the primary cilium/basal body organelle (molar tooth malformations) are the main focus of the review.},
	Author = {Barkovich, A James},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 18:08:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 18:09:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnana.2012.00007},
	Journal = {Front Neuroanat},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neuroanatomy},
	Keywords = {cortical malformation; development; neurological disorder; Cerebellar Cortex; Cerebellum; optic tectum; midbrain; Superior Colliculus; fmri; human; review; toread; grants; ideas},
	Month = {Jan},
	Pages = {7},
	Pmc = {PMC3294267},
	pmid = {22408608},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental disorders of the midbrain and hindbrain},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Barkovich_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}}

@article{Wang:2012,
	Abstract = {Much of the information used for visual perception and visually guided actions is processed in complex networks of connections within the cortex. To understand how this works in the normal brain and to determine the impact of disease, mice are promising models. In primate visual cortex, information is processed in a dorsal stream specialized for visuospatial processing and guided action and a ventral stream for object recognition. Here, we traced the outputs of 10 visual areas and used quantitative graph analytic tools of modern network science to determine, from the projection strengths in 39 cortical targets, the community structure of the network. We found a high density of the cortical graph that exceeded that shown previously in monkey. Each source area showed a unique distribution of projection weights across its targets (i.e., connectivity profile) that was well fit by a lognormal function. Importantly, the community structure was strongly dependent on the location of the source area: outputs from medial/anterior extrastriate areas were more strongly linked to parietal, motor, and limbic cortices, whereas lateral extrastriate areas were preferentially connected to temporal and parahippocampal cortices. These two subnetworks resemble dorsal and ventral cortical streams in primates, demonstrating that the basic layout of cortical networks is conserved across species.},
	Author = {Wang, Quanxin and Sporns, Olaf and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 18:05:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 18:07:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6063-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {connectivity; connectome; mouse; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; visual system; network; Anatomy; Histological Techniques; Structure-Activity Relationship; graph theory; toread; callosal; visual cortex; Association cortex; function},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Iontophoresis; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Statistical; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {4386-99},
	Pmc = {PMC3328193},
	pmid = {22457489},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Network analysis of corticocortical connections reveals ventral and dorsal processing streams in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Nicol:2007,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity generated in the retina is necessary to establish a precise retinotopic map, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrate here that neural activity controls ephrin-A-mediated responses. In the mouse retinotectal system, we show that spontaneous activity of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is needed, independently of synaptic transmission, for the ordering of the retinotopic map and the elimination of exuberant retinal axons. Activity blockade suppressed the repellent action of ephrin-A on RGC growth cones by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent pathways. Unexpectedly, the ephrin-A5-induced retraction required cAMP oscillations rather than sustained increases in intracellular cAMP concentrations. Periodic photo-induced release of caged cAMP in growth cones rescued the response to ephrin-A5 when activity was blocked. These results provide a direct molecular link between spontaneous neural activity and axon guidance mechanisms during the refinement of neural maps.},
	Author = {Nicol, Xavier and Voyatzis, Sylvie and Muzerelle, Aude and Narboux-N{\^e}me, Nicolas and S{\"u}dhof, Thomas C and Miles, Richard and Gaspar, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 18:01:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 18:03:52 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1842},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Calcium Signaling; Calcium Channels; oscillations; Spontaneous activity; retinal waves; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Ephrins; mouse; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; retinotopy; topographic map; visual system; development; axon guidance; Structure-Activity Relationship; synapse formation; grants; ideas},
	Mesh = {1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; Action Potentials; Animals; Cyclic AMP; Embryo, Mammalian; Ephrin-A5; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Growth Cones; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Munc18 Proteins; Organ Culture Techniques; Periodicity; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Quinoxalines; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Signal Transduction; Tetrodotoxin; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {340-7},
	pmid = {17259982},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {cAMP oscillations and retinal activity are permissive for ephrin signaling during the establishment of the retinotopic map},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nicol_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}}

@article{Mukamel:2010,
	Abstract = {Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.},
	Author = {Mukamel, Roy and Ekstrom, Arne D and Kaplan, Jonas and Iacoboni, Marco and Fried, Itzhak},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:52:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:55:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.045},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {sensory-motor; function; mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; Perception; human; Neurophysiology; extracellular; Frontal Lobe; Temporal Lobe; multimodal},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electrophysiology; Emotions; Facial Expression; Hand; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Motor Activity; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {750-6},
	Pmc = {PMC2904852},
	pmid = {20381353},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010.pdf}}

@article{Mane:2012,
	Abstract = {Spreading depression (SD) is characterized by a sustained near-complete depolarization of neurons, a massive depolarization of glia, and a negative deflection of the extracellular DC potential. These electrophysiological signs are accompanied by an intrinsic optical signal (IOS) which arises from changes in light scattering and absorption. Even though the underlying mechanisms are unclear, the IOS serves as non-invasive tool to define the spatiotemporal dynamics of SD in brain slices. Usually the tissue is illuminated by white light, and light reflectance or transmittance is monitored. Using a polychromatic, fast-switchable light source we now performed temporo-spectral recordings of the IOS associated with hypoxia-induced SD-like depolarization (HSD) in rat hippocampal slices kept in an interface recording chamber. Recording full illumination spectra (320-680 nm) yielded distinct reflectance profiles for the different phases of HSD. Early during hypoxia tissue reflectance decreased within almost the entire spectrum due to cell swelling. HSD was accompanied by a reversible reflectance increase being most pronounced at 400 nm and 460 nm. At 440 nm massive porphyrin absorption (Soret band) was detected. Hypotonic solutions, Ca(2+)-withdrawal and glial poisoning intensified the reflectance increase during HSD, whereas hypertonic solutions dampened it. Replacement of Cl(-) inverted the reflectance increase. Inducing HSD by cyanide distorted the IOS and reflectance at 340-400 nm increased irreversibly. The pronounced changes at short wavelengths (380 nm, 460 nm) and their cyanide sensitivity suggest that block of mitochondrial metabolism contributes to the IOS during HSD. For stable and reliable IOS recordings during HSD wavelengths of 460-560 nm are recommended.},
	Author = {Man{\'e}, Maria and M{\"u}ller, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:52:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:57:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043981},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {Hypoxia-Ischemia; hypoxic; oscillations; synchrony; Spontaneous activity; Neuron-Glia/*physiology; Neurophysiology; optical imaging; optical physiology; intrinsic signal; glia; excitotoxcity},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e43981},
	Pmc = {PMC3430631},
	pmid = {22952835},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Temporo-spectral imaging of intrinsic optical signals during hypoxia-induced spreading depression-like depolarization},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Mané_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Lin:2012,
	Abstract = {Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, usually occurs during early childhood and results in poor or blurred vision. Recent neuroimaging studies have found cortical structural/functional abnormalities in amblyopia. However, until now, it was still not known whether the spontaneous activity of the brain changes in amblyopia subjects. In the present study, regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of the homogeneity of functional magnetic resonance imaging signals, was used for the first time to investigate changes in resting-state local spontaneous brain activity in individuals with anisometropic amblyopia. Compared with age- and gender-matched subjects with normal vision, the anisometropic amblyopia subjects showed decreased ReHo of spontaneous brain activity in the right precuneus, the left medial prefrontal cortex, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the left cerebellum, and increased ReHo of spontaneous brain activity was found in the bilateral conjunction area of the postcentral and precentral gyri, the left paracentral lobule, the left superior temporal gyrus, the left fusiform gyrus, the conjunction area of the right insula, putamen and the right middle occipital gyrus. The observed decreases in ReHo may reflect decreased visuo-motor processing ability, and the increases in ReHo in the somatosensory cortices, the motor areas and the auditory area may indicate compensatory plasticity in amblyopia.},
	Author = {Lin, Xiaoming and Ding, Kun and Liu, Yong and Yan, Xiaohe and Song, Shaojie and Jiang, Tianzi},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:52:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:59:33 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043373},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {resting state; default mode network; amblyopia; Spontaneous activity; function; connectivity; fMRI; human; Cerebral Cortex; visual system; sensory-motor; activity manipulation; Sensory Deprivation; plasticity; toread; ideas; grants},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e43373},
	Pmc = {PMC3427333},
	pmid = {22937041},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Altered spontaneous activity in anisometropic amblyopia subjects: revealed by resting-state FMRI},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Lin_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Grinevich:2005,
	Abstract = {The mammalian motor cortex typically innervates motor neurons indirectly via oligosynaptic pathways. However, evolution of skilled digit movements in humans, apes, and some monkey species is associated with the emergence of abundant monosynaptic cortical projections onto spinal motor neurons innervating distal limb muscles. Rats perform skilled movements with their whiskers, and we examined the possibility that the rat vibrissa motor cortex (VMC) projects monosynaptically onto facial motor neurons controlling the whisker movements. First, single injections of lentiviruses to VMC sites identified by intracortical microstimulations were used to label a distinct subpopulation of VMC axons or presynaptic terminals by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP-tagged synaptophysin, respectively. Four weeks after the injections, GFP and synaptophysin-GFP labeling of axons and putative presynaptic terminals was detected in the lateral portion of the facial nucleus (FN), in close proximity to motor neurons identified morphologically and by axonal back-labeling from the whisker follicles. The VMC projections were detected bilaterally, with threefold larger density of labeling in the contralateral FN. Next, multiple VMC injections were used to label a large portion of VMC axons, resulting in overall denser but still laterally restricted FN labeling. Ultrastructural analysis of the GFP-labeled VMC axons confirmed the existence of synaptic contacts onto dendrites and somata of FN motor neurons. These findings provide anatomical demonstration of monosynaptic VMC-to-FN pathway in the rat and show that lentivirus-based expression of GFP and GFP-tagged presynaptic proteins can be used as a high-resolution neuroanatomical tracing method.},
	Author = {Grinevich, Valery and Brecht, Michael and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:48:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:52:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-05.2005},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;16 Barrels;Technique; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; topographic map; sensory-motor; sensory map; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Electric Stimulation; Face; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Lentivirus; Motor Cortex; Motor Neurons; Movement; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Synapses; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {36},
	Pages = {8250-8},
	pmid = {16148232},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Monosynaptic pathway from rat vibrissa motor cortex to facial motor neurons revealed by lentivirus-based axonal tracing},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-05.2005}}

@article{Komai:2006a,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience is necessary for normal cortical development. This has been shown by sensory deprivation and pharmacological perturbation of the cortex. Because these manipulations affect the cortical network as a whole, the role of postsynaptic cellular properties during experience-dependent development is unclear. Here we addressed the developmental role of somatodendritic excitability, which enables postsynaptic spike timing-dependent forms of plasticity, in rat somatosensory cortex. We used short interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of Na+ channels to suppress the somatodendritic excitability of small numbers of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the barrel cortex, without altering the ascending sensory pathway. In vivo recordings from siRNA-expressing cells revealed that this manipulation interfered with the normal developmental strengthening of sensory responses. The sensory responsiveness of neighboring cortical neurons was unchanged, indicating that the cortical network was unchanged. We conclude that somatodendritic excitability of the postsynaptic neuron is needed for the regulation of synaptic strength in the developing sensory cortex.},
	Author = {Komai, Shoji and Licznerski, Pawel and Cetin, Ali and Waters, Jack and Denk, Winfried and Brecht, Michael and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:48:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:48:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1752},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; DNA, Recombinant; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Lentivirus; Microscopy, Confocal; Neuronal Plasticity; Pyramidal Cells; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensory Deprivation; Sodium Channels; Somatosensory Cortex; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1125-33},
	pmid = {16921372},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Postsynaptic excitability is necessary for strengthening of cortical sensory responses during experience-dependent development},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Komai_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Baudouin:2012,
	Abstract = {The genetic heterogeneity of autism poses a major challenge for identifying mechanism-based treatments. A number of rare mutations are associated with autism, and it is unclear whether these result in common neuronal alterations. Monogenic syndromes, such as fragile X, include autism as one of their multifaceted symptoms and have revealed specific defects in synaptic plasticity. We discovered an unexpected convergence of synaptic pathophysiology in a nonsyndromic form of autism with those in fragile X syndrome. Neuroligin-3 knockout mice (a model for nonsyndromic autism) exhibited disrupted heterosynaptic competition and perturbed metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity, a hallmark of fragile X. These phenotypes could be rescued by reexpression of neuroligin-3 in juvenile mice, highlighting the possibility of reverting neuronal circuit alterations in autism after the completion of development.},
	Author = {Baudouin, St{\'e}phane J and Gaudias, Julien and Gerharz, Stefan and Hatstatt, Laetitia and Zhou, Kuikui and Punnakkal, Pradeep and Tanaka, Kenji F and Spooren, Will and Hen, Rene and De Zeeuw, Chris I and Vogt, Kaspar and Scheiffele, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:44:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:46:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1224159},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; function; Synaptic Transmission; Neurophysiology; Electrophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; mouse; transgenic; Transgenes; Behavior; connectivity; toread},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autistic Disorder; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Disease Models, Animal; Fragile X Syndrome; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Net; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Synapses},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6103},
	Pages = {128-32},
	pmid = {22983708},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Shared synaptic pathophysiology in syndromic and nonsyndromic rodent models of autism},
	Volume = {338},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Baudouin_Science2012.pdf}}

@article{Ragan:2012,
	Abstract = {Here we describe an automated method, named serial two-photon (STP) tomography, that achieves high-throughput fluorescence imaging of mouse brains by integrating two-photon microscopy and tissue sectioning. STP tomography generates high-resolution datasets that are free of distortions and can be readily warped in three dimensions, for example, for comparing multiple anatomical tracings. This method opens the door to routine systematic studies of neuroanatomy in mouse models of human brain disorders.},
	Author = {Ragan, Timothy and Kadiri, Lolahon R and Venkataraju, Kannan Umadevi and Bahlmann, Karsten and Sutin, Jason and Taranda, Julian and Arganda-Carreras, Ignacio and Kim, Yongsoo and Seung, H Sebastian and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:44:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:48:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.1854},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {Methods; Technique; multiphoton; mouse; Anatomy; connectivity; histology; Histological Techniques; microscopy; toread},
	Mesh = {Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; Animals; Brain; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Tomography},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {255-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3297424},
	pmid = {22245809},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Serial two-photon tomography for automated ex vivo mouse brain imaging},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ragan_NatMethods2012.pdf}}

@article{Yang:2012,
	Abstract = {The basic circuitry of auditory, visual, somatosensory and other cortical areas is highly stereotyped (Douglas and Martin, 2004). However, it remains unclear whether this anatomical stereotypy implies functional homogeneity, or whether instead different cortical areas are specialized to process the diverse sensory inputs they receive. Here we have used a two alternative forced choice task to assess modality-specific differences in the ability of rats to exploit precise neuronal timing. We delivered pairs of electrical pulses directly to different areas of cortex to determine the minimum timing differences subjects could detect. By stimulating the cortex directly, we isolated differences due to cortical circuitry rather than to sensory transduction and subcortical processing. Surprisingly, the minimum detectable timing differences varied over more than an order of magnitude, ranging from 1 ms in barrel cortex to 15 ms in visual cortex. Furthermore, these modality-specific differences depended upon sensory experience: although animals subjected to whisker clipping initially showed an impaired ability to exploit fine timing in barrel cortical stimulation, behavioral training partially rescued this deficit. Our results suggest that different cortical areas are adapted to the specific structure of the input signals they process, and that precise spike timing may play a more important role for some cortical areas than for others.},
	Author = {Yang, Yang and Zador, Anthony M},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:39:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:43:53 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1411-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Decision Making; Attention; latency; Behavior; Neurophysiology; mouse; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {15142-7},
	pmid = {23100435},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Differences in Sensitivity to Neural Timing among Cortical Areas},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Chan:2012,
	Abstract = {In humans, naturally acquired microchimerism has been observed in many tissues and organs. Fetal microchimerism, however, has not been investigated in the human brain. Microchimerism of fetal as well as maternal origin has recently been reported in the mouse brain. In this study, we quantified male DNA in the human female brain as a marker for microchimerism of fetal origin (i.e. acquisition of male DNA by a woman while bearing a male fetus). Targeting the Y-chromosome-specific DYS14 gene, we performed real-time quantitative PCR in autopsied brain from women without clinical or pathologic evidence of neurologic disease (n = 26), or women who had Alzheimer's disease (n = 33). We report that 63% of the females (37 of 59) tested harbored male microchimerism in the brain. Male microchimerism was present in multiple brain regions. Results also suggested lower prevalence (p = 0.03) and concentration (p = 0.06) of male microchimerism in the brains of women with Alzheimer's disease than the brains of women without neurologic disease. In conclusion, male microchimerism is frequent and widely distributed in the human female brain.},
	Author = {Chan, William F N and Gurnot, C{\'e}cile and Montine, Thomas J and Sonnen, Joshua A and Guthrie, Katherine A and Nelson, J Lee},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:39:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:43:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0045592},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {Genomic Imprinting; Fetal Development; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Maternally-Acquired; Cell Fusion; macrophage; microglia; gene},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e45592},
	Pmc = {PMC3458919},
	pmid = {23049819},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Male microchimerism in the human female brain},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Chan_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}


@article{Lapray:2010,
	Abstract = {Previous reports indicate that in utero knockdown of doublecortin (DCX) results in the genesis of a subcortical heterotopia reminiscent of the doublecortex observed in female patients with DCX mutations. It has also been shown that these rats display an increased susceptibility to convulsant agents and increased cortical neurons excitability; but it is presently unknown whether they display spontaneous seizures. Furthermore, the link between the size of heterotopia and the clinical manifestation remained to be elucidated. Using video-electrocorticogram recordings, we now report that DCX knockdown induces frequent spontaneous seizures commonly associated with myoclonic jerks in adult rats. Surprisingly, epilepsy occurred even in rats with very small subcortical heterotopias, as revealed by histological analysis of recorded animals. Moreover, the severity of the epileptic manifestations was positively correlated with both the size of the subcortical heterotopia and the age of recorded animals; thus, epileptic features were not detected in immature affected rats. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that subtle alterations can yield epilepsy and reveal a strong correlation between thicknesses of subcortical heterotopia, age of affected individuals and clinical impairment.},
	Author = {Lapray, Damien and Popova, Irina Y and Kindler, Jennifer and Jorquera, Isabel and Becq, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Manent, Jean-Bernard and Luhmann, Heiko J and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:38:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:39:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq014},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {cortical malformation; Epilepsy; development; doublecortin; Seizures; Neurophysiology; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Female; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Humans; Male; Malformations of Cortical Development; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Neuropeptides; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2694-701},
	pmid = {20164125},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous epileptic manifestations in a DCX knockdown model of human double cortex},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lapray_CerebCortex2010.pdf}}

@article{Grinevich:2009,
	Abstract = {The brain-specific immediate early gene Arc/Arg3.1 is induced in response to a variety of stimuli, including sensory and behavior-linked neural activity. Here we report the generation of transgenic mice, termed TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP, expressing a 4-h half-life form of enhanced green fluorescent protein (d4EGFP) under the control of the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter. We show that d4EGFP-mediated fluorescence faithfully reports Arc/Arg3.1 induction in response to physiological, pathological and pharmacological stimuli, and that this fluorescence permits electrical recording from activated neurons in the live mouse. Moreover, the fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator revealed activity changes in circumscribed brain areas in distinct modes of stress and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These findings identify the TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP mouse as a versatile tool to monitor Arc/Arg3.1 induction in neural circuits, both in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Grinevich, Valery and Kolleker, Alexander and Eliava, Marina and Takada, Naoki and Takuma, Hiroshi and Fukazawa, Yugo and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kuhl, Dietmar and Waters, Jack and Seeburg, Peter H and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:33:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:35:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.07.015},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; multiphoton; Immediate-Early Proteins; genes; Transcription Factors; Reporter/genetics; Transgenes; transgenic; mouse; in vivo; Technique; ideas; grants},
	Mesh = {Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Animals; Brain; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescence; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Presenilin-1; Presenilin-2; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protease Nexins; Receptors, Cell Surface; Stress, Physiological; Time Factors},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {25-36},
	pmid = {19628007},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator mice: a versatile tool to study brain activity changes in vitro and in vivo},
	Volume = {184},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}}


@article{Jones:2012,
	Abstract = {Noise is a major concern in circuits processing electrical signals, including neural circuits. There are many factors that influence how noise propagates through neural circuits, and there are few systems in which noise levels have been studied throughout a processing pathway. We recorded intracellularly from multiple stages of a sensory-motor pathway in the locust that detects approaching objects. We found that responses are more variable and that signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are lower further from the sensory periphery. SNRs remain low even with the use of stimuli for which the pathway is most selective and for which the neuron representing its final sensory level must integrate many synaptic inputs. Modeling of this neuron shows that variability in the strength of individual synaptic inputs within a large population has little effect on the variability of the spiking output. In contrast, jitter in the timing of individual inputs and spontaneous variability is important for shaping the responses to preferred stimuli. These results suggest that neural noise is inherent to the processing of visual stimuli signaling impending collision and contributes to shaping neural responses along this sensory-motor pathway.},
	Annote = {Model and paper of looming response, large movement detector, nAchR, GABA, nicotinic:

},
	Author = {Jones, Peter W and Gabbiani, Fabrizio},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:04:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:08:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00607.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Models; looming response; movement detector, nAchR, GABA, nicotinic; noise; Theoretical; Signal Processing; sensory-motor; topographic map; multimodal; locust; Insect; neuron; Electrophysiology; extracellular; Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Computer Simulation; Grasshoppers; Light; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Motion Perception; Nervous System; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate; Psychophysics; Reaction Time; Signal-To-Noise Ratio; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1067-79},
	Pmc = {PMC3289460},
	pmid = {22114160},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Impact of neural noise on a sensory-motor pathway signaling impending collision},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel.asp?model=144007&file=%5CLGMD%5Cjnphysiol2012%5Cparameter_comparison.rtf}}

@article{Fan:2012,
	Abstract = {The vast majority of prenatal genetic testing requires invasive sampling. However, this poses a risk to the fetus, so one must make a decision that weighs the desire for genetic information against the risk of an adverse outcome due to hazards of the testing process. These issues are not required to be coupled, and it would be desirable to discover genetic information about the fetus without incurring a health risk. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to non-invasively sequence the entire prenatal genome. Our results show that molecular counting of parental haplotypes in maternal plasma by shotgun sequencing of maternal plasma DNA allows the inherited fetal genome to be deciphered non-invasively. We also applied the counting principle directly to each allele in the fetal exome by performing exome capture on maternal plasma DNA before shotgun sequencing. This approach enables non-invasive exome screening of clinically relevant and deleterious alleles that were paternally inherited or had arisen as de novo germline mutations, and complements the haplotype counting approach to provide a comprehensive view of the fetal genome. Non-invasive determination of the fetal genome may ultimately facilitate the diagnosis of all inherited and de novo genetic disease.},
	Author = {Fan, H Christina and Gu, Wei and Wang, Jianbin and Blumenfeld, Yair J and El-Sayed, Yasser Y and Quake, Stephen R},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:02:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:03:47 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11251},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {ideas; grants; Genomic Imprinting; Sequence Analysis; Fetal Development; shotgun sequencing; disease; marker},
	Mesh = {Chromosomes, Human; DNA; Exome; Female; Fetus; Genome, Human; Haplotypes; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Sensitivity and Specificity},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7407},
	Pages = {320-4},
	pmid = {22763444},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome},
	Volume = {487},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Fan_Nature2012.pdf}}

@article{Campbell:2012,
	Abstract = {Bone and lung metastases are responsible for the majority of deaths in patients with breast cancer. Following treatment of the primary cancer, emotional and psychosocial factors within this population precipitate time to recurrence and death, however the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Using a mouse model of bone metastasis, we provide experimental evidence that activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is one of many pathophysiological consequences of severe stress and depression, promotes MDA-231 breast cancer cell colonization of bone via a neurohormonal effect on the host bone marrow stroma. We demonstrate that induction of RANKL expression in bone marrow osteoblasts, following β2AR stimulation, increases the migration of metastatic MDA-231 cells in vitro, independently of SDF1-CXCR4 signaling. We also show that the stimulatory effect of endogenous (chronic stress) or pharmacologic sympathetic activation on breast cancer bone metastasis in vivo can be blocked with the β-blocker propranolol, and by knockdown of RANK expression in MDA-231 cells. These findings indicate that RANKL promotes breast cancer cell metastasis to bone via its pro-migratory effect on breast cancer cells, independently of its effect on bone turnover. The emerging clinical implication, supported by recent epidemiological studies, is that βAR-blockers and drugs interfering with RANKL signaling, such as Denosumab, could increase patient survival if used as adjuvant therapy to inhibit both the early colonization of bone by metastatic breast cancer cells and the initiation of the "vicious cycle" of bone destruction induced by these cells.},
	Author = {Campbell, J Preston and Karolak, Matthew R and Ma, Yun and Perrien, Daniel S and Masood-Campbell, S Kathryn and Penner, Niki L and Munoz, Steve A and Zijlstra, Andries and Yang, Xiangli and Sterling, Julie A and Elefteriou, Florent},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:58:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:00:12 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1001363},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {neuron; Immune System; cancer; metastasis; macrophage; microglia; Cell Fusion; ideas},
	Mesh = {Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Movement; Female; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Osteoblasts; Propranolol; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; Signal Transduction; Stromal Cells; Sympathetic Nervous System},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {e1001363},
	Pmc = {PMC3398959},
	pmid = {22815651},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stimulation of host bone marrow stromal cells by sympathetic nerves promotes breast cancer bone metastasis in mice},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Campbell_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Poil:2012,
	Abstract = {Criticality has gained widespread interest in neuroscience as an attractive framework for understanding the character and functional implications of variability in brain activity. The metastability of critical systems maximizes their dynamic range, storage capacity, and computational power. Power-law scaling-a hallmark of criticality-has been observed on different levels, e.g., in the distribution of neuronal avalanches in vitro and in vivo, but also in the decay of temporal correlations in behavioral performance and ongoing oscillations in humans. An unresolved issue is whether power-law scaling on different organizational levels in the brain-and possibly in other hierarchically organized systems-can be related. Here, we show that critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge in a neuronal network model when excitation and inhibition is balanced. The oscillatory activity of the model was qualitatively similar to what is typically observed in recordings of human resting-state MEG. We propose that homeostatic plasticity mechanisms tune this balance in healthy brain networks, and that it is essential for critical behavior on multiple levels of neuronal organization with ensuing functional benefits. Based on our network model, we introduce a concept of multi-level criticality in which power-law scaling can emerge on multiple time scales in oscillating networks.},
	Author = {Poil, Simon-Shlomo and Hardstone, Richard and Mansvelder, Huibert D and Linkenkaer-Hansen, Klaus},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:56:48 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 16:57:54 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5990-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; Spontaneous activity; computation biology; Theoretical; oscillations; synchrony; human; MEG; Models},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Brain; Computer Simulation; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {9817-23},
	pmid = {22815496},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge from balanced excitation/inhibition in neuronal networks},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Poil_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Danziger:2012,
	Abstract = {How does visual perception shape the way we coordinate movements? Recent studies suggest that the brain organizes movements based on minimizing reaching errors in the presence of motor and sensory noise. We present an alternative hypothesis in which movement trajectories also result from acquired knowledge about the geometrical properties of the object that the brain is controlling. To test this hypothesis, we asked human subjects to control a simulated kinematic linkage by continuous finger motion, a completely novel experience. This paradigm removed all biases arising from influences of limb dynamics and past experience. Subjects were exposed to two different types of visual feedback; some saw the entire simulated linkage and others saw only the moving extremity. Consistent with our hypothesis, subjects learned to move the simulated linkage along geodesic lines corresponding to the geometrical structure of the observed motion. Thus, optimizing final accuracy is not the unique determinant of trajectory formation.},
	Author = {Danziger, Zachary and Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando A},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:55:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 16:56:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5528-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {motor; map; topographic map; Perception; visual system; Motion Perception;human},
	Mesh = {Biomechanics; Feedback, Sensory; Female; Fingers; Humans; Learning; Male; Motion Perception; Movement; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {9859-69},
	Pmc = {PMC3437549},
	pmid = {22815501},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The influence of visual motion on motor learning},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Danziger_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Tang:2012,
	Abstract = {Recent computational and experimental work has shown that similar network performance can result from variable sets of synaptic and intrinsic properties. Because temperature is a global perturbation that differentially influences every biological process within the nervous system, one might therefore expect that individual animals would respond differently to temperature. Nonetheless, the phase relationships of the pyloric rhythm of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab, Cancer borealis, are remarkably invariant between 7 and 23$\,^{\circ}$C (Tang et al., 2010). Here, we report that, when isolated STG preparations were exposed to more extreme temperature ranges, their networks became nonrhythmic, or "crashed", in a reversible fashion. Animals were acclimated for at least 3 weeks at 7, 11, or 19$\,^{\circ}$C. When networks from the acclimated animals were perturbed by acute physiologically relevant temperature ramps (11-23$\,^{\circ}$C), the network frequency and phase relationships were independent of the acclimation group. At high acute temperatures (>23$\,^{\circ}$C), circuits from the cold-acclimated animals produced less-regular pyloric rhythms than those from warm-acclimated animals. At high acute temperatures, phase relationships between pyloric neurons were more variable from animal to animal than at moderate acute temperatures, suggesting that individual differences across animals in intrinsic circuit parameters are revealed at high temperatures. This shows that individual and variable neuronal circuits can behave similarly in normal conditions, but their behavior may diverge when confronted with extreme external perturbations.},
	Author = {Tang, Lamont S and Taylor, Adam L and Rinberg, Anatoly and Marder, Eve},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:54:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 16:54:58 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1443-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; crab; motor; oscillations; synchrony; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Acclimatization; Animals; Brachyura; Environment; Ganglia, Invertebrate; Neurons; Periodicity; Pylorus; Temperature},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {10075-85},
	pmid = {22815521},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Robustness of a rhythmic circuit to short- and long-term temperature changes},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Tang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Nguyen:2012,
	Abstract = {Mutations in the X-linked gene, methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2), underlie a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly, Rett Syndrome (RTT), a severe autism spectrum disorder that affects approximately one in 10,000 female live births. Because mutations in the Mecp2 gene occur in the germ cells with onset of neurological symptoms occurring in early childhood, the role of MeCP2 has been ascribed to brain maturation at a specific developmental window. Here, we show similar kinetics of onset and progression of RTT-like symptoms in mice, including lethality, if MeCP2 is removed postnatally during the developmental stage that coincides with RTT onset, or adult stage. For the first time, we show that brains that lose MeCP2 at these two different stages are actively shrinking, resulting in higher than normal neuronal cell density. Furthermore, we show that mature dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons are severely retracted and dendritic spine density is dramatically reduced. In addition, hippocampal astrocytes have significantly less complex ramified processes. These changes accompany a striking reduction in the levels of several synaptic proteins, including CaMKII α/β, AMPA, and NMDA receptors, and the synaptic vesicle proteins Vglut and Synapsin, which represent critical modifiers of synaptic function and dendritic arbor structure. Importantly, the mRNA levels of these synaptic proteins remains unchanged, suggesting that MeCP2 likely regulates these synaptic proteins post-transcriptionally, directly or indirectly. Our data suggest a crucial role for MeCP2 in post-transcriptional regulation of critical synaptic proteins involved in maintaining mature neuronal networks during late stages of postnatal brain development.},
	Author = {Nguyen, Minh Vu Chuong and Du, Fang and Felice, Christy A and Shan, Xiwei and Nigam, Aparna and Mandel, Gail and Robinson, John K and Ballas, Nurit},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:52:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 16:53:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1316-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {toread; mutant; mouse; transgenic; autism; Autistic Disorder; Behavior; Dendrites; spines;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Dendrites; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Activity; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rett Syndrome; Synapses},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {10021-34},
	Pmc = {PMC3461266},
	pmid = {22815516},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {MeCP2 is critical for maintaining mature neuronal networks and global brain anatomy during late stages of postnatal brain development and in the mature adult brain},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Nguyen_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Litwin-Kumar:2012,
	Abstract = {Anatomical studies demonstrate that excitatory connections in cortex are not uniformly distributed across a network but instead exhibit clustering into groups of highly connected neurons. The implications of clustering for cortical activity are unclear. We studied the effect of clustered excitatory connections on the dynamics of neuronal networks that exhibited high spike time variability owing to a balance between excitation and inhibition. Even modest clustering substantially changed the behavior of these networks, introducing slow dynamics during which clusters of neurons transiently increased or decreased their firing rate. Consequently, neurons exhibited both fast spiking variability and slow firing rate fluctuations. A simplified model shows how stimuli bias networks toward particular activity states, thereby reducing firing rate variability as observed experimentally in many cortical areas. Our model thus relates cortical architecture to the reported variability in spontaneous and evoked spiking activity.},
	Author = {Litwin-Kumar, Ashok and Doiron, Brent},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 16:36:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 16:40:09 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3220},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {oscillations; synchrony; connectivity; graph theory; Theoretical; Models; computation biology; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; network; Technique},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1498-505},
	pmid = {23001062},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Litwin-Kumar_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Wandell:2011,
	Abstract = {A quarter-century ago visual neuroscientists had little information about the number and organization of retinotopic maps in human visual cortex. The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non-invasive, spatially-resolved technique for measuring brain activity, provided a wealth of data about human retinotopic maps. Just as there are differences amongst non-human primate maps, the human maps have their own unique properties. Many human maps can be measured reliably in individual subjects during experimental sessions lasting less than an hour. The efficiency of the measurements and the relatively large amplitude of functional MRI signals in visual cortex make it possible to develop quantitative models of functional responses within specific maps in individual subjects. During this last quarter-century, there has also been significant progress in measuring properties of the human brain at a range of length and time scales, including white matter pathways, macroscopic properties of gray and white matter, and cellular and molecular tissue properties. We hope the next 25years will see a great deal of work that aims to integrate these data by modeling the network of visual signals. We do not know what such theories will look like, but the characterization of human retinotopic maps from the last 25years is likely to be an important part of future ideas about visual computations.},
	Author = {Wandell, Brian A and Winawer, Jonathan},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 18:18:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 18:20:03 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.004},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {visual system; fMRI; human; retinotopy; topographic map; visual cortex; Neocortex; function; review literature},
	Mesh = {Brain Mapping; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {718-37},
	Pmc = {PMC3030662},
	pmid = {20692278},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Wandell_VisionRes2011.pdf}}

@article{Sengpiel:1999,
	Abstract = {Visual search tasks appear to involve spatially selective attention to the target, but evidence for attentional modulation in the visual area with the most precise retinotopic organization V1 has been elusive. Recent imaging studies show that spatial attention can indeed enhance visual responses in human V1.},
	Author = {Sengpiel, F and H{\"u}bener, M},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 18:13:41 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 18:14:21 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {visual system; topographic map; function; human; visual cortex; retinotopy; review literature},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {R318-21},
	pmid = {10419335},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual attention: spotlight on the primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Hoffmann:2012,
	Abstract = {The absence of the optic chiasm is an extraordinary and extreme abnormality in the nervous system. The abnormality produces highly atypical functional responses in the cortex, including overlapping hemifield representations and bilateral population receptive fields in both striate and extrastriate visual cortex. Even in the presence of these large functional abnormalities, the effect on visual perception and daily life is not easily detected. Here, we demonstrate that in two achiasmic humans the gross topography of the geniculostriate and occipital callosal connections remains largely unaltered. We conclude that visual function is preserved by reorganization of intracortical connections instead of large-scale reorganizations of the visual cortex. Thus, developmental mechanisms of local wiring within cortical maps compensate for the improper gross wiring to preserve function in human achiasma.},
	Author = {Hoffmann, Michael B and Kaule, Falko R and Levin, Netta and Masuda, Yoichiro and Kumar, Anil and Gottlob, Irene and Horiguchi, Hiroshi and Dougherty, Robert F and Stadler, Joerg and Wolynski, Barbara and Speck, Oliver and Kanowski, Martin and Liao, Yaping J and Wandell, Brian A and Dumoulin, Serge O},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 18:10:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 18:10:29 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.026},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Mesh = {Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuronal Plasticity; Optic Chiasm; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {393-401},
	Pmc = {PMC3427398},
	pmid = {22884323},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Plasticity and stability of the visual system in human achiasma},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Hoffmann_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hoffmann_Neuron2012a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.026}}

@article{Goddard:2012,
	Abstract = {Gamma-band (25-140 Hz) oscillations are a hallmark of sensory processing in the forebrain. The optic tectum (OT), a midbrain structure implicated in sensorimotor processing and attention, also exhibits gamma oscillations. However, the origin and mechanisms of these oscillations remain unknown. We discovered that in acute slices of the avian OT, persistent (>100 ms) epochs of large amplitude gamma oscillations can be evoked that closely resemble those recorded in vivo. We found that cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic mechanisms differentially regulate the structure of the oscillations at various timescales. These persistent oscillations originate in the multisensory layers of the OT and are broadcast to visual layers via the cholinergic nucleus Ipc, providing a potential mechanism for enhancing the processing of visual information within the OT. The finding that the midbrain contains an intrinsic gamma-generating circuit suggests that the OT could use its own oscillatory code to route signals to forebrain networks.},
	Author = {Goddard, C Alex and Sridharan, Devarajan and Huguenard, John R and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:58:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 18:00:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.028},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; visual system; Superior Colliculus; barn owl; multimodal; oscillations; synchrony; Attention; visual map;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Atropine; Attention; Biophysics; Brain Mapping; Chickens; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; GABA Modulators; Mesencephalon; Muscarinic Antagonists; Pentobarbital; Periodicity; Photic Stimulation; Picrotoxin; Receptors, Cholinergic; Receptors, GABA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Potentials; Valine},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {567-80},
	Pmc = {PMC3291715},
	pmid = {22325207},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Gamma oscillations are generated locally in an attention-related midbrain network},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Goddard_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Park:2006,
	Author = {Park, Chan Young and Dolmetsch, Richard},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:55:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 17:56:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1133757},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {development; Calcium Signaling/*physiology; review literature; Transcription Factors; toread},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Cell Membrane; Cytoplasm; Humans; Phospholipase C gamma; Protein Binding; Protein Structure, Tertiary; TRPC Cation Channels; Transcription Factors, TFII},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5796},
	Pages = {64-5},
	pmid = {17023638},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell signaling. The double life of a transcription factor takes it outside the nucleus},
	Volume = {314},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Park_Science2006.pdf}}

@article{Gomez-Ospina:2006,
	Abstract = {Voltage-gated calcium channels play a central role in regulating the electrical and biochemical properties of neurons and muscle cells. One of the ways in which calcium channels regulate long-lasting neuronal properties is by activating signaling pathways that control gene expression, but the mechanisms that link calcium channels to the nucleus are not well understood. We report that a C-terminal fragment of Ca(V)1.2, an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTC), translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription. We show that this calcium channel associated transcription regulator (CCAT) binds to a nuclear protein, associates with an endogenous promoter, and regulates the expression of a wide variety of endogenous genes important for neuronal signaling and excitability. The nuclear localization of CCAT is regulated both developmentally and by changes in intracellular calcium. These findings provide evidence that voltage-gated calcium channels can directly activate transcription and suggest a mechanism linking voltage-gated channels to the function and differentiation of excitable cells.},
	Author = {Gomez-Ospina, Natalia and Tsuruta, Fuminori and Barreto-Chang, Odmara and Hu, Linda and Dolmetsch, Ricardo},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:45:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 17:47:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.017},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Transcription Factors; oscillations; toread; next; development},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Ion Channel Gating; Luciferases; Myocytes, Cardiac; Neurites; Neurons; PC12 Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transcription Factors; Transfection},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {591-606},
	Pmc = {PMC1750862},
	pmid = {17081980},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The C terminus of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Ca(V)1.2 encodes a transcription factor},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006b.pdf}}

@article{Dolmetsch:1998,
	Abstract = {Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) oscillations are a nearly universal mode of signalling in excitable and non-excitable cells. Although Ca2+ is known to mediate a diverse array of cell functions, it is not known whether oscillations contribute to the efficiency or specificity of signalling or are merely an inevitable consequence of the feedback control of [Ca2+]i. We have developed a Ca2+ clamp technique to investigate the roles of oscillation amplitude and frequency in regulating gene expression driven by the proinflammatory transcription factors NF-AT, Oct/OAP and NF-kappaB. Here we report that oscillations reduce the effective Ca2+ threshold for activating transcription factors, thereby increasing signal detection at low levels of stimulation. In addition, specificity is encoded by the oscillation frequency: rapid oscillations stimulate all three transcription factors, whereas infrequent oscillations activate only NF-kappaB. The genes encoding the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-8 are also frequency-sensitive in a way that reflects their degree of dependence on NF-AT versus NF-kappaB. Our results provide direct evidence that [Ca2+]i oscillations increase both the efficacy and the information content of Ca2+ signals that lead to gene expression and cell differentiation.},
	Author = {Dolmetsch, R E and Xu, K and Lewis, R S},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:40:26 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 17:41:21 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/31960},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {development; Spontaneous activity; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling/*physiology; Transcription Factors; next; toread},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cell Membrane; Cytosol; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-8; Jurkat Cells; NF-kappa B; NFATC Transcription Factors; Nuclear Proteins; Phosphorylation; Signal Transduction; T-Lymphocytes; Transcription Factors; Transfection},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {6679},
	Pages = {933-6},
	pmid = {9582075},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium oscillations increase the efficiency and specificity of gene expression},
	Volume = {392},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Dolmetsch_Nature1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/31960}}

@article{Barreto-Chang:2009,
	Abstract = {Calcium imaging is a common technique that is useful for measuring calcium signals in cultured cells. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of calcium indicator dyes, which are BAPTA-based organic molecules that change their spectral properties in response to the binding of Ca2+ ions. Calcium indicator dyes fall into two categories, ratio-metric dyes like Fura-2 and Indo-1 and single-wavelength dyes like Fluo-4. Ratio-metric dyes change either their excitation or their emission spectra in response to calcium, allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined from the ratio of fluorescence emission or excitation at distinct wavelengths. The main advantage of using ratio-metric dyes over single wavelength probes is that the ratio signal is independent of the dye concentration, illumination intensity, and optical path length allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined independently of these artifacts. One of the most common calcium indicators is Fura-2, which has an emission peak at 505 nM and changes its excitation peak from 340 nm to 380 nm in response to calcium binding. Here we describe the use of Fura-2 to measure intracellular calcium elevations in neurons and other excitable cells.},
	Author = {Barreto-Chang, Odmara L and Dolmetsch, Ricardo E},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:38:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 17:39:02 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3791/1067},
	Journal = {J Vis Exp},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; Technique; review literature; calcium imaging;},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cerebral Cortex; Fluorescent Dyes; Fura-2; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons},
	Number = {23},
	Pmc = {PMC2763293},
	pmid = {19229178},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Calcium imaging of cortical neurons using Fura-2 AM},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/1067}}

@article{Rana:2010,
	Abstract = {Understanding the complexity of neuronal biology requires the manipulation of cellular processes with high specificity and spatio-temporal precision. The recent development of synthetic photo-activatable proteins designed using the light-oxygen-voltage and phytochrome domains provides a new set of tools for genetically targeted optical control of cell signaling. Their modular design, functional diversity, precisely controlled activity and in vivo applicability offer many advantages for investigating neuronal function. Although designing these proteins is still a considerable challenge, future advances in rational protein design and a deeper understanding of their photoactivation mechanisms will allow the development of the next generation of optogenetic techniques.},
	Author = {Rana, Anshul and Dolmetsch, Ricardo E},
	Date-Added = {2012-11-02 17:37:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 17:38:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2010.08.018},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; gene; Technique; review literature; toread; activity manipulation;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Targeting; Humans; Luminescent Proteins; Neurons; Photochemistry; Rhodopsins, Microbial; Signal Transduction; Staining and Labeling},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {617-22},
	Pmc = {PMC2993759},
	pmid = {20850295},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Using light to control signaling cascades in live neurons},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Rana_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf}}

@article{Ackman:2012,
	Abstract = {The morphological and functional development of the vertebrate nervous system is initially governed by genetic factors and subsequently refined by neuronal activity. However, fundamental features of the nervous system emerge before sensory experience is possible. Thus, activity-dependent development occurring before the onset of experience must be driven by spontaneous activity, but the origin and nature of activity in vivo remains largely untested. Here we use optical methods to show in live neonatal mice that waves of spontaneous retinal activity are present and propagate throughout the entire visual system before eye opening. This patterned activity encompassed the visual field, relied on cholinergic neurotransmission, preferentially initiated in the binocular retina and exhibited spatiotemporal correlations between the two hemispheres. Retinal waves were the primary source of activity in the midbrain and primary visual cortex, but only modulated ongoing activity in secondary visual areas. Thus, spontaneous retinal activity is transmitted through the entire visual system and carries patterned information capable of guiding the activity-dependent development of complex intra- and inter-hemispheric circuits before the onset of vision.},
	Author = {Ackman, James B and Burbridge, Timothy J and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-25 13:10:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11529},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Retina; Visual Cortex; visual system; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; optical imaging; optical physiology; calcium imaging; multiphoton; development; Neocortex; mirror symmetry; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7419},
	Pages = {219-25},
	Pmc = {PMC3962269},
	pmid = {23060192},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system},
	Volume = {490},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ackman_Nature2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ackman_Nature2012a.pdf}}

@article{Just:2007,
	Abstract = {The brain activation of a group of high-functioning autistic participants was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of a Tower of London task, in comparison with a control group matched with respect to intelligent quotient, age, and gender. The 2 groups generally activated the same cortical areas to similar degrees. However, there were 3 indications of underconnectivity in the group with autism. First, the degree of synchronization (i.e., the functional connectivity or the correlation of the time series of the activation) between the frontal and parietal areas of activation was lower for the autistic than the control participants. Second, relevant parts of the corpus callosum, through which many of the bilaterally activated cortical areas communicate, were smaller in cross-sectional area in the autistic participants. Third, within the autism group but not within the control group, the size of the genu of the corpus callosum was correlated with frontal-parietal functional connectivity. These findings suggest that the neural basis of altered cognition in autism entails a lower degree of integration of information across certain cortical areas resulting from reduced intracortical connectivity. The results add support to a new theory of cortical underconnectivity in autism, which posits a deficit in integration of information at the neural and cognitive levels.},
	Author = {Just, Marcel Adam and Cherkassky, Vladimir L and Keller, Timothy A and Kana, Rajesh K and Minshew, Nancy J},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-14 04:29:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-14 04:30:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhl006},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; connectivity; default mode network; human; fMRI},
	Mesh = {Adult; Autistic Disorder; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Corpus Callosum; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {951-61},
	pmid = {16772313},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Just_CerebCortex2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl006}}

@article{Demonet:2004,
	Abstract = {Developmental dyslexia, or specific reading disability, is a disorder in which children with normal intelligence and sensory abilities show learning deficits for reading. Substantial evidence has established its biological origin and the preponderance of phonological disorders even though important phenotypic variability and comorbidity have been recorded. Diverse theories have been proposed to account for the cognitive and neurological aspects of dyslexia. Findings of genetic studies show that different loci affect specific reading disability although a direct relation has not been established between symptoms and a given genomic locus. In both children and adults with dyslexia, results of neuroimaging studies suggest defective activity and abnormal connectivity between regions crucial for language functions--eg, the left fusiform gyrus for reading--and changes in brain activity associated with performance improvement after various remedial interventions.},
	Author = {D{\'e}monet, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Taylor, Margot J and Chaix, Yves},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-13 21:46:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-13 21:46:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16106-0},
	Journal = {Lancet},
	Journal-Full = {Lancet},
	Keywords = {Dyslexia; neurological disorder; human; connectivity; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain Mapping; Child; Dyslexia; Humans; Reading},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9419},
	Pages = {1451-60},
	pmid = {15121410},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental dyslexia},
	Volume = {363},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16106-0}}

@article{Egaas:1995,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine via magnetic resonance imaging if the posterior corpus callosum is reduced in the midline cross-sectional area in autistic patients, consistent with previous reports of parietal lobe abnormalities.
DESIGN: Case-control study.
SETTING: Tertiary care facility.
PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one autistic patients (45 males and six females; age range, 3 to 42 years), including both mentally retarded and nonretarded patients who met several diagnostic criteria for autism were prospectively selected. Fifty-one age-and sex-matched volunteer normal control subjects were also included.
INTERVENTION: None.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Computer-aided measurement of cross-sectional area, areas of five subregions, and thickness profile.
RESULTS: Overall size reduction, concentrated in posterior subregions.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autistic patients. This reduction is localized to posterior regions, where parietal lobe fibers are known to project. This finding further supports the idea that parietal lobe involvement may be a consistent feature in autism.},
	Author = {Egaas, B and Courchesne, E and Saitoh, O},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-13 21:43:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-13 21:44:01 +0000},
	Journal = {Arch Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Archives of neurology},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; autism; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; connectivity; human},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Autistic Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child, Preschool; Corpus Callosum; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {794-801},
	pmid = {7639631},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reduced size of corpus callosum in autism},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Egaas_ArchNeurol1995.pdf}}

@article{Castelli:2002,
	Abstract = {Ten able adults with autism or Asperger syndrome and 10 normal volunteers were PET scanned while watching animated sequences. The animations depicted two triangles moving about on a screen in three different conditions: moving randomly, moving in a goal-directed fashion (chasing, fighting), and moving interactively with implied intentions (coaxing, tricking). The last condition frequently elicited descriptions in terms of mental states that viewers attributed to the triangles (mentalizing). The autism group gave fewer and less accurate descriptions of these latter animations, but equally accurate descriptions of the other animations compared with controls. While viewing animations that elicited mentalizing, in contrast to randomly moving shapes, the normal group showed increased activation in a previously identified mentalizing network (medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus at the temporo-parietal junction and temporal poles). The autism group showed less activation than the normal group in all these regions. However, one additional region, extrastriate cortex, which was highly active when watching animations that elicited mentalizing, showed the same amount of increased activation in both groups. In the autism group this extrastriate region showed reduced functional connectivity with the superior temporal sulcus at the temporo-parietal junction, an area associated with the processing of biological motion as well as with mentalizing. This finding suggests a physiological cause for the mentalizing dysfunction in autism: a bottleneck in the interaction between higher order and lower order perceptual processes.},
	Author = {Castelli, Fulvia and Frith, Chris and Happ{\'e}, Francesca and Frith, Uta},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-13 21:43:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-13 21:44:10 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; autism; Cerebral Cortex; Neocortex; connectivity; human},
	Mesh = {Adult; Asperger Syndrome; Autistic Disorder; Brain; Brain Mapping; Educational Status; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mental Status Schedule; Organ Specificity; Speech; Tomography, Emission-Computed},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {Pt 8},
	Pages = {1839-49},
	pmid = {12135974},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Pignatelli:2009,
	Abstract = {A significant fraction of the interneurons added in adulthood to the glomerular layer (GL) of the olfactory bulb (OB) are dopaminergic (DA). In the OB, DA neurons are restricted to the GL, but using transgenic mice expressing eGFP under the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, we also detected the presence of TH-GFP+ cells in the mitral and external plexiform layers. We hypothesized that these could be adult-generated neurons committed to become DA but not yet entirely differentiated. Accordingly, TH-GFP+ cells outside the GL exhibit functional properties (appearance of pacemaker currents, synaptic connection with the olfactory nerve, intracellular chloride concentration, and other) marking a gradient of maturity toward the dopaminergic phenotype along the mitral-glomerular axis. Finally, we propose that the establishment of a synaptic contact with the olfactory nerve is the key event allowing these cells to complete their differentiation toward the DA phenotype and to reach their final destination.},
	Author = {Pignatelli, Angela and Ackman, James B and Vigetti, Davide and Beltrami, Antonio P and Zucchini, Silvia and Belluzzi, Ottorino},
	Date-Added = {2012-10-02 20:56:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-02 20:56:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1007/s00424-008-0535-0},
	Journal = {Pflugers Arch},
	Journal-Full = {Pfl{\"u}gers Archiv : European journal of physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Chlorides; Dopamine; Eye Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb; Paired Box Transcription Factors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, Glutamate; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Repressor Proteins; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {899-915},
	pmid = {19011893},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A potential reservoir of immature dopaminergic replacement neurons in the adult mammalian olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {457},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Pignatelli_PflugersArch2009.pdf}}

@article{Wei:2012,
	Abstract = {Neural activity-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is believed to be one of the cellular mechanisms underlying experience-dependent developmental refinement of neural circuits. Although it is well established that visual experience and neural activity are critical for the refinement of retinal circuits, whether and how LTP occurs in the retina remain unknown. Using in vivo perforated whole-cell recording and two-photon calcium imaging, we find that both repeated electrical and visual stimulations can induce LTP at excitatory synapses formed by bipolar cells on retinal ganglion cells in larval but not juvenile zebrafish. LTP induction requires the activation of postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and its expression involves arachidonic acid-dependent presynaptic changes in calcium dynamics and neurotransmitter release. Physiologically, both electrical and visual stimulation-induced LTP can enhance visual responses of retinal ganglion cells. Thus, LTP exists in developing retinae with a presynaptic locus and may serve for visual experience-dependent refinement of retinal circuits.},
	Author = {Wei, Hong-Ping and Yao, Yuan-Yuan and Zhang, Rong-Wei and Zhao, Xiao-Feng and Du, Jiu-Lin},
	Date-Added = {2012-09-04 18:21:22 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-09-04 18:23:36 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.031},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation; synapse formation; activity manipulation; Zebrafish; in vivo; Synaptic Transmission; 21 Activity-development; calcium imaging; Patch-Clamp Techniques; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; NMDA; plasticity},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {479-89},
	pmid = {22884331},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-induced long-term potentiation of excitatory synapses in developing zebrafish retina in vivo},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wei_Neuron2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.031}}

@article{Hansel:2012,
	Abstract = {Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) display substantial orientation selectivity even in species where V1 lacks an orientation map, such as in mice and rats. The mechanism underlying orientation selectivity in V1 with such a salt-and-pepper organization is unknown; it is unclear whether a connectivity that depends on feature similarity is required, or a random connectivity suffices. Here we argue for the latter. We study the response to a drifting grating of a network model of layer 2/3 with random recurrent connectivity and feedforward input from layer 4 neurons with random preferred orientations. We show that even though the total feedforward and total recurrent excitatory and inhibitory inputs all have a very weak orientation selectivity, strong selectivity emerges in the neuronal spike responses if the network operates in the balanced excitation/inhibition regime. This is because in this regime the (large) untuned components in the excitatory and inhibitory contributions approximately cancel. As a result the untuned part of the input into a neuron as well as its modulation with orientation and time all have a size comparable to the neuronal threshold. However, the tuning of the F0 and F1 components of the input are uncorrelated and the high-frequency fluctuations are not tuned. This is reflected in the subthreshold voltage response. Remarkably, due to the nonlinear voltage-firing rate transfer function, the preferred orientation of the F0 and F1 components of the spike response are highly correlated.},
	Author = {Hansel, David and van Vreeswijk, Carl},
	Date-Added = {2012-09-04 18:17:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-09-04 18:19:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6284-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; visual cortex; Neocortex; mouse; rat; Orientation; topographic map; sensory map; function; self organization; oscillations; Neurophysiology; extracellular; Models; Theoretical; Computational Biology; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Biophysical Processes; Computer Simulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Orientation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {4049-64},
	pmid = {22442071},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The mechanism of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex without a functional map},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Hansel_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Triplett:2012,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that integrates visual, somatosensory, and auditory inputs to direct head and eye movements. Each of these modalities is topographically mapped and aligned with the others to ensure precise behavioral responses to multimodal stimuli. While it is clear that neural activity is instructive for topographic alignment of inputs from the visual cortex (V1) and auditory system with retinal axons in the SC, there is also evidence that activity-independent mechanisms are used to establish topographic alignment between modalities. Here, we show that the topography of the projection from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to the SC is established during the first postnatal week. Unlike V1-SC projections, the S1-SC projection does not bifurcate when confronted with a duplicated retinocollicular map, showing that retinal input in the SC does not influence the topography of the S1-SC projection. However, S1-SC topography is disrupted in mice lacking ephrin-As, which we find are expressed in graded patterns along with their binding partners, the EphA4 and EphA7, in both S1 and the somatosensory recipient layer of the SC. Together, these data support a model in which somatosensory inputs into the SC map topographically and establish alignment with visual inputs in the SC using a gradient-matching mechanism.},
	Author = {Triplett, Jason W and Phan, An and Yamada, Jena and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2012-09-04 18:13:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-09-04 18:17:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0240-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; Spontaneous activity; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; function; topographic map; sensory map; Somatosensory Cortex; activity manipulation; Gene Expression; Eph Family; Ephrin-A4; multimodal; Mouse; 21 Activity-development; synapse formation; development; 21 Activity-development; visual system; retina},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Ephrins; Female; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Motor Cortex; Sensation; Somatosensory Cortex; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {5264-71},
	Pmc = {PMC3342701},
	pmid = {22496572},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Alignment of multimodal sensory input in the superior colliculus through a gradient-matching mechanism},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Triplett_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Gutknecht:2012,
	Abstract = {Brain serotonin (5-HT) is implicated in a wide range of functions from basic physiological mechanisms to complex behaviors, including neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as in developmental processes. Increasing evidence links 5-HT signaling alterations during development to emotional dysregulation and psychopathology in adult age. To further analyze the importance of brain 5-HT in somatic and brain development and function, and more specifically differentiation and specification of the serotonergic system itself, we generated a mouse model with brain-specific 5-HT deficiency resulting from a genetically driven constitutive inactivation of neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2). Tph2 inactivation (Tph2-/-) resulted in brain 5-HT deficiency leading to growth retardation and persistent leanness, whereas a sex- and age-dependent increase in body weight was observed in Tph2+/- mice. The conserved expression pattern of the 5-HT neuron-specific markers (except Tph2 and 5-HT) demonstrates that brain 5-HT synthesis is not a prerequisite for the proliferation, differentiation and survival of raphe neurons subjected to the developmental program of serotonergic specification. Furthermore, although these neurons are unable to synthesize 5-HT from the precursor tryptophan, they still display electrophysiological properties characteristic of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, 5-HT deficiency induces an up-regulation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors across brain regions as well as a reduction of norepinephrine concentrations accompanied by a reduced number of noradrenergic neurons. Together, our results characterize developmental, neurochemical, neurobiological and electrophysiological consequences of brain-specific 5-HT deficiency, reveal a dual dose-dependent role of 5-HT in body weight regulation and show that differentiation of serotonergic neuron phenotype is independent from endogenous 5-HT synthesis.},
	Author = {Gutknecht, Lise and Araragi, Naozumi and Merker, S{\"o}ren and Waider, Jonas and Sommerlandt, Frank M J and Mlinar, Boris and Baccini, Gilda and Mayer, Ute and Proft, Florian and Hamon, Michel and Schmitt, Angelika G and Corradetti, Renato and Lanfumey, Laurence and Lesch, Klaus-Peter},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-31 21:14:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-31 21:14:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043157},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; Serotonin; mouse; mice; development;},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e43157},
	Pmc = {PMC3422228},
	pmid = {22912815},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Impacts of Brain Serotonin Deficiency following Tph2 Inactivation on Development and Raphe Neuron Serotonergic Specification},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Gutknecht_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Farook:2012,
	Abstract = {Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like Angelman syndrome and autism may be the result of underlying defects in neuronal plasticity and ongoing problems with synaptic signaling. Some of these defects may be due to abnormal monoamine levels in different regions of the brain. Ube3a, a gene that causes Angelman syndrome (AS) when maternally deleted and is associated with autism when maternally duplicated has recently been shown to regulate monoamine synthesis in the Drosophila brain. Therefore, we examined monoamine levels in striatum, ventral midbrain, frontal cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and hippocampus in Ube3a deficient and Ube3a duplication animals. We found that serotonin (5HT), a monoamine affected in autism, was elevated in the striatum and cortex of AS mice. Dopamine levels were almost uniformly elevated compared to control littermates in the striatum, midbrain and frontal cortex regardless of genotype in Ube3a deficient and Ube3a duplication animals. In the duplication 15q autism mouse model, paternal but not maternal duplication animals showed a decrease in 5HT levels when compared to their wild type littermates, in accordance with previously published data. However, maternal duplication animals show no significant changes in 5HT levels throughout the brain. These abnormal monoamine levels could be responsible for many of the behavioral abnormalities observed in both AS and autism, but further investigation is required to determine if any of these changes are purely dependent on Ube3a levels in the brain.},
	Author = {Farook, M Febin and Decuypere, Michael and Hyland, Keith and Takumi, Toru and Ledoux, Mark S and Reiter, Lawrence T},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-31 21:13:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-31 21:14:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043030},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; Serotonin; mouse; mice; development;},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e43030},
	Pmc = {PMC3420863},
	pmid = {22916201},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Altered serotonin, dopamine and norepinepherine levels in 15q duplication and angelman syndrome mouse models},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Farook_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Ye:2012,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cross-modal plasticity is characterized as the hypersensitivity of remaining modalities after a sensory function is lost in rodents, which ensures their awareness to environmental changes. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cross-modal sensory plasticity remain unclear. We aim to study the role of different types of neurons in cross-modal plasticity.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In addition to behavioral tasks in mice, whole-cell recordings at the excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and their two-photon imaging, were conducted in piriform cortex. We produced a mouse model of cross-modal sensory plasticity that olfactory function was upregulated by trimming whiskers to deprive their sensory inputs. In the meantime of olfactory hypersensitivity, pyramidal neurons and excitatory synapses were functionally upregulated, as well as GABAergic cells and inhibitory synapses were downregulated in piriform cortex from the mice of cross-modal sensory plasticity, compared with controls. A crosswire connection between barrel cortex and piriform cortex was established in cross-modal plasticity.
CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulation of GABAergic neurons strengthen the activities of neuronal networks in piriform cortex, which may be responsible for olfactory hypersensitivity after a loss of whisker tactile input. This finding provides the clues for developing therapeutic strategies to promote sensory recovery and substitution.},
	Author = {Ye, Bing and Huang, Li and Gao, Zilong and Chen, Ping and Ni, Hong and Guan, Sudong and Zhu, Yan and Wang, Jin-Hui},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-31 21:02:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-31 21:06:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041986},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; calcium imaging; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Neurophysiology; multimodal; Sensory Deprivation; sensory map; Somatosensory Cortex; piriform cortex; Neocortex; GABA; interneurons; mice; Mouse; in vitro},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e41986},
	Pmc = {PMC3424151},
	pmid = {22927919},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The functional upregulation of piriform cortex is associated with cross-modal plasticity in loss of whisker tactile inputs},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ye_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Stetter:2012,
	Abstract = {A systematic assessment of global neural network connectivity through direct electrophysiological assays has remained technically infeasible, even in simpler systems like dissociated neuronal cultures. We introduce an improved algorithmic approach based on Transfer Entropy to reconstruct structural connectivity from network activity monitored through calcium imaging. We focus in this study on the inference of excitatory synaptic links. Based on information theory, our method requires no prior assumptions on the statistics of neuronal firing and neuronal connections. The performance of our algorithm is benchmarked on surrogate time series of calcium fluorescence generated by the simulated dynamics of a network with known ground-truth topology. We find that the functional network topology revealed by Transfer Entropy depends qualitatively on the time-dependent dynamic state of the network (bursting or non-bursting). Thus by conditioning with respect to the global mean activity, we improve the performance of our method. This allows us to focus the analysis to specific dynamical regimes of the network in which the inferred functional connectivity is shaped by monosynaptic excitatory connections, rather than by collective synchrony. Our method can discriminate between actual causal influences between neurons and spurious non-causal correlations due to light scattering artifacts, which inherently affect the quality of fluorescence imaging. Compared to other reconstruction strategies such as cross-correlation or Granger Causality methods, our method based on improved Transfer Entropy is remarkably more accurate. In particular, it provides a good estimation of the excitatory network clustering coefficient, allowing for discrimination between weakly and strongly clustered topologies. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our method to analyses of real recordings of in vitro disinhibited cortical cultures where we suggest that excitatory connections are characterized by an elevated level of clustering compared to a random graph (although not extreme) and can be markedly non-local.},
	Author = {Stetter, Olav and Battaglia, Demian and Soriano, Jordi and Geisel, Theo},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-31 20:59:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-31 21:01:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002653},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {graph theory; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Methods; optical imaging; Neurophysiology; calcium imaging; Statistics; Mathematics; network},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e1002653},
	Pmc = {PMC3426566},
	pmid = {22927808},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Model-free reconstruction of excitatory neuronal connectivity from calcium imaging signals},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Stetter_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Carver:2012,
	Abstract = {Examining real-time cortical dynamics is crucial for understanding time perception. Using magnetoencephalography we studied auditory duration discrimination of short (<.5 s) versus long tones (>.5 s) versus a pitch control. Time-frequency analysis of event-related fields showed widespread beta-band (13-30 Hz) desynchronization during all tone presentations. Synthetic aperture magnetometry indicated automatic primarily sensorimotor responses in short and pitch conditions, with activation specific to timing in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus. In the long condition, a right lateralized network was active, including lateral prefrontal cortices, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and secondary auditory areas. Activation in this network peaked just after attention to tone duration was no longer necessary, suggesting a role in sustaining representation of the interval. These data expand our understanding of time perception by revealing its complex cortical spatiotemporal signature.},
	Author = {Carver, Frederick W and Elvev{\aa}g, Brita and Altamura, Mario and Weinberger, Daniel R and Coppola, Richard},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-31 20:58:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-31 20:59:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0042618},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {entrainment; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Theoretical; Stimulation; Perception; Cognition; MEG; Auditory Cortex},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e42618},
	Pmc = {PMC3422225},
	pmid = {22912714},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The neuromagnetic dynamics of time perception},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Carver_PLoSOne2012.pdf}}

@article{Kozorovitskiy:2012,
	Abstract = {Neural activity during development critically shapes postnatal wiring of the mammalian brain. This is best illustrated by the sensory systems, in which the patterned feed-forward excitation provided by sensory organs and experience drives the formation of mature topographic circuits capable of extracting specific features of sensory stimuli. In contrast, little is known about the role of early activity in the development of the basal ganglia, a phylogenetically ancient group of nuclei fundamentally important for complex motor action and reward-based learning. These nuclei lack direct sensory input and are only loosely topographically organized, forming interlocking feed-forward and feed-back inhibitory circuits without laminar structure. Here we use transgenic mice and viral gene transfer methods to modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity in vivo in the developing striatum. We find that the balance of activity between the two inhibitory and antagonist pathways in the striatum regulates excitatory innervation of the basal ganglia during development. These effects indicate that the propagation of activity through a multi-stage network regulates the wiring of the basal ganglia, revealing an important role of positive feedback in driving network maturation.},
	Author = {Kozorovitskiy, Yevgenia and Saunders, Arpiar and Johnson, Caroline A and Lowell, Bradford B and Sabatini, Bernardo L},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-28 14:21:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-28 14:29:10 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature11052},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; striatum; Basal Ganglia; mouse; Patch-Clamp Techniques; synapse formation; gaba; interneurons;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Basal Ganglia; Cerebral Cortex; Feedback, Physiological; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Neurological; Neostriatum; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Synapses; Thalamus; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {7400},
	Pages = {646-50},
	Pmc = {PMC3367801},
	pmid = {22660328},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Recurrent network activity drives striatal synaptogenesis},
	Volume = {485},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_Nature2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_Nature2012a.pdf}}

@article{Geschwind:1965,
	Author = {Geschwind, N},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 16:34:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 16:39:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Journal-Full = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {neurological disorder; Cognitive neuroscience; human; connectivity; review; Anatomy; mirror symmetry; mirror neuron; sensory-motor; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; Agnosia; aphasia; topographic map; multimodal; Association Learning/physiology},
	Mesh = {Agnosia; Animals; Brain; Humans},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {237-94},
	pmid = {5318481},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {1965},
	url = {papers/Geschwind_Brain1965.pdf}}

@article{Rizzolatti:2001,
	Abstract = {The cortical motor system of primates is formed by a mosaic of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. These areas are not only involved in motor functions, but also play a role in functions formerly attributed to higher order associative cortical areas. In the present review, we discuss three types of higher functions carried out by the motor cortical areas: sensory-motor transformations, action understanding, and decision processing regarding action execution. We submit that generating internal representations of actions is central to cortical motor function. External contingencies and motivational factors determine then whether these action representations are transformed into actual actions.},
	Author = {Rizzolatti, G and Luppino, G},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 15:49:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 15:50:09 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; Social Behavior; monkey; connectivity; Cognitive neuroscience; autism; Autistic Disorder; Attention; sensory-motor; multimodal; review; Neurophysiology; extracellular; Motor Cortex; Motor Neurons; sensory map; topographic map; Anatomy;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Concept Formation; Decision Making; GABA Agonists; Hand; Hand Strength; Haplorhini; Higher Nervous Activity; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Models, Neurological; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Muscimol; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Observation; Parietal Lobe; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Sensation},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {889-901},
	pmid = {11580891},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The cortical motor system},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Rizzolatti_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Rizzolatti:2004,
	Abstract = {A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another faculty that depends on the observation of others' actions: imitation learning. Unlike most species, we are able to learn by imitation, and this faculty is at the basis of human culture. In this review we present data on a neurophysiological mechanism--the mirror-neuron mechanism--that appears to play a fundamental role in both action understanding and imitation. We describe first the functional properties of mirror neurons in monkeys. We review next the characteristics of the mirror-neuron system in humans. We stress, in particular, those properties specific to the human mirror-neuron system that might explain the human capacity to learn by imitation. We conclude by discussing the relationship between the mirror-neuron system and language.},
	Author = {Rizzolatti, Giacomo and Craighero, Laila},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 15:45:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 15:48:06 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; Social Behavior; monkey; connectivity; Cognitive neuroscience; autism; Autistic Disorder; Attention; sensory-motor; multimodal; review; Neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dogs; Haplorhini; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Motor Cortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Social Behavior; Verbal Behavior},
	Pages = {169-92},
	pmid = {15217330},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The mirror-neuron system},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Rizzolatti_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}}

@article{Bullmore:1997,
	Abstract = {Two separate theories that attempt to explain different aspects of schizophrenia have recently attracted much attention. The first, the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, postulates that deviations in early development establish a neuronal phenotype that predisposes to, or, in some versions, determines the later onset of schizophrenia. The second theory proposes that schizophrenic symptoms arise from abnormalities in neuronal connectivity. Here, we suggest that the findings from these two separate lines of inquiry can be integrated into a unitary framework: the dysplastic net hypothesis. In essence, this proposes that anatomical and physiological dysconnectivity of the adult schizophrenic brain is determined by dysplastic fetal brain development. We also indicate how abnormal connectivity between brain regions constituting large-scale neurocognitive networks is expressed in both the prepsychotic and psychotic phases of schizophrenia, and we examine possible risk factors (genetic and environmental) for dysplastic formation of these networks.},
	Author = {Bullmore, E T and Frangou, S and Murray, R M},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 15:08:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 15:09:35 +0000},
	Journal = {Schizophr Res},
	Journal-Full = {Schizophrenia research},
	Keywords = {neurological disorder; Cognitive neuroscience; development; review; Schizophrenia; connectivity; dysplasia; cortical malformation; Neocortex},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Schizophrenia},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2-3},
	Pages = {143-56},
	pmid = {9468349},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The dysplastic net hypothesis: an integration of developmental and dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Bullmore_SchizophrRes1997.pdf}}

@article{Iacoboni:2006,
	Abstract = {The discovery of premotor and parietal cells known as mirror neurons in the macaque brain that fire not only when the animal is in action, but also when it observes others carrying out the same actions provides a plausible neurophysiological mechanism for a variety of important social behaviours, from imitation to empathy. Recent data also show that dysfunction of the mirror neuron system in humans might be a core deficit in autism, a socially isolating condition. Here, we review the neurophysiology of the mirror neuron system and its role in social cognition and discuss the clinical implications of mirror neuron dysfunction.},
	Author = {Iacoboni, Marco and Dapretto, Mirella},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 14:11:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 14:13:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nrn2024},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; neurological disorder; monkey; human; Cognitive neuroscience; Neurophysiology; review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autistic Disorder; Cerebral Cortex; Empathy; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Psychomotor Performance; Social Behavior; Social Behavior Disorders},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {942-51},
	pmid = {17115076},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Iacoboni_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Williams:2008,
	Abstract = {Mirror neuron system dysfunction may underlie a self-other matching impairment, which has previously been suggested to account for autism. Embodied Cognition Theory, which proposes that action provides a foundation for cognition has lent further credence to these ideas. The hypotheses of a self-other matching deficit and impaired mirror neuron function in autism have now been well supported by studies employing a range of methodologies. However, underlying mechanisms require further exploration to explain how mirror neurons may be involved in attentional and mentalizing processes. Impairments in self-other matching and mirror neuron function are not necessarily inextricably linked and it seems possible that different sub-populations of mirror neurons, located in several regions, contribute differentially to social cognitive functions. It is hypothesized that mirror neuron coding for action-direction may be required for developing attentional sensitivity to self-directed actions, and consequently for person-oriented, stimulus-driven attention. Mirror neuron networks may vary for different types of social learning such as "automatic" imitation and imitation learning. Imitation learning may be more reliant on self-other comparison processes (based on mirror neurons) that identify differences as well as similarities between actions. Differential connectivity with the amygdala-orbitofrontal system may also be important. This could have implications for developing "theory of mind," with intentional self-other comparison being relevant to meta-representational abilities, and "automatic" imitation being more relevant to empathy. While it seems clear that autism is associated with impaired development of embodied aspects of cognition, the ways that mirror neurons contribute to these brain-behavior links are likely to be complex.},
	Author = {Williams, Justin H G},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-27 13:49:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-27 13:50:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/aur.15},
	Journal = {Autism Res},
	Journal-Full = {Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; neurological disorder; human; mirror neuron; mirror symmetry; Cognitive neuroscience;},
	Mesh = {Affect; Asperger Syndrome; Attention; Autistic Disorder; Brain; Child; Cognition Disorders; Fixation, Ocular; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Interpersonal Relations; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Personality Development; Psychomotor Performance; Self Concept; Social Behavior},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {73-90},
	pmid = {19360654},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Self-other relations in social development and autism: multiple roles for mirror neurons and other brain bases},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Williams_AutismRes2008.pdf}}

@article{Murias:2007,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Theoretical conceptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and experimental studies of cerebral blood flow suggest abnormalities in connections among distributed neural systems in ASD.
METHODS: Functional connectivity was assessed with electroencephalographic coherence between pairs of electrodes in a high-density electrode array in narrow frequency bands among 18 adults with ASD and 18 control adults in an eyes closed resting state.
RESULTS: In the theta (3-6 Hz) frequency range, locally elevated coherence was evident for the ASD group, especially within left hemisphere frontal and temporal regions. In the lower alpha range (8-10 Hz), globally reduced coherence was evident for the ASD group within frontal regions and between frontal and all other scalp regions. The ASD group exhibited significantly greater relative power between 3 and 6 Hz and 13-17 Hz and significantly less relative power between 9 and 10 Hz.
CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at distinct spatial and temporal scales in ASD subjects in the eyes closed resting state.},
	Author = {Murias, Michael and Webb, Sara J and Greenson, Jessica and Dawson, Geraldine},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-24 22:25:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-24 22:27:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.012},
	Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Biological psychiatry},
	Keywords = {autism; Autistic Disorder; default mode network; resting state; Neurophysiology; human; Electroencephalography; EEG; neuroimaging; function; connectivity; Neocortex; cingulate; retrosplenial cortex},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Arousal; Autistic Disorder; Brain Mapping; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Synchronization; Electroencephalography; Humans; Male; Neural Pathways; Reference Values},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {270-3},
	Pmc = {PMC2001237},
	pmid = {17336944},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Resting state cortical connectivity reflected in EEG coherence in individuals with autism},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Murias_BiolPsychiatry2007.pdf}}

@article{Maestrini:2000,
	Author = {Maestrini, E and Paul, A and Monaco, A P and Bailey, A},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-24 22:22:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-24 22:23:26 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; autism; Grants; review; gene; human; neurological disorder; Genetic Markers},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Human; Female; Genetic Linkage; Genetic Testing; Genomic Library; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Lod Score; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Polymorphism, Genetic},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-24},
	pmid = {11086979},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Identifying autism susceptibility genes},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Maestrini_Neuron2000.pdf}}

@article{McCarthy:2004,
	Author = {McCarthy, Alice A},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-24 22:21:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-24 22:22:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.10.001},
	Journal = {Chem Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Chemistry \& biology},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; autism; neurological disorder; human; gene; Grants; review},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Child; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1325-6},
	pmid = {15489156},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The genetics of autism},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/McCarthy_ChemBiol2004.pdf}}

@article{White:1986,
	Abstract = {The structure and connectivity of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been deduced from reconstructions of electron micrographs of serial sections. The hermaphrodite nervous system has a total complement of 302 neurons, which are arranged in an essentially invariant structure. Neurons with similar morphologies and connectivities have been grouped together into classes; there are 118 such classes. Neurons have simple morphologies with few, if any, branches. Processes from neurons run in defined positions within bundles of parallel processes, synaptic connections being made en passant. Process bundles are arranged longitudinally and circumferentially and are often adjacent to ridges of hypodermis. Neurons are generally highly locally connected, making synaptic connections with many of their neighbours. Muscle cells have arms that run out to process bundles containing motoneuron axons. Here they receive their synaptic input in defined regions along the surface of the bundles, where motoneuron axons reside. Most of the morphologically identifiable synaptic connections in a typical animal are described. These consist of about 5000 chemical synapses, 2000 neuromuscular junctions and 600 gap junctions.},
	Author = {White, J G and Southgate, E and Thomson, J N and Brenner, S},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-24 21:47:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-24 21:48:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {connectivity; connectome; Caenorhabditis elegans; neuroinformatics},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {1165},
	Pages = {1-340},
	pmid = {22462104},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans},
	Volume = {314},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/White_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1986.pdf}}

@article{Frith:2001,
	Abstract = {Experimental evidence shows that the inability to attribute mental states, such as desires and beliefs, to self and others (mentalizing) explains the social and communication impairments of individuals with autism. Brain imaging studies in normal volunteers highlight a circumscribed network that is active during mentalizing and links medial prefrontal regions with posterior superior temporal sulcus and temporal poles. The brain abnormality that results in mentalizing failure in autism may involve weak connections between components of this system.},
	Author = {Frith, U},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-24 17:01:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-24 17:02:21 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Grants; Autistic Disorder; neurological disorder; human; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Autistic Disorder; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Humans},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {969-79},
	pmid = {11754830},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mind blindness and the brain in autism},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Frith_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Alivisatos:2012,
	Abstract = {The function of neural circuits is an emergent property that arises from the coordinated activity of large numbers of neurons. To capture this, we propose launching a large-scale, international public effort, the Brain Activity Map Project, aimed at reconstructing the full record of neural activity across complete neural circuits. This technological challenge could prove to be an invaluable step toward understanding fundamental and pathological brain processes.},
	Author = {Alivisatos, A Paul and Chun, Miyoung and Church, George M and Greenspan, Ralph J and Roukes, Michael L and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-23 17:17:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-23 17:18:14 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {next; Spontaneous activity; development; Neocortex; cortex; whole brain; wholeBrain; review; Neurophysiology; calcium imaging; connectivity; connectome; graph theory; ideas},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {970-4},
	pmid = {22726828},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The brain activity map project and the challenge of functional connectomics},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Alivisatos_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Bulankina:2012,
	Abstract = {The organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium of the mammalian auditory system, uses afferent and efferent synapses for encoding auditory signals and top-down modulation of cochlear function. During development, the final precisely ordered sensorineural circuit is established following excessive formation of afferent and efferent synapses and subsequent refinement. Here, we review the development of innervation of the mouse organ of Corti and its regulation.},
	Author = {Bulankina, A V and Moser, T},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-16 21:46:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-16 22:13:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1152/physiol.00036.2011},
	Journal = {Physiology (Bethesda)},
	Journal-Full = {Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Pathways; Cochlear Nerve; Cochlea/innervation/physiology; development; review; grants; next},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cochlea; Hair Cells, Auditory; Humans; Mice; Neurons, Efferent; Synapses},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {100-12},
	pmid = {22505666},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural circuit development in the mammalian cochlea},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Bulankina_Physiology(Bethesda)2012.pdf}}

@article{Fair:2008,
	Abstract = {In recent years, the brain's "default network," a set of regions characterized by decreased neural activity during goal-oriented tasks, has generated a significant amount of interest, as well as controversy. Much of the discussion has focused on the relationship of these regions to a "default mode" of brain function. In early studies, investigators suggested that, the brain's default mode supports "self-referential" or "introspective" mental activity. Subsequently, regions of the default network have been more specifically related to the "internal narrative," the "autobiographical self," "stimulus independent thought," "mentalizing," and most recently "self-projection." However, the extant literature on the function of the default network is limited to adults, i.e., after the system has reached maturity. We hypothesized that further insight into the network's functioning could be achieved by characterizing its development. In the current study, we used resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) to characterize the development of the brain's default network. We found that the default regions are only sparsely functionally connected at early school age (7-9 years old); over development, these regions integrate into a cohesive, interconnected network.},
	Author = {Fair, Damien A and Cohen, Alexander L and Dosenbach, Nico U F and Church, Jessica A and Miezin, Francis M and Barch, Deanna M and Raichle, Marcus E and Petersen, Steven E and Schlaggar, Bradley L},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-16 21:39:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-16 21:44:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0800376105},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {fMRI; development; human; Spontaneous activity; Attention; conciousness; network; graph theory; Theoretical; Adolescence; 21 Activity-development; Grants; mirror symmetry; wholeBrain; whole brain; next},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {4028-32},
	Pmc = {PMC2268790},
	pmid = {18322013},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The maturing architecture of the brain's default network},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800376105}}

@article{Wijetunge:2008,
	Abstract = {We have previously reported that mGluR5 signaling via PLC-beta1 regulates the development of whisker patterns within S1 (barrel) cortex of mice (Hannan et al., 2001). However, whether these defects arise from the loss of postsynaptic mGluR5 signaling, and whether the level of mGluR5 is important for barrel formation, was not examined. Furthermore, whether mGluR5 regulates other developmental processes that occur before or after barrel development is not known. We now show that mGluR5 is present postsynaptically at thalamocortical synapses during barrel formation. In addition, Mglur5(+/-) mice exhibit normal TCA patch formation but reduced cellular segregation in layer 4, indicating a dose-dependent role for mGluR5 in the regulation of pattern formation. Furthermore Mglur5(-/-) and Mglur5(+/-) mice display normal cortical arealization, layer formation, and size of PMBSF indicating the defects within S1 do not result from general abnormalities of cortical mapping during earlier stages of development. At P21 layer 4 neurons from Mglur5(-/-) and Mglur5(+/-) mice show a significant reduction in spine density but normal dendritic complexity compared with Mglur5(+/+) mice indicating a role in synaptogenesis during cortical development. Finally, mGluR5 regulates pattern formation throughout the trigeminal system of mice as the representation of the AS whiskers in the PrV, VpM, and S1 cortex was disrupted in Mglur5(-/-) mice. Together these data indicate a key role for mGluR5 at both early and late stages of neuronal development in the trigeminal system of mice.},
	Author = {Wijetunge, Lasani S and Till, Sally M and Gillingwater, Thomas H and Ingham, Cali A and Kind, Peter C},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-16 21:28:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-16 21:30:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2600-08.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Structure-Activity Relationship; development; Somatosensory Cortex; Neocortex; Thalamus; 21 Activity-development; Mouse; gene; Transgenes; mutant; Technique; topographic map; grants},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Dendritic Spines; Female; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Nervous System Malformations; Neural Pathways; Neurogenesis; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Trigeminal Nerve; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {13028-37},
	pmid = {19052194},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {mGluR5 regulates glutamate-dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Wijetunge_JNeurosci2008.pdf}}

@article{Issa:1999,
	Abstract = {Microelectrode recordings and optical imaging of intrinsic signals were used to define the critical period for susceptibility to monocular deprivation (MD) in the primary visual cortex of the ferret. Ferrets were monocularly deprived for 2, 7 or >14 d, beginning between postnatal day 19 (P19) and P110. The responses of visual cortical neurons to stimulation of the two eyes were used to gauge the onset, peak, and decline of the critical period. MDs ending before P32 produced little or no loss of response to the deprived eye. MDs of 7 d or more beginning around P42 produced the greatest effects. A rapid decline in cortical susceptibility to MD was observed after the seventh week of life, such that MDs beginning between P50 and P65 were approximately half as effective as those beginning on P42; MDs beginning after P100 did not reduce the response to the deprived eye below that to the nondeprived eye. At all ages, 2 d deprivations were 55-85% as effective as 7 d of MD. Maps of intrinsic optical responses from the deprived eye were weaker and less well tuned for orientation than those from the nondeprived eye, with the weakest maps seen in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the deprived eye. Analysis of the effects of 7 d and longer deprivations revealed a second period of plasticity in cortical responses in which MD induced an effect like that of strabismus. After P70, MD caused a marked loss of binocular responses with little or no overall loss of response to the deprived eye. The critical period measured here is compared to other features of development in ferret and cat.},
	Author = {Issa, N P and Trachtenberg, J T and Chapman, B and Zahs, K R and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-16 21:03:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-16 21:07:02 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {ferret; visual system; visual cortex; Sensory Deprivation; Critical Period; plasticity; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; synapse formation; optical imaging; Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; review},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Critical Period (Psychology); Dominance, Cerebral; Ferrets; Functional Laterality; Neuronal Plasticity; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {6965-78},
	Pmc = {PMC2413141},
	pmid = {10436053},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the Ferret's visual cortex},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Issa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Coogan:1996,
	Abstract = {We have investigated the development of intrinsic and interareal connections in areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey using postmortem transport of the lipophilic fluorescent tracer diI, applied to brains fixed at different pre- and postnatal ages. Intrinsic connections in the deep layers of V1 are evident on embryonic day 108 (E108), but are not robust in the superficial layers until around E118, when migration is largely complete. Both intrinsic horizontal projections and extrinsic projections to V2 initially have a continuous distribution. Patchy projections are first evident in V1 around E145, the same age at which cytochrome oxidase blobs appear, presumably signaling the differentiation of the blob-dominated and interblob-dominated streams in the primary visual cortex. The magnocellular-dominated stream becomes distinct at earlier stages (by E122), as judged by connectional and histochemical criteria. In area V2, intrinsic connections initially (at E108) involve only deep layer cells and do not have a clustered organization. By E130, superficial layer cells are involved and the V2 intrinsic connections have a patchy distribution; by E145, an adult-like pattern is present. The projection from V2 to V1 passes through an early stage (up to E133) of originating principally from deep layer cells, and thereafter originating from superficial as well as deep layers. We found evidence for changes in dendritic morphology during development. Most notably, at E118, many neurons in layer 6 which are involved in intrinsic or interareal connections have dendrites that extend well into the superficial layers, even into layer 1, a characteristic not reported in the adult.},
	Author = {Coogan, T A and Van Essen, D C},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-16 17:26:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-16 17:26:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960826)372:3\&lt;327::AID-CNE1\&gt;3.0.CO;2-4},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Histocytochemistry; Macaca mulatta; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {327-42},
	pmid = {8873864},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of connections within and between areas V1 and V2 of macaque monkeys},
	Volume = {372},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Coogan_JCompNeurol1996.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960826)372:3%5C&lt;327::AID-CNE1%5C&gt;3.0.CO;2-4}}

@article{Furukawa:1997,
	Abstract = {Development of the vertebrate eye has been found to require the activity of several genes encoding homeodomain proteins (Freund, C., Horsford, D. J. & McInnes, R. R. (1996) Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 1471-1488). Some of these genes, or portions thereof, are highly conserved across phyla. In this paper, we report the identification of a novel homeobox gene, rax (retina and anterior neural fold homeobox), whose expression pattern suggests an important role in eye development. The predicted amino acid sequence of Rax comprises a protein with a paired-type homeobox, as well as the octapeptide that is found in many paired-type homeobox genes. In addition, in the C terminus of Rax, we found a 15-aa domain that we have named the OAR domain. This domain is also found in several other homeobox genes. In the early mouse embryo, rax is expressed in the anterior neural fold, including areas that will give rise to the ventral forebrain and optic vesicles. Once the optic vesicles form, rax expression is restricted to the ventral diencephalon and the optic vesicles. At later stages, rax expression is found only in the developing retina. After birth, the expression of rax is restricted to the zone of proliferating cells within the retina, and expression gradually decreases as proliferation declines. These findings suggest that rax is one of the molecules that define the eye field during early development and that it has a role in the proliferation and/or differentiation of retinal cells.},
	Author = {Furukawa, T and Kozak, C A and Cepko, C L},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-14 13:56:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-14 13:56:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {retina; development; mouse; gene; Transcription; Embryo and Fetal Development; eye; visual system},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; DNA, Complementary; Eye Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Homeobox; Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Nervous System; RNA, Messenger; Retina; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {3088-93},
	Pmc = {PMC20326},
	pmid = {9096350},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {rax, a novel paired-type homeobox gene, shows expression in the anterior neural fold and developing retina},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Furukawa_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}}

@article{Swindell:2006,
	Abstract = {Rx is a homeobox-containing gene that is critical for vertebrate eye development. Its expression domain delineates a field of cells from which the retina and the ventral hypothalamus develop. The 5' upstream regulatory sequences of the medaka fish Rx gene are functionally conserved during evolution to a degree that they direct gene expression into the Rx-expressing field of cells in mice. Using these sequences, we made a Cre line that can be used for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina.},
	Author = {Swindell, Eric C and Bailey, Travis J and Loosli, Felix and Liu, Chaomei and Amaya-Manzanares, Felipe and Mahon, Kathleen A and Wittbrodt, Joachim and Jamrich, Milan},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-14 13:37:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-14 13:38:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/dvg.20225},
	Journal = {Genesis},
	Journal-Full = {Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)},
	Keywords = {gene; mouse; Technique; retina; visual system; Neocortex; development; Transcription},
	Mesh = {Alleles; Animals; Eye Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Homeobox; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Integrases; Lac Operon; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Oryzias; Retina},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {361-3},
	pmid = {16850473},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rx-Cre, a tool for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006.pdf}}

@article{Olney:1968a,
	Author = {Olney, J W},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-10 16:25:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-10 16:26:20 +0000},
	Journal = {Invest Ophthalmol},
	Journal-Full = {Investigative ophthalmology},
	Keywords = {histology; connectivity; development; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; mouse; visual cortex; synapses; synapse formation; electron microscopy; retina; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electroretinography; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Photoreceptor Cells; Retina; Synapses},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {250-68},
	pmid = {5655873},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An electron microscopic study of synapse formation, receptor outer segment development, and other aspects of developing mouse retina},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1968},
	url = {papers/Olney_InvestOphthalmol1968.pdf}}

@article{Olney:1968,
	Author = {Olney, J W},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-10 16:25:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-10 16:26:25 +0000},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {histology; connectivity; development; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; mouse; visual cortex; synapses; synapse formation; electron microscopy; retina; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Histological Techniques; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Retina; Sensory Receptor Cells; Synapses},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5138},
	Pages = {281-2},
	pmid = {4869714},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Centripetal sequence of appearance of receptor-bipolar synaptic structures in developing mouse retina},
	Volume = {218},
	Year = {1968}}

@article{Cragg:1975,
	Abstract = {Synapses have been counted by electron microscopy and neurones by light microscopy through the depth of the visual cortex in a series of cats from 37 days gestation to adulthood. A few definite synapses are present as early as three weeks before birth, but there is then a latent period of four weeks before synapses increase rapidly in number 8-37 days after birth. The synapses occur just above and just below the cell plate at first, but in the adult cat they become evenly distributed in the depth of the cortex. The gradual separation of neurones by neuropil during development precedes a parallel increase in the density of synapses by about one week. The average number of synapses associated with one neurone rises to a peak of about 13,000 at seven weeks after birth. The densities of synapses and of neurones subsequently fall to slightly lower values in adult cats as the glial cells continue to develop. The timing of synaptic development in the visual cortex has been compared quantitatively with that in the L. G. N. and qualitatively with synaptogenesis in the retina. Synapses develop in the L. G. N. and cortex in a parallel fashion, and the L. G. N. precedes the cortex by a short interval of about two days. In the cell plate of the retina a few receptor synapses are present nine days before birth. Inner plexiform synapses are aslo present at this time, but ribbon-containing synapses do not appear until birth. Very few receptors possess outer segments with discs at birth, but five days later disc-bearing outer segments have developed. Thus synaptic development starts before afferent impulses can enter the visual system, but the main increase in synapses in the L. G. N. and cortex takes place four weeks after the start of synapse formation while the visual system is being used.},
	Author = {Cragg, B G},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-10 16:21:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-10 16:21:59 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901600202},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {histology; connectivity; development; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; cat; visual cortex; synapses; synapse formation; electron microscopy; LGN},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Cats; Cell Count; Geniculate Bodies; Gestational Age; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Retina; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {147-66},
	pmid = {1112924},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat},
	Volume = {160},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Cragg_JCompNeurol1975.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901600202}}

@article{Mathers:1978,
	Abstract = {The development of synapses in the visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of the rabbit has been examined with the electron microscope. In both areas, the number of synapses reaches adult levels by 20--25 days of postnatal age, but the development in the visual cortex is delayed in comparison to that in the superior colliculus. When S synapses (spheroidal vesicles, asymmetric thickening) are compared with F synapses (flattened vesicles, symmetric thickening), even greater differences are seen. In both the VC and SC, S synapses develop earlier than F synapses, though there is considerable overlap. Of interest is that fact that synapses in the visual cortex seem to overshoot their adult levels late in development, suggesting that an excess of synapses may be formed in this system. Multiple synapses, probably of retinal origin, increase in the first 3 weeks of synaptic development in the SC, but never are present in significant proportions in the VC. Synapse formation most often is characterized by formation of a junction and a postsynaptic thickening, followed by acquisition of synaptic vesicles. After 15 days, there is only a small number of such "non-vesicle synapses" in either the SC or VC.},
	Author = {Mathers, Jr, L H and Mercer, K L and Marshall, P E},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-10 16:18:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-10 16:19:49 +0000},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Exp{\'e}rimentation c{\'e}r{\'e}brale},
	Keywords = {histology; connectivity; development; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; Rabbits; visual cortex; synapses; synapse formation; electron microscopy; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Differentiation; Dendrites; Rabbits; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Synaptic Vesicles; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {353-69},
	pmid = {729659},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic development in the rabbit superior colliculus and visual cortex},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Mathers_ExpBrainRes1978.pdf}}

@article{Blue:1983,
	Abstract = {We have examined quantitatively the formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. The density of the total number of synapses (synapses per 100 micron2 neuropil) as well as the densities of Gray's type I and type II contacts were estimated from photographic montages of coronal strips of visual cortex from rats of various postnatal ages. Histograms of synaptic density as a function of depth were prepared, and the mean values of the postsynaptic density length and vesicle number per terminal were estimated for the two synapse types at each age examined. During the first few days of life, synapses were concentrated in the subplate region. By the latter part of the second postnatal week they were present throughout the cortex and an adult-like distribution, in which the highest densities were present in the superficial layers, was achieved by day 14. The postsynaptic density length of the type I synapses remained relatively unchanged during development but that of the type II synapses was more variable. Specifically, it was significantly longer during the second and third postnatal weeks compared to earlier ages and to adult values. The mean number of vesicles per terminal for the two synapse types increased with age until day 28. Subsequently, it only increased slightly between days 28 and 90 for the type I synapses but decreased significantly for the type II synaptic contacts. At all ages examined, type I synapses formed the majority of synaptic contacts. The developmental pattern appeared to differ for the two synapse types. The density of type I synapses increased continuously during the first three weeks and achieved a mean value close to that of adult animals by day 20. In contrast, the density of type II synapses did not increase significantly until day 6, increased dramatically in the second and third postnatal weeks, and then declined markedly between days 20 and 90. The observed decrease in the density of type II synaptic contacts is a clear example of synapse elimination in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Blue, M E and Parnavelas, J G},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-10 16:16:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-10 16:18:13 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurocytol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurocytology},
	Keywords = {histology; connectivity; development; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; rat; visual cortex; synapses; synapse formation; electron microscopy},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons; Cell Differentiation; Dendrites; Rats; Social Environment; Synapses; Synaptic Vesicles; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {697-712},
	pmid = {6619907},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. II. Quantitative analysis},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Blue_JNeurocytol1983.pdf}}

@article{Chapman:1993,
	Abstract = {The orientation selectivity of cells in ferret primary visual cortex was studied during normal development and in animals deprived of vision or of visual cortical activity. In normal animals from the age when visual responses were first recorded (postnatal day 23) through postnatal week 5, only about 25% of cells showed orientation-selective responses. By postnatal week 7, cortical responses had matured to an adult-like state, with approximately 75% of cells clearly selective for orientation. This development of orientation selectivity was not merely a reflection of the development of cortical cell responsiveness: at all ages studied, there was no correlation between responsiveness and selectivity. Infusion of TTX into visual cortex to silence neuronal activity completely blocked the maturation of orientation selectivity. Visual deprivation by bilateral lid suture impaired but did not completely block the normal development of orientation selectivity. We conclude that the maturation of orientation-selective responses in ferret primary visual cortex requires cortical neuronal activity, and that normal development requires visually driven activity.},
	Author = {Chapman, B and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 20:07:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 20:07:54 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; visual system; Neocortex; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tetrodotoxin; ferret; retinal wave paper; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ferrets; Neurons; Sensory Deprivation; Tetrodotoxin; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {5251-62},
	pmid = {8254372},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex and effects of deprivation},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Ruthazer:1996,
	Abstract = {Horizontal connections in area 17 of adult cats and ferrets link cells with similar preferred orientations by a patchy network of projections extending several millimeters across the cortex. The maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret area 17 has been demonstrated previously by quantitative single-unit recording and optical imaging to begin at approximately postnatal days (P) 32-P36. We therefore made restricted injections of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) or CTB-gold into ferret area 17 at a series of developmental ages and statistically quantified the degree of clustering in plots of retrogradely labeled cells in tangential sections through layer III for comparison to the published values for orientation tuning at each age. At P21, horizontal connections within area 17 lacked patchiness entirely, although clear patches of labeled cells were present in extrastriate areas. By P27, significant clustering of horizontal connections within area 17 was present. A second phase of cluster refinement was observed to occur at approximately P34-P36, coinciding with the emergence of mature orientation tuning and maps. Continuous silencing of cortical action potentials by chronic tetrodotoxin infusion from P21 resulted in a spatially random distribution of retrogradely labeled cells at P34. In contrast, bilateral enucleation from P21 did not prevent the initial development of clustered horizontal connections. We conclude, based on our findings and those of others, that the anatomical specificity of long-range horizontal connections results from an activity-dependent process that initially can use spontaneous activity in the cortical and thalamic networks to establish crude periodic connections and later uses visual cues to refine these connections.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, E S and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 20:05:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 20:06:48 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; visual system; Neocortex; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Ferrets; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Ferrets; Gold; Neurons; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {7253-69},
	pmid = {8929433},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The role of activity in the development of long-range horizontal connections in area 17 of the ferret},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Sretavan:1988,
	Abstract = {The cellular mechanisms by which the axons of individual neurons achieve their precise terminal branching patterns are poorly understood. In the visual system of adult cats, retinal ganglion cell axons from each eye form narrow cylindrical terminal arborizations restricted to alternate non-overlapping layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). During prenatal development, axon arborizations from the two eyes are initially simple in shape and are intermixed with each other; they then gradually segregate to form complex adult-like arborizations in separate eye-specific layers by birth. Here we report that ganglion cell axons exposed to tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block neuronal activity during fetal life fail to form the normal pattern of terminal arborization. Individual TTX-treated axon arborizations are not stunted in their growth, but instead produce abnormally widespread terminal arborizations which extend across the equivalent of approximately two eye-specific layers. These observations suggest that during fetal development of the central nervous system, the formation of morphologically appropriate and correctly located axon terminal arborizations within targets is brought about by an activity-dependent process.},
	Author = {Sretavan, D W and Shatz, C J and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 20:03:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:28:49 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/336468a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; visual system; Neocortex; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tetrodotoxin; cat; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Cats; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Gestational Age; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6198},
	Pages = {468-71},
	pmid = {2461517},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modification of retinal ganglion cell axon morphology by prenatal infusion of tetrodotoxin},
	Volume = {336},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/336468a0}}

@article{Shatz:1988,
	Abstract = {In the adult mammalian visual system, ganglion cell axons from the two eyes are segregated from each other into separate layers within their principal target, the lateral geniculate nucleus. The involvement of spontaneously generated action potential activity in the process of segregation was investigated during the fetal period in which segregation normally occurs in the cat, between embryonic day 45 (E45) and birth (E65). Tetrodotoxin, which blocks the voltage-sensitive sodium channel, was used to prevent action potentials. Fetuses received continuous intracranial infusions of tetrodotoxin from osmotic minipumps implanted in utero on E42. After a 2-week infusion, intraocular injections of anterograde tracers revealed that tetrodotoxin prevented segregation. The contralateral projection filled the lateral geniculate nucleus uniformly, and the ipsilateral projection expanded to occupy most of what would normally be contralaterally innervated layer A. Thus, in the fetus, long before the onset of vision, spontaneous action potential activity is likely to be present in the visual system and to contribute to the segregation of the retinogeniculate pathway.},
	Author = {Shatz, C J and Stryker, M P},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 20:02:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:30:15 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; visual system; Neocortex; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tetrodotoxin; cat; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Cats; Female; Fetus; Infusions, Parenteral; Optic Chiasm; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Tetrodotoxin; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4875},
	Pages = {87-9},
	pmid = {3175636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal tetrodotoxin infusion blocks segregation of retinogeniculate afferents},
	Volume = {242},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Demas:2003,
	Abstract = {In the immature retina, correlated spontaneous activity in the form of propagating waves is thought to be necessary for the refinement of connections between the retina and its targets. The continued presence of this activity in the mature retina would interfere with the transmission of information about the visual scene. The mechanisms responsible for the disappearance of retinal waves are not well understood, but one hypothesis is that visual experience is important. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the developmental changes in spontaneous retinal activity of both normal mice and mice reared in the dark. Using multi-electrode array recordings, we found that retinal waves in normally reared mice are present at postnatal day (P) 9 and begin to break down shortly after eye opening, around P15. By P21, waves have disappeared, and synchronous firing is comparable with that observed in the adult (6 weeks). In mice raised in the dark, we found a similar time course for the disappearance of waves. However, at P15, dark-reared retinas occasionally showed abnormally long periods of relative inactivity, not seen in controls. Apart from this quiescence, we found no striking differences between the patterns of spontaneous retinal activity from normal and dark-reared mice. We therefore suggest that visual experience is not required for the loss of synchronous spontaneous activity.},
	Author = {Demas, Jay and Eglen, Stephen J and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 14:00:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 14:01:44 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; Sensory/physiology; visual system; mouse; Neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Culture Techniques; Dark Adaptation; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Periodicity; Retina; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {2851-60},
	pmid = {12684472},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental loss of synchronous spontaneous activity in the mouse retina is independent of visual experience},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Demas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Thivierge:2009,
	Abstract = {Highly non-random forms of spontaneous activity are proposed to play an instrumental role in the early development of the visual system. However, both the fundamental properties of spontaneous activity required to drive map formation, as well as the exact role of this information remain largely unknown. Here, a realistic computational model of spontaneous retinal waves is employed to demonstrate that both the amplitude and frequency of waves may play determining roles in retinocollicular map formation. Furthermore, results obtained with different learning rules show that spike precision in the order of milliseconds may be instrumental to neural development: a rule based on precise spike interactions (spike-timing-dependent plasticity) reduced the density of aberrant projections to the SC to a markedly greater extent than a rule based on interactions at much broader time-scale (correlation-based plasticity). Taken together, these results argue for an important role of spontaneous yet highly non-random activity, along with temporally precise learning rules, in the formation of neural circuits.},
	Author = {Thivierge, Jean-Philippe},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 13:56:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 13:57:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2009.01.001},
	Journal = {Neural Netw},
	Journal-Full = {Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; Neurophysiology; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Spontaneous activity; topographic map; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Computer Simulation; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Retina; Statistics as Topic; Synapses; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {901-12},
	pmid = {19196491},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {How does non-random spontaneous activity contribute to brain development?},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Thivierge_NeuralNetw2009.pdf}}

@article{Kerschensteiner:2008,
	Abstract = {Patterns of coordinated spontaneous activity have been proposed to guide circuit refinement in many parts of the developing nervous system. It is unclear, however, how such patterns, which are thought to indiscriminately synchronize nearby cells, could provide the cues necessary to segregate functionally distinct circuits within overlapping cell populations. Here, we report that glutamatergic retinal waves possess a substructure in the bursting of neighboring retinal ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON or OFF). Within a wave, cells fire repetitive nonoverlapping bursts in a fixed order: ON before OFF. This pattern is absent from cholinergic waves, which precede glutamate-dependent activity, providing a developmental sequence of distinct activity-encoded cues. Asynchronous bursting of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells depends on inhibition between these parallel pathways. Similar asynchronous activity patterns could arise throughout the nervous system, as inhibition matures and might help to separate connections of functionally distinct subnetworks.},
	Author = {Kerschensteiner, Daniel and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 13:52:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:27:08 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.025},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/physiology; visual system; topographic map; mouse; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Photic Stimulation; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {851-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2553397},
	pmid = {18579076},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A precisely timed asynchronous pattern of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cell activity during propagation of retinal waves},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Neuron2008.pdf}}

@article{Demas:2006,
	Abstract = {Axon terminals from the two eyes initially overlap in the dorsal-lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) but subsequently refine to occupy nonoverlapping territories. Retinal activity is required to establish and maintain this segregation. We show that despite the presence of retinal activity, segregated projections desegregate when the structure of activity is altered. Early in development, spontaneous retinal activity in the no b-wave (nob) mouse is indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice, and eye-specific segregation proceeds normally. But, around eye-opening, spontaneous and visually evoked activity in nob retinas become abnormal, coincident with a failure to preserve precise eye-specific territories. Dark-rearing studies suggest that altered visual experience is not responsible. Transgenic rescue of the mutated protein (nyctalopin) within nob retinal interneurons, without rescuing expression in either retinal projection neurons or their postsynaptic targets in the dLGN, restores spontaneous retinal activity patterns and prevents desegregation. Thus, normally structured spontaneous retinal activity stabilizes newly refined retinogeniculate circuitry.},
	Author = {Demas, Jay and Sagdullaev, Botir T and Green, Erick and Jaubert-Miazza, Lisa and McCall, Maureen A and Gregg, Ronald G and Wong, Rachel O L and Guido, William},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-06 13:48:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:42:46 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.033},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; visual system; LGN; mouse; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Brain Mapping; Geniculate Bodies; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mutation; Proteoglycans; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {247-59},
	pmid = {16630836},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Failure to maintain eye-specific segregation in nob, a mutant with abnormally patterned retinal activity},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Demas_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.033}}

@article{Tribollet:2004,
	Abstract = {The distribution in the rat brain of high affinity nicotinic heteromeric acetylcholine receptors and of low affinity nicotinic, alpha7-containing, homomeric receptors was studied using in vitro light microscopic autoradiography. As ligands, we used [3H]epibatidine, or [125I]epibatidine, and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin, respectively. In adult animals, the two types of binding sites were widely distributed in many different brain structures, including the brainstem, cerebellum, mesencephalic structures, limbic system and cortex, but their anatomical distribution differed markedly. Only in rare instances could a co-localization be observed, for example in the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. In developing animals, both types of labeling were strongly expressed during embryonic and postnatal phases. Their distributions were qualitatively similar to those observed in adult animals, with a few noticeable exceptions in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem. In aging animals, neither the distribution nor the density of nicotinic binding sites was significantly altered. Our conclusions are the following. (a) There is little overlap in the distribution of heteromeric and alpha7-containing homomeric nicotinic receptors in the rat brain. (b) The abundance of neuronal nicotinic receptors during embryonic and postnatal development suggests that they may play a role in the establishment of neuronal connectivity. (c) The expression of neuronal nicotinic receptors is unaltered in middle aged animals, suggesting that in the rat these receptors do not play any major role in aging process.},
	Author = {Tribollet, E and Bertrand, D and Marguerat, A and Raggenbass, M},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 22:02:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 22:03:48 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.028},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {epibatidine; Nicotinic; Acetylcholine; Cholinergic; expression; rat},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Binding Sites; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Bungarotoxins; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nicotinic; Tissue Distribution; Tritium},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {405-20},
	pmid = {14980390},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Comparative distribution of nicotinic receptor subtypes during development, adulthood and aging: an autoradiographic study in the rat brain},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Tribollet_Neuroscience2004.pdf}}

@article{Naeff:1992,
	Abstract = {The ontogeny of high affinity nicotinic cholinergic binding sites was studied in Long-Evans rat brain by in vitro autoradiography, using [3H]nicotine (10 nM) and cold (-)nicotine bitartrate to assess specificity. The first binding sites become detectable in spinal cord and caudal medulla oblongata at gestational day (GD) 12. Until GD 14, labelling spreads throughout lower brainstem, mesencephalon and parts of diencephalon, with higher densities in ventral areas (including the area of developing mesencephalic dopamine neurons). Matrix zones remain unlabelled. Receptor sites appear in the cerebellar anlage by GD 15, and in caudal caudate-putamen by GD 16. During development from late gestational to early postnatal stages, labelling is reduced in many lower brainstem areas and increases in forebrain, in particular in neocortex. Receptor density remains high in thalamus. In neocortex, nicotinic receptor sites are first seen in the subplate layer by GD 20. Labelling of this zone remains prominent until PN 14, when an additional band of increased receptor density is seen in cortical layers III/IV which contain high receptor levels in adulthood. At PN 27, the pattern has become similar to the adult one. The development of [3H]nicotine-binding sites in individual brain regions, with a general caudo-rostral gradient, accompanies cell differentiation and early synapse formation, e.g., in neocortex. The ontogenetic pattern differs in detail from that of muscarinic-cholinergic binding sites. The early presence of binding sites provides a basis for specific actions of nicotine on the fetal brain. As a consequence of the ontogenetic changes, different brain structures become targets for the action of this drug at different stages of development.},
	Author = {Naeff, B and Schlumpf, M and Lichtensteiger, W},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 21:37:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 22:01:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {epibatidine; Acetylcholine; Cholinergic; expression; development; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Nicotine; Rats; Receptors, Nicotinic; Tritium},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {163-74},
	pmid = {1394965},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pre- and postnatal development of high-affinity [3H]nicotine binding sites in rat brain regions: an autoradiographic study},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Sharma:2002,
	Abstract = {The finding that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present in non-neuronal cells both within and outside the nervous system raises some interesting issues. The mechanisms underlying receptor signaling and its downstream consequences in these cells remain to be elucidated. Factors controlling the release of acetylcholine and the extent of its diffusion are likely to be different for these cells than for traditional neuronal synapses. Recent advances on the physiologic functions of some of these cell types have provided a better insight into possible functional roles for nAChRs in nonexcitable cells. The presence of nAChRs on these cells also implies a broader scope for the actions of nicotine that needs to be considered from a clinical viewpoint. Revealing the potential physiologic roles for nAChRs on nonexcitable cells is likely to provide a more complete understanding of cholinergic signaling.},
	Author = {Sharma, Geeta and Vijayaraghavan, Sukumar},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 21:15:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 21:16:43 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/neu.10114},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Acetylcholine; Cholinergic; epibatidine; glia; Oligodendroglia;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blood Cells; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Keratinocytes; Mice; Neuroglia; Receptors, Nicotinic; Respiratory Mucosa; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {524-34},
	pmid = {12436417},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Sharma_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Simon:1992,
	Abstract = {The topographic ordering of retinal connections in the rat superior colliculus emerges during early postnatal life from an initially diffuse projection. Disruption of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity in the superior colliculus during this period interferes with map remodeling. In rats chronically treated with NMDA receptor antagonists during the first two postnatal weeks, aberrant axons remain and arborize at topographically incorrect sites. These results indicate that, at a stage preceding visually evoked activity, normal NMDA receptor function is important for the development of an ordered neural map in the mammalian brain.},
	Author = {Simon, D K and Prusky, G T and O'Leary, D D and Constantine-Paton, M},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 21:03:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 21:04:36 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; rat; Superior Colliculus; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; Competitive Behavior; interaction; retina; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Aging; Animals; Axons; Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine; Dizocilpine Maleate; Drug Implants; Polyvinyls; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {10593-7},
	Pmc = {PMC50387},
	pmid = {1359542},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists disrupt the formation of a mammalian neural map},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Simon_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1992.pdf}}

@article{Huberman:2002,
	Abstract = {To determine whether there is a critical period for development of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we prevented the normal segregation of retinogeniculate afferents and then allowed an extended period of time for recovery. After recovery, both anatomy and physiology revealed strictly nonoverlapping territories of input from the two eyes. However, the normal stereotyped pattern of eye-specific afferent and cellular layers never developed. Instead, the eye-specific territories of afferent input emerged as variable and disorganized patches with no corresponding interlaminar spaces in the LGN. These findings reveal a critical period for coordinating the development of three processes in the LGN: the segregation of afferents from the two eyes, the spatial organization of those afferents into layers, and the alignment of postsynaptic cytoarchitecture with the afferent inputs. We also assessed the physiological consequences of preventing normal lamination and found normal single-cell responses and topographic representation of visual space in the LGN. Clusters of ON-center and OFF-center LGN cells were segregated from one another as in normal animals. However, the organization of ON and OFF sublaminas in the treated animals was disrupted.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Stellwagen, David and Chapman, Barbara},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 20:50:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 13:37:44 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; epibatidine; visual system; retina; LGN; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; Ferrets},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cholera Toxin; Critical Period (Psychology); Drug Administration Routes; Electrodes, Implanted; Eye; Ferrets; Fluorescein; Geniculate Bodies; Pyridines; Recovery of Function; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rhodamines; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {9419-29},
	Pmc = {PMC2662346},
	pmid = {12417667},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Decoupling eye-specific segregation from lamination in the lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Huberman_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Marks:2002,
	Abstract = {The beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit null mutation eliminated most high affinity [(3) H]epibatidine binding in mouse brain, but significant binding remained in accessory olfactory nucleus, medial habenula, inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus. Residual [(125) I]epibatidine binding sites in the inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus were subsequently characterized. Inhibition of [(125) I]epibatidine binding by 12 agonists and six antagonists was very similar in these regions. Most acetylcholine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux is eliminated in thalamus and superior colliculus of beta2 null mutants, but significant activity remained in inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus. This residual activity was subsequently characterized. The 12 nicotinic agonists tested elicited concentration-dependent (86) Rb(+) efflux. Epibatidine was the most potent agonist. Cytisine was also potent and efficacious. EC(50) values for quaternary agonists were relatively high. Cytisine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux was inhibited by six classical nicotinic antagonists. Mecamylamine and D-tubocurarine were most potent, while decamethonium was the least potent. Agonists and antagonists exhibited similar potency in both brain regions. Alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nm) did not significantly inhibit cytisine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux, while the alpha3beta4 selective antagonist, alphaConotoxinAuIB, inhibited a significant fraction of the response in both brain regions. Thus, beta2 null mutant mice express residual nicotinic activity with properties resembling those of alpha3beta4*-nAChR.},
	Author = {Marks, Michael J and Whiteaker, Paul and Grady, Sharon R and Picciotto, Marina R and McIntosh, J Michael and Collins, Allan C},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 20:40:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 20:41:16 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurochem},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurochemistry},
	Keywords = {epibatidine},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Alkaloids; Animals; Azocines; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Binding, Competitive; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inferior Colliculi; Iodine Radioisotopes; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Nicotinic Agonists; Nicotinic Antagonists; Pyridines; Quinolizines; Receptors, Nicotinic; Rubidium Radioisotopes; Tritium},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1102-15},
	pmid = {12065623},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of [(125) I]epibatidine binding and nicotinic agonist-mediated (86) Rb(+) efflux in interpeduncular nucleus and inferior colliculus of beta2 null mutant mice},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Marks_JNeurochem2002.pdf}}

@article{Marks:1996,
	Abstract = {The effects of the nicotinic agonists acetylcholine, (+)-anatox in-a, carbachol, cytisine, dimethylphenylpiperazinum, (+)-epibatidine, (-)-epibatidine, methylcarbachol, D-nicotine, L-nicotine, and tetramethylammonium on 86Rb+ efflux from mouse thalamic synaptosomes were investigated. All 11 agonists evoked a concentration-dependent stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux as well as a time- and concentration-dependent reduction of response (desensitization). The agonists varied widely in potency, efficacy and rate of desensitization. (+)-Epibatidine was the most potent agonist (EC50 = 10 nM), whereas tetramethylammonium was the least potent (EC50 = 65 microM). The agonists containing a quaternary ammonium group were generally more efficacious than the other agonists, except for both of the enantiomers of epibatidine, which stimulated 86Rb+ efflux at least as well as acetylcholine. Cytisine was the least efficacious compound tested with a maximal response approximately 10% that of (-)-epibatidine. Exposure of the thalamic synaptosomes to agonist concentrations that generally stimulated little or no efflux reduced in a concentration-dependent manner a subsequent response to 10 microM nicotine. The IC50 values for this functional blockade (desensitization) were highly correlated with the Ki values for the inhibition of [3H]nicotine binding. Furthermore, exposure of the thalamic synaptosomes to 300 nM L-nicotine reduced the responses evoked by a subsequent exposure to a stimulating concentration of all 11 agonists. The observation of desensitization by both stimulating and substimulating concentrations of each agonist is consistent with the predictions of the two-state model of Katz and Thesleff.},
	Author = {Marks, M J and Robinson, S F and Collins, A C},
	Date-Added = {2012-07-05 19:50:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-05 20:22:48 +0000},
	Journal = {J Pharmacol Exp Ther},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics},
	Keywords = {epibatidine; Cholinergic; Acetylcholine; agonist; Drug},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Animals; Carbachol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nicotine; Rubidium Radioisotopes; Synaptosomes; Thalamus},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1383-96},
	pmid = {8667201},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nicotinic agonists differ in activation and desensitization of 86Rb+ efflux from mouse thalamic synaptosomes},
	Volume = {277},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Marks_JPharmacolExpTher1996.pdf}}

@article{Muir-Robinson:2002,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous retinal activity mediated by cholinergic transmission regulates the segregation of retinal ganglion cell axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus into eye-specific layers. The details of how the layers form are unknown. Mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor lack ACh-mediated waves and as a result, do not form eye-specific layers at any stage of development. However, during the second postnatal week, beta2-/- mice have glutamate-mediated waves. Here we show that after the first postnatal week, even in the absence of layers, retinothalamic axons segregate into an unlayered, patchy distribution of eye-specific regions. These results indicate that spontaneous neural activity may independently regulate eye-specific segregation and the formation of layers at the developing retinothalamic projection.},
	Author = {Muir-Robinson, Gianna and Hwang, Bryan J and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-28 20:27:06 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-28 20:28:10 +0000},
	Doi = {20026563},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; retina; mouse; visual system; LGN},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Geniculate Bodies; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, Nicotinic; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {5259-64},
	pmid = {12097474},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinogeniculate axons undergo eye-specific segregation in the absence of eye-specific layers},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Muir-Robinson_JNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026563}}

@article{Pfeiffenberger:2005,
	Abstract = {In mammals, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections initially intermingle and then segregate into a stereotyped pattern of eye-specific layers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Here we found that in mice deficient for ephrin-A2, ephrin-A3 and ephrin-A5, eye-specific inputs segregated but the shape and location of eye-specific layers were profoundly disrupted. In contrast, mice that lacked correlated retinal activity did not segregate eye-specific inputs. Inhibition of correlated neural activity in ephrin mutants led to overlapping retinal projections that were located in inappropriate regions of the dLGN. Thus, ephrin-As and neural activity act together to control patterning of eye-specific retinogeniculate layers.},
	Author = {Pfeiffenberger, Cory and Cutforth, Tyler and Woods, Georgia and Yamada, Jena and Renter{\'\i}a, Ren{\'e} C and Copenhagen, David R and Flanagan, John G and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-28 19:52:47 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:44:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1508},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; epibatidine; Spontaneous activity; LGN; retina; Mouse; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Brain Mapping; Ephrin-A2; Ephrin-A3; Ephrin-A5; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Receptor, EphA2; Receptor, EphA3; Receptor, EphA5; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1022-7},
	Pmc = {PMC1352169},
	pmid = {16025107},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ephrin-As and neural activity are required for eye-specific patterning during retinogeniculate mapping},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Pfeiffenberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}}

@article{Bonetti:2010,
	Abstract = {The relative contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms to cortical development is an intensely debated issue and an outstanding question in neurobiology. Currently, the emerging view is that interplay between intrinsic genetic mechanisms and extrinsic information shape different stages of cortical development. Yet, whereas the intrinsic program of early neocortical developmental events has been at least in part decoded, the exact nature and impact of extrinsic signaling are still elusive and controversial. We found that in the mouse developing visual system, acute pharmacological inhibition of spontaneous retinal activity (retinal waves-RWs) during embryonic stages increase the rate of corticogenesis (cell cycle withdrawal). Furthermore, early perturbation of retinal spontaneous activity leads to changes of cortical layer structure at a later time point. These data suggest that mouse embryonic retina delivers long-distance information capable of modulating cell genesis in the developing visual cortex and that spontaneous activity is the candidate long-distance acting extrinsic cue mediating this process. In addition, these data may support spontaneous activity to be a general signal coordinating neurogenesis in other developing sensory pathways or areas of the central nervous system.},
	Author = {Bonetti, Ciro and Surace, Enrico Maria},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-28 19:43:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-28 19:45:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015211},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Neocortex; visual system; retina; Superior Colliculus; neurogenesis; Pyramidal Cells; Embryo and Fetal Development; Mouse; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; grants},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Central Nervous System; Cerebral Cortex; Forskolin; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Injections, Intraocular; Ki-67 Antigen; Mice; Models, Biological; Retina; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {e15211},
	Pmc = {PMC2999540},
	pmid = {21170332},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Mouse embryonic retina delivers information controlling cortical neurogenesis},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Bonetti_PLoSOne2010.pdf}}

@article{Schafer:2012,
	Abstract = {Microglia are the resident CNS immune cells and active surveyors of the extracellular environment. While past work has focused on the role of these cells during disease, recent imaging studies reveal dynamic interactions between microglia and synaptic elements in the healthy brain. Despite these intriguing observations, the precise function of microglia at remodeling synapses and the mechanisms that underlie microglia-synapse interactions remain elusive. In the current study, we demonstrate a role for microglia in activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the postnatal retinogeniculate system. We show that microglia engulf presynaptic inputs during peak retinogeniculate pruning and that engulfment is dependent upon neural activity and the microglia-specific phagocytic signaling pathway, complement receptor 3(CR3)/C3. Furthermore, disrupting microglia-specific CR3/C3 signaling resulted in sustained deficits in synaptic connectivity. These results define a role for microglia during postnatal development and identify underlying mechanisms by which microglia engulf and remodel developing synapses.},
	Author = {Schafer, Dorothy P and Lehrman, Emily K and Kautzman, Amanda G and Koyama, Ryuta and Mardinly, Alan R and Yamasaki, Ryo and Ransohoff, Richard M and Greenberg, Michael E and Barres, Ben A and Stevens, Beth},
	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 14:06:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2016-02-26 17:53:25 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; microglia; macrophage; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; neuron; Neuron-Glia/*physiology},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {691-705},
	pmid = {22632727},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Schafer_Neuron2012.pdf}}

@article{Minlebaev:2011,
	Abstract = {During development, formation of topographic maps in sensory cortex requires precise temporal binding in thalamocortical networks. However, the physiological substrate for such synchronization is unknown. We report that early gamma oscillations (EGOs) enable precise spatiotemporal thalamocortical synchronization in the neonatal rat whisker sensory system. Driven by a thalamic gamma oscillator and initially independent of cortical inhibition, EGOs synchronize neurons in a single thalamic barreloid and corresponding cortical barrel and support plasticity at developing thalamocortical synapses. We propose that the multiple replay of sensory input in thalamocortical circuits during EGOs allows thalamic and cortical neurons to be organized into vertical topographic functional units before the development of horizontal binding in adult brain.},
	Author = {Minlebaev, Marat and Colonnese, Matthew and Tsintsadze, Timur and Sirota, Anton and Khazipov, Roustem},
	Date-Added = {2012-05-08 14:18:43 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-05-08 14:19:56 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.1210574},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; oscillations; synchrony; Neocortex; Somatosensory Cortex; 21 Neurophysiology; in vivo; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Waves; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Interneurons; Male; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Thalamus; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6053},
	Pages = {226-9},
	pmid = {21998388},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early γ oscillations synchronize developing thalamus and cortex},
	Volume = {334},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Minlebaev_Science2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Minlebaev_Science2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210574}}

@article{Zhou:1996,
	Abstract = {The membrane excitability of cholinergic (starburst) amacrine cells was studied in the rabbit retina during postnatal development. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from 110 displaced starburst cells in a thin retina] slice preparation of rabbits between postnatal days P1 and P56 old. We report that displaced starburst cells undergo a dramatic transition from spiking to nonspiking, caused by a loss of voltage-gated Na currents. This change in membrane excitability occurred just after eye opening (P10), such that all of the starburst cells tested before eye opening had conspicuous tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na currents and action potentials, but none tested after the first 3 postnatal weeks had detectable Na currents or spikes. Our results suggest that starburst cells use action potentials transiently during development and probably play a functional role in visual development. These cells then cease to spike as the retina matures, presumably consistent with their role in visual processing in the mature retina.},
	Author = {Zhou, Z J and Fain, G L},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 18:57:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-14 14:42:44 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {retinal waves; Rabbits; retina; in vitro; Patch-Clamp Techniques; spontaneous activity; activity-development},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Kinetics; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rabbits; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tetrodotoxin; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {8057-62},
	Pmc = {PMC38874},
	pmid = {8755602},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Starburst amacrine cells change from spiking to nonspiking neurons during retinal development},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Zhou_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}}

@article{Lee:2006c,
	Abstract = {Patch-clamp recordings revealed that distal processes of starburst amacrine cells (SACs) received largely excitatory synaptic input from the receptive field center and nearly purely inhibitory inputs from the surround during both stationary and moving light stimulations. The direct surround inhibition was mediated mainly by reciprocal GABA(A) synapses between opposing SACs, which provided leading and prolonged inhibition during centripetal stimulus motion. Simultaneous Ca(2+) imaging and current-clamp recording during apparent-motion stimulation further demonstrated the contributions of both centrifugal excitation and GABA(A/C)-receptor-mediated centripetal inhibition to the direction-selective Ca(2+) responses in SAC distal processes. Thus, by placing GABA release sites in electrotonically semi-isolated distal processes and endowing these sites with reciprocal GABA(A) synapses, SACs use a radial-symmetric center-surround receptive field structure to build a polar-asymmetric circuitry. This circuitry may integrate at least three levels of interactions--center excitation, surround inhibition, and reciprocal inhibitions that amplify the center--surround antagonism-to generate robust direction selectivity in the distal processes.},
	Author = {Lee, Seunghoon and Zhou, Z Jimmy},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 18:50:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-24 18:55:15 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.007},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retina; direction; topographic map; function; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Amacrine Cells; connectivity; inhibition; GABA},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Amacrine Cells; Animals; Cadmium; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; GABA Antagonists; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phosphinic Acids; Potassium; Pyridazines; Pyridines; Rabbits; Receptors, GABA; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {787-99},
	pmid = {16982423},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The synaptic mechanism of direction selectivity in distal processes of starburst amacrine cells},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Lee_Neuron2006.pdf}}

@article{Syed:2004,
	Abstract = {We report here a systematic investigation of the dynamics, regulation and distribution of spontaneous waves in the rabbit retina during the course of wave development prior to eye opening. Three major findings were obtained in this longitudinal study. (1) Spontaneous retinal waves underwent three developmental stages, each of which displayed distinct wave dynamics, pharmacology and mechanism of generation and regulation. Stage I waves emerged prior to synaptogenesis and appeared as frequent, fast propagating waves that did not form spatial boundaries between waves. These waves could be inhibited by blockers of gap junctions and adenosine receptors, but not by nicotinic antagonists. Stage I waves lasted about one day (around embryonic day 22) and then switched rapidly to stage II, resulting in slower and less frequent waves that could be blocked by nicotinic antagonists and had a characteristic postwave refractory period and spatial boundaries between adjacent waves. Immediately after the transition from stage I to stage II, the waves could be reverted back to stage I by blocking nicotinic receptors, indicating the presence of mutually compensatory mechanisms for wave generation. Stage III waves emerged around postnatal day 3-4 (P3-4), and they were mediated by glutamtergic and muscarinic interactions. With age, these waves became weaker, more localized and less frequent. Spontaneous waves were rarely detected after P7. (2) GABA strongly modulated the wave dynamics in a stage- and receptor type-dependent manner. At stage I, endogenous GABAB activation downregulated the waves. The GABAB modulation disappeared during stage II and was replaced by a strong GABA(A/C)-mediated inhibition at stage III. Blocking GABA(A/C) receptors not only dramatically enhanced spontaneous stage III waves, but also induced propagating waves in >P7 retinas that did not show spontaneous waves, indicating a role of GABA inhibition in the disappearance of spontaneous waves. (3) Spontaneous retinal waves were found in both the inner and outer retina at all three stages. The waves in the outer retina (ventricular zone) also showed stage-dependent pharmacology and dynamics. Together, the results revealed a multistaged developmental sequence and stage-dependent dynamics, pharmacology and regulation of spontaneous retinal waves in the mammalian retina. The presence of retinal waves during multiple developmental stages and in multiple retinal layers suggests that the waves are a general developmental phenomenon with diverse functions.},
	Author = {Syed, Mohsin Md and Lee, Seunghoon and Zheng, Jijian and Zhou, Z Jimmy},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 18:46:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-24 18:47:00 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2004.066597},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; development; Rabbits; retina; visual system; GABA},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryonic Development; Gap Junctions; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rabbits; Receptors, GABA; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, GABA-B; Retina; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {Pt 2},
	Pages = {533-49},
	Pmc = {PMC1665265},
	pmid = {15308679},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stage-dependent dynamics and modulation of spontaneous waves in the developing rabbit retina},
	Volume = {560},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004.avi},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004a.avi},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004b.avi}}

@article{Zhang:2011a,
	Abstract = {Neural activity during vertebrate development has been unambiguously shown to play a critical role in sculpting circuit formation and function. Patterned neural activity in various parts of the developing nervous system is thought to modulate neurite outgrowth, axon targeting, and synapse refinement. The nature and role of patterned neural activity during development has been classically studied with in vitro preparations using pharmacological manipulations. In this review we discuss newly available and developing molecular-genetic tools for the visualization and manipulation of neural activity patterns specifically during development.},
	Author = {Zhang, Jiayi and Ackman, James B and Dhande, Onkar S and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 17:53:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-24 17:54:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnmol.2011.00043},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {review; optical imaging; optical physiology; Stimulation; Gene Expression},
	Pages = {43},
	Pmc = {PMC3219918},
	pmid = {22121343},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visualization and manipulation of neural activity in the developing vertebrate nervous system},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Zhang_FrontMolNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Tritsch:2010a,
	Abstract = {We found rat central auditory neurons to fire action potentials in a precise sequence of mini-bursts before the age of hearing onset. This stereotyped pattern was initiated by hair cells in the cochlea, which trigger brief bursts of action potentials in auditory neurons each time they fire a Ca2+ spike. By generating theta-like activity, hair cells may limit the influence of synaptic depression in developing auditory circuits and promote consolidation of synapses.},
	Author = {Tritsch, Nicolas X and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Contreras, Adri{\'a}n and Crins, Tom T H and Wang, Han Chin and Borst, J Gerard G and Bergles, Dwight E},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-15 19:13:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-15 19:13:44 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2604},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Cochlear Nerve; Auditory Pathways; topographic map; tonotopy; development; 21 Activity-development; Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways; Calcium; Cochlea; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Olivary Nucleus; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Spiral Ganglion; Time Factors},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1050-2},
	Pmc = {PMC2928883},
	pmid = {20676105},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium action potentials in hair cells pattern auditory neuron activity before hearing onset},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Tritsch_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tritsch_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf}}

@article{Nelson:1995,
	Abstract = {The emergence of functional lateral interactions in ferret visual cortex was monitored using high speed optical imaging of voltage-sensitive dye signals in brain slices. Prior to the time of eye opening, lateral activation was restricted to a narrow columnar region. During the week following eye opening, the extent of lateral propagation of activity more than doubled. Selective interruption of specific pathways in the slice, combined with pharmacological and anatomical experiments, determined that this lateral propagation was mediated by horizontal projections made within layer 2/3. These results indicate that functional horizontal interactions emerge only after axons begin branching and in parallel with, but not prior to, the refinement of orientation selectivity.},
	Author = {Nelson, D A and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 21:09:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 21:10:38 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {circuit formation; connectivity; Neocortex; visual cortex; optical imaging; voltage sensor; in vitro; horizontal; development; 21 Activity-development; Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons; Coloring Agents; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Ferrets; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Kynurenic Acid; Membrane Potentials; Neural Inhibition; Time Factors; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {23-34},
	pmid = {7619527},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of functional circuits in ferret visual cortex visualized by optical imaging},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Nelson_Neuron1995.pdf}}

@article{Dalva:1994,
	Abstract = {Assessing patterns of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian neocortex has relied primarily on anatomical studies. In a physiological approach described here, the patterns of synaptic connections in slices of developing ferret visual cortex were determined with scanning laser photostimulation. Functional synaptic inputs to pyramidal cells in cortical layers 2 and 3 originating from sites close to the neuronal cell body appeared at least 2 weeks before eye opening, prior to the formation of long-range horizontal connections. Extensive long-range horizontal connections appeared in the next 10 days of development. The number of local connections peaked at the time of eye opening; the number of these connections subsequently declined to the level found in the adult while the specificity of long-distance connections increased. Thus, the relative influence of local connections on the activity of layer 2 and layer 3 neurons declines as the cortex matures while the influence of longer range connections increases substantially.},
	Author = {Dalva, M B and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:58:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 21:03:23 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {development; circuit formation; connectivity; topographic map; connectivity; Neurophysiology; Stimulation; visual cortex; in vitro; Neocortex; visual system; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Ferrets; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Light; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Receptors, Glutamate; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5169},
	Pages = {255-8},
	pmid = {7912852},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rearrangements of synaptic connections in visual cortex revealed by laser photostimulation},
	Volume = {265},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Dalva_Science1994.pdf}}

@article{Callaway:1991,
	Abstract = {Intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals in the striate cortex of adult cats specifically link columns having the same preferred orientation; consequently, retrograde tracer injections result in intrinsic labeling that is sharply clustered. We have previously shown that the normal development of this circuitry involves the emergence of crude clusters from an unclustered pattern during the second postnatal week. Crude clusters are later refined to the adult level of specificity by the selective rearrangement of axonal arbors that initially project to incorrect orientation columns. Here we report that depriving animals of patterned visual experience by binocular lid suture prior to natural eye opening had no discernible effect on the emergence of crude clusters. In contrast, cluster refinement was dramatically affected by binocular deprivation. Injections of retrograde tracers in the striate cortex of animals binocularly deprived for greater than 1 month revealed only crude clusters, indicating that horizontal axon collaterals projecting to incorrect orientation columns were retained well past the age when they normally would have been eliminated. Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells from 6-week-old binocularly deprived animals had abnormal distributions of intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals that mirrored the lack of cluster refinement. The radial clustering of their horizontal collaterals was considerably less precise than normal. These cells, nevertheless, developed many of the features of normal mature arbors, including the distal axonal branches not seen in arbors from younger animals with normal visual experience. Together, these results indicate that axonal rearrangements occurred, but with reduced specificity. Thus, binocular deprivation did not simply arrest the development of this orientation-specific circuit at an immature state but limited the accuracy with which axon collaterals were added or eliminated. We suggest that development of this orientation-specific circuitry, like ocular dominance column segregation, may depend on temporal correlation of activity for regulation of axonal rearrangement. The specificity of rearrangement may be degraded in binocularly deprived cats because they do not experience sharply oriented visual stimuli necessary for concurrent activation of same-orientation columns.},
	Author = {Callaway, E M and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:51:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 20:56:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {circuit formation; Neocortex; cat; horizontal; connectivity; visual cortex; topographic map; development; 21 Activity-development; retrograde tracing},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Cats; Neurons; Reference Values; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {745-9},
	Pmc = {PMC50890},
	pmid = {1704130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Effects of binocular deprivation on the development of clustered horizontal connections in cat striate cortex},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Callaway_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}}

@article{Katz:1993,
	Abstract = {New approaches for detecting and manipulating patterns of neuronal activity have revealed diverse strategies for constructing circuits in the developing brain. Spontaneously generated patterns can provide activity-based information before the onset of sensory inputs. In addition to mechanisms based on chemical synaptic communication, coordination of activity via gap junctions can provide important cues for synchronous activity early in circuit formation.},
	Author = {Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:45:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 20:48:19 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Neocortex; Gap Junctions; synchrony; oscillations; development; circuit formation; review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neurons; Retina; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {93-99},
	pmid = {8453297},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coordinate activity in retinal and cortical development},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Katz_CurrOpinNeurobiol1993.pdf}}

@article{Weliky:1995,
	Abstract = {Combined optical imaging and electrophysiological techniques were used to assess directly the functional nature of long-range excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions between orientation columns in area 17 of ferret visual cortex. A significant correlation was found between the layout of iso-orientation columns and the pattern of evoked synaptic inputs between cortical sites: the largest-amplitude inhibitory and excitatory synaptic responses were evoked in single neurons when stimulation and recording electrodes were located in orientation columns sharing the same angle preference. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic responses decreased in amplitude when stimulation and recording electrodes were located in orientation columns with orthogonal angle preferences. Changing the stimulus intensity altered the balance of evoked excitation and inhibition without changing the columnar specificity of inputs. These results directly demonstrate that horizontal connections modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions between iso-orientation columns.},
	Author = {Weliky, M and Kandler, K and Fitzpatrick, D and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:15:32 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 20:17:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; Neocortex; ferret; optical imaging; intrinsic signal; topographic map; Orientation; horizontal; connectivity; Neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; structural remodeling;},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Ferrets; Fluorescent Dyes; Microspheres; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {541-52},
	pmid = {7546734},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterns of excitation and inhibition evoked by horizontal connections in visual cortex share a common relationship to orientation columns},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Weliky_Neuron1995.pdf}}

@article{Kandler:1998a,
	Abstract = {During brain development, endogenously generated coordinated neuronal activity regulates the precision of developing synaptic circuits (Shatz and Stryker, 1988; Weliky and Katz, 1997). In the neonatal neocortex, a form of endogenous coordinated activity is present as locally restricted intercellular calcium waves that are mediated by gap junctions (Yuste et al., 1992). As in other neuronal and non-neuronal systems, these coordinated calcium fluctuations may form the basis of functional cell assemblies (for review, seeWarner, 1992; Peinado et al., 1993b). In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms that mediate the activation of neuronal domains and the propagation of intercellular calcium waves in slices from neonatal rat neocortex. The occurrence of neuronal domains did not depend on intercellular propagation of regenerative electrical signals because domains persisted after blockade of sodium and calcium-dependent action potentials. Neuronal domains were elicited by intracellular infusion of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) but not of calcium, indicating the involvement of IP3-related second-messenger systems. Pharmacological stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, which are linked to the production of IP3, elicited similarly coordinated calcium increases, whereas pharmacological blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors dramatically reduced the number of neuronal domains. Therefore, the propagating cellular signal that causes the occurrence of neuronal domains seems to be inositol trisphosphate but not calcium. Because coordination of neuronal calcium changes by gap junctions is independent of electrical signals, the function of gap junctions between neocortical neurons is probably to synchronize biochemical rather than electrical activity.},
	Author = {Kandler, K and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:06:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 20:08:39 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Gap Junctions; rat; calcium imaging; Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Calcium; Gap Junctions; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; Intracellular Membranes; Neurons; Rats; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1419-27},
	pmid = {9454851},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coordination of neuronal activity in developing visual cortex by gap junction-mediated biochemical communication},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Kandler_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Kandler:1998,
	Abstract = {Neuronal coupling by gap junctions is common during early development of the brain. Coupling is thought to create functional cell assemblies which may be involved in the functional specification of brain areas and the formation of synaptic circuits. In the present study we used slices from the visual cortex of postnatal ferrets to investigate the temporal relationship of gap junction coupling and formation of functional synapses. Individual neurons were filled with the gap-junction-permeable dye biotin ethylenediamine while spontaneous synaptic currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques. We found that dye coupling increased during the first 2 postnatal weeks resulting at a peak around P14, after which coupling steadily decreased until adult levels were reached in animals older than P30. Spontaneous synaptic activity increased 30-fold between birth and maturity (from 10.8 +/- 2.4 to 318 +/- 54 events/min). The sharpest rise in synaptic activity, an over 5-fold increase, occurred between P15 and P19, shortly after the invasion of thalamocortical fibers.},
	Author = {Kandler, K and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-14 20:00:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-14 20:01:34 +0000},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; development; Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; in vitro; ferret; Gap Junctions; Neocortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biotin; Calcium; Cell Communication; Coloring Agents; Ferrets; Gap Junctions; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Second Messenger Systems; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {59-64},
	pmid = {9600391},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Relationship between dye coupling and spontaneous activity in developing ferret visual cortex},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Kandler_DevNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Zheng:2006a,
	Abstract = {Pharmacologically isolated starburst amacrine cells (SACs) in perinatal rabbit retinas spontaneously generated semiperiodic calcium spikes and long-lasting after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs), mediated by calcium-activated, cyclic AMP-sensitive potassium currents. These AHPs, rather than a depletion of neurotransmitters (as was previously believed), produced the refractory period of spontaneous retinal waves and set the upper limit of the wave frequency. Each SAC received inputs from roughly 10-30 neighboring SACs during a wave. These inputs synchronized and reshaped the intrinsic bursts to produce network oscillations at a rhythm different from that of individual SACs. With maturation, the semiperiodic bursts in SACs disappeared, owing to reduced intrinsic excitability and increased network inhibition. Thus, retinal waves are generated by a transient and specific network of cell-autonomous oscillators synchronized by reciprocally excitatory connections.},
	Author = {Zheng, Jijian and Lee, Seunghoon and Zhou, Z Jimmy},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:19:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 15:19:39 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1644},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; 21 Activity-development; retina; visual system; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Amacrine Cells; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Amacrine Cells; Animals; Biological Clocks; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Fura-2; Isoquinolines; Nerve Net; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; Rabbits; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {363-71},
	pmid = {16462736},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A transient network of intrinsically bursting starburst cells underlies the generation of retinal waves},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Zheng_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}}

@article{Zariwala:2012,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent calcium indicator proteins, such as GCaMP3, allow imaging of activity in genetically defined neuronal populations. GCaMP3 can be expressed using various gene delivery methods, such as viral infection or electroporation. However, these methods are invasive and provide inhomogeneous and nonstationary expression. Here, we developed a genetic reporter mouse, Ai38, which expresses GCaMP3 in a Cre-dependent manner from the ROSA26 locus, driven by a strong CAG promoter. Crossing Ai38 with appropriate Cre mice produced robust GCaMP3 expression in defined cell populations in the retina, cortex, and cerebellum. In the primary visual cortex, visually evoked GCaMP3 signals showed normal orientation and direction selectivity. GCaMP3 signals were rapid, compared with virally expressed GCaMP3 and synthetic calcium indicators. In the retina, Ai38 allowed imaging spontaneous calcium waves in starburst amacrine cells during development, and light-evoked responses in ganglion cells in adult tissue. Our results show that the Ai38 reporter mouse provides a flexible method for targeted expression of GCaMP3.},
	Author = {Zariwala, Hatim A and Borghuis, Bart G and Hoogland, Tycho M and Madisen, Linda and Tian, Lin and De Zeeuw, Chris I and Zeng, Hongkui and Looger, Loren L and Svoboda, Karel and Chen, Tsai-Wen},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 15:52:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-10 15:54:05 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4469-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {calcium imaging; optical physiology; multiphoton; microscopy; Technique; Mouse; Transgenic; gene; calcium sensor},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3131-41},
	Pmc = {PMC3315707},
	pmid = {22378886},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A Cre-dependent GCaMP3 reporter mouse for neuronal imaging in vivo},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Zariwala_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Vaney:2002,
	Abstract = {The neuronal circuitry underlying the generation of direction selectivity in the retina has remained elusive for almost 40 years. Recent studies indicate that direction selectivity may be established within the radial dendrites of 'starburst' amacrine cells and that retinal ganglion cells may acquire their direction selectivity by the appropriate weighting of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from starburst dendrites pointing in different directions. If so, this would require unexpected complexity and subtlety in the synaptic connectivity of these CNS neurons.},
	Author = {Vaney, David I and Taylor, W Rowland},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 17:15:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 17:16:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {review; visual system; retina; topographic map; sensory map; vision; GABA; interneurons; 21 Activity-development; circuit formation},
	Mesh = {Amacrine Cells; Animals; Motion Perception; Neural Inhibition; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {405-10},
	pmid = {12139988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Direction selectivity in the retina},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Vaney_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Wei:2011,
	Abstract = {Establishing precise synaptic connections is crucial to the development of functional neural circuits. The direction-selective circuit in the retina relies upon highly selective wiring of inhibitory inputs from starburst amacrine cells (SACs) onto four subtypes of ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), each preferring motion in one of four cardinal directions. It has been reported in rabbit that the SACs on the 'null' sides of DSGCs form functional GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-mediated synapses, whereas those on the preferred sides do not. However, it is not known how the asymmetric wiring between SACs and DSGCs is established during development. Here we report that in transgenic mice with cell-type-specific labelling, the synaptic connections from SACs to DSGCs were of equal strength during the first postnatal week, regardless of whether the SAC was located on the preferred or null side of the DSGC. However, by the end of the second postnatal week, the strength of the synapses made from SACs on the null side of a DSGC significantly increased whereas those made from SACs located on the preferred side remained constant. Blocking retinal activity by intraocular injections of muscimol or gabazine during this period did not alter the development of direction selectivity. Hence, the asymmetric inhibition between the SACs and DSGCs is achieved by a developmental program that specifically strengthens the GABA-mediated inputs from SACs located on the null side, in a manner not dependent on neural activity.},
	Author = {Wei, Wei and Hamby, Aaron M and Zhou, Kaili and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 15:27:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 15:28:51 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature09600},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {topographic map; visual system; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; direction; 21 Activity-development; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; GABA; interneurons; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Amacrine Cells; Animals; Dendrites; Electric Conductivity; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Neurological; Motion; Motion Perception; Muscimol; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Pyridazines; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7330},
	Pages = {402-6},
	pmid = {21131947},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina},
	Volume = {469},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Wei_Nature2011.pdf}}

@article{Malsburg:1973,
	Author = {von der Malsburg, C},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 17:18:49 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 17:28:06 -0500},
	Journal = {Kybernetik},
	Journal-Full = {Kybernetik},
	Keywords = {Computational Biology; Theoretical; Models; network; visual cortex; visual system; Retina; Spontaneous activity; self organization; topographic map; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Cybernetics; Feedback; Learning; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent; Orientation; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {85-100},
	pmid = {4786750},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in the striate cortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1973},
	url = {papers/Malsburg_Kybernetik1973.pdf}}

@article{Ragsdale:2001,
	Abstract = {When and how is the area map of the cerebral cortex set up during development? Recent studies indicate that regional pattern emerges early in cortical neurogenesis, and that this pattern does not require cues from extrinsic innervation. Studies of mutant mice indicate a role for embryonic signaling centers and for specific transcription factors in regionalizing the cortex. Thus, it is increasingly probable that the cortex is partitioned using the same types of mechanisms--and in some cases, the same gene families--that are used in patterning other parts of the embryo. This emerging model is likely to be the basis for many future studies. However, new evidence also confirms the special nature of the cerebral cortex, in that cues from developing connections appear to modify and refine the final area map.},
	Author = {Ragsdale, C W and Grove, E A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:54:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:55:14 -0500},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development; axon guidance; Thalamus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Models, Biological; Protein Sorting Signals; Signal Transduction; Thalamus; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {50-8},
	pmid = {11179872},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterning the mammalian cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Ragsdale_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Shimogori:2005,
	Abstract = {Thalamic innervation of each neocortical area is vital to cortical function, but the developmental strategies that guide axons to specific areas remain unclear. We took a new approach to determine the contribution of intracortical cues. The cortical patterning molecule fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) was misexpressed in the cortical primordium to rearrange the area map. Thalamic axons faithfully tracked changes in area position and innervated duplicated somatosensory barrel fields induced by an ectopic source of FGF8, indicating that thalamic axons indeed use intracortical positional information. Because cortical layers are generated in temporal order, FGF8 misexpression at different ages could be used to shift regional identity in the subplate and cortical plate either in or out of register. Thalamic axons showed strikingly different responses in the two different conditions, disclosing sources of positional guidance in both subplate and cortical plate. Unexpectedly, axon trajectories indicated that an individual neocortical layer could provide not only laminar but also area-specific guidance. Our findings demonstrate that thalamocortical axons are directed by sequential, positional cues within the cortex and implicate FGF8 as an indirect regulator of thalamocortical innervation.},
	Author = {Shimogori, Tomomi and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:46:46 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:47:24 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0453-05.2005},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neocortex; FGF; Fibroblast Growth Factor; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development; Thalamus; axon guidance},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Electroporation; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Injections, Intraventricular; Mice; Neural Pathways; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex; Telencephalon; Thalamus; Transfection; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {28},
	Pages = {6550-60},
	pmid = {16014716},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fibroblast growth factor 8 regulates neocortical guidance of area-specific thalamic innervation},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Shimogori_JNeurosci2005.pdf}}

@article{Grove:2008,
	Abstract = {The RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology recently held its 2008 Symposium ;Turning Neurons into a Nervous System' in Kobe, Japan. The program, organized by Masatoshi Takeichi, Joshua Sanes, Hideki Enomoto and Raj Ladher, provided a rich sampling from current work in developmental neurobiology. Researchers from Japan, Europe and the USA gathered at this meeting to share insights into neural development and to admire the opening of the cherry blossom season.},
	Author = {Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:45:53 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:46:08 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1242/dev.020511},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Shape; Humans; Models, Biological; Nervous System; Neurons; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {2203-6},
	pmid = {18539920},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Turning neurons into a nervous system},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Grove_Development2008.pdf}}

@article{Toyoda:2010,
	Abstract = {Gain- and loss-of-function experiments have demonstrated that a source of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 regulates anterior to posterior (A/P) patterning in the neocortical area map. Whether FGF8 controls patterning as a classic diffusible morphogen has not been directly tested. We report evidence that FGF8 diffuses through the mouse neocortical primordium from a discrete source in the anterior telencephalon, forms a protein gradient across the entire A/P extent of the primordium, and acts directly at a distance from its source to determine area identity. FGF8 immunofluorescence revealed FGF8 protein distributed in an A/P gradient. Fate-mapping experiments showed that outside the most anterior telencephalon, neocortical progenitor cells did not express Fgf8, nor were they derived from Fgf8-expressing cells, suggesting that graded distribution of FGF8 results from protein diffusion from the anterior source. Supporting this conclusion, a dominant-negative high-affinity FGF8 receptor captured endogenous FGF8 at a distance from the FGF8 source. New FGF8 sources introduced by electroporation showed haloes of FGF8 immunofluorescence indicative of FGF8 diffusion, and surrounding cells reacted to a new source of FGF8 by upregulating different FGF8-responsive genes in concentric domains around the source. Reducing endogenous FGF8 with the dominant-negative receptor in the central neocortical primordium induced cells to adopt a more posterior area identity, demonstrating long-range area patterning by FGF8. These observations support FGF8 as a classic diffusible morphogen in neocortex, thereby guiding future studies of neocortical pattern formation.},
	Author = {Toyoda, Reiko and Assimacopoulos, Stavroula and Wilcoxon, Jennifer and Taylor, Albert and Feldman, Polina and Suzuki-Hirano, Asuka and Shimogori, Tomomi and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:42:49 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:43:01 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1242/dev.055392},
	Journal = {Development},
	Journal-Full = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Body Patterning; Electroporation; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Neocortex; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {3439-48},
	Pmc = {PMC2947756},
	pmid = {20843859},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {FGF8 acts as a classic diffusible morphogen to pattern the neocortex},
	Volume = {137},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Toyoda_Development2010.pdf}}

@article{Rash:2007,
	Abstract = {Division of the telencephalic vesicle into hemispheres and specification of the cerebral cortex are key stages in forebrain development. We investigate the interplay in these processes of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs), and the transcription factor Gli3, which in its repressor form (Gli3R) antagonizes Shh signaling and downregulates expression of several Fgf genes. Contrary to previous reports, Shh is not required for dorsal hemisphere separation. Mice lacking Shh develop a dorsal telencephalic midline, a cortical hem, and two cortical hemispheres. The hemispheres do not divide rostrally, probably because of reduced local Fgf gene expression, resulting from the loss of Shh inhibition of Gli3R. Removing one functional copy of Gli3 substantially rescues Fgf expression and rostral telencephalic morphology. In mice lacking Gli3 function, cortical development is arrested, and ventral gene expression invades the dorsal telencephalon. These defects are potentially explained by disinhibition of Shh activity. However, when both copies of Shh are removed from Gli3-null mice, dorsal telencephalic defects persist. One such defect is a large dorsal expansion of the expression of Fgf genes. Fgf15 expression, for example, expands from a discrete ventral domain throughout the dorsal telencephalon. We propose that Fgf signaling, known to ventralize the telencephalon in a Shh-independent manner, suppresses cortical fate in the absence of Gli3. Our findings point away from Shh involvement in dorsal telencephalic patterning and encourage additional exploration of Fgf signaling and Gli3 repression in corticogenesis.},
	Author = {Rash, Brian G and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:41:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:41:23 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3204-07.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hedgehog Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Mutant Strains; Telencephalon},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {11595-603},
	pmid = {17959802},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterning the dorsal telencephalon: a role for sonic hedgehog?},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2007.pdf}}

@article{Rash:2006,
	Abstract = {Two anatomical patterns characterize the neocortex, and both are essential for normal cortical function. First, neocortex is divided into anatomically distinct and functionally specialized areas that form a species-specific map. Second, neocortex is composed of layers that organize cortical connectivity. Recent studies of layer and area development have used time-lapse microscopy to follow cortical cell division and migration, gene arrays to find layer- or area- specific regulatory genes, time- and region- specific manipulations of candidate genes, and optical imaging to compare area maps in wild type with genetically altered mice. New observations clarify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate each pattern, and stress the links between layer and area formation.},
	Author = {Rash, Brian G and Grove, Elizabeth A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:38:01 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2006.01.004},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Ventricles; Humans; Mammals; Neurons},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {25-34},
	pmid = {16426837},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Area and layer patterning in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Rash_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}}

@article{Grove:2003,
	Abstract = {The view that the cortical primordium is initially patterned in similar ways to the rest of the embryo has been a conceptual breakthrough. We now have a new starting point for understanding how the cortical area map is established and how maps may change and evolve. Here we review findings that signaling molecules secreted from distinct cortical signaling centers establish positional information in the cortical primordium and regulate regional growth. In other embryonic systems, positional signals would regulate the patterned expression of transcription factors, leading, in a gene regulatory cascade, to the patterned differentiation of the tissue. We discuss candidate transcription factors with respect to such a model of cortical patterning. Finally, embryonic structures interact to pattern one another. We review data suggesting that the thalamus and cortex are patterned independently then interact to generate the final cortical area map.},
	Author = {Grove, Elizabeth A and Fukuchi-Shimogori, Tomomi},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-29 15:36:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-29 15:36:48 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131137},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neocortex; review literature; patterning; topographic map; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; genes; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cerebral Cortex; DNA-Binding Proteins; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Neurological; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Signal Transduction; Species Specificity; Thalamus; Transcription Factors; Wnt Proteins; Zebrafish Proteins},
	Pages = {355-80},
	pmid = {14527269},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Generating the cerebral cortical area map},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Grove_AnnuRevNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Ford:2012,
	Abstract = {Before vision, a transient network of recurrently connected cholinergic interneurons, called starburst amacrine cells (SACs), generates spontaneous retinal waves. Despite an absence of robust inhibition, cholinergic retinal waves initiate infrequently and propagate within finite boundaries. Here, we combine a variety of electrophysiological and imaging techniques and computational modeling to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these spatial and temporal properties of waves in developing mouse retina. Waves initiate via rare spontaneous depolarizations of SACs. Waves propagate through recurrent cholinergic connections between SACs and volume release of ACh as demonstrated using paired recordings and a cell-based ACh optical sensor. Perforated-patch recordings and two-photon calcium imaging reveal that individual SACs have slow afterhyperpolarizations that induce SACs to have variable depolarizations during sequential waves. Using a computational model in which the properties of SACs are based on these physiological measurements, we reproduce the slow frequency, speed, and finite size of recorded waves. This study represents a detailed description of the circuit that mediates cholinergic retinal waves and indicates that variability of the interneurons that generate this network activity may be critical for the robustness of waves across different species and stages of development.},
	Author = {Ford, Kevin J and F{\'e}lix, Aude L and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-24 16:44:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-24 16:45:02 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5309-12.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; in vitro; retina; Acetylcholine; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; calcium imaging; Models; Theoretical; Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {850-63},
	pmid = {22262883},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cellular mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal features of cholinergic retinal waves},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ford_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Inta:2008,
	Abstract = {Most forebrain GABAergic interneurons in rodents are born during embryonic development in the ganglionic eminences (GE) and migrate tangentially into the cortical plate. A subset, however, continues to be generated postnatally in the subventricular zone (SVZ). These interneurons populate the olfactory bulb (OB) reached via migration in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Employing transgenic mice expressing EGFP in 5-HT(3)-positive neurons, we identified additional migratory pathways in the early postnatal brain. Time-lapse imaging experiments revealed massive migration of EGFP-positive cells from the SVZ into numerous forebrain regions, including cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The neuronal fate of the migratory EGFP-labeled cells was indicated by their doublecortin (DCX) expression. Birthdating experiments, by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and retrovirus-based experiments, provided evidence that migrating neuroblasts were born in the SVZ postnatally and developed a distinct GABAergic phenotype. Our results demonstrate that the SVZ is a reservoir of GABAergic interneurons not only for the OB, but also for other cortical and subcortical areas.},
	Author = {Inta, Dragos and Alfonso, Julieta and von Engelhardt, Jakob and Kreuzberg, Maria M and Meyer, Axel H and van Hooft, Johannes A and Monyer, Hannah},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-24 16:43:09 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-24 16:43:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0807059105},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; Neocortex; neuron; mouse; brdu},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Movement; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Prosencephalon; Serotonin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {52},
	Pages = {20994-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2605417},
	pmid = {19095802},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurogenesis and widespread forebrain migration of distinct GABAergic neurons from the postnatal subventricular zone},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Inta_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807059105}}

@article{Snyder:2009,
	Abstract = {Neurons are born throughout adulthood in the hippocampus and show enhanced plasticity compared with mature neurons. However, there are conflicting reports on whether or not young neurons contribute to performance in behavioral tasks, and there is no clear relationship between the timing of maturation of young neurons and the duration of neurogenesis reduction in studies showing behavioral deficits. We asked whether these discrepancies could reflect differences in the properties of young neurons in mice and rats. We report that young neurons in adult rats show a mature neuronal marker profile and activity-induced immediate early gene expression 1-2 weeks earlier than those in mice. They are also twice as likely to escape cell death, and are 10 times more likely to be recruited into learning circuits. This comparison holds true in two different strains of mice, both of which show high rates of neurogenesis relative to other background strains. Differences in adult neurogenesis are not limited to the hippocampus, as the density of new neocortical neurons was 5 times greater in rats than in mice. Finally, in a test of function, we find that the contribution of young neurons to fear memory is much greater in rats than in mice. These results reveal substantial differences in new neuron plasticity and function between these two commonly studied rodent species.},
	Author = {Snyder, Jason S and Choe, Jessica S and Clifford, Meredith A and Jeurling, Sara I and Hurley, Patrick and Brown, Ashly and Kamhi, J Frances and Cameron, Heather A},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-24 16:40:52 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-24 16:42:06 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1768-09.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; neuron; Neocortex; brdu; mouse; rat; hippocampus},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hippocampus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurogenesis; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {14484-95},
	Pmc = {PMC2830901},
	pmid = {19923282},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Adult-born hippocampal neurons are more numerous, faster maturing, and more involved in behavior in rats than in mice},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Snyder_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Snyder_JNeurosci2009a.pdf}}

@article{Siegel:2012,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous network activity constitutes a central theme during the development of neuronal circuitry [1, 2]. Before the onset of vision, retinal neurons generate waves of spontaneous activity that are relayed along the ascending visual pathway [3, 4] and shape activity patterns in these regions [5, 6]. The spatiotemporal nature of retinal waves is required to establish precise functional maps in higher visual areas, and their disruption results in enlarged axonal projection areas (e.g., [7-10]). However, how retinal inputs shape network dynamics in the visual cortex on the cellular level is unknown. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we identified two independently occurring patterns of network activity in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) before and at the onset of vision. Acute manipulations of spontaneous retinal activity revealed that one type of network activity largely originated in the retina and was characterized by low synchronicity (L-) events. In addition, we identified a type of high synchronicity (H-) events that required gap junction signaling but were independent of retinal input. Moreover, the patterns differed in wave progression and developmental profile. Our data suggest that different activity patterns have complementary functions during the formation of synaptic circuits in the developing visual cortex.},
	Author = {Siegel, Friederike and Heimel, J Alexander and Peters, Judith and Lohmann, Christian},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-13 17:41:16 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.026},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; 21 Calcium imaging; 21 Neurophysiology; optical imaging; optical physiology; multiphoton; visual cortex; Mouse; in vivo; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {253-8},
	pmid = {22264606},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Peripheral and central inputs shape network dynamics in the developing visual cortex in vivo},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012.avi}}

@article{Breunig:2007a,
	Abstract = {Adult neurogenesis research has made enormous strides in the last decade but has been complicated by several failures to replicate promising findings. Prevalent use of highly sensitive methods with inherent sources of error has led to extraordinary conclusions without adequate crossvalidation. Perhaps the biggest culprit is the reliance on molecules involved in DNA synthesis and genetic markers to indicate neuronal neogenesis. In this Protocol Review, we present an overview of common methodological issues in the field and suggest alternative approaches, including viral vectors, siRNA, and inducible transgenic/knockout mice. A multipronged approach will enhance the overall rigor of research on stem cell biology and related fields by allowing increased replication of findings between groups and across systems.},
	Author = {Breunig, Joshua J and Arellano, Jon I and Macklis, Jeffrey D and Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2012-02-06 17:52:26 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-02-06 17:52:50 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.stem.2007.11.008},
	Journal = {Cell Stem Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell stem cell},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; Neocortex; development; neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bystander Effect; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Reproducibility of Results; Staining and Labeling; Stem Cells},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {612-27},
	pmid = {18371403},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Everything that glitters isn't gold: a critical review of postnatal neural precursor analyses},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Breunig_CellStemCell2007.pdf}}

@article{Fortin:1999,
	Abstract = {Visually responsive neurons were recorded in the superficial layers of rat superior colliculus from postnatal day 12 to 28. Receptive field properties such as size, type (ON, OFF, ON-OFF and motion sensitive) and direction selectivity were analyzed to disclose changes during maturation. Although some aspects of sensory properties are modified during development (latency, receptive field sizes, and proportions of receptive field types), a high level of sophistication is also present in young animals even before eyelid opening. For instance, direction selective and direction biased cells, which require complex synaptic relations, are already observed when the first light evoked responses emerge in the superior colliculus (P13), strongly suggesting that this property develops without visual experience. Furthermore, direction selectivity is present in the colliculus prior to the appearance of visually evoked activity in the cortex. This indicates that direction selectivity can not be attributable to incoming cortical afferents. This study provides the first direct evidence that, unlike the cat, the rat's cortico-tectal pathway is only weakly involved in the establishment of direction selectivity in collicular neurons.},
	Author = {Fortin, S and Chabli, A and Dumont, I and Shumikhina, S and Itaya, S K and Molotchnikoff, S},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-30 18:23:12 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-30 18:27:54 -0500},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; function; visual system; Motion Perception; topographic map; development; 21 Activity-development; Spontaneous activity; rat},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reaction Time; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {55-64},
	pmid = {9974159},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maturation of visual receptive field properties in the rat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Fortin_BrainResDevBrainRes1999.pdf}}

@article{Mooney:1985,
	Abstract = {Intracellular recording, receptive field mapping, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection techniques were used to determine the structural and functional characteristics of neurons in the superficial laminae (stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum) of the hamster's superior colliculus (SC). Fifty-nine neurons (from 38 different hamsters) were successfully characterized, injected with HRP, and recovered. Of these, 8 were marginal cells, 14 had stellate morphology, 10 had narrow, vertically oriented dendritic trees, 12 had wide, vertically oriented dendritic arbors, and 8 were horizontal cells. Seven neurons had somatodendritic morphologies which did not fall into any of these groups. Overall, the distribution of receptive field properties for these cells matched that obtained in previous extracellular recordings from the superficial SC laminae in this species (Chalupa, L.M., and R.W. Rhoades (1977) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 270: 595-626; Chalupa, L.M. and R.W. Rhoades (1978) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 274: 571-592). There were significant correlations between receptive field properties and morphology. Sixty-four percent of the stellate cells and 75% of the marginal cells were directionally selective. Only 17% of the other cell types exhibited this response property. In addition, only 36% of the stellate cells and 25% of the marginal neurons were discharged by stationary, flashed spots. Eighty-one percent of the other recovered cells gave reliable responses to such stimuli. Stellate and marginal cells could also be differentiated from the other cell types on the basis of speed selectivity. Only 29% of the stellate and 13% of the marginal cells responded to stimulus speeds in excess of 20 degrees/sec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Mooney, R D and Klein, B G and Rhoades, R W},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-30 15:20:14 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-30 16:12:47 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; intracellular; 21 Neurophysiology; function; topographic map; Motion Perception; Hamsters},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cricetinae; Dendrites; Electrophysiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2989-3009},
	pmid = {4056863},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Correlations between the structural and functional characteristics of neurons in the superficial laminae and the hamster's superior colliculus},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{Lo:2011,
	Abstract = {Neurotropic viruses that conditionally infect or replicate in molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations, and then spread transsynaptically, are powerful tools for mapping neural pathways. Genetically targetable retrograde transsynaptic tracer viruses are available to map the inputs to specific neuronal subpopulations, but an analogous tool for mapping synaptic outputs is not yet available. Here we describe a Cre recombinase-dependent, anterograde transneuronal tracer, based on the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Application of this virus to transgenic or knockin mice expressing Cre in peripheral neurons of the olfactory epithelium or the retina reveals widespread, polysynaptic labeling of higher-order neurons in the olfactory and visual systems, respectively. Polysynaptic pathways were also labeled from cerebellar Purkinje cells. In each system, the pattern of labeling was consistent with classical circuit-tracing studies, restricted to neurons, and anterograde specific. These data provide proof-of-principle for a conditional, nondiluting anterograde transsynaptic tracer for mapping synaptic outputs from genetically marked neuronal subpopulations.},
	Author = {Lo, Liching and Anderson, David J},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:41:07 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:41:47 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.002},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {ideas; Grants; gene; Mouse; tracer; anterograde tracing; viral gene transfer; connectivity; synapses; Trans-synaptic},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {938-50},
	pmid = {22196330},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Lo_Neuron2011.pdf}}

@article{Kleindienst:2011,
	Abstract = {During brain development, before sensory systems become functional, neuronal networks spontaneously generate repetitive bursts of neuronal activity, which are typically synchronized across many neurons. Such activity patterns have been described on the level of networks and cells, but the fine-structure of inputs received by an individual neuron during spontaneous network activity has not been studied. Here, we used calcium imaging to record activity at many synapses of hippocampal pyramidal neurons simultaneously to establish the activity patterns in the majority of synapses of an entire cell. Analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic activity revealed a fine-scale connectivity rule: neighboring synapses (<16 μm intersynapse distance) are more likely to be coactive than synapses that are farther away from each other. Blocking spiking activity or NMDA receptor activation revealed that the clustering of synaptic inputs required neuronal activity, demonstrating a role of developmentally expressed spontaneous activity for connecting neurons with subcellular precision.},
	Author = {Kleindienst, Thomas and Winnubst, Johan and Roth-Alpermann, Claudia and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and Lohmann, Christian},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:39:30 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:40:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.015},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; synapse formation; Neurotransmitter; hippocampus; calcium imaging; in vitro; connectivity; development},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1012-24},
	pmid = {22196336},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent clustering of functional synaptic inputs on developing hippocampal dendrites},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kleindienst_Neuron2011.pdf}}

@article{Marshel:2011,
	Abstract = {To establish the mouse as a genetically tractable model for high-order visual processing, we characterized fine-scale retinotopic organization of visual cortex and determined functional specialization of layer 2/3 neuronal populations in seven retinotopically identified areas. Each area contains a distinct visuotopic representation and encodes a unique combination of spatiotemporal features. Areas LM, AL, RL, and AM prefer up to three times faster temporal frequencies and significantly lower spatial frequencies than V1, while V1 and PM prefer high spatial and low temporal frequencies. LI prefers both high spatial and temporal frequencies. All extrastriate areas except LI increase orientation selectivity compared to V1, and three areas are significantly more direction selective (AL, RL, and AM). Specific combinations of spatiotemporal representations further distinguish areas. These results reveal that mouse higher visual areas are functionally distinct, and separate groups of areas may be specialized for motion-related versus pattern-related computations, perhaps forming pathways analogous to dorsal and ventral streams in other species.},
	Author = {Marshel, James H and Garrett, Marina E and Nauhaus, Ian and Callaway, Edward M},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:38:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:38:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.004},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; topographic map; Orientation; visual system; mouse; visual cortex; in vivo; optical physiology; optical imaging; calcium imaging; multiphoton; microscopy; intrinsic signal},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1040-54},
	Pmc = {PMC3248795},
	pmid = {22196338},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional specialization of seven mouse visual cortical areas},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Marshel_Neuron2011.pdf}}

@article{Andermann:2011,
	Abstract = {The mouse is emerging as an important model for understanding how sensory neocortex extracts cues to guide behavior, yet little is known about how these cues are processed beyond primary cortical areas. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare visual responses in primary visual cortex (V1) and in two downstream target areas, AL and PM. Neighboring V1 neurons had diverse stimulus preferences spanning five octaves in spatial and temporal frequency. By contrast, AL and PM neurons responded best to distinct ranges of stimulus parameters. Most strikingly, AL neurons preferred fast-moving stimuli while PM neurons preferred slow-moving stimuli. By contrast, neurons in V1, AL, and PM demonstrated similar selectivity for stimulus orientation but not for stimulus direction. Based on these findings, we predict that area AL helps guide behaviors involving fast-moving stimuli (e.g., optic flow), while area PM helps guide behaviors involving slow-moving objects.},
	Author = {Andermann, Mark L and Kerlin, Aaron M and Roumis, Demetris K and Glickfeld, Lindsey L and Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:35:48 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:38:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.013},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; topographic map; Orientation; visual system; mouse; visual cortex; in vivo; optical physiology; optical imaging; calcium imaging; multiphoton; microscopy;},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1025-39},
	pmid = {22196337},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011b.pdf}}

@article{Kim:2011,
	Abstract = {The GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique, based on functional complementation between two nonfluorescent GFP fragments, can be used to detect the location of synapses quickly, accurately and with high spatial resolution. The method has been previously applied in the nematode and the fruit fly but requires substantial modification for use in the mammalian brain. We developed mammalian GRASP (mGRASP) by optimizing transmembrane split-GFP carriers for mammalian synapses. Using in silico protein design, we engineered chimeric synaptic mGRASP fragments that were efficiently delivered to synaptic locations and reconstituted GFP fluorescence in vivo. Furthermore, by integrating molecular and cellular approaches with a computational strategy for the three-dimensional reconstruction of neurons, we applied mGRASP to both long-range circuits and local microcircuits in the mouse hippocampus and thalamocortical regions, analyzing synaptic distribution in single neurons and in dendritic compartments.},
	Author = {Kim, Jinhyun and Zhao, Ting and Petralia, Ronald S and Yu, Yang and Peng, Hanchuan and Myers, Eugene and Magee, Jeffrey C},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:34:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:35:08 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.1784},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {synapses; microscopy; gene; technique; ideas; mouse; hippocampus; connectivity; connectome},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {96-102},
	pmid = {22138823},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {mGRASP enables mapping mammalian synaptic connectivity with light microscopy},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kim_NatMethods2011.pdf}}

@article{Kralj:2011a,
	Abstract = {Reliable optical detection of single action potentials in mammalian neurons has been one of the longest-standing challenges in neuroscience. Here we achieved this goal by using the endogenous fluorescence of a microbial rhodopsin protein, Archaerhodopsin 3 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense, expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. This genetically encoded voltage indicator exhibited an approximately tenfold improvement in sensitivity and speed over existing protein-based voltage indicators, with a roughly linear twofold increase in brightness between -150 mV and +150 mV and a sub-millisecond response time. Arch detected single electrically triggered action potentials with an optical signal-to-noise ratio >10. Arch(D95N) lacked endogenous proton pumping and had 50% greater sensitivity than wild type but had a slower response (41 ms). Nonetheless, Arch(D95N) also resolved individual action potentials. Microbial rhodopsin-based voltage indicators promise to enable optical interrogation of complex neural circuits and electrophysiology in systems for which electrode-based techniques are challenging.},
	Author = {Kralj, Joel M and Douglass, Adam D and Hochbaum, Daniel R and Maclaurin, Dougal and Cohen, Adam E},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:32:45 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:33:50 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1038/nmeth.1782},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; voltage sensor; in vitro; hippocampus; rat; Technique; gene},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {90-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3248630},
	pmid = {22120467},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Optical recording of action potentials in mammalian neurons using a microbial rhodopsin},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011b.pdf}}

@article{Ji:2012,
	Abstract = {The signal and resolution during in vivo imaging of the mouse brain is limited by sample-induced optical aberrations. We find that, although the optical aberrations can vary across the sample and increase in magnitude with depth, they remain stable for hours. As a result, two-photon adaptive optics can recover diffraction-limited performance to depths of 450 μm and improve imaging quality over fields of view of hundreds of microns. Adaptive optical correction yielded fivefold signal enhancement for small neuronal structures and a threefold increase in axial resolution. The corrections allowed us to detect smaller neuronal structures at greater contrast and also improve the signal-to-noise ratio during functional Ca(2+) imaging in single neurons.},
	Author = {Ji, Na and Sato, Takashi R and Betzig, Eric},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:31:06 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:31:34 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109202108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Technique; in vivo; calcium imaging; Optics; multiphoton},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {22-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3252919},
	pmid = {22190489},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization and adaptive optical correction of aberrations during in vivo imaging in the mouse cortex},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Ji_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}}

@article{Tolner:2012,
	Abstract = {Patterned neuronal activity such as spindle bursts in the neonatal cortex is likely to promote the maturation of cortical synapses and neuronal circuits. Previous work on cats has shown that removal of subplate neurons, a transient neuronal population in the immature cortex, prevents the functional maturation of thalamocortical and intracortical connectivity. Here we studied the effect of subplate removal in the neonatal rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Using intracortical EEG we show that after selective removal of subplate neurons in the limb region of S1, endogenous and sensory evoked spindle burst activity is largely abolished. Consistent with the reduced in vivo activity in the S1 limb region, we find by in vitro recordings that thalamocortical inputs to layer 4 neurons are weak. In addition, we find that removal of subplate neurons in the S1 barrel region prevents the development of the characteristic histological barrel-like appearance. Thus, subplate neurons are crucially involved in the generation of particular types of early network activity in the neonatal cortex, which are an important feature of cortical development. The altered EEG pattern following subplate damage could be applicable in the neurological assessment of human neonates.},
	Author = {Tolner, Else A and Sheikh, Aminah and Yukin, Alexey Y and Kaila, Kai and Kanold, Patrick O},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:28:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:29:33 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1538-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; development; 21 Neurophysiology; in vivo; extracellular; Somatosensory Cortex; rat; Spontaneous activity; neonatal},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {692-702},
	pmid = {22238105},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subplate neurons promote spindle bursts and thalamocortical patterning in the neonatal rat somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Tolner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Podgorski:2012,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience drives dramatic structural and functional plasticity in developing neurons. However, for single-neuron plasticity to optimally improve whole-network encoding of sensory information, changes must be coordinated between neurons to ensure a full range of stimuli is efficiently represented. Using two-photon calcium imaging to monitor evoked activity in over 100 neurons simultaneously, we investigate network-level changes in the developing Xenopus laevis tectum during visual training with motion stimuli. Training causes stimulus-specific changes in neuronal responses and interactions, resulting in improved population encoding. This plasticity is spatially structured, increasing tuning curve similarity and interactions among nearby neurons, and decreasing interactions among distant neurons. Training does not improve encoding by single clusters of similarly responding neurons, but improves encoding across clusters, indicating coordinated plasticity across the network. NMDA receptor blockade prevents coordinated plasticity, reduces clustering, and abolishes whole-network encoding improvement. We conclude that NMDA receptors support experience-dependent network self-organization, allowing efficient population coding of a diverse range of stimuli.},
	Author = {Podgorski, Kaspar and Dunfield, Derek and Haas, Kurt},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:25:51 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:27:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1001236},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {development; retinal; visual system; optic tectum; Xenopus; calcium imaging; in vivo; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; topographic map; Orientation; Learning; plasticity},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e1001236},
	Pmc = {PMC3254648},
	pmid = {22253571},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a Developing Brain Network during Awake Visual Learning},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Podgorski_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}}

@article{Wu:2012,
	Abstract = {Accumulating evidence indicates that GABA acts beyond inhibitory synaptic transmission and regulates the development of inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate brain, but the underlying cellular mechanism is not well understood. We have combined live imaging of cortical GABAergic axons across time scales from minutes to days with single-cell genetic manipulation of GABA release to examine its role in distinct steps of inhibitory synapse formation in the mouse neocortex. We have shown previously, by genetic knockdown of GABA synthesis in developing interneurons, that GABA signaling promotes the maturation of inhibitory synapses and axons. Here we found that a complete blockade of GABA release in basket interneurons resulted in an opposite effect, a cell-autonomous increase in axon and bouton density with apparently normal synapse structures. These results not only demonstrate that GABA is unnecessary for synapse formation per se but also uncover a novel facet of GABA in regulating synapse elimination and axon pruning. Live imaging revealed that developing GABAergic axons form a large number of transient boutons, but only a subset was stabilized. Release blockade led to significantly increased bouton stability and filopodia density, increased axon branch extension, and decreased branch retraction. Our results suggest that a major component of GABA function in synapse development is transmission-mediated elimination of subsets of nascent contacts. Therefore, GABA may regulate activity-dependent inhibitory synapse formation by coordinately eliminating certain nascent contacts while promoting the maturation of other nascent synapses.},
	Author = {Wu, Xiaoyun and Fu, Yu and Knott, Graham and Lu, Jiangteng and Di Cristo, Graziella and Huang, Z Josh},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:22:58 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:24:46 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3189-11.2012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; axon guidance; connectivity; refinement; plasticity; GABA; mouse; Neurotransmitter; synapse formation},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {331-43},
	pmid = {22219294},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABA Signaling Promotes Synapse Elimination and Axon Pruning in Developing Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2012},
	url = {papers/Wu_JNeurosci2012.pdf}}

@article{Cossart:2011,
	Abstract = {If the classical functional attribute of cortical GABAergic interneurons is to mediate synaptic inhibition in the adult cortex, it is becoming evident that their major task is instead to shape the spatio-temporal dynamics of the network oscillations that support most brain functions. This complex function involves a division of labour between morpho-physiologically diverse interneuron subtypes. Both the central network function and the bewildering heterogeneity of the interneuron population are especially emphasized during cortical development: at early postnatal stages, a single GABAergic neuron can efficiently pace the activity of hundreds of other cells, whereas some interneuron subtypes are still poorly developed. Given the role of coherent activity in brain development, this confers to GABAergic interneurons a major role in the proper maturation of cortical networks.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:15:39 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2010.10.003},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {GABA; interneurons; connectivity; network; calcium imaging; review; hippocampus; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Interneurons; Neural Pathways; Neurogenesis},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {160-8},
	pmid = {21074988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The maturation of cortical interneuron diversity: how multiple developmental journeys shape the emergence of proper network function},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Cossart_CurrOpinNeurobiol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.10.003}}

@article{Feldt:2011,
	Abstract = {Structure-function studies of neuronal networks have recently benefited from considerable progress in different areas of investigation. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging have allowed for the dissection of neuronal connectivity with unprecedented detail whereas in vivo recordings are providing much needed clues as to how sensory, motor and cognitive function is encoded in neuronal firing. However, bridging the gap between the cellular and behavioral levels will ultimately require an understanding of the functional organization of the underlying neuronal circuits. One way to unravel the complexity of neuronal networks is to understand how their connectivity emerges during brain maturation. In this review, we will describe how graph theory provides experimentalists with novel concepts that can be used to describe and interpret these developing connectivity schemes.},
	Author = {Feldt, Sarah and Bonifazi, Paolo and Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:13:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:15:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.007},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; connectivity; connectome; network; review; development},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Computer Simulation; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {225-36},
	pmid = {21459463},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dissecting functional connectivity of neuronal microcircuits: experimental and theoretical insights},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Feldt_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.007}}

@article{Picardo:2011,
	Abstract = {Connectivity in the developing hippocampus displays a functional organization particularly effective in supporting network synchronization, as it includes superconnected hub neurons. We have previously shown that hub network function is supported by a subpopulation of GABA neurons. However, it is unclear whether hub cells are only transiently present or later develop into distinctive subclasses of interneurons. These questions are difficult to assess given the heterogeneity of the GABA neurons and the poor early expression of markers. To circumvent this conundrum, we used "genetic fate mapping" that allows for the selective labeling of GABA neurons based on their place and time of origin. We show that early-generated GABA cells form a subpopulation of hub neurons, characterized by an exceptionally widespread axonal arborization and the ability to single-handedly impact network dynamics when stimulated. Pioneer hub neurons remain into adulthood, when they acquire the classical markers of long-range projecting GABA neurons.},
	Author = {Picardo, Michel Aim{\'e} and Guigue, Philippe and Bonifazi, Paolo and Batista-Brito, Renata and Allene, Camille and Ribas, Alain and Fishell, Gord and Baude, Agn{\`e}s and Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 17:10:55 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 17:13:04 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.018},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; hippocampus; Mouse; GABA; interneurons; connectivity; connectome; Patch-Clamp Techniques; calcium imaging},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Cell Lineage; Female; Hippocampus; Interneurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {695-709},
	Pmc = {PMC3163067},
	pmid = {21867885},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pioneer GABA cells comprise a subpopulation of hub neurons in the developing hippocampus},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Picardo_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Picardo_Neuron2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.018}}

@article{Chapman:1986,
	Abstract = {Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual experience, because no change in cortical physiology is produced by inequalities between the two eyes in retinal illumination or temporally modulated diffuse light stimulation. A higher-level process, involving gating signals from areas outside striate cortex, has been proposed to ensure that sustained changes in synaptic efficacy occur only in response to behaviourally significant visual inputs. To test whether such a process is necessary for ocular dominance plasticity, we treated 4-week-old kittens with visual deprivation and monocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) injections to create an imbalance in the electrical activities of the two retinas in the absence of patterned vision. After 1 week of treatment we determined the ocular dominance distribution of single units in primary visual cortex. In all kittens studied, a significant ocular dominance shift was found. In addition to this physiological change, there was an anatomical change in the lateral geniculate nucleus, where cells were larger in laminae receiving input from the more active eye. Our results indicate that patterned vision is not necessary for visual cortical plasticity, and that an imbalance in spontaneous retinal activity alone can produce a significant ocular dominance shift.},
	Author = {Chapman, B and Jacobson, M D and Reiter, H O and Stryker, M P},
	Date = {1986 Nov 13-19},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-18 11:08:08 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-18 11:09:00 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1038/324154a0},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; Tetrodotoxin; cat; visual cortex; topographic map; hebbian; Competitive Behavior; Binocular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Electrophysiology; Geniculate Bodies; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina; Tetrodotoxin; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {6093},
	Pages = {154-6},
	pmid = {3785380},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ocular dominance shift in kitten visual cortex caused by imbalance in retinal electrical activity},
	Volume = {324},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Chapman_Nature1986.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324154a0}}

@article{Yamashita:2003,
	Abstract = {Cortical inhibition is determined in part by the organization of synaptic inputs to gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons. In adult rat visual cortex, feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) connections that link lower with higher areas provide approximately 10% of inputs to parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic neurons and approximately 90% to non-GABAergic cells (Gonchar and Burkhalter [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 406:346-360). Although the proportions of these targets are similar in both pathways, FF synapses prefer larger PV dendrites than FB synapses, which may result in stronger inhibition in the FF than in the FB pathway (Gonchar and Burkhalter [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 406:346-360). To determine when during postnatal (P) development FF and FB inputs to PV and non-PV neurons acquire mature proportions, and whether the pathway-specific distributions of FF and FB inputs to PV dendrites develop from a similar pattern, we studied FF and FB connections between area 17 and the higher order lateromedial area (LM) in visual cortex of P15-42 mice. We found that the innervation ratio of PV and non-PV neurons is mature at P15. Furthermore, the size distributions of PV dendrites contacted by FF and FB synapses were similar at P15 but changed during the third to sixth postnatal weeks so that, by P36-42, FF inputs preferred thick dendrites and FB synapses favored thin PV dendrites. These results suggest that distinct FF and FB circuits develop after eye opening by rearranging the distribution of excitatory synaptic inputs on the dendritic tree of PV neurons. The purpose of this transformation may be to adjust differentially the strengths of inhibition in FF and FB circuits.},
	Author = {Yamashita, Akiko and Valkova, Katia and Gonchar, Yuri and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-17 14:19:11 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-17 14:19:26 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.10810},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {mouse; visual cortex; topographic map; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function; in vivo;},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cell Aging; Dendrites; Feedback; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Parvalbumins; Synapses; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {426-37},
	pmid = {12900914},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rearrangement of synaptic connections with inhibitory neurons in developing mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {464},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Yamashita_JCompNeurol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10810}}

@article{Wang:2011a,
	Abstract = {It is widely held that the spatial processing functions underlying rodent navigation are similar to those encoding human episodic memory (Doeller et al., 2010). Spatial and nonspatial information are provided by all senses including vision. It has been suggested that visual inputs are fed to the navigational network in cortex and hippocampus through dorsal and ventral intracortical streams (Whitlock et al., 2008), but this has not been shown directly in rodents. We have used cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic markers, topographic mapping of receptive fields, and pathway tracing to determine in mouse visual cortex whether the lateromedial field (LM) and the anterolateral field (AL), which are the principal targets of primary visual cortex (V1) (Wang and Burkhalter, 2007) specialized for processing nonspatial and spatial visual information (Gao et al., 2006), are distinct areas with diverse connections. We have found that the LM/AL border coincides with a change in type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in layer 4 and with the representation of the lower visual field periphery. Our quantitative analyses also show that LM strongly projects to temporal cortex as well as the lateral entorhinal cortex, which has weak spatial selectivity (Hargreaves et al., 2005). In contrast, AL has stronger connections with posterior parietal cortex, motor cortex, and the spatially selective medial entorhinal cortex (Haftig et al., 2005). These results support the notion that LM and AL are architecturally, topographically, and connectionally distinct areas of extrastriate visual cortex and that they are gateways for ventral and dorsal streams.},
	Author = {Wang, Quanxin and Gao, Enquan and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-17 14:13:50 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-17 14:17:36 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3488-10.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; visual cortex; topographic map; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function; in vivo; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bisbenzimidazole; Entorhinal Cortex; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microinjections; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Parietal Lobe; Receptor, Muscarinic M2; Temporal Lobe; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1905-18},
	Pmc = {PMC3040111},
	pmid = {21289200},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Gateways of ventral and dorsal streams in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3488-10.2011}}

@article{Wang:2007c,
	Abstract = {It is controversial whether mouse extrastriate cortex has a "simple" organization in which lateral primary visual cortex (V1) is adjoined by a single area V2 or has a "complex" organization, in which lateral V1 is adjoined by multiple distinct areas, all of which share the vertical meridian with V1. Resolving this issue is important for understanding the evolution and development of cortical arealization. We have used triple pathway tracing combined with receptive field recordings to map azimuth and elevation in the same brain and have referenced these maps against callosal landmarks. We found that V1 projects to 15 cortical fields. At least nine of these contain maps with complete and orderly representations of the entire visual hemifield and therefore represent distinct areas. One of these, PM, adjoins V1 at the medial border. Five areas, P, LM, AL, RL, and A, adjoin V1 on the lateral border, but only LM shares the vertical meridian representation with V1. This suggests that LM is homologous to V2 and that the lateral extrastriate areas do not represent modules within a single area V2. Thus, mouse visual cortex is "simple" in the sense that lateral V1 is adjoined by a single V2-like area, LM, and "complex" in having a string of areas in lateral extrastriate cortex, which receive direct V1 input. The results suggest that large numbers of areas with topologically equivalent maps of the visual field emerge early in evolution and that homologous areas are inherited in different mammalian lineages.},
	Author = {Wang, Quanxin and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-17 14:13:48 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-17 14:17:28 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.21286},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {mouse; visual cortex; topographic map; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function; in vivo; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biotin; Brain Mapping; Carbocyanines; Dextrans; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microelectrodes; Models, Anatomic; Photic Stimulation; Stereotaxic Techniques; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {339-57},
	pmid = {17366604},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Area map of mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {502},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wang_JCompNeurol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21286}}

@article{Wang:2007b,
	Abstract = {From the moment the mouse model took center stage for studies of cortical arealization and map formation, there was an urgent need for methods to identify areal borders in the living animal. The need was met in part by intrinsic optical signal imaging, which has been successfully applied to map topographic representations in primary visual, auditory and somatosensory cortex. However, the challenge remains to register these maps to the underlying structure. This is especially important for studies of the mouse brain in which cortical areas are often only a few hundred microns across. Here, we show that in visual cortex neuronal tracing with fluororuby and fluoroemerald can be used for transcranial imaging through the intact skull of callosal connections from the opposite side of the brain, and for mapping of topographic striate-extrastriate cortical pathways in living mice. Because callosal connections are important landmarks for cortical areas, the new method will allow registration of functional maps to underlying structures and facilitate targeted single-unit recordings in identified cortical areas.},
	Author = {Wang, Quanxin and Gao, Enquan and Burkhalter, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2012-01-17 14:13:46 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-01-17 14:17:22 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.024},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {mouse; visual cortex; topographic map; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function; in vivo; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bisbenzimidazole; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Dextrans; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Photic Stimulation; Rhodamines; Stereotaxic Techniques; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {268-76},
	pmid = {16945423},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo transcranial imaging of connections in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {159},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosciMethods2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.024}}

@article{Dhande:2011a,
	Abstract = {The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs. Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation. In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.},
	Author = {Dhande, Onkar S and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2011-12-30 18:33:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-12-30 18:34:00 -0500},
	Doi = {10.3791/2678},
	Journal = {J Vis Exp},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
	Keywords = {retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Electroporation; Technique;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electroporation; Mice; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Transfection},
	Number = {50},
	pmid = {21525846},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Transfection of mouse retinal ganglion cells by in vivo electroporation},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/2678}}

@article{Zhang:2011,
	Abstract = {Binocular competition is thought to drive eye-specific segregation in the developing visual system, potentially through Hebbian synaptic learning rules that are sensitive to correlations in afferent activity. Altering retinal activity can disrupt eye-specific segregation, but little is known about the temporal features of binocular activity that modulate visual map development. We used optogenetic techniques to directly manipulate retinal activity in vivo and identified a critical period before eye opening in mice when specific binocular features of retinal activity drive visual map development. Synchronous activation of both eyes disrupted segregation, whereas asynchronous stimulation enhanced segregation. The optogenetic stimulus applied was spatially homogenous; accordingly, retinotopy of ipsilateral projections was markedly perturbed, but contralateral retinotopy was unaffected or even improved. These results provide direct evidence that the synchrony and precise temporal pattern of binocular retinal activity during a critical period in development regulates eye-specific segregation and retinotopy in the developing visual system.},
	Author = {Zhang, Jiayi and Ackman, James B and Xu, Hong-Ping and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2011-12-30 18:04:30 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.3007},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {298-307},
	Pmc = {PMC3267873},
	pmid = {22179110},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Visual map development depends on the temporal pattern of binocular activity in mice},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@book{Gonzalez:2009,
	Annote = {LDR    01098cam  2200301 a 4500
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955    $bxh15 2010-05-11 z-processor to xh00$axh00 2010-05-12 to USPL/STM$ixh12 2011-10-11 to OSI
010    $a  2009902793
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020    $a0982085400
040    $aDLC$cDLC
042    $apcc
050 00 $aTA1637$b.G66 2009
100 1  $aGonzalez, Rafael C.
245 10 $aDigital Image processing using MATLAB /$cRafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins.
250    $a2nd ed.
260    $a[S.I.] :$bGatesmark Pub.,$cc2009.
300    $axviii, 826 p. :$bill. (some col.) ;$c25 cm.
504    $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 813-816) and index.
650  0 $aImage processing$xDigital techniques.
650  0 $aImage processing$xMathematics.
630 00 $aMATLAB.
700 1  $aWoods, Richard E.$q(Richard Eugene),$d1954-
700 1  $aEddins, Steven L.,$d1964-
},
	Author = {Gonzalez, Rafael C and Woods, Richard E and Eddins, Steven L.},
	Call-Number = {TA1637},
	Date-Added = {2011-12-30 12:42:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-12-30 12:42:13 -0500},
	Edition = {2nd ed},
	Genre = {Image processing},
	Isbn = {9780982085400},
	Library-Id = {2009902793},
	Publisher = {Gatesmark Pub.},
	Title = {Digital Image processing using MATLAB},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Ko:2011,
	Abstract = {Neuronal connectivity is fundamental to information processing in the brain. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of sensory processing requires uncovering how connection patterns between neurons relate to their function. On a coarse scale, long-range projections can preferentially link cortical regions with similar responses to sensory stimuli. But on the local scale, where dendrites and axons overlap substantially, the functional specificity of connections remains unknown. Here we determine synaptic connectivity between nearby layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in vitro, the response properties of which were first characterized in mouse visual cortex in vivo. We found that connection probability was related to the similarity of visually driven neuronal activity. Neurons with the same preference for oriented stimuli connected at twice the rate of neurons with orthogonal orientation preferences. Neurons responding similarly to naturalistic stimuli formed connections at much higher rates than those with uncorrelated responses. Bidirectional synaptic connections were found more frequently between neuronal pairs with strongly correlated visual responses. Our results reveal the degree of functional specificity of local synaptic connections in the visual cortex, and point to the existence of fine-scale subnetworks dedicated to processing related sensory information.},
	Author = {Ko, Ho and Hofer, Sonja B and Pichler, Bruno and Buchanan, Katherine A and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, P Jesper and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2011-11-08 09:57:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-11-08 09:57:48 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature09880},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; connectivity; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Somatosensory Cortex; Mouse; calcium imaging; optical physiology; in vivo},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Computer Simulation; Electrical Synapses; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {7345},
	Pages = {87-91},
	Pmc = {PMC3089591},
	pmid = {21478872},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional specificity of local synaptic connections in neocortical networks},
	Volume = {473},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Ko_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ko_Nature2011a.pdf}}

@article{Kang:2011,
	Abstract = {Brain development and function depend on the precise regulation of gene expression. However, our understanding of the complexity and dynamics of the transcriptome of the human brain is incomplete. Here we report the generation and analysis of exon-level transcriptome and associated genotyping data, representing males and females of different ethnicities, from multiple brain regions and neocortical areas of developing and adult post-mortem human brains. We found that 86 per cent of the genes analysed were expressed, and that 90 per cent of these were differentially regulated at the whole-transcript or exon level across brain regions and/or time. The majority of these spatio-temporal differences were detected before birth, with subsequent increases in the similarity among regional transcriptomes. The transcriptome is organized into distinct co-expression networks, and shows sex-biased gene expression and exon usage. We also profiled trajectories of genes associated with neurobiological categories and diseases, and identified associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene expression. This study provides a comprehensive data set on the human brain transcriptome and insights into the transcriptional foundations of human neurodevelopment.},
	Author = {Kang, Hyo Jung and Kawasawa, Yuka Imamura and Cheng, Feng and Zhu, Ying and Xu, Xuming and Li, Mingfeng and Sousa, Andr{\'e} M M and Pletikos, Mihovil and Meyer, Kyle A and Sedmak, Goran and Guennel, Tobias and Shin, Yurae and Johnson, Matthew B and Krsnik, Zeljka and Mayer, Simone and Fertuzinhos, Sofia and Umlauf, Sheila and Lisgo, Steven N and Vortmeyer, Alexander and Weinberger, Daniel R and Mane, Shrikant and Hyde, Thomas M and Huttner, Anita and Reimers, Mark and Kleinman, Joel E and Sestan, Nenad},
	Date-Added = {2011-11-01 18:40:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 20:44:04 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/nature10523},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {cerebral cortex; lateralization; asymmetry; hemisphere; Grants; behavior; Hand Strength; handedness; Laterality; human; gene; forelimb; language; infant; Gene Expression},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7370},
	Pages = {483-9},
	pmid = {22031440},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain},
	Volume = {478},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kang_Nature2011.pdf}}

@article{Torborg:2005,
	Abstract = {Blockade of retinal waves prevents the segregation of retinogeniculate afferents into eye-specific layers in the visual thalamus. However, the key features of retinal waves that drive this refinement are controversial. Some manipulations of retinal waves lead to normal eye-specific segregation but others do not. By comparing retinal spiking patterns in several mutant mice with differing levels of eye-specific segregation, we show that the presence of high-frequency bursts synchronized across neighboring retinal ganglion cells correlates with robust eye-specific segregation and that the presence of high levels of asynchronous spikes does not inhibit this segregation. These findings provide a possible resolution to previously described discrepancies regarding the role of retinal waves in retinogeniculate segregation.},
	Author = {Torborg, Christine L and Hansen, Kristi A and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-21 13:55:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-21 13:57:32 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn1376},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Technique; Spontaneous activity; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; multielectrode; array; neuron; development; LGN; topographic map; sensory map; visual system; Structure-Activity Relationship; Mice; Transgenic},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Connexins; Electrophysiology; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Reaction Time; Receptors, Nicotinic; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {72-8},
	Pmc = {PMC1463890},
	pmid = {15608630},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High frequency, synchronized bursting drives eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projections},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Torborg_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1376}}

@article{Torborg:2004,
	Abstract = {The projection of retinal ganglion cell axons to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN) is organized into eye-specific layers, which are macroscopic structures that reflect the bulk organization of thousands of axons. The processes that underlie the formation of these layers is the focus of research in several laboratories. The recent advent of fluorescently tagged tracers allows for the simultaneous visualization of axons from both eyes in the same dLGN section and therefore the analysis of axonal segregation patterns. However, the techniques traditionally used to quantify eye-specific segregation are far from standardized. Here we present an analysis method that objectively quantifies the extent of segregation. We apply this analyses to dLGN images from mice with normal retinogeniculate projection patterns and genetically altered mice with dramatically altered projection patterns. In addition, we compare dLGN images acquired at different optical resolutions to measure the spatial scale over which we can determine segregation unambiguously.},
	Author = {Torborg, Christine L and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-21 13:54:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-21 13:55:11 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.019},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {Technique; histology; Histological Techniques; anterograde tracing; retina; LGN; visual system; development; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Hydrazines; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Normal Distribution; Organic Chemicals; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {17-26},
	pmid = {15020085},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Unbiased analysis of bulk axonal segregation patterns},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.019}}

@article{Bossert:2011,
	Abstract = {In a rat model of context-induced relapse to heroin, we identified sparsely distributed ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons that were activated by the heroin-associated context. Selective pharmacogenetic inactivation of these neurons inhibited context-induced drug relapse. A small subset of ventral mPFC neurons formed neuronal ensembles that encode the learned associations between heroin reward and heroin-associated contexts; re-activation of these neuronal ensembles by drug-associated contexts during abstinence provoked drug relapse.},
	Author = {Bossert, Jennifer M and Stern, Anna L and Theberge, Florence R M and Cifani, Carlo and Koya, Eisuke and Hope, Bruce T and Shaham, Yavin},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-13 15:24:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-13 15:28:57 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2758},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early Proteins; genes; transgenic; rat; Transgenes; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Nerve Net; Neurons; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats; Recurrence; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {420-2},
	Pmc = {PMC3077927},
	pmid = {21336273},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ventral medial prefrontal cortex neuronal ensembles mediate context-induced relapse to heroin},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bossert_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2758}}

@article{Koya:2009,
	Abstract = {Learned associations between effects of abused drugs and the drug administration environment are important in drug addiction. Histochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that these associations are encoded in sparsely distributed nucleus accumbens neurons that are selectively activated by drugs and drug-associated cues. Although correlations have been observed between nucleus accumbens neuronal activity and responsivity to drugs and drug cues, no technique exists for selectively manipulating these activated neurons and establishing their causal role in behavioral effects of drugs and drug cues. Here we describe a new approach, which we term the 'Daun02 inactivation method', that selectively inactivates a minority of neurons previously activated by cocaine in an environment repeatedly paired with cocaine to demonstrate a causal role for these activated neurons in context-specific cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization in rats. This method provides a new tool for studying the causal roles of selectively activated neurons in behavioral effects of drugs and drug cues and in other learned behaviors.},
	Author = {Koya, Eisuke and Golden, Sam A and Harvey, Brandon K and Guez-Barber, Danielle H and Berkow, Alexander and Simmons, Danielle E and Bossert, Jennifer M and Nair, Sunila G and Uejima, Jamie L and Marin, Marcelo T and Mitchell, Timothy B and Farquhar, David and Ghosh, Sukhen C and Mattson, Brandi J and Hope, Bruce T},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-13 15:01:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-13 15:01:49 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2364},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early Proteins; gene; transgenic; mice; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Cues; Daunorubicin; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Learning; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neuropharmacology; Neurotoxins; Nucleus Accumbens; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Transgenic},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1069-73},
	Pmc = {PMC2752202},
	pmid = {19620976},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Targeted disruption of cocaine-activated nucleus accumbens neurons prevents context-specific sensitization},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Koya_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2364}}

@article{Blank:2011,
	Abstract = {Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder caused by a third chromosome 21 in humans (Trisomy 21), leading to neurological deficits and cognitive impairment. Studies in mouse models of DS suggest that cognitive deficits in the adult are associated with deficits in synaptic learning and memory mechanisms, but it is unclear whether alterations in the early wiring and refinement of neuronal circuits contribute to these deficits. Here, we show that early developmental refinement of visual circuits is perturbed in mouse models of Down syndrome. Specifically, we find excessive eye-specific segregation of retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Indeed, the degree of refinement scales with defects in the "Down syndrome critical region" (DSCR) in a dose-dependent manner. We further identify Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule), a gene within the DSCR, as a regulator of eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projections. Although Dscam is not the sole gene in the DSCR contributing to enhanced refinement in trisomy, Dscam dosage clearly regulates cell spacing and dendritic fasciculation in a specific class of retinal ganglion cells. Thus, altered developmental refinement of visual circuits that occurs before sensory experience is likely to contribute to visual impairment in individuals with Down syndrome.},
	Author = {Blank, Martina and Fuerst, Peter G and Stevens, Beth and Nouri, Navid and Kirkby, Lowry and Warrier, Deepti and Barres, Ben A and Feller, Marla B and Huberman, Andrew D and Burgess, Robert W and Garner, Craig C},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-11 10:37:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-11 10:39:27 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6015-10.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; Structure-Activity Relationship; connectivity; neocortex; LGN; retina; visual system; Spontaneous activity; structural remodeling},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cell Count; Dendrites; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down Syndrome; Fasciculation; Gene Dosage; Geniculate Bodies; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Microelectrodes; Neurons, Afferent; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyridines; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Trisomy; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {5764-76},
	pmid = {21490218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The Down syndrome critical region regulates retinogeniculate refinement},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Blank_JNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Guo:2011,
	Abstract = {DNA methylation has been traditionally viewed as a highly stable epigenetic mark in postmitotic cells. However, postnatal brains appear to show stimulus-induced methylation changes, at least in a few identified CpG dinucleotides. How extensively the neuronal DNA methylome is regulated by neuronal activity is unknown. Using a next-generation sequencing-based method for genome-wide analysis at single-nucleotide resolution, we quantitatively compared the CpG methylation landscape of adult mouse dentate granule neurons in vivo before and after synchronous neuronal activation. About 1.4% of 219,991 CpGs measured showed rapid active demethylation or de novo methylation. Some modifications remained stable for at least 24 h. These activity-modified CpGs showed a broad genomic distribution with significant enrichment in low-CpG density regions, and were associated with brain-specific genes related to neuronal plasticity. Our study implicates modification of the neuronal DNA methylome as a previously underappreciated mechanism for activity-dependent epigenetic regulation in the adult nervous system.},
	Author = {Guo, Junjie U and Ma, Dengke K and Mo, Huan and Ball, Madeleine P and Jang, Mi-Hyeon and Bonaguidi, Michael A and Balazer, Jacob A and Eaves, Hugh L and Xie, Bin and Ford, Eric and Zhang, Kun and Ming, Guo-Li and Gao, Yuan and Song, Hongjun},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-07 13:29:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-07 14:09:21 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2900},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {memory; Learning; epigenetic; Methylation; neuron; activity manipulation; plasticity; Adult Neurogenesis; mouse; Dentate Gyrus; hippocampus; Genomics},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1345-51},
	pmid = {21874013},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Guo_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Feller:1997,
	Abstract = {In the developing mammalian retina, spontaneous waves of action potentials are present in the ganglion cell layer weeks before vision. These waves are known to be generated by a synaptically connected network of amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells, and exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns, characterized by shifting domains of coactivation. Here, we present a novel dynamical model consisting of two coupled populations of cells that quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed domain sizes, interwave intervals, and wavefront velocity profiles. Model and experiment together show that the highly correlated activity generated by retinal waves can be explained by a combination of random spontaneous activation of cells and the past history of local retinal activity.},
	Author = {Feller, M B and Butts, D A and Aaron, H L and Rokhsar, D S and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2011-10-04 12:52:40 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-10-04 12:54:09 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Ferrets; Models, Neurological; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {293-306},
	pmid = {9292720},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamic processes shape spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Feller_Neuron1997.pdf}}

@article{Douglas:2006,
	Abstract = {The coherence thresholds to discriminate the direction of motion in random-dot kinematograms were measured in rats and mice. Performance was best in the rats when dot displacement from frame-to-frame was about 2 degrees, and frame duration was less than 100 ms. Mice had coherence thresholds similar to those of rats when tested at the same step size and frame duration. Although the lowest thresholds in the rats and mice occasionally reached human levels, average rodent values ( approximately 25%) were 2-3 times higher than those of humans. These data indicate that the rodent and primate visual systems are similar in that both have local motion detectors and a system for extracting global motion from a noisy signal.},
	Author = {Douglas, R M and Neve, A and Quittenbaum, J P and Alam, N M and Prusky, G T},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-23 10:06:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:15:44 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.025},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map; rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motion Perception; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Psychophysics; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Thresholds; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {2842-7},
	pmid = {16647739},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Perception of visual motion coherence by rats and mice},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Douglas_VisionRes2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.025}}

@article{Prusky:2006,
	Abstract = {Plasticity of vision mediated through binocular interactions has been reported in mammals only during a "critical" period in juvenile life, wherein monocular deprivation (MD) causes an enduring loss of visual acuity (amblyopia) selectively through the deprived eye. Here, we report a different form of interocular plasticity of vision in adult mice in which MD leads to an enhancement of the optokinetic response (OKR) selectively through the nondeprived eye. Over 5 d of MD, the spatial frequency sensitivity of the OKR increased gradually, reaching a plateau of approximately 36% above pre-deprivation baseline. Eye opening initiated a gradual decline, but sensitivity was maintained above pre-deprivation baseline for 5-6 d. Enhanced function was restricted to the monocular visual field, notwithstanding the dependence of the plasticity on binocular interactions. Activity in visual cortex ipsilateral to the deprived eye was necessary for the characteristic induction of the enhancement, and activity in visual cortex contralateral to the deprived eye was necessary for its maintenance after MD. The plasticity also displayed distinct learning-like properties: Active testing experience was required to attain maximal enhancement and for enhancement to persist after MD, and the duration of enhanced sensitivity after MD was extended by increasing the length of MD, and by repeating MD. These data show that the adult mouse visual system maintains a form of experience-dependent plasticity in which the visual cortex can modulate the normal function of subcortical visual pathways.},
	Author = {Prusky, Glen T and Alam, Nazia M and Douglas, Robert M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-23 10:05:40 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:14:14 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3396-06.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Contrast Sensitivity; Eye Enucleation; Female; Functional Laterality; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Sensory Thresholds; Space Perception; Time Factors; Vision, Monocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {45},
	Pages = {11554-61},
	pmid = {17093076},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Enhancement of vision by monocular deprivation in adult mice},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3396-06.2006}}

@article{Prusky:2004,
	Abstract = {Little is known about the spatial vision of mice or of the role the visual cortex plays in mouse visual perception. In order to provide baseline information upon which to evaluate the spatial vision of experimentally and genetically altered mice, we used the visual water task to assess the contrast sensitivity and grating acuity of normal C57BL/6 mice. We then ablated striate cortex (V1) bilaterally and re-measured the same visual functions. Intact mice displayed an inverse "U"-shaped contrast sensitivity curve with a maximum sensitivity near 0.2 cycles/degree (c/d). Grating acuity, measured either by discriminating a sine-wave grating from an equiluminant gray, or vertical from horizontal sine wave gratings, was near 0.55 c/d. Grating acuity and contrast sensitivity were reduced significantly following aspiration of V1. The mouse visual system exhibits fundamental mammalian characteristics, including the feature that striate cortex is involved in processing visual information with the highest sensitivity and spatial frequency.},
	Author = {Prusky, G T and Douglas, R M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-23 10:05:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:15:31 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.001},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Contrast Sensitivity; Discrimination (Psychology); Disease Models, Animal; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Animal; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Sensory Thresholds; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {28},
	Pages = {3411-8},
	pmid = {15536009},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of mouse cortical spatial vision},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.001}}

@article{Prusky:2008,
	Abstract = {Developmentally regulated plasticity of vision has generally been associated with "sensitive" or "critical" periods in juvenile life, wherein visual deprivation leads to loss of visual function. Here we report an enabling form of visual plasticity that commences in infant rats from eye opening, in which daily threshold testing of optokinetic tracking, amid otherwise normal visual experience, stimulates enduring, visual cortex-dependent enhancement (>60%) of the spatial frequency threshold for tracking. The perceptual ability to use spatial frequency in discriminating between moving visual stimuli is also improved by the testing experience. The capacity for inducing enhancement is transitory and effectively limited to infancy; however, enhanced responses are not consolidated and maintained unless in-kind testing experience continues uninterrupted into juvenile life. The data show that selective visual experience from infancy can alone enable visual function. They also indicate that plasticity associated with visual deprivation may not be the only cause of developmental visual dysfunction, because we found that experientially inducing enhancement in late infancy, without subsequent reinforcement of the experience in early juvenile life, can lead to enduring loss of function.},
	Author = {Prusky, Glen T and Silver, Byron D and Tschetter, Wayne W and Alam, Nazia M and Douglas, Robert M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-23 10:05:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:14:10 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1940-08.2008},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Eye; Female; GABA Agonists; Male; Motion; Muscimol; Neuronal Plasticity; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Thresholds; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {39},
	Pages = {9817-27},
	pmid = {18815266},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience-dependent plasticity from eye opening enables lasting, visual cortex-dependent enhancement of motion vision},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1940-08.2008}}

@article{Tschetter:2011,
	Abstract = {Animal model studies of amblyopia have generally concluded that enduring effects of monocular deprivation (MD) on visual behavior (i.e., loss of visual acuity) are limited to the deprived eye, and are restricted to juvenile life. We have previously reported, however, that lasting effects of MD on visual function can be elicited in adulthood by stimulating visuomotor experience through the non-deprived eye. To test whether stimulating experience would also induce interocular plasticity of vision in infancy, we assessed in rats from eye-opening on postnatal day (P) 15, the effect of pairing MD with the daily experience of measuring thresholds for optokinetic tracking (OKT). MD with visuomotor experience from P15 to P25 led to a ~60% enhancement of the spatial frequency threshold for OKT through the non-deprived eye during the deprivation, which was followed by loss-of-function (~60% below normal) through both eyes when the deprived eye was opened. Reduced thresholds were maintained into adulthood with binocular OKT experience from P25 to P30. The ability to generate the plasticity and maintain lost function was dependent on visual cortex. Strictly limiting the period of deprivation to infancy by opening the deprived eye at P19 resulted in a comparable loss-of-function. Animals with reduced OKT responses also had significantly reduced visual acuity, measured independently in a discrimination task. Thus, experience-dependent cortical plasticity that can lead to amblyopia is present earlier in life than previously recognized.},
	Author = {Tschetter, Wayne W and Douglas, Robert M and Prusky, Glen T},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-23 10:05:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:14:04 -0400},
	Doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2011.00044},
	Journal = {Front Syst Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map},
	Pages = {44},
	Pmc = {PMC3118448},
	pmid = {21720522},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience-induced interocular plasticity of vision in infancy},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Tschetter_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00044}}

@article{Huberman:2009,
	Abstract = {Motion detection is an essential component of visual processing. On-Off direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (On-Off DSGCs) detect objects moving along specific axes of the visual field due to their precise retinal circuitry. The brain circuitry of On-Off DSGCs, however, is largely unknown. We report a mouse with GFP expressed selectively by the On-Off DSGCs that detect posterior motion (On-Off pDSGCs), allowing two-photon targeted recordings of their light responses and delineation of their complete map of central connections. On-Off pDSGCs project exclusively to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus and in both targets form synaptic lamina that are separate from a lamina corresponding to non-DSGCs. Thus, individual On-Off DSGC subtypes are molecularly distinct and establish circuits that map specific qualities of directional motion to dedicated subcortical areas. This suggests that each RGC subtype represents a unique parallel pathway whose synaptic specificity in the retina is recapitulated in central targets.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Wei, Wei and Elstrott, Justin and Stafford, Ben K and Feller, Marla B and Barres, Ben A},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 22:34:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 22:35:38 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.014},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculus; Afferent Pathways; connectivity; sensory map; topographic map; Mouse; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Geniculate Bodies; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Agents; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Motion Perception; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {327-34},
	Pmc = {PMC3140054},
	pmid = {19447089},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic identification of an On-Off direction-selective retinal ganglion cell subtype reveals a layer-specific subcortical map of posterior motion},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.014}}

@article{Huberman:2007,
	Abstract = {Eye-specific visual connections are a prominent model system for exploring how precise circuits develop in the CNS and, in particular, for addressing the role of neural activity in synapse elimination and axon refinement. Recent experiments have identified the features of spontaneous retinal activity that mediate eye-specific retinogeniculate segregation, the synaptic events associated with this process, and the importance of axon guidance cues for organizing the overall layout of eye-specific maps. The classic model of ocular dominance column development, in which spontaneous retinal activity plays a crucial role, has also gained new support. Although many outstanding questions remain, the mechanisms that instruct eye-specific circuit development are becoming clear.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 22:31:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.005},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {mouse; visual system; visual cortex; retina; topographic map; sensory map; review; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Geniculate Bodies; Growth Cones; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Retina; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {73-80},
	pmid = {17254766},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanisms of eye-specific visual circuit development},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Huberman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.005}}

@article{Huberman:2011,
	Abstract = {Understanding the neural basis of visual perception is a long-standing fundamental goal of neuroscience. Historically, most vision studies were carried out on humans, macaques and cats. Over the past 5 years, however, a growing number of researchers have begun using mice to parse the mechanisms underlying visual processing; the rationale is that, despite having relatively poor acuity, mice are unmatched in terms of the variety and sophistication of tools available to label, monitor and manipulate specific cell types and circuits. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mouse visual system at the anatomical, receptive field and perceptual level, focusing on the opportunities and constraints those features provide toward the goal of understanding how vision works.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Niell, Cristopher M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 22:25:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-01-29 17:47:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.002},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {toread; mouse; visual system; visual cortex; retina; topographic map; sensory map; review},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {464-73},
	pmid = {21840069},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {What can mice tell us about how vision works?},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Huberman_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.002}}

@article{Reillo:2011,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex of large mammals undergoes massive surface area expansion and folding during development. Specific mechanisms to orchestrate the growth of the cortex in surface area rather than in thickness are likely to exist, but they have not been identified. Analyzing multiple species, we have identified a specialized type of progenitor cell that is exclusive to mammals with a folded cerebral cortex, which we named intermediate radial glia cell (IRGC). IRGCs express Pax6 but not Tbr2, have a radial fiber contacting the pial surface but not the ventricular surface, and are found in both the inner subventricular zone and outer subventricular zone (OSVZ). We find that IRGCs are massively generated in the OSVZ, thus augmenting the numbers of radial fibers. Fanning out of this expanding radial fiber scaffold promotes the tangential dispersion of radially migrating neurons, allowing for the growth in surface area of the cortical sheet. Accordingly, the tangential expansion of particular cortical regions was preceded by high proliferation in the underlying OSVZ, whereas the experimental reduction of IRGCs impaired the tangential dispersion of neurons and resulted in a smaller cortical surface. Thus, the generation of IRGCs plays a key role in the tangential expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Reillo, Isabel and de Juan Romero, Camino and Garc{\'\i}a-Cabezas, Miguel {\'A}ngel and Borrell, V{\'\i}ctor},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 14:47:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 14:49:44 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq238},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {grants; ideas; retina; Spontaneous activity; Afferent Pathways; Neocortex; visual cortex; radial glia; neurogenesis; retinal wave paper; ontogenetic column; Thalamus; LGN; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; plasticity},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1674-94},
	pmid = {21127018},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A role for intermediate radial glia in the tangential expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Reillo_CerebCortex2011.pdf}}

@article{Olavarria:1984,
	Abstract = {Following multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase into the posterior neocortex of one hemisphere, we examined the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled terminations in tangential and coronal sections through contralateral areas 17 and 18 in three groups of adult mice: normal-eyed (ZRDCT-n and C57Bl/6J strains), congenitally anophthalmic (ZRDCT-an strain), neonatally enucleated (ZRDCT-n strain). In agreement with previous studies, we observed that the pattern of callosal connections in areas 17 and 18 of normal-eyed mice contains the following features: (1) a dense band of callosal cells and terminations separating the interiors of areas 17 and 18, which have relatively few callosal connections, (2) a ring-like configuration anterolateral to area 17, (3) a region of dense labeling lateral to area 18, (4) a narrow band of labeling bridging the posterior portion of area 18, and (5) a region of labeling anteromedial to area 17. We find that all these features of the normal callosal pattern are recognizable in congenitally anophthalmic mice. Their presence in mice that never had eyes supports the hypothesis that central visual pathways can develop many aspects of their connectivity in the absence of input from the periphery. However, we also find that the details of certain features of the callosal pattern in congenitally eyeless mice often differ from those of the same features in normal-eyed mice, and that the between-animal variability in the appearance of these features is higher in eyeless mice. These latter findings indicate that the eyes are needed during normal development to fine-tune the pattern of callosal connections. Our results also reveal that the callosal pattern in neonatally enucleated mice does not differ significantly from that in congenitally anophthalmic mice, indicating that the period in which the eyes guide callosal development extends into postnatal life. While the present data do not delineate the time course of this period, the finding of similarly abnormal callosal patterns in congenitally anophthalmic and neonatally enucleated mice suggests that the eyes exert little if any influence prenatally. Finally, examination of coronal sections indicates that the laminar distribution of callosal connections develops normally in both groups of eyeless mice.},
	Author = {Olavarria, J and van Sluyters, R C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 13:57:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 14:15:35 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902300209},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {bilateral; callosal; visual cortex; Occipital Lobe; mouse; mutant; Albinism; connectivity; Sensory Deprivation; sensory map; topographic map; tracer; retrograde tracing; retina},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anophthalmos; Cats; Corpus Callosum; Cricetinae; Eye; Mice; Rats; Retina; Species Specificity; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {249-68},
	pmid = {6512020},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Callosal connections of the posterior neocortex in normal-eyed, congenitally anophthalmic, and neonatally enucleated mice},
	Volume = {230},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1984.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902300209}}

@article{Rakic:1991,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex is divisible into a number of cytoarchitectonic areas, but developmental mechanisms that regulate their number and size remain unknown. Here we provide evidence that reducing the population of selected thalamic fibers projecting into the primary visual cortex (area 17) of monkeys during midgestation induces the formation of a novel cytoarchitectonic area situated along the border of and embedded within area 17. This region, termed area X, differs cytoarchitectonically from both area 17 and the adjacent secondary visual cortex (area 18). We propose that an aberrant combination of thalamic and cortical connections acting on a portion of prospective area 17 deprived of its normal thalamic input may result in formation of a hybrid cortex. Our results support the protomap hypothesis of cortical parcellation and suggest how during evolution new cytoarchitectonic regions may arise by cell-cell interactions that depend on a unique combination of intrinsic properties of cortical neurons and afferent fibers.},
	Author = {Rakic, P and Su{\~n}er, I and Williams, R W},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 13:00:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 13:01:47 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation; monkey; Macaca fascicularis; Neocortex; visual cortex; Occipital Lobe; Afferent Pathways; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; plasticity; self organization; retina; topographic map; sensory map; bilateral; visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Graphics; Fetus; Macaca mulatta; Neurons; Reference Values; Retina; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2083-7},
	Pmc = {PMC51173},
	pmid = {2006147},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A novel cytoarchitectonic area induced experimentally within the primate visual cortex},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}}

@article{Kuljis:1990,
	Abstract = {The visual cortex in primates consists of an array of anatomically and chemically identifiable cellular modules (hypercolumns) with distinct physiological properties. For example, layers II/III in the macaque monkey contain a regular array of cytochrome oxidase-rich blobs. Furthermore, the surrounding cytochrome oxidase-poor interblob regions have a higher density of neuropeptide Y-positive aspiny stellate cells. Neurons in the blobs are thought to mediate predominantly low spatial frequencies and color vision, while those in the interblobs appear to be engaged in pattern vision and high spatial frequency analysis. In this study we examined the role of the retina in the development of hypercolumns. A bilateral retinal ablation was performed in embryos at midgestation, before any photoreceptors had established contacts with other retinal neurons and before layers II/III of the cortex--or their synaptic connection--had been generated. We found that the cortex in operated animals had cytochrome oxidase blobs and that their size and spacing were normal. In addition, neuropeptide Y-containing neurons were preferentially distributed in the interblob region as in control animals. Our findings indicate that some basic aspects of the cyto- and chemoarchitectonic organization of the cerebral cortex, which presumably evolved for the analysis of form and color, can emerge in the absence of cues from the retinal photoreceptors that mediate these attributes of vision.},
	Author = {Kuljis, R O and Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:47:54 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:49:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation; retina; monkey; Macaca fascicularis; visual cortex; Neocortex; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; self organization; Afferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electron Transport Complex IV; Macaca mulatta; Neurons; Neuropeptide Y; Photoreceptor Cells; Retina; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {5303-6},
	Pmc = {PMC54311},
	pmid = {2164675},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Hypercolumns in primate visual cortex can develop in the absence of cues from photoreceptors},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Kuljis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}}

@article{Dehay:1991,
	Abstract = {Bilateral enucleation in the macaque fetus causes an areal reduction of an otherwise normal striate cortex. Here we show that in early operated animals this reduction is accompanied by a separation of striate and prostriate cortices which are normally contiguous. However this induced separation does not correspond to the areal reduction of striate cortex, indicating that extrinsic signals regulate either the proliferation and/or survival of striate cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Dehay, C and Horsburgh, G and Berland, M and Killackey, H and Kennedy, H},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:38:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:39:43 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {Binocular; Monocular; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; Apoptosis; Neocortex; visual cortex; Occipital Lobe; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map; monkey; Sensory Deprivation; Macaca fascicularis},
	Mesh = {Animals; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Eye Enucleation; Macaca fascicularis; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {137-41},
	pmid = {1760867},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The effects of bilateral enucleation in the primate fetus on the parcellation of visual cortex},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Dehay_BrainResDevBrainRes1991.pdf}}

@article{Chalupa:1984,
	Abstract = {During fetal development of the cat's visual system there is a marked overproliferation of optic nerve axons. In utero binocular interaction contributes to the severity of fiber loss since removal of an eye during gestation attenuates axon loss in the remaining optic nerve. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this reduced loss of optic nerve fibers is due to a failure of retraction by supernumerary axon branches or to a reduction in ganglion cell death. To resolve this issue, we compared the number of ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers in adult cats which had one eye removed at known gestational ages. Retinal ganglion cells were backfilled with horseradish peroxidase and counts were made from retinal wholemounts. The axon complement was assessed with an electron microscopic assay. In the retinas of a normal cat we estimated 151,000 and 152,000 ganglion cells. The optic nerves of two other normal cats contained approximately 158,000 and 159,000 axons. In comparison, an animal enucleated on embryonic day 42 had 180,000 ganglion cells and 178,000 optic nerve fibers, while in an animal enucleated on embryonic day 51 the corresponding estimates were 182,000 and 190,000. The close agreement between cell and fiber counts indicates that axonal bifurcation does not contribute appreciably to the axon surplus in the optic nerve of prenatally enucleated cats. These results demonstrate that prenatal binocular interaction regulates the size of the mature retinal ganglion cell population.},
	Author = {Chalupa, L M and Williams, R W and Henderson, Z},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:35:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:37:16 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Competitive Behavior; self organization; Retinal Ganglion Cells; interaction; Binocular; Monocular; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; Apoptosis; Afferent Pathways; visual system; cat; retina; Embryo and Fetal Development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Cell Count; Cell Survival; Geniculate Bodies; Gestational Age; Optic Nerve; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1039-46},
	pmid = {6483189},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Binocular interaction in the fetal cat regulates the size of the ganglion cell population},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Chalupa_Neuroscience1984.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1981a,
	Author = {Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:23:14 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:29:06 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; plasticity; visual system; Visual Cortex; monkey; Macaca fascicularis},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain; Female; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Macaca mulatta; Microscopy, Electron; Pregnancy; Retina; Synapses; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4523},
	Pages = {928-31},
	pmid = {7302569},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of visual centers in the primate brain depends on binocular competition before birth},
	Volume = {214},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Science1981.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1977a,
	Author = {Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:19:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:21:16 -0400},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {visual system; visual cortex; retina; 21 Activity-development; Afferent Pathways; neurogenesis;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Fucose; Geniculate Bodies; Gestational Age; Haplorhini; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Proline; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Thymidine; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {961},
	Pages = {245-60},
	pmid = {19781},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey},
	Volume = {278},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Rakic_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1977,
	Author = {Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 12:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:20:32 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901760103},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {LGN; monkey; Macaca fascicularis; visual system; neurogenesis; migration; neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Geniculate Bodies; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Mitosis; Retina; Species Specificity},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {23-52},
	pmid = {409739},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genesis of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the rhesus monkey: site and time of origin, kinetics of proliferation, routes of migration and pattern of distribution of neurons},
	Volume = {176},
	Year = {1977},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901760103}}

@article{Land:1979,
	Abstract = {In the normal newborn rat the retinotectal pathway from each eye distributes across the whole area of both the ipsilateral and contralateral superior colliculus. Most of the ipsilateral projection retracts during the first ten postnatal days to produce the normal adult pattern, but retraction fails to occur if one eye is removed at birth.},
	Author = {Land, P W and Lund, R D},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 11:47:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 11:51:03 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; retina; visual system; Monocular; Binocular; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; connectivity},
	Mesh = {Albinism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Functional Laterality; Optic Chiasm; Rats; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4407},
	Pages = {698-700},
	pmid = {462177},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the rat's uncrossed retinotectal pathway and its relation to plasticity studies},
	Volume = {205},
	Year = {1979},
	url = {papers/Land_Science1979.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1974a,
	Abstract = {Autoradiographic evidence after injection of tritiated thymidine indicates that cell position in the laminae of the monkey visual cortex is systematically related to time of cell orgin. The earliest-formed neurons, destined for the deepest stratum, arise at about embryonic day 45, and the last ones, destined for the outermost cell stratum, form at about day 102; cells of intervening layers are generated at intervening times. No neocortical neurons are produced in the last two prenatal months or after birth. Compared to cortical neurons in rodents, those in the monkey arise earlier, and the "inside-out" relation of cell position to time of origin is more rigid.},
	Author = {Rakic, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 11:03:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 11:04:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {monkey; Macaca fascicularis; Neocortex; Cerebral Cortex; neurogenesis; development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Female; Gestational Age; Haplorhini; Macaca; Neurons; Pregnancy; Thymidine; Tritium; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {123},
	Pages = {425-7},
	pmid = {4203022},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time of origin and eventual disposition},
	Volume = {183},
	Year = {1974},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Science1974a.pdf}}

@article{Tolonen:2007,
	Abstract = {Recent experimental studies have shown that developing cortex in several animals species, including humans, exhibits spontaneous intermittent activity that is believed to be crucial for the proper wiring of early brain networks. The present study examined the developmental changes in these spontaneous activity transients (SAT) and in other ongoing cortical activities in human preterm babies. Full-band electroencephalography (FbEEG) recordings were obtained from 16 babies at conceptional ages between 32.8 and 40 wk. We examined the SATs and the intervening ongoing cortical activities (inter-SAT; iSAT) with average waveforms, their variance and power, as well as with wavelet-based time-frequency analyses. Our results show, that the low frequency power and the variance of the average waveform of SAT decrease during development. There was a simultaneous increase in the activity at higher frequencies, with most pronounced increase at theta-alpha range (4-9 Hz). In addition to the overall increase, the activity at higher frequencies showed an increased grouping into bursts that are nested in the low frequency (0.5-1 Hz) waves. Analysis of the iSAT epochs showed a developmental increase in power at lower frequencies in quiet sleep. There was an increase in a wide range of higher frequencies (4-16 Hz), whereas the ratio of beta (16-30 Hz) and theta-alpha (4-9 Hz) range activity declined, indicating a preferential increase at theta-alpha range activity. Notably, SAT and iSAT activities remained distinct throughout the development in all measures used in our study. The present results are consistent with the idea that SAT and the other ongoing cortical activities are distinct functional entities. Recognition of these two basic mechanisms in the cortical activity in preterm human babies opens new rational approaches for an evaluation and monitoring of early human brain function.},
	Author = {Tolonen, M and Palva, J M and Andersson, S and Vanhatalo, S},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 09:30:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-19 20:53:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.070},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; visual system; human; Fetus; EEG; Electroencephalography; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; sensory map; Occipital Lobe; visual cortex; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Beta Rhythm; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Synchronization; Electroencephalography; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Theta Rhythm},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {997-1006},
	pmid = {17307296},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the spontaneous activity transients and ongoing cortical activity in human preterm babies},
	Volume = {145},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Tolonen_Neuroscience2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.070}}

@article{Vanhatalo:2005,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous transients of correlated activity are a characteristic feature of immature brain structures, where they are thought to be crucial for the establishment of precise neuronal connectivity. Studies on experimental animals have shown that this kind of early activity in cortical structures is composed of long-lasting, intermittent network events, which undergo a developmental decline that is closely paralleled by the maturation of GABAergic inhibition. In order to examine whether similar events occur in the immature human cortex, we performed direct current-coupled electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from sleeping preterm babies. We show now that much of the preterm EEG activity is confined to spontaneous, slow activity transients. These transients are characterized by a large voltage deflection that nests prominent oscillatory activity in several frequency bands covering the whole frequency spectrum of the preterm EEG (<0.1-30 Hz). The slow voltage deflections had an amplitude of up to 800 microV. Most of these 'giant' events originated in the temporo-occipital areas, with a maximum rate of about 8/min, and their occurrence as well as amplitude showed a decline by the time of normal birth. In age-matched fetal brain tissue, this decrease in the spontaneous activity transients was associated with a developmental up-regulation of the neuronal chloride extruder K+-Cl- cotransporter 2, a crucial molecule for the generation of inhibitory GABAergic Cl- currents. Our work indicates that slow endogenous activity transients in the immature human neocortex are mostly confined to the prenatal stage and appear to be terminated in parallel with the maturation of functional GABAergic inhibition.},
	Author = {Vanhatalo, Sampsa and Palva, J Matias and Andersson, Sture and Rivera, Claudio and Voipio, Juha and Kaila, Kai},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 09:19:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-19 20:53:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04459.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; human; EEG; Electroencephalography; Occipital Lobe; visual cortex; visual system; Spontaneous activity; oscillations; synchrony; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Cerebral Cortex; Cloning, Molecular; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Neocortex; Symporters; Up-Regulation; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2799-804},
	pmid = {16324114},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Slow endogenous activity transients and developmental expression of K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 in the immature human cortex},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Vanhatalo_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04459.x}}

@article{Wong:1999,
	Abstract = {Many pathways in the developing visual system are restructured and become highly organized even before vision occurs. Yet the developmental processes underlying the remodeling of visual connectivity are crucially dependent on retinal activity. Surprisingly, the immature and light-insensitive retina spontaneously generates a pattern of rhythmic bursting activity during the period when the connectivity patterns of retinal ganglion cells are shaped. Spatially, the activity is seen to spread across the retina in the form of waves that bring into synchrony the bursts of neighboring cells. Waves are present in the developing retina of higher and lower vertebrates, which suggests that this form of activity may be a common and fundamental mechanism employed in the activity-dependent refinement of early patterns of visual connections. Unraveling the cues encoded by the waves promises to provide important insights into how interactions driven by specific patterns of activity could lead to the modification of connectivity during development.},
	Author = {Wong, R O},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-22 09:10:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 16:17:18 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; retina; visual system; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; sensory map; topographic map; development; review; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Retina; Visual Pathways},
	Pages = {29-47},
	pmid = {10202531},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal waves and visual system development},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Wong_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29}}

@article{Uchiyama:1989,
	Abstract = {Two types of centrifugal pathways to the retina have been found in the vertebrates, according to the location of the cell bodies and presence or absence of connections with the optic tectum. One type is represented by the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of birds and, therefore, termed "ION-type" retinopetal system. The other type is termed "non-ION-type" retinopetal system. The ION-type retinopetal systems have been found in the cyclostomes, teleosts, reptiles, and birds. This review describes the anatomy and physiology of the ION-type retinopetal systems, mainly of birds and teleosts. On the basis of anatomical and physiological evidence cited in this review, the ION-type retinopetal systems can be regarded as the tectofugal pathways to the retina. The function of the ION-type retinopetal systems is discussed in detail, with special emphasis on their relation to the role of the tectum in mediating visuomotor behavior.},
	Author = {Uchiyama, H},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-21 13:03:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-21 13:04:38 -0400},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retina;retinopetal;axons;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;histamine;Serotonin;retinal wave paper;Hypothalamus;dorsal raphe;Sleep;centrifugal;Efferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Animals; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {183-206},
	pmid = {2487102},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Centrifugal pathways to the retina: influence of the optic tectum},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Gastinger:2005,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: To describe serotonergic retinopetal axons in monkeys.
METHODS: Whole macaque and baboon retinas, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, were labeled with antisera raised against serotonin (5-HT).
RESULTS: Several large-diameter 5-HT-immunoreactive (IR) axons emerged from the optic disk. Most axons ran to the peripheral retina, where they branched extensively. Most terminated in the ganglion cell layer, but a few 5-HT-IR axons terminated in distal inner plexiform or within inner nuclear layer. Some axons branched extensively near the fovea, and a dense plexus of 5-HT-IR axons was also found around the optic disk. Varicose 5-HT-IR axons were also associated with blood vessels, especially in the central retina.
CONCLUSIONS: Immunoreactive serotonin is present in a distinct population of retinopetal axons in the monkey retina. Receptors for serotonin are present in the primate retinas, and based on physiological studies in other mammals, these retinopetal axons are expected to modulate neuronal activity and regulate blood flow.},
	Author = {Gastinger, Matthew J and Bordt, Andrea S and Bernal, Maria P and Marshak, David W},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-21 12:52:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-21 12:53:00 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1080/02713680500371532},
	Journal = {Curr Eye Res},
	Journal-Full = {Current eye research},
	Keywords = {retina;retinopetal;axons;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;histamine;Serotonin;retinal wave paper;Hypothalamus;dorsal raphe;Sleep;centrifugal;Efferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Female; Macaca mulatta; Nerve Fibers; Optic Disk; Papio anubis; Receptors, Serotonin; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retinal Vessels; Serotonin; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1089-95},
	pmid = {16354622},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Serotonergic retinopetal axons in the monkey retina},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680500371532}}

@article{Gastinger:1999,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: The goal of these experiments was to identify the neurotransmitter in centrifugal axons of the macaque retina.
METHODS: Macaca mulatta retinas and optic nerves were fixed overnight in carbodiimide and labeled with an antiserum to histamine with the use of an immunofluorescence technique.
RESULTS: Several large histamine-immunoreactive axons ran from the optic nerve head to the peripheral retina, where they branched extensively and terminated in the inner plexiform layer, occasionally alongside retinal blood vessels. Other axons that emerged from the optic nerve head ran in the optic fiber layer to the central retina, circled the fovea, and then returned to the optic disc. These may be the source of histamine-immunoreactive axons that have been observed in central visual areas. No labeled cell bodies were present in the retina. Because perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus are the only known source of histamine in the primate central nervous system and because neurons there can be retrogradely labeled from the cut optic nerve, the histamine-immunoreactive axons must have originated there.
CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of axons containing histamine that originate in the hypothalamus and project throughout the brain. Because the activity of these neurons is highest during the morning, histamine might play a role in preparing the retina to operate in daylight. The contacts of histamine-immunoreactive axons with blood vessels suggest that histamine may also play a role in regulating the retinal microvasculature.},
	Author = {Gastinger, M J and O'Brien, J J and Larsen, N B and Marshak, D W},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-21 12:36:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-21 12:40:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Investigative ophthalmology \& visual science},
	Keywords = {retina;retinopetal;axons;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;histamine;Serotonin;retinal wave paper;Hypothalamus;dorsal raphe;Sleep;centrifugal;Efferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Histamine; Macaca mulatta; Optic Nerve; Retina; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {487-95},
	pmid = {9950609},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Histamine immunoreactive axons in the macaque retina},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Gastinger_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}}

@article{Takahashi:2005,
	Abstract = {Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that the commissural connections between the two superior colliculi are mainly inhibitory with fewer excitatory connections. However, the functional roles of the commissural connections are not well understood, so we sought to clarify the physiology of tectal commissural excitation and inhibition of tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the "fixation " and "saccade " zones of the superior colliculus (SC). By recording intracellular potentials, we identified TRNs by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the omnipause neuron (OPN) and inhibitory burst neuron (IBN) regions and analyzed the effects of stimulation of the contralateral SC on these TRNs in anesthetized cats. TRNs in the caudal SC (saccade neurons) projected to the IBN region, and received mono- or disynaptic inhibition from the entire rostrocaudal extent of the contralateral SC. In contrast, TRNs in the rostral SC projected to the OPN or IBN region and received monosynaptic excitation from the most rostral level of the contralateral SC, and mono- or disynaptic inhibition from its entire rostrocaudal extent. Among the rostral TRNs with commissural excitation, IBN-projecting TRNs also projected to Forel's field H (vertical gaze center), suggesting that they were most likely saccade neurons related to vertical saccades. In contrast, TRNs projecting only to the OPN region were most likely fixation neurons. Most putative inhibitory neurons in the rostral SC had multiple axon branches throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the contralateral SC, whereas excitatory commissural neurons, most of which were rostral TRNs, distributed terminals to a discrete region in the rostral SC.},
	Author = {Takahashi, M and Sugiuchi, Y and Izawa, Y and Shinoda, Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-20 16:59:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-20 16:59:04 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00347.2005},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Functional Laterality; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Superior Colliculi; Synapses},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1707-26},
	pmid = {16105954},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Commissural excitation and inhibition by the superior colliculus in tectoreticular neurons projecting to omnipause neuron and inhibitory burst neuron regions},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00347.2005}}

@article{Lewis:1995,
	Abstract = {In the rat, callosal cells occupy lateral as well as medial portions of striate cortex. In the region of the border between areas 17 and 18, which contains a representation of the vertical meridian of the visual field, cells projecting through the corpus callosum are concentrated throughout the depth of the cortex. In contrast, in medial portion of striate cortex, where peripheral portions of the visual field are represented, callosal cells are preferentially found in infragranular layers. These differences in topography and laminar distribution suggest that these callosal regions, referred to as medial and lateral callosal regions in the present study, subserve different functions. We explored this possibility by analyzing the patterns of callosal linkages in these two callosal regions. We charted the location of retrogradely labeled cells within striate cortex of one hemisphere after placing restricted injections of one or more fluorescent tracers into selected sites in the contralateral striate cortex. We found the medial and lateral callosal regions have distinctly different topographic organizations. Injections into medial striate cortex of one hemisphere produced labeled cells predominantly in mirror-symmetric loci in medial portions of contralateral striate cortex. The arrangement of these connections suggests that they mediate direct interactions between cortical regions representing visual fields located symmetrically on opposite sides of the vertical meridian of the visual field. In contrast, the mapping in the lateral callosal region is reversed: injections into the 17/18a border produced labeled fields located medial to the contralateral 17/18a border, while injections slightly medial to the 17/18a border produced labeled fields located at the contralateral 17/18a border.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Lewis, J W and Olavarria, J F},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-20 14:43:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-20 14:53:31 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.903610110},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Corpus Callosum; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin Pigmentation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {119-37},
	pmid = {8550874},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two rules for callosal connectivity in striate cortex of the rat},
	Volume = {361},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Lewis_JCompNeurol1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610110}}

@article{Olavarria:1995a,
	Abstract = {The effect of neonatal bilateral enucleation on the overall distribution of callosal connections in striate and extrastriate visual cortex of the cat was studied using tangential sections from the physically unfolded and flattened cortex. Callosal neurons were labeled by administering the anatomical tracer horseradish peroxidase directly to the transected corpus callosum. The pattern of callosal connections in binocularly enucleated cats showed both consistent differences and consistent similarities with the pattern in normal cats. In agreement with previous studies, it was found that callosal labeling at the 17/18 border of enucleated cats was considerably sparser than in normal cats. Moreover, we found that the strip containing the majority of labeled cells at the 17/18 border was narrower than in normal cats. In both normal and enucleated cats, scattered cells were distributed on either side of the 17/18 callosal strip, well into areas 17 and 18. In much of extrastriate cortex, the pattern of callosal connectivity in enucleated cats looked surprisingly normal. Details of the callosal pattern that were consistently found in normal cats could also be recognized in binocularly enucleated cats, such as two to four bridges of labeling spanning areas 18 and 19. Also, four zones that were free of callosal connectivity in area 7, on the banks of the suprasylvian sulcus, and in the posterior suprasylvian sulcus were found in both normal and enucleated cats. Finally, as in normal cats, dense cell labeling occurred on the crown of the suprasylvian gyrus at its posterior end, from which it extended laterally across both banks of the suprasylvian sulcus and into the fundus of this sulcus. The results of this study suggest that, although the stabilization of callosal connections at the 17/18 border region appears to depend on visual input, this input plays a less prominent role in the stabilization of callosal connections in extrastriate visual cortex.},
	Author = {Olavarria, J F and Van Sluyters, R C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-20 14:40:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-20 14:53:09 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.903630202},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Functional Laterality; Reference Values; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {161-76},
	pmid = {8642068},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Overall pattern of callosal connections in visual cortex of normal and enucleated cats},
	Volume = {363},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630202}}

@article{Olavarria:1995,
	Abstract = {Lewis and Olavarria ([1995] J. Comp. Neurol. 361:119-137) showed that the mediolateral organization of callosal linkages differs markedly between medial and lateral regions of striate cortex in the rat. Thus, callosal fibers originating from medial regions of striate cortex interconnect loci that are mirror-symmetric with respect to the midsagittal plane. In contrast, fibers from lateral regions of striate cortex show a reversed pattern of connections: tracer injections into the 17/18a border produce retrograde cell labeling in regions medial to the contralateral 17/18a border, whereas injections placed somewhat medial to the 17/18a border label cells located at the contralateral 17/18a border. Based on the interpretation that callosal fibers from lateral striate cortex connect retinotopically corresponding loci (Lewis and Olavarria [1995] J. Comp. Neurol. 361:119-137) we propose here that the development of the reversed pattern of connections in lateral portions of striate cortex is guided by activity-dependent cues originating from spontaneously active ganglion cells in temporal retina. In the present study we have attempted to falsify this hypothesis by investigating the effects of neonatal bilateral enucleation on the organization of callosal linkages in striate cortex of the rat. Once enucleated rats reached adulthood, we studied the mediolateral organization of callosal connections by placing small injections of different fluorescent tracers into different loci within medial and lateral striate cortex. The analysis of the distribution of retrogradely labeled callosal cells indicated that connections from lateral portions of striate cortex were no longer organized in a reversed fashion, rather, they resembled the mirror image pattern normally found in the medial callosal region, i.e., injections at the 17/18a border produced labeled cells at the opposite 17/18a border, whereas injections into slightly more medial regions produced labeled cells in the opposite, mirror-symmetric location. In addition, we found that enucleation does not alter the organization of callosal linkages in medial portions of striate cortex. Thus, by showing that enucleation significantly changes the pattern of connections from lateral portions of striate cortex, the present study does not falsify, but rather strengthens the hypothesis that interhemispheric correlated activity driven from the temporal retinal crescent guides the normal development of reversed callosal linkages in lateral portions of rat striate cortex. Furthermore, the present study shows that, in the absence of the eyes, the pattern of callosal linkages in lateral portions of striate cortex resembles the mirror image pattern normally found only in medial striate cortex.},
	Author = {Olavarria, J F and Li, C P},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-20 14:39:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-20 14:53:16 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.903610111},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Functional Laterality; Nerve Fibers; Rats; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {138-51},
	pmid = {8550875},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Effects of neonatal enucleation on the organization of callosal linkages in striate cortex of the rat},
	Volume = {361},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610111}}

@article{Olavarria:1985,
	Abstract = {The distribution of callosal cells and terminals was studied in the posterior neocortex of pups whose ages ranged from 3 to 16 days and in adult rats 2 months of age or older. Callosal cells and terminations were revealed using retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) and anterograde (horseradish peroxidase; tritiated proline) tracing techniques, respectively, and the distribution of callosal connections was analyzed in tangential or coronal histological sections. In agreement with previous studies, we observed that the pattern of callosal connections in areas 17 and 18 of adult rats contains the following features: (1) a dense band of callosal cells and terminations separating the interiors of areas 17 and 18a, (2) a ringlike configuration anterolateral to area 17, (3) a region of dense labeling lateral to area 18a, (4) several narrow bands of labeling that bridge area 18a at different anteroposterior levels, and (5) one or more labeled regions in area 18b. In all these callosal regions, labeled cells and terminations are densely aggregated in layers II-III, Va, and Vc-VIa, and less densely in layer IV and the remaining portions of layers V and VI. High densities of isotope-labeled fibers are also observed in the lower half of layer I. Throughout the interiors of areas 17 and 18a, a significant number of labeled cells are observed in layers Vc-VIa. In contrast to adult rats, in neonates no distinct tangential pattern of callosal connections is apparent. Instead, labeled cells are densely aggregated in two continuous horizontal bands located in cortical layers Va and Vc-VIa, and callosal axons are largely restricted to white matter. During the first 2 postnatal weeks there is a progressive loss of callosal cells in regions that normally have few callosal cells in the adult (e.g., interiors of areas 17 and 18a) and an increase in the number of cells in layers II-IV in regions that are densely callosal in the adult (e.g., callosal regions at the 17/18a border, lateral border of area 18a, and in area 18b). The decrease in the number of callosal cells in the interiors of areas 17 and 18a is more severe in the upper than in the lower band of the immature labeling pattern, and our data from tangential sections indicate that this loss of callosal neurons occurs synchronously across the interiors of these areas. During this period there is also a localized invasion of labeled callosal axons into those regions of gray matter where they will be found in adult life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Olavarria, J and Van Sluyters, R C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-20 14:38:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-20 14:53:25 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.902390102},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Corpus Callosum; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-26},
	pmid = {4044927},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Organization and postnatal development of callosal connections in the visual cortex of the rat},
	Volume = {239},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1985.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902390102}}

@article{Leamey:2007,
	Abstract = {Binocular vision requires an exquisite matching of projections from each eye to form a cohesive representation of the visual world. Eye-specific inputs are anatomically segregated, but in register in the visual thalamus, and overlap within the binocular region of primary visual cortex. Here, we show that the transmembrane protein Ten_m3 regulates the alignment of ipsilateral and contralateral projections. It is expressed in a gradient in the developing visual pathway, which is consistently highest in regions that represent dorsal visual field. Mice that lack Ten_m3 show profound abnormalities in mapping of ipsilateral, but not contralateral, projections, and exhibit pronounced deficits when performing visually mediated behavioural tasks. It is likely that the functional deficits arise from the interocular mismatch, because they are reversed by acute monocular inactivation. We conclude that Ten_m3 plays a key regulatory role in the development of aligned binocular maps, which are required for normal vision.},
	Author = {Leamey, Catherine A and Merlin, Sam and Lattouf, Paul and Sawatari, Atomu and Zhou, Xiaohong and Demel, Natasha and Glendining, Kelly A and Oohashi, Toshitaka and Sur, Mriganka and F{\"a}ssler, Reinhard},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-19 17:12:40 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-19 17:12:53 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0050241},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; sensory map; topographic map; visual system; visual cortex; Mouse; mice; 21 Activity-development; Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e241},
	Pmc = {PMC1964777},
	pmid = {17803360},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ten_m3 regulates eye-specific patterning in the mammalian visual pathway and is required for binocular vision},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Leamey_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}}

@article{Leamey:2008,
	Abstract = {Adult neocortical areas are characterized by marked differences in cytoarchitecture and connectivity that underlie their functional roles. The molecular determinants of these differences are largely unknown. We performed a microarray analysis to identify molecules that define the somatosensory and visual areas during the time when afferent and efferent projections are forming. We identified 122 molecules that are differentially expressed between the regions and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction 95\% of the 20 genes tested. Two genes were chosen for further investigation: Bcl6 and Ten_m3. Bcl6 was highly expressed in the superficial cortical plate corresponding to developing layer IV of somatosensory cortex at postnatal day (P) 0. This had diminished by P3, but strong expression was found in layer V pyramidal cells by P7 and was maintained until adulthood. Retrograde tracing showed that Bcl6 is expressed in corticospinal neurons. Ten_m3 was expressed in a graded pattern within layer V of caudal cortex that corresponds well with visual cortex. Retrograde tracing and immunostaining showed that Ten_m3 is highly expressed along axonal tracts of projection neurons of the developing visual pathway. Overexpression demonstrated that Ten_m3 promotes homophilic adhesion and neurite outgrowth in vivo. This suggests an important role for Ten_m3 in the development of the visual pathway.},
	Author = {Leamey, Catherine A and Glendining, Kelly A and Kreiman, Gabriel and Kang, Ning-Dong and Wang, Kuan H and Fassler, Reinhard and Sawatari, Atomu and Tonegawa, Susumu and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-19 17:11:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-19 17:12:03 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhm031},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; sensory map; topographic map; visual system; visual cortex; Mouse; mice; 21 Activity-development; Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Neocortex; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex; Tissue Distribution; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {53-66},
	pmid = {17478416},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Differential gene expression between sensory neocortical areas: potential roles for Ten_m3 and Bcl6 in patterning visual and somatosensory pathways},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Leamey_CerebCortex2008.pdf}}

@article{Catmur:2009,
	Abstract = {A core requirement for imitation is a capacity to solve the correspondence problem; to map observed onto executed actions, even when observation and execution yield sensory inputs in different modalities and coordinate frames. Until recently, it was assumed that the human capacity to solve the correspondence problem is innate. However, it is now becoming apparent that, as predicted by the associative sequence learning model, experience, and especially sensorimotor experience, plays a critical role in the development of imitation. We review evidence from studies of non-human animals, children and adults, focusing on research in cognitive neuroscience that uses training and naturally occurring variations in expertise to examine the role of experience in the formation of the mirror system. The relevance of this research depends on the widely held assumption that the mirror system plays a causal role in generating imitative behaviour. We also report original data supporting this assumption. These data show that theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus, a classical mirror system area, disrupts automatic imitation of finger movements. We discuss the implications of the evidence reviewed for the evolution, development and intentional control of imitation.},
	Author = {Catmur, Caroline and Walsh, Vincent and Heyes, Cecilia},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:22:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:22:37 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2009.0048},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {Learning; Memory; multisensory integration; function; Behavior; human; Infant; Newborn; neonatal; visual system; 21 Activity-development; mirror neuron},
	Mesh = {Animals; Association Learning; Brain; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Activity; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {1528},
	Pages = {2369-80},
	Pmc = {PMC2865072},
	pmid = {19620108},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Associative sequence learning: the role of experience in the development of imitation and the mirror system},
	Volume = {364},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Catmur_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}}

@article{Cumming:1999,
	Abstract = {Most neurophysiological accounts of disparity selectivity in neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1) imply that they are selective for absolute retinal disparities. By contrast, a number of psychophysical observations indicate that relative disparities play a more important role in depth perception. During recordings from disparity selective neurons in area V1 of awake behaving monkeys, we used a disparity feedback loop () to add controlled amounts of absolute disparity to a display containing both absolute and relative disparities. This manipulation changed the absolute disparity of all the visible features in the display but left unchanged the relative disparities signalled by these features. The addition of absolute disparities produced clear changes in the neural responses to unchanged external stimuli, which were well predicted by the measured change in absolute disparity: in 45/53 cases, the neuron maintained a consistent firing pattern with respect to absolute disparity so that the manipulation created no significant change in the absolute disparity preferred by the neuron. No neuron in V1 maintained a consistent relationship with relative disparity. We conclude that the relative disparity signals used in primate depth perception are constructed outside area V1.},
	Author = {Cumming, B G and Parker, A J},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:18:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:19:41 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; binocular disparity; Monocular; stereotopy; monkey; Macaca; 21 Neurophysiology; extracellular; awake},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Depth Perception; Eye Movements; Feedback; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Models, Biological; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Time Factors; Vision Disparity; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {5602-18},
	pmid = {10377367},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Binocular neurons in V1 of awake monkeys are selective for absolute, not relative, disparity},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Cumming_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Ringach:2007,
	Abstract = {The basic structure of receptive fields and functional maps in primary visual cortex is established without exposure to normal sensory experience and before the onset of the critical period. How the brain wires these circuits in the early stages of development remains unknown. Possible explanations include activity-dependent mechanisms driven by spontaneous activity in the retina and thalamus, and molecular guidance orchestrating thalamo-cortical connections on a fine spatial scale. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis: the blueprint for receptive fields, feature maps, and their inter-relationships may reside in the layout of the retinal ganglion cell mosaics along with a simple statistical connectivity scheme dictating the wiring between thalamus and cortex. The model is shown to account for a number of experimental findings, including the relationship between retinotopy, orientation maps, spatial frequency maps and cytochrome oxidase patches. The theory's simplicity, explanatory and predictive power makes it a serious candidate for the origin of the functional architecture of primary visual cortex.},
	Author = {Ringach, Dario L},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:15:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:17:24 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000251},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {computation biology; Theoretical; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; binocular disparity; Monocular; stereotopy; Retinal Ganglion Cells; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Spontaneous activity;},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Computer Simulation; Dominance, Cerebral; Dominance, Ocular; Electron Transport Complex IV; Geniculate Bodies; Models, Neurological; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Species Specificity; Thalamus; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {e251},
	Pmc = {PMC1804100},
	pmid = {17330140},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {On the origin of the functional architecture of the cortex},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ringach_PLoSOne2007.pdf}}

@article{Zihl:1979,
	Abstract = {Threshold elevation in the periphery of the visual field as a consequence of repetitive stimulation can be abolished by stimulating a mirror-symmetric position in the contralateral visual half-field. A patient suffering from a congenital malformation of the right superior colliculus did not exhibit threshold elevation when stimulated repeatedly in the left visual field. Stimulation in the right visual half-field resulted in the usually observed threshold elevation, but stimulating a mirror-symmetric position in the left visual half-field did not abolish threshold elevation in the right half-field. These observations suggest that: (a) threshold elevation probably occurs as a consequence of collicular adaptation and (b) the mirror-symmetrically organized interhemispheric interaction is mediated at the collicular level.},
	Author = {Zihl, J and von Cramon, D},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:15:13 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:15:24 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Exp{\'e}rimentation c{\'e}r{\'e}brale},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; mirror symmetry; bilateral; human; Binocular; binocular disparity; Monocular; stereotopy; Adaptation; function; Behavior},
	Mesh = {Dominance, Cerebral; Humans; Superior Colliculi; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {419-24},
	pmid = {456450},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Collicular function in human vision},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {1979},
	url = {papers/Zihl_ExpBrainRes1979.pdf}}

@article{Singer:1977,
	Author = {Singer, W and Zihl, J and P{\"o}ppel, E},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:13:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:14:31 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Exp{\'e}rimentation c{\'e}r{\'e}brale},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; mirror symmetry; bilateral; human; Binocular; binocular disparity; Monocular; stereotopy; Adaptation; function; Behavior},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Ocular; Attention; Differential Threshold; Functional Laterality; Humans; Retina; Saccades; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {173-90},
	pmid = {913514},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subcortical control of visual thresholds in humans: evidence for modality specific and retinotopically organized mechanisms of selective attention},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Singer_ExpBrainRes1977.pdf}}

@article{Boire:2001,
	Abstract = {The anatomical consequences of unilateral cerebral hemispherectomy in some animal models are reviewed. We have shown that the retinogenigulate pathway undergoes severe degenerative changes in hemispherectomized monkeys, greater than those shown in cats and we proposed that remaining retinal terminals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus have little potential for conveying visual information any further. All subdivisions of the pulvinar undergo severe degeneration following hemispherectomy showing that the ascending tectofugal pathway is also shut off. On the other hand, the retina subserving the blind field is not depleted of ganglion cells which still send normal appearing terminals to the midbrain pretectum and superior colliculus. Visual information from the blind hemifield can thus gain access to the brain and could potentially reach the contralateral cerebral cortex through the midbrain commissure and possibly through thalamic commissural cells.},
	Author = {Boire, D and Th{\'e}oret, H and Ptito, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:08:18 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:11:08 -0400},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in brain research},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; human; monkey; blindsight; Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Models, Neurological; Postoperative Period; Retina; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Pages = {379-97},
	pmid = {11702556},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual pathways following cerebral hemispherectomy},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Ptito:2001,
	Abstract = {Destruction of the striate cortex has traditionally been thought to lead to permanent blindness in the contralateral visual field and to the dogma that this region is indispensable for vision in primates. For over 25 years now, evidence has been accumulating that hemianopic human subjects and monkeys possess wide-ranging residual visual capacities or 'blindsight' in the blind part of their visual field. For some researchers, isolated islands of the striate cortex have been associated with patches of degraded vision and made responsible for blindisight. Artefacts such as light scatter, criterion effects, macular sparing, eccentric fixation and minute eye movements have also been linked with the residual vision. For others, the fact that certain aspects of the visual information can be processed without the geniculostriate pathway suggests mediation by the visual subsystems such as extrastriate visual cortical areas which receive visual information via subcortical pathways, that escaped the cortical damage. Subjects who have had a whole cerebral hemisphere removed or disconnected (for the treatment of uncontrollable epilepsy) and who show residual vision in their blind field offer a remarkable opportunity to help clear the controversy regarding the neural substrate of blindsight. Because it is certain that no functional striate or extrastriate cortex remains on the ablated side, these subjects have contributed significantly to identifying the critical pathways involved in blindsight.},
	Author = {Ptito, A and Fortin, A and Ptito, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 10:08:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:10:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in brain research},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; human; monkey; blindsight; Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Awareness; Brain; Hemianopsia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Postoperative Period; Psychophysics},
	Pages = {367-78},
	pmid = {11702555},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {'Seeing' in the blind hemifield following hemispherectomy},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Ptito_ProgBrainRes2001.pdf}}

@article{Fox:1965,
	Author = {Fox, M W},
	Date = {1965 Apr-Jul},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:50:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:51:40 -0400},
	Journal = {Anim Behav},
	Journal-Full = {Animal behaviour},
	Keywords = {Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; mouse; binocular disparity; function; behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Depth Perception; Male; Mice; Psychology, Experimental},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {232-3},
	pmid = {5835839},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The visual cliff test for the study of visual depth perception in the mouse},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1965},
	url = {papers/Fox_AnimBehav1965.pdf}}

@article{Rodger:2005,
	Abstract = {Following unilateral optic nerve section in adult PVG hooded rat, the axon guidance cue ephrin-A2 is up-regulated in caudal but not rostral superior colliculus (SC) and the EphA5 receptor is down-regulated in axotomised retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Changes occur bilaterally despite the retino-collicular projection being mostly crossed. Here we investigate the dynamics of Eph/ephrin expression using in situ hybridization and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry after localized retinal lesions. Unilateral krypton laser lesions to dorso-nasal retina ablated contralaterally projecting RGCs (DN group); ventro-temporal lesions ablated contralaterally and ipsilaterally projecting RGCs (VT group). Lesions of the entire retina served as controls (Total group). Results are compared to normal animals in which tectal ephrin-A2 and retinal EphA5 are expressed, respectively, as shallow ascending rostro-caudal and naso-temporal gradients. In both SCs of DN and Total groups, tectal ephrin-A2 was up-regulated caudally; in the VT group, expression remained normal bilaterally. Unilateral collicular ablation indicated that bilateral changes in ephrin-A2 expression are mediated via intercollicular pathways. EphA5 expression in the VT group was elevated in the intact nasal region of experimental retinae. For each experimental group, EphA5 expression was also elevated in nasal retina of the opposite eye, resulting in uniform expression across the naso-temporal axis. Up-regulation of ephrin-A2 in caudal, but not rostral, SC suggests the enhancement of developmental positional information as a result of injury. Bilateral increases in retinal EphA5 expression demonstrate that signals for up-regulation operate interocularly. The study demonstrates that signals regulating guidance cue expression are both localized and relayed transneuronally.},
	Author = {Rodger, J and Symonds, A C E and Springbett, J and Shen, W-Y and Bartlett, C A and Rakoczy, P E and Beazley, L D and Dunlop, S A},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:43:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:45:41 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04381.x},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Retina; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; rat; rodent; connectivity; retinopetal; retino-retinal; retino-retino; Eph Family; EphA5; Ephrin-A2; homotypic interaction},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Denervation; Ephrins; Female; Functional Laterality; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Models, Neurological; Rats; Receptors, Eph Family; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Up-Regulation},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1840-52},
	pmid = {16262624},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Eph/ephrin expression in the adult rat visual system following localized retinal lesions: localized and transneuronal up-regulation in the retina and superior colliculus},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Rodger_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf}}

@article{Chino:1997,
	Abstract = {In macaque monkeys, the age at which neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) become sensitive to interocular image disparities, a prerequisite for stereopsis, is a matter of conjecture. To resolve this fundamental issue in binocular vision development, we measured the responsiveness of individual V1 neurons in anesthetized and paralyzed infant monkeys as a function of the relative, interocular, spatial phase of dichoptic sine-wave gratings. We found that an adult-like proportion of units were sensitive to interocular image disparity as early as the sixth postnatal day, several weeks before the onset age for stereopsis in monkeys. The ocular dominance distributions of cells in infant monkeys were also indistinguishable from those of adults. Thus, at or only a few days after birth, V1 neurons are capable of combining neural signals from the two eyes as in adults and are sensitive to interocular image disparities. However, the monocular spatial-frequency response properties of these disparity-sensitive units were immature, and their overall responsiveness was far lower than that in adults. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, both the spatial frequency response properties and the peak response amplitude rapidly improved, which resulted in a corresponding increase in the absolute sensitivity of individual units to interocular disparity. The results demonstrate that early binocular vision development in monkeys is not constrained by a paucity of disparity-sensitive V1 neurons but, instead, by the relative immaturity of the spatial response properties and the overall unresponsiveness of existing disparity-sensitive neurons.},
	Author = {Chino, Y M and Smith, 3rd, E L and Hatta, S and Cheng, H},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:12:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:13:17 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; monkey; Macaca; binocular disparity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Depth Perception; Functional Laterality; Macaca mulatta; Neurons; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {296-307},
	pmid = {8987756},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Postnatal development of binocular disparity sensitivity in neurons of the primate visual cortex},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Chino_JNeurosci1997.pdf}}

@article{Dias:1991,
	Abstract = {Binocular visual responses can be recorded in two regions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the opossum. The direct binocular region (DBR) represents the binocular portion of the contralateral hemifield whereas the rostral pole (RP) represents the binocular portion of the ipsilateral hemifield. In the present study single units from both of these regions were tested with binocular and monocular stimulation. Most cells in both regions showed response facilitation when both eyes were simultaneously stimulated and, when tested with different binocular disparities, most cells showed broadly-tuned disparity selectivity. DBR units usually preferred disparities near zero whereas RP units had a wider range of preferred disparities, with a tendency toward positive (crossed) values. This data indicates that the superior colliculus of the opossum could provide a neural substrate for a coarse analysis of depth and also might help control vergence eye movements. The different ranges of disparity selectivity of DBR and RP are consistent with the previously reported monocular receptive-field data and suggest that DBR and RP analyze different depths of the 3-dimensional visual scene.},
	Author = {Dias, E C and Rocha-Miranda, C E and Bernardes, R F and Schmidt, S L},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:09:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:11:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Exp{\'e}rimentation c{\'e}r{\'e}brale},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Retina; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; Opossums/*growth &development; binocular disparity; 21 Neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Neurons; Opossums; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {546-52},
	pmid = {1783025},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Disparity selective units in the superior colliculus of the opossum},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Dias_ExpBrainRes1991.pdf}}

@article{Coleman:2009,
	Abstract = {Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a classic paradigm for studying the effect of experience and deprivation on cortical development, and is manifested as shifts in the relative strength of binocular inputs to primary visual cortex (V1). The mouse has become an increasingly popular model for mechanistic studies of OD plasticity and, consequently, it is important that we understand how binocularity is constructed in this species. One puzzling feature of the mouse visual system is the gross disparity between the physiological strength of each eye in V1 and their anatomical representation in the projection from retina to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). While the contralateral-to-ipsilateral (C/I) ratio of visually evoked responses in binocular V1 is approximately 2:1, the ipsilateral retinal projection is weakly represented in terms of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density where the C/I ratio is approximately 9:1. The structural basis for this relative amplification of ipsilateral eye responses between retina and V1 is not known. Here we employed neuroanatomical tracing and morphometric techniques to quantify the relative magnitude of each eye's input to and output from the binocular segment of dLGN. Our data are consistent with the previous suggestion that a point in space viewed by both eyes will activate 9 times as many RGCs in the contralateral retina as in the ipsilateral retina. Nonetheless, the volume of the dLGN binocular segment occupied by contralateral retinogeniculate inputs is only 2.4 times larger than the volume occupied by ipsilateral retinogeniculate inputs and recipient relay cells are evenly distributed among the input layers. The results from our morphometric analyses show that this reduction in input volume can be accounted for by a three-to-one convergence of contralateral eye RGC inputs to dLGN neurons. Together, our findings establish that the relative density of feed-forward dLGN inputs determines the C/I response ratio of mouse binocular V1.},
	Author = {Coleman, J E and Law, K and Bear, M F},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:04:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:05:49 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.045},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; mouse; retinotopy; connectivity; Anatomy;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dominance, Ocular; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {561-71},
	Pmc = {PMC2735235},
	pmid = {19327388},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Anatomical origins of ocular dominance in mouse primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {161},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Coleman_Neuroscience2009.pdf}}

@article{Berman:1975,
	Abstract = {1. Binocularly driven neurones with small receptive fields near the area centralis were recorded in the cat's superior colliculus. 2. Binocular interaction was tested by stimulating both eyes simultaneously with a single moving stimulus at various retinal disparities. 3. Collicular cells in general showed strong summation or even facilitation when the images of the stimulus were in exact correspondence on the receptive fields, sometimes with occlusion when they were out of register. The range of retinal disparity over which there was additive interaction could be as little as 1 or 2 deg, almost as narrow as for the most precisely tuned neurones in the visual cortex. Even cells with large receptive fields sometimes showed a narrow range of binocular interaction. 4. Non-directional cells generally exhibited weaker summation and broader disparity selectivity than did direction-selective cells. 5. Some neurones with virtually no response to a stimulus in one of the eyes can exhibit marked binocular interaction. Other apparently monocular cells show little or no binocular interaction. 6. The disparity of the centres of the receptive fields was measured after correcting for small eye movements, which were assessed by two different techniques. For 132 cells the measured distribution of horizontal disparity (range 4.5 deg; S.D. 0.93 deg) was significantly broader than that of vertical disparity (range 2.2 deg; S.D. 0.52 deg). Sources of error in these measurements are considered. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the known connexions between visual cortex and superior colliculus and the possible role of the latter in the regulation of eye movements.},
	Author = {Berman, N and Blakemore, C and Cynader, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:02:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:03:48 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; 21 Neurophysiology; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; cat},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Eye Movements; Lasers; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {595-615},
	Pmc = {PMC1309437},
	pmid = {1133788},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Binocular interaction in the cat's superior colliculus},
	Volume = {246},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Berman_JPhysiol1975.pdf}}

@article{Sylvester:2007,
	Abstract = {Eye patching has revealed enhanced saccadic latencies or attention effects when orienting toward visual stimuli presented in the temporal versus nasal hemifields of humans. Such behavioral advantages have been tentatively proposed to reflect possible temporal-nasal differences in the retinotectal pathway to the superior colliculus, rather than in the retinogeniculate pathway or visual cortex. However, this has not been directly tested with physiological measures in humans. Here, we examined responses of the human superior colliculus (SC) to contralateral visual field stimulation, using high spatial resolution fMRI, while manipulating which hemifield was stimulated and orthogonally which eye was patched. The SC responded more strongly to visual stimulation when eye-patching made this stimulation temporal rather than nasal. In contrast, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) plus retinotopic cortical areas V1-V3 did not show any temporal-nasal differences and differed from the SC in this respect. These results provide the first direct physiological demonstration in humans that SC shows temporal-nasal differences that LGN and early visual cortex apparently do not. This may represent a temporal hemifield bias in the strength of the retinotectal pathway, leading to a preference for the contralateral hemifield in the contralateral eye.},
	Author = {Sylvester, Richard and Josephs, Oliver and Driver, Jon and Rees, Geraint},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 09:00:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 09:01:51 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00835.2006},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Retina; Superior Colliculus; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; stereotopy; human; fmri; retinotopy; function},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain Stem; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Occipital Lobe; Oxygen; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi; Temporal Lobe; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {1495-502},
	pmid = {17135475},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual FMRI responses in human superior colliculus show a temporal-nasal asymmetry that is absent in lateral geniculate and visual cortex},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sylvester_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}}

@article{Held:1980,
	Abstract = {Stereograms were presented in a two-choice preference procedure. The mean age at which stereopsis was first demonstrable was 16 weeks. By a mean age of 21 weeks, infants had achieved stereoacuity of 1 minute of arc or better. In comparison with the relatively slow development of visual acuity, the time course for the development of stereoacuity is extremely rapid.},
	Author = {Held, R and Birch, E and Gwiazda, J},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-16 08:55:37 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 08:57:07 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral; Binocular; Monocular; stereotopy; human},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Depth Perception; Humans; Infant; Visual Acuity},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {5572-4},
	Pmc = {PMC350104},
	pmid = {6933571},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stereoacuity of human infants},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Held_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}}

@article{Wang:2010b,
	Abstract = {Changes of ocular dominance in the visual cortex can be induced by visual manipulations during a critical period in early life. However, the role of critical period plasticity in normal development is unknown. Here we show that at the onset of this time window, the preferred orientations of individual cortical cells in the mouse are mismatched through the two eyes and the mismatch decreases and reaches adult levels by the end of the period. Deprivation of visual experience during this period irreversibly blocks the binocular matching of orientation preference, but has no effect in adulthood. The critical period of binocular matching can be delayed by long-term visual deprivation from birth, like that of ocular dominance plasticity. These results demonstrate that activity-dependent changes induced by normal visual experience during the well-studied critical period serve to match eye-specific inputs in the cortex, thus revealing a physiological role for critical period plasticity during normal development.},
	Author = {Wang, Bor-Shuen and Sarnaik, Rashmi and Cang, Jianhua},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-15 11:44:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 15:21:35 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.002},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;Spontaneous activity;retina;visual cortex;visual system;function;in vivo;Binocular; ocular dominance; plasticity; Monocular; Sensory Deprivation; topographic map; sensory map; bilateral; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {246-56},
	Pmc = {PMC2822731},
	pmid = {20152130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Critical period plasticity matches binocular orientation preference in the visual cortex},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Wang_Neuron2010.pdf}}

@article{Bunt:1981,
	Abstract = {Intraocular HRP injections in E16-21 embryos show that during the normal development of the central optic projections in hooded and albino rats many optic axons grow through the chiasm into the contralateral eye. This retino-retinal projection disappears shortly after birth. This suggests that an initial, imprecise guidance of growing axons is followed by a selective elimination of axons taking aberrant pathways and failing to make appropriate synapses.},
	Author = {Bunt, S M and Lund, R D},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 19:16:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 19:18:24 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {retinopetal; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Binocular; bilateral; visual system; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; retino-retino; retino-retinal;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Female; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase; Optic Nerve; Pregnancy; Rats; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Synapses},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {399-404},
	pmid = {6165434},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of a transient retino-retinal pathway in hooded and albino rats},
	Volume = {211},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Bunt_BrainRes1981.pdf}}

@article{Ferrari:2006,
	Abstract = {The emergence of social behaviors early in life is likely crucial for the development of mother-infant relationships. Some of these behaviors, such as the capacity of neonates to imitate adult facial movements, were previously thought to be limited to humans and perhaps the ape lineage. Here we report the behavioral responses of infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to the following human facial and hand gestures: lip smacking, tongue protrusion, mouth opening, hand opening, and opening and closing of eyes (control condition). In the third day of life, infant macaques imitate lip smacking and tongue protrusion. On the first day of life, the model's mouth openings elicited a similar matched behavior (lip smacking) in the infants. These imitative responses are present at an early stage of development, but they are apparently confined to a narrow temporal window. Because lip smacking is a core gesture in face-to-face interactions in macaques, neonatal imitation may serve to tune infants' affiliative responses to the social world. Our findings provide a quantitative description of neonatal imitation in a nonhuman primate species and suggest that these imitative capacities, contrary to what was previously thought, are not unique to the ape and human lineage. We suggest that their evolutionary origins may be traced to affiliative gestures with communicative functions.},
	Author = {Ferrari, Pier F and Visalberghi, Elisabetta and Paukner, Annika and Fogassi, Leonardo and Ruggiero, Angela and Suomi, Stephen J},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 18:09:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 18:09:00 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Facial Expression; Female; Imitative Behavior; Macaca mulatta; Male; Maternal Behavior; Mouth; Nonverbal Communication; Social Behavior; Time Factors; Tongue},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e302},
	Pmc = {PMC1560174},
	pmid = {16953662},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ferrari_PLoSBiol2006.pdf}}

@article{Meltzoff:1990,
	Abstract = {This chapter began with a query about whether there was any content to an enterprise called "developmental cognitive science," and if so, whether the findings could inform work in adult cognition and neuropsychology. Both questions can now be answered in the affirmative. Evidence has been marshaled from infant studies concerning five topics of enduring interest in the cognitive and neuro-sciences: cross-modal integration, imitation, the coordination of perception and action, memory, and representation. The data show that young human infants can detect equivalences between information picked up by different sensory modalities. This was demonstrated both in tactual-visual perception of objects and auditory-visual perception of speech. Results also show that perception and production are intertwined literally from the earliest phases of infancy, with 4-month-olds demonstrating vocal imitation and newborns reproducing elementary gestures they saw an adult perform. There seems to be a transparency between the perceptual and motor systems, and it is conceivable that they may draw on the same internal code. Infants' proclivity to imitate was used to investigate early memory. It was found that young infants were not constrained to immediate mimicry, but could imitate after significant delays. The findings support the inference that infants, perhaps as early as birth, have a functioning memory system that cannot be reduced to "habit formation" or an exclusively "procedural memory." It was proposed instead that there is a kernel of some higher level memory system right from the earliest phases of human infancy. This does not imply that there is no development in the representational world of infants. Data were reviewed suggesting that there is a watershed transformation in childhood cognition at about 18 months of age. However, this is not a change from a stage in which there was a purely sensorimotor or habit-based system. Rather the development was characterized as a shift from using empirical or experience-based representations to using hypothetical representations, which concern possible realities. This developmental shift allows children to project into the future "what must be" and deduce from the past "what must have been," in advance of, and sometimes in the absence of, strictly perceptual evidence. This capacity provides the underpinnings for the conduct of science itself. Its origins are to be found in infancy.},
	Author = {Meltzoff, A N},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 12:09:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 12:13:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	Keywords = {Learning; Memory; multisensory integration; function; Behavior; human; Infant; Newborn; neonatal; visual system; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Aging; Auditory Perception; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Facial Expression; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Language Development; Memory; Models, Neurological; Mouth; Neurosciences; Phonetics; Speech Perception; Touch; Visual Perception},
	Pages = {1-31; discussion 31-7},
	pmid = {2075949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Towards a developmental cognitive science. The implications of cross-modal matching and imitation for the development of representation and memory in infancy},
	Volume = {608},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Meltzoff_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}}

@article{Beier:2011,
	Abstract = {To understand how the nervous system processes information, a map of the connections among neurons would be of great benefit. Here we describe the use of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for tracing neuronal connections in vivo. We made VSV vectors that used glycoprotein (G) genes from several other viruses. The G protein from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus endowed VSV with the ability to spread transsynaptically, specifically in an anterograde direction, whereas the rabies virus glycoprotein gave a specifically retrograde transsynaptic pattern. The use of an avian G protein fusion allowed specific targeting of cells expressing an avian receptor, which allowed a demonstration of monosynaptic anterograde tracing from defined cells. Synaptic connectivity of pairs of virally labeled cells was demonstrated by using slice cultures and electrophysiology. In vivo infections of several areas in the mouse brain led to the predicted patterns of spread for anterograde or retrograde tracers.},
	Author = {Beier, Kevin T and Saunders, Arpiar and Oldenburg, Ian A and Miyamichi, Kazunari and Akhtar, Nazia and Luo, Liqun and Whelan, Sean P J and Sabatini, Bernardo and Cepko, Constance L},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 11:28:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 11:30:41 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1110854108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Vesicular stomatitis-Indiana virus; tracer; anterograde tracing; connectivity; connectome; Technique; ideas; Grants; Glycoproteins; Trans-synaptic; retrograde tracing; Genetic Engineering},
	Month = {Aug},
	pmid = {21825165},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Beier_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}}

@article{Greifzu:2011,
	Abstract = {We tested the influence of a photothrombotic lesion in somatosensory cortex on plasticity in the mouse visual system and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment to rescue compromised learning. To challenge plasticity mechanisms, we induced monocular deprivation (MD) in 3-mo-old mice. In control animals, MD induced an increase of visual acuity of the open eye and an ocular dominance (OD) shift towards this eye. In contrast, after photothrombosis, there was neither an enhancement of visual acuity nor an OD-shift. However, OD-plasticity was present in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. Anti-inflammatory treatment restored sensory learning but not OD-plasticity, as did a 2-wk delay between photothrombosis and MD. We conclude that (i) both sensory learning and cortical plasticity are compromised in the surround of a cortical lesion; (ii) transient inflammation is responsible for impaired sensory learning, suggesting anti-inflammatory treatment as a useful adjuvant therapy to support rehabilitation following stroke; and (iii) OD-plasticity cannot be conceptualized solely as a local process because nonlocal influences are more important than previously assumed.},
	Author = {Greifzu, Franziska and Schmidt, Silvio and Schmidt, Karl-Friedrich and Kreikemeier, Klaus and Witte, Otto W and L{\"o}wel, Siegrid},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 11:00:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 11:02:39 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1016458108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {visual system; neurological disorder; Stroke; Hypoxia-Ischemia; Somatosensory Cortex; visual cortex; sensory map; topographic map; Sensory Deprivation; Binocular; Monocular; plasticity; Inflammation; Immune System},
	Month = {Aug},
	pmid = {21873250},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Global impairment and therapeutic restoration of visual plasticity mechanisms after a localized cortical stroke},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Greifzu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}}

@article{Dang-Vu:2011,
	Abstract = {Humans are less responsive to the surrounding environment during sleep. However, the extent to which the human brain responds to external stimuli during sleep is uncertain. We used simultaneous EEG and functional MRI to characterize brain responses to tones during wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Sounds during wakefulness elicited responses in the thalamus and primary auditory cortex. These responses persisted in NREM sleep, except throughout spindles, during which they became less consistent. When sounds induced a K complex, activity in the auditory cortex was enhanced and responses in distant frontal areas were elicited, similar to the stereotypical pattern associated with slow oscillations. These data show that sound processing during NREM sleep is constrained by fundamental brain oscillatory modes (slow oscillations and spindles), which result in a complex interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity. The distortion of sensory information at the thalamic level, especially during spindles, functionally isolates the cortex from the environment and might provide unique conditions favorable for off-line memory processing.},
	Author = {Dang-Vu, Thien Thanh and Bonjean, Maxime and Schabus, Manuel and Boly, M{\'e}lanie and Darsaud, Annabelle and Desseilles, Martin and Degueldre, Christian and Balteau, Evelyne and Phillips, Christophe and Luxen, Andr{\'e} and Sejnowski, Terrence J and Maquet, Pierre},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-14 10:54:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 10:55:48 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1112503108},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Sleep; oscillations; synchrony; neocortex; visual cortex; Stimulation; Auditory Cortex; Electroencephalography; function; human; fmri; Spontaneous activity},
	Month = {Sep},
	pmid = {21896732},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Dang-Vu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}}

@article{Drager:1980,
	Abstract = {The extent of the binocular cortical field in albino mice, as revealed by recording from single cells, was almost normal; although the input from the ipsilateral eye was weaker than normal, most cells were driven from both eyes. By backfilling retinal ganglion cells from one optic tract with horseradish peroxidase we examined the origins of the retinofugal projections. Filled cells ipsilateral to the injected tract were concentrated in a crescent-shaped area bordering the inferior temperal retina. In black mice this area constituted 20\% of the total retinal area, in albinos 17\%. In black mice we counted nearly 1,000 labeled cells in the ipsilateral retina, or 2.6\% of all cells filled in both eyes. Albinos had about one-third fewer filled cells ipsilaterally than black mice. Four percent of all ipsilaterally filled cells in black mice and 8\% in albinos were scattered outside of the crescent region. The density of ipsilaterally projecting cells was uniform throughout the crescent region in black mice, but decreased toward the central retina in albinos. In retinas contralateral to the injection up to 39,000 cells were filled-about two-thirds of the cells in the ganglion-cell layer whose cytoplasm contained conspicuous Nissl substance. Depending on classification of unfilled cells as ganglion cells or interneurons, we estimated a total of 48,000 to 65,000 ganglion cells to exist in the retina. The size distribution of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells was similar in albinos and normals. Ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells were on average 1.8-3 times larger in volume than contralaterally projecting ones in both types of mice. Displaced ganglion cells were relatively more common in ipsilateral retinofugal projections: 21\% of all ipsilateral ganglion cells were displaced versus less than 1\% of all the contralateral ganglion cells in black mice. In albinos only 13\% of the ganglion cells in the ipsilateral retina were displaced. The overall reduction in ipsilaterally projecting cells in albinos was reflected twice as much in displaced ganglion cells as in normally placed ones.},
	Author = {Dr{\"a}ger, U C and Olsen, J F},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:46:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-14 10:54:08 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.901910306},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {mice; visual system; retina; connectivity; Albinism; projection; Retinal Ganglion Cells; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Binocular; Monocular; topographic map; sensory map; retinotopy; Classical/physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dominance, Cerebral; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {383-412},
	pmid = {7410600},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Origins of crossed and uncrossed retinal projections in pigmented and albino mice},
	Volume = {191},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Dräger_JCompNeurol1980.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901910306}}

@article{Sahraie:1997,
	Abstract = {Following striate cortex damage in monkeys and humans there can be residual function mediated by parallel visual pathways. In humans this can sometimes be associated with a "feeling" that something has happened, especially with rapid movement or abrupt onset. For less transient events, discriminative performance may still be well above chance even when the subject reports no conscious awareness of the stimulus. In a previous study we examined parameters that yield good residual visual performance in the "blind" hemifield of a subject with unilateral damage to the primary visual cortex. With appropriate parameters we demonstrated good discriminative performance, both with and without conscious awareness of a visual event. These observations raise the possibility of imaging the brain activity generated in the "aware" and the "unaware" modes, with matched levels of discrimination performance, and hence of revealing patterns of brain activation associated with visual awareness. The intact hemifield also allows a comparison with normal vision. Here we report the results of a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the same subject carried out under aware and unaware stimulus conditions. The results point to a shift in the pattern of activity from neocortex in the aware mode, to subcortical structures in the unaware mode. In the aware mode prestriate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (area 46) are active. In the unaware mode the superior colliculus is active, together with medial and orbital prefrontal cortical sites.},
	Author = {Sahraie, A and Weiskrantz, L and Barbur, J L and Simmons, A and Williams, S C and Brammer, M J},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:18:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 17:19:35 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {retina; human; visual system; optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; retinotopy; sensory map; topographic map; bilateral; mirror symmetry; visual cortex; blindsight},
	Mesh = {Brain; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {9406-11},
	Pmc = {PMC23203},
	pmid = {9256495},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pattern of neuronal activity associated with conscious and unconscious processing of visual signals},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Sahraie_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}}

@article{Rajimehr:2009,
	Abstract = {In humans and other Old World primates, much of visual cortex comprises a set of retinotopic maps, embedded in a cortical sheet with well known, identifiable folding patterns. However, the relationship between these two prominent cortical variables has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we quantitatively tested this relationship using functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging in monkeys and humans. We found that the vertical meridian of the visual field tends to be represented on gyri (convex folds), whereas the horizontal meridian is preferentially represented in sulci (concave folds), throughout visual cortex in both primate species. This relationship suggests that the retinotopic maps may constrain the pattern of cortical folding during development.},
	Author = {Rajimehr, Reza and Tootell, Roger B H},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:08:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 17:17:21 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1835-09.2009},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retina; connectivity; projection; human; monkey; visual system; optic tectum; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; retinotopy; sensory map; topographic map; bilateral; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {36},
	Pages = {11149-52},
	Pmc = {PMC2785715},
	pmid = {19741121},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Does retinotopy influence cortical folding in primate visual cortex?},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rajimehr_JNeurosci2009.pdf}}

@article{Thanos:1999,
	Abstract = {Unilateral intraocular injections of either of two fluorescent carbocyanine dyes into the embryonic chick eye resulted in both retrograde staining of ganglion cells (GCs) in the eye contralateral to site of injection and anterograde labeling of axons whose cell bodies were located within the injected eye. This prominent retino-retinal projection formed by thousands of GCs having a nasal origin and temporal termination appeared at embryonic day 6 (E6), attained its maximum intensity at E13-E14, and gradually disappeared until E18. The axonal growth cones ended superficially and never penetrated deeper layers of the retina. Treatment of the projection with BDNF resulted in massive terminal branching of the axons within deeper layers of the target retina. Double injection into the eye and the isthmo-optic nucleus showed a concomitant ingrowth of axons in the contralateral retina. Individual GCs died between E9 and E13, but massive apoptotic cell death was mainly monitored at E14 and later. Disintegrated cells showed typical images of apoptosis. Because degenerating cells were prelabeled with the membranophilic fluorescent carbocyanine dye, their death allowed the concomitant visualization of phagocytosing cells, too. Radial M{\"u}ller glia were the only class of cells observed to become phagocytotic between E9 and E16. These cells became replaced exclusively with microglial cells from E17 on. The results suggest that the topologically restricted retino-retinal projection may have some developmental significance rather than representing a massive erroneous projection. Most likely, the projection may serve as a "template" to guide centrifugal isthmo-optic axons into the retina.},
	Author = {Thanos, S},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:04:16 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 17:07:05 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retina; connectivity; retinopetal; retino-retino; projection; Chick Embryo; visual system; optic tectum; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; retinotopy; sensory map; topographic map; bilateral; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Apoptosis; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Chick Embryo; Eye; Nerve Fibers; Nerve Growth Factors; Reproducibility of Results; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3900-17},
	pmid = {10234021},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genesis, neurotrophin responsiveness, and apoptosis of a pronounced direct connection between the two eyes of the chick embryo: a natural error or a meaningful developmental event?},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Thanos_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Takahashi:2007a,
	Abstract = {The functional roles of commissural excitation and inhibition between the two superior colliculi (SCs) are not yet well understood. We previously showed the existence of strong excitatory commissural connections between the rostral SCs, although commissural connections had been considered to be mainly inhibitory. In this study, by recording intracellular potentials, we examined the topographical distribution of commissural monosynaptic excitation and inhibition from the contralateral medial and lateral SC to tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the medial or lateral SC of anesthetized cats. About 85\% of TRNs examined projected to both the ipsilateral Forel's field H and the contralateral inhibitory burst neuron region where the respective premotor neurons for vertical and horizontal saccades reside. Medial TRNs received strong commissural excitation from the medial part of the opposite SC, whereas lateral TRNs received excitation mainly from its lateral part. Injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the lateral or medial SC retrogradely labeled many larger neurons in the lateral or medial part of the contralateral SC, respectively. These results indicated that excitatory commissural connections exist between the medial and medial parts and between the lateral and lateral parts of the rostral SCs. These may play an important role in reinforcing the conjugacy of upward and downward saccades, respectively. In contrast, medial SC projections to lateral SC TRNs and lateral SC projections to medial TRNs mainly produce strong inhibition. This shows that regions representing upward saccades inhibit contralateral regions representing downward saccades and vice versa.},
	Author = {Takahashi, M and Sugiuchi, Y and Shinoda, Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:02:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:47:22 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00696.2007},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; bilateral; mirror symmetry; optic tectum; connectivity; Structure-Activity Relationship; function; cat; excitatory; inhibitory; GABA; blindsight; visual system; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Eye Movements; Functional Laterality; Models, Biological; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Reaction Time; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {2664-82},
	pmid = {17728384},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Commissural mirror-symmetric excitation and reciprocal inhibition between the two superior colliculi and their roles in vertical and horizontal eye movements},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}}

@article{Takahashi:2010a,
	Abstract = {Our electrophysiological study showed that there are topographic connections between excitatory and inhibitory commissural neurons (CNs) in one superior colliculus (SC) and tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the opposite SC. To obtain morphological evidence for these topographic commissural connections between the SCs, tracers were injected into various parts of the SC, the inhibitory burst neuron (IBN) area and Forel's field H (FFH), in the cat. Retrogradely labeled CNs were classified into three types according to their somatic areas and identified as GABA-positive or -negative immunohistochemically. Caudal SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs (<200 μm(2)) in the deep layers of the opposite rostral SC. Rostral SC injections mainly labeled medium-sized GABA-negative CNs (200-700 μm(2)) in the upper intermediate layer of the opposite rostral SC and small GABA-positive CNs in its deeper layers. Lateral SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs in the opposite medial SC and mainly medium-sized GABA-negative CNs in its lateral part. Medial SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs in the lateral SC and medium-sized GABA-negative CNs in the medial SC. In comparison, TRNs projecting to the FFH or IBN region were large (>700 μm(2)) and medium-sized. Many of the medium-sized GABA-negative CNs were TRNs projecting to the FFH. These results indicate that mirror-symmetric excitatory pathways link medial to medial (upper field) and lateral to lateral (lower field) parts of the SCs, whereas upper and lower field representations are linked by reciprocal inhibitory pathways in the tectal commissure. These connections presumably play important roles in conjugate upward and downward vertical saccades.},
	Author = {Takahashi, M and Sugiuchi, Y and Shinoda, Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 17:00:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:47:10 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1152/jn.00554.2010},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; bilateral; mirror symmetry; optic tectum; connectivity; Structure-Activity Relationship; function; cat; excitatory; inhibitory; GABA; blindsight; visual system; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Dominance, Cerebral; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Immunohistochemistry; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Nerve Net; Neurons; Saccades; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3146-67},
	pmid = {20926614},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topographic organization of excitatory and inhibitory commissural connections in the superior colliculi and their functional roles in saccade generation},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}}

@article{Tognini:2011,
	Abstract = {miR-132 is a CREB-induced microRNA that is involved in dendritic spine plasticity. We found that visual experience regulated histone post-translational modifications at a CRE locus that is important for miR-212 and miR-132 cluster transcription, and regulated miR-132 expression in the visual cortex of juvenile mice. Monocular deprivation reduced miR-132 expression in the cortex contralateral to the deprived eye. Counteracting this miR-132 reduction with an infusion of chemically modified miR-132 mimic oligonucleotides completely blocked ocular dominance plasticity.},
	Author = {Tognini, Paola and Putignano, Elena and Coatti, Alessandro and Pizzorusso, Tommaso},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 10:03:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 10:03:40 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2920},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; microRNAs; 21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; topographic map; sensory map; Binocular; Monocular},
	Month = {Sep},
	pmid = {21892154},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Experience-dependent expression of miR-132 regulates ocular dominance plasticity},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Tognini_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2920}}

@article{Mellios:2011,
	Abstract = {Using quantitative analyses, we identified microRNAs (miRNAs) that were abundantly expressed in visual cortex and that responded to dark rearing and/or monocular deprivation. The most substantially altered miRNA, miR-132, was rapidly upregulated after eye opening and was delayed by dark rearing. In vivo inhibition of miR-132 in mice prevented ocular dominance plasticity in identified neurons following monocular deprivation and affected the maturation of dendritic spines, demonstrating its critical role in the plasticity of visual cortex circuits.},
	Author = {Mellios, Nikolaos and Sugihara, Hiroki and Castro, Jorge and Banerjee, Abhishek and Le, Chuong and Kumar, Arooshi and Crawford, Benjamin and Strathmann, Julia and Tropea, Daniela and Levine, Stuart S and Edbauer, Dieter and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 10:00:54 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 10:02:15 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1038/nn.2909},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; microRNAs; 21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; topographic map; sensory map; Binocular; Monocular},
	Month = {Sep},
	pmid = {21892155},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {miR-132, an experience-dependent microRNA, is essential for visual cortex plasticity},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Mellios_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mellios_NatNeurosci2011a.pdf}}

@article{Olavarria:1996,
	Abstract = {In the cat, callosal connections in area 17 are largely confined to a 5-6-mm-wide strip at the 17/18 border. It is commonly thought that callosal fibers extending from between the 17/18 border regions interconnect loci that are mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline of the brain, but this idea has not been tested experimentally. The present study examined the organization of callosal linkages in the 17/18 border region of normal adult cats by analyzing the patterns of connections revealed in one hemisphere after small injections of different fluorescent tracers into the opposite 17/18 callosal region. The location of the injection sites within areas 17 and 18 was assessed by examining architectonic data and by inspecting the labeling pattern in the ipsilateral visual thalamus. Area 17 and 18 were separated by a 1-1.5-mm-wide zone of cytoarchitectonic transition rather than by a sharp border. The results show that, in general, callosal fibers interconnect loci that are not mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline. Thus, area 17 injections placed nearly 3 mm away from the 17/18 transition zone produced discrete labeled areas located preferentially within the contralateral 17/18 transition zone. However, when the injection site was within the 17/18 transition zone, labeled cells were found primarily medial and lateral to, but not within, the 17/18 transition zone in the contralateral hemisphere. Previous studies have indicated that the 17/18 transition zone contains a representation of a strip of the ipsilateral visual field. Comparison of the retinotopy of the 17/18 border region with the mirror-reversed pattern of callosal linkages found in the present study suggests that callosal fibers link points that are in retinotopic correspondence in both hemispheres.},
	Author = {Olavarria, J F},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 09:29:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 09:29:11 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960318)366:4\&lt;643::AID-CNE6\&gt;3.0.CO;2-4},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Corpus Callosum; Functional Laterality; Nerve Fibers; Rats; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {643-55},
	pmid = {8833114},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Non-mirror-symmetric patterns of callosal linkages in areas 17 and 18 in cat visual cortex},
	Volume = {366},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1996.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960318)366:4%5C&lt;643::AID-CNE6%5C&gt;3.0.CO;2-4}}

@article{Olavarria:2003,
	Abstract = {Studies of callosal projections in striate cortex show that the retina is involved in the development of topographical connections. In normal animals callosal fibers connect retinotopically corresponding, nonmirror-symmetric cortical loci, whereas in animals bilaterally enucleated at birth, callosal fibers connect topographically mismatched, mirror-symmetric loci. Moreover, in rodents the overall pattern of visual callosal connections is adult-like by postnatal day 12 (P12). In this study we delayed the onset of retinal deafferentation in rats and mice in order to determine the period when retinal influences are critically needed for the development of retinotopically matched callosal linkages. Callosal maps were revealed by placing small injections of retrogradely and anterogradely transported tracers into different loci of lateral striate cortex. We found that the patterns of callosal linkages in rats enucleated at P12, P8, and P6 were nonmirror-symmetric, as in normally reared rats. In contrast, the patterns of linkages in rats enucleated at P4 closely resembled the mirror-symmetric pattern seen in rats enucleated at birth (P0). A similar reversal in topography (from symmetric to nonsymmetric) occurred in mice when enucleation was delayed from P4 to P6. These findings indicate that retinal input prior to P6, but not prior to P4, is sufficient for specifying normal callosal topography. Moreover, they suggest that development of retinotopically matched callosal linkages depends critically on retinal influences during a brief period between P4 and P6, when callosal connections are still very immature.},
	Author = {Olavarria, Jaime F and Hiroi, Ryoko},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 09:26:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 09:28:31 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/cne.10615},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual cortex; visual system; retina; sensory map; topographic map; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; bilateral; mirror symmetry; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Pathways; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {156-72},
	pmid = {12640667},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal influences specify cortico-cortical maps by postnatal day six in rats and mice},
	Volume = {459},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10615}}

@article{Sengpiel:2002,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity is important for both the initial formation and the subsequent refinement of anatomical and physiological features of the mammalian visual system. Here we examine recent evidence concerning the role that spontaneous activity plays in axonal segregation, both of retinogeniculate afferents into eye-specific layers and of geniculocortical afferents into ocular dominance bands. We also assess the role of activity in the generation and plasticity of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex. Finally, we review recent challenges to textbook views on how inputs representing the two eyes interact during the critical period of visual cortical plasticity.},
	Author = {Sengpiel, Frank and Kind, Peter C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 09:09:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 09:11:32 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; connectivity; plasticity; visual cortex; visual system; retina; Spontaneous activity; topographic map; sensory map; Sensory Deprivation; activity manipulation; review; optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; LGN},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Brain; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Ferrets; Motor Activity; Neurons; Retina; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {R818-26},
	pmid = {12477410},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The role of activity in development of the visual system},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Berns:1993,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the visual cortex require correlated binocular activity during a critical period early in life to develop normal response properties. We present a model for how the disparity selectivity of cortical neurons might arise during development. The model is based on Hebbian mechanisms for plasticity at synapses between geniculocortical neurons and cortical cells. The model is driven by correlated activity in retinal ganglion cells within each eye before birth and additionally between eyes after birth. With no correlations present between the eyes, the cortical model developed only monocular cells. Adding a small amount of correlation between eyes at the beginning of development produced cortical neurons that were entirely binocular and tuned to zero disparity. However, if an initial phase of purely same-eye correlations was followed by a second phase of development that included correlations between eyes, the cortical model became populated with both monocular and binocular cells. Moreover, in the two-phase model, binocular cells tended to be selective for zero disparity, whereas the more monocular cells tended to have nonzero disparity. This relationship between ocular dominance and disparity has been observed in the visual cortex of the cat by other workers. Differences in the relative timing of the two developmental phases could account for the higher proportion of monocular cells found in the visual cortices of other animals.},
	Author = {Berns, G S and Dayan, P and Sejnowski, T J},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-13 08:35:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 08:37:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Theoretical; Models; Computational Biology; retinal wave paper; Retina; visual cortex; visual system; sensory map; topographic map; hebbian; synapse formation; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; mirror symmetry; bilateral},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Eye; Functional Laterality; Mathematics; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {8277-81},
	Pmc = {PMC47332},
	pmid = {8367493},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A correlational model for the development of disparity selectivity in visual cortex that depends on prenatal and postnatal phases},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Berns_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1993.pdf}}

@article{Voss:2011,
	Author = {Voss, Patrice},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 14:07:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 14:09:09 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2624-11.2011},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; blindsight; Blindness; Human; Visual Cortex; pulvinar; Sensory Deprivation; sensory map; review; Grants; ideas; neurological disorder},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {33},
	Pages = {11745-7},
	pmid = {21849534},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Superior tactile abilities in the blind: is blindness required?},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Voss_JNeurosci2011.pdf}}

@article{Fagiolini:1994,
	Abstract = {Postnatal development of rat visual cortical functions was studied by recording extracellularly from the primary visual cortex of 22 animals ranging in age from postnatal day 17 (P17) to P45. We found that in the youngest animals (P17-P19) all visual cortical functions tested were immature. Selectivity for orientation and movement direction of visual stimuli was almost absent, most cells received binocular input and their mean receptive field size was 5-6 times the adult size. Visual acuity was half its adult value. These functional properties developed gradually during the following weeks and by P45 they were all adult-like. This functional development is affected by manipulations of the visual input such as dark rearing (DR) and monocular deprivation (MD). DR prevented the normal postnatal maturation of visual cortical functions: in P60 rats, dark reared from birth, their visual cortical functions resembled those of P19-P21 rats. MD from P15 to P45 resulted in a dramatic shift of the ocular dominance distribution (ODD) in favour of the open eye and in a loss of visual acuity for the deprived eye. To determine the sensitive period of rat visual cortex to MD (critical period) we evaluated the shift in ODD of visual cortical neurones in rats that were subjected to the progressive delay of the onset of fixed MD period (10 days). Our results show that the critical period begins around the end of the third postnatal week, peaks between the fourth and fifth week and starts to decline from the end of the fifth week.},
	Author = {Fagiolini, M and Pizzorusso, T and Berardi, N and Domenici, L and Maffei, L},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:45:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 10:48:30 -0400},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation; sensory map; Visual Cortex; visual system; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; rat; activity manipulation; retina; retinotopy; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Darkness; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Rats; Rotation; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {709-20},
	pmid = {8160387},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex and the role of visual experience: dark rearing and monocular deprivation},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Fagiolini_VisionRes1994.pdf}}

@article{Olavarria:2006,
	Abstract = {In normal rats callosal projections in striate cortex connect retinotopically corresponding, nonmirror-symmetric cortical loci, whereas in rats bilaterally enucleated at birth, callosal fibers connect topographically mismatched, mirror-symmetric loci. Moreover, retina input specifies the topography of callosal projections by postnatal day (P)6. To investigate whether retinal input guides development of callosal maps by promoting either the corrective pruning of exuberant axon branches or the specific ingrowth and elaboration of axon branches at topographically correct places, we studied the topography of emerging callosal connections at and immediately after P6. After restricted intracortical injections of anterogradely and retrogradely transported tracers we observed that the normal, nonmirror-symmetric callosal map, as well as the anomalous, mirror-symmetric map observed in neonatally enucleated animals, are present by P6-7, just as collateral branches of simple architecture emerge from their parental axons and grow into superficial cortical layers. Our results therefore do not support the idea that retinal input guides callosal map formation by primarily promoting the large-scale elimination of long, nontopographic branches and arbors. Instead, they suggest that retinal input specifies the sites on the parental axons from which interstitial branches will grow to invade middle and upper cortical layers, thereby ensuring that the location of invading interstitial branches is accurately related to the topographical location of the soma that gives rise to the parental axon. Moreover, our results from enucleated rats suggest that the cues that determine the mirror-symmetric callosal map exert only a weak control on the topography of fiber ingrowth.},
	Author = {Olavarria, Jaime F and Safaeian, Pegah},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:39:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 08:34:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; retina; rat; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; visual cortex; sensory map; topographic map; Embryo and Fetal Development; visual system; 21 Neurophysiology; bilateral; synapse formation; activity manipulation;; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Eye Enucleation; Functional Laterality; Nerve Fibers; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {495-512},
	Pmc = {PMC2577613},
	pmid = {16572463},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of callosal topography in visual cortex of normal and enucleated rats},
	Volume = {496},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20938}}

@article{Adams:2003,
	Author = {Adams, Daniel L and Horton, Jonathan C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:37:40 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 08:34:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; retina; monkey; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; visual cortex; sensory map; topographic map; Embryo and Fetal Development; visual system; bilateral; synapse formation; Neocortex; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dominance, Ocular; Electron Transport Complex IV; Genetic Variation; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Phenotype; Saimiri; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {113-4},
	pmid = {12536211},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Capricious expression of cortical columns in the primate brain},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Adams_NatNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1004}}

@article{Warland:2006,
	Abstract = {Correlated spontaneous activity in the form of retinal "waves" has been observed in a wide variety of developing animals, but whether retinal waves occur in the primate has not been determined previously. To address this issue, we recorded from isolated retinas using multielectrode arrays at six fetal ages: embryonic day 51 (E51), E55, E60, E67, E71, and E76. These recordings revealed that the fetal monkey retina is essentially silent at E51 and E55, with only few cells firing on rare occasions and without any obvious spatial or temporal order. Because previous work has shown that the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate are selectively innervated during this early period, our results suggest that this process is unlikely to be regulated by retinal activity. Highly structured retinal waves were first observed at E60, >1 week before the segregation of eye-specific retinal dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projections commences. The incidence of such waves decreased rapidly and progressively during the developmental period (E67-E76) when segregated eye-specific projections become established. Our findings indicate that retinal waves first occur in the fetal monkey at a remarkably early stage of development, >100 d before birth, and that this activity undergoes rapid changes in salient properties when eye-specific retinogeniculate projections are being formed.},
	Author = {Warland, David K and Huberman, Andrew D and Chalupa, Leo M},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:35:18 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 08:34:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; retinal wave paper; retina; monkey; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; visual cortex; sensory map; topographic map; Embryo and Fetal Development; visual system; 21 Neurophysiology; bilateral; synapse formation; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Biological Clocks; Geniculate Bodies; Macaca fascicularis; Retina; Species Specificity; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Pages = {5190-7},
	pmid = {16687510},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the fetal macaque retina during development of retinogeniculate pathways},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Warland_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0328-06.2006}}

@article{Phillips:2011,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms by which experience guides refinement of converging afferent pathways are poorly understood. We describe a vision-driven refinement of corticocollicular inputs that determines the consolidation of retinal and visual cortical (VC) synapses on individual neurons in the superficial superior colliculus (sSC). Highly refined corticocollicular terminals form 1-2 days after eye-opening (EO), accompanied by VC-dependent filopodia sprouting on proximal dendrites, and PSD-95 and VC-dependent quadrupling of functional synapses. Delayed EO eliminates synapses, corticocollicular terminals, and spines on VC-recipient dendrites. Awake recordings after EO show that VC and retina cooperate to activate sSC neurons, and VC light responses precede sSC responses within intervals promoting potentiation. Eyelid closure is associated with more protracted cortical visual responses, causing the majority of VC spikes to follow those of the colliculus. These data implicate spike-timing plasticity as a mechanism for cortical input survival, and support a cooperative strategy for retinal and cortical coinnervation of the sSC.},
	Author = {Phillips, Marnie A and Colonnese, Matthew T and Goldberg, Julie and Lewis, Laura D and Brown, Emery N and Constantine-Paton, Martha},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:31:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; visual cortex; retina; visual system; Efferent Pathways; Cooperative Behavior; oscillations; synchrony; plasticity; 21 Activity-development; Electrophysiology; 21 Neurophysiology; synapse formation; retinal wave paper; Mouse},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {710-24},
	pmid = {21867886},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A synaptic strategy for consolidation of convergent visuotopic maps},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Phillips_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Phillips_Neuron2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.023}}

@article{Xu:2011a,
	Abstract = {The functional properties of neural circuits become increasingly robust over development. This allows circuits to optimize their output in response to a variety of input. However, it is not clear whether this optimization is a function of hardwired circuit elements, or whether it requires neural experience to develop. We performed rapid in vivo imaging of calcium signals from bulk-labeled neurons in the Xenopus laevis optic tectum to resolve the rapid spatiotemporal response properties of populations of developing tectal neurons in response to visual stimuli. We found that during a critical time in tectal development, network activity becomes increasingly robust, more correlated, and more synchronous. These developmental changes require normal visual input during development and are disrupted by NMDAR blockade. Our data show that visual activity and NMDAR activation are critical for the maturation of tectal network dynamics during visual system development.},
	Author = {Xu, Heng and Khakhalin, Arseny S and Nurmikko, Arto V and Aizenman, Carlos D},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-12 10:22:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; calcium imaging; optical physiology; Methods; Technique; retinal wave paper; 21 Activity-development; oscillations; synchrony; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/agonists/antagonists; NMDA},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Dizocilpine Maleate; Molecular Imaging; Neural Networks (Computer); Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {8025-36},
	Pmc = {PMC3169172},
	pmid = {21632924},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual experience-dependent maturation of correlated neuronal activity patterns in a developing visual system},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5802-10.2011}}

@article{Wagor:1980,
	Abstract = {Detailed retinotopic maps of primary visual cortex (area 17) and the extrastriate visual regions surrounding it (areas 18a and 18b) have been constructed for the C57BL/6J mouse using standard electrophysiological mapping techniques. Primary visual cortex (area 17), as defined cytoarchitectonically, contains one complete representation of the contralateral visual field, termed V1, in which azimuth and elevation lines are approximately orthogonal. The upper visual field is represented caudally and the nasal field laterally. Binocular cells are encountered in the cortical representation of the nasal 30--40 degrees of the visual field, and there is an expanded representation of the nasal field. Extrastriate visual cortex of the mouse, like that of other mammals, contains multiple representations of the visual field. The cytoarchitectonic region of cortex lateral and rostral to area 17, termed area 18a, contains at least two such representations. The more medial of these, which by convention we have called V2, is a narrow strip surrounding V1 on its lateral and rostral aspects; the vertical meridian lies along a portion of its common border with V1. The visual field representation in V2 is not a mirror image of that in V1; the representation of the horizontal meridian forms the lateral border of V2, and the visual field representation is split so that adjacent points on either side of the horizontal meridian are represented in nonadjacent parts of V2. The other visual field representation within area 18a, which we have termed V3, is a small but apparently complete representation that lies lateral to V2. The visual field representations medial to area 17 correspond to cytoarchitectonic area 18b. Area 18b contains two representations of the temporal visual field that we have labeled Vm-r and Vm-c, and contains little or no representation of the most nasal aspect of the field.},
	Author = {Wagor, E and Mangini, N J and Pearlman, A L},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-09 17:03:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {visual system; visual cortex; mouse; retinotopy; topographic map; behavior; sensory map; vision; retina; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Eye Movements; Haplorhini; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Rabbits; Retina; Rodentia; Sciuridae; Species Specificity; Thalamic Nuclei; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {187-202},
	pmid = {6776164},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the mouse},
	Volume = {193},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Wagor_JCompNeurol1980.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901930113}}

@article{Hofbauer:1985,
	Abstract = {The retinotectal projections in the mouse were analyzed with injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus and of radioactive amino acids into the eye. At least 70\% of the ganglion cells, and possibly all of them, were found to project to the superior colliculus, including ganglion cells of all sizes. Small injections revealed that ganglion cells of different sizes terminate at different levels in the superior colliculus. The small ganglion cells that form the vast majority of all cells project predominantly to the upper stratum griseum superficiale. A small population of mainly medium-sized and large ganglion cells project to the deep stratum griseum superficiale and to the stratum opticum. The ipsilateral projection is restricted to the deep stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum and consists predominantly of medium-sized and large ganglion cells.},
	Author = {Hofbauer, A and Dr{\"a}ger, U C},
	Date-Added = {2011-09-08 13:03:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; histology; tracer; connectivity; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Mouse; midbrain; anterograde tracing; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {465-74},
	pmid = {3988995},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Depth segregation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {234},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Hofbauer_JCompNeurol1985.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340405}}

@article{Borghuis:2011,
	Abstract = {Decoding the wiring diagram of the retina requires simultaneous observation of activity in identified neuron populations. Available recording methods are limited in their scope: electrodes can access only a small fraction of neurons at once, whereas synthetic fluorescent indicator dyes label tissue indiscriminately. Here, we describe a method for studying retinal circuitry at cellular and subcellular levels combining two-photon microscopy and a genetically encoded calcium indicator. Using specific viral and promoter constructs to drive expression of GCaMP3, we labeled all five major neuron classes in the adult mouse retina. Stimulus-evoked GCaMP3 responses as imaged by two-photon microscopy permitted functional cell type annotation. Fluorescence responses were similar to those measured with the small molecule dye OGB-1. Fluorescence intensity correlated linearly with spike rates >10 spikes/s, and a significant change in fluorescence always reflected a significant change in spike firing rate. GCaMP3 expression had no apparent effect on neuronal function. Imaging at subcellular resolution showed compartment-specific calcium dynamics in multiple identified cell types.},
	Author = {Borghuis, Bart G and Tian, Lin and Xu, Ying and Nikonov, Sergei S and Vardi, Noga and Zemelman, Boris V and Looger, Loren L},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-31 11:16:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; calcium imaging; optical physiology; calcium sensor; gene; viral; retinal; microscopy; Technique; Genetic Markers},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Retina; Vision, Ocular; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {2855-67},
	pmid = {21414907},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging light responses of targeted neuron populations in the rodent retina},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Borghuis_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6064-10.2011}}

@article{Yamada:2010,
	Abstract = {Axonal branching is thought to be regulated not only by genetically defined programs but also by neural activity in the developing nervous system. Here we investigated the role of pre- and postsynaptic activity in axon branching in the thalamocortical (TC) projection using organotypic coculture preparations of the thalamus and cortex. Individual TC axons were labeled with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein by transfection into thalamic neurons. To manipulate firing activity, a vector encoding an inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir2.1) was introduced into either thalamic or cortical cells. Firing activity was monitored with multielectrode dishes during culturing. We found that axon branching was markedly suppressed in Kir2.1-overexpressing thalamic cells, in which neural activity was silenced. Similar suppression of TC axon branching was also found when cortical cell activity was reduced by expressing Kir2.1. These results indicate that both pre- and postsynaptic activity is required for TC axon branching during development.},
	Author = {Yamada, Akito and Uesaka, Naofumi and Hayano, Yasufumi and Tabata, Toshihide and Kano, Masanobu and Yamamoto, Nobuhiko},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-24 17:02:12 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation; frontiers review; development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Coculture Techniques; Gene Silencing; Gene Transfer Techniques; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Plasmids; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {7562-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2867758},
	pmid = {20368417},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Role of pre- and postsynaptic activity in thalamocortical axon branching},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Yamada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900613107}}

@article{Koch:2011,
	Abstract = {A hallmark of mammalian neural circuit development is the refinement of initially imprecise connections by competitive activity-dependent processes. In the developing visual system retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from the two eyes undergo activity-dependent competition for territory in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The direct contributions of synaptic transmission to this process, however, remain unclear. We used a genetic approach to reduce glutamate release selectively from ipsilateral-projecting RGCs and found that their release-deficient axons failed to exclude competing axons from the ipsilateral eye territory in the dLGN. Nevertheless, the release-deficient axons consolidated and maintained their normal amount of dLGN territory, even in the face of fully active competing axons. These results show that during visual circuit refinement glutamatergic transmission plays a direct role in excluding competing axons from inappropriate target regions, but they argue that consolidation and maintenance of axonal territory are largely insensitive to alterations in synaptic activity levels.},
	Author = {Koch, Selina M and Dela Cruz, Cassandra G and Hnasko, Thomas S and Edwards, Robert H and Huberman, Andrew D and Ullian, Erik M},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-23 09:19:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; retinal projections; Retinal Ganglion Cells; LGN; development; activity manipulation; frontiers review},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {235-42},
	pmid = {21791283},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pathway-specific genetic attenuation of glutamate release alters select features of competition-based visual circuit refinement},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Koch_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Koch_Neuron2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.045}}

@article{Heim:2004,
	Abstract = {Genetic calcium probes offer tremendous potential in the fields of neuroscience, cell biology, and pharmaceutical screening. Previously, ratiometric and non-ratiometric indicators of cellular calcium dynamics have been described that consist of mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as fluorophores and calmodulin as calcium-binding moiety in several configurations. However, these calmodulin-based types of probes have a series of deficiencies, such as reduced dynamic ranges, when expressed within transgenic organisms and lack of calcium sensitivity in certain targetings. We developed novel types of calcium probes based on troponin C variants from skeletal and cardiac muscle. These indicators have ratio changes up to 140\%, K(d)s ranging from 470 nm to 29 microm, and improved subcellular targeting properties. We targeted the indicators to the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Upon long lasting depolarization, submembrane calcium levels in hippocampal neurons were found to be in equilibrium with bulk cytosolic calcium levels, suggesting no standing gradient persists from the membrane toward the cytosol. We expect that such novel indicators using specialized calcium sensing proteins will be minimally interacting with the cellular biochemical machinery.},
	Author = {Heim, Nicola and Griesbeck, Oliver},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 13:27:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Biol Chem},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
	Keywords = {optical imaging; calcium imaging; calcium sensor; gene; Technique; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Cloning, Molecular; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hippocampus; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Kidney; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Neurons; Rats; Transgenes; Troponin C},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {14280-6},
	pmid = {14742421},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetically encoded indicators of cellular calcium dynamics based on troponin C and green fluorescent protein},
	Volume = {279},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Heim_JBiolChem2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M312751200}}

@article{Muto:2011,
	Abstract = {Animal behaviors are generated by well-coordinated activation of neural circuits. In zebrafish, embryos start to show spontaneous muscle contractions at 17 to 19 h postfertilization. To visualize how motor circuits in the spinal cord are activated during this behavior, we developed GCaMP-HS (GCaMP-hyper sensitive), an improved version of the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP, and created transgenic zebrafish carrying the GCaMP-HS gene downstream of the Gal4-recognition sequence, UAS (upstream activation sequence). Then we performed a gene-trap screen and identified the SAIGFF213A transgenic fish that expressed Gal4FF, a modified version of Gal4, in a subset of spinal neurons including the caudal primary (CaP) motor neurons. We conducted calcium imaging using the SAIGFF213A; UAS:GCaMP-HS double transgenic embryos during the spontaneous contractions. We demonstrated periodic and synchronized activation of a set of ipsilateral motor neurons located on the right and left trunk in accordance with actual muscle movements. The synchronized activation of contralateral motor neurons occurred alternately with a regular interval. Furthermore, a detailed analysis revealed rostral-to-caudal propagation of activation of the ipsilateral motor neuron, which is similar to but much slower than the rostrocaudal delay observed during swimming in later stages. Our study thus demonstrated coordinated activities of the motor neurons during the first behavior in a vertebrate. We propose the GCaMP technology combined with the Gal4FF-UAS system is a powerful tool to study functional neural circuits in zebrafish.},
	Author = {Muto, Akira and Ohkura, Masamichi and Kotani, Tomoya and Higashijima, Shin-ichi and Nakai, Junichi and Kawakami, Koichi},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 13:24:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Zebrafish; Motor Neurons; Spinal Cord; calcium imaging; optical physiology; calcium sensor; gene; Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Behavior, Animal; Calcium; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Indicators and Reagents; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Muscle Contraction; Spinal Cord; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {5425-30},
	Pmc = {PMC3069178},
	pmid = {21383146},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic visualization with an improved GCaMP calcium indicator reveals spatiotemporal activation of the spinal motor neurons in zebrafish},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Muto_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000887108}}

@article{Higashijima:2003,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded calcium indicators, such as cameleon, have offered the promise of noninvasively monitoring activity of neurons, but no one has demonstrated whether these indicators can report calcium transients in neurons of behaving vertebrates. We show that cameleon can be expressed at high levels in sensory and spinal cord neurons in zebrafish by using neural-specific promoters in both transient expression experiments and in a stable transgenic line. Using standard confocal microscopy, calcium transients in identified motoneurons and spinal interneurons could be detected during escape behaviors produced by a touch on the head of the fish. Small movements of the restrained fish during the behavior did not represent a major problem for analyzing the calcium responses because of the ratiometric nature of cameleon. We conclude that cameleon can be used to noninvasively study the activity of neurons in an intact, behaving vertebrate. The ability to introduce an indicator genetically allows for studies of the functional roles of local interneurons that cannot easily be monitored with other approaches. Transgenic lines such as the one we generated can also be crossed into mutant lines of fish to study both structural and functional consequences of the mutations.},
	Author = {Higashijima, Shin-ichi and Masino, Mark A and Mandel, Gail and Fetcho, Joseph R},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 13:17:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical imaging; optical physiology; 21 Neurophysiology; Zebrafish; gene; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Behavior, Animal; Calcium Signaling; Calcium-Binding Proteins; DNA, Complementary; Drosophila Proteins; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Escape Reaction; Interneurons; Microscopy, Confocal; Motor Neurons; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Plasmids; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3986-97},
	pmid = {12930818},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging neuronal activity during zebrafish behavior with a genetically encoded calcium indicator},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Higashijima_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00576.2003}}

@article{Kerr:2000,
	Abstract = {Electrophysiology and optical indicators have been used in vertebrate systems to investigate excitable cell firing and calcium transients, but both techniques have been difficult to apply in organisms with powerful reverse genetics. To overcome this limitation, we expressed cameleon proteins, genetically encoded calcium indicators, in the pharyngeal muscle of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans. In intact transgenic animals expressing cameleons, fluorescence ratio changes accompanied muscular contraction, verifying detection of calcium transients. By comparing the magnitude and duration of calcium influx in wild-type and mutant animals, we were able to determine the effects of calcium channel proteins on pharyngeal calcium transients. We also successfully used cameleons to detect electrically evoked calcium transients in individual C. elegans neurons. This technique therefore should have broad applications in analyzing the regulation of excitable cell activity in genetically tractable organisms.},
	Author = {Kerr, R and Lev-Ram, V and Baird, G and Vincent, P and Tsien, R Y and Schafer, W R},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 12:25:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-08-17 12:26:08 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical imaging; optical physiology; frontiers review; Caenorhabditis elegans; Behavior; sensory map; calcium imaging; calcium sensor; gene},
	Mesh = {Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Down-Regulation; Electrophysiology; Helminth Proteins; Muscle Proteins; Mutation; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Pharyngeal Muscles; Protein Isoforms},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {583-94},
	pmid = {10896155},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging of calcium transients in neurons and pharyngeal muscle of C. elegans},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Kerr_Neuron2000.pdf}}

@article{Jayaraman:2007,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded optical indicators hold the promise of enabling non-invasive monitoring of activity in identified neurons in behaving organisms. However, the interpretation of images of brain activity produced using such sensors is not straightforward. Several recent studies of sensory coding used G-CaMP 1.3-a calcium sensor-as an indicator of neural activity; some of these studies characterized the imaged neurons as having narrow tuning curves, a conclusion not always supported by parallel electrophysiological studies. To better understand the possible cause of these conflicting results, we performed simultaneous in vivo 2-photon imaging and electrophysiological recording of G-CaMP 1.3 expressing neurons in the antennal lobe (AL) of intact fruitflies. We find that G-CaMP has a relatively high threshold, that its signal often fails to capture spiking response kinetics, and that it can miss even high instantaneous rates of activity if those are not sustained. While G-CaMP can be misleading, it is clearly useful for the identification of promising neural targets: when electrical activity is well above the sensor's detection threshold, its signal is fairly well correlated with mean firing rate and G-CaMP does not appear to alter significantly the responses of neurons that express it. The methods we present should enable any genetically encoded sensor, activator, or silencer to be evaluated in an intact neural circuit in vivo in Drosophila.},
	Author = {Jayaraman, Vivek and Laurent, Gilles},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 12:21:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Drosophila; Behavior; microscopy; 21 Neurophysiology; sensory map; Olfactory Bulb; frontiers review},
	Pages = {3},
	Pmc = {PMC2526281},
	pmid = {18946545},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Evaluating a genetically encoded optical sensor of neural activity using electrophysiology in intact adult fruit flies},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Jayaraman_FrontNeuralCircuits2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.04.003.2007}}

@article{Chalasani:2007,
	Abstract = {Although many properties of the nervous system are shared among animals and systems, it is not known whether different neuronal circuits use common strategies to guide behaviour. Here we characterize information processing by Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons (AWC) and interneurons (AIB and AIY) that control food- and odour-evoked behaviours. Using calcium imaging and mutations that affect specific neuronal connections, we show that AWC neurons are activated by odour removal and activate the AIB interneurons through AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The level of calcium in AIB interneurons is elevated for several minutes after odour removal, a neuronal correlate to the prolonged behavioural response to odour withdrawal. The AWC neuron inhibits AIY interneurons through glutamate-gated chloride channels; odour presentation relieves this inhibition and results in activation of AIY interneurons. The opposite regulation of AIY and AIB interneurons generates a coordinated behavioural response. Information processing by this circuit resembles information flow from vertebrate photoreceptors to 'OFF' bipolar and 'ON' bipolar neurons, indicating a conserved or convergent strategy for sensory information processing.},
	Author = {Chalasani, Sreekanth H and Chronis, Nikos and Tsunozaki, Makoto and Gray, Jesse M and Ramot, Daniel and Goodman, Miriam B and Bargmann, Cornelia I},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 12:14:33 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Caenorhabditis elegans; Behavior; calcium imaging; calcium sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Calcium; Exploratory Behavior; Glutamic Acid; Interneurons; Movement; Neurons; Odors; Receptors, Glutamate; Smell; Synapses},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7166},
	Pages = {63-70},
	pmid = {17972877},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans},
	Volume = {450},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chalasani_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06292}}

@article{Yasuda:2011,
	Abstract = {Efficient memory formation relies on the establishment of functional hippocampal circuits. It has been proposed that synaptic connections are refined by neural activity to form functional brain circuitry. However, it is not known whether and how hippocampal connections are refined by neural activity in vivo. Using a mouse genetic system in which restricted populations of neurons in the hippocampal circuit are inactivated, we show that inactive axons are eliminated after they develop through a competition with active axons. Remarkably, in the dentate gyrus, which undergoes neurogenesis throughout life, axon refinement is achieved by a competition between mature and young neurons. These results demonstrate that activity-dependent competition plays multiple roles in the establishment of functional memory circuits in vivo.},
	Author = {Yasuda, Masahiro and Johnson-Venkatesh, Erin M and Zhang, Helen and Parent, Jack M and Sutton, Michael A and Umemori, Hisashi},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 10:55:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; hippocampus; Dentate Gyrus; adult neurogenesis; Technique; activity manipulation; mice; Gene Transfer Techniques; structural remodeling; synapse formation; synapses; plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cell Aging; Dentate Gyrus; Entorhinal Cortex; Gene Silencing; Hippocampus; Memory; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurogenesis; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1128-42},
	Pmc = {PMC3124368},
	pmid = {21689599},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multiple forms of activity-dependent competition refine hippocampal circuits in vivo},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Yasuda_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.027}}

@article{Johnson:2011,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous action potential activity is crucial for mammalian sensory system development. In the auditory system, patterned firing activity has been observed in immature spiral ganglion and brain-stem neurons and is likely to depend on cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) action potentials. It remains uncertain whether spiking activity is intrinsic to developing IHCs and whether it shows patterning. We found that action potentials were intrinsically generated by immature IHCs of altricial rodents and that apical IHCs showed bursting activity as opposed to more sustained firing in basal cells. We show that the efferent neurotransmitter acetylcholine fine-tunes the IHC's resting membrane potential (V(m)), and as such is crucial for the bursting pattern in apical cells. Endogenous extracellular ATP also contributes to the V(m) of apical and basal IHCs by triggering small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK2) channels. We propose that the difference in firing pattern along the cochlea instructs the tonotopic differentiation of IHCs and auditory pathway.},
	Author = {Johnson, Stuart L and Eckrich, Tobias and Kuhn, Stephanie and Zampini, Valeria and Franz, Christoph and Ranatunga, Kishani M and Roberts, Terri P and Masetto, Sergio and Knipper, Marlies and Kros, Corn{\'e} J and Marcotti, Walter},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-17 10:51:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; rat; rodent; Auditory Pathways; Cochlea/innervation/physiology; Cochlear Nerve; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; Electrophysiology; extracellular},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {711-7},
	Pmc = {PMC3103712},
	pmid = {21572434},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Position-dependent patterning of spontaneous action potentials in immature cochlear inner hair cells},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Johnson_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2803}}

@article{Rochefort:2011,
	Abstract = {Previous studies of the ferret visual cortex indicate that the development of direction selectivity requires visual experience. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to study the development of direction selectivity in layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse visual cortex in vivo. Surprisingly, just after eye opening nearly all orientation-selective neurons were also direction selective. During later development, the number of neurons responding to drifting gratings increased in parallel with the fraction of neurons that were orientation, but not direction, selective. Our experiments demonstrate that direction selectivity develops normally in dark-reared mice, indicating that the early development of direction selectivity is independent of visual experience. Furthermore, remarkable functional similarities exist between the development of direction selectivity in cortical neurons and the previously reported development of direction selectivity in the mouse retina. Together, these findings provide strong evidence that the development of orientation and direction selectivity in the mouse brain is distinctly different from that in ferrets.},
	Author = {Rochefort, Nathalie L and Narushima, Madoka and Grienberger, Christine and Marandi, Nima and Hill, Daniel N and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 18:22:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; 21 Activity-development; topographic map; visual system; visual cortex; neocortex; mice; calcium imaging; optical physiology; multiphoton; microscopy; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {425-32},
	pmid = {21835340},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of direction selectivity in mouse cortical neurons},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Rochefort_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.013}}

@article{Soteropoulos:2011,
	Abstract = {Strong experimental evidence implicates the corticospinal tract in voluntary control of the contralateral forelimb. Its potential role in controlling the ipsilateral forelimb is less well understood, although anatomical projections to ipsilateral spinal circuits are identified. We investigated inputs to motoneurons innervating hand and forearm muscles from the ipsilateral corticospinal tract using multiple methods. Intracellular recordings from 62 motoneurons in three anesthetized monkeys revealed no monosynaptic and only one weak oligosynaptic EPSP after stimulation of the ipsilateral corticospinal tract. Single stimulus intracortical microstimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in awake animals failed to produce any responses in ipsilateral muscles. Strong stimulation (>500 μA, single stimulus) of the majority of corticospinal axons at the medullary pyramids revealed only weak suppressions in ipsilateral muscles at longer latencies than the robust facilitations seen contralaterally. Spike-triggered averaging of ipsilateral muscle activity from M1 neural discharge (184 cells) did not reveal any postspike effects consistent with monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal connections. We also examined the activity of 191 M1 neurons during ipsilateral or contralateral "reach to precision grip" movements. Many cells (67\%) modulated their activity during ipsilateral limb movement trials (compared with 90\% with contralateral trials), but the timing of this activity was best correlated with weak muscle activity in the contralateral nonmoving arm. We conclude that, in normal adults, any inputs to forelimb motoneurons from the ipsilateral corticospinal tract are weak and indirect and that modulation of M1 cell firing seems to be related primarily to control of the contralateral limb.},
	Author = {Soteropoulos, Demetris S and Edgley, Steve A and Baker, Stuart N},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 18:18:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Motor Cortex; function; monkey; Neurophysiology; Spinal Cord; Motor Neurons; connectivity},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Pages = {11208-19},
	pmid = {21813682},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Lack of evidence for direct corticospinal contributions to control of the ipsilateral forelimb in monkey},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Soteropoulos_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0257-11.2011}}

@article{Butts:2011,
	Abstract = {Visual neurons can respond with extremely precise temporal patterning to visual stimuli that change on much slower time scales. Here, we investigate how the precise timing of cat thalamic spike trains-which can have timing as precise as 1 ms-is related to the stimulus, in the context of both artificial noise and natural visual stimuli. Using a nonlinear modeling framework applied to extracellular data, we demonstrate that the precise timing of thalamic spike trains can be explained by the interplay between an excitatory input and a delayed suppressive input that resembles inhibition, such that neuronal responses only occur in brief windows where excitation exceeds suppression. The resulting description of thalamic computation resembles earlier models of contrast adaptation, suggesting a more general role for mechanisms of contrast adaptation in visual processing. Thus, we describe a more complex computation underlying thalamic responses to artificial and natural stimuli that has implications for understanding how visual information is represented in the early stages of visual processing.},
	Author = {Butts, Daniel A and Weng, Chong and Jin, Jianzhong and Alonso, Jose-Manuel and Paninski, Liam},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 18:15:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual system; function; topographic map; LGN; cat; Theoretical; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Pages = {11313-27},
	pmid = {21813691},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Temporal Precision in the Visual Pathway through the Interplay of Excitation and Stimulus-Driven Suppression},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0434-11.2011}}

@article{Paige:2011,
	Abstract = {Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives have transformed the use and analysis of proteins for diverse applications. Like proteins, RNA has complex roles in cellular function and is increasingly used for various applications, but a comparable approach for fluorescently tagging RNA is lacking. Here, we describe the generation of RNA aptamers that bind fluorophores resembling the fluorophore in GFP. These RNA-fluorophore complexes create a palette that spans the visible spectrum. An RNA-fluorophore complex, termed Spinach, resembles enhanced GFP and emits a green fluorescence comparable in brightness with fluorescent proteins. Spinach is markedly resistant to photobleaching, and Spinach fusion RNAs can be imaged in living cells. These RNA mimics of GFP provide an approach for genetic encoding of fluorescent RNAs.},
	Author = {Paige, Jeremy S and Wu, Karen Y and Jaffrey, Samie R},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 18:13:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Technique; Reporter/genetics; RNA; Fluorescent Dyes},
	Mesh = {Aptamers, Nucleotide; Benzyl Compounds; Biomimetics; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasmic Granules; Cytosol; Fluorescence; Green Fluorescent Proteins; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Imidazolines; Molecular Mimicry; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Photobleaching; Protein Binding; RNA, Untranslated; SELEX Aptamer Technique; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Sucrose},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {6042},
	Pages = {642-6},
	pmid = {21798953},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein},
	Volume = {333},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Paige_Science2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1207339}}

@article{Kralj:2011,
	Abstract = {Bacteria have many voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, and population-level measurements indicate that membrane potential is important for bacterial survival. However, it has not been possible to probe voltage dynamics in an intact bacterium. Here we developed a method to reveal electrical spiking in Escherichia coli. To probe bacterial membrane potential, we engineered a voltage-sensitive fluorescent protein based on green-absorbing proteorhodopsin. Expression of the proteorhodopsin optical proton sensor (PROPS) in E. coli revealed electrical spiking at up to 1 hertz. Spiking was sensitive to chemical and physical perturbations and coincided with rapid efflux of a small-molecule fluorophore, suggesting that bacterial efflux machinery may be electrically regulated.},
	Author = {Kralj, Joel M and Hochbaum, Daniel R and Douglass, Adam D and Cohen, Adam E},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:39:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; Bacteria; Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Escherichia coli; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ion Channels; Ion Transport; Light; Membrane Potentials; Protons; Rhodamines; Rhodopsin; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Stress, Physiological},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {6040},
	Pages = {345-8},
	pmid = {21764748},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrical spiking in Escherichia coli probed with a fluorescent voltage-indicating protein},
	Volume = {333},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kralj_Science2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204763}}

@article{Ray:2011,
	Abstract = {Physiological homeostasis is essential for organism survival. Highly responsive neuronal networks are involved, but their constituent neurons are just beginning to be resolved. To query brain serotonergic neurons in homeostasis, we used a neuronal silencing tool, mouse RC::FPDi (based on the synthetic G protein-coupled receptor Di), designed for cell type-specific, ligand-inducible, and reversible suppression of action potential firing. In mice harboring Di-expressing serotonergic neurons, administration of the ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) by systemic injection attenuated the chemoreflex that normally increases respiration in response to tissue carbon dioxide (CO(2)) elevation and acidosis. At the cellular level, CNO suppressed firing rate increases evoked by CO(2) acidosis. Body thermoregulation at room temperature was also disrupted after CNO triggering of Di; core temperatures plummeted, then recovered. This work establishes that serotonergic neurons regulate life-sustaining respiratory and thermoregulatory networks, and demonstrates a noninvasive tool for mapping neuron function.},
	Author = {Ray, Russell S and Corcoran, Andrea E and Brust, Rachael D and Kim, Jun Chul and Richerson, George B and Nattie, Eugene and Dymecki, Susan M},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:37:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Serotonin; mice; Homeostasis; Acids; respiration; Temperature; Technique; activity manipulation; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Acidosis; Action Potentials; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Brain Stem; Carbon Dioxide; Chemoreceptor Cells; Clozapine; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; Homeostasis; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ligands; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Respiration; Serotonin},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {6042},
	Pages = {637-42},
	pmid = {21798952},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Impaired respiratory and body temperature control upon acute serotonergic neuron inhibition},
	Volume = {333},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Ray_Science2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1205295}}

@article{Pangratz-Fuehrer:2011,
	Abstract = {Parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking (FS) cells are interconnected via GABAergic and electrical synapses and represent a major class of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. Synaptic connections among FS cells are critical for regulating network oscillations in the mature neocortex. However, it is unclear whether synaptic connections among FS interneurons also play a central role in the generation of patterned neuronal activity in the immature brain, which is thought to underlie the formation of neocortical circuits. Here, we investigated the developmental time course of synaptogenesis of FS cell in mouse visual cortex. In layer 5/6 (L5/6), we recorded from two or three FS and/or pyramidal (PYR) neurons to study the development of electrical and chemical synaptic interactions from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P18. We detected no evidence for functional connectivity for FS-FS or FS-PYR pairs at P3-P4. However, by P5-P6, we found that 20\% of FS pairs were electrically coupled, and 24\% of pairs were connected via GABAergic synapses; by P15-P18, 42\% of FS pairs had established functional electrical synapses, and 47\% of FS pairs were connected via GABAergic synapses. FS cell GABAergic inhibition of pyramidal cells showed a similar developmental time line, but no electrical coupling was detected for FS-PYR pairs. We found that synaptogenesis of electrical and GABAergic connections of FS cells takes place in the same period. Together, our results suggest that chemical and electrical connections among FS cells can contribute to patterned neocortical activity only by the end of the first postnatal week.},
	Author = {Pangratz-Fuehrer, Susanne and Hestrin, Shaul},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:35:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; interneurons; Gap Junctions; 21 Neurophysiology; GABA; Pyramidal Cells; Patch-Clamp Techniques/*methods},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {10767-75},
	pmid = {21795529},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptogenesis of electrical and GABAergic synapses of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons in the neocortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Pangratz-Fuehrer_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6655-10.2011}}

@article{Yizhar:2011,
	Abstract = {Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) within neural microcircuitry. This hypothesis could unify diverse streams of pathophysiological and genetic evidence, but has not been susceptible to direct testing. Here we design and use several novel optogenetic tools to causally investigate the cellular E/I balance hypothesis in freely moving mammals, and explore the associated circuit physiology. Elevation, but not reduction, of cellular E/I balance within the mouse medial prefrontal cortex was found to elicit a profound impairment in cellular information processing, associated with specific behavioural impairments and increased high-frequency power in the 30-80 Hz range, which have both been observed in clinical conditions in humans. Consistent with the E/I balance hypothesis, compensatory elevation of inhibitory cell excitability partially rescued social deficits caused by E/I balance elevation. These results provide support for the elevated cellular E/I balance hypothesis of severe neuropsychiatric disease-related symptoms.},
	Author = {Yizhar, Ofer and Fenno, Lief E and Prigge, Matthias and Schneider, Franziska and Davidson, Thomas J and O'Shea, Daniel J and Sohal, Vikaas S and Goshen, Inbal and Finkelstein, Joel and Paz, Jeanne T and Stehfest, Katja and Fudim, Roman and Ramakrishnan, Charu and Huguenard, John R and Hegemann, Peter and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:33:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; mice; in vivo; inhibition; GABA; interneurons; neurological disorder; Behavior; Systems Biology; Neocortex; optical physiology},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {21796121},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Yizhar_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10360}}

@article{Kremer:2011,
	Abstract = {In the neocortex, neuronal selectivities for multiple sensorimotor modalities are often distributed in topographical maps thought to emerge during a restricted period in early postnatal development. Rodent barrel cortex contains a somatotopic map for vibrissa identity, but the existence of maps representing other tactile features has not been clearly demonstrated. We addressed the issue of the existence in the rat cortex of an intrabarrel map for vibrissa movement direction using in vivo two-photon imaging. We discovered that the emergence of a direction map in rat barrel cortex occurs long after all known critical periods in the somatosensory system. This map is remarkably specific, taking a pinwheel-like form centered near the barrel center and aligned to the barrel cortex somatotopy. We suggest that this map may arise from intracortical mechanisms and demonstrate by simulation that the combination of spike-timing-dependent plasticity at synapses between layer 4 and layer 2/3 and realistic pad stimulation is sufficient to produce such a map. Its late emergence long after other classical maps suggests that experience-dependent map formation and refinement continue throughout adult life.},
	Author = {Kremer, Yves and L{\'e}ger, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Goodman, Dan and Brette, Romain and Bourdieu, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:31:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; development; Somatosensory Cortex; rat; multiphoton; microscopy; in vivo; structural remodeling; topographic map},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {10689-700},
	pmid = {21775612},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Late emergence of the vibrissa direction selectivity map in the rat barrel cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kremer_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6541-10.2011}}

@article{Crisp:2011,
	Abstract = {Many parts of the nervous system become active before development is complete, including the embryonic spinal cord. Remarkably, although the subject has been debated for over a century (Harrison, 1904), it is still unclear whether such activity is required for normal development of motor circuitry. In Drosophila, embryonic motor output is initially poorly organized, and coordinated crawling-like behavior gradually emerges over the subsequent phase of development. We show that reversibly blocking synaptic transmission during this phase severely delays the first appearance of coordinated movements. When we interfere with the pattern of neuronal firing during this period, coordination is also delayed or blocked. We conclude that there is a period during which endogenous patterns of neuronal activity are required for the normal development of motor circuits in Drosophila.},
	Author = {Crisp, Sarah J and Evers, Jan Felix and Bate, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:30:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; structural remodeling; Spontaneous activity; network; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Spinal Cord; Drosophila; retinal wave paper},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {10445-50},
	pmid = {21775590},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Endogenous patterns of activity are required for the maturation of a motor network},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Crisp_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0346-11.2011}}

@article{Chen:2011,
	Abstract = {Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment melanopsin and regulate a wide array of light-dependent physiological processes. Genetic ablation of ipRGCs eliminates circadian photoentrainment and severely disrupts the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Here we show that ipRGCs consist of distinct subpopulations that differentially express the Brn3b transcription factor, and can be functionally distinguished. Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, whereas Brn3b-positive ipRGCs innervate all other known brain targets, including the olivary pretectal nucleus. Consistent with these innervation patterns, selective ablation of Brn3b-positive ipRGCs severely disrupts the PLR, but does not impair circadian photoentrainment. Thus, we find that molecularly distinct subpopulations of M1 ipRGCs, which are morphologically and electrophysiologically similar, innervate different brain regions to execute specific light-induced functions.},
	Author = {Chen, S-K and Badea, T C and Hattar, S},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:29:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; entrainment; melanopsin; visual system; mice},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {7358},
	Pages = {92-5},
	Pmc = {PMC3150726},
	pmid = {21765429},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs},
	Volume = {476},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Chen_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10206}}

@article{Croen:2011,
	Abstract = {CONTEXT: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has increased over recent years. Use of antidepressant medications during pregnancy also shows a secular increase in recent decades, prompting concerns that prenatal exposure may contribute to increased risk of ASD. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate whether prenatal exposure to antidepressant medications is associated with increased risk of ASD. DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. Medical records were used to ascertain case children and control children and to derive prospectively recorded information on mothers' use of antidepressant medications, mental health history of mothers, and demographic and medical covariates. SETTING: The Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 298 case children with ASD (and their mothers) and 1507 randomly selected control children (and their mothers) drawn from the membership of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Northern California. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ASDs. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure to antidepressant medications was reported for 20 case children (6.7\%) and 50 control children (3.3\%). In adjusted logistic regression models, we found a 2-fold increased risk of ASD associated with treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by the mother during the year before delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 2.2 [95\% confidence interval, 1.2-4.3]), with the strongest effect associated with treatment during the first trimester (adjusted odds ratio, 3.8 [95\% confidence interval, 1.8-7.8]). No increase in risk was found for mothers with a history of mental health treatment in the absence of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Although the number of children exposed prenatally to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in this population was low, results suggest that exposure, especially during the first trimester, may modestly increase the risk of ASD. The potential risk associated with exposure must be balanced with the risk to the mother or fetus of untreated mental health disorders. Further studies are needed to replicate and extend these findings.},
	Author = {Croen, Lisa A and Grether, Judith K and Yoshida, Cathleen K and Odouli, Roxana and Hendrick, Victoria},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:28:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Archives of general psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; neurological disorder; human; Genetic; Environment},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {21727247},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Croen_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73}}

@article{Hallmayer:2011,
	Abstract = {CONTEXT: Autism is considered the most heritable of neurodevelopmental disorders, mainly because of the large difference in concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. OBJECTIVE: To provide rigorous quantitative estimates of genetic heritability of autism and the effects of shared environment. Design, Setting, and PARTICIPANTS: Twin pairs with at least 1 twin with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) born between 1987 and 2004 were identified through the California Department of Developmental Services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Structured diagnostic assessments (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) were completed on 192 twin pairs. Concordance rates were calculated and parametric models were fitted for 2 definitions, 1 narrow (strict autism) and 1 broad (ASD). RESULTS: For strict autism, probandwise concordance for male twins was 0.58 for 40 monozygotic pairs (95\% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.74) and 0.21 for 31 dizygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.09-0.43); for female twins, the concordance was 0.60 for 7 monozygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.28-0.90) and 0.27 for 10 dizygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.09-0.69). For ASD, the probandwise concordance for male twins was 0.77 for 45 monozygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.65-0.86) and 0.31 for 45 dizygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.16-0.46); for female twins, the concordance was 0.50 for 9 monozygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.16-0.84) and 0.36 for 13 dizygotic pairs (95\% CI, 0.11-0.60). A large proportion of the variance in liability can be explained by shared environmental factors (55\%; 95\% CI, 9\%-81\% for autism and 58\%; 95\% CI, 30\%-80\% for ASD) in addition to moderate genetic heritability (37\%; 95\% CI, 8\%-84\% for autism and 38\%; 95\% CI, 14\%-67\% for ASD). CONCLUSION: Susceptibility to ASD has moderate genetic heritability and a substantial shared twin environmental component.},
	Author = {Hallmayer, Joachim and Cleveland, Sue and Torres, Andrea and Phillips, Jennifer and Cohen, Brianne and Torigoe, Tiffany and Miller, Janet and Fedele, Angie and Collins, Jack and Smith, Karen and Lotspeich, Linda and Croen, Lisa A and Ozonoff, Sally and Lajonchere, Clara and Grether, Judith K and Risch, Neil},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:27:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
	Journal-Full = {Archives of general psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Autistic Disorder; neurological disorder; human; twin study; Genetic; Environment},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {21727249},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Hallmayer_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hallmayer_ArchGenPsychiatry2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76}}

@article{Johnson:2010,
	Abstract = {Melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) form a light-sensitive system separate from rods and cones. Direct light stimulation of ipRGCs can regulate many nonimage-forming visual functions such as photoentrainment of circadian rhythms and pupil responses, and can intensify migraine headache in adults. In mice, ipRGCs are light responsive as early as the day of birth. In contrast, their eyelids do not open until 12-13 d after birth (P12-13), and light signaling from rods and cones does not begin until approximately P10. No physiological or behavioral function is established for ipRGCs in neonates before the onset of rod and cone signaling. Here we report that mouse pups as young as P6 will completely turn away from a light. Light-induced responses of ipRGCs could be readily recorded in retinas of pups younger than P9, and we found no evidence for rod- and cone-mediated visual signaling to the RGCs of these younger mice. These results confirm that negative phototaxis is evident before the onset of rod- and cone-mediated visual signaling, and well before the onset of image-forming vision. Negative phototaxis was absent in mice lacking melanopsin. We conclude that light activation of melanopsin ipRGCs is necessary and sufficient for negative phototaxis. These results strongly suggest that light activation of ipRGCs may regulate physiological functions such as sleep/wake cycles in preterm and neonatal infants.},
	Author = {Johnson, Juliette and Wu, Vincent and Donovan, Michael and Majumdar, Sriparna and Renter{\'\i}a, Ren{\'e} C and Porco, Travis and Van Gelder, Russell N and Copenhagen, David R},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:25:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {melanopsin; retina; development; Retinal Ganglion Cells; mice; Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Light; Light Signal Transduction; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Photic Stimulation; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rod Opsins},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {40},
	Pages = {17374-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2951438},
	pmid = {20855606},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Melanopsin-dependent light avoidance in neonatal mice},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Johnson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008533107}}

@article{Paik:2011,
	Abstract = {The orientation map is a hallmark of primary visual cortex in higher mammals. It is not yet known how orientation maps develop, what function they have in visual processing and why some species lack them. Here we advance the notion that quasi-periodic orientation maps are established by moir{\'e} interference of regularly spaced ON- and OFF-center retinal ganglion cell mosaics. A key prediction of the theory is that the centers of iso-orientation domains must be arranged in a hexagonal lattice on the cortical surface. Here we show that such a pattern is observed in individuals of four different species: monkeys, cats, tree shrews and ferrets. The proposed mechanism explains how orientation maps can develop without requiring precise patterns of spontaneous activity or molecular guidance. Further, it offers a possible account for the emergence of orientation tuning in single neurons despite the absence of orderly orientation maps in rodents species.},
	Author = {Paik, Se-Bum and Ringach, Dario L},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:24:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; retina; visual system; visual cortex; topographic map; Theoretical; Orientation; Spontaneous activity},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {919-25},
	pmid = {21623365},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Retinal origin of orientation maps in visual cortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Paik_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Paik_NatNeurosci2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2824}}

@article{Wang:2011,
	Abstract = {A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is cortical expansion, which reflects an increase in the number of cortical neurons established by the progenitor cell subtypes present and the number of their neurogenic divisions. Recent studies have revealed a new class of radial glia-like (oRG) progenitor cells in the human brain, which reside in the outer subventricular zone. Expansion of the subventricular zone and appearance of oRG cells may have been essential evolutionary steps leading from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic neocortex. Here we show that oRG-like progenitor cells are present in the mouse embryonic neocortex. They arise from asymmetric divisions of radial glia and undergo self-renewing asymmetric divisions to generate neurons. Moreover, mouse oRG cells undergo mitotic somal translocation whereby centrosome movement into the basal process during interphase precedes nuclear translocation. Our finding of oRG cells in the developing rodent brain fills a gap in our understanding of neocortical expansion.},
	Author = {Wang, Xiaoqun and Tsai, Jin-Wu and LaMonica, Bridget and Kriegstein, Arnold R},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:22:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; Neocortex; Stem Cells; radial glia; Embryo},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Centrosome; Embryo, Mammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neocortex; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuroglia; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Stem Cells; Time Factors},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {555-61},
	Pmc = {PMC3083489},
	pmid = {21478886},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Wang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2807}}

@article{Xu:2011,
	Abstract = {Complex neural circuits in the mammalian brain develop through a combination of genetic instruction and activity-dependent refinement. The relative role of these factors and the form of neuronal activity responsible for circuit development is a matter of significant debate. In the mammalian visual system, retinal ganglion cell projections to the brain are mapped with respect to retinotopic location and eye of origin. We manipulated the pattern of spontaneous retinal waves present during development without changing overall activity levels through the transgenic expression of β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in retinal ganglion cells of mice. We used this manipulation to demonstrate that spontaneous retinal activity is not just permissive, but instructive in the emergence of eye-specific segregation and retinotopic refinement in the mouse visual system. This suggests that specific patterns of spontaneous activity throughout the developing brain are essential in the emergence of specific and distinct patterns of neuronal connectivity.},
	Author = {Xu, Hong-ping and Furman, Moran and Mineur, Yann S and Chen, Hui and King, Sarah L and Zenisek, David and Zhou, Z Jimmy and Butts, Daniel A and Tian, Ning and Picciotto, Marina R and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:20:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {development; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; Spontaneous activity; retina; retinal wave paper; Superior Colliculus; visual system; structural remodeling; topographic map; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1115-27},
	Pmc = {PMC3119851},
	pmid = {21689598},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An instructive role for patterned spontaneous retinal activity in mouse visual map development},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011.mpg},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011a.mpg},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.028}}

@article{Reeves:2011,
	Abstract = {Calcium signaling has been studied in astrocyte cell bodies using bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes, and astrocytes are known to display intracellular calcium transients. An assumption in recent data on the neuronal impact of somatic astrocyte calcium transients has been that bulk loading reflects signaling in relevant astrocyte compartments such as processes. We assessed bulk loading using Sholl analysis (Sholl, 1953) of astrocytes loaded with common calcium indicator dyes and compared these data with Sholl analysis of astrocyte morphology. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus from rats, we found that bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes only reports on calcium signals within the soma and in the most proximal processes, leaving ∼90\% of the area of an astrocyte and its extensive processes unsampled. By using morphological reconstructions as "maps" after the imaging session, we present simple procedures that remedy these shortfalls and permit reliable detection of calcium transients in distal astrocyte processes. The data thus reveal limitations in the interpretation of astrocyte calcium imaging data gathered with bulk loading and provide refinements to minimize these shortcomings.},
	Author = {Reeves, Alexander M B and Shigetomi, Eiji and Khakh, Baljit S},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:19:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {calcium imaging; hippocampus; rats; Technique; glia; GFAP; Astrocytes},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {9353-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3142876},
	pmid = {21697385},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes to study astrocyte physiology: key limitations and improvements using morphological maps},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Reeves_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0127-11.2011}}

@article{Bi:2011,
	Abstract = {Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) cells give rise to new neurons in the neurogenic niches; whether they are able to generate neurons in the cortical parenchyma is not known. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to examine the progeny of GFAP(+) cells after postnatal hypoxia, a model for the brain injury observed in premature children. After hypoxia, immature cortical astroglia underwent a shift toward neuronal fate and generated cortical excitatory neurons that appeared synaptically integrated into the circuitry. Fate-mapped cortical GFAP(+) cells derived ex vivo from hypoxic, but not normoxic, mice were able to form pluripotent, long-term self-renewing neurospheres. Similarly, exposure to low oxygen conditions in vitro induced stem-cell-like potential in immature cortical GFAP(+) cells. Our data support the conclusion that hypoxia promotes pluripotency in GFAP(+) cells in the cortical parenchyma. Such plasticity possibly explains the cognitive recovery found in some preterm children.},
	Author = {Bi, Baoyuan and Salmaso, Natalina and Komitova, Mila and Simonini, Maria V and Silbereis, John and Cheng, Elise and Kim, Janice and Luft, Suzannah and Ment, Laura R and Horvath, Tamas L and Schwartz, Michael L and Vaccarino, Flora M},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 17:17:18 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; Neocortex; GFAP; Astrocytes; Hypoxia-Ischemia; development; repair; Stem Cells},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {9205-21},
	Pmc = {PMC3142780},
	pmid = {21697371},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells generate neurons after perinatal hypoxic injury},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bi_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0518-11.2011}}

@article{Feng:2011,
	Abstract = {Neurons can access signaling molecules through two principal pathways: synaptic transmission ("wiring transmission") and nonsynaptic transmission ("volume transmission"). Wiring transmission is usually considered the far more important mode of neuronal signaling. Using embryonic chick locus ceruleus (LoC) as a model, we quantified and compared routes of delivery of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), either through a multisynaptic axonal pathway or via the CSF. We now show that the axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian LoC internalizes from the CSF in a highly specific fashion both NGF and the hormone urotensin (corticotropin-releasing factor family ligand). Quantitative autoradiography at the ultrastructural level shows that tanycytes transcytose and deliver NGF to LoC neurons via synaptoid contacts. The LoC-associated tanycytes express both p75 and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Quantification of NGF extraction shows that, compared with multisynaptic axonal routes of NGF trafficking to LoC, the tanycyte route is significantly more effective. We conclude that some clinically important neuronal populations such as the LoC can use a highly efficient "back door" interface to the CSF and can receive signals via this tanycyte-controlled pathway.},
	Author = {Feng, Cheng-Yuan and Wiggins, Larisa M and von Bartheld, Christopher S},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:55:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {9147-58},
	pmid = {21697366},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The locus ceruleus responds to signaling molecules obtained from the CSF by transfer through tanycytes},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Feng_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5018-10.2011}}

@article{Kohler:2011,
	Abstract = {We studied two groups of adult macaque monkeys to determine the time course of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the first group, six adult monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received a single injection of the thymidine analog BrdU (75 mg/kg), which is incorporated into replicating DNA and serves as a marker for new cell birth. Brain tissue was collected 48 h, 2 wk, and 6 wk after BrdU injection to examine the initial stages of neurogenesis. Because mature neurons were not evident at 6 wk, we examined tissue collected over a longer time course in a second study. In this study, eight monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) who were subjects in a separate exercise study received 10 weekly injections of BrdU (75 mg/kg), and brain tissue was collected at 16 and 28 wk from the first injection. Based on the timing of expression of neuronal cell markers (βIII-tubulin, doublecortin, NeuN), the extent of dendritic arborization, and acquisition of mature cell body morphology, we show that granule cell maturation in the dentate gyrus of a nonhuman primate is protracted over a minimum of a 6-mo time period, more than 6 times longer than in rodents. The lengthened time course for new cell maturation in nonhuman primates may be appropriate for preservation of neural plasticity over their longer life span and is relevant to our understanding of antidepressant and other therapies that have been linked to neurogenesis in humans.},
	Author = {Kohler, Shawn J and Williams, Nancy I and Stanton, Gregory B and Cameron, Judy L and Greenough, William T},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:54:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Adult Neurogenesis; hippocampus; Primates; brdu; Dentate Gyrus; monkey},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {10326-31},
	Pmc = {PMC3121825},
	pmid = {21646517},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Maturation time of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus of adult macaque monkeys exceeds six months},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Kohler_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017099108}}

@article{Schyns:2011,
	Abstract = {Neural oscillations are ubiquitous measurements of cognitive processes and dynamic routing and gating of information. The fundamental and so far unresolved problem for neuroscience remains to understand how oscillatory activity in the brain codes information for human cognition. In a biologically relevant cognitive task, we instructed six human observers to categorize facial expressions of emotion while we measured the observers' EEG. We combined state-of-the-art stimulus control with statistical information theory analysis to quantify how the three parameters of oscillations (i.e., power, phase, and frequency) code the visual information relevant for behavior in a cognitive task. We make three points: First, we demonstrate that phase codes considerably more information (2.4 times) relating to the cognitive task than power. Second, we show that the conjunction of power and phase coding reflects detailed visual features relevant for behavioral response--that is, features of facial expressions predicted by behavior. Third, we demonstrate, in analogy to communication technology, that oscillatory frequencies in the brain multiplex the coding of visual features, increasing coding capacity. Together, our findings about the fundamental coding properties of neural oscillations will redirect the research agenda in neuroscience by establishing the differential role of frequency, phase, and amplitude in coding behaviorally relevant information in the brain.},
	Author = {Schyns, Philippe G and Thut, Gregor and Gross, Joachim},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:50:18 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {e1001064},
	Pmc = {PMC3096604},
	pmid = {21610856},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cracking the code of oscillatory activity},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Schyns_PLoSBiol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Schyns_PLoSBiol2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001064}}

@article{De-Marco-Garcia:2011,
	Abstract = {Electrical activity has been shown to regulate development in a variety of species and in various structures, including the retina, spinal cord and cortex. Within the mammalian cortex specifically, the development of dendrites and commissural axons in pyramidal cells is activity-dependent. However, little is known about the developmental role of activity in the other major cortical population of neurons, the GABA-producing interneurons. These neurons are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous and efforts over the past decade have focused on determining the mechanisms that contribute to this diversity. It was recently discovered that 30\% of all cortical interneurons arise from a relatively novel source within the ventral telencephalon, the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). Owing to their late birth date, these interneurons populate the cortex only after the majority of other interneurons and pyramidal cells are already in place and have started to functionally integrate. Here we demonstrate in mice that for CGE-derived reelin (Re)-positive and calretinin (Cr)-positive (but not vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive) interneurons, activity is essential before postnatal day 3 for correct migration, and that after postnatal day 3, glutamate-mediated activity controls the development of their axons and dendrites. Furthermore, we show that the engulfment and cell motility 1 gene (Elmo1), a target of the transcription factor distal-less homeobox 1 (Dlx1), is selectively expressed in Re(+) and Cr(+) interneurons and is both necessary and sufficient for activity-dependent interneuron migration. Our findings reveal a selective requirement for activity in shaping the cortical integration of specific neuronal subtypes.},
	Author = {De Marco Garc{\'\i}a, Natalia V and Karayannis, Theofanis and Fishell, Gord},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:33:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {development; Spontaneous activity; Neocortex; GABA; Interneurons; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cell Movement; Cell Shape; Cerebral Cortex; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeodomain Proteins; Interneurons; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Pregnancy; Pyramidal Cells; Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7343},
	Pages = {351-5},
	pmid = {21460837},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal activity is required for the development of specific cortical interneuron subtypes},
	Volume = {472},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/DeMarcoGarcía_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09865}}

@article{Han:2011,
	Abstract = {Technologies for silencing the electrical activity of genetically targeted neurons in the brain are important for assessing the contribution of specific cell types and pathways toward behaviors and pathologies. Recently we found that archaerhodopsin-3 from Halorubrum sodomense (Arch), a light-driven outward proton pump, when genetically expressed in neurons, enables them to be powerfully, transiently, and repeatedly silenced in response to pulses of light. Because of the impressive characteristics of Arch, we explored the optogenetic utility of opsins with high sequence homology to Arch, from archaea of the Halorubrum genus. We found that the archaerhodopsin from Halorubrum strain TP009, which we named ArchT, could mediate photocurrents of similar maximum amplitude to those of Arch (∼900 pA in vitro), but with a >3-fold improvement in light sensitivity over Arch, most notably in the optogenetic range of 1-10 mW/mm(2), equating to >2× increase in brain tissue volume addressed by a typical single optical fiber. Upon expression in mouse or rhesus macaque cortical neurons, ArchT expressed well on neuronal membranes, including excellent trafficking for long distances down neuronal axons. The high light sensitivity prompted us to explore ArchT use in the cortex of the rhesus macaque. Optical perturbation of ArchT-expressing neurons in the brain of an awake rhesus macaque resulted in a rapid and complete (∼100\%) silencing of most recorded cells, with suppressed cells achieving a median firing rate of 0 spikes/s upon illumination. A small population of neurons showed increased firing rates at long latencies following the onset of light stimulation, suggesting the existence of a mechanism of network-level neural activity balancing. The powerful net suppression of activity suggests that ArchT silencing technology might be of great use not only in the causal analysis of neural circuits, but may have therapeutic applications.},
	Author = {Han, Xue and Chow, Brian Y and Zhou, Huihui and Klapoetke, Nathan C and Chuong, Amy and Rajimehr, Reza and Yang, Aimei and Baratta, Michael V and Winkle, Jonathan and Desimone, Robert and Boyden, Edward S},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:31:40 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Syst Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; frontiers review; activity manipulation; Primates; Genetic Engineering; Gene Transfer Techniques},
	Pages = {18},
	Pmc = {PMC3082132},
	pmid = {21811444},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A high-light sensitivity optical neural silencer: development and application to optogenetic control of non-human primate cortex},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Han_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00018}}

@article{Mazzuca:2011,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms controlling pain in newborns during delivery are poorly understood. We explored the hypothesis that oxytocin, an essential hormone for labor and a powerful neuromodulator, exerts analgesic actions on newborns during delivery. Using a thermal tail-flick assay, we report that pain sensitivity is two-fold lower in rat pups immediately after birth than 2 days later. Oxytocin receptor antagonists strongly enhanced pain sensitivity in newborn, but not in 2-day-old rats, whereas oxytocin reduced pain at both ages suggesting an endogenous analgesia by oxytocin during delivery. Similar analgesic effects of oxytocin, measured as attenuation of pain-vocalization induced by electrical whisker pad stimulation, were also observed in decerebrated newborns. Oxytocin reduced GABA-evoked calcium responses and depolarizing GABA driving force in isolated neonatal trigeminal neurons suggesting that oxytocin effects are mediated by alterations of intracellular chloride. Unlike GABA signaling, oxytocin did not affect responses mediated by P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors. In keeping with a GABAergic mechanism, reduction of intracellular chloride by the diuretic NKCC1 chloride co-transporter antagonist bumetanide mimicked the analgesic actions of oxytocin and its effects on GABA responses in nociceptive neurons. Therefore, endogenous oxytocin exerts an analgesic action in newborn pups that involves a reduction of the depolarizing action of GABA on nociceptive neurons. Therefore, the same hormone that triggers delivery also acts as a natural pain killer revealing a novel facet of the protective actions of oxytocin in the fetus at birth.},
	Author = {Mazzuca, Michel and Minlebaev, Marat and Shakirzyanova, Anastasia and Tyzio, Roman and Taccola, Giuliano and Janackova, Sona and Gataullina, Svetlana and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Giniatullin, Rashid and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 16:29:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development; GABA; Neocortex; neonatal; Newborn; Oxytocin/antagonists &inhibitors/pharmacology; neurophysiology; Anesthesia; rat},
	Pages = {3},
	Pmc = {PMC3080614},
	pmid = {21519396},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Newborn Analgesia Mediated by Oxytocin during Delivery},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Mazzuca_FrontCellNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2011.00003}}

@article{Etherton:2011,
	Abstract = {Multiple independent mutations in neuroligin genes were identified in patients with familial autism, including the R451C substitution in neuroligin-3 (NL3). Previous studies showed that NL3(R451C) knock-in mice exhibited modestly impaired social behaviors, enhanced water maze learning abilities, and increased synaptic inhibition in the somatosensory cortex, and they suggested that the behavioral changes in these mice may be caused by a general shift of synaptic transmission to inhibition. Here, we confirm that NL3(R451C) mutant mice behaviorally exhibit social interaction deficits and electrophysiologically display increased synaptic inhibition in the somatosensory cortex. Unexpectedly, however, we find that the NL3(R451C) mutation produced a strikingly different phenotype in the hippocampus. Specifically, in the hippocampal CA1 region, the NL3(R451C) mutation caused an ∼1.5-fold increase in AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, dramatically altered the kinetics of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses, induced an approximately twofold up-regulation of NMDA receptors containing NR2B subunits, and enhanced long-term potentiation almost twofold. NL3 KO mice did not exhibit any of these changes. Quantitative light microscopy and EM revealed that the NL3(R451C) mutation increased dendritic branching and altered the structure of synapses in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampus. Thus, in NL3(R451C) mutant mice, a single point mutation in a synaptic cell adhesion molecule causes context-dependent changes in synaptic transmission; these changes are consistent with the broad impact of this mutation on murine and human behaviors, suggesting that NL3 controls excitatory and inhibitory synapse properties in a region- and circuit-specific manner.},
	Author = {Etherton, Mark and F{\"o}ldy, Csaba and Sharma, Manu and Tabuchi, Katsuhiko and Liu, Xinran and Shamloo, Mehrdad and Malenka, Robert C and S{\"u}dhof, Thomas C},
	Date-Added = {2011-08-16 15:22:18 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {development; Cell Adhesion Molecules; 21 Neurophysiology; circuit formation; Neocortex; Hippocampus; structural remodeling; neuroligin; Autistic Disorder; neurological disorder; mice},
	Month = {Aug},
	pmid = {21808020},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Autism-linked neuroligin-3 R451C mutation differentially alters hippocampal and cortical synaptic function},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Etherton_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111093108}}

@article{Dreosti:2011,
	Abstract = {Retinal bipolar cells have been assumed to generate purely graded responses to light. To test this idea we imaged the presynaptic calcium transient in live zebrafish. We found that ON, OFF, transient and sustained bipolar cells are all capable of generating fast 'all-or-none' calcium transients modulated by visual stimulation.},
	Author = {Dreosti, Elena and Esposti, Federico and Baden, Tom and Lagnado, Leon},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-26 13:12:14 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; calcium imaging; microscopy; in vivo; Technique; multiphoton; Zebrafish; retina; bipolar cells; visual system; 21 Neurophysiology; development},
	Month = {Jun},
	pmid = {21706020},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {In vivo evidence that retinal bipolar cells generate spikes modulated by light},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Dreosti_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2841}}

@article{Hofer:2011,
	Abstract = {Neuronal responses during sensory processing are influenced by both the organization of intracortical connections and the statistical features of sensory stimuli. How these intrinsic and extrinsic factors govern the activity of excitatory and inhibitory populations is unclear. Using two-photon calcium imaging in vivo and intracellular recordings in vitro, we investigated the dependencies between synaptic connectivity, feature selectivity and network activity in pyramidal cells and fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons in mouse visual cortex. In pyramidal cell populations, patterns of neuronal correlations were largely stimulus-dependent, indicating that their responses were not strongly dominated by functionally biased recurrent connectivity. By contrast, visual stimulation only weakly modified co-activation patterns of fast-spiking PV cells, consistent with the observation that these broadly tuned interneurons received very dense and strong synaptic input from nearby pyramidal cells with diverse feature selectivities. Therefore, feedforward and recurrent network influences determine the activity of excitatory and inhibitory ensembles in fundamentally different ways.},
	Author = {Hofer, Sonja B and Ko, Ho and Pichler, Bruno and Vogelstein, Joshua and Ros, Hana and Zeng, Hongkui and Lein, Ed and Lesica, Nicholas A and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-26 13:10:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; calcium imaging; multiphoton; Visual Cortex; visual system; mouse; microscopy; read; Technique},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {21765421},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Differential connectivity and response dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in visual cortex},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Hofer_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2876}}

@article{Blasi:2011,
	Abstract = {Human voices play a fundamental role in social communication, and areas of the adult "social brain" show specialization for processing voices and their emotional content (superior temporal sulcus, inferior prefrontal cortex, premotor cortical regions, amygdala, and insula) [1-8]. However, it is unclear when this specialization develops. Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies suggest that the infant temporal cortex does not differentiate speech from music or backward speech [9, 10], but a prior study with functional near-infrared spectroscopy revealed preferential activation for human voices in 7-month-olds, in a more posterior location of the temporal cortex than in adults [11]. However, the brain networks involved in processing nonspeech human vocalizations in early development are still unknown. To address this issue, in the present fMRI study, 3- to 7-month-olds were presented with adult nonspeech vocalizations (emotionally neutral, emotionally positive, and emotionally negative) and nonvocal environmental sounds. Infants displayed significant differential activation in the anterior portion of the temporal cortex, similarly to adults [1]. Moreover, sad vocalizations modulated the activity of brain regions involved in processing affective stimuli such as the orbitofrontal cortex [12] and insula [7, 8]. These results suggest remarkably early functional specialization for processing human voice and negative emotions.},
	Author = {Blasi, Anna and Mercure, Evelyne and Lloyd-Fox, Sarah and Thomson, Alex and Brammer, Michael and Sauter, Disa and Deeley, Quinton and Barker, Gareth J and Renvall, Ville and Deoni, Sean and Gasston, David and Williams, Steven C R and Johnson, Mark H and Simmons, Andrew and Murphy, Declan G M},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-26 13:07:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Imaging; fmri; infant; human; Neocortex; Sensory/physiology; sensory map; Environment; development},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {1220-4},
	pmid = {21723130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early specialization for voice and emotion processing in the infant brain},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Blasi_CurrBiol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.009}}

@article{Thut:2011,
	Abstract = {Neuronal elements underlying perception, cognition, and action exhibit distinct oscillatory phenomena, measured in humans by electro- or magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG). So far, the correlative or causal nature of the link between brain oscillations and functions has remained elusive. A compelling demonstration of causality would primarily generate oscillatory signatures that are known to correlate with particular cognitive functions and then assess the behavioral consequences. Here, we provide the first direct evidence for causal entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using concurrent EEG.},
	Author = {Thut, Gregor and Veniero, Domenica and Romei, Vincenzo and Miniussi, Carlo and Schyns, Philippe and Gross, Joachim},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-26 13:05:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {entrainment; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Theoretical; Stimulation},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {1176-85},
	pmid = {21723129},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Thut_CurrBiol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049}}

@article{Mittmann:2011,
	Abstract = {Multiphoton imaging (MPI) is widely used for recording activity simultaneously from many neurons in superficial cortical layers in vivo. We combined regenerative amplification multiphoton microscopy (RAMM) with genetically encoded calcium indicators to extend MPI of neuronal population activity into layer 5 (L5) of adult mouse somatosensory cortex. We found that this approach could be used to record and quantify spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in populations of L5 neuronal somata located as much as 800 μm below the pia. In addition, we found that RAMM could be used to simultaneously image activity from large (∼80) populations of apical dendrites and follow these dendrites down to their somata of origin.},
	Author = {Mittmann, Wolfgang and Wallace, Damian J and Czubayko, Uwe and Herb, Jan T and Schaefer, Andreas T and Looger, Loren L and Denk, Winfried and Kerr, Jason N D},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-26 13:02:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Neocortex; Technique; calcium imaging; microscopy; multiphoton; Pyramidal Cells; Reporter/genetics; layer 5; optical physiology; frontiers review; adult; mouse; read},
	Month = {Jul},
	pmid = {21743473},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging of evoked activity from L5 somatosensory neurons in vivo},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Mittmann_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2879}}

@article{Tallini:2006,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded sensor proteins provide unique opportunities to advance the understanding of complex cellular interactions in physiologically relevant contexts; however, previously described sensors have proved to be of limited use to report cell signaling in vivo in mammals. Here, we describe an improved Ca(2+) sensor, GCaMP2, its inducible expression in the mouse heart, and its use to examine signaling in heart cells in vivo. The high brightness and stability of GCaMP2 enable the measurement of myocyte Ca(2+) transients in all regions of the beating mouse heart and prolonged pacing and mapping studies in isolated, perfused hearts. Transgene expression is efficiently temporally regulated in cardiomyocyte GCaMP2 mice, allowing recording of in vivo signals 4 weeks after transgene induction. High-resolution imaging of Ca(2+) waves in GCaMP2-expressing embryos revealed key aspects of electrical conduction in the preseptated heart. At embryonic day (e.d.) 10.5, atrial and ventricular conduction occur rapidly, consistent with the early formation of specialized conduction pathways. However, conduction is markedly slowed through the atrioventricular canal in the e.d. 10.5 heart, forming the basis for an effective atrioventricular delay before development of the AV node, as rapid ventricular activation occurs after activation of the distal AV canal tissue. Consistent with the elimination of the inner AV canal muscle layer at e.d. 13.5, atrioventricular conduction through the canal was abolished at this stage. These studies demonstrate that GCaMP2 will have broad utility in the dissection of numerous complex cellular interactions in mammals, in vivo.},
	Author = {Tallini, Yvonne N and Ohkura, Masamichi and Choi, Bum-Rak and Ji, Guangju and Imoto, Keiji and Doran, Robert and Lee, Jane and Plan, Patricia and Wilson, Jason and Xin, Hong-Bo and Sanbe, Atsushi and Gulick, James and Mathai, John and Robbins, Jeffrey and Salama, Guy and Nakai, Junichi and Kotlikoff, Michael I},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-15 15:32:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; calcium imaging; heart; Genetic Techniques; gene; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Atrioventricular Node; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; Embryo, Mammalian; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Sequence Data; Myocardial Reperfusion; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac; Spectrometry, Fluorescence},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {4753-8},
	Pmc = {PMC1450242},
	pmid = {16537386},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging cellular signals in the heart in vivo: Cardiac expression of the high-signal Ca2+ indicator GCaMP2},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509378103}}

@article{Bonifazi:2009,
	Abstract = {Brain function operates through the coordinated activation of neuronal assemblies. Graph theory predicts that scale-free topologies, which include "hubs" (superconnected nodes), are an effective design to orchestrate synchronization. Whether hubs are present in neuronal assemblies and coordinate network activity remains unknown. Using network dynamics imaging, online reconstruction of functional connectivity, and targeted whole-cell recordings in rats and mice, we found that developing hippocampal networks follow a scale-free topology, and we demonstrated the existence of functional hubs. Perturbation of a single hub influenced the entire network dynamics. Morphophysiological analysis revealed that hub cells are a subpopulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing (GABAergic) interneurons possessing widespread axonal arborizations. These findings establish a central role for GABAergic interneurons in shaping developing networks and help provide a conceptual framework for studying neuronal synchrony.},
	Author = {Bonifazi, P and Goldin, M and Picardo, M A and Jorquera, I and Cattani, A and Bianconi, G and Represa, A and Ben-Ari, Y and Cossart, R},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-15 14:14:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; 21 Calcium imaging; network; Theoretical; Imaging; microscopy; development; Hippocampus; GABA},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; CA3 Region, Hippocampal; Calcium; Dendrites; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Hippocampus; Interneurons; Mice; Nerve Net; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5958},
	Pages = {1419-24},
	pmid = {19965761},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABAergic hub neurons orchestrate synchrony in developing hippocampal networks},
	Volume = {326},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Bonifazi_Science2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Bonifazi_Science2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175509}}

@article{Sorensen:2002,
	Abstract = {Synchronous neurotransmission depends on the tight coupling between Ca(2+) influx and fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the plasma membrane. The vesicular soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein synaptobrevin 2 and the plasma membrane SNAREs syntaxin 1 and synaptosomal protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) are essential for calcium-triggered exocytosis. However, the link between calcium triggering and SNARE function remains elusive. Here we describe mutations in two sites on the surface of the SNARE complex formed by acidic and hydrophilic residues of SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin 2, which were found to coordinate divalent cations in the neuronal SNARE complex crystal structure. By reducing the net charge of the site in SNAP-25 we identify a mutation that interferes with calcium triggering of exocytosis when overexpressed in chromaffin cells. Exocytosis was elicited by photorelease of calcium from a calcium cage and evaluated by using patch-clamp capacitance measurements at millisecond time resolution. We present a method for monitoring the dependence of exocytotic rate upon calcium concentration at the release site and demonstrate that the mutation decreased the steepness of this relationship, indicating that the number of sequential calcium-binding steps preceding exocytosis is reduced by one. We conclude that the SNARE complex is linked directly to calcium triggering of exocytosis, most likely in a complex with auxiliary proteins.},
	Author = {S{\o}rensen, Jakob B and Matti, Ulf and Wei, Shun-Hui and Nehring, Ralf B and Voets, Thomas and Ashery, Uri and Binz, Thomas and Neher, Erwin and Rettig, Jens},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-15 12:42:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; 21 Neurophysiology; Technique; synapses; activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Exocytosis; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Kinetics; Luminescent Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Models, Molecular; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Plasmids; Protein Conformation; R-SNARE Proteins; Rats; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1627-32},
	Pmc = {PMC122241},
	pmid = {11830673},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The SNARE protein SNAP-25 is linked to fast calcium triggering of exocytosis},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251673298}}

@article{Chen:2003d,
	Abstract = {Modulatory projections from brainstem nuclei and intrinsic thalamic interneurons play a significant role in modifying sensory information as it is relayed from the thalamus to the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), neurotransmitters released from these modulatory inputs can affect the intrinsic conductances of thalamocortical relay neurons, thus altering their firing properties. Here, we show that in addition to postsynaptic effects, neuromodulators such as serotonin (5-HT) and GABA can act presynaptically to regulate neurotransmitter release at the synapse between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and relay neurons in the LGN, the retinogeniculate synapse. Activation of 5HT1 and GABA(B) receptors significantly decreased EPSC amplitude. This inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the extent of paired-pulse depression, suggesting that it is presynaptic in origin. In addition, fluorometric calcium measurements from retinal axon terminals labeled with Calcium Green-1 dextran revealed that 5HT1 and GABA(B) receptor agonists decreased presynaptic calcium influx. Taken together, our data indicate that serotonin and GABA can act presynaptically to decrease calcium influx at the retinogeniculate synapse and modify transmission of visual information in the LGN.},
	Author = {Chen, Chinfei and Regehr, Wade G},
	Date-Added = {2011-07-15 11:39:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-07-15 11:40:31 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Calcium imaging; 21 Circuit structure-function; 21 Neurophysiology; retina; LGN; imaging; microscopy; Technique; retinal wave paper; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Extracellular Space; Fluorescent Dyes; GABA Agonists; GABA Antagonists; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; GABA-B Receptor Agonists; GABA-B Receptor Antagonists; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Serotonin; Serotonin Agents; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {3130-5},
	pmid = {12716920},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Presynaptic modulation of the retinogeniculate synapse},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Grinberg:2011,
	Abstract = {Spreading depression (SD) is thought to cause migraine aura, and perhaps migraine, and includes a transient loss of synaptic activity preceded and followed by increased neuronal excitability. Activated microglia influence neuronal activity and play an important role in homeostatic synaptic scaling via release of cytokines. Furthermore, enhanced neuronal function activates microglia to not only secrete cytokines but also to increase the motility of their branches, with somata remaining stationary. While SD also increases the release of cytokines from microglia, the effects on microglial movement from its synaptic activity fluctuations are unknown. Accordingly, we used time-lapse imaging of rat hippocampal slice cultures to probe for microglial movement associated with SD. We observed that in uninjured brain whole microglial cells moved. The movements were well described by the type of L{\'e}vy flight known to be associated with an optimal search pattern. Hours after SD, when synaptic activity rose, microglial cell movement was significantly increased. To test how synaptic activity influenced microglial movement, we enhanced neuronal activity with chemical long-term potentiation or LPS and abolished it with TTX. We found that microglial movement was significantly decreased by enhanced neuronal activity and significantly increased by activity blockade. Finally, application of glutamate and ATP to mimic restoration of synaptic activity in the presence of TTX stopped microglial movement that was otherwise seen with TTX. Thus, synaptic activity retains microglial cells in place and an absence of synaptic activity sends them off to influence wider expanses of brain. Perhaps increased microglial movements after SD are a long-lasting, and thus maladaptive, response in which these cells increase neuronal activity via contact or paracrine signaling, which results in increased susceptibility of larger brain areas to SD. If true, then targeting mechanisms that retard activity-dependent microglial L{\'e}vy flights may be a novel means to reduce susceptibility to migraine.},
	Author = {Grinberg, Yelena Y and Milton, John G and Kraig, Richard P},
	Date-Added = {2011-05-20 12:02:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e19294},
	Pmc = {PMC3082564},
	pmid = {21541289},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Spreading depression sends microglia on l{\'e}vy flights},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Grinberg_PLoSOne2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019294}}

@article{Muller:1988,
	Abstract = {We traced the retino-retinal projection with Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), Rhodamin labelled latex microspheres (RLM), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and choleratoxin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (BHRP). The number and distribution of ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral eye were recorded. Newborn and young rats have up to about 130 ganglion cells projecting to the other retina; this confirms previous findings. We extended these findings in two ways. First, we describe a similar projection in rabbits consisting of fewer cells; second, we describe the persistence of a small component of this projection into adulthood. In addition we show with RITC and Nuclear Yellow double tracing that some of the retino-retinal ganglion cells have an axon collateral which projects to the superior colliculus. We performed control experiments in order to exclude spillover of tracer which might produce false positive labelling.},
	Author = {M{\"u}ller, M and Holl{\"a}nder, H},
	Date-Added = {2011-05-02 11:07:54 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-05-02 11:09:27 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Exp{\'e}rimentation c{\'e}r{\'e}brale},
	Keywords = {connectivity; retinal wave paper; Retina; visual system; Superior Colliculus; retinopetal; Retinal Ganglion Cells; retinal projections},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Species Specificity},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {611-7},
	pmid = {3416972},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A small population of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the retina of the other eye. An experimental study in the rat and the rabbit},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Müller_ExpBrainRes1988.pdf}}

@article{Arp:2008,
	Abstract = {As part of a series of workshops on different aspects of biomedical ontology sponsored by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO), a workshop titled "Ontologies of Cellular Networks" took place in Newark, New Jersey, on 27 to 28 March 2008. This workshop included more than 30 participants from various backgrounds in biomedicine and bioinformatics. The goal of the workshop was to provide an introduction to the basic tools and methods of ontology, as well as to enhance coordination between groups already working on ontologies of cellular networks. The meeting focused on three questions: What is an ontology? What is a pathway? What is a cellular network?},
	Author = {Arp, Robert and Smith, Barry},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-25 14:16:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Sci Signal},
	Journal-Full = {Science signaling},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; connectivity;},
	Mesh = {Cell Communication; Signal Transduction; Systems Biology; Terminology as Topic},
	Number = {50},
	Pages = {mr2},
	pmid = {19091693},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Ontologies of cellular networks},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Arp_SciSignal2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.150mr2}}

@article{Petilla-Interneuron-Nomenclature-Group:2008,
	Abstract = {Neuroscience produces a vast amount of data from an enormous diversity of neurons. A neuronal classification system is essential to organize such data and the knowledge that is derived from them. Classification depends on the unequivocal identification of the features that distinguish one type of neuron from another. The problems inherent in this are particularly acute when studying cortical interneurons. To tackle this, we convened a representative group of researchers to agree on a set of terms to describe the anatomical, physiological and molecular features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex. The resulting terminology might provide a stepping stone towards a future classification of these complex and heterogeneous cells. Consistent adoption will be important for the success of such an initiative, and we also encourage the active involvement of the broader scientific community in the dynamic evolution of this project.},
	Author = {{Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group} and Ascoli, Giorgio A and Alonso-Nanclares, Lidia and Anderson, Stewart A and Barrionuevo, German and Benavides-Piccione, Ruth and Burkhalter, Andreas and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Cauli, Bruno and Defelipe, Javier and Fair{\'e}n, Alfonso and Feldmeyer, Dirk and Fishell, Gord and Fregnac, Yves and Freund, Tamas F and Gardner, Daniel and Gardner, Esther P and Goldberg, Jesse H and Helmstaedter, Moritz and Hestrin, Shaul and Karube, Fuyuki and Kisv{\'a}rday, Zolt{\'a}n F and Lambolez, Bertrand and Lewis, David A and Marin, Oscar and Markram, Henry and Mu{\~n}oz, Alberto and Packer, Adam and Petersen, Carl C H and Rockland, Kathleen S and Rossier, Jean and Rudy, Bernardo and Somogyi, Peter and Staiger, Jochen F and Tamas, Gabor and Thomson, Alex M and Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria and Wang, Yun and West, David C and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-25 14:12:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Neocortex; Interneurons; GABA},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Interneurons; Synapses; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {557-68},
	Pmc = {PMC2868386},
	pmid = {18568015},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008c.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008d.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-6 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008e.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008f.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008g.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008h.pdf},
	File0 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008i.pdf},
	File1 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008j.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2402}}

@article{Douglas:1989,
	Author = {Douglas, Rodney J. and Martin, Kevan A. C. and Whitteridge, David},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 13:02:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 13:06:33 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Comput},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {480-88},
	Title = {A canonical microcircuit for neocortex},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Douglas_NeuralComput1989.pdf}}

@article{Hubel:1977a,
	Author = {Hubel, D H and Wiesel, T N},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 12:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-27 12:56:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character. Royal Society (Great Britain)},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Geniculate Bodies; Haplorhini; Macaca; Species Specificity; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1130},
	Pages = {1-59},
	pmid = {20635},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ferrier lecture. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex},
	Volume = {198},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Hubel_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}}

@article{Bosking:1997,
	Abstract = {Horizontal connections, formed primarily by the axon collaterals of pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, extend for millimeters parallel to the cortical surface and form patchy terminations. Previous studies have provided evidence that the patches formed by horizontal connections exhibit modular specificity, preferentially linking columns of neurons with similar response characteristics, such as preferred orientation. The issue of how these connections are distributed with respect to the topographic map of visual space, however, has not been resolved. Here we combine optical imaging of intrinsic signals with small extracellular injections of biocytin to assess quantitatively the specificity of horizontal connections with respect to both the map of orientation preference and the map of visual space in tree shrew V1. Our results indicate that horizontal connections outside a radius of 500 microm from the injection site exhibit not only modular specificity, but also specificity for axis of projection. Labeled axons extend for longer distances, and give off more terminal boutons, along an axis in the map of visual space that corresponds to the preferred orientation of the injection site. Inside of 500 microm, the pattern of connections is much less specific, with boutons found along every axis, contacting sites with a wide range of preferred orientations. The system of long-range horizontal connections can be summarized as preferentially linking neurons with co-oriented, co-axially aligned receptive fields. These observations suggest specific ways that horizontal circuits contribute to the response properties of layer 2/3 neurons and to mechanisms of visual perception.},
	Author = {Bosking, W H and Zhang, Y and Schofield, B and Fitzpatrick, D},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 12:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 12:53:37 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Corpus Striatum; Shrews; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2112-27},
	pmid = {9045738},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Orientation selectivity and the arrangement of horizontal connections in tree shrew striate cortex},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Bosking_JNeurosci1997.pdf}}

@article{Sompolinsky:1997,
	Abstract = {Since the discovery of orientation selectivity by Hubel and Wiesel, the mechanisms responsible for this remarkable operation in the visual cortex have been controversial. Experimental studies over the past year have highlighted the contribution of feedforward thalamo-cortical afferents, as proposed originally by Hubel and Wiesel, but they have also indicated that this contribution alone is insufficient to account for the sharp orientation tuning observed in the visual cortex. Recent advances in understanding the functional architecture of local cortical circuitry have led to new proposals for the involvement of intracortical recurrent excitation and inhibition in orientation selectivity. Establishing how these two mechanisms work together remains an important experimental and theoretical challenge.},
	Author = {Sompolinsky, H and Shapley, R},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 12:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 12:53:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Models, Neurological; Orientation; Space Perception; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {514-22},
	pmid = {9287203},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New perspectives on the mechanisms for orientation selectivity},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Sompolinsky_CurrOpinNeurobiol1997.pdf}}

@article{Miller:2003,
	Abstract = {This paper reviews theoretical and experimental results on the processing of layer 4, the input-recipient layer, of cat primary visual cortex (V1). A wide range of experimental data can be understood from a model in which response tuning of layer 4 cells is largely determined by a local interplay of feedforward excitation (from thalamus) and feedforward inhibition (from layer 4 inhibitory interneurons driven by thalamus). Feedforward inhibition dominates excitation, inherits its tuning from the thalamic input and sharpens the tuning of excitatory cells. At least a strong component of the feedforward inhibition received by a cell is spatially opponent to the excitation it receives, meaning that inhibition is driven by dark in regions of the visual field in which excitation is driven by light, and vice versa. The idea of opponent inhibition can be generalized to mean inhibition driven by input patterns that are strongly anti-correlated with the patterns that excite a cell. This paper argues that dominant feedforward opponent inhibition may be a general principle of cortical layer 4. This leads to the suggestion that the properties that show columnar organization--invariance across the vertical depth of cortex--may be properties that are shared by 'opposite' (anticorrelated) stimulus pairs. This contrasts with the more common idea that a column represents a set of cells that all share similar stimulus preferences.},
	Author = {Miller, Kenneth D},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 12:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 12:53:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Feedback; Interneurons; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Thalamus; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {73-82},
	pmid = {12466218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Understanding layer 4 of the cortical circuit: a model based on cat V1},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Miller_CerebCortex2003.pdf}}

@article{Ben-Shahar:2004,
	Abstract = {Neurons in primary visual cortex respond selectively to oriented stimuli such as edges and lines. The long-range horizontal connections between them are thought to facilitate contour integration. While many physiological and psychophysical findings suggest that collinear or association field models of good continuation dictate particular projection patterns of horizontal connections to guide this integration process, significant evidence of interactions inconsistent with these hypotheses is accumulating. We first show that natural random variations around the collinear and association field models cannot account for these inconsistencies, a fact that motivates the search for more principled explanations. We then develop a model of long-range projection fields that formalizes good continuation based on differential geometry. The analysis implicates curvature(s) in a fundamental way, and the resulting model explains both consistent data and apparent outliers. It quantitatively predicts the (typically ignored) spread in projection distribution, its nonmonotonic variance, and the differences found among individual neurons. Surprisingly, and for the first time, this model also indicates that texture (and shading) continuation can serve as alternative and complementary functional explanations to contour integration. Because current anatomical data support both (curve and texture) integration models equally and because both are important computationally, new testable predictions are derived to allow their differentiation and identification.},
	Author = {Ben-Shahar, Ohad and Zucker, Steven},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 12:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Comput},
	Journal-Full = {Neural computation},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; visual system; visual cortex; computation biology; function; sensory map; topographic map; neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Humans; Neural Networks (Computer); Neurons; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Projection; Random Allocation; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {445-76},
	pmid = {15006089},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Geometrical computations explain projection patterns of long-range horizontal connections in visual cortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Ben-Shahar_NeuralComput2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976604772744866}}

@article{Zacharias:2000,
	Abstract = {Signal transduction research has made some glowing progress in the past 12 months. Recent advances in fluorescent proteins, small molecule fluorophores and imaging technology are generating new ways to investigate signal transduction.},
	Author = {Zacharias, D A and Baird, G S and Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:16:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 10:16:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Animals; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Neurons; Neurosciences; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {416-21},
	pmid = {10851181},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Recent advances in technology for measuring and manipulating cell signals},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Zacharias_CurrOpinNeurobiol2000.pdf}}

@article{Tsien:1980,
	Abstract = {A new family of high-affinity buffers and optical indicators for Ca2+ is rationally designed and synthesized. The parent compound is 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a relative of the well-known chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] in which methylene links between oxygen and nitrogen are replaced by benzene rings. BAPTA and its derivatives share the high (greater than 10(5)) selectivity for Ca2+ over Mg2+ of EGTA but are very much less affected by pH changes and are faster at taking up and releasing Ca2+. The affinity of the parent compound for Ca2+ (dissociation constant 1.1 x 10(-7) M in 0.1 M KCl) may be strengthened or weakened by electron-releasing or -withdrawing substituents on the aromatic rings. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ affinities may further be altered by replacing the ether oxygens by heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. The compounds described are fluorescent Ca2+ indicators absorbing in the ultraviolet region; the very large spectral shifts observed on binding Ca2+ fit the prediction that complexation should hinder the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons with the aromatic rings. Derivatives with quinoline nuclei are notable for their high sensitivity of fluorescent quantum yield to the binding of Ca2+ but not of Mg2+. Preliminary biological tests have so far revealed little or no binding to membranes or toxic effects following intracellular microinjection.},
	Author = {Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:06:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 10:15:44 -0400},
	Journal = {Biochemistry},
	Journal-Full = {Biochemistry},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Egtazic Acid; Ethylene Glycols; Indicators and Reagents; Magnesium; Methods; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Structure-Activity Relationship},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2396-404},
	pmid = {6770893},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Tsien_Biochemistry1980.pdf}}

@article{Tsien:1981,
	Abstract = {Present methods for measuring or buffering intracellular free calcium concentrations are almost entirely limited to robust and well anchored cells which can tolerate insertion of ion-selective microelectrodes or microinjection of calcium indicators or buffers into one cell at a time. A very few types of small cells can be loaded with buffers or indicators during controlled lysis, but such procedures grossly perturb membrane integrity and soluble cytoplasmic constituents. Liposome fusion releases only trace quantities of the trapped solute into the cytoplasm and incorporates foreign lipid into the target cell membranes. I now describe a simple technique which loads Ca2+-selective chelators into the cytoplasm of intact cells in suspension and avoids the disadvantages of previous methods. The chelators are made temporarily membrane permeable by masking their four carboxylates with special esterifying groups which then hydrolyse inside the cells, regenerating and trapping the original chelators. The method is demonstrated on red cells, mast cells and lymphocytes.},
	Author = {Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:06:14 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 10:16:04 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Buffers; Calcium; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chelating Agents; Cytoplasm; Erythrocyte Membrane; Glycine; Humans; Lymphocytes; Mast Cells},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5806},
	Pages = {527-8},
	pmid = {7219539},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A non-disruptive technique for loading calcium buffers and indicators into cells},
	Volume = {290},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Grynkiewicz:1985,
	Abstract = {A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+. The compounds combine an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores. Incorporation of the ethylenic linkage of the stilbene into a heterocyclic ring enhances the quantum efficiency and photochemical stability of the fluorophore. Compared to their widely used predecessor, "quin2", the new dyes offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence, major changes in wavelength not just intensity upon Ca2+ binding, slightly lower affinities for Ca2+, slightly longer wavelengths of excitation, and considerably improved selectivity for Ca2+ over other divalent cations. These properties, particularly the wavelength sensitivity to Ca2+, should make these dyes the preferred fluorescent indicators for many intracellular applications, especially in single cells, adherent cell layers, or bulk tissues.},
	Author = {Grynkiewicz, G and Poenie, M and Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:06:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 10:16:04 -0400},
	Journal = {J Biol Chem},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Aminoquinolines; Benzofurans; Calcium; Erythrocyte Membrane; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Dyes; Fura-2; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indoles; Magnesium; Mathematics; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Stilbenes},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3440-50},
	pmid = {3838314},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties},
	Volume = {260},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Grynkiewicz_JBiolChem1985.pdf}}

@article{Tsien:1989a,
	Author = {Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:06:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-08 10:16:04 -0400},
	Journal = {Methods Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Methods in cell biology},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Chlorine; Fluorescent Dyes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indicators and Reagents; Protons; Sodium},
	Pages = {127-56},
	pmid = {2538708},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescent indicators of ion concentrations},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Tsien:1989,
	Author = {Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Ions; Neurons},
	Pages = {227-53},
	pmid = {2648950},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescent probes of cell signaling},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevNeurosci1989.pdf},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001303}}

@article{Tsien:1990,
	Author = {Tsien, R W and Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:37 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of cell biology},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Humans; Signal Transduction},
	Pages = {715-60},
	pmid = {2177344},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium channels, stores, and oscillations},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevCellBiol1990.pdf},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.003435}}

@article{Miyawaki:1997,
	Abstract = {Important Ca2+ signals in the cytosol and organelles are often extremely localized and hard to measure. To overcome this problem we have constructed new fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ that are genetically encoded without cofactors and are targetable to specific intracellular locations. We have dubbed these fluorescent indicators 'cameleons'. They consist of tandem fusions of a blue- or cyan-emitting mutant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin, the calmodulin-binding peptide M13, and an enhanced green- or yellow-emitting GFP. Binding of Ca2+ makes calmodulin wrap around the M13 domain, increasing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the flanking GFPs. Calmodulin mutations can tune the Ca2+ affinities to measure free Ca2+ concentrations in the range 10(-8) to 10(-2) M. We have visualized free Ca2+ dynamics in the cytosol, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of single HeLa cells transfected with complementary DNAs encoding chimaeras bearing appropriate localization signals. Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of individual cells ranged from 60 to 400 microM at rest, and 1 to 50 microM after Ca2+ mobilization. FRET is also an indicator of the reversible intermolecular association of cyan-GFP-labelled calmodulin with yellow-GFP-labelled M13. Thus FRET between GFP mutants can monitor localized Ca2+ signals and protein heterodimerization in individual live cells.},
	Author = {Miyawaki, A and Llopis, J and Heim, R and McCaffery, J M and Adams, J A and Ikura, M and Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence; Calcium; Calmodulin; Cytosol; Energy Transfer; Fluorescence; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hela Cells; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutagenesis; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; Peptide Fragments; Recombinant Fusion Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6645},
	Pages = {882-7},
	pmid = {9278050},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin},
	Volume = {388},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Miyawaki_Nature1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/42264}}

@article{Shaner:2005,
	Abstract = {The recent explosion in the diversity of available fluorescent proteins (FPs) promises a wide variety of new tools for biological imaging. With no unified standard for assessing these tools, however, a researcher is faced with difficult questions. Which FPs are best for general use? Which are the brightest? What additional factors determine which are best for a given experiment? Although in many cases, a trial-and-error approach may still be necessary in determining the answers to these questions, a unified characterization of the best available FPs provides a useful guide in narrowing down the options.},
	Author = {Shaner, Nathan C and Steinbach, Paul A and Tsien, Roger Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {905-9},
	pmid = {16299475},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth819}}

@article{Palmer:2006a,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators allow researchers to quantitatively measure Ca2+ dynamics in a variety of experimental systems. This protocol summarizes the indicators that are available, and highlights those that are most appropriate for a number of experimental conditions, such as measuring Ca2+ in specific organelles and localizations in mammalian tissue-culture cells. The protocol itself focuses on the use of a cameleon, which is a fluorescence resonance-energy transfer (FRET)-based indicator comprising two fluorescent proteins and two Ca2+-responsive elements (a variant of calmodulin (CaM) and a CaM-binding peptide). This protocol details how to set up and conduct a Ca2+-imaging experiment, accomplish offline data processing (such as background correction) and convert the observed FRET ratio changes to Ca2+ concentrations. Additionally, we highlight some of the challenges in observing organellar Ca2+ and the alternative strategies researchers can employ for effectively calibrating the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators in these locations. Setting up and conducting an initial calibration of the microscope system is estimated to take approximately 1 week, assuming that all the component parts are readily available. Cell culture and transfection is estimated to take approximately 3 d (from the time of plating cells on imaging dishes). An experiment and calibration will probably take a few hours. Finally, the offline data workup can take approximately 1 d depending on the extent of analysis.},
	Author = {Palmer, Amy E and Tsien, Roger Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Protoc},
	Journal-Full = {Nature protocols},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biological Markers; Calcium; Calmodulin; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Fluorescence},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1057-65},
	pmid = {17406387},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Measuring calcium signaling using genetically targetable fluorescent indicators},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Palmer_NatProtoc2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.172}}

@article{Tour:2007,
	Abstract = {Intracellular Ca(2+) regulates numerous proteins and cellular functions and can vary substantially over submicron and submillisecond scales, so precisely localized fast detection is desirable. We have created a approximately 1-kDa biarsenical Ca(2+) indicator, called Calcium Green FlAsH (CaGF, 1), to probe [Ca(2+)] surrounding genetically targeted proteins. CaGF attached to a tetracysteine motif becomes ten-fold more fluorescent upon binding Ca(2+), with a K(d) of approximately 100 microM, <1-ms kinetics and good Mg(2+) rejection. In HeLa cells expressing tetracysteine-tagged connexin 43, CaGF labels gap junctions and reports Ca(2+) waves after injury. Total internal reflection microscopy of tetracysteine-tagged, CaGF-labeled alpha(1C) L-type calcium channels shows fast-rising depolarization-evoked Ca(2+) transients, whose lateral nonuniformity suggests that the probability of channel opening varies greatly over micron dimensions. With moderate Ca(2+) buffering, these transients decay surprisingly slowly, probably because most of the CaGF signal comes from closed channels feeling Ca(2+) from a tiny minority of clustered open channels. With high Ca(2+) buffering, CaGF signals decay as rapidly as the calcium currents, as expected for submicron Ca(2+) domains immediately surrounding active channels. Thus CaGF can report highly localized, rapid [Ca(2+)] dynamics.},
	Author = {Tour, Oded and Adams, Stephen R and Kerr, Rex A and Meijer, Rene M and Sejnowski, Terrence J and Tsien, Richard W and Tsien, Roger Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-08 10:05:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Chem Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature chemical biology},
	Keywords = {calcium sensor; calcium imaging; optical physiology; optical imaging; Fluorescence; Indicators and Reagents},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Calcium Signaling; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Connexin 43; Hela Cells; Humans; Kinetics; Luminescent Agents; Models, Biological; Organic Chemicals; Recombinant Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {423-31},
	Pmc = {PMC2909385},
	pmid = {17572670},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium Green FlAsH as a genetically targeted small-molecule calcium indicator},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Tour_NatChemBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2007.4}}

@article{Tsien:1988,
	Author = {Tsien, R Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-07 18:45:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-07 18:45:36 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons; Photochemistry},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {419-24},
	pmid = {2469158},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescence measurement and photochemical manipulation of cytosolic free calcium},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Tsien_TrendsNeurosci1988.pdf}}

@article{Grinvald:1986,
	Abstract = {Optical imaging of cortical activity offers several advantages over conventional electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. One can map a relatively large region, obtain successive maps to different stimuli in the same cortical area and follow variations in response over time. In the intact mammalian brain this imaging has been accomplished with the aid of voltage sensitive dyes. However, it has been known for many years that some intrinsic changes in the optical properties of the tissue are dependent on electrical or metabolic activity. Here we show that these changes can be used to study the functional architecture of cortex. Optical maps of whisker barrels in the rat and the orientation columns in the cat visual cortex, obtained by reflection measurements of the intrinsic signal, were confirmed with voltage sensitive dyes or by electrophysiological recordings. In addition, we describe an intrinsic signal originating from small arteries which can be used to investigate the communication between local neuronal activity and the microvasculature. One advantage of the method is that it is non-invasive and does not require dyes, a clear benefit for clinical applications.},
	Author = {Grinvald, A and Lieke, E and Frostig, R D and Gilbert, C D and Wiesel, T N},
	Date = {1986 Nov 27-Dec 3},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-07 10:48:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; sensory map; topographic map; visual system; visual cortex; rat; cat; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Models, Neurological; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Vision, Ocular; Visual Perception},
	Number = {6095},
	Pages = {361-4},
	pmid = {3785405},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals},
	Volume = {324},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1986.pdf},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324361a0}}

@article{Xu:2007a,
	Abstract = {Neuronal interactions between primary and secondary visual cortical areas are important for visual processing, but the spatiotemporal patterns of the interaction are not well understood. We used voltage-sensitive dye imaging to visualize neuronal activity in rat visual cortex and found visually evoked waves propagating from V1 to other visual areas. A primary wave originated in the monocular area of V1 and was "compressed" when propagating to V2. A reflected wave initiated after compression and propagated backward into V1. The compression occurred at the V1/V2 border, and local GABAA inhibition is important for the compression. The compression/reflection pattern provides a two-phase modulation: V1 is first depolarized by the primary wave, and then V1 and V2 are simultaneously depolarized by the reflected and primary waves, respectively. The compression/reflection pattern only occurred for evoked waves and not for spontaneous waves, suggesting that it is organized by an internal mechanism associated with visual processing.},
	Author = {Xu, Weifeng and Huang, Xiaoying and Takagaki, Kentaroh and Wu, Jian-young},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 19:04:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;visual cortex; visual system; Neocortex;Spontaneous activity;21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;optical imaging;optical physiology;voltage sensor;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bicuculline; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual; GABA Antagonists; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Somatosensory Cortex; Stereotyped Behavior; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {119-29},
	Pmc = {PMC1988694},
	pmid = {17610821},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Compression and reflection of visually evoked cortical waves},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Xu_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.016}}

@article{Benucci:2007,
	Abstract = {The visual cortex represents stimuli through the activity of neuronal populations. We measured the evolution of this activity in space and time by imaging voltage-sensitive dyes in cat area V1. Contrast-reversing stimuli elicit responses that oscillate at twice the stimulus frequency, indicating that signals originate mostly in complex cells. These responses stand clear of the noise, whose amplitude decreases as 1/frequency, and yield high-resolution maps of orientation preference and retinotopy. We first show how these maps are combined to yield the responses to focal, oriented stimuli. We then study the evolution of the oscillating activity in space and time. In the orientation domain, it is a standing wave. In the spatial domain, it is a traveling wave propagating at 0.2-0.5 m/s. These different dynamics indicate a fundamental distinction in the circuits underlying selectivity for position and orientation, two key stimulus attributes.},
	Author = {Benucci, Andrea and Frazor, Robert A and Carandini, Matteo},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:48:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-31 19:42:28 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; visual cortex; visual system; cat; sensory map; topographic map; voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Cats; Dendrites; Fluorescent Dyes; Fourier Analysis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Nerve Net; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Space Perception; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {103-17},
	Pmc = {PMC2171365},
	pmid = {17610820},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Standing waves and traveling waves distinguish two circuits in visual cortex},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Benucci_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Benucci_Neuron2007a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.017}}

@article{Ferezou:2006,
	Abstract = {Voltage-sensitive dye imaging resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of supragranular subthreshold cortical activity with millisecond temporal resolution and subcolumnar spatial resolution. We used a flexible fiber optic image bundle to visualize voltage-sensitive dye dynamics in the barrel cortex of freely moving mice while simultaneously filming whisker-related behavior to generate two movies matched frame-by-frame with a temporal resolution of up to 2 ms. Sensory responses evoked by passive whisker stimulation lasted longer and spread further across the barrel cortex in awake mice compared to anesthetized mice. Passively evoked sensory responses were large during behaviorally quiet periods and small during active whisking. However, as an exploring mouse approached an object while whisking, large-amplitude, propagating cortical sensory activity was evoked by active whisker-touch. These experiments demonstrate that fiber optics can be used to image cortical sensory activity with high resolution in freely moving animals. The results demonstrate differential processing of sensory input depending upon behavior.},
	Author = {Ferezou, Isabelle and Bolea, Sonia and Petersen, Carl C H},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:37:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; Neocortex; Somatosensory Cortex; in vivo; Mouse; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia, General; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Diagnostic Imaging; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Fiber Optic Technology; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Optical Fibers; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae; Wakefulness},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {617-29},
	pmid = {16701211},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visualizing the cortical representation of whisker touch: voltage-sensitive dye imaging in freely moving mice},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ferezou_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ferezou_Neuron2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.043}}

@article{Petersen:2003a,
	Abstract = {The rodent primary somatosensory cortex is spontaneously active in the form of locally synchronous membrane depolarizations (UP states) separated by quiescent hyperpolarized periods (DOWN states) both under anesthesia and during quiet wakefulness. In vivo whole-cell recordings and tetrode unit recordings were combined with voltage-sensitive dye imaging to analyze the relationship of the activity of individual pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 to the ensemble spatiotemporal dynamics of the spontaneous depolarizations. These were either brief and localized to an area of a barrel column or occurred as propagating waves dependent on local glutamatergic synaptic transmission in layer 2/3. Spontaneous activity inhibited the sensory responses evoked by whisker deflection, accounting almost entirely for the large trial-to-trial variability of sensory-evoked postsynaptic potentials and action potentials. Subthreshold sensory synaptic responses evoked while a cortical area was spontaneously depolarized were smaller, briefer and spatially more confined. Surprisingly, whisker deflections evoked fewer action potentials during the spontaneous depolarizations despite neurons being closer to threshold. The ongoing spontaneous activity thus regulates the amplitude and the time-dependent spread of the sensory response in layer 2/3 barrel cortex.},
	Author = {Petersen, Carl C H and Hahn, Thomas T G and Mehta, Mayank and Grinvald, Amiram and Sakmann, Bert},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:35:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Neocortex; in vivo; voltage sensor; optical imaging; optical physiology; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; Somatosensory Cortex; rat},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Anesthesia; Animals; Electrophysiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {13638-43},
	Pmc = {PMC263866},
	pmid = {14595013},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Interaction of sensory responses with spontaneous depolarization in layer 2/3 barrel cortex},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Petersen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235811100}}

@article{Burns:2007a,
	Abstract = {The standard method of detecting neurogenesis uses bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label DNA synthesis followed by double labeling with neuronal markers. However, DNA synthesis may occur in events unrelated to neurogenesis including aneuploidy and abortive cell cycle reentry. Hence, it is important to confirm neurogenesis with methods other than BrdU incorporation. To this end, we have generated transgenic nestin-CreER mice that express tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of a nestin enhancer. When crossed with a ubiquitous Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP)-Cre-reporter line, the bitransgenic animals can reveal the nestin-positive progenitors and their progeny with EGFP after tamoxifen induction. This system has many applications including visualization of embryonic neural progenitors, detection of postnatally transformed radial glial cells, and labeling adult neural progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). To examine the contribution of SVZ progenitors to cell replacement after stroke, tamoxifen-induced mice were challenged with focal ischemia or combined ischemia-hypoxia followed by BrdU injection. This analysis revealed only very few EGFP-positive cells outside the SVZ after focal ischemia but robust DNA synthesis by hippocampal neurons without immediate cell death following ischemia-hypoxia. These results suggest that the nestin-CreER system is a useful tool for detecting embryonic and adult neurogensis. They also confirm the existence of nonproliferative DNA synthesis by old neurons after experimental brain injury.},
	Author = {Burns, Kevin A and Ayoub, Albert E and Breunig, Joshua J and Adhami, Faisal and Weng, Wei-Lan and Colbert, Melissa C and Rakic, Pasko and Kuan, Chia-Yi},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:33:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general},
	Mesh = {Animals; Apoptosis; DNA; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Receptors, Estrogen},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2585-92},
	pmid = {17259645},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nestin-CreER mice reveal DNA synthesis by nonapoptotic neurons following cerebral ischemia hypoxia},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Burns_CerebCortex2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl164}}

@article{Luczak:2007a,
	Abstract = {Even in the absence of sensory stimulation, the neocortex shows complex spontaneous activity patterns, often consisting of alternating "DOWN" states of generalized neural silence and "UP" states of massive, persistent network activity. To investigate how this spontaneous activity propagates through neuronal assemblies in vivo, we simultaneously recorded populations of 50-200 cortical neurons in layer V of anesthetized and awake rats. Each neuron displayed a virtually unique spike pattern during UP states, with diversity seen amongst both putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, reflecting a complex but stereotypically organized sequential spread of activation through local cortical networks. Spike timing was most precise during the first approximately 100 ms after UP state onset, and decayed as UP states progressed. A subset of UP states propagated as traveling waves, but waves passing a given point in either direction initiated similar local sequences, suggesting local networks as the substrate of sequential firing patterns. A search for repeating motifs indicated that their occurrence and structure was predictable from neurons' individual latencies to UP state onset. We suggest that these stereotyped patterns arise from the interplay of intrinsic cellular conductances and local circuit properties.},
	Author = {Luczak, Artur and Barth{\'o}, Peter and Marguet, Stephan L and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Harris, Kenneth D},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:28:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; optical imaging; optical physiology; Spontaneous activity; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; extracellular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Neocortex; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {347-52},
	Pmc = {PMC1765463},
	pmid = {17185420},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sequential structure of neocortical spontaneous activity in vivo},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Luczak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605643104}}

@article{Weliky:2000,
	Author = {Weliky, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 18:26:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 18:27:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; development; visual system; visual cortex; 21 Cortical oscillations; review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Neurons; Retina; Synapses; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {427-30},
	pmid = {11055425},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Correlated neuronal activity and visual cortical development},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Weliky_Neuron2000.pdf}}

@article{Djurisic:2004,
	Abstract = {To obtain a more complete description of individual neurons, it is necessary to complement the electrical patch pipette measurements with technologies that permit a massive parallel recording from many sites on neuronal processes. This can be achieved by using voltage imaging with intracellular dyes. With this approach, we investigated the functional structure of a mitral cell, the principal output neuron in the rat olfactory bulb. The most significant finding concerns the characteristics of EPSPs at the synaptic sites and surprisingly small attenuation along the trunk of the primary dendrite. Also, the experiments were performed to determine the number, location, and stability of spike trigger zones, the excitability of terminal dendritic branches, and the pattern and nature of spike initiation and propagation in the primary and secondary dendrites. The results show that optical data can be used to deduce the amplitude and shape of the EPSPs evoked by olfactory nerve stimulation at the site of origin (glomerular tuft) and to determine its attenuation along the entire length of the primary dendrite. This attenuation corresponds to an unusually large mean apparent "length constant" of the primary dendrite. Furthermore, the images of spike trigger zones showed that an action potential can be initiated in three different compartments of the mitral cell: the soma-axon region, the primary dendrite trunk, and the terminal dendritic tuft, which appears to be fully excitable. Finally, secondary dendrites clearly support the active propagation of action potentials.},
	Author = {Djurisic, Maja and Antic, Srdjan and Chen, Wei R and Zecevic, Dejan},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 17:53:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Coloring Agents; Dendrites; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Feedback, Physiological; Microelectrodes; Microscopy, Video; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photobleaching; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Styrenes; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Pages = {6703-14},
	pmid = {15282273},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Djurisic_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-04.2004}}

@article{Sutor:1994,
	Abstract = {1. Adult rats and rats with a postnatal age of 3-29 days (PN 3-29) were used for the preparation of in vitro slices of the frontal neocortex. Epileptiform activity was induced by bath application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonists bicuculline or picrotoxin. 2. The voltage-sensitive dye RH 414 and a laser scanning microscope were used for multiple-site optical recordings of membrane potential changes associated with epileptiform activity. Optical signals were compared with simultaneously measured extra-cellular field potentials. 3. Optical signals could be reliably recorded for the duration of the experiments (2-4 h). Extracellular recordings of convulsant-induced paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) in slices stained with RH 414 were comparable with those obtained in unstained slices. Changes in dye signals in response to reductions in extracellular calcium, addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX), or application of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists indicate that the fluorescence changes correlate well with established electrophysiological measures of epileptiform activity. 4. In slices from adult animals, dye signals were observed at all recording sites. The response with the shortest latency occurred invariably at the site of stimulation, and activity spread rapidly in both vertical and horizontal directions. Spread was significantly faster in the vertical than in the horizontal direction. 5. Epileptiform activity was absent or only weakly expressed in slices from PN 3-9 animals. Activity was detectable predominantly in upper cortical layers. 6. Dye signals were observed at all measurement points in slices from PN 10-19 animals. In this age group, peak amplitude increased with spread of activity from lower to upper cortical layers. There was no significant difference between the speed of propagation in the vertical and in the horizontal directions. Spontaneous epileptiform activity occurred at a high rate in the PN 10-19 age group, and signals associated with spontaneous epileptiform events were largest in upper layers. 7. In the PN 10-19 age group, optical signals were characterized by the repetitive occurrence of PDS discharges superimposed on a sustained response. The amplitude of the sustained response decreased with increasing distance from the site of stimulation. Analysis of the latencies revealed that the superimposed PDS-like events were generated at multiple sites within the scanning area. Amplitude and rate of rise were largest in slices from PN 10-19 animals. These values declined with ongoing development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Sutor, B and Hablitz, J J and Rucker, F and ten Bruggencate, G},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 17:39:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 17:42:31 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; 21 Neurophysiology; Neocortex; rat; in vitro; development; Epilepsy; Seizures; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Bicuculline; Culture Techniques; Epilepsy; Frontal Lobe; Membrane Potentials; Microscopy; Picrotoxin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1756-68},
	pmid = {7823100},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spread of epileptiform activity in the immature rat neocortex studied with voltage-sensitive dyes and laser scanning microscopy},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Sutor_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}}

@article{Shoham:1999,
	Abstract = {Conventional imaging techniques have provided high-resolution imaging either in the spatial domain or in the temporal domain. Optical imaging utilizing voltage-sensitive dyes has long had the unrealized potential to achieve high resolution in both domains simultaneously, providing subcolumnar spatial detail with millisecond precision. Here, we present a series of developments in voltage-sensitive dyes and instrumentation that make functional imaging of cortical dynamics practical, in both anesthetized and awake behaving preparations, greatly facilitating exploration of the cortex. We illustrate this advance by analyzing the millisecond-by-millisecond emergence of orientation maps in cat visual cortex.},
	Author = {Shoham, D and Glaser, D E and Arieli, A and Kenet, T and Wijnbergen, C and Toledo, Y and Hildesheim, R and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 17:14:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 17:25:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {intrinsic signal; Optics; optical physiology; optical imaging; cat; Neocortex; in vivo; voltage sensor; visual system; visual cortex; function; sensory map; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiology; Haplorhini; Heart Rate; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Rats},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {791-802},
	pmid = {10624943},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging cortical dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution with novel blue voltage-sensitive dyes},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Shoham_Neuron1999.pdf}}

@article{Friedrich:2004,
	Abstract = {In the olfactory bulb (OB) of zebrafish and other species, odors evoke fast oscillatory population activity and specific firing rate patterns across mitral cells (MCs). This activity evolves over a few hundred milliseconds from the onset of the odor stimulus. Action potentials of odor-specific MC subsets phase-lock to the oscillation, defining small and distributed ensembles within the MC population output. We found that oscillatory field potentials in the zebrafish OB propagate across the OB in waves. Phase-locked MC action potentials, however, were synchronized without a time lag. Firing rate patterns across MCs analyzed with low temporal resolution were informative about odor identity. When the sensitivity for phase-locked spiking was increased, activity patterns became progressively more informative about odor category. Hence, information about complementary stimulus features is conveyed simultaneously by the same population of neurons and can be retrieved selectively by biologically plausible mechanisms, indicating that seemingly alternative coding strategies operating on different time scales may coexist.},
	Author = {Friedrich, Rainer W and Habermann, Christopher J and Laurent, Gilles},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 14:44:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; Olfactory Bulb; Zebrafish; function; sensory map; topographic map; network; synchrony; oscillations; optical imaging; optical physiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cortical Synchronization; Neurons; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {862-71},
	pmid = {15273692},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multiplexing using synchrony in the zebrafish olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Friedrich_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1292}}

@article{Friedrich:1998,
	Abstract = {Odor information is first represented in the brain by patterns of input activity across the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb (OB). To examine how odorants are represented at this stage of olfactory processing, we labeled anterogradely the axons of olfactory receptor neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye Di8-ANEPPQ in zebrafish. The activity induced by diverse natural odorants in afferent axons and across the array of glomeruli was then recorded optically. The results show that certain subregions of the OB are preferentially activated by defined chemical odorant classes. Within these subregions, "ordinary" odorants (amino acids, bile acids, and nucleotides) induce overlapping activity patterns involving multiple glomeruli, indicating that they are represented by combinatorial activity patterns. In contrast, two putative pheromone components (prostaglandin F2alpha and 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one-20-sulfate) each induce a single focus of activity, at least one of which comes from a single, highly specific and sensitive glomerulus. These results indicate that the OB is organized into functional subregions processing classes of odorants. Furthermore, they suggest that individual odorants can be represented by "combinatorial" or "noncombinatorial" (focal) activity patterns and that the latter may serve to process odorants triggering distinct responses such as that of pheromones.},
	Author = {Friedrich, R W and Korsching, S I},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 14:32:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 14:38:02 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; Olfactory Bulb; Zebrafish; Technique; optical physiology; optical imaging; axons; tracer; sensory map; topographic map; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Bile Acids and Salts; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nucleotides; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Pheromones; Pyridinium Compounds; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {9977-88},
	pmid = {9822753},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Chemotopic, combinatorial, and noncombinatorial odorant representations in the olfactory bulb revealed using a voltage-sensitive axon tracer},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Friedrich_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Niessing:2010,
	Abstract = {The categorial nature of sensory, cognitive and behavioural acts indicates that the brain classifies neuronal activity patterns into discrete representations. Pattern classification may be achieved by abrupt switching between discrete activity states of neuronal circuits, but few experimental studies have directly tested this. We gradually varied the concentration or molecular identity of odours and optically measured responses across output neurons of the olfactory bulb in zebrafish. Whereas population activity patterns were largely insensitive to changes in odour concentration, morphing of one odour into another resulted in abrupt transitions between odour representations. These transitions were mediated by coordinated response changes among small neuronal ensembles rather than by shifts in the global network state. The olfactory bulb therefore classifies odour-evoked input patterns into many discrete and defined output patterns, as proposed by attractor models. This computation is consistent with perceptual phenomena and may represent a general information processing strategy in the brain.},
	Author = {Niessing, J{\"o}rn and Friedrich, Rainer W},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 13:32:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Zebrafish; Olfactory Bulb; optical physiology; optical imaging; Neurophysiology; function; sensory map; topographic map; network; Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Nerve Net; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Sensation; Zebrafish},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {7294},
	Pages = {47-52},
	pmid = {20393466},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Olfactory pattern classification by discrete neuronal network states},
	Volume = {465},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Niessing_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08961}}

@article{Niell:2004a,
	Abstract = {Although development of the nervous system is inherently a process of dynamic change, until recently it has generally been investigated by inference from static images. However, advances in live optical imaging are now allowing direct observation of growth, synapse formation, and even incipient function in the developing nervous system, at length scales from molecules to cortical regions, and over timescales from milliseconds to months. In this review, we provide technical background and present examples of how these new methods, including confocal and two-photon microscopy, GFP-based markers, and functional indicators, are being applied to provide fresh insight into long-standing questions of neural development.},
	Author = {Niell, Cristopher M and Smith, Stephen J},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 12:51:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of physiology},
	Keywords = {review; optical imaging; structural remodeling; 21 Activity-development; calcium imaging; optical physiology; microscopy;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Nervous System; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neural Pathways; Optics and Photonics; Synapses},
	Pages = {771-98},
	pmid = {14977421},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Live optical imaging of nervous system development},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Niell_AnnuRevPhysiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.082602.095217}}

@article{Friedrich:1997,
	Abstract = {Odors are thought to be represented by a distributed code across the glomerular modules in the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we optically imaged presynaptic activity in glomerular modules of the zebrafish OB induced by a class of natural odorants (amino acids [AAs]) after labeling of primary afferents with a calcium-sensitive dye. AAs induce complex combinatorial patterns of active glomerular modules that are unique for different stimuli and concentrations. Quantitative analysis shows that defined molecular features of stimuli are correlated with activity in spatially confined groups of glomerular modules. These results provide direct evidence that identity and concentration of odorants are encoded by glomerular activity patterns and reveal a coarse chemotopic organization of the array of glomerular modules.},
	Author = {Friedrich, R W and Korsching, S I},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 11:51:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 11:53:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Zebrafish; Olfactory Bulb; voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; frontiers review; function; Sensory/physiology; topographic map; sensory map},
	Mesh = {Amino Acids; Animals; Calcium; Denervation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Multivariate Analysis; Nerve Regeneration; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Nerve; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Presynaptic Terminals; Receptors, Odorant; Smell; Zebrafish},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {737-52},
	pmid = {9182799},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Combinatorial and chemotopic odorant coding in the zebrafish olfactory bulb visualized by optical imaging},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Friedrich_Neuron1997.pdf}}

@article{Kauer:1988,
	Abstract = {The encoding of olfactory information in the central nervous system (CNS) depends on spatially distributed patterns of activity generated simultaneously in many neuronal circuits. Optical neurophysiological recording permits analysis of neural activity non-invasively and with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, a video method for imaging voltage-sensitive dye fluorescence in vivo is used to map neuronal activity in local circuits of the salamander olfactory bulb. The method permits the imaging of simultaneous ensemble transmembrane activity in real time. After electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve, activity spreads centripetally from the sites of synaptic input to generate nonhomogeneous response patterns that are presumably mediated by local circuits within the bulbar layers. The results also show the overlapping temporal sequences of activation of cell groups in each layer. The method thus provides high resolution, sequential video images of the spatial and temporal progression of transmembrane events in neuronal circuits after afferent stimulation and offers the opportunity for studying ensemble events in other brain regions.},
	Author = {Kauer, J S},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 11:39:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; voltage sensor; Salamandridae; Olfactory Bulb; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurophysiology; Olfactory Bulb; Pyridinium Compounds; Television; Urodela},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {6152},
	Pages = {166-8},
	pmid = {3340163},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Real-time imaging of evoked activity in local circuits of the salamander olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {331},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Kauer_Nature1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331166a0}}

@article{Rubin:1999,
	Abstract = {We adapted the technique of intrinsic signal imaging to visualize how odorant concentration and structure are represented spatially in the rat olfactory bulb. Most odorants activated one or more glomeruli in the imaged region of the bulb; these optically imaged responses reflected the excitation of underlying neurons. Odorant-evoked patterns were similar across animals and symmetrical in the two bulbs of the same animal. The variable sensitivity of individual glomeruli produced distinct maps for different odorant concentrations. Using a series of homologous aldehydes, we found that glomeruli were tuned to detect particular molecular features and that maps of similar molecules were highly correlated. These characteristics suggest that odorants and their concentrations can be encoded by distinct spatial patterns of glomerular activation.},
	Author = {Rubin, B D and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 11:18:37 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 11:20:03 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; optical imaging; intrinsic signal; Olfactory Bulb; rat; in vivo; function; topographic map},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arachis hypogaea; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Female; Mammals; Microscopy, Video; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Pentanols; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Smell; Stimulation, Chemical},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {499-511},
	pmid = {10433262},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging of odorant representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Rubin_Neuron1999.pdf}}

@article{Kandler:1995,
	Abstract = {Sensitive new tracers and imaging techniques have revealed that gap junction coupling during brain development is much more pronounced than previously believed. Recent results demonstrate that cell coupling can produce functional neuron assemblies characterized by synchronized fluctuations in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Coupling is especially pronounced before and during the period of synapse formation and initial establishment of neuronal circuits. Thus, communication via gap junctions may generate coordinated electrical or biochemical activity before the onset of synaptic transmission, and thereby provide the outlines of functional architecture in the developing brain.},
	Author = {Kandler, K and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 11:14:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 11:15:41 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Gap Junctions; electrical coupling; development; Neocortex; review; synapse formation; 21 Activity-development; Cooperative Behavior; Competitive Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Gap Junctions; Models, Neurological; Retina; Spinal Cord; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {98-105},
	pmid = {7773012},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal coupling and uncoupling in the developing nervous system},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Kandler_CurrOpinNeurobiol1995.pdf}}

@article{Orbach:1983,
	Abstract = {We have investigated the use of voltage-sensitive dyes to monitor neuronal activity in the intact salamander olfactory bulb. After a 10- to 20-min staining period, a magnified image of an in vitro or an in vivo preparation was formed on a 124-element photodiode array. The array was used to simultaneously record absorption or fluorescence changes from 124 adjacent areas of the bulb. At the magnifications used, each detector received light from 100 to 1000 neurons. Relatively large absorption and fluorescence signals were found in response to olfactory nerve stimulation; all of the results presented were from single trials. Because of the large signal size, measurements on in vivo preparations using epi-illumination also had good signal-to-noise ratios. There were significant differences in signal time course between adjacent detectors which suggested a spatial resolution on the order of 200 microns. Tentative assignments of the cellular origins of some signals could be made from the results of paired volley experiments. The results suggest that optical monitoring of membrane potential could provide a useful method for studying neuronal organization in the intact vertebrate central nervous system.},
	Author = {Orbach, H S and Cohen, L B},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 11:05:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 11:06:58 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; in vivo; Olfactory Bulb; Salamandridae; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Ambystoma; Animals; Central Nervous System; Coloring Agents; Monitoring, Physiologic; Olfactory Bulb; Synapses; Vertebrates},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2251-62},
	pmid = {6631479},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical monitoring of activity from many areas of the in vitro and in vivo salamander olfactory bulb: a new method for studying functional organization in the vertebrate central nervous system},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1983.pdf}}

@article{Meister:2001,
	Abstract = {The sense of smell originates in a diverse array of receptor neurons, comprising up to 1000 different types. To understand how these parallel channels encode chemical stimuli, we recorded the responses of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of the anesthetized rat, by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Odor stimulation produced two kinds of optical responses at the surface of the bulb: a broad diffuse component superposed by discrete small spots. Histology showed that the spots correspond to individual glomeruli, and that approximately 400 of them can be monitored in this way. Based on its wavelength-dependence, this optical signal appears to derive from changes in light scattering during neural activity. Pure odorants generally activated several glomeruli in a bilaterally symmetric pattern, whose extent varied greatly with concentration. A simple formalism for ligand binding accounts quantitatively for this concentration dependence and yields the effective affinity with which a glomerulus responds to an odorant. When tested with aliphatic molecules of increasing carbon chain length, many glomeruli were sharply tuned for one or two adjacent chain lengths. Glomeruli with similar tuning properties were located near each other, producing a systematic map of molecular chain length on the surface of the olfactory bulb. Given local inhibitory circuits within the olfactory bulb, this can account for the observed functional inhibition between related odors. We explore several parallels to the function and architecture of the visual system that help interpret the neural representation of odors.},
	Author = {Meister, M and Bonhoeffer, T},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 10:55:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 10:56:36 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {intrinsic signal; Olfactory Bulb; in vivo; rat; topographic map; function; Imaging; optical imaging; optical physiology},
	Mesh = {Administration, Inhalation; Aldehydes; Animals; Brain Mapping; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Hemoglobins; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Light; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Odorant; Smell; Stimulation, Chemical; Structure-Activity Relationship},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1351-60},
	pmid = {11160406},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Tuning and topography in an odor map on the rat olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Meister_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Denk:1990,
	Abstract = {Molecular excitation by the simultaneous absorption of two photons provides intrinsic three-dimensional resolution in laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The excitation of fluorophores having single-photon absorption in the ultraviolet with a stream of strongly focused subpicosecond pulses of red laser light has made possible fluorescence images of living cells and other microscopic objects. The fluorescence emission increased quadratically with the excitation intensity so that fluorescence and photo-bleaching were confined to the vicinity of the focal plane as expected for cooperative two-photon excitation. This technique also provides unprecedented capabilities for three-dimensional, spatially resolved photochemistry, particularly photolytic release of caged effector molecules.},
	Author = {Denk, W and Strickler, J H and Webb, W W},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 10:40:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 10:46:38 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {multiphoton; microscopy; Optics; Lasers; Imaging; Technique; Classical/physiology; optical physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Line; Chromosomes; Fluorescent Dyes; Kidney; Lasers; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Photochemistry; Radiation; Swine; Ultraviolet Rays},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4951},
	Pages = {73-6},
	pmid = {2321027},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy},
	Volume = {248},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Gross:1986,
	Abstract = {We report the first imaging of the spatial distributions of transmembrane potential changes induced in nonexcitable cells by applied external electric fields. These changes are indicated by the fluorescence intensity of a charge-shift potentiometric dye incorporated in the cell plasma membrane and measured by digital intensified video microscopy.},
	Author = {Gross, D and Loew, L M and Webb, W W},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-06 10:38:16 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 10:39:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Biophys J},
	Journal-Full = {Biophysical journal},
	Keywords = {Optics; optical physiology; optical imaging; microscopy; voltage sensor},
	Mesh = {Basidiomycota; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Protoplasts; Pyridinium Compounds; Secale cereale},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {339-48},
	Pmc = {PMC1329750},
	pmid = {3741986},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging of cell membrane potential changes induced by applied electric fields},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Gross_BiophysJ1986.pdf}}

@article{Hill:1950,
	Author = {Hill, D K},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 17:14:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:15:19 +0000},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {NERVES; optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; optics; Technique; optical imaging; Classical/physiology},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {304-27},
	Pmc = {PMC1392827},
	pmid = {14795441},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The volume change resulting from stimulation of a giant nerve fibre},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {1950},
	url = {papers/HILL_JPhysiol1950.pdf}}

@article{Kaas:1990,
	Abstract = {The organization of the visual cortex has been considered to be highly stable in adult mammals. However, 5 degrees to 10 degrees lesions of the retina in the contralateral eye markedly altered the systematic representations of the retina in primary and secondary visual cortex when matched inputs from the ipsilateral eye were also removed. Cortical neurons that normally have receptive fields in the lesioned region of the retina acquired new receptive fields in portions of the retina surrounding the lesions. The capacity for such changes may be important for normal adjustments of sensory systems to environmental contingencies and for recoveries from brain damage.},
	Author = {Kaas, J H and Krubitzer, L A and Chino, Y M and Langston, A L and Polley, E H and Blair, N},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 16:18:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-05 16:20:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; visual system; visual cortex; retina; topographic map; Sensory Deprivation; activity manipulation; function},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Cats; Functional Laterality; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4952},
	Pages = {229-31},
	pmid = {2326637},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reorganization of retinotopic cortical maps in adult mammals after lesions of the retina},
	Volume = {248},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Baseler:2011,
	Abstract = {The occipital lobe contains retinotopic representations of the visual field. The representation of the central retina in early visual areas (V1-3) is found at the occipital pole. When the central retina is lesioned in both eyes by macular degeneration, this region of visual cortex at the occipital pole is accordingly deprived of input. However, even when such lesions occur in adulthood, some visually driven activity in and around the occipital pole can be observed. It has been suggested that this activity is a result of remapping of this area so that it now responds to inputs from intact, peripheral retina. We evaluated whether or not remapping of visual cortex underlies this activity. Our functional magnetic resonance imaging results provide no evidence of remapping, questioning the contemporary view that early visual areas of the adult human brain have the capacity to reorganize extensively.},
	Author = {Baseler, Heidi A and Gouws, Andr{\'e} and Haak, Koen V and Racey, Christopher and Crossland, Michael D and Tufail, Adnan and Rubin, Gary S and Cornelissen, Frans W and Morland, Antony B},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 12:54:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {visual cortex; fmri; visual system; retina; function; topographic map; Sensory Deprivation; neurological disorder; human; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling},
	Month = {Mar},
	pmid = {21441924},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Large-scale remapping of visual cortex is absent in adult humans with macular degeneration},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Baseler_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2793}}

@article{Salzberg:1983,
	Abstract = {Optical methods are shown to monitor action potentials from a population of nerve terminals in the neurohypophysis of Xenopus. Calcium antagonists such as cadmium and nickel ions block a component of the action potential that probably reflects a calcium-mediated potassium conductance, and tetrodotoxin blocks an inward sodium current, revealing a calcium component to the action potential upstroke.},
	Author = {Salzberg, B M and Obaid, A L and Senseman, D M and Gainer, H},
	Date = {1983 Nov 3-9},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 12:29:37 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-05 12:29:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cadmium; Calcium; Hypothalamus; Nickel; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Sodium; Tetrodotoxin; Xenopus laevis},
	Number = {5938},
	Pages = {36-40},
	pmid = {6633657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical recording of action potentials from vertebrate nerve terminals using potentiometric probes provides evidence for sodium and calcium components},
	Volume = {306},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Salzberg_Nature1983.pdf}}

@article{Tsodyks:1999,
	Abstract = {The relation between the activity of a single neocortical neuron and the dynamics of the network in which it is embedded was explored by single-unit recordings and real-time optical imaging. The firing rate of a spontaneously active single neuron strongly depends on the instantaneous spatial pattern of ongoing population activity in a large cortical area. Very similar spatial patterns of population activity were observed both when the neuron fired spontaneously and when it was driven by its optimal stimulus. The evoked patterns could be used to reconstruct the spontaneous activity of single neurons.},
	Author = {Tsodyks, M and Kenet, T and Grinvald, A and Arieli, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 12:28:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-05 12:28:46 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; optics; voltage sensor; optical imaging; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Nerve Net; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5446},
	Pages = {1943-6},
	pmid = {10583955},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture},
	Volume = {286},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Tsodyks_Science1999.pdf}}

@article{Arieli:1995,
	Abstract = {1. We examined the spatiotemporal organization of ongoing activity in cat visual areas 17 and 18, in relation to the spontaneous activity of individual neurons. To search for coherent activity, voltage-sensitive dye signals were correlated with the activity of single neurons by the use of spike-triggered averaging. In each recording session an area of at least 2 x 2 mm of cortex was imaged, with 124 diodes. In addition, electrical recordings from two isolated units, the local field potential (LFP) from the same microelectrodes, and the surface electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded simultaneously. 2. The optical signals recorded from the dye were similar to the LFP recorded from the same site. Optical signals recorded from different cortical sites exhibited a different time course. Therefore real-time optical imaging provides information that is equivalent in many ways to multiple-site LFP recordings. 3. The spontaneous firing of single neurons was highly correlated with the optical signals and with the LFP. In 88\% of the neurons recorded during spontaneous activity, a significant correlation was found between the occurrence of a spike and the optical signal recorded in a large cortical region surrounding the recording site. This result indicates that spontaneous activity of single neurons is not an independent process but is time locked to the firing or to the synaptic inputs from numerous neurons, all activated in a coherent fashion even without a sensory input. 4. For the cases showing correlation with the optical signal, 27-36\% of the optical signal during spike occurrence was directly related to the occurrence of spontaneous spikes in a single neuron, over an area of 2 x 2 mm. In the same cortical area, 43-55\% of the activity was directly related to the visual stimulus. 5. Surprisingly, we found that the amplitude of this coherent ongoing activity, recorded optically, was often almost as large as the activity evoked by optimal visual stimulation. The amplitude of the ongoing activity that was directly and reproducibly related to the spontaneous spikes of a single neuron was, on average, as high as 54\% of the amplitude of the visually evoked response that was directly related to optimal sensory stimulation, recorded optically. 6. Coherent activity was detected even at distant cortical sites up to 6 mm apart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Arieli, A and Shoham, D and Hildesheim, R and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-04-05 12:27:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-05 12:27:21 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; optics; voltage sensor; optical imaging; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Diagnostic Imaging; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Time Factors; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {2072-93},
	pmid = {7623099},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Coherent spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing activity revealed by real-time optical imaging coupled with single-unit recording in the cat visual cortex},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Arieli_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}}

@article{Hill:1949,
	Author = {Hill, D K and Keynes, R D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-30 10:39:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-30 10:40:09 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; optics; Technique; optical imaging; Classical/physiology},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {278-81},
	Pmc = {PMC1392485},
	pmid = {16991859},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Opacity changes in stimulated nerve},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {1949},
	url = {papers/Hill_JPhysiol1949.pdf}}

@article{Lieke:1989,
	Author = {Lieke, E E and Frostig, R D and Arieli, A and Ts'o, D Y and Hildesheim, R and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 12:35:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of physiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics; Technique; review; optical imaging},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Cerebral Cortex; Coloring Agents; Diagnostic Imaging; Electrophysiology; Humans; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Time Factors},
	Pages = {543-59},
	pmid = {2653196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging of cortical activity: real-time imaging using extrinsic dye-signals and high resolution imaging based on slow intrinsic-signals},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Lieke_AnnuRevPhysiol1989.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.002551}}

@article{Bonhoeffer:1991,
	Abstract = {The mammalian cortex is organized in a columnar fashion: neurons lying below each other from the pia to the white matter usually share many functional properties. Across the cortical surface, cells with similar response properties are also clustered together, forming elongated bands or patches. Some response properties, such as orientation preference in the visual cortex, change gradually across the cortical surface forming 'orientation maps'. To determine the precise layout of iso-orientation domains, knowledge of responses not only to one but to many stimulus orientations is essential. Therefore, the exact depiction of orientation maps has been hampered by technical difficulties and remained controversial for almost thirty years. Here we use in vivo optical imaging based on intrinsic signals to gather information on the responses of a piece of cortex to gratings in many different orientations. This complete set of responses then provides detailed information on the structure of the orientation map in a large patch of cortex from area 18 of the cat. We find that cortical regions that respond best to one orientation form highly ordered patches rather than elongated bands. These iso-orientation patches are organized around 'orientation centres', producing pinwheel-like patterns in which the orientation preference of cells is changing continuously across the cortex. We have also analysed our data for fast changes in orientation preference and find that these 'fractures' are limited to the orientation centres. The pinwheels and orientation centres are such a prominent organizational feature that it should be important to understand their development as well as their function in the processing of visual information.},
	Author = {Bonhoeffer, T and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 12:33:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics; cat; visual system; visual cortex; function},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Orientation; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6343},
	Pages = {429-31},
	pmid = {1896085},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Iso-orientation domains in cat visual cortex are arranged in pinwheel-like patterns},
	Volume = {353},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Bonhoeffer_Nature1991.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353429a0}}

@article{Tso:1990,
	Abstract = {A high spatial resolution optical imaging system was developed to visualize cerebral cortical activity in vivo. This method is based on activity-dependent intrinsic signals and does not use voltage-sensitive dyes. Images of the living monkey striate (VI) and extrastriate (V2) visual cortex, taken during visual stimulation, were analyzed to yield maps of the distribution of cells with various functional properties. The cytochrome oxidase--rich blobs of V1 and the stripes of V2 were imaged in the living brain. In V2, no ocular dominance organization was seen, while regions of poor orientation tuning colocalized to every other cytochrome oxidase stripe. The orientation tuning of other regions of V2 appeared organized as modules that are larger and more uniform than those in V1.},
	Author = {Ts'o, D Y and Frostig, R D and Lieke, E E and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 12:24:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 12:26:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics; monkey; visual cortex; visual system},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Diagnostic Imaging; Electric Stimulation; Electron Transport Complex IV; Electrophysiology; Macaca; Motor Neurons; Neurons, Afferent; Synapses; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {4967},
	Pages = {417-20},
	pmid = {2165630},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional organization of primate visual cortex revealed by high resolution optical imaging},
	Volume = {249},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Ts'o_Science1990.pdf}}

@article{Orbach:1985,
	Abstract = {We have investigated the use of optical methods for monitoring neuron activity in mammalian cortex. The cortex was stained with a voltage-sensitive dye and fluorescence was simultaneously measured from 124 areas using a photodiode array. Optical signals were detected in rat somatosensory cortex in response to small whisker movements and in visual cortex in response to light flashes to the eye. Relatively large signals were obtained during focal interictal epileptiform discharges induced by bicuculline. The measuring system had a time resolution of milliseconds and a spatial resolution of a few hundred micrometers. Simultaneous, multi-site optical recordings of activity may provide a new and potentially powerful method for studying function and dysfunction in mammalian cortex.},
	Author = {Orbach, H S and Cohen, L B and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 12:19:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 12:24:28 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; optics; rat; visual cortex; visual systems},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Photic Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1886-95},
	pmid = {4020423},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical mapping of electrical activity in rat somatosensory and visual cortex},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1985.pdf}}

@article{Salzberg:1977,
	Abstract = {1. Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we have been able to monitor action-potential activity simultaneously in 14 neurons of the supraesophageal ganglion of the barnacle. 2. Under favorable conditions, 4-mV synaptic potentials could also be detected optically.},
	Author = {Salzberg, B M and Grinvald, A and Cohen, L B and Davila, H V and Ross, W N},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 12:15:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 12:17:46 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Central Nervous System; Electronics, Medical; Methods; Neurons; Thoracica},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1281-91},
	pmid = {925730},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical recording of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system: simultaneous monitoring of several neurons},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Salzberg_JNeurophysiol1977.pdf}}

@article{Grinvald:1984,
	Abstract = {A major obstacle to understanding the function and development of the vertebrate brain is the difficulty in monitoring dynamic patterns of electrical activity in the millesecond time domain; this has limited investigations of such phenomena as modular organization of functional units, seizure activities and spreading depression. The use of voltage-sensitive dyes and the recent development of the use of an array of photodiodes has provided a unique technique for monitoring the dynamic patterns of electrical activity in real time from a variety of invertebrate or vertebrate neuronal preparations including the rat cortex. In the present study, this technique has been used to investigate the intact optic tectum of the frog. We demonstrate that optical measurements can be used for real-time imaging of spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal responses and for identification of functional units evoked by natural visual stimuli. We report also the structure of the new voltage-sensitive probe that facilitates the in vivo applications of this technique.},
	Author = {Grinvald, A and Anglister, L and Freeman, J A and Hildesheim, R and Manker, A},
	Date = {1984 Apr 26-May 2},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 11:46:19 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:47:07 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics; optic tectum; voltage sensor; optical imaging; microscopy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Rana ridibunda; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Number = {5962},
	Pages = {848-50},
	pmid = {6717577},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Real-time optical imaging of naturally evoked electrical activity in intact frog brain},
	Volume = {308},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1984.pdf}}

@article{Farber:1983,
	Abstract = {An optical method involving the use of a laser and a novel fluorescent dye as a photostimulation probe has been developed to identify presynaptic neurons in a large ensemble of cells. Illumination of an extracellularly stained neuron by the laser microbeam evokes action potentials. With this technique an interneuron connecting identified leech neurons was quickly located. The method speeds up the elucidation of neuronal networks, especially when small cells are involved.},
	Author = {Farber, I C and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 11:43:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:44:39 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics; activity manipulation;},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Fluorescent Dyes; Interneurons; Lasers; Leeches; Membrane Potentials; Mollusca; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Ranidae; Synapses},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4627},
	Pages = {1025-7},
	pmid = {6648515},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Identification of presynaptic neurons by laser photostimulation},
	Volume = {222},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Farber_Science1983.pdf}}

@article{Cohen:1968,
	Author = {Cohen, L B and Keynes, R D and Hille, B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:54:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Birefringence; Crustacea; Light; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5140},
	Pages = {438-41},
	pmid = {5649693},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity},
	Volume = {218},
	Year = {1968},
	url = {papers/Cohen_Nature1968.pdf}}

@article{Tasaki:1968,
	Author = {Tasaki, I and Watanabe, A and Sandlin, R and Carnay, L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:54:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Birefringence; Crustacea; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescence; Optics and Photonics; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {883-8},
	Pmc = {PMC305410},
	pmid = {4301149},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Changes in fluorescence, turbidity, and birefringence associated with nerve excitation},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {1968},
	url = {papers/Tasaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1968.pdf}}

@article{Davila:1973,
	Author = {Davila, H V and Salzberg, B M and Cohen, L B and Waggoner, A S},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:54:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat New Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Nature: New biology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Decapodiformes; Fluorescent Dyes; Membrane Potentials; Methods; Oxazoles; Piperazines; Sulfonic Acids},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {109},
	Pages = {159-60},
	pmid = {4512623},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A large change in axon fluorescence that provides a promising method for measuring membrane potential},
	Volume = {241},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{Muralt:1975,
	Abstract = {Among the signs of activity in excitable membranes, the action current (electrical spike) has been extensively studied. Recently, a new approach with optical methods has been rewarding. In nerves, a transient, rapid change of light scanning, birefringence and induced fluorescence can be observed during the passage of the action current. These optical effects are synchronous with the electrical spike and are therefore called the optical spikes. Birefringence decreases during excitation in the giant axon of the squid, the walking nerves of Maia, the vagus nerve of the rabbit, but it increases in the olfactory nerve of the pike, which contains 4 million nonmedullated nerve fibres. Light scattering increases or decreases depending on the angle of observation. Vitally stained nerves with fluorescent probes show an increase and a shift in the wavelength distribution of the fluorescent spike.},
	Author = {von Muralt, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Birefringence; Decapodiformes; Fishes; Fluorescence; Light; Models, Biological; Olfactory Nerve; Peripheral Nerves; Rabbits; Scattering, Radiation; Temperature; Vagus Nerve},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {908},
	Pages = {411-23},
	pmid = {238238},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The optical spike},
	Volume = {270},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Muralt_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1975.pdf}}

@article{Grinvald:1977,
	Author = {Grinvald, A and Salzberg, B M and Cohen, L B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Central Nervous System; Ganglia; Light; Neurons; Thoracica},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5616},
	Pages = {140-2},
	pmid = {593306},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Simultaneous recording from several neurones in an invertebrate central nervous system},
	Volume = {268},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1977.pdf}}

@article{Cohen:1978,
	Author = {Cohen, L B and Salzberg, B M and Grinvald, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Central Nervous System; Decapodiformes; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Spectrophotometry; Thoracica},
	Pages = {171-82},
	pmid = {386900},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Cohen_AnnuRevNeurosci1978.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.01.030178.001131}}

@article{Iwasa:1980,
	Abstract = {Swelling of nerve fibers during the action potential was demonstrated by three different methods. Generation of a propagated nerve impulse in a crab nerve produced an outward movement of 50 to 100 angstroms of the nerve surfce and a rise in swelling pressure on the order of 5 dynes per square centimeter. In squid giant axons, the amplitude of the observed outward movement of the surface was small.},
	Author = {Iwasa, K and Tasaki, I and Gibbons, R C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Brachyura; Decapodiformes; Hydrostatic Pressure; Time Factors},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4467},
	Pages = {338-9},
	pmid = {7423196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Swelling of nerve fibers associated with action potentials},
	Volume = {210},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Tasaki:1981,
	Abstract = {1. By using a Fotonic sensor, it was found possible to record rapid mechanical responses of the crab nerve without a signal averager. 2. In squid giant axons, the peak of swelling was shown to coincide fairly accurately with the peak of the action potential. 3. Associated with propagation of an action potential along a squid giant axon, there is a small decrease followed by an increase in the length of the axon. 4. It was emphasized that both mechanical and birefringence responses of the squid axon are diphasic. 5. The origin of the mechanical responses in axons is discussed on the basis of the theories proposed by LOEB, HOBER and TEORELL.},
	Author = {Tasaki, I and Iwasa, K},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol (Paris)},
	Journal-Full = {Journal de physiologie},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Brachyura; Decapodiformes; Methods; Neurons},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1055-9},
	pmid = {7346626},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid mechanical changes in crab nerve and squid axon during action potentials},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Grinvald:1982,
	Abstract = {1. Voltage-sensitive membrane-bound dyes and a matrix of 100 photodetectors were used to detect the spread of evoked electrical activity at the CA1 region of rat hippocampus slices. A display processor was designed in order to visualize the spread of electrical activity in slow motion.2. The stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural path in the stratum radiatum evoked short latency (2-4 msec) fast optical signals, followed by longer latency (4-15 msec) slow signals which decayed within 20-50 msec. Multiple fast signals were frequently detected at the stratum pyramidale; they propagated toward the stratum oriens with an approximate conduction velocity of 0.1 m/sec.3. The fast signals were unaltered in a low Ca(2+) high Mg(2+) medium but were blocked by tetrodotoxin. These signals probably represent action potentials in the Schaffer collateral axons. Their conduction velocity was about 0.2 m/sec and their refractory period about 3-4 msec.4. The slow signals were absent in a low Ca(2+) medium and probably represent excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) generated in the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells. They were generated in the stratum radiatum, where the presynaptic signals were seen, and spread into somata and basal dendrites (the stratum pyramidale and oriens, respectively).5. The timing of the signals with fast rise-time, which were detected at the statum pyramidale, approximately coincided with the timing of the extracellularly recorded field potentials. These multiple discharges probably represent action potentials of the pyramidal cells. They spread back into the apical dendrites but with significant attenuation of the amplitudes of the high frequency components of the pyramidal action potentials.6. Hyperpolarizing potentials could be detected when strong stimuli were applied to the stratum radiatum or alveus. The net hyperpolarizations were detected only in the stratum pyramidale and the border region between the stratum pyramidale and radiatum. Frequently the inhibition was masked by the large e.p.s.p.s. However, its existence could be demonstrated by treatment of the slice with picrotoxin or a low Cl(-) medium. Under these conditions a long-lasting depolarization of the apical dedrites was evoked by the stimulation. This was associated with an increase of the multiple discharges in the stratum pyramidale and oriens.7. These studies illustrate the usefulness of voltage-sensitive dyes in the analysis of passive and active electrical properties, pharmacological properties and synaptic connexions in mammalian brain slices, at the level both of small neuronal elements (dendrites, axons) and of synchronously active neuronal populations.},
	Author = {Grinvald, A and Manker, A and Segal, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-28 10:53:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-28 11:00:17 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; imaging; intrinsic signal; voltage sensor; optics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Calcium; Coloring Agents; Electric Conductivity; Hippocampus; Magnesium; Male; Membrane Potentials; Photometry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Dec},
	Pages = {269-91},
	Pmc = {PMC1197248},
	pmid = {7182467},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visualization of the spread of electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices by voltage-sensitive optical probes},
	Volume = {333},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{Fite:1999,
	Abstract = {A direct pathway from the retina to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been demonstrated in both albino rats and Mongolian gerbils. Following intraocular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), a diffuse stream of CTB-positive, fine-caliber optic axons emerged from the optic tract at the level of the pretectum/anterior mesencephalon. In gerbils, CTB-positive axons descended ventromedially into the periaqueductal gray, moving caudally and arborizing extensively throughout the DRN. In rats, the retinal-DRN projection comprised fewer, but larger caliber, axons, which arborized in a relatively restricted region of the lateral and ventral DRN. Following injection of CTB into the lateral DRN, retrogradely labeled ganglion cells (GCs) were observed in whole-mount retinas of both species. In gerbils, CTB-positive GCs were distributed over the entire retina, and a nearest-neighbor analysis of CTB-positive GCs showed significant regularity (nonrandomness) in their distribution. The overall distribution of gerbil GC soma diameters ranged from 8 to 22 micrometer and was skewed slightly towards the larger soma diameters. Based on an adaptive mixtures model statistical analysis, two Gaussian distributions appeared to comprise the total GC distribution, with mean soma diameters of 13 (SEM +/-1.7) micrometer, and 17 (SEM +/-1.5) micrometer, respectively. In rats, many fewer CTB-positive GCs were labeled following CTB injections into the lateral DRN, and nearly all occurred in the inferior retina. The total distribution of rat GC soma diameters was similar to that in gerbils and also was skewed towards the larger soma diameters. Major differences observed in the extent and configuration of the retinal-DRN pathway may be related to the diurnal/crepuscular vs. nocturnal habits of these two species.},
	Author = {Fite, K V and Janusonis, S and Foote, W and Bengston, L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-22 23:02:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-22 23:03:11 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {retinopetal;Efferent Pathways;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;circuitry;retina;visual system;Serotonin;mouse;mice;dorsal raphe},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cell Count; Cell Size; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites; Gerbillinae; Immunohistochemistry; Peptide Fragments; Raphe Nuclei; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {469-84},
	pmid = {10531540},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils},
	Volume = {414},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Fite_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}}

@article{Reperant:2000,
	Abstract = {The present study demonstrated a direct serotonergic retinopetal projection in the mouse stemming from the lateral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus bilaterally. A double-labeling technique was employed combining: (1) radioautography and retrograde axonal tracing following intraocular injection of [(3)H] 5-HT and (2) immunocytochemical identification of endogenous 5-HT. Radiolabeled neurons were only observed within the dorsal raphe nucleus and were always double-labeled with the 5-HT antibody. The radiolabeling appeared to be specific resulting from the retrograde transport of a radioactive 5-HT derivative product following uptake of the neurotransmitter by intraretinal terminals.},
	Author = {Rep{\'e}rant, J and Araneda, S and Miceli, D and Medina, M and Rio, J P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-22 23:00:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-22 23:02:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {retinopetal;Efferent Pathways;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;circuitry;retina;visual system;Serotonin;mouse;mice;dorsal raphe},
	Mesh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport, Active; Efferent Pathways; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Raphe Nuclei; Retina; Serotonin; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {213-7},
	pmid = {10996155},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Serotonergic retinopetal projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus in the mouse demonstrated by combined [(3)H] 5-HT retrograde tracing and immunolabeling of endogenous 5-HT},
	Volume = {878},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Repérant_BrainRes2000.pdf}}

@article{Upton:2002,
	Abstract = {We have shown previously that raised levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) during development prevent retinal ganglion cell axons from segregating into eye-specific regions in their principal targets: the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Possible mediators of 5-HT in this system include its plasma membrane transporter, which is transiently expressed by a sub-population of retinal ganglion cells, and the presynaptic 5-HT(1B) receptor carried on retinal ganglion cell axons. We analysed the retinal projections of 5-HT(1B) knockout (n=15), serotonin transporter knockout (n=14), serotonin transporter/5-HT(1B) double knockout (n=4) and monoamine oxidase A/5-HT(1B) double knockout (n=3) mice. In all four different knockout mice, the ipsilateral retinal projection to the superior colliculus was more diffuse and lost its characteristic patchy distribution. The alterations were most severe in the serotonin transporter knockout mice, where the ipsilateral retinal fibres covered the entire rostrocaudal and mediolateral extent of the superior colliculus, whereas in the 5-HT(1B) and double knockout mice, fibres retracted from the caudal and lateral superior colliculus. Abnormalities in the 5-HT(1B) knockout mice appeared only after postnatal day (P) 4. Treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (at P1-P12) to decrease serotonin levels caused an exuberance of the ipsilateral retinal fibres throughout the superior colliculus (n=9). In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in contrast, the distribution and size of the ipsilateral retinal projection was normal in all four knockout mice. In the serotonin transporter knockout mice however, the contralateral retinal fibres failed to retract from the mediodorsal dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, an abnormality that was reversed by early treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and in the serotonin transporter/5-HT(1B) double knockout. OUR OBSERVATIONS INDICATE: (1) that the lack of 5-HT transporter and the associated changes in 5-HT levels impair the segregation of retinal axons in both the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; (2) that 5-HT and 5-HT(1B) receptors are necessary for the normal refinement of the ipsilateral retinal fibres in the superior colliculus, but are not essential for the establishment of eye-specific segregation in the thalamus. Thus, both an excess and a lack of 5-HT affect the refinement of the superior colliculus retinal projection, while the establishment of eye-specific patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus appears not to be sensitive to the lack of 5-HT or 5-HT(1B) receptors.},
	Author = {Upton, A L and Ravary, A and Salichon, N and Moessner, R and Lesch, K-P and Hen, R and Seif, I and Gaspar, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-22 22:52:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-22 22:58:23 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinopetal;Superior Colliculus;Efferent Pathways;Serotonin;axons;mouse;Mice;Circuit structure-function;circuitry;connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Carrier Proteins; Fenclonine; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Monoamine Oxidase; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; Receptors, Serotonin; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {597-610},
	pmid = {12031347},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Lack of 5-HT(1B) receptor and of serotonin transporter have different effects on the segregation of retinal axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus compared to the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Upton_Neuroscience2002.pdf}}

@article{Upton:1999,
	Abstract = {Retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) project to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the brain in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the superior colliculus (SC). Projections from both eyes are initially intermingled until postnatal day 3 (P3) but segregate into eye-specific layers by P8. We report that this segregation does not occur in monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice (MAOA-KO) that have elevated brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline. The abnormal development of retinal projections can be reversed by inhibiting 5-HT synthesis from P0 to P15. We found that in MAOA-KO mice, 5-HT accumulates in a subpopulation of RGCs and axons during embryonic and early postnatal development. The RGCs do not synthesize 5-HT but reuptake the amine from the extracellular space. In both MAOA-KO and normal mice, high-affinity uptake of 5-HT and serotonin transporter (SERT) immunoreactivity are observed in retinal axons from the optic cup to retinal terminal fields in the SC and dLGN. In the dLGN, transient SERT labeling corresponds predominantly to the ipsilateral retinal projection fields. We show that, in addition to SERT, developing RGCs also transiently express the vesicular monoamine transporter gene VMAT2: thus, retinal axons could store 5-HT in synaptic vesicles and possibly use it as a borrowed neurotransmitter. Finally we show that the 5-HT-1B receptor gene is expressed by RGCs throughout the retina from E15 until adult life. Activation of this receptor is known, from previous studies, to reduce retinotectal activity; thus 5-HT in excess could inhibit activity-dependent segregation mechanisms. A hypothesis is proposed whereby, during normal development, localized SERT expression could confer specific neurotransmission properties on a subset of RGCs and could be important in the fine-tuning of retinal projections.},
	Author = {Upton, A L and Salichon, N and Lebrand, C and Ravary, A and Blakely, R and Seif, I and Gaspar, P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-22 22:43:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-22 22:43:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retina;retinopetal;axons;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;Serotonin;retinal wave paper;dorsal raphe;Sleep;centrifugal;Efferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Animals; Carrier Proteins; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Monoamine Oxidase; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Norepinephrine; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Serotonin; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {7007-24},
	pmid = {10436056},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Excess of serotonin (5-HT) alters the segregation of ispilateral and contralateral retinal projections in monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice: possible role of 5-HT uptake in retinal ganglion cells during development},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Upton_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Takaura:2011,
	Abstract = {In the primate brain, the primary visual cortex (V1) is a major source of visual information processing in the cerebral cortex, although some patients and monkeys with damage to the V1 show visually guided behaviors in the visual field affected by the damage. Until now, behaviors of the surviving brain regions after damage to V1 and their contribution to the residual visual functions remain unclear. Here, we report that the monkeys with a unilateral lesion of V1 can make not only visually guided saccades but also memory-guided saccades (MGS) into the affected visual field. Furthermore, while the monkeys were performing the MGS task, sustained activity was observed in a large fraction of the neurons in the superior colliculus ipsilateral to the lesion, which has been supposed as a key node for recovery after damage to V1. These neurons maintained the spatial information throughout the delay period regardless of whether they exhibited saccadic bursts or not, which was not the case on the intact side. Error analysis revealed that the sustained activity was correlated with monkeys' behavioral outcome. These results suggest that the ipsilesional SC might function as a neural substrate for spatial memory in the affected visual field. Our findings provide new insight into the understanding of the compensatory mechanisms after damage to V1.},
	Author = {Takaura, Kana and Yoshida, Masatoshi and Isa, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-22 17:47:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;visual system;Spatial Behavior;Memory;Visual Cortex;monkey;blindsight;Electrophysiology;extracellular;Saccades;neurological disorder;lesion},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {4233-41},
	pmid = {21411664},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural substrate of spatial memory in the superior colliculus after damage to the primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Takaura_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5143-10.2011}}

@article{Greferath:2009,
	Abstract = {The vertebrate retina receives histaminergic input from the brain via retinopetal axons that originate from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus. In the nervous system, histamine acts on three G-protein-coupled receptors, histamine receptor (HR) 1, HR2 and HR3. In order to look for potential cellular targets of histamine in the mouse retina, we have examined the retina for the expression of histamine and the presence of these three receptors. Consistent with studies of retina from other vertebrates, histamine was only found in retinopetal axons, which coursed extensively through the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. mRNA for all three receptors was expressed in the mouse retina, and immunohistochemical studies further localized HR1 and HR2. HR1 immunoreactivity was observed on dopaminergic amacrine cells, calretinin-positive ganglion cells and axon bundles in the ganglion cell layer. Furthermore, a distinct group of processes in the inner plexiform layer was labeled, which most likely represents the processes of cholinergic amacrine cells. HR2 immunoreactivity was observed on the processes and cell bodies of the primary glial cells of the mammalian retina, the M{\"u}ller cells. This distribution of histamine and its receptors is consistent with a brain-derived source of histamine acting on diverse populations of cells in the retina, including both neurons and glia.},
	Author = {Greferath, U and Kambourakis, M and Barth, C and Fletcher, E L and Murphy, M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-19 17:58:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {retinopetal;Efferent Pathways;retina;visual system;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;Sleep;histamine;Mouse;Anatomy;retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent; Dopamine; Female; Histamine; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Optic Nerve; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Histamine H1; Receptors, Histamine H2; Retina},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {932-44},
	pmid = {19015005},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of histamine projections and their potential cellular targets in the mouse retina},
	Volume = {158},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Greferath_Neuroscience2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.034}}

@article{Gastinger:2006,
	Abstract = {Since 1892, anatomical studies have demonstrated that the retinas of mammals, including humans, receive input from the brain via axons emerging from the optic nerve. There are only a small number of these retinopetal axons, but their branches in the inner retina are very extensive. More recently, the neurons in the brain stem that give rise to these axons have been localized, and their neurotransmitters have been identified. One set of retinopetal axons arises from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus and uses histamine, and the other arises from perikarya in the dorsal raphe and uses serotonin. These serotonergic and histaminergic neurons are not specialized to supply the retina; rather, they are a subset of the neurons that project via collaterals to many other targets in the central nervous system, as well. They are components of the ascending arousal system, firing most rapidly when the animal is awake and active. The contributions of these retinopetal axons to vision may be predicted from the known effects of serotonin and histamine on retinal neurons. There is also evidence suggesting that retinopetal axons play a role in the etiology of retinal diseases.},
	Author = {Gastinger, Matthew J and Tian, Ning and Horvath, Tamas and Marshak, David W},
	Date = {2006 Jul-Aug},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-19 11:58:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Eye Res},
	Journal-Full = {Current eye research},
	Keywords = {retina;retinopetal;axons;connectivity;Circuit structure-function;histamine;Serotonin;retinal wave paper;Hypothalamus;dorsal raphe;Sleep;centrifugal;Efferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Histamine; Humans; Optic Nerve; Retina; Serotonin; Signal Transduction},
	Number = {7-8},
	Pages = {655-67},
	pmid = {16877274},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinopetal axons in mammals: emphasis on histamine and serotonin},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680600776119}}

@article{Tzingounis:2006,
	Abstract = {Arc/Arg3.1 is an effector immediate-early gene implicated in the consolidation of memories. Although cloned a decade ago, the physiological role of Arc/Arg3.1 in the brain has remained elusive. Four papers in this issue of Neuron address this function. These studies show that Arc/Arg3.1 regulates endophilin 3 and dynamin 2, two components of the endocytosis machinery. Genetic ablation of Arc/Arg3.1 in mice or overexpression in culture suggest that Arc/Arg3.1 regulates AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity. Finally, Arc/Arg3.1 knockout mice show memory retention deficits. These recent developments provide new insights into the function of this popular activity-dependent neuronal marker.},
	Author = {Tzingounis, Anastassios V and Nicoll, Roger A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 22:16:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;review;experience dependent plasticity;synapses;Memory;homeostatic plasticity;Long-Term Potentiation;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);mouse;mice;transgenic},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Gene Expression; Memory; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {403-7},
	pmid = {17088207},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Arc/Arg3.1: linking gene expression to synaptic plasticity and memory},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Tzingounis_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.016}}

@article{Loebrich:2009,
	Abstract = {The mammalian brain is plastic in the sense that it shows a remarkable capacity for change throughout life. The contribution of neuronal activity to brain plasticity was first recognized in relation to critical periods of development, when manipulating the sensory environment was found to profoundly affect neuronal morphology and receptive field properties. Since then, a growing body of evidence has established that brain plasticity extends beyond development and is an inherent feature of adult brain function, spanning multiple domains, from learning and memory to adaptability of primary sensory maps. Here we discuss evolution of the current view that plasticity of the adult brain derives from dynamic tuning of transcriptional control mechanisms at the neuronal level, in response to external and internal stimuli. We then review the identification of "plasticity genes" regulated by changes in the levels of electrical activity, and how elucidating their cellular functions has revealed the intimate role transcriptional regulation plays in fundamental aspects of synaptic transmission and circuit plasticity that occur in the brain on an every day basis.},
	Author = {Loebrich, Sven and Nedivi, Elly},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 18:15:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Physiol Rev},
	Journal-Full = {Physiological reviews},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression; Genes, Immediate-Early; Humans; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neuronal Plasticity; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1079-103},
	Pmc = {PMC2828052},
	pmid = {19789377},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The function of activity-regulated genes in the nervous system},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Loebrich_PhysiolRev2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00013.2009}}

@article{Kawashima:2009,
	Abstract = {The neuronal immediate early gene Arc/Arg-3.1 is widely used as one of the most reliable molecular markers for intense synaptic activity in vivo. However, the cis-acting elements responsible for such stringent activity dependence have not been firmly identified. Here we combined luciferase reporter assays in cultured cortical neurons and comparative genome mapping to identify the critical synaptic activity-responsive elements (SARE) of the Arc/Arg-3.1 gene. A major SARE was found as a unique approximately 100-bp element located at >5 kb upstream of the Arc/Arg-3.1 transcription initiation site in the mouse genome. This single element, when positioned immediately upstream of a minimal promoter, was necessary and sufficient to replicate crucial properties of endogenous Arc/Arg-3.1's transcriptional regulation, including rapid onset of transcription triggered by synaptic activity and low basal expression during synaptic inactivity. We identified the major determinants of SARE as a unique cluster of neuronal activity-dependent cis-regulatory elements consisting of closely localized binding sites for CREB, MEF2, and SRF. Consistently, a SARE reporter could readily trace and mark an ensemble of cells that have experienced intense activity in the recent past in vivo. Taken together, our work uncovers a novel transcriptional mechanism by which a critical 100-bp element, SARE, mediates a predominant component of the synapse-to-nucleus signaling in ensembles of Arc/Arg-3.1-positive activated neurons.},
	Author = {Kawashima, Takashi and Okuno, Hiroyuki and Nonaka, Mio and Adachi-Morishima, Aki and Kyo, Nan and Okamura, Michiko and Takemoto-Kimura, Sayaka and Worley, Paul F and Bito, Haruhiko},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 17:50:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;Transcription Factors;Regulatory Sequences},
	Mesh = {Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Nucleus; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Genomics; Mice; Myogenic Regulatory Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Serum Response Factor; Signal Transduction; Synapses},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {316-21},
	Pmc = {PMC2629236},
	pmid = {19116276},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic activity-responsive element in the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter essential for synapse-to-nucleus signaling in activated neurons},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kawashima_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806518106}}

@article{Harvey:2009,
	Abstract = {Hippocampal place cells encode spatial information in rate and temporal codes. To examine the mechanisms underlying hippocampal coding, here we measured the intracellular dynamics of place cells by combining in vivo whole-cell recordings with a virtual-reality system. Head-restrained mice, running on a spherical treadmill, interacted with a computer-generated visual environment to perform spatial behaviours. Robust place-cell activity was present during movement along a virtual linear track. From whole-cell recordings, we identified three subthreshold signatures of place fields: an asymmetric ramp-like depolarization of the baseline membrane potential, an increase in the amplitude of intracellular theta oscillations, and a phase precession of the intracellular theta oscillation relative to the extracellularly recorded theta rhythm. These intracellular dynamics underlie the primary features of place-cell rate and temporal codes. The virtual-reality system developed here will enable new experimental approaches to study the neural circuits underlying navigation.},
	Author = {Harvey, Christopher D and Collman, Forrest and Dombeck, Daniel A and Tank, David W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 17:46:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;function;Electrophysiology;behavior;extracellular;Technique;Computer Graphics;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hippocampus; Intracellular Space; Locomotion; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Space Perception; Theta Rhythm; User-Computer Interface},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7266},
	Pages = {941-6},
	Pmc = {PMC2771429},
	pmid = {19829374},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intracellular dynamics of hippocampal place cells during virtual navigation},
	Volume = {461},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Harvey_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08499}}

@article{Inoue:2010,
	Abstract = {Formation of a new memory requires plasticity at the synaptic level. However, it has also been shown that the consolidation and the maintenance of such a new memory involve processes that necessitate active mRNA at the nucleus of the cell. How can robust changes in synaptic efficacy specifically drive new transcription and translation of new gene transcripts, and thus transform an otherwise transient plasticity into a long-lasting and stable one? In this article, we highlight the conceptual advance that was gained by the discovery of a potent Synaptic Activity-Responsive Element (SARE) found ∼7 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site of the neuronal immediate early gene Arc. The unique genomic structure of SARE, which contained adjacent and cooperative binding sites for three major activity-dependent transcription factors within a 100-bp locus, was associated with an unusual responsiveness to neuronal stimuli. Taken together, these findings shed light on a new class of transcriptional sensor with enhanced sensitivity to synaptic activity.},
	Author = {Inoue, Masatoshi and Yagishita-Kyo, Nan and Nonaka, Mio and Kawashima, Takashi and Okuno, Hiroyuki and Bito, Haruhiko},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 17:38:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Commun Integr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Communicative \& integrative biology},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;review;21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {443-6},
	Pmc = {PMC2974076},
	pmid = {21057636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic activity-responsive element (SARE): A unique genomic structure with an unusual sensitivity to neuronal activity},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Inoue_CommunIntegrBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.5.12287}}

@article{Vazdarjanova:2002,
	Abstract = {The transcription of the immediate-early genes Arc and Homer 1a (H1a) is dynamically regulated in response to synaptic activity; their protein products function at the postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses. Previous studies demonstrate a role for Arc in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and in memory consolidation processes and indicate a role for H1a in modifying glutamatergic signaling pathways. Using double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that Arc and H1a RNA expression is induced strongly in the same neurons of rat hippocampus and neocortex after exploration of a novel environment. These findings support the view that novel experience activates a cell-specific genomic program and that Arc and H1a may function in concert in the structural and functional modifications of dendrites that lead to long-term changes in synaptic efficacy.},
	Author = {Vazdarjanova, Almira and McNaughton, Bruce L and Barnes, Carol A and Worley, Paul F and Guzowski, John F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 17:26:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-17 17:28:28 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;Technique;rat;Hippocampus;Imaging;microscopy;experience dependent plasticity;synapses;Fluorescence;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {3' Untranslated Regions; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Nucleus; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Dendrites; Electroshock; Exploratory Behavior; Genes, Immediate-Early; Hippocampus; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Male; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Protein Isoforms; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spatial Behavior},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {23},
	Pages = {10067-71},
	pmid = {12451105},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Experience-dependent coincident expression of the effector immediate-early genes arc and Homer 1a in hippocampal and neocortical neuronal networks},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Vazdarjanova_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Alvarado:2009,
	Abstract = {Influences from the visual (AEV), auditory (FAES), and somatosensory (SIV) divisions of the cat anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) play a critical role in rendering superior colliculus (SC) neurons capable of multisensory integration. However, it is not known whether this is accomplished via their independent sensory-specific action or via some cross-modal cooperative action that emerges as a consequence of their convergence on SC neurons. Using visual-auditory SC neurons as a model, we examined how selective and combined deactivation of FAES and AEV affected SC multisensory (visual-auditory) and unisensory (visual-visual) integration capabilities. As noted earlier, multisensory integration yielded SC responses that were significantly greater than those evoked by the most effective individual component stimulus. This multisensory "response enhancement" was more evident when the component stimuli were weakly effective. Conversely, unisensory integration was dominated by the lack of response enhancement. During cryogenic deactivation of FAES and/or AEV, the unisensory responses of SC neurons were only modestly affected; however, their multisensory response enhancement showed a significant downward shift and was eliminated. The shift was similar in magnitude for deactivation of either AES subregion and, in general, only marginally greater when both were deactivated simultaneously. These data reveal that SC multisensory integration is dependent on the cooperative action of distinct subsets of unisensory corticofugal afferents, afferents whose sensory combination matches the multisensory profile of their midbrain target neurons, and whose functional synergy is specific to rendering SC neurons capable of synthesizing information from those particular senses.},
	Author = {Alvarado, Juan Carlos and Stanford, Terrence R and Rowland, Benjamin A and Vaughan, J William and Stein, Barry E},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 15:38:52 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;function;Behavior;multisensory integration;neocortex;connectivity;cat},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Attention; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Sensation; Sensory Thresholds; Superior Colliculi; Transition Temperature},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {6580-92},
	Pmc = {PMC2805025},
	pmid = {19458228},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multisensory integration in the superior colliculus requires synergy among corticocollicular inputs},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Alvarado_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0525-09.2009}}

@article{Schachner:2009,
	Abstract = {The human capacity for music consists of certain core phenomena, including the tendency to entrain, or align movement, to an external auditory pulse [1-3]. This ability, fundamental both for music production and for coordinated dance, has been repeatedly highlighted as uniquely human [4-11]. However, it has recently been hypothesized that entrainment evolved as a by-product of vocal mimicry, generating the strong prediction that only vocal mimicking animals may be able to entrain [12, 13]. Here we provide comparative data demonstrating the existence of two proficient vocal mimicking nonhuman animals (parrots) that entrain to music, spontaneously producing synchronized movements resembling human dance. We also provide an extensive comparative data set from a global video database systematically analyzed for evidence of entrainment in hundreds of species both capable and incapable of vocal mimicry. Despite the higher representation of vocal nonmimics in the database and comparable exposure of mimics and nonmimics to humans and music, only vocal mimics showed evidence of entrainment. We conclude that entrainment is not unique to humans and that the distribution of entrainment across species supports the hypothesis that entrainment evolved as a by-product of selection for vocal mimicry.},
	Author = {Schachner, Adena and Brady, Timothy F and Pepperberg, Irene M and Hauser, Marc D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 15:36:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;entrainment;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;function;Behavior;Cooperative Behavior;Motor Activity/physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Perception; Behavior, Animal; Dancing; Databases, Factual; Humans; Music; Parrots; Periodicity; Video Recording; Vocalization, Animal; Voice},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {831-6},
	pmid = {19409786},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous motor entrainment to music in multiple vocal mimicking species},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Schachner_CurrBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.061}}

@article{Palagina:2009,
	Abstract = {Sensory deprivation caused by peripheral injury can trigger functional cortical reorganization across the initially silenced cortical area. It is proposed that intracortical connectivity enables recovery of function within such a lesion projection zone (LPZ), thus substituting lost subcortical input. Here, we investigated retinal lesion-induced changes in the function of lateral connections in the primary visual cortex of the adult rat. Using voltage-sensitive dye recordings, we visualized in millisecond-time resolution spreading synaptic activity across the LPZ. Shortly after lesion, the majority of neurons within the LPZ were subthresholdly activated by delayed propagation of activity that originated from unaffected cortical regions. With longer recovery time, latencies within the LPZ gradually decreased, and activation reached suprathreshold levels. Targeted electrode recordings confirmed that receptive fields of intra-LPZ neurons were displaced to the retinal lesion border while displaying normal orientation and direction selectivity. These results corroborate the view that cortical horizontal connections have a central role in functional reorganization, as revealed here by progressive facilitation of synaptic activity and the traveling wave of excitation that propagates horizontally into the deprived cortical region.},
	Author = {Palagina, Ganna and Eysel, Ulf T and Jancke, Dirk},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 15:32:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation;neurological disorder;structural remodeling;experience dependent plasticity;optical physiology;optical imaging;voltage sensor;in vivo;microscopy;technique;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Rats; Retina; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {8743-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2689012},
	pmid = {19420221},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Strengthening of lateral activation in adult rat visual cortex after retinal lesions captured with voltage-sensitive dye imaging in vivo},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Palagina_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900068106}}

@article{Tritsch:2010,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the developing auditory system fire bursts of action potentials before the onset of hearing. This spontaneous activity promotes the survival and maturation of auditory neurons and the refinement of synaptic connections in auditory nuclei; however, the mechanisms responsible for initiating this activity remain uncertain. Previous studies indicate that inner supporting cells (ISCs) in the developing cochlea periodically release ATP, which depolarizes inner hair cells (IHCs), leading to bursts of action potentials in postsynaptic spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). To determine when purinergic signaling appears in the developing cochlea and whether it is responsible for initiating auditory neuron activity throughout the prehearing period, we examined spontaneous activity from ISCs, IHCs, and SGNs in cochleae acutely isolated from rats during the first three postnatal weeks. We found that ATP was released from ISCs within the cochlea from birth until the onset of hearing, which led to periodic inward currents, Ca(2+) transients, and morphological changes in these supporting cells. This spontaneous release of ATP also depolarized IHCs and triggered bursts of action potentials in SGNs for most of the postnatal prehearing period, beginning a few days after birth as IHCs became responsive to ATP, until the onset of hearing when ATP was no longer released from ISCs. When IHCs were not subject to purinergic excitation, SGNs exhibited little or no activity. These results suggest that supporting cells in the cochlea provide the primary excitatory stimulus responsible for initiating bursts of action potentials in auditory nerve fibers before the onset of hearing.},
	Author = {Tritsch, Nicolas X and Bergles, Dwight E},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 15:29:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;Cochlear Nerve;Auditory Pathways;Electrophysiology;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Cochlea; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner; Hearing; Labyrinth Supporting Cells; Organogenesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spiral Ganglion},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1539-50},
	Pmc = {PMC2814371},
	pmid = {20107081},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental regulation of spontaneous activity in the Mammalian cochlea},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Tritsch_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3875-09.2010}}

@article{Kotak:1995,
	Abstract = {1. Although synaptic transmission is known to influence many aspects of neuronal development, activity rates are quite low at early ages. The present study describes a long-lasting postsynaptic response to brief periods of synaptic stimulation that may underlie such an influence. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made from the lateral superior olive (LSO) in a brain slice preparation from early postnatal gerbils. 2. Stimulation of the excitatory afferent pathway from the cochlear nucleus elicited a prolonged depolarization (PD) in approximately 60\% of the LSO neurons tested. Low frequency stimulation (1 Hz) was as effective as tetanic stimulation in producing PDs. These synaptically evoked depolarizations ranged in amplitude from 3 to 32 mV and recovered spontaneously after 0.5-35 min. 3. The LSO neuron input resistance declined during every PD episode and remained significantly lower even after the membrane potential had recovered. These PDs were partially reversed by 2 mM Ni(+2), but 1 microM tetrodotoxin and 10 microM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) were ineffective. The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (40 microM), produced depolarizations that outlasted the exposure period by an average of 20 min and were also partially repolarized by 2 mM Ni(+2). In contrast, the depolarizations produced by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate decayed within a much shorter period of time. 4. To test whether in vivo discharge rates are, in fact, very low during development, spontaneous activity was recorded from neurons of the auditory midbrain in gerbils before and during the onset of sound-evoked responses. The average discharge rate of auditory neurons was quite low (X = 0.4 spikes/s), although many cells displayed brief periods of rapid discharge rate (X = 37 spikes/ s). Together, these results demonstrate a novel form of developmental plasticity elicited by low rates of glutamatergic transmission that may involve a metabotropic pathway and prolonged calcium influx.},
	Author = {Kotak, V C and Sanes, D H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 15:26:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-17 15:28:02 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;plasticity;structural remodeling;axons;refinement;tonotopy;brain stem;Auditory Pathways;Electrophysiology;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Auditory Pathways; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gerbillinae; Nickel; Reaction Time; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1611-20},
	pmid = {8989397},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptically evoked prolonged depolarizations in the developing auditory system},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Kotak_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}}

@article{Kandler:2009,
	Abstract = {A fundamental organizing principle of auditory brain circuits is tonotopy, the orderly representation of the sound frequency to which neurons are most sensitive. Tonotopy arises from the coding of frequency along the cochlea and the topographic organization of auditory pathways. The mechanisms that underlie the establishment of tonotopy are poorly understood. In auditory brainstem pathways, topographic precision is present at very early stages in development, which may suggest that synaptic reorganization contributes little to the construction of precise tonotopic maps. Accumulating evidence from several brainstem nuclei, however, is now changing this view by demonstrating that developing auditory brainstem circuits undergo a marked degree of refinement on both a subcellular and circuit level.},
	Author = {Kandler, Karl and Clause, Amanda and Noh, Jihyun},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 14:54:13 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;circuit formation;Brain Stem;Auditory Pathways;Cochlear Nerve;tonotopy;Spontaneous activity;structural remodeling;refinement;axons;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Pathways; Axons; Brain Stem; Cochlea; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Olivary Nucleus; Pitch Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {711-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2780022},
	pmid = {19471270},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Tonotopic reorganization of developing auditory brainstem circuits},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kandler_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2332}}

@article{Enquist:2003,
	Abstract = {In the past decade, the literature describing how viruses can be used to define the synaptic architecture of the brain has increased dramatically. Early studies focused on determining the specificity of viral transport through synaptic connections. Analysis of the assembly and intracellular transport of viruses as well as of the role of the brain response to infection were central to this literature. With the growing acceptance that the transport of viruses is circuit-related, attention has shifted to application of the method to define the functional architecture of neural systems. The development of attenuated recombinant viruses that maintain neuroinvasiveness has been instrumental to the generation of increasingly powerful experimental approaches for the functional dissection of neural circuits. These approaches include the use of recombinant viruses that express unique reporters to address issues of axon collateralization in complex circuits, the use of green-fluorescent-protein-expressing recombinants to characterize the electrophysiological properties of projection-specific neurons in live slices of brain, and the exploitation of the Cre recombinase system for conditional replication of virus in phenotypically defined populations of neurons.},
	Author = {Enquist, Lynn W and Card, J Patrick},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 14:50:19 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-17 14:53:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Trans-synaptic;Technique;review;Anatomy;Viral Envelope Proteins;Virus;viral gene transfer;connectivity;synapses;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Humans; Nerve Net; Virus Replication},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {603-6},
	pmid = {14630225},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Recent advances in the use of neurotropic viruses for circuit analysis},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Enquist_CurrOpinNeurobiol2003.pdf}}

@article{Card:2011,
	Abstract = {Transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses is widely used to define the organization of neural circuitry in the mature and developing nervous system. However, interconnectivity within complex circuits limits the ability of viral tracing to define connections specifically linked to a subpopulation of neurons within a network. Here we demonstrate a unique viral tracing technology that highlights connections to defined populations of neurons within a larger labeled network. This technology was accomplished by constructing a replication-competent strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV-263) that changes the profile of fluorescent reporter expression in the presence of Cre recombinase (Cre). The viral genome carries a Brainbow cassette that expresses a default red reporter in infected cells. However, in the presence of Cre, the red reporter gene is excised from the genome and expression of yellow or cyan reporters is enabled. We used PRV-263 in combination with a unique lentivirus vector that produces Cre expression in catecholamine neurons. Projection-specific infection of central circuits containing these Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons with PRV-263 resulted in Cre-mediated recombination of the PRV-263 genome and conditional expression of cyan/yellow reporters. Replication and transneuronal transport of recombined virus produced conditional reporter expression in neurons synaptically linked to the Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons. This unique technology highlights connections specific to phenotypically defined neurons within larger networks infected by retrograde transneuronal transport of virus from a defined projection target. The availability of other technologies that restrict Cre expression to defined populations of neurons indicates that this approach can be widely applied across functionally defined systems.},
	Author = {Card, J Patrick and Kobiler, Oren and McCambridge, Joshua and Ebdlahad, Sommer and Shan, Zhiying and Raizada, Mohan K and Sved, Alan F and Enquist, Lynn W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 13:19:52 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Technique;Trans-synaptic;viral gene transfer;Virus;Viral Envelope Proteins;fluorescent proteins;Transgenic;mouse;mice;connectivity;synapses;frontiers review},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {3377-82},
	Pmc = {PMC3044368},
	pmid = {21292985},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Microdissection of neural networks by conditional reporter expression from a Brainbow herpesvirus},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Card_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015033108}}

@article{Bock:2011,
	Abstract = {In the cerebral cortex, local circuits consist of tens of thousands of neurons, each of which makes thousands of synaptic connections. Perhaps the biggest impediment to understanding these networks is that we have no wiring diagrams of their interconnections. Even if we had a partial or complete wiring diagram, however, understanding the network would also require information about each neuron's function. Here we show that the relationship between structure and function can be studied in the cortex with a combination of in vivo physiology and network anatomy. We used two-photon calcium imaging to characterize a functional property--the preferred stimulus orientation--of a group of neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex. Large-scale electron microscopy of serial thin sections was then used to trace a portion of these neurons' local network. Consistent with a prediction from recent physiological experiments, inhibitory interneurons received convergent anatomical input from nearby excitatory neurons with a broad range of preferred orientations, although weak biases could not be rejected.},
	Author = {Bock, Davi D and Lee, Wei-Chung Allen and Kerlin, Aaron M and Andermann, Mark L and Hood, Greg and Wetzel, Arthur W and Yurgenson, Sergey and Soucy, Edward R and Kim, Hyon Suk and Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 13:12:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;Anatomy;connectivity;connectome;Circuit structure-function;Neocortex;visual cortex;in vivo;electron microscopy;Synapses;frontiers review},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {7337},
	Pages = {177-82},
	pmid = {21390124},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons},
	Volume = {471},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bock_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Bock_Nature2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09802}}

@article{Adams:2009,
	Abstract = {Consolidation of synaptic plasticity seems to require transcription, but how the nucleus is informed in this context remains unknown. As NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to interfere with action potential generation, the issue of whether or not a synaptically generated signal is required for nuclear signaling is currently unresolved. Here, we show that pharmacological maintenance of action potentials during NMDA receptor blockade allows for NMDA receptor-independent transcription factor binding and arc gene expression, both of which were previously thought to be NMDA receptor dependent. These data suggest that types of signaling in the nucleus previously attributed to NMDA-receptor-dependent synapse-to-nucleus signals can be initiated in the absence of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Adams, J Paige and Robinson, Rachel A and Hudgins, Eric D and Wissink, Erin M and Dudek, Serena M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 13:09:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;Long-Term Potentiation;Immediate-Early;genes;Electrophysiology;21 Neurophysiology;N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Bicuculline; Biophysics; Electric Stimulation; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Gene Expression Regulation; Hippocampus; Long-Term Potentiation; Nuclear Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Transcription Factors},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {1429-33},
	Pmc = {PMC2766847},
	pmid = {19794318},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {NMDA receptor-independent control of transcription factors and gene expression},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Adams_Neuroreport2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283311db6}}

@article{Yashiro:2009,
	Abstract = {Experience-dependent maturation of neocortical circuits is required for normal sensory and cognitive abilities, which are distorted in neurodevelopmental disorders. We tested whether experience-dependent neocortical modifications require Ube3a, an E3 ubiquitin ligase whose dysregulation has been implicated in autism and Angelman syndrome. Using visual cortex as a model, we found that experience-dependent maturation of excitatory cortical circuits was severely impaired in Angelman syndrome model mice deficient in Ube3a. This developmental defect was associated with profound impairments in neocortical plasticity. Normal plasticity was preserved under conditions of sensory deprivation, but was rapidly lost by sensory experiences. The loss of neocortical plasticity is reversible, as late-onset visual deprivation restored normal synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, Ube3a-deficient mice lacked ocular dominance plasticity in vivo when challenged with monocular deprivation. We conclude that Ube3a is necessary for maintaining plasticity during experience-dependent neocortical development and suggest that the loss of neocortical plasticity contributes to deficits associated with Angelman syndrome.},
	Author = {Yashiro, Koji and Riday, Thorfinn T and Condon, Kathryn H and Roberts, Adam C and Bernardo, Danilo R and Prakash, Rohit and Weinberg, Richard J and Ehlers, Michael D and Philpot, Benjamin D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 13:03:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;21 Activity-development;circuit formation;experience dependent plasticity;Sensory Deprivation;visual cortex;visual system;structural remodeling;Critical Period;mouse;mice;Transgenic;development;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Aging; Angelman Syndrome; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Disease Models, Animal; Dominance, Ocular; Learning; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neocortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Sensory Deprivation; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {777-83},
	Pmc = {PMC2741303},
	pmid = {19430469},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ube3a is required for experience-dependent maturation of the neocortex},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Yashiro_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2327}}

@article{Shepherd:2011,
	Abstract = {Many proteins have been implicated in synaptic and experience-dependent plasticity. However, few demonstrate the exquisite regulation of expression and breadth of functional importance as the immediate early gene product Arc. Here we review and attempt to synthesize the disparate views of Arc in neuronal function. The main conclusion garnered from this body of work is that Arc is a critical effector molecule downstream of many molecular signaling pathways and that dysregulation of Arc expression can have dire consequences for normal brain function.},
	Author = {Shepherd, Jason D and Bear, Mark F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:55:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;review;21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;homeostatic plasticity;Long-Term Potentiation;Long-Term Synaptic Depression;synapse formation},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {279-84},
	pmid = {21278731},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New views of Arc, a master regulator of synaptic plasticity},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2708}}

@article{Lodato:2011,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian cerebral cortex, the developmental events governing the integration of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons into balanced local circuitry are poorly understood. We report that different subtypes of projection neurons uniquely and differentially determine the laminar distribution of cortical interneurons. We find that in Fezf2(-/-) cortex, the exclusive absence of subcerebral projection neurons and their replacement by callosal projection neurons cause distinctly abnormal lamination of interneurons and altered GABAergic inhibition. In addition, experimental generation of either corticofugal neurons or callosal neurons below the cortex is sufficient to recruit cortical interneurons to these ectopic locations. Strikingly, the identity of the projection neurons generated, rather than strictly their birthdate, determines the specific types of interneurons recruited. These data demonstrate that in the neocortex individual populations of projection neurons cell-extrinsically control the laminar fate of interneurons and the assembly of local inhibitory circuitry.},
	Author = {Lodato, Simona and Rouaux, Caroline and Quast, Kathleen B and Jantrachotechatchawan, Chanati and Studer, Mich{\`e}le and Hensch, Takao K and Arlotta, Paola},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:50:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {circuit formation;development;Circuit structure-function;Pyramidal Cells;Interneurons;cell migration;Neocortex;GABA;genes;Transgenic;mice;mouse;lamination;dysplasia;heterotopic;doublecortin},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {763-79},
	pmid = {21338885},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Excitatory projection neuron subtypes control the distribution of local inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Lodato_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.015}}

@article{Otsuka:2011,
	Abstract = {Recent advances have established that intralaminar and interlaminar excitatory networks between neocortical pyramidal cells are specialized into subnetworks. Here, we have investigated how the commissural system organizes the intracortical excitatory subnetworks to communicate between cortical hemispheres. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from callosal projection neurons [commissural (COM) cells], identified by in vivo injection of retrograde fluorescent tracer into one hemisphere, in rat frontal cortical slices. We found that layer V (L5) COM cells were heterogeneous in physiological and morphological properties that correlated with projection patterns to contralateral and ipsilateral cortical areas. The probability of synaptically connected pairs of L5 COM cells was higher in cell pairs of the same firing subtypes than that in different cell subtype pairs. In interlaminar connections, layer II/III (L2/3) COM cells preferentially innervated L5 COM cells. Moreover, pairs of the same L5 COM subtypes were more likely to share inputs from L2/3 COM cells than were different COM subtype cell pairs. In addition, common inputs from L2/3 COM cells were frequently observed in L5 pairs of corticopontine cells and given firing subtypes of COM cells. Our results suggest that callosal communications are achieved via several distinct COM cell subnetworks differentiated according to the ipsilateral corticocortical and subcortical projection patterns.},
	Author = {Otsuka, Takeshi and Kawaguchi, Yasuo},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:46:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Circuit structure-function;connectivity;Neocortex;Synapses;Electrophysiology;in vitro;21 Neurophysiology;Anatomy},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3862-70},
	pmid = {21389241},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell Diversity and Connection Specificity between Callosal Projection Neurons in the Frontal Cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Otsuka_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5795-10.2011}}

@article{Briggman:2011,
	Abstract = {The proper connectivity between neurons is essential for the implementation of the algorithms used in neural computations, such as the detection of directed motion by the retina. The analysis of neuronal connectivity is possible with electron microscopy, but technological limitations have impeded the acquisition of high-resolution data on a large enough scale. Here we show, using serial block-face electron microscopy and two-photon calcium imaging, that the dendrites of mouse starburst amacrine cells make highly specific synapses with direction-selective ganglion cells depending on the ganglion cell's preferred direction. Our findings indicate that a structural (wiring) asymmetry contributes to the computation of direction selectivity. The nature of this asymmetry supports some models of direction selectivity and rules out others. It also puts constraints on the developmental mechanisms behind the formation of synaptic connections. Our study demonstrates how otherwise intractable neurobiological questions can be addressed by combining functional imaging with the analysis of neuronal connectivity using large-scale electron microscopy.},
	Author = {Briggman, Kevin L and Helmstaedter, Moritz and Denk, Winfried},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:38:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical imaging;optical physiology;microscopy;Technique;connectivity;connectome;Circuit structure-function;Retina;Computational Biology;Anatomy;multiphoton;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {7337},
	Pages = {183-8},
	pmid = {21390125},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina},
	Volume = {471},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Briggman_Nature2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09818}}

@article{Lebrun-Julien:2009,
	Abstract = {The central hypothesis of excitotoxicity is that excessive stimulation of neuronal NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptors is harmful to neurons and contributes to a variety of neurological disorders. Glial cells have been proposed to participate in excitotoxic neuronal loss, but their precise role is defined poorly. In this in vivo study, we show that NMDA induces profound nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in M{\"u}ller glia but not in retinal neurons. Intriguingly, NMDA-induced death of retinal neurons is effectively blocked by inhibitors of NF-kappaB activity. We demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) protein produced in M{\"u}ller glial cells via an NMDA-induced NF-kappaB-dependent pathway plays a crucial role in excitotoxic loss of retinal neurons. This cell loss occurs mainly through a TNFalpha-dependent increase in Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors on susceptible neurons. Thus, our data reveal a novel non-cell-autonomous mechanism by which glial cells can profoundly exacerbate neuronal death following excitotoxic injury.},
	Author = {Lebrun-Julien, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Duplan, Laure and Pernet, Vincent and Osswald, Ingrid and Sapieha, Przemyslaw and Bourgeois, Philippe and Dickson, Kathleen and Bowie, Derek and Barker, Philip A and Di Polo, Adriana},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:35:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Apoptosis;Cell Adhesion;neuron;glia;macrophage;Retina;development;excitotoxcity;Competitive Behavior;cell interaction;evolutionary dynamics;genes},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Death; Cell Survival; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; N-Methylaspartate; Retinal Neurons; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {5536-45},
	pmid = {19403821},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Excitotoxic death of retinal neurons in vivo occurs via a non-cell-autonomous mechanism},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Lebrun-Julien_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0831-09.2009}}

@article{Wilhelm:2009,
	Abstract = {When neuronal activity is reduced over a period of days, compensatory changes in synaptic strength and/or cellular excitability are triggered, which are thought to act in a manner to homeostatically recover normal activity levels. The time course over which changes in homeostatic synaptic strength and cellular excitability occur are not clear. Although many studies show that 1-2 days of activity block are necessary to trigger increases in excitatory quantal strength, few studies have been able to examine whether these mechanisms actually underlie recovery of network activity. Here, we examine the mechanisms underlying recovery of embryonic motor activity following block of either excitatory GABAergic or glutamatergic inputs in vivo. We find that GABA(A) receptor blockade triggers fast changes in cellular excitability that occur during the recovery of activity but before changes in synaptic scaling. This increase in cellular excitability is mediated in part by an increase in sodium currents and a reduction in the fast-inactivating and calcium-activated potassium currents. These findings suggest that compensatory changes in cellular excitability, rather than synaptic scaling, contribute to activity recovery. Further, we find a special role for the GABA(A) receptor in triggering several homeostatic mechanisms after activity perturbations, including changes in cellular excitability and GABAergic and AMPAergic synaptic strength. The temporal difference in expression of homeostatic changes in cellular excitability and synaptic strength suggests that there are multiple mechanisms and pathways engaged to regulate network activity, and that each may have temporally distinct functions.},
	Author = {Wilhelm, Jennifer C and Rich, Mark M and Wenner, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:24:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;synapse formation;experience dependent plasticity;homeostatic plasticity;synaptic scaling;Electrophysiology;Spinal Cord;Spontaneous activity;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium Channels; Chick Embryo; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Homeostasis; Ion Channel Gating; Nerve Net; Neurons; Pyridazines; Sodium Channels; Synapses; Time Factors},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {6760-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2672480},
	pmid = {19346492},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Compensatory changes in cellular excitability, not synaptic scaling, contribute to homeostatic recovery of embryonic network activity},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Wilhelm_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813058106}}

@article{Mitchell:2009,
	Abstract = {The accurate representation of the motion of external objects is one of the more important tasks of the visual areas of the brain because motion by itself can provide sufficient information for discriminating visual forms and hence breaking camouflage. Whereas the analysis of the motion of single small elements can occur in primary visual cortex (V1), the perception of a common direction of global motion of some visual elements among many is supported by extrastriate cortical areas [1, 2]. Humans treated for binocular congenital cataracts afterward exhibit extreme deficits of global motion, but after monocular cataracts, the deficits are minimal [3]. These observations suggest a need for normal early patterned visual experience through at least one eye for global motion perception to develop in a typical fashion. We investigated this role for early experience and its timing on kittens that were deprived of light or patterned light at different ages. Such deprivation in the first 6 weeks resulted in long-lasting (>2 yr) profound deficits of perception of global motion but no apparent effects on the perception of simple unidirectional motion. Contrary to current opinion, sensitive periods to visual deprivation in primary and extrastriate cortex may be of similar duration.},
	Author = {Mitchell, Donald E and Kennie, Jan and Kung, Diane},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:06:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {visual system;Neocortex;visual cortex;Superior Colliculus;neurological disorder;development;21 Activity-development;circuit formation;function;Behavior;Motion Perception;human;cat;Sensory Deprivation;Binocular},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Cats; Humans; Light; Motion Perception; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {645-9},
	pmid = {19285405},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of global motion perception requires early postnatal exposure to patterned light},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Mitchell_CurrBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mitchell_CurrBiol2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.038}}

@article{Kaku:2009,
	Abstract = {Vital to motor learning is information about movement error. Using this information, the brain creates neural learning signals that instruct a plasticity mechanism to produce appropriate behavioral learning. Little is known, however, about brain structures that generate learning signals for voluntary movements. Here we show that signals from the superior colliculus (SC) can drive learning in saccadic eye movements in the monkey. Electrical stimulation of the SC deeper layers, subthreshold for evoking saccades, was applied immediately (approximately 60 ms) after the end of horizontal saccades in one or both directions. The target disappeared during saccades and remained invisible for 1 s to eliminate effects of postsaccadic visual information. Repetitive pairing of saccades with SC stimulation produced a marked, two-dimensional shift in movement endpoint relative to the target location. The elicited endpoint shift took a gradual, approximately exponential course over several hundred saccades as in visually induced saccade adaptation. The shift in movement endpoint remained nearly unchanged after stimulation was discontinued, indicating involvement of neuronal plasticity. When both rightward and leftward saccades were paired with stimulation, their endpoints shifted in similar directions. The endpoint shift was directed contralaterally to the stimulated SC. The direction and size of the endpoint shift depended on the stimulation site in the SC. We propose that the SC, a brainstem structure long known to be crucial for saccade execution, is involved in motor learning and sends signals that dictate the direction of adaptive shift in saccade endpoint.},
	Author = {Kaku, Yuki and Yoshida, Kaoru and Iwamoto, Yoshiki},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:05:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;function;Behavior;monkey;Saccades;visual system;experience dependent plasticity;entrainment},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Learning; Macaca mulatta; Male; Photic Stimulation; Saccades; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {5266-75},
	pmid = {19386923},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning signals from the superior colliculus for adaptation of saccadic eye movements in the monkey},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kaku_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0661-09.2009}}

@article{Bollmann:2009,
	Abstract = {Neural pathways projecting from sensory organs to higher brain centers form topographic maps in which neighbor relationships are preserved from a sending to a receiving neural population. Sensory input can generate compartmentalized electrical and biochemical activity in the dendrites of a receiving neuron. Here, we show that in the developing retinotectal projection of young Xenopus tadpoles, visually driven Ca2+ signals are topographically organized at the subcellular, dendritic scale. Functional in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging revealed that the sensitivity of dendritic Ca2+ signals to stimulus location in visual space is correlated with their anatomical position within the dendritic tree of individual neurons. This topographic distribution was dependent on NMDAR activation, whereas global Ca2+ signals were mediated by Ca2+ influx through dendritic, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. These findings suggest a framework for plasticity models that invoke local dendritic Ca2+ signaling in the elaboration of neural connectivity and dendrite-specific information storage.},
	Author = {Bollmann, Johann H and Engert, Florian},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 12:02:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;visual system;optic tectum;Zebrafish;in vivo;Electrophysiology;calcium imaging;optical physiology;optical imaging;function;Circuit structure-function;Calcium Channels;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity;multiphoton;microscopy},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Dendrites; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Larva; Light; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyridazines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Subcellular Fractions; Valine; Visual Pathways; Xenopus},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {895-905},
	Pmc = {PMC2892759},
	pmid = {19323998},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subcellular topography of visually driven dendritic activity in the vertebrate visual system},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Bollmann_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.018}}

@article{Brown:2009,
	Abstract = {After brain damage such as stroke, topographically organized sensory and motor cortical representations remap onto adjacent surviving tissues. It is conceivable that cortical remapping is accomplished by changes in the temporal precision of sensory processing and regional connectivity in the cortex. To understand how the adult cortex remaps and processes sensory signals during stroke recovery, we performed in vivo imaging of sensory-evoked changes in membrane potential, as well as multiphoton imaging of dendrite structure and tract tracing. In control mice, forelimb stimulation evoked a brief depolarization in forelimb cortex that quickly propagated to, and dissipated within, adjacent motor/hindlimb areas (<100 ms). One week after forelimb cortex stroke, the cortex was virtually unresponsive to tactile forelimb stimulation. After 8 weeks recovery, forelimb-evoked depolarizations reemerged with a characteristic pattern in which responses began within surviving portions of forelimb cortex (<20 ms after stimulation) and then spread horizontally into neighboring peri-infarct motor/hindlimb areas in which depolarization persisted 300-400\% longer than controls. These uncharacteristically prolonged responses were not limited to the remapped peri-infarct zone and included distant posteromedial retrosplenial cortex, millimeters from the stroke. Structurally, the remapped peri-infarct area selectively exhibited high levels of dendritic spine turnover, shared more connections with retrosplenial cortex and striatum, and lost inputs from lateral somatosensory cortical regions. Our findings demonstrate that sensory remapping during stroke recovery is accompanied by the development of prolonged sensory responses and new structural circuits in both the peri-infarct zone as well as more distant sites.},
	Author = {Brown, Craig E and Aminoltejari, Khatereh and Erb, Heidi and Winship, Ian R and Murphy, Timothy H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 11:43:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {neurological disorder;Stroke;Neocortex;Somatosensory Cortex;optical physiology;optical imaging;voltage sensor;Imaging;in vivo;structural remodeling;plasticity;Mouse;mice;Transgenic},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Infarction; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Rose Bengal; Somatosensory Cortex; Time Factors},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1719-34},
	pmid = {19211879},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo voltage-sensitive dye imaging in adult mice reveals that somatosensory maps lost to stroke are replaced over weeks by new structural and functional circuits with prolonged modes of activation within both the peri-infarct zone and distant sites},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Brown_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4249-08.2009}}

@article{Marrone:2008,
	Abstract = {Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are tightly coupled to cellular activity and play a critical role in regulating synaptic plasticity. While encoding spatial experience, hippocampal principal cells express IEGs in a behaviorally dependent and cell-specific manner. This expression can be detected through the use of cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization to generate estimates of cellular activity that match direct neuronal recording under comparable conditions. During rest, IEG expression continues to occur in a small number of cells, and the role of this basal expression is unknown. Imaging IEGs expressed during exploration and adjacent rest periods reveals that "constitutive" IEG expression during rest is not random. Rather, consistent with proposed memory consolidation mechanisms, it recapitulates a subset of the pattern generated by recent experience.},
	Author = {Marrone, Diano F and Schaner, Michael J and McNaughton, Bruce L and Worley, Paul F and Barnes, Carol A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 11:40:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;circuit formation;Circuit structure-function;experience dependent plasticity;Iminmediate-Early;genes;Hippocampus;function;Behavior;Imaging;Technique;microscopy;optical physiology;optical imaging;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Carrier Proteins; Exploratory Behavior; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Immediate-Early; Learning; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rest; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1030-3},
	pmid = {18234881},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Immediate-early gene expression at rest recapitulates recent experience},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Marrone_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4235-07.2008}}

@article{Guzowski:1999,
	Abstract = {We used fluorescent in-situ hybridization and confocal microscopy to monitor the subcellular distribution of the immediate-early gene Arc. Arc RNA appeared in discrete intranuclear foci within minutes of neuronal activation and subsequently disappeared from the nucleus and accumulated in the cytoplasm by 30 minutes. The time course of nuclear versus cytoplasmic Arc RNA accumulation was distinct, and could therefore be used to infer the activity history of individual neurons at two times. Following sequential exposure of rats to two different environments or to the same environment twice, the proportion of CA1 neurons with cytoplasmic, nuclear or overlapping Arc expression profiles matched predictions derived from ensemble neurophysiological recordings of hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Arc gene induction is thus specifically linked to neural encoding processes.},
	Author = {Guzowski, J F and McNaughton, B L and Barnes, C A and Worley, P F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 11:37:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Immediate-Early;genes;circuit formation;Circuit structure-function;experience dependent plasticity;Imaging;Technique;optical physiology;optical imaging;Hippocampus;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Dendrites; Electroshock; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Immediate-Early; Handling (Psychology); Hippocampus; Housing, Animal; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; RNA Probes; RNA Stability; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Time Factors; Transcriptional Activation},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1120-4},
	pmid = {10570490},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Environment-specific expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in hippocampal neuronal ensembles},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Guzowski_NatNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16046}}

@article{Guzowski:2005,
	Abstract = {Immediate-early genes have gained widespread popularity as activity markers for mapping neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors in many different species. In situ immediate early gene detection methods provide cellular level resolution, a major benefit for mapping neuronal networks. Recent advances using fluorescence in situ hybridization also afford temporal resolution, enabling within-animal activity maps for two distinct behaviors. Moreover, use of transgenic mice with fluorescent reporter proteins driven by immediate early gene promoters is enabling repeated measurements, over long time scales, of cortical activity within the same animal. These methodological innovations, coupled with recent advances in fluorescence imaging and probe development, will enable large scale mapping of behaviorally relevant circuits with temporal and three-dimensional spatial resolution in experimental animals.},
	Author = {Guzowski, John F and Timlin, Jerilyn A and Roysam, Badri and McNaughton, Bruce L and Worley, Paul F and Barnes, Carol A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 11:34:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;review;Immediate-Early;genes;circuit formation;Circuit structure-function;synapse formation;experience dependent plasticity;Long-Term Potentiation;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);homeostatic plasticity;frontiers review;imaging;microscopy;Technique;optical physiology;optical imaging},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Diagnostic Imaging; Gene Expression; Genes, Immediate-Early; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Neural Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {599-606},
	pmid = {16150584},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mapping behaviorally relevant neural circuits with immediate-early gene expression},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Guzowski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.08.018}}

@article{Bramham:2008,
	Abstract = {In a manner unique among activity-regulated immediate early genes (IEGs), mRNA encoded by Arc (also known as Arg3.1) undergoes rapid transport to dendrites and local synaptic translation. Despite this intrinsic appeal, relatively little is known about the neuronal and behavioral functions of Arc or its molecular mechanisms of action. Here, we attempt to distill recent advances on Arc spanning its transcriptional and translational regulation, the functions of the Arc protein in multiple forms of neuronal plasticity [long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and homeostatic plasticity], and its broader role in neural networks of behaving animals. Worley and colleagues have shown that Arc interacts with endophilin and dynamin, creating a postsynaptic trafficking endosome that selectively modifies the expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors at the excitatory synapses. Both LTD and homeostatic plasticity in the hippocampus are critically dependent on Arc-mediated endocytosis of AMPA receptors. LTD evoked by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors depends on rapid Arc translation controlled by elongation factor 2. Bramham and colleagues have shown that sustained translation of newly induced Arc mRNA is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation and stable expansion of the F-actin cytoskeleton underlying LTP consolidation in the dentate gyrus of live rats. In addition to regulating F-actin, Arc synthesis maintains the activity of key translation factors during LTP consolidation. This process of Arc-dependent consolidation is activated by the secretory neurotrophin, BDNF. Moore and colleagues have shown that Arc mRNA is a natural target for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by virtue of its two conserved 3'-UTR introns. NMD and other related translation-dependent mRNA decay mechanisms may serve as critical brakes on protein expression that contribute to the fine spatial-temporal control of Arc synthesis. In studies in behaving rats, Guzowski and colleagues have shown that location-specific firing of CA3 and CA1 hippocampal neurons in the presence of theta rhythm provides the necessary stimuli for activation of Arc transcription. The impact of Arc transcription in memory processes may depend on the specific context of coexpressed IEGs, in addition to posttranscriptional regulation of Arc by neuromodulatory inputs from the amygdala and other brain regions. In sum, Arc is emerging as a versatile, finely tuned system capable of coupling changes in neuronal activity patterns to diverse forms of synaptic plasticity, thereby optimizing information storage in active networks.},
	Author = {Bramham, Clive R and Worley, Paul F and Moore, Melissa J and Guzowski, John F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 11:02:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;circuit formation;synapse formation;Synapses;21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;Immediate-Early;gene;Long-Term Potentiation;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);experience dependent plasticity;homeostatic plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Humans; Nerve Net; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; RNA Stability; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {11760-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2615463},
	pmid = {19005037},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The immediate early gene arc/arg3.1: regulation, mechanisms, and function},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Bramham_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3864-08.2008}}

@article{Lichtman:2008,
	Abstract = {Developmental neurobiology has been greatly invigorated by a recent string of breakthroughs in molecular biology and optical physics that permit direct in vivo observation of neural circuit assembly. The imaging done thus far suggests that as brains are built, a significant amount of unbuilding is also occurring. We offer the view that this tumult is the result of the intersecting behaviors of the many single-celled creatures (i.e., neurons, glia, and progenitors) that inhabit brains. New tools will certainly be needed if we wish to monitor the myriad cooperative and competitive interactions at play in the cellular society that builds brains.},
	Author = {Lichtman, Jeff W and Smith, Stephen J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-17 10:32:13 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;structural remodeling;Imaging;optical physiology;microscopy;in vivo;Zebrafish;review;circuit formation;Competitive Behavior;Cooperative Behavior;Theoretical;evolutionary dynamics;Evolution;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Microscopy; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neuroglia; Neurons},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {441-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2661113},
	pmid = {18995818},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Seeing circuits assemble},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lichtman_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.040}}

@article{Gandhi:2008,
	Abstract = {During postnatal development, altered sensory experience triggers the rapid reorganization of neuronal responses and connections in sensory neocortex. This experience-dependent plasticity is disrupted by reductions of intracortical inhibition. Little is known about how the responses of inhibitory cells themselves change during plasticity. We investigated the time course of inhibitory cell plasticity in mouse primary visual cortex by using functional two-photon microscopy with single-cell resolution and genetic identification of cell type. Initially, local inhibitory and excitatory cells had similar binocular visual response properties, both favoring the contralateral eye. After 2 days of monocular visual deprivation, excitatory cell responses shifted to favor the open eye, whereas inhibitory cells continued to respond more strongly to the deprived eye. By 4 days of deprivation, inhibitory cell responses shifted to match the faster changes in their excitatory counterparts. These findings reveal a dramatic delay in inhibitory cell plasticity. A minimal linear model reveals that the delay in inhibitory cell plasticity potently accelerates Hebbian plasticity in neighboring excitatory neurons. These findings offer a network-level explanation as to how inhibition regulates the experience-dependent plasticity of neocortex.},
	Author = {Gandhi, Sunil P and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Stryker, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 23:48:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;calcium imaging;optical physiology;optical imaging;in vivo;mouse;mice;Transgenic;Visual Cortex;experience dependent plasticity;Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dominance, Ocular; Mice; Microscopy; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {16797-802},
	Pmc = {PMC2575499},
	pmid = {18940923},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Delayed plasticity of inhibitory neurons in developing visual cortex},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Gandhi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806159105}}

@article{Kaneda:2008,
	Abstract = {The current dominant concept for the control of saccadic eye movements by the basal ganglia is that release from tonic GABAergic inhibition by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) triggers burst firings of intermediate gray layer (SGI) neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) to allow saccade initiation. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that SNr cells inhibit excitatory projection neurons in the SGI. Here we show that nigrotectal fibers are connected to local GABAergic neurons in the SGI with a similar frequency to non-GABAergic neurons. This was accomplished by applying neuroanatomical tracing and slice electrophysiological experiments in GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice, in which GABAergic neurons specifically express GFP. We also found that GABA(A), but not GABA(B), receptors subserve nigrotectal transmission. The present results revealed a novel aspect on the role of the basal ganglia in the control of saccades, e.g., the SNr not only regulates burst initiation but also modulates the spatiotemporal properties of premotor neurons via connections to local GABAergic neurons in the SC.},
	Author = {Kaneda, Katsuyuki and Isa, Kaoru and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Isa, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 19:10:37 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;GABA;Interneurons;mouse;mice;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;Electrophysiology;in vitro;Anatomy;Transgenic;connectivity;function},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin; Dextrans; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Lysine; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Fibers; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Substantia Nigra; Superior Colliculi; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Pages = {11071-8},
	pmid = {18945914},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nigral inhibition of GABAergic neurons in mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kaneda_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3263-08.2008}}

@article{Phongphanphanee:2008,
	Abstract = {The onset and vector of orienting behaviors, such as saccades, are controlled by commands that descend from a population of neurons in deep layers of the superior colliculus (dSC). In this study, to characterize the role of the collicular local circuitry that generates the spatiotemporal pattern of command activity in the dSC neuronal population, responses evoked by single-pulse electrical stimulation in superficial layers of the superior colliculus (sSC) were analyzed by a 64-channel field potential recording system (planar electrode, 8 x 8 pattern; 150 microm interelectrode spacing) in slices obtained from 16- to 22-d-old mice. A negative field potential with short latency and short duration spatially restricted to the recording sites in sSC was evoked adjacent to the stimulation site. After bath application of 10 mum bicuculline, the same stimulus induced a large negative field response with long duration that spread from sSC to dSC. The dSC potential initially showed a positive response, presumably because of reversal of the negative potential that originated in sSC, and then a long negative response that spread horizontally as far as 1 mm. These responses disappeared after application of an NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovelarate, indicating that NMDA receptors have an important role in the generation of these responses. Simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that the long-lasting negative field potentials corresponded to the depolarization accompanying burst spike activity of SC neurons. The present study revealed an extensive excitatory network in the dSC that may contribute to the generation of activity by a large population of neurons that discharge before a saccade.},
	Author = {Phongphanphanee, Penphimon and Kaneda, Katsuyuki and Isa, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 19:08:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;extracellular;Electroencephalography;LFP;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;mouse;mice;adult;multielectrode;network},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Spectrum Analysis; Superior Colliculi; Valine},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {9309-18},
	pmid = {18784311},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal profiles of field potentials in mouse superior colliculus analyzed by multichannel recording},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Phongphanphanee_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1905-08.2008}}

@article{Scanziani:2009,
	Abstract = {Electrophysiology, the 'gold standard' for investigating neuronal signalling, is being challenged by a new generation of optical probes. Together with new forms of microscopy, these probes allow us to measure and control neuronal signals with spatial resolution and genetic specificity that already greatly surpass those of electrophysiology. We predict that the photon will progressively replace the electron for probing neuronal function, particularly for targeted stimulation and silencing of neuronal populations. Although electrophysiological characterization of channels, cells and neural circuits will remain necessary, new combinations of electrophysiology and imaging should lead to transformational discoveries in neuroscience.},
	Author = {Scanziani, Massimo and H{\"a}usser, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 18:40:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;voltage sensor;Technique;review;optogenetics;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Electrophysiology; Light; Neurosciences; Optics and Photonics},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7266},
	Pages = {930-9},
	pmid = {19829373},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrophysiology in the age of light},
	Volume = {461},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Scanziani_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08540}}

@article{Madisen:2010,
	Abstract = {The Cre/lox system is widely used in mice to achieve cell-type-specific gene expression. However, a strong and universally responding system to express genes under Cre control is still lacking. We have generated a set of Cre reporter mice with strong, ubiquitous expression of fluorescent proteins of different spectra. The robust native fluorescence of these reporters enables direct visualization of fine dendritic structures and axonal projections of the labeled neurons, which is useful in mapping neuronal circuitry, imaging and tracking specific cell populations in vivo. Using these reporters and a high-throughput in situ hybridization platform, we are systematically profiling Cre-directed gene expression throughout the mouse brain in several Cre-driver lines, including new Cre lines targeting different cell types in the cortex. Our expression data are displayed in a public online database to help researchers assess the utility of various Cre-driver lines for cell-type-specific genetic manipulation.},
	Author = {Madisen, Linda and Zwingman, Theresa A and Sunkin, Susan M and Oh, Seung Wook and Zariwala, Hatim A and Gu, Hong and Ng, Lydia L and Palmiter, Richard D and Hawrylycz, Michael J and Jones, Allan R and Lein, Ed S and Zeng, Hongkui},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 18:11:19 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {genes;Transgenic;Transgenes;Technique;mice;mouse;Structural;Anatomy;Fluorescent Dyes;fluorescent proteins;imaging;21 Circuit structure-function;frontiers review;connectivity;optical imaging;optical physiology;calcium imaging},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Brain; Dendrites; Gene Transfer Techniques; Integrases; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Recombination, Genetic; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Tamoxifen; Tissue Distribution; Viral Proteins},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {133-40},
	Pmc = {PMC2840225},
	pmid = {20023653},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2467}}

@article{Yang:2010,
	Abstract = {Imaging neurons, glia and vasculature in the living brain has become an important experimental tool for understanding how the brain works. Here we describe in detail a protocol for imaging cortical structures at high optical resolution through a thinned-skull cranial window in live mice using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Surgery can be performed within 30-45 min and images can be acquired immediately thereafter. The procedure can be repeated multiple times allowing longitudinal imaging of the cortex over intervals ranging from days to years. Imaging through a thinned-skull cranial window avoids exposure of the meninges and the cortex, thus providing a minimally invasive approach for studying structural and functional changes of cells under normal and pathological conditions in the living brain.},
	Author = {Yang, Guang and Pan, Feng and Parkhurst, Christopher N and Grutzendler, Jaime and Gan, Wen-Biao},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 18:09:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Protoc},
	Journal-Full = {Nature protocols},
	Keywords = {Technique;mice;mouse;in vivo;Surgical;multiphoton;microscopy;optical physiology;optical imaging;optics;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Equipment Design; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Photons; Skull; Synapses},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {201-8},
	pmid = {20134419},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.222}}

@article{Horikawa:2010,
	Abstract = {We report ultrasensitive Ca(2+) indicators, yellow cameleon-Nano (YC-Nano), developed by engineering the Ca(2+)-sensing domain of a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator, YC2.60 or YC3.60. Their high Ca(2+) affinities (K(d) = 15-140 nM) and large signal change (1,450\%) enabled detection of subtle Ca(2+) transients associated with intercellular signaling dynamics and neuronal activity, even in 100,000-cell networks. These indicators will be useful for studying information processing in living multicellular networks.},
	Author = {Horikawa, Kazuki and Yamada, Yoshiyuki and Matsuda, Tomoki and Kobayashi, Kentarou and Hashimoto, Mitsuhiro and Matsu-ura, Toru and Miyawaki, Atsushi and Michikawa, Takayuki and Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko and Nagai, Takeharu},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:55:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium sensor;calcium imaging;Technique;frontiers review;genes;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Dictyostelium; Fluorescent Dyes; Indicators and Reagents; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurons; Signal Transduction; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {729-32},
	pmid = {20693999},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous network activity visualized by ultrasensitive Ca(2+) indicators, yellow Cameleon-Nano},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Horikawa_NatMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1488}}

@article{Cheng:2011,
	Abstract = {In vivo two-photon calcium imaging would benefit from the use of multiple excitation beams to increase scanning speed, signal-to-noise ratio and field of view or to image different axial planes simultaneously. Using spatiotemporal multiplexing we circumvented light-scattering ambiguity inherent to deep-tissue multifocal two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate calcium imaging at multiple axial planes in the intact mouse brain to monitor network activity of ensembles of cortical neurons in three spatial dimensions.},
	Author = {Cheng, Adrian and Gon{\c c}alves, J Tiago and Golshani, Peyman and Arisaka, Katsushi and Portera-Cailliau, Carlos},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:41:12 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;Technique;microscopy;multiphoton;optics;calcium imaging;Neocortex;mouse;mice;in vivo;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Calcium; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Time Factors},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {139-42},
	pmid = {21217749},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging at different depths with spatiotemporal multiplexing},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Cheng_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1552}}

@article{Diester:2011,
	Abstract = {Optogenetics is a technique for controlling subpopulations of neurons in the intact brain using light. This technique has the potential to enhance basic systems neuroscience research and to inform the mechanisms and treatment of brain injury and disease. Before launching large-scale primate studies, the method needs to be further characterized and adapted for use in the primate brain. We assessed the safety and efficiency of two viral vector systems (lentivirus and adeno-associated virus), two human promoters (human synapsin (hSyn) and human thymocyte-1 (hThy-1)) and three excitatory and inhibitory mammalian codon-optimized opsins (channelrhodopsin-2, enhanced Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin and the step-function opsin), which we characterized electrophysiologically, histologically and behaviorally in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We also introduced a new device for measuring in vivo fluorescence over time, allowing minimally invasive assessment of construct expression in the intact brain. We present a set of optogenetic tools designed for optogenetic experiments in the non-human primate brain.},
	Author = {Diester, Ilka and Kaufman, Matthew T and Mogri, Murtaza and Pashaie, Ramin and Goo, Werapong and Yizhar, Ofer and Ramakrishnan, Charu and Deisseroth, Karl and Shenoy, Krishna V},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:38:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;optical physiology;viral gene transfer;Virus;Technique;},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {387-97},
	pmid = {21278729},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An optogenetic toolbox designed for primates},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Diester_NatNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2749}}

@article{Kuczewski:2008,
	Abstract = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major regulator of activity-dependent synapse development and plasticity. Because BDNF is a secreted protein, it has been proposed that BDNF is released from target neurons in an activity-dependent manner. However, direct evidence for postsynaptic release of BDNF triggered by ongoing network activity is still lacking. Here we transfected cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged BDNF and combined whole-cell recording, time-lapse fluorescent imaging, and immunostaining to monitor activity-dependent dendritic release of BDNF. We found that spontaneous backpropagating action potentials, but not synaptic activity alone, led to a Ca2+-dependent dendritic release of BDNF-GFP. Moreover, we provide evidence that endogenous BDNF released from a single neuron can phosphorylate CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) in neighboring neurons, an important step of immediate early gene activation. Therefore, together, our results support the hypothesis that BDNF might act as a target-derived messenger of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and development.},
	Author = {Kuczewski, Nicola and Porcher, Christophe and Ferrand, Nadine and Fiorentino, Herv{\'e} and Pellegrino, Christophe and Kolarow, Richard and Lessmann, Volkmar and Medina, Igor and Gaiarsa, Jean-Luc},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:36:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;21 Circuit structure-function;Spontaneous activity;genes;molecules;BDNF;trophic signal;Competitive Behavior;in vitro;21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;evolutionary dynamics},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Dendrites; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Immediate-Early; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hippocampus; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phosphorylation; Rats; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission; Transcriptional Activation},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {27},
	Pages = {7013-23},
	pmid = {18596175},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Backpropagating action potentials trigger dendritic release of BDNF during spontaneous network activity},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kuczewski_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1673-08.2008}}

@article{Dhande:2011,
	Abstract = {The maturation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the superior colliculus (SC) relies on both molecular and activity-dependent mechanisms. Despite the increasing popularity of the mouse as a mammalian visual system model, little is known in this species about the normal development of individual RGC axon arbors or the role of activity in this process. We used a novel in vivo single RGC labeling technique to quantitatively characterize the elaboration and refinement of RGC axon arbors in the dLGN and SC in wild-type (WT) and β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mutant (β2(-/-)) mice, which have perturbed retinal waves, during the developmental period when eye-specific lamination and retinotopic refinement occurs. Our results suggest that eye-specific segregation and retinotopic refinement in WT mice are not the result of refinement of richly exuberant arbors but rather the elaboration of arbors prepositioned in the proper location combined with the elimination of inappropriately targeted sparse branches. We found that retinocollicular arbors mature ∼1 week earlier than retinogeniculate arbors, although RGC axons reach the dLGN and SC at roughly the same age. We also observed striking differences between contralateral and ipsilateral RGC axon arbors in the SC but not in the LGN. These data suggest a strong influence of target specific cues during arbor maturation. In β2(-/-) mice, we found that retinofugal single axon arbors are well ramified but enlarged, particularly in the SC, indicating that activity-dependent visual map development occurs through the refinement of individual RGC arbors.},
	Author = {Dhande, Onkar S and Hua, Ethan W and Guh, Emily and Yeh, Jonathan and Bhatt, Shivani and Zhang, Yueyi and Ruthazer, Edward S and Feller, Marla B and Crair, Michael C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:33:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;structural remodeling;plasticity;development;Spontaneous activity;optic tectum;retina;Superior Colliculus;mouse;mice;Transgenic;Acetylcholine;Nicotinic;retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3384-99},
	pmid = {21368050},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of Single Retinofugal Axon Arbors in Normal and {beta}2 Knock-Out Mice},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Dhande_JNeurosci2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4899-10.2011}}

@article{Xu:2010,
	Abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests that immune proteins regulate activity-dependent synapse formation in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice with mutations in class I major histocompatibility complex (MHCI) genes have incomplete eye-specific segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projections to the CNS. This effect has been attributed to causes that are nonretinal in origin. We show that a key component of MHCI receptor, CD3zeta, is expressed in RGCs. CD3zeta-deficient mice have reduced RGC dendritic motility, an increase in RGC dendritic density, and a selective defect of glutamate-receptor-mediated synaptic activity in the retina. Disrupted RGC synaptic activity and dendritic motility is associated with a failure of eye-specific segregation of RGC axon projections to the CNS. These results provide direct evidence of an unrecognized requirement for immune proteins in the developmental regulation of RGC synaptic wiring and indicate a possible retinal origin for the disruption of eye-specific segregation found in immune-deficient mice.},
	Author = {Xu, Hong-ping and Chen, Hui and Ding, Qian and Xie, Zheng-Hua and Chen, Ling and Diao, Ling and Wang, Ping and Gan, Lin and Crair, Michael C and Tian, Ning},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:28:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;MHC Class I;genes;retina;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;development;21 Neurophysiology;extracellular;retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antigens, CD3; Cell Movement; Dendrites; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Net; Receptors, Glutamate; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {503-15},
	Pmc = {PMC3037728},
	pmid = {20188655},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The immune protein CD3zeta is required for normal development of neural circuits in the retina},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Xu_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.035}}

@article{Wang:2003b,
	Abstract = {An understanding of the logic of odor perception requires a functional analysis of odor-evoked patterns of activity in neural assemblies in the brain. We have developed a sensitive imaging system in the Drosophila brain that couples two-photon microscopy with the specific expression of the calcium-sensitive fluorescent protein, G-CaMP. At natural odor concentration, each odor elicits a distinct and sparse spatial pattern of activity in the antennal lobe that is conserved in different flies. Patterns of glomerular activity are similar upon imaging of sensory and projection neurons, suggesting the faithful transmission of sensory input to higher brain centers. Finally, we demonstrate that the response pattern of a given glomerulus is a function of the specificity of a single odorant receptor. The development of this imaging system affords an opportunity to monitor activity in defined neurons throughout the fly brain with high sensitivity and excellent spatial resolution.},
	Author = {Wang, Jing W and Wong, Allan M and Flores, Jorge and Vosshall, Leslie B and Axel, Richard},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:15:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-16 17:16:34 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;Multiphoton;microscopy;optical physiology;optical imaging;Drosophila;Olfactory Bulb;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Dendrites; Diagnostic Imaging; Drosophila; Ganglia, Invertebrate; Odors; Olfactory Pathways; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Photons; Smell},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {271-82},
	pmid = {12553914},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging reveals an odor-evoked map of activity in the fly brain},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Wang_Cell2003.pdf}}

@article{Cardin:2009,
	Abstract = {Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation. We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons. Here we show that light-driven activation of fast-spiking interneurons at varied frequencies (8-200 Hz) selectively amplifies gamma oscillations. In contrast, pyramidal neuron activation amplifies only lower frequency oscillations, a cell-type-specific double dissociation. We found that the timing of a sensory input relative to a gamma cycle determined the amplitude and precision of evoked responses. Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.},
	Author = {Cardin, Jessica A and Carl{\'e}n, Marie and Meletis, Konstantinos and Knoblich, Ulf and Zhang, Feng and Deisseroth, Karl and Tsai, Li-Huei and Moore, Christopher I},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:05:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;extracellular;optogenetics;optical physiology;Technique;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity;neocortex;visual system;visual cortex;frontiers review;Mouse;Transgenic;Mice;function;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Electrophysiology; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Interneurons; Mice; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Rhodopsin; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7247},
	Pages = {663-7},
	pmid = {19396156},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses},
	Volume = {459},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Cardin_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08002}}

@article{Cardin:2008,
	Abstract = {Gain modulation is a widespread neuronal phenomenon that modifies response amplitude without changing selectivity. Computational and in vitro studies have proposed cellular mechanisms of gain modulation based on the postsynaptic effects of background synaptic activation, but these mechanisms have not been studied in vivo. Here, we used intracellular recordings from cat primary visual cortex to measure neuronal gain while changing background synaptic activity with visual stimulation. We found that increases in the membrane fluctuations associated with increases in synaptic input do not obligatorily result in gain modulation in vivo. However, visual stimuli that evoked sustained changes in resting membrane potential, input resistance, and membrane fluctuations robustly modulated neuronal gain. The magnitude of gain modulation depended critically on the spatiotemporal properties of the visual stimulus. Gain modulation in vivo may thus be determined on a moment-to-moment basis by sensory context and the consequent dynamics of synaptic activation.},
	Author = {Cardin, Jessica A and Palmer, Larry A and Contreras, Diego},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 17:00:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;extracellular;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity;neocortex;visual system;visual cortex;cat},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Computer Simulation; Contrast Sensitivity; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {150-60},
	Pmc = {PMC2504695},
	pmid = {18614036},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cellular mechanisms underlying stimulus-dependent gain modulation in primary visual cortex neurons in vivo},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Cardin_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.002}}

@article{Cardin:2007,
	Abstract = {Although several lines of evidence suggest that stimulus selectivity in somatosensory and visual cortices is critically dependent on unselective inhibition, particularly in the thalamorecipient layer 4, no comprehensive comparison of the responses of excitatory and inhibitory cells has been conducted. Here, we recorded intracellularly from a large population of regular spiking (RS; presumed excitatory) and fast spiking (FS; presumed inhibitory) cells in layers 2-6 of primary visual cortex. In layer 4, where selectivity for orientation and spatial frequency first emerges, we found no untuned FS cells. Instead, the tuning of the spike output of layer 4 FS cells was significantly but moderately broader than that of RS cells. However, the tuning of the underlying synaptic responses was not different, indicating that the difference in spike-output selectivity resulted from differences in the transformation of synaptic input into firing rate. Layer 4 FS cells exhibited significantly lower input resistance and faster time constants than layer 4 RS cells, leading to larger and faster membrane potential (V(m)) fluctuations. FS cell V(m) fluctuations were more broadly tuned than those of RS cells and matched spike-output tuning, suggesting that the broader spike tuning of these cells was driven by visually evoked synaptic noise. These differences were not observed outside of layer 4. Thus, cell type-specific differences in stimulus feature selectivity at the first level of cortical sensory processing may arise as a result of distinct biophysical properties that determine the dynamics of synaptic integration.},
	Author = {Cardin, Jessica A and Palmer, Larry A and Contreras, Diego},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:57:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;extracellular;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity;neocortex;visual system;visual cortex;cat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Computer Simulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Interneurons; Models, Neurological; Neural Conduction; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {39},
	Pages = {10333-44},
	Pmc = {PMC3025280},
	pmid = {17898205},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stimulus feature selectivity in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cardin_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1692-07.2007}}

@article{Douglass:2008,
	Abstract = {Somatosensory neurons in teleosts and amphibians are sensitive to thermal, mechanical, or nociceptive stimuli [1, 2]. The two main types of such cells in zebrafish--Rohon-Beard and trigeminal neurons--have served as models for neural development [3-6], but little is known about how they encode tactile stimuli. The hindbrain networks that transduce somatosensory stimuli into a motor output encode information by using very few spikes in a small number of cells [7], but it is unclear whether activity in the primary receptor neurons is similarly efficient. To address this question, we manipulated the activity of zebrafish neurons with the light-activated cation channel, Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) [8, 9]. We found that photoactivation of ChR2 in genetically defined populations of somatosensory neurons triggered escape behaviors in 24-hr-old zebrafish. Electrophysiological recordings from ChR2-positive trigeminal neurons in intact fish revealed that these cells have extremely low rates of spontaneous activity and can be induced to fire by brief pulses of blue light. Using this technique, we find that even a single action potential in a single sensory neuron was at times sufficient to evoke an escape behavior. These results establish ChR2 as a powerful tool for the manipulation of neural activity in zebrafish and reveal a degree of efficiency in coding that has not been found in primary sensory neurons.},
	Author = {Douglass, Adam D and Kraves, Sebastian and Deisseroth, Karl and Schier, Alexander F and Engert, Florian},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:45:00 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;optical physiology;optogenetics;function;behavior;Electrophysiology;Zebrafish;Technique;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Escape Reaction; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Ion Channels; Light; Neurons, Afferent; Photic Stimulation; Trigeminal Nerve; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {1133-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2891506},
	pmid = {18682213},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Escape behavior elicited by single, channelrhodopsin-2-evoked spikes in zebrafish somatosensory neurons},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Douglass_CurrBiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.077}}

@article{Adamantidis:2007,
	Abstract = {The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleep-promoting areas such as the anterior hypothalamus, and arousal systems located in the posterior hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and the brainstem. Hypocretin (Hcrt, also known as orexin)-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are important for arousal stability, and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy. However, it is unknown whether electrical activity arising from Hcrt neurons is sufficient to drive awakening from sleep states or is simply correlated with it. Here we directly probed the impact of Hcrt neuron activity on sleep state transitions with in vivo neural photostimulation, genetically targeting channelrhodopsin-2 to Hcrt cells and using an optical fibre to deliver light deep in the brain, directly into the lateral hypothalamus, of freely moving mice. We found that direct, selective, optogenetic photostimulation of Hcrt neurons increased the probability of transition to wakefulness from either slow wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. Notably, photostimulation using 5-30 Hz light pulse trains reduced latency to wakefulness, whereas 1 Hz trains did not. This study establishes a causal relationship between frequency-dependent activity of a genetically defined neural cell type and a specific mammalian behaviour central to clinical conditions and neurobehavioural physiology.},
	Author = {Adamantidis, Antoine R and Zhang, Feng and Aravanis, Alexander M and Deisseroth, Karl and de Lecea, Luis},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:39:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;function;Behavior;optogenetics;optical physiology;Technique;frontiers review;Sleep;activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Hypothalamus; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Neuropeptide; Rhodopsin; Sleep; Sleep, REM; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7168},
	Pages = {420-4},
	pmid = {17943086},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons},
	Volume = {450},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Adamantidis_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06310}}

@article{Huber:2008,
	Abstract = {Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain. To address these issues we introduced the light-gated algal channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) specifically into a small fraction of layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. ChR2 photostimulation in vivo reliably generated stimulus-locked action potentials at frequencies up to 50 Hz. Here we show that naive mice readily learned to detect brief trains of action potentials (five light pulses, 1 ms, 20 Hz). After training, mice could detect a photostimulus firing a single action potential in approximately 300 neurons. Even fewer neurons (approximately 60) were required for longer stimuli (five action potentials, 250 ms). Our results show that perceptual decisions and learning can be driven by extremely brief epochs of cortical activity in a sparse subset of supragranular cortical pyramidal neurons.},
	Author = {Huber, Daniel and Petreanu, Leopoldo and Ghitani, Nima and Ranade, Sachin and Hrom{\'a}dka, Tom{\'a}s and Mainen, Zach and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:34:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optogenetics;activity manipulation;mice;function;Somatosensory Cortex;neocortex;optics;Technique;21 Neurophysiology;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algal Proteins; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Learning; Mice; Movement; Optics and Photonics; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Rhodopsins, Microbial},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {7174},
	Pages = {61-4},
	pmid = {18094685},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice},
	Volume = {451},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Huber_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06445}}

@article{Grinvald:2004,
	Abstract = {During the last few decades, neuroscientists have benefited from the emergence of many powerful functional imaging techniques that cover broad spatial and temporal scales. We can now image single molecules controlling cell differentiation, growth and death; single cells and their neurites processing electrical inputs and sending outputs; neuronal circuits performing neural computations in vitro; and the intact brain. At present, imaging based on voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDI) offers the highest spatial and temporal resolution for imaging neocortical functions in the living brain, and has paved the way for a new era in the functional imaging of cortical dynamics. It has facilitated the exploration of fundamental mechanisms that underlie neocortical development, function and plasticity at the fundamental level of the cortical column.},
	Author = {Grinvald, Amiram and Hildesheim, Rina},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:21:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;optical physiology;optical imaging;Electrophysiology;voltage sensor;calcium sensor;review;technique;21 Cortical oscillations;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiology; Neurology},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {874-85},
	pmid = {15496865},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Grinvald_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1536}}

@article{Homma:2009,
	Abstract = {This chapter presents three examples of imaging brain activity with voltage- or calcium-sensitive dyes. Because experimental measurements are limited by low sensitivity, the chapter then discusses the methodological aspects that are critical for optimal signal-to-noise ratio. Two of the examples use wide-field (1-photon) imaging and the third uses two-photon scanning microscopy. These methods have relatively high temporal resolution ranging from 10 to 10,000 Hz. The three examples are the following: (1) Internally injected voltage-sensitive dye can be used to monitor membrane potential in the dendrites of invertebrate and vertebrate neurons in in vitro preparations. These experiments are directed at understanding how individual neurons convert the complex input synaptic activity into the output spike train. (2) Recently developed methods for staining many individual cells in the mammalian brain with calcium-sensitive dyes together with two-photon microscopy made it possible to follow the spike activity of many neurons simultaneously while in vivo preparations are responding to stimulation. (3) Calcium-sensitive dyes that are internalized into olfactory receptor neurons in the nose will, after several days, be transported to the nerve terminals of these cells in the olfactory bulb glomeruli. There, the population signals can be used as a measure of the input from the nose to the bulb. Three kinds of noise in measuring light intensity are discussed: (1) Shot noise from the random emission of photons from the preparation. (2) Extraneous (technical) noise from external sources. (3) Noise that occurs in the absence of light, the dark noise. In addition, we briefly discuss the light sources, the optics, and the detectors and cameras. The commonly used organic voltage and ion sensitive dyes stain all of the cell types in the preparation indiscriminately. A major effort is underway to find methods for staining individual cell types in the brain selectively. Most of these efforts center around fluorescent protein activity sensors because transgenic methods can be used to express them in individual cell types.},
	Author = {Homma, Ryota and Baker, Bradley J and Jin, Lei and Garaschuk, Olga and Konnerth, Arthur and Cohen, Lawrence B and Bleau, Chun X and Canepari, Marco and Djurisic, Maja and Zecevic, Dejan},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:18:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Methods Mol Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;voltage sensor;Technique;review;microscopy;calcium sensor;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Calcium; Coloring Agents; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Photons},
	Pages = {43-79},
	pmid = {18839087},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Wide-field and two-photon imaging of brain activity with voltage- and calcium-sensitive dyes},
	Volume = {489},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Homma_MethodsMolBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-543-5_3}}

@article{Petreanu:2009,
	Abstract = {Understanding cortical circuits will require mapping the connections between specific populations of neurons, as well as determining the dendritic locations where the synapses occur. The dendrites of individual cortical neurons overlap with numerous types of local and long-range excitatory axons, but axodendritic overlap is not always a good predictor of actual connection strength. Here we developed an efficient channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-assisted method to map the spatial distribution of synaptic inputs, defined by presynaptic ChR2 expression, within the dendritic arborizations of recorded neurons. We expressed ChR2 in two thalamic nuclei, the whisker motor cortex and local excitatory neurons and mapped their synapses with pyramidal neurons in layers 3, 5A and 5B (L3, L5A and L5B) in the mouse barrel cortex. Within the dendritic arborizations of L3 cells, individual inputs impinged onto distinct single domains. These domains were arrayed in an orderly, monotonic pattern along the apical axis: axons from more central origins targeted progressively higher regions of the apical dendrites. In L5 arborizations, different inputs targeted separate basal and apical domains. Input to L3 and L5 dendrites in L1 was related to whisker movement and position, suggesting that these signals have a role in controlling the gain of their target neurons. Our experiments reveal high specificity in the subcellular organization of excitatory circuits.},
	Author = {Petreanu, Leopoldo and Mao, Tianyi and Sternson, Scott M and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:15:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optogenetics;Electrophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;connectivity;Technique;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Mice; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Pyramidal Cells; Rhodopsin; Thalamic Nuclei},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {7233},
	Pages = {1142-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2745650},
	pmid = {19151697},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections},
	Volume = {457},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Petreanu_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07709}}

@article{Petreanu:2007,
	Abstract = {The functions of cortical areas depend on their inputs and outputs, but the detailed circuits made by long-range projections are unknown. We show that the light-gated channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is delivered to axons in pyramidal neurons in vivo. In brain slices from ChR2-expressing mice, photostimulation of ChR2-positive axons can be transduced reliably into single action potentials. Combining photostimulation with whole-cell recordings of synaptic currents makes it possible to map circuits between presynaptic neurons, defined by ChR2 expression, and postsynaptic neurons, defined by targeted patching. We applied this technique, ChR2-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM), to map long-range callosal projections from layer (L) 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex. L2/3 axons connect with neurons in L5, L2/3 and L6, but not L4, in both ipsilateral and contralateral cortex. In both hemispheres the L2/3-to-L5 projection is stronger than the L2/3-to-L2/3 projection. Our results suggest that laminar specificity may be identical for local and long-range cortical projections.},
	Author = {Petreanu, Leopoldo and Huber, Daniel and Sobczyk, Aleksander and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:11:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optogenetics;Electrophysiology;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity;in vitro;Neocortex;Technique;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Functional Laterality; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Pregnancy; Retinaldehyde; Rhodopsin; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {663-8},
	pmid = {17435752},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping of long-range callosal projections},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Petreanu_NatNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1891}}

@article{Haider:2009,
	Abstract = {The highly interconnected local and large-scale networks of the neocortical sheet rapidly and dynamically modulate their functional connectivity according to behavioral demands. This basic operating principle of the neocortex is mediated by the continuously changing flow of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic barrages that not only control participation of neurons in networks but also define the networks themselves. The rapid control of neuronal responsiveness via synaptic bombardment is a fundamental property of cortical dynamics that may provide the basis of diverse behaviors, including sensory perception, motor integration, working memory, and attention.},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 16:09:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations;21 Neurophysiology;review;neocortex;sleep;Technique;Electrophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Synaptic Potentials},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {171-89},
	pmid = {19409263},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rapid neocortical dynamics: cellular and network mechanisms},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Haider_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.008}}

@article{Rospars:1994,
	Abstract = {The spontaneous activity of first-order neurons (neuroreceptors of the mucosa) and second-order neurons (mitral cells of the bulb) was recorded extracellularly in the frog olfactory system. To assess the influence of peripheral inputs upon mitral cells, the bulb was either normally connected or partially deafferented. Our first set of findings concern the firing behavior. We found that most neurons generated interspike intervals (ISIs) that were stationary in mean and variance, and were not serially correlated at first and second order. Individual spikes in mitral cells and bursts of spikes in neuroreceptors were found to be generated by a Poisson process. Stochastic modeling suggests that the Poissonian behavior depends on the mean value of the membrane potential at the axon hillock. In these models, the mean potential in mitral cells would be far below the firing threshold and in neuroreceptors it would fluctuate at random between two states, one close to resting potential (between bursts) and the other close to the firing threshold with occasional crossings (within bursts). Secondly, partially deafferented mitral cells had significantly higher activity and lower variance than mitral cells receiving normal afferent input. This effect gives evidence that peripheral inputs influence mitral cells at rest not only through direct excitation but also through indirect inhibition exerted by local neurons. Thus, the unstimulated state of the olfactory bulb would not be qualitatively different from its stimulated state in the sense that both states involve the same types of synaptic interactions. Consequently, understanding the synaptic relationships that take place in the bulb network can benefit from studies of its spontaneous activity.},
	Author = {Rospars, J P and L{\'a}nsk{\'y}, P and Vaillant, J and Duchamp-Viret, P and Duchamp, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 11:44:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-16 11:47:05 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;frog;Olfactory Bulb;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;extracellular},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells; Electrophysiology; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Mucosa; Olfactory Pathways; Poisson Distribution; Rana ridibunda; Regression Analysis; Smell},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {31-44},
	pmid = {7859089},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity of first- and second-order neurons in the frog olfactory system},
	Volume = {662},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Rospars_BrainRes1994.pdf}}

@article{Chapman:2000,
	Abstract = {In the adult mammal, retinal ganglion cell axon arbors are restricted to eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Blocking neuronal activity early in development prevents this segregation from occurring. To test whether activity is also required to maintain eye-specific segregation, ganglion cell activity was blocked after segregation was established. This caused desegregation, so that both eyes' axons became concentrated in lamina A, normally occupied only by contralateral afferents. These results show that an activity-dependent process is necessary for maintaining eye-specific segregation and suggest that activity-independent cues may favor lamina A as the target for arborization of afferents from both eyes.},
	Author = {Chapman, B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 11:37:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:46:38 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Anatomy;Spontaneous activity;retinal wave paper;visual system;LGN;retina;activity manipulation;Ferrets; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Aminobutyric Acids; Animals; Axons; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5462},
	Pages = {2479-82},
	Pmc = {PMC2637940},
	pmid = {10741966},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Necessity for afferent activity to maintain eye-specific segregation in ferret lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {287},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Chapman_Science2000.pdf}}

@article{Grubb:2003,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity patterns in the developing retina appear important for the functional organization of the visual system. We show here that an absence of early retinal waves in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is associated with both gain and loss of functional organization in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Anatomical studies show normal gross retinotopy in the beta2(-/-) dLGN but suggest reduced topographic precision in the retinogeniculate projection. Physiological recordings reveal normal topography in the dorsoventral visual axis but a lack of fine-scale mapping in the nasotemporal visual plane. In contrast, unlike wild-type mice, on- and off-center cells in the beta2(-/-) dLGN are spatially segregated. The presence of the beta2 subunit of the nAChR in the CNS is therefore important for normal functional organization in the retinogeniculate projection.},
	Author = {Grubb, Matthew S and Rossi, Francesco M and Changeux, Jean Pierre and Thompson, Ian D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-16 11:27:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-29 15:10:59 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;Competitive Behavior;visual system;LGN;retina;Acetylcholine;mice;Transgenic;Nicotinic;21 Neurophysiology;retinal wave paper;in vivo;retinotopy;function;extracellular;activity manipulation; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Geniculate Bodies; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neural Pathways; Protein Subunits; Receptors, Nicotinic; Retina},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1161-72},
	pmid = {14687550},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Abnormal functional organization in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice lacking the beta 2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Grubb_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Hanson:2003,
	Abstract = {In the developing nervous system, patterned spontaneous activity affects a variety of developmental processes. Thus, it is important to identify the earliest time that such activity occurs and to characterize the underlying circuitry. In isolated mouse spinal cord-limb preparations, highly rhythmic spontaneous activity occurred as early as embryonic day 11 (E11)-E12, when many lumbosacral motoneurons were still migrating and extending their peripheral projections. This activity required both electrical and chemical transmission, and acetylcholine, rather than glutamate, provided the main excitatory drive. Our data are consistent with motoneurons themselves playing a critical role in generating such activity by making excitatory connections on each other and on GABAergic interneurons via dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHbetaE)-insensitive nicotinic receptors. This resulted in the generation of local bursts. Consistent with these observations, E12-E12.5 mouse motoneurons retrogradely labeled by HRP were observed to have extensive axon collaterals that projected locally within the lateral motor column and to interneuron-containing regions dorsal and medial of the lateral motor column. Cholinergic axons, presumably from motoneurons, were also observed in the ventral and lateral funiculi. However, for local bursts to propagate throughout the cord, a second DHbetaE-sensitive cholinergic pathway that also involved glycinergic interneurons was required. This circuit characterization should facilitate the use of genetic mutations that alter specific subpopulations of interneurons or cholinergic transmission to determine how modifying different aspects of this early activity affects subsequent development of the spinal motor circuit.},
	Author = {Hanson, M Gartz and Landmesser, Lynn T},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:39:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 22:41:02 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;mouse;Spinal Cord;Synapses;Synaptic Transmission;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;in vitro;Acetylcholine;GABA;Embryo and Fetal Development;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Acetylcholine; Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Gap Junctions; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Hindlimb; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Neurons; Movement; Neural Pathways; Periodicity; Receptors, Nicotinic; Spinal Cord; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {587-600},
	pmid = {12533619},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Characterization of the circuits that generate spontaneous episodes of activity in the early embryonic mouse spinal cord},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Hanson_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Lippe:1994,
	Abstract = {Microelectrode recordings of spontaneous multiple unit activity were made from nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL), second- and third-order nuclei in the chick auditory system, between 14 and 19 d of incubation (E14-E19). Spontaneous firing in E14-E18 embryos occurred in synchronous bursts at periodic intervals. A rhythmic pattern of spontaneous firing was also observed in the auditory nerve but not in nonauditory regions of the brain-stem. The mean interburst interval in NM and NL decreased from 4.9 sec at E14-E15 to 2.1 sec at E18. By E19, 2 d prior to hatching, synchronous bursting was replaced by an unpatterned, steady level of firing comparable to the background discharge that is present in NM and NL of hatchling birds. Bursting was not correlated with heart beat or respiration and was not affected by removal of the middle-ear ossicle. Rhythmic bursting could be reset, blocked, or induced by sound stimulation. Cochlea removal or pharmacological blockade of auditory nerve activity with TTX eliminated bursting. These results indicate that the synchrony and rhythmicity of impulse firing reflect normal physiological activity, most likely of cochlear origin. The present findings show that spontaneous activity in the embryonic avian auditory system, like that in the immature mammalian visual pathway (Maffei and Galli-Resta, 1990; Meister et al., 1991), occurs in a synchronously rhythmic pattern. This similarity raises the possibility that such activity may be a general feature of early sensory system development. Patterned spontaneous firing in the chick takes place during a period of embryogenesis when auditory thresholds are high and when it is unlikely that physiological function in ovo is influenced significantly by normally occurring levels of airborne sound. Brainstem auditory neurons undergo substantial changes in structure and innervation during this same period. It is speculated that the temporal pattern of spontaneous discharge may provide cues that contribute to these developmental events.},
	Author = {Lippe, W R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:20:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 22:21:33 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;Auditory Pathways;Cochlear Nerve;Chick Embryo},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways; Chick Embryo; Cochlea; Nerve Block; Neurons; Periodicity; Tetrodotoxin; Vestibulocochlear Nerve},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3 Pt 2},
	Pages = {1486-95},
	pmid = {8126550},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Rhythmic spontaneous activity in the developing avian auditory system},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Lippe_JNeurosci1994.pdf}}

@article{Jones:2007a,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neural activity has been recorded in the auditory nerve of cats as early as 2 days postnatal (P2), yet individual auditory neurons do not respond to ambient sound levels <90-100 dB SPL until about P10. Significant refinement of the central projections from the spiral ganglion to the cochlear nucleus occurs during this neonatal period. This refinement may be dependent on peripheral spontaneous discharge activity. We recorded from single spiral ganglion cells in kittens aged P3-P9. The spiral ganglion was accessed through the round window through the spiral lamina. A total of 112 ganglion cells were isolated for study in nine animals. Spike rates in neonates were very low, ranging from 0.06 to 56 spikes/s, with a mean of 3.09 +/- 8.24 spikes/s. Ganglion cells in neonatal kittens exhibited remarkable repetitive spontaneous bursting discharge patterns. The unusual patterns were evident in the large mean interval CV (CV(i) = 2.9 +/- 1.6) and burst index of 5.2 +/- 3.5 across ganglion cells. Spontaneous bursting patterns in these neonatal mammals were similar to those reported for cochlear ganglion cells of the embryonic chicken, suggesting this may be a general phenomenon that is common across animal classes. Rhythmic spontaneous discharge of retinal ganglion cells has been shown to be important in the development of central retinotopic projections and normal binocular vision. Bursting rhythms in cochlear ganglion cells may play a similar role in the auditory system during prehearing periods.},
	Author = {Jones, Timothy A and Leake, Patricia A and Snyder, Russell L and Stakhovskaya, Olga and Bonham, Ben},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:17:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;extracellular;kitten;cat;Cochlear Nerve;Auditory Pathways;Auditory Cortex/physiology;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cats; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Hearing; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Poisson Distribution; Spiral Ganglion; Terminology as Topic},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1898-908},
	Pmc = {PMC2234389},
	pmid = {17686914},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous discharge patterns in cochlear spiral ganglion cells before the onset of hearing in cats},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00472.2007}}

@article{Jones:2001,
	Abstract = {This study examined the nature of spontaneous discharge patterns in cochlear ganglion cells in embryonic day 13 (E13) to early E17 chicken embryos (stages 39-43). Neural recordings were made with glass micropipettes. No sound-driven activity was seen for the youngest embryos (maximum intensity 107 dB sound pressure level). Ganglion cells were labeled with biotinylated dextran amine in four embryos. In two animals, primary afferents projected to hair cells in the middle region along the length of the basilar papilla in which, in one cell, the terminals occupied a neural transverse position and, in the other, a more abneural location. Statoacoustic ganglion cells showing no spontaneous activity were seen for the first time in the chicken. The proportion of "silent" cells was largest at the youngest stages (stage 39, 67\%). In active cells, mean spontaneous discharge rates [9.4 +/- 10.4 spikes (Sp)/sec; n = 44] were lower than rates for older embryos (19 +/- 17 Sp/sec) (Jones and Jones, 2000). Embryos at stages 39-41 evidenced even lower rates (4.2 +/- 5.0 Sp/sec). The most salient feature of spontaneous activity for stages 39-43 was a bursting discharge pattern in >75\% of active neurons (33 of 44). Moreover, in 55\% of these cells, there was a clear, slow, rhythmic bursting pattern. The proportion of cells showing rhythmic bursting was greatest at the youngest stages (39-42) and decreased to <30\% at stage 43. Rate of bursting ranged from 1 to 54 bursts per minute. The presence of rhythmic bursting in cochlear ganglion cells at E13-E17 provides an explanation for the existence of such patterns in central auditory relays. The bursting patterns may serve as a patterning signal for central synaptic refinements in the auditory system during development.},
	Author = {Jones, T A and Jones, S M and Paggett, K C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:15:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-17 15:20:59 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;Auditory Pathways;Cochlear Nerve;Embryo and Fetal Development;Chick Embryo},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Biotin; Cell Count; Chick Embryo; Dextrans; Electric Stimulation; Hair Cells, Auditory; Heart Rate; Neurons; Reaction Time; Spiral Ganglion},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Pages = {8129-35},
	pmid = {11588185},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Primordial rhythmic bursting in embryonic cochlear ganglion cells},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Jones_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Gummer:1994,
	Abstract = {Is patterned neural activity in immature, prefunctioning sensory systems a general phenomenon? Such patterning has been found in the prenatal visual and somatosensory systems. We have now identified patterning in the immature auditory system of a prehearing mammal, the tammar wallaby. Neurones recorded in vivo from the eighth nerve and cochlear nucleus at pouch days 94-122 discharged in bursts with rhythmic inter-spike intervals. Our findings are applied to the argument that neural activity is vital to sensory development.},
	Author = {Gummer, A W and Mark, R F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:13:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 22:13:42 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;Auditory Pathways;development},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Stem; Cochlear Nucleus; Electrodes, Implanted; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Hearing; Macropodidae; Neurons; Neurons, Afferent; Vestibulocochlear Nerve},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {685-8},
	pmid = {8199338},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Patterned neural activity in brain stem auditory areas of a prehearing mammal, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Gummer_Neuroreport1994.pdf}}

@article{Tritsch:2007,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system is required for neuronal survival as well as the refinement and maintenance of tonotopic maps in the brain. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating auditory nerve firing in the absence of sound have not been determined. Here we show that supporting cells in the developing rat cochlea spontaneously release ATP, which causes nearby inner hair cells to depolarize and release glutamate, triggering discrete bursts of action potentials in primary auditory neurons. This endogenous, ATP-mediated signalling synchronizes the output of neighbouring inner hair cells, which may help refine tonotopic maps in the brain. Spontaneous ATP-dependent signalling rapidly subsides after the onset of hearing, thereby preventing this experience-independent activity from interfering with accurate encoding of sound. These data indicate that supporting cells in the organ of Corti initiate electrical activity in auditory nerves before hearing, pointing to an essential role for peripheral, non-sensory cells in the development of central auditory pathways.},
	Author = {Tritsch, Nicolas X and Yi, Eunyoung and Gale, Jonathan E and Glowatzki, Elisabeth and Bergles, Dwight E},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:10:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;structural remodeling;development;Synaptic Transmission;synapse formation;refinement;Auditory Pathways;tonotopy;21 Neurophysiology;frontiers review;retinal wave paper;Technique;optical physiology;optical imaging;intrinsic signal;in vitro;rat},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Auditory Pathways; Auditory Perception; Calcium; Cell Shape; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7166},
	Pages = {50-5},
	pmid = {17972875},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The origin of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system},
	Volume = {450},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Tritsch_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06233}}

@article{Watt:2009,
	Abstract = {Correlated network activity is important in the development of many neural circuits. Purkinje cells are among the first neurons to populate the cerebellar cortex, where they sprout exuberant axon collaterals. We used multiple patch-clamp recordings targeted with two-photon microscopy to characterize monosynaptic connections between the Purkinje cells of juvenile mice. We found that Purkinje cell axon collaterals projected asymmetrically in the sagittal plane, directed away from the lobule apex. On the basis of our anatomical and physiological characterization of this connection, we constructed a network model that robustly generated waves of activity that traveled along chains of connected Purkinje cells. Consistent with the model, we observed traveling waves of activity in Purkinje cells in sagittal slices from young mice that require GABA(A) receptor-mediated transmission and intact Purkinje cell axon collaterals. These traveling waves are absent in adult mice, suggesting they have a developmental role in wiring the cerebellar cortical microcircuit.},
	Author = {Watt, Alanna J and Cuntz, Hermann and Mori, Masahiro and Nusser, Zoltan and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, P Jesper and H{\"a}usser, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 22:03:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;calcium imaging;optical physiology;optical imaging;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Technique;Cerebellar Cortex;in vitro;Multiphoton;microscopy;retinal wave paper;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Biophysics; Cerebellar Cortex; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; GABA Antagonists; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Lysine; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Networks (Computer); Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells; Pyridazines; Synapses; Synaptic Potentials; tau Proteins},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {463-73},
	Pmc = {PMC2912499},
	pmid = {19287389},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Traveling waves in developing cerebellar cortex mediated by asymmetrical Purkinje cell connectivity},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2285}}

@article{Rockhill:2009,
	Abstract = {Central nervous system (CNS) development depends upon spontaneous activity (SA) to establish networks. We have discovered that the mouse midbrain has SA expressed most robustly at embryonic day (E) 12.5. SA propagation in the midbrain originates in midline serotonergic cell bodies contained within the adjacent hindbrain and then passes through the isthmus along ventral midline serotonergic axons. Once within the midbrain, the wave bifurcates laterally along the isthmic border and then propagates rostrally. Along this trajectory, it is carried by a combination of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons. Removing the hindbrain eliminates SA in the midbrain. Thus, SA in the embryonic midbrain arises from a single identified pacemaker in a separate brain structure, which drives SA waves across both regions of the developing CNS. The midbrain can self-initiate activity upon removal of the hindbrain, but only with pharmacological manipulations that increase excitability. Under these conditions, new initiation foci within the midbrain become active. Anatomical analysis of the development of the serotonergic axons that carry SA from the hindbrain to the midbrain indicates that their increasing elongation during development may control the onset of SA in the midbrain.},
	Author = {Rockhill, Wendy and Kirkman, Jennifer L and Bosma, Martha M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 21:58:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Keywords = {midbrain;hindbrain;Spontaneous activity;development;mouse;Embryonic and Fetal Development;calcium imaging;21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;in vitro;optical physiology;optical imaging},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Bicuculline; Calcium; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Embryo, Mammalian; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon; Mice; Nerve Net; Neurons; Picrotoxin; Rhombencephalon; Serotonin; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {689-704},
	pmid = {19449313},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity in the developing mouse midbrain driven by an external pacemaker},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rockhill_DevNeurobiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20725}}

@article{Blankenship:2010,
	Abstract = {Patterned, spontaneous activity occurs in many developing neural circuits, including the retina, the cochlea, the spinal cord, the cerebellum and the hippocampus, where it provides signals that are important for the development of neurons and their connections. Despite there being differences in adult architecture and output across these various circuits, the patterns of spontaneous network activity and the mechanisms that generate it are remarkably similar. The mechanisms can include a depolarizing action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), transient synaptic connections, extrasynaptic transmission, gap junction coupling and the presence of pacemaker-like neurons. Interestingly, spontaneous activity is robust; if one element of a circuit is disrupted another will generate similar activity. This research suggests that developing neural circuits exhibit transient and tunable features that maintain a source of correlated activity during crucial stages of development.},
	Author = {Blankenship, Aaron G and Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 21:22:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;review;21 Activity-development;structural remodeling;experience dependent plasticity;visual system;retinal wave paper;frontiers review;circuitry;network;evolutionary dynamics;connectivity;development; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Models, Biological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Signal Transduction; Synapses; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {18-29},
	Pmc = {PMC2902252},
	pmid = {19953103},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Blankenship_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2759}}

@article{Hooks:2008,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian visual system, sensory experience is widely thought to sculpt cortical circuits during a precise critical period. In contrast, subcortical regions, such as the thalamus, were thought to develop at earlier ages in a vision-independent manner. Recent studies at the retinogeniculate synapse, however, have demonstrated an influence of vision on the formation of synaptic circuits in the thalamus. In mice, dark rearing from birth does not alter normal developmental maturation of the connection between retina and thalamus. However, deprivation 20 d after birth [postnatal day 20 (p20)] resulted in dramatic weakening of synaptic strength and an increase in the number of retinal inputs that innervate a thalamic relay neuron. Here, by quantifying changes in synaptic strength and connectivity in response to different time windows of deprivation, we find that several days of vision after eye opening is necessary for triggering experience-dependent plasticity. Shorter periods of visual experience do not permit similar experience-dependent synaptic reorganization. Furthermore, changes in connectivity are rapidly reversible simply by restoring normal vision. However, similar plasticity did not occur when shifting the onset of deprivation to p25. Although synapses still weakened, recruitment of additional retinal inputs no longer occurred. Therefore, synaptic circuits in the visual thalamus are unexpectedly malleable during a late developmental period, after the time when normal synapse elimination and pruning has occurred. This thalamic sensitive period overlaps temporally with experience-dependent changes in the cortex, suggesting that subcortical plasticity may influence cortical responses to sensory experience.},
	Author = {Hooks, Bryan M and Chen, Chinfei},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 21:16:08 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Sensory Deprivation;visual system;LGN;retina;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity;21 Neurophysiology;activity manipulation;development;Synaptic Transmission;Synapses;refinement;synapse formation},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Critical Period (Psychology); Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Synapses; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {4807-17},
	Pmc = {PMC2793334},
	pmid = {18448657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Vision triggers an experience-dependent sensitive period at the retinogeniculate synapse},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Hooks_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4667-07.2008}}

@article{Hooks:2006,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience and spontaneous activity play important roles in development of sensory circuits; however, their relative contributions are unclear. Here, we test the role of different forms of activity on remodeling of the mouse retinogeniculate synapse. We found that the bulk of maturation occurs without patterned sensory activity over 4 days spanning eye opening. During this early developmental period, blockade of spontaneous retinal activity by tetrodotoxin, but not visual deprivation, retarded synaptic strengthening and inhibited pruning of excess retinal afferents. Later in development, synaptic remodeling becomes sensitive to changes in visually evoked activity, but only if there has been previous visual experience. Synaptic strengthening and pruning were disrupted by visual deprivation following 1 week of vision, but not by chronic deprivation from birth. Thus, spontaneous activity is necessary to drive the bulk of synaptic refinement around the time of eye opening, while sensory experience is important for the subsequent maintenance of connections.},
	Author = {Hooks, Bryan M and Chen, Chinfei},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 19:02:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-27 20:40:02 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;structural remodeling;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity;Sensory Deprivation;Spontaneous activity;axons;refinement;mouse;visual system;LGN;retina;activity manipulation;frontiers review; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Darkness; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Sensory Deprivation; Sodium Channel Blockers; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {281-91},
	pmid = {17046691},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Distinct roles for spontaneous and visual activity in remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Hooks_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hooks_Neuron2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.007}}

@article{Leamey:2009,
	Abstract = {A defining feature of the mammalian nervous system is its complex yet precise circuitry. The mechanisms which underlie the generation of neural connectivity are the topic of intense study in developmental neuroscience. The mammalian visual pathway demonstrates precise retinotopic organization in subcortical and cortical pathways, together with the alignment and matching of eye-specific projections, and sophisticated cortical circuitry that enables the extraction of features underlying vision. New approaches employing molecular-genetic analyses, transgenic mice, novel recombinant probes, and high-resolution imaging are contributing to rapid progress and a new synthesis in the field. These approaches are revealing the ways in which intrinsic patterning mechanisms act in concert with experience-dependent mechanisms to shape visual projections and circuits.},
	Author = {Leamey, Catherine A and Van Wart, Audra and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 12:27:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;visual system;development;visual cortex;Competitive Behavior;structural remodeling;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity;axons;LGN;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;Retina;Transgenic;mouse;Technique;review;frontiers review; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina; Thalamus; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {181-7},
	pmid = {19502049},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Intrinsic patterning and experience-dependent mechanisms that generate eye-specific projections and binocular circuits in the visual pathway},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Leamey_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.006}}

@article{LeVay:1980,
	Author = {LeVay, S and Wiesel, T N and Hubel, D H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 12:04:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;structural remodeling;Visual Cortex;visual system;development;monkey;LGN;frontiers review;Classical/physiology;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Dominance, Cerebral; Geniculate Bodies; Haplorhini; Macaca; Neurons; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-51},
	pmid = {6772696},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of ocular dominance columns in normal and visually deprived monkeys},
	Volume = {191},
	Year = {1980},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901910102}}

@article{Hubel:1977,
	Author = {Hubel, D H and Wiesel, T N and LeVay, S},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 12:01:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 12:02:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;structural remodeling;Visual Cortex;visual system;development;monkey;LGN;frontiers review;Classical/physiology;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Electrophysiology; Geniculate Bodies; Haplorhini; Macaca; Nerve Degeneration; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {961},
	Pages = {377-409},
	pmid = {19791},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex},
	Volume = {278},
	Year = {1977},
	url = {papers/Hubel_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}}

@article{Redfern:1970,
	Abstract = {1. End-plate potentials (e.p.p.s) were recorded intracellularly from the isolated phrenic/diaphragm preparation of the rat during the first few weeks of life.2. Most e.p.p.s at birth were complex and resulted from the summation of two to four units, which could be separated by their different latencies and thresholds to stimulation of the phrenic nerve.3. The e.p.p.s became simpler during the second week of the rats' life, and by 16-18 days old the e.p.p.s consisted of single units, and resembled the e.p.p.s of adult rat muscle.4. It is proposed that the units of the e.p.p. resulted from the stimulation of separate nerve axons and that all but one of the synapses on each muscle fibre were lost during the second week of life.},
	Author = {Redfern, P A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 11:52:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 11:56:24 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spinal Cord;Neuromuscular Junction;Competitive Behavior;structural remodeling;plasticity;Spontaneous activity;21 Neurophysiology;development;rat;evolutionary dynamics;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Diaphragm},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {701-9},
	Pmc = {PMC1395553},
	pmid = {5499804},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuromuscular transmission in new-born rats},
	Volume = {209},
	Year = {1970},
	url = {papers/Redfern_JPhysiol1970.pdf}}

@article{Walsh:2003,
	Abstract = {During development, competition between axons causes permanent removal of synaptic connections, but the dynamics have not been directly observed. Using transgenic mice that express two spectral variants of fluorescent proteins in motor axons, we imaged competing axons at developing neuromuscular junctions in vivo. Typically, one axon withdrew progressively from postsynaptic sites and the competing axon extended axonal processes to occupy those sites. In rare instances when the remaining axon did not reoccupy a site, the postsynaptic receptors rapidly disappeared. Interestingly, the progress and outcome of competition was unpredictable. Moreover, the relative areas occupied by the competitors shifted in favor of one axon and then the other. These results show synaptic competition is not always monotonic and that one axon's contraction in synaptic area is associated with another axon's expansion.},
	Author = {Walsh, Mark K and Lichtman, Jeff W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 11:48:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 11:50:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;Competitive Behavior;Synaptic Transmission;synapse formation;development;Neuromuscular Junction;Spinal Cord;structural remodeling;Axons;frontiers review;in vivo;Technique;Imaging;Microscopy},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Growth Cones; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Video; Motor Neurons; Muscle, Skeletal; Nervous System; Neuromuscular Junction; Neuronal Plasticity; Reaction Time; Receptors, Cholinergic},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {67-73},
	pmid = {12526773},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo time-lapse imaging of synaptic takeover associated with naturally occurring synapse elimination},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Walsh_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Sanes:1999,
	Abstract = {We describe the formation, maturation, elimination, maintenance, and regeneration of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the best studied of all synapses. The NMJ forms in a series of steps that involve the exchange of signals among its three cellular components--nerve terminal, muscle fiber, and Schwann cell. Although essentially any motor axon can form NMJs with any muscle fiber, an additional set of cues biases synapse formation in favor of appropriate partners. The NMJ is functional at birth but undergoes numerous alterations postnatally. One step in maturation is the elimination of excess inputs, a competitive process in which the muscle is an intermediary. Once elimination is complete, the NMJ is maintained stably in a dynamic equilibrium that can be perturbed to initiate remodeling. NMJs regenerate following damage to nerve or muscle, but this process differs in fundamental ways from embryonic synaptogenesis. Finally, we consider the extent to which the NMJ is a suitable model for development of neuron-neuron synapses.},
	Author = {Sanes, J R and Lichtman, J W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 11:45:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;review;Spinal Cord;Neuromuscular Junction;Competitive Behavior;synapse formation;Synaptic Transmission;structural remodeling;connectivity;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Glycoproteins; Nerve Regeneration; Neuregulins; Neuromuscular Junction; Presynaptic Terminals; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Transcription, Genetic; Vertebrates},
	Pages = {389-442},
	pmid = {10202544},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Sanes_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.389}}

@article{Verhage:2000,
	Abstract = {Brain function requires precisely orchestrated connectivity between neurons. Establishment of these connections is believed to require signals secreted from outgrowing axons, followed by synapse formation between selected neurons. Deletion of a single protein, Munc18-1, in mice leads to a complete loss of neurotransmitter secretion from synaptic vesicles throughout development. However, this does not prevent normal brain assembly, including formation of layered structures, fiber pathways, and morphologically defined synapses. After assembly is completed, neurons undergo apoptosis, leading to widespread neurodegeneration. Thus, synaptic connectivity does not depend on neurotransmitter secretion, but its maintenance does. Neurotransmitter secretion probably functions to validate already established synaptic connections.},
	Author = {Verhage, M and Maia, A S and Plomp, J J and Brussaard, A B and Heeroma, J H and Vermeer, H and Toonen, R F and Hammer, R E and van den Berg, T K and Missler, M and Geuze, H J and S{\"u}dhof, T C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 11:12:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 22:07:47 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;21 Neurophysiology;mouse;Transgenic;activity manipulation;Cerebral Cortex;Hippocampus;Spontaneous activity;Synapses;synapse formation;Synaptic Transmission;frontiers review;Technique; Structure-Activity Relationship; Classical},
	Mesh = {Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Gene Deletion; Growth Cones; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Munc18 Proteins; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5454},
	Pages = {864-9},
	pmid = {10657302},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic assembly of the brain in the absence of neurotransmitter secretion},
	Volume = {287},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Verhage_Science2000.pdf}}

@article{Varoqueaux:2002,
	Abstract = {Synaptic vesicles must be primed to fusion competence before they can fuse with the plasma membrane in response to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels. The presynaptic active zone protein Munc13-1 is essential for priming of glutamatergic synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons. However, a small subpopulation of synapses in any given glutamatergic nerve cell as well as all gamma-aminobutyratergic (GABAergic) synapses are largely independent of Munc13-1. We show here that Munc13-2, the only Munc13 isoform coexpressed with Munc13-1 in hippocampus, is responsible for vesicle priming in Munc13-1 independent hippocampal synapses. Neurons lacking both Munc13-1 and Munc13-2 show neither evoked nor spontaneous release events, yet form normal numbers of synapses with typical ultrastructural features. Thus, the two Munc13 isoforms are completely redundant in GABAergic cells whereas glutamatergic neurons form two types of synapses, one of which is solely Munc13-1 dependent and lacks Munc13-2 whereas the other type employs Munc13-2 as priming factor. We conclude that Munc13-mediated vesicle priming is not a transmitter specific phenomenon but rather a general and essential feature of multiple fast neurotransmitter systems, and that synaptogenesis during development is not dependent on synaptic secretory activity.},
	Author = {Varoqueaux, Frederique and Sigler, Albrecht and Rhee, Jeong-Seop and Brose, Nils and Enk, Carsten and Reim, Kerstin and Rosenmund, Christian},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-13 11:07:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;21 Neurophysiology;mouse;Transgenic;activity manipulation;Cerebral Cortex;Hippocampus;Spontaneous activity;Synapses;synapse formation;Synaptic Transmission;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blotting, Western; Endocytosis; Hippocampus; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Sequence Data; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {9037-42},
	Pmc = {PMC124419},
	pmid = {12070347},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Total arrest of spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission but normal synaptogenesis in the absence of Munc13-mediated vesicle priming},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Varoqueaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122623799}}

@article{Diez-Garcia:2007,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicator proteins provide the potential to monitor activity from genetically specified target cells without a need for single cell resolution. Here we report the use of transgenic mice expressing the fluorescent calcium indicator protein GCaMP2 in cerebellar granule cells to image parallel fiber activity transcranially in vivo. We demonstrated reliable measurements of calcium transients from beams of parallel fibers in response to electrical stimulation in the molecular layer through the intact skull. These parallel fiber calcium transients differed from intrinsic postsynaptic autofluorescence signals in their faster kinetics and resistance to blockers of synaptic transmission. Finally, we used 2P laser-scanning microscopy to demonstrate reliable measurements of calcium transients from beams of parallel fibers at high spatial resolution in living mice. We expect that genetically targeted fluorescent calcium indicator proteins along with optical imaging techniques will be instrumental for the construction of macroscopic and microscopic maps of the function of specific brain circuits.},
	Author = {D{\'\i}ez-Garc{\'\i}a, Javier and Akemann, Walther and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-12 09:42:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;Technique;frontiers review;function;Cerebellar Cortex;Transgenic;mouse;21 Neurophysiology;Imaging;in vivo;microscopy;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cerebellum; Gene Targeting; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neurons; Shaw Potassium Channels},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {859-69},
	pmid = {17161628},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo calcium imaging from genetically specified target cells in mouse cerebellum},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Díez-García_Neuroimage2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.021}}

@article{Fletcher:2009,
	Abstract = {Olfactory glomeruli are the loci where the first odor-representation map emerges. The glomerular layer comprises exquisite local synaptic circuits for the processing of olfactory coding patterns immediately after their emergence. To understand how an odor map is transferred from afferent terminals to postsynaptic dendrites, it is essential to directly monitor the odor-evoked glomerular postsynaptic activity patterns. Here we report the use of a transgenic mouse expressing a Ca(2+)-sensitive green fluorescence protein (GCaMP2) under a Kv3.1 potassium-channel promoter. Immunostaining revealed that GCaMP2 was specifically expressed in mitral and tufted cells and a subpopulation of juxtaglomerular cells but not in olfactory nerve terminals. Both in vitro and in vivo imaging combined with glutamate receptor pharmacology confirmed that odor maps reported by GCaMP2 were of a postsynaptic origin. These mice thus provided an unprecedented opportunity to analyze the spatial activity pattern reflecting purely postsynaptic olfactory codes. The odor-evoked GCaMP2 signal had both focal and diffuse spatial components. The focalized hot spots corresponded to individually activated glomeruli. In GCaMP2-reported postsynaptic odor maps, different odorants activated distinct but overlapping sets of glomeruli. Increasing odor concentration increased both individual glomerular response amplitude and the total number of activated glomeruli. Furthermore, the GCaMP2 response displayed a fast time course that enabled us to analyze the temporal dynamics of odor maps over consecutive sniff cycles. In summary, with cell-specific targeting of a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator, we have successfully isolated and characterized an intermediate level of odor representation between olfactory nerve input and principal mitral/tufted cell output.},
	Author = {Fletcher, Max L and Masurkar, Arjun V and Xing, Junling and Imamura, Fumiaki and Xiong, Wenhui and Nagayama, Shin and Mutoh, Hiroki and Greer, Charles A and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and Chen, Wei R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-12 09:33:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;Technique;frontiers review;function;Olfactory Bulb;Transgenic;mouse;21 Neurophysiology;Imaging;in vivo;microscopy},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Calcium; Dendrites; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Kinetics; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Nerve; Olfactory Perception; Physical Stimulation; Respiration; Synapses},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {817-30},
	Pmc = {PMC2724327},
	pmid = {19474178},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging of postsynaptic odor representation in the glomerular layer of the mouse olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Fletcher_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00020.2009}}

@article{OConnor:2010,
	Abstract = {Classical studies have related the spiking of selected neocortical neurons to behavior, but little is known about activity sampled from the entire neural population. We recorded from neurons selected independent of spiking, using cell-attached recordings and two-photon calcium imaging, in the barrel cortex of mice performing an object localization task. Spike rates varied across neurons, from silence to >60 Hz. Responses were diverse, with some neurons showing large increases in spike rate when whiskers contacted the object. Nearly half the neurons discriminated object location; a small fraction of neurons discriminated perfectly. More active neurons were more discriminative. Layer (L) 4 and L5 contained the highest fractions of discriminating neurons (∼63\% and 79\%, respectively), but a few L2/3 neurons were also highly discriminating. Approximately 13,000 spikes per activated barrel column were available to mice for decision making. Coding of object location in the barrel cortex is therefore highly redundant.},
	Author = {O'Connor, Daniel H and Peron, Simon P and Huber, Daniel and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-11 16:20:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;Imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;Somatosensory Cortex;Neocortex;Multiphoton;microscopy;in vivo;Behavior},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological; Neurons; Physical Stimulation; ROC Curve; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1048-61},
	pmid = {20869600},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural activity in barrel cortex underlying vibrissa-based object localization in mice},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/O'Connor_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.026}}

@article{Nagai:2004,
	Abstract = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology has been used to develop genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for various cellular functions. Although most indicators have cyan- and yellow-emitting fluorescent proteins (CFP and YFP) as FRET donor and acceptor, their poor dynamic range often prevents detection of subtle but significant signals. Here, we optimized the relative orientation of the two chromophores in the Ca(2+) indicator, yellow cameleon (YC), by fusing YFP at different angles. We generated circularly permuted YFPs (cpYFPs) that showed efficient maturation and acid stability. One of the cpYFPs incorporated in YC absorbs a great amount of excited energy from CFP in its Ca(2+)-saturated form, thereby increasing the Ca(2+)-dependent change in the ratio of YFP/CFP by nearly 600\%. Both in cultured cells and in the nervous system of transgenic mice, the new YC enables visualization of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics with better spatial and temporal resolution than before. Our study provides an important guide for the development and improvement of indicators using GFP-based FRET.},
	Author = {Nagai, Takeharu and Yamada, Shuichi and Tominaga, Takashi and Ichikawa, Michinori and Miyawaki, Atsushi},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-11 15:20:41 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;optical physiology;frontiers review;imaging;Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Calcium; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Fluorescent Dyes; Hela Cells; Humans; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Protein Conformation},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {10554-9},
	Pmc = {PMC490022},
	pmid = {15247428},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Expanded dynamic range of fluorescent indicators for Ca(2+) by circularly permuted yellow fluorescent proteins},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Nagai_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400417101}}

@article{Kuchibhotla:2008,
	Abstract = {Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the deposition of senile plaques and progressive dementia. The molecular mechanisms that couple plaque deposition to neural system failure, however, are unknown. Using transgenic mouse models of AD together with multiphoton imaging, we measured neuronal calcium in individual neurites and spines in vivo using the genetically encoded calcium indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.6. Quantitative imaging revealed elevated [Ca(2+)]i (calcium overload) in approximately 20\% of neurites in APP mice with cortical plaques, compared to less than 5\% in wild-type mice, PS1 mutant mice, or young APP mice (animals without cortical plaques). Calcium overload depended on the existence and proximity to plaques. The downstream consequences included the loss of spinodendritic calcium compartmentalization (critical for synaptic integration) and a distortion of neuritic morphologies mediated, in part, by the phosphatase calcineurin. Together, these data demonstrate that senile plaques impair neuritic calcium homeostasis in vivo and result in the structural and functional disruption of neuronal networks.},
	Author = {Kuchibhotla, Kishore V and Goldman, Samuel T and Lattarulo, Carli R and Wu, Hai-Yan and Hyman, Bradley T and Bacskai, Brian J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-11 15:02:31 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;imaging;Neurophysiology;Calcium;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;glia;Astrocytes;neocortex;Technique;neurological disorder;Alzheimer Disease;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Brain; CHO Cells; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Homeostasis; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Neurons; Plaque, Amyloid},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {214-25},
	Pmc = {PMC2578820},
	pmid = {18667150},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Abeta plaques lead to aberrant regulation of calcium homeostasis in vivo resulting in structural and functional disruption of neuronal networks},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.008}}

@article{Barth:2004,
	Abstract = {Identifying the cells and circuits that underlie perception, behavior, and learning is a central goal of contemporary neuroscience. Although techniques such as lesion analysis, functional magnetic resonance imaging, 2-deoxyglucose studies, and induction of gene expression have been helpful in determining the brain areas responsible for particular functions, these methods are technically limited. Currently, there is no method that allows for the identification and electrophysiological characterization of individual neurons that are associated with a particular function in living tissue. We developed a strain of transgenic mice in which the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is controlled by the promoter of the activity-dependent gene c-fos. These mice enable an in vivo or ex vivo characterization of the cells and synapses that are activated by particular pharmacological and behavioral manipulations. Cortical and subcortical fosGFP expression could be induced in a regionally restricted manner after specific activation of neuronal ensembles. Using the fosGFP mice to identify discrete cortical areas, we found that neurons in sensory-spared areas rapidly regulate action potential threshold and spike frequency to decrease excitability. This method will enhance our ability to study the way neuronal networks are activated and changed by both experience and pharmacological manipulations. In addition, because activated neurons can be functionally characterized, this tool may enable the development of better pharmaceuticals that directly affect the neurons involved in disease states.},
	Author = {Barth, Alison L and Gerkin, Richard C and Dean, Kathleen L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 23:28:44 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Technique;Immediate-Early;genes;Imaging;microscopy;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Brain; Clozapine; Dehydration; Genes, fos; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; Kinetics; Luminescent Agents; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {6466-75},
	pmid = {15269256},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Alteration of neuronal firing properties after in vivo experience in a FosGFP transgenic mouse},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Barth_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4737-03.2004}}

@article{Schroder-Lang:2007,
	Abstract = {The flagellate Euglena gracilis contains a photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC), consisting of the flavoproteins PACalpha and PACbeta. Here we report functional expression of PACs in Xenopus laevis oocytes, HEK293 cells and in Drosophila melanogaster, where neuronal expression yields light-induced changes in behavior. The activity of PACs is strongly and reversibly enhanced by blue light, providing a powerful tool for light-induced manipulation of cAMP in animal cells.},
	Author = {Schr{\"o}der-Lang, Saskia and Schw{\"a}rzel, Martin and Seifert, Reinhard and Str{\"u}nker, Timo and Kateriya, Suneel and Looser, Jens and Watanabe, Masakatsu and Kaupp, U Benjamin and Hegemann, Peter and Nagel, Georg},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 23:13:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {Technique;activity manipulation;Cyclic AMP;21 Activity-development;Photic Stimulation;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Adenylate Cyclase; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Cell Line; Cyclic AMP; Drosophila melanogaster; Enzyme Activation; Euglena gracilis; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Light; Time Factors; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39-42},
	pmid = {17128267},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fast manipulation of cellular cAMP level by light in vivo},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Schröder-Lang_NatMethods2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth975}}

@article{Boyden:2005,
	Abstract = {Temporally precise, noninvasive control of activity in well-defined neuronal populations is a long-sought goal of systems neuroscience. We adapted for this purpose the naturally occurring algal protein Channelrhodopsin-2, a rapidly gated light-sensitive cation channel, by using lentiviral gene delivery in combination with high-speed optical switching to photostimulate mammalian neurons. We demonstrate reliable, millisecond-timescale control of neuronal spiking, as well as control of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. This technology allows the use of light to alter neural processing at the level of single spikes and synaptic events, yielding a widely applicable tool for neuroscientists and biomedical engineers.},
	Author = {Boyden, Edward S and Zhang, Feng and Bamberg, Ernst and Nagel, Georg and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 22:57:32 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation;Technique;Photoreceptors;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;Gene Transfer Techniques;viral gene transfer;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algal Proteins; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hippocampus; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Photobiology; Pyridazines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Reproducibility of Results; Rhodopsin; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors; Transfection},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1263-8},
	pmid = {16116447},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Boyden_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1525}}

@article{Li:2005a,
	Abstract = {Techniques for fast noninvasive control of neuronal excitability will be of major importance for analyzing and understanding neuronal networks and animal behavior. To develop these tools we demonstrated that two light-activated signaling proteins, vertebrate rat rhodopsin 4 (RO4) and the green algae channelrhodospin 2 (ChR2), could be used to control neuronal excitability and modulate synaptic transmission. Vertebrate rhodopsin couples to the Gi/o, pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway to allow modulation of G protein-gated inward rectifying potassium channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Light-mediated activation of RO4 in cultured hippocampal neurons reduces neuronal firing within ms by hyperpolarization of the somato-dendritic membrane and when activated at presynaptic sites modulates synaptic transmission and paired-pulse facilitation. In contrast, somato-dendritic activation of ChR2 depolarizes neurons sufficiently to induce immediate action potentials, which precisely follow the ChR2 activation up to light stimulation frequencies of 20 Hz. To demonstrate that these constructs are useful for regulating network behavior in intact organisms, embryonic chick spinal cords were electroporated with either construct, allowing the frequency of episodes of spontaneous bursting activity, known to be important for motor circuit formation, to be precisely controlled. Thus light-activated vertebrate RO4 and green algae ChR2 allow the antagonistic control of neuronal function within ms to s in a precise, reversible, and noninvasive manner in cultured neurons and intact vertebrate spinal cords.},
	Author = {Li, Xiang and Gutierrez, Davina V and Hanson, M Gartz and Han, Jing and Mark, Melanie D and Chiel, Hillel and Hegemann, Peter and Landmesser, Lynn T and Herlitze, Stefan},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 22:53:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {activity manipulation;Technique;Spinal Cord;Chick Embryo;Gene Transfer Techniques;Photoreceptors;21 Activity-development;21 Circuit structure-function;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium Channels; Cell Line; Chick Embryo; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus; Nerve Net; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rhodopsin; Spinal Cord; Time Factors},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {17816-21},
	Pmc = {PMC1292990},
	pmid = {16306259},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Li_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509030102}}

@article{Kramer:2009,
	Abstract = {Neurobiology has entered a new era in which optical methods are challenging electrophysiological techniques for their value in measuring and manipulating neuronal activity. This change is occurring largely because of the development of new photochemical tools, some synthesized by chemists and some provided by nature. This review is focused on the three types of photochemical tools for neuronal control that have emerged in recent years. Caged neurotransmitters, including caged glutamate, are synthetic molecules that enable highly localized activation of neurotransmitter receptors in response to light. Natural photosensitive proteins, including channelrhodopsin-2 and halorhodopsin, can be exogenously expressed in neurons and enable rapid photocontrol of action potential firing. Synthetic small molecule photoswitches can bestow light-sensitivity on native or exogenously expressed proteins, including K(+) channels and glutamate receptors, allowing photocontrol of action potential firing and synaptic events. At a rapid pace, these tools are being improved and new tools are being introduced, thanks to molecular biology and synthetic chemistry. The three families of photochemical tools have different capabilities and uses, but they all share in enabling precise and noninvasive exploration of neural function with light.},
	Author = {Kramer, Richard H and Fortin, Doris L and Trauner, Dirk},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 22:38:47 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Technique;optogenetics;review;frontiers review;activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Photic Stimulation; Photochemistry},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {544-52},
	Pmc = {PMC2788492},
	pmid = {19828309},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New photochemical tools for controlling neuronal activity},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kramer_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.004}}

@article{Nagel:2003,
	Abstract = {Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, or channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1), a recently identified light-gated proton channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ChR1 and ChR2, a related microbial-type rhodopsin from C. reinhardtii, were shown to be involved in generation of photocurrents of this green alga. We demonstrate by functional expression, both in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, that ChR2 is a directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel. This channel opens rapidly after absorption of a photon to generate a large permeability for monovalent and divalent cations. ChR2 desensitizes in continuous light to a smaller steady-state conductance. Recovery from desensitization is accelerated by extracellular H+ and negative membrane potential, whereas closing of the ChR2 ion channel is decelerated by intracellular H+. ChR2 is expressed mainly in C. reinhardtii under low-light conditions, suggesting involvement in photoreception in dark-adapted cells. The predicted seven-transmembrane alpha helices of ChR2 are characteristic for G protein-coupled receptors but reflect a different motif for a cation-selective ion channel. Finally, we demonstrate that ChR2 may be used to depolarize small or large cells, simply by illumination.},
	Author = {Nagel, Georg and Szellas, Tanjef and Huhn, Wolfram and Kateriya, Suneel and Adeishvili, Nona and Berthold, Peter and Ollig, Doris and Hegemann, Peter and Bamberg, Ernst},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 22:33:37 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Technique;activity manipulation;Photoreceptors;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Algal Proteins; Animals; Cations; Cell Line; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Cricetinae; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Light; Membrane Potentials; Oocytes; Photobiology; Protozoan Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Rhodopsin; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {13940-5},
	Pmc = {PMC283525},
	pmid = {14615590},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Nagel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1936192100}}

@article{Mizuno:2010,
	Abstract = {Callosal projection neurons, one of the major types of projection neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex, require neuronal activity for their axonal projections [H. Mizuno et al. (2007) J. Neurosci., 27, 6760-6770; C. L. Wang et al. (2007) J. Neurosci., 27, 11334-11342]. Here we established a method to label a few callosal axons with enhanced green fluorescent protein in the mouse cerebral cortex and examined the effect of pre-synaptic/post-synaptic neuron silencing on the morphology of individual callosal axons. Pre-synaptic/post-synaptic neurons were electrically silenced by Kir2.1 potassium channel overexpression. Single axon tracing showed that, after reaching the cortical innervation area, green fluorescent protein-labeled callosal axons underwent successive developmental stages: axon growth, branching, layer-specific targeting and arbor formation between post-natal day (P)5 and P9, and the subsequent elaboration of axon arbors between P9 and P15. Reducing pre-synaptic neuronal activity disturbed axon growth and branching before P9, as well as arbor elaboration afterwards. In contrast, silencing post-synaptic neurons disturbed axon arbor elaboration between P9 and P15. Thus, pre-synaptic neuron silencing affected significantly earlier stages of callosal projection neuron axon development than post-synaptic neuron silencing. Silencing both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons impaired callosal axon projections, suggesting that certain levels of firing activity in pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons are required for callosal axon development. Our findings provide in-vivo evidence that pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuronal activities play critical, and presumably differential, roles in axon growth, branching, arbor formation and elaboration during cortical axon development.},
	Author = {Mizuno, Hidenobu and Hirano, Tomoo and Tagawa, Yoshiaki},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 09:14:49 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 20:04:08 +0000},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;Neocortex;structural remodeling;plasticity;activity manipulation;frontiers review; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Cell Shape; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Electroporation; Female; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Pregnancy; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {410-24},
	pmid = {20105242},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuronal activity supports the axon development of callosal projection neurons during different post-natal periods in the mouse cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mizuno_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07070.x}}

@article{Wang:2007a,
	Abstract = {The corpus callosum is the largest commissural system in the mammalian brain, but the mechanisms underlying its development are not well understood. Here we report that neuronal activity is necessary for the normal development and maintenance of callosal projections in the mouse somatosensory cortex. We labeled a subpopulation of layer II/III callosal neurons via in utero electroporation and traced their axons in the contralateral cortex at different postnatal stages. Callosal axons displayed region- and layer-specific projection patterns within the first 2 weeks postnatally. Prenatal suppression of neuronal excitation was achieved via electroporation-induced overexpression of the inward rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 in layer II/III cortical neurons. This resulted in abnormal callosal projections with many axons extending beyond layers II-III to terminate in layer I. Others failed to terminate at the border between the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Blocking synaptic transmission via expression of the tetanus toxin light chain (TeNT-LC) in these axons produced a more pronounced reduction in the projections to the border region, and the eventual disappearance of callosal projections over the entire somatosensory cortex. When Kir2.1 and TeNT-LC were coexpressed, callosal axon targeting exhibited a more severe phenotype that appeared to represent the addition of the effects produced by individual expression of Kir2.1 and TeNT-LC. These results underscore the importance of activity in regulating the developing neural connections and suggest that neuronal and synaptic activities are involved in regulating different aspects of the development of callosal projection.},
	Author = {Wang, Chun-Lei and Zhang, Lei and Zhou, Yang and Zhou, Jing and Yang, Xiu-Juan and Duan, Shu-min and Xiong, Zhi-Qi and Ding, Yu-Qiang},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 09:13:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-13 16:34:21 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;Mouse;Neocortex;structural remodeling;plasticity;frontiers review; next; toread; Grants},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Corpus Callosum; Mice; Nerve Net; Somatosensory Cortex; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {42},
	Pages = {11334-42},
	pmid = {17942728},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent development of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3380-07.2007}}

@article{Cao:2007,
	Abstract = {Activity-dependent competition that operates on branch stability or formation plays a critical role in shaping the pattern and complexity of axonal terminal arbors. In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the effect of activity-dependent competition on axon arborization and on the assembly of sensory maps is well established. However, the molecular pathways that modulate axonal-branch stability or formation in competitive environments remain unknown.},
	Author = {Cao, Luxiang and Dhilla, Alefiya and Mukai, Jun and Blazeski, Richard and Lodovichi, Claudia and Mason, Carol A and Gogos, Joseph A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 09:10:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;Olfactory Bulb;molecules;genes;structural remodeling;plasticity;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Axons; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons, Afferent; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction; Smell},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {911-21},
	Pmc = {PMC2175069},
	pmid = {17493809},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic modulation of BDNF signaling affects the outcome of axonal competition in vivo},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cao_CurrBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.040}}

@article{Yu:2004,
	Abstract = {We have developed a genetic approach to examine the role of spontaneous activity and synaptic release in the establishment and maintenance of an olfactory sensory map. Conditional expression of tetanus toxin light chain, a molecule that inhibits synaptic release, does not perturb targeting during development, but neurons that express this molecule in a competitive environment fail to maintain appropriate synaptic connections and disappear. Overexpression of the inward rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, diminishes the excitability of sensory neurons and more severely disrupts the formation of an olfactory map. These studies suggest that spontaneous neural activity is required for the establishment and maintenance of the precise connectivity inherent in an olfactory sensory map.},
	Author = {Yu, C Ron and Power, Jennifer and Barnea, Gilad and O'Donnell, Sean and Brown, Hannah E V and Osborne, Joseph and Axel, Richard and Gogos, Joseph A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-10 09:08:40 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-10 09:09:18 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;Olfactory Bulb;development;activity manipulation;in vivo;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Body Patterning; Brain Mapping; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Reporter; Growth Cones; Membrane Proteins; Metalloendopeptidases; Mice; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Mucosa; Olfactory Pathways; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Presynaptic Terminals; R-SNARE Proteins; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptophysin; Tetanus Toxin},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {553-66},
	pmid = {15157418},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous neural activity is required for the establishment and maintenance of the olfactory sensory map},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Yu_Neuron2004.pdf}}

@article{Nikolaou:2011,
	Abstract = {The study of nervous system assembly has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in molecular biology and imaging techniques. These approaches are perfectly suited to young transparent zebrafish where they have allowed direct observation of neural circuit assembly in vivo. In this review will highlight a number of key studies that have applied optical and genetic techniques in zebrafish to address questions relating to axonal and dendritic arbour development, synapse assembly and neural plasticity. These experiments have demonstrated novel cellular phenomena and modes of growth that may reflect general principles governing the assembly of neural circuits. {\copyright} 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2011.},
	Author = {Nikolaou, Nikolas and Meyer, Martin P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-08 20:10:39 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;structural remodeling;activity manipulation;review;Zebrafish;frontiers review},
	Month = {Jan},
	pmid = {21309080},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Imaging circuit formation in zebrafish},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Nikolaou_DevNeurobiol2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20874}}

@article{Ben-Fredj:2010,
	Abstract = {In the retinotectal projection, synapses guide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbor growth by promoting branch formation and by selectively stabilizing branches. To ask whether presynaptic function is required for this dual role of synapses, we have suppressed presynaptic function in single RGCs using targeted expression of tetanus toxin light-chain fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (TeNT-Lc:EGFP). Time-lapse imaging of singly silenced axons as they arborize in the tectum of zebrafish larvae shows that presynaptic function is not required for stabilizing branches or for generating an arbor of appropriate complexity. However, synaptic activity does regulate two distinct aspects of arbor development. First, single silenced axons fail to arrest formation of highly dynamic but short-lived filopodia that are a feature of immature axons. Second, single silenced axons fail to arrest growth of established branches and so occupy significantly larger territories in the tectum than active axons. However, if activity-suppressed axons had neighbors that were also silent, axonal arbors appeared normal in size. A similar reversal in phenotype was observed when single TeNT-Lc:EGFP axons are grown in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11- dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate]. Although expansion of arbor territory is prevented when neighbors are silent, formation of transient filopodia is not. These results suggest that synaptic activity by itself regulates filopodia formation regardless of activity in neighboring cells but that the ability to arrest growth and focusing of axonal arbors in the target is an activity-dependent, competitive process.},
	Author = {Ben Fredj, Naila and Hammond, Sarah and Otsuna, Hideo and Chien, Chi-Bin and Burrone, Juan and Meyer, Martin P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-08 19:51:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Technique;Zebrafish;structural remodeling;Development;activity manipulation;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Axons; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dizocilpine Maleate; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Growth Cones; Hippocampus; Metalloendopeptidases; Neurons; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Pseudopodia; Pyridinium Compounds; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Synaptophysin; Tetanus Toxin; Time Factors; Transcription Factors; Transfection; Visual Pathways; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {32},
	Pages = {10939-51},
	pmid = {20702722},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic activity and activity-dependent competition regulates axon arbor maturation, growth arrest, and territory in the retinotectal projection},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/BenFredj_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1556-10.2010}}

@article{Dulla:2008,
	Abstract = {The neurotransmitter glutamate is the mediator of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Release of this signaling molecule is carefully controlled by multiple mechanisms, yet the methods available to measure released glutamate have been limited in spatial and/or temporal domains. We have developed a novel technique to visualize glutamate release in brain slices using three purified fluorescence (Forster) energy resonance transfer (FRET)-based glutamate sensor proteins. Using a simple loading protocol, the FRET sensor proteins diffuse deeply into the extracellular space and remain functional for many tens of minutes. This allows imaging of glutamate release in brain slices with simultaneous electrophysiological recordings and provides temporal and spatial resolution not previously possible. Using this glutamate FRET sensor loading and imaging protocol, we show that changes in network excitability and glutamate re-uptake alter evoked glutamate transients and produce correlated changes in evoked-cortical field potentials. Given the sophisticated advantages of brain slices for electrophysiological and imaging protocols, the ability to perform real-time imaging of glutamate in slices should lead to key insights in brain function relevant to plasticity, development and pathology. This technique also provides a unique assay of network activity that compliments alternative techniques such as voltage-sensitive dyes and multi-electrode arrays.},
	Author = {Dulla, Chris and Tani, Hiroaki and Okumoto, Sakiko and Frommer, Wolf B and Reimer, Rich J and Huguenard, John R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:38:02 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;imaging;microscopy;Technique;Synapses;Synaptic Transmission;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bacteria; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Calibration; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Fluorescent Dyes; GABA Agonists; Glutamic Acid; Indicators and Reagents; Male; Nerve Net; Pyridazines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {306-19},
	Pmc = {PMC2267481},
	pmid = {18160134},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging of glutamate in brain slices using FRET sensors},
	Volume = {168},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Dulla_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.10.017}}

@article{Peterka:2011,
	Abstract = {In the last decades, imaging membrane potential has become a fruitful approach to study neural circuits, especially in invertebrate preparations with large, resilient neurons. At the same time, particularly in mammalian preparations, voltage imaging methods suffer from poor signal to noise and secondary side effects, and they fall short of providing single-cell resolution when imaging of the activity of neuronal populations. As an introduction to these techniques, we briefly review different voltage imaging methods (including organic fluorophores, SHG chromophores, genetic indicators, hybrid, nanoparticles, and intrinsic approaches) and illustrate some of their applications to neuronal biophysics and mammalian circuit analysis. We discuss their mechanisms of voltage sensitivity, from reorientation, electrochromic, or electro-optical phenomena to interaction among chromophores or membrane scattering, and highlight their advantages and shortcomings, commenting on the outlook for development of novel voltage imaging methods.},
	Author = {Peterka, Darcy S and Takahashi, Hiroto and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:36:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;voltage sensor;Technique;review;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Diagnostic Imaging; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Membrane Potentials; Nanoparticles; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {9-21},
	pmid = {21220095},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging voltage in neurons},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Peterka_Neuron2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.010}}

@article{Sullivan:2005,
	Abstract = {In vivo two-photon calcium imaging provides the opportunity to monitor activity in multiple components of neural circuitry at once. Here we report the use of bulk-loading of fluorescent calcium indicators to record from axons, dendrites, and neuronal cell bodies in cerebellar cortex in vivo. In cerebellar folium crus IIa of anesthetized rats, we imaged the labeled molecular layer and identified all major cellular structures: Purkinje cells, interneurons, parallel fibers, and Bergmann glia. Using extracellular stimuli we evoked calcium transients corresponding to parallel fiber beam activity. This beam activity triggered prolonged calcium transients in interneurons, consistent with in vitro evidence for synaptic activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors via glutamate spillover. We also observed spontaneous calcium transients in Purkinje cell dendrites that were identified as climbing-fiber-evoked calcium spikes by their size, time course, and sensitivity to AMPA receptor antagonist. Two-photon calcium imaging of bulk-loaded cerebellar cortex is thus well suited to optically monitor synaptic processing in the intact cerebellum.},
	Author = {Sullivan, Megan R and Nimmerjahn, Axel and Sarkisov, Dmitry V and Helmchen, Fritjof and Wang, Samuel S-H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:33:45 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;frontiers review;calcium imaging;in vivo;Technique;microscopy;Multiphoton;Cerebellar Cortex},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Cerebellar Cortex; Dendrites; Diagnostic Imaging; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Egtazic Acid; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Nerve Net; Neurons; Poloxamer; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Valine},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {1636-44},
	pmid = {16079125},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo calcium imaging of circuit activity in cerebellar cortex},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Sullivan_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01013.2004}}

@article{Kanold:2010,
	Abstract = {The developing mammalian cerebral cortex contains a distinct class of cells, subplate neurons (SPns), that play an important role during early development. SPns are the first neurons to be generated in the cerebral cortex, they reside in the cortical white matter, and they are the first to mature physiologically. SPns receive thalamic and neuromodulatory inputs and project into the developing cortical plate, mostly to layer 4. Thus SPns form one of the first functional cortical circuits and are required to relay early oscillatory activity into the developing cortical plate. Pathophysiological impairment or removal of SPns profoundly affects functional cortical development. SPn removal in visual cortex prevents the maturation of thalamocortical synapses, the maturation of inhibition in layer 4, the development of orientation selective responses and the formation of ocular dominance columns. SPn removal also alters ocular dominance plasticity during the critical period. Therefore, SPns are a key regulator of cortical development and plasticity. SPns are vulnerable to injury during prenatal stages and might provide a crucial link between brain injury in development and later cognitive malfunction.},
	Author = {Kanold, Patrick O and Luhmann, Heiko J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:27:42 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Neocortex;10 circuit formation;Spontaneous activity;Acetylcholine;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Stem Cells},
	Pages = {23-48},
	pmid = {20201645},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The subplate and early cortical circuits},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kanold_AnnuRevNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153244}}

@article{Knopfel:2010,
	Abstract = {This mini-symposium aims to provide an integrated perspective on recent developments in optogenetics. Research in this emerging field combines optical methods with targeted expression of genetically encoded, protein-based probes to achieve experimental manipulation and measurement of neural systems with superior temporal and spatial resolution. The essential components of the optogenetic toolbox consist of two kinds of molecular devices: actuators and reporters, which respectively enable light-mediated control or monitoring of molecular processes. The first generation of genetically encoded calcium reporters, fluorescent proteins, and neural activators has already had a great impact on neuroscience. Now, a second generation of voltage reporters, neural silencers, and functionally extended fluorescent proteins hold great promise for continuing this revolution. In this review, we will evaluate and highlight the limitations of presently available optogenic tools and discuss where these technologies and their applications are headed in the future.},
	Author = {Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and Lin, Michael Z and Levskaya, Anselm and Tian, Lin and Lin, John Y and Boyden, Edward S},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:21:29 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;optical physiology;frontiers review;Technique;review},
	Mesh = {Fluorescent Dyes; Genetic Engineering; Neurosciences},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {45},
	Pages = {14998-5004},
	Pmc = {PMC2997431},
	pmid = {21068304},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Toward the second generation of optogenetic tools},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Knöpfel_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4190-10.2010}}

@article{Toettcher:2011,
	Author = {Toettcher, Jared E and Voigt, Christopher A and Weiner, Orion D and Lim, Wendell A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:19:41 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;optical physiology;frontiers review;Technique;review;},
	Mesh = {Cell Biology; Cytological Techniques; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Techniques; Light; Luminescent Proteins; Photic Stimulation; Signal Transduction; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {35-8},
	Pmc = {PMC3024327},
	pmid = {21191370},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The promise of optogenetics in cell biology: interrogating molecular circuits in space and time},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Toettcher_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.326}}

@article{Ozden:2009,
	Abstract = {The inferior olive projects climbing fiber axons to cerebellar Purkinje neurons, where they trigger calcium-based dendritic spikes. These responses dynamically shape the immediate spike output of Purkinje cells as well as provide an instructive signal to guide long-term plasticity. Climbing fibers typically fire approximately once a second, and the instructive role is distributed over many such firing events. However, transmission of salient information on an immediate basis needs to occur on a shorter timescale during which a Purkinje cell would typically be activated by a climbing fiber only once. Here we show using in vivo calcium imaging in anesthetized mice and rats that sensory events are rapidly and reliably represented by momentary, simultaneous coactivation of microbands of adjacent Purkinje cells. Microbands were sagittally oriented and spanned up to 100 microm mediolaterally, representing hundreds of Purkinje cells distributed over multiple folia. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked microbands followed boundaries that were close or identical to one another and were desynchronized by olivary injection of the gap junction blocker mefloquine, indicating that excitation to the olive is converted to synchronized firing by electrical coupling. One-time activation of microbands could distinguish a sensory response from spontaneous activity with up to 98\% accuracy. Given the anatomy of the olivocerebellar system, microband synchrony may shape the output of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei either via powerful inhibition by Purkinje cells or by direct monosynaptic excitation from the inferior olive.},
	Author = {Ozden, Ilker and Sullivan, Megan R and Lee, H Megan and Wang, Samuel S-H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:17:38 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;imaging;in vivo;Cerebellar Cortex;microscopy;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biophysics; Calcium; Cerebellum; Dendrites; Gap Junctions; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Likelihood Functions; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers; Nerve Net; Olivary Nucleus; Physical Stimulation; Purkinje Cells; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {34},
	Pages = {10463-73},
	Pmc = {PMC2783593},
	pmid = {19710300},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reliable coding emerges from coactivation of climbing fibers in microbands of cerebellar Purkinje neurons},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Ozden_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0967-09.2009}}

@article{Spitzer:2008,
	Abstract = {Electrical activity has numerous roles in early neuronal development. Calcium transients generated at low frequencies regulate neural induction and neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation. Recent work demonstrates that these signals participate in specification of the transmitters expressed in different classes of neurons. Matching of postsynaptic receptor expression with the novel expression of transmitters ensues. These findings have intriguing implications for development, mature function and evolution of the nervous system.},
	Author = {Spitzer, Nicholas C and Borodinsky, Laura N},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:15:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Journal-Full = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;Spontaneous activity;Calcium;review;10 circuit formation;Synaptic Transmission},
	Mesh = {Animals; Muscle, Striated; Nervous System; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurotransmitter Agents; Receptors, Neurotransmitter},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1495},
	Pages = {1393-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2610128},
	pmid = {18198155},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Implications of activity-dependent neurotransmitter-receptor matching},
	Volume = {363},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Spitzer_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2257}}

@article{Deisseroth:2011,
	Author = {Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:12:40 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optogenetics;Technique;review;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Techniques; Humans; Light; Neurons; Photic Stimulation},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {26-9},
	pmid = {21191368},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optogenetics},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Deisseroth_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Deisseroth_NatMethods2011a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.324}}

@article{Arenkiel:2009,
	Abstract = {Brain function emerges from the morphologies, spatial organization and patterns of connectivity established between diverse sets of neurons. Historically, the notion that neuronal structure predicts function stemmed from classic histological staining and neuronal tracing methods. Recent advances in molecular genetics and imaging technologies have begun to reveal previously unattainable details about patterns of functional circuit connectivity and the subcellular organization of synapses in the living brain. This sophisticated molecular and genetic 'toolbox', coupled with new methods in optical and electron microscopy, provides an expanding array of techniques for probing neural anatomy and function.},
	Author = {Arenkiel, Benjamin R and Ehlers, Michael D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:08:20 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;frontiers review;Imaging;Technique;review;Genetic Engineering;optogenetics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Molecular Biology; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Synapses},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7266},
	Pages = {900-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2884271},
	pmid = {19829369},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular genetics and imaging technologies for circuit-based neuroanatomy},
	Volume = {461},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Arenkiel_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08536}}

@article{Bozza:2004,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded probes show great promise in permitting functional imaging of specified neuronal populations in the intact nervous system, yet their in vivo application has been limited. Here, we have targeted expression of synapto-pHluorin, a pH-sensitive protein that reports synaptic vesicle fusion, to olfactory sensory neurons in mouse. Synapto-pHluorin selectively labeled presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Odorant stimulation evoked large-amplitude fluorescence increases that were localized to individual glomeruli in vivo, correlated with presynaptic calcium influx, graded with stimulus intensity, and stable over a period of days. Spatial patterns of odorant-activated glomeruli were distributed and did not change systematically with increasing carbon chain length, in contrast to the finely organized chemotopy that has been reported using other imaging methods. Targeted expression of synapto-pHluorin in mouse will permit the analysis of previously inaccessible neuronal populations and chronic imaging from genetically identified neurons in vivo.},
	Author = {Bozza, Thomas and McGann, John P and Mombaerts, Peter and Wachowiak, Matt},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:06:58 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 17:08:04 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;imaging;microscopy;Multiphoton;Technique;frontiers review;Olfactory Bulb},
	Mesh = {Aldehydes; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Dextrans; Diagnostic Imaging; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Evoked Potentials; Gene Expression; Gene Targeting; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons, Afferent; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Marker Protein; Olfactory Mucosa; Protein Transport; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {9-21},
	pmid = {15066261},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo imaging of neuronal activity by targeted expression of a genetically encoded probe in the mouse},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Bozza_Neuron2004.pdf}}

@article{Havekes:2009,
	Abstract = {One of the major challenges in the field of neurobiology is to elucidate the molecular machinery that underlies the formation and storage of memories. For many decades, genetic studies in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) have provided insight into the role of specific genes underlying memory storage. Although these pioneering studies were groundbreaking, a transition to a mammalian system more closely resembling the human brain is critical for the translation of basic research findings into therapeutic strategies in humans. Because the mouse (Mus musculus) shares the complex genomic and neuroanatomical organization of mammals and there is a wealth of molecular tools that are available to manipulate gene function in mice, the mouse has become the primary model for research into the genetic basis of mammalian memory. Another major advantage of mouse research is the ability to examine in vivo electrophysiological processes, such as synaptic plasticity and neuronal firing patterns during behavior (e.g., the analysis of place cell activity). The focus on mouse models for memory research has led to the development of sophisticated behavioral protocols capable of exploring the role of particular genes in distinct phases of learning and memory formation, which is one of the major accomplishments of the past decade. In this chapter, we will give an overview of several state of the art genetic approaches to study gene function in the mouse brain in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion.},
	Author = {Havekes, Robbert and Abel, Ted},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:02:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Adv Genet},
	Journal-Full = {Advances in genetics},
	Keywords = {frontiers review;optical physiology;Technique;Genetic Engineering;Mouse;Circuits;connectivity;Synaptic Transmission},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior; Brain; Gene Targeting; Genes, Dominant; Genetic Research; Mice; Models, Animal; Nerve Net; Pharmacogenetics},
	Pages = {1-38},
	Pmc = {PMC2861997},
	pmid = {19615530},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic dissection of neural circuits and behavior in Mus musculus},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Havekes_AdvGenet2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2660(09)65001-X}}

@article{Bleckert:2011,
	Abstract = {In the adult nervous system, chemical neurotransmission between neurons is essential for information processing. However, neurotransmission is also important for patterning circuits during development, but its precise roles have yet to be identified, and some remain highly debated. Here, we highlight viewpoints that have come to be widely accepted or still challenged. We discuss how distinct techniques and model systems employed to probe the developmental role of neurotransmission may reconcile disparate ideas. We underscore how the effects of perturbing neurotransmission during development vary with model systems, the stage of development when transmission is altered, the nature of the perturbation, and how connectivity is assessed. Based on findings in circuits with connectivity arranged in layers, we raise the possibility that there exist constraints in neuronal network design that limit the role of neurotransmission. We propose that activity-dependent mechanisms are effective in refining connectivity patterns only when inputs from different cells are close enough, spatially, to influence each other's outcome.},
	Author = {Bleckert, Adam and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:02:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Bioessays},
	Journal-Full = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;frontiers review;optical physiology;Technique;Genetic Engineering;Mouse;Circuits;connectivity;Synaptic Transmission;Sensory Deprivation;visual system;retina;Spontaneous activity;retinal wave paper},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61-72},
	pmid = {21110347},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Identifying roles for neurotransmission in circuit assembly: insights gained from multiple model systems and experimental approaches},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Bleckert_Bioessays2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000095}}

@article{Nevin:2010,
	Abstract = {The visual pathway is tasked with processing incoming signals from the retina and converting this information into adaptive behavior. Recent studies of the larval zebrafish tectum have begun to clarify how the 'micro-circuitry' of this highly organized midbrain structure filters visual input, which arrives in the superficial layers and directs motor output through efferent projections from its deep layers. The new emphasis has been on the specific function of neuronal cell types, which can now be reproducibly labeled, imaged and manipulated using genetic and optical techniques. Here, we discuss recent advances and emerging experimental approaches for studying tectal circuits as models for visual processing and sensorimotor transformation by the vertebrate brain.},
	Author = {Nevin, Linda M and Robles, Estuardo and Baier, Herwig and Scott, Ethan K},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 17:00:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {BMC Biol},
	Journal-Full = {BMC biology},
	Keywords = {frontiers review;optic tectum;function;Superior Colliculus;connectivity;Genetic Engineering;circuitry;visual system;multisensory integration;retina},
	Mesh = {Animals; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Zebrafish},
	Pages = {126},
	Pmc = {PMC2949621},
	pmid = {20920150},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Focusing on optic tectum circuitry through the lens of genetics},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Nevin_BMCBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-8-126}}

@article{Spitzer:2006,
	Abstract = {The construction of the brain during embryonic development was thought to be largely independent of its electrical activity. In this view, proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons are driven entirely by genetic programs and activity is important only at later stages in refinement of connections. However, recent findings demonstrate that activity plays essential roles in early development of the nervous system. Activity has similar roles in the incorporation of newly born neurons in the adult nervous system, suggesting that there are general rules underlying activity-dependent development. The extensive involvement of activity makes it likely that it is required at all developmental stages as a necessary partner with genetic programs.},
	Author = {Spitzer, Nicholas C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:50:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-15 22:10:32 +0000},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;development;10 circuit formation;frontiers review;Synapses;Electric Conductivity;Cell Differentiation;21 Neurophysiology;Animals;Brain;Neurons;review; Gene Expression; Transcription Factors; Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; axon guidance; cell migration},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Electric Conductivity; Neurons; Synapses},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7120},
	Pages = {707-12},
	pmid = {17151658},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Electrical activity in early neuronal development},
	Volume = {444},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Spitzer_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05300}}

@article{Nichols:2009,
	Abstract = {Understanding how discreet tissues and neuronal circuits function in relation to the whole organism to regulate physiological processes and behaviors is a fundamental goal of modern biological science. Powerful and important new tools in this discovery process are modified G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as 'Receptors Activated Solely by Synthetic Ligands (RASSLs),' and 'Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by a Designer Drug (DREADDs).' Collectively, these are GPCRs modified either through rational design (RASSLs) or directed molecular evolution (DREADDs), that do not respond to native ligand, but functionally respond only to synthetic ligands. Importantly, the utility of these receptors is not limited to examination of the role of GPCR-coupled effector signal transduction pathways. Due to the near ubiquitous expression of GPCRs throughout an organism, this technology, combined with whole animal transgenics to selectively target expression, has the ability to regulate activity of discreet tissues and neuronal circuits through effector pathway modulation to study function and behavior throughout the organism. Advantages over other systems currently used to modify in vivo function include the ability to rapidly, selectively and reversibly manipulate defined signal transduction pathways both in short term and long term studies, and no need for specialized equipment due to convenient systemic treatment with activating ligand.},
	Author = {Nichols, Charles D and Roth, Bryan L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:50:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review;activity manipulation;Synaptic Transmission;Genetic Engineering},
	Pages = {16},
	Pmc = {PMC2773177},
	pmid = {19893765},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Engineered G-protein Coupled Receptors are Powerful Tools to Investigate Biological Processes and Behaviors},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Nichols_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.016.2009}}

@article{Granstedt:2009,
	Abstract = {The study of coordinated activity in neuronal circuits has been challenging without a method to simultaneously report activity and connectivity. Here we present the first use of pseudorabies virus (PRV), which spreads through synaptically connected neurons, to express a fluorescent calcium indicator protein and monitor neuronal activity in a living animal. Fluorescence signals were proportional to action potential number and could reliably detect single action potentials in vitro. With two-photon imaging in vivo, we observed both spontaneous and stimulated activity in neurons of infected murine peripheral autonomic submandibular ganglia (SMG). We optically recorded the SMG response in the salivary circuit to direct electrical stimulation of the presynaptic axons and to physiologically relevant sensory stimulation of the oral cavity. During a time window of 48 hours after inoculation, few spontaneous transients occurred. By 72 hours, we identified more frequent and prolonged spontaneous calcium transients, suggestive of neuronal or tissue responses to infection that influence calcium signaling. Our work establishes in vivo investigation of physiological neuronal circuit activity and subsequent effects of infection with single cell resolution.},
	Author = {Granstedt, Andrea E and Szpara, Moriah L and Kuhn, Bernd and Wang, Samuel S-H and Enquist, Lynn W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:50:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;frontiers review;Viral;viral gene transfer;calcium sensor},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Electrons; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Probability; Saliva; Time Factors},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {e6923},
	Pmc = {PMC2735035},
	pmid = {19742327},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Fluorescence-based monitoring of in vivo neural activity using a circuit-tracing pseudorabies virus},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Granstedt_PLoSOne2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006923}}

@article{Peron:2011,
	Author = {Peron, Simon and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:50:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;optical physiology;frontiers review;Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Techniques; Light; Neurons; Organ Specificity; Photic Stimulation},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {30-4},
	pmid = {21191369},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {From cudgel to scalpel: toward precise neural control with optogenetics},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Peron_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.325}}

@article{Adamantidis:2010,
	Abstract = {How does the brain regulate the sleep-wake cycle? What are the temporal codes of sleep and wake-promoting neural circuits? How do these circuits interact with each other across the light/dark cycle? Over the past few decades, many studies from a variety of disciplines have made substantial progress in answering these fundamental questions. For example, neurobiologists have identified multiple, redundant wake-promoting circuits in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. Sleep-promoting circuits have been found in the preoptic area and hypothalamus. One of the greatest challenges in recent years has been to selectively record and manipulate these sleep-wake centers in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution. Recent developments in microbial opsin-based neuromodulation tools, collectively referred to as "optogenetics," have provided a novel method to demonstrate causal links between neural activity and specific behaviors. Here, we propose to use optogenetics as a fundamental tool to probe the necessity, sufficiency, and connectivity of defined neural circuits in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.},
	Author = {Adamantidis, Antoine and Carter, Matthew C and de Lecea, Luis},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example;optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {31},
	Pmc = {PMC2814554},
	pmid = {20126433},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Optogenetic deconstruction of sleep-wake circuitry in the brain},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Adamantidis_FrontMolNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.031.2009}}

@article{Bregestovski:2009,
	Abstract = {This review briefly discusses the main approaches for monitoring chloride (Cl(-)), the most abundant physiological anion. Noninvasive monitoring of intracellular Cl(-) ([Cl(-)]i) is a challenging task owing to two main difficulties: (i) the low transmembrane ratio for Cl(-), approximately 10:1; and (ii) the small driving force for Cl(-), as the Cl(-) reversal potential (E(Cl)) is usually close to the resting potential of the cells. Thus, for reliable monitoring of intracellular Cl(-), one has to use highly sensitive probes. From several methods for intracellular Cl(-) analysis, genetically encoded chloride indicators represent the most promising tools. Recent achievements in the development of genetically encoded chloride probes are based on the fact that yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) exhibits Cl(-)-sensitivity. YFP-based probes have been successfully used for quantitative analysis of Cl(-) transport in different cells and for high-throughput screening of modulators of Cl(-)-selective channels. Development of a ratiometric genetically encoded probe, Clomeleon, has provided a tool for noninvasive estimation of intracellular Cl(-) concentrations. While the sensitivity of this protein to Cl(-) is low (EC(50) about 160 mM), it has been successfully used for monitoring intracellular Cl(-) in different cell types. Recently a CFP-YFP-based probe with a relatively high sensitivity to Cl(-) (EC(50) about 30 mM) has been developed. This construct, termed Cl-Sensor, allows ratiometric monitoring using the fluorescence excitation ratio. Of particular interest are genetically encoded probes for monitoring of ion channel distribution and activity. A new molecular probe has been constructed by introducing into the cytoplasmic domain of the Cl(-)-selective glycine receptor (GlyR) channel the CFP-YFP-based Cl-Sensor. This construct, termed BioSensor-GlyR, has been successfully expressed in cell lines. The new genetically encoded chloride probes offer means of screening pharmacological agents, analysis of Cl(-) homeostasis and functions of Cl(-)-selective channels under different physiological and pathological conditions.},
	Author = {Bregestovski, Piotr and Waseem, Tatyana and Mukhtarov, Marat},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {15},
	Pmc = {PMC2802328},
	pmid = {20057911},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetically encoded optical sensors for monitoring of intracellular chloride and chloride-selective channel activity},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Bregestovski_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.015.2009}}

@article{Hodge:2009,
	Abstract = {Ion channels are the determinants of excitability; therefore, manipulation of their levels and properties provides an opportunity for the investigator to modulate neuronal and circuit function. There are a number of ways to suppress electrical activity in Drosophila neurons, for instance, over-expression of potassium channels (i.e. Shaker Kv1, Shaw Kv3, Kir2.1 and DORK) that are open at resting membrane potential. This will result in increased potassium efflux and membrane hyperpolarisation setting resting membrane potential below the threshold required to fire action potentials. Alternatively over-expression of other channels, pumps or co-transporters that result in a hyperpolarised membrane potential will also prevent firing. Lastly, neurons can be inactivated by, disrupting or reducing the level of functional voltage-gated sodium (Nav1 paralytic) or calcium (Cav2 cacophony) channels that mediate the depolarisation phase of action potentials. Similarly, strategies involving the opposite channel manipulation should allow net depolarisation and hyperexcitation in a given neuron. These changes in ion channel expression can be brought about by the versatile transgenic (i.e. Gal4/UAS based) systems available in Drosophila allowing fine temporal and spatial control of (channel) transgene expression. These systems are making it possible to electrically inactivate (or hyperexcite) any neuron or neural circuit in the fly brain, and much like an exquisite lesion experiment, potentially elucidate whatever interesting behaviour or phenotype each network mediates. These techniques are now being used in Drosophila to reprogram electrical activity of well-defined circuits and bring about robust and easily quantifiable changes in behaviour, allowing different models and hypotheses to be rapidly tested.},
	Author = {Hodge, James J L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {13},
	Pmc = {PMC2741205},
	pmid = {19750193},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ion channels to inactivate neurons in Drosophila},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Hodge_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.013.2009}}

@article{Holford:2009,
	Abstract = {Neuronal circuits depend on the precise regulation of cell-surface receptors and ion channels. An ongoing challenge in neuroscience research is deciphering the functional contribution of specific receptors and ion channels using engineered modulators. A novel strategy, termed "tethered toxins", was recently developed to characterize neuronal circuits using the evolutionary derived selectivity of venom peptide toxins and endogenous peptide ligands, such as lynx1 prototoxins. Herein, the discovery and engineering of cell-surface tethered peptides is reviewed, with particular attention given to their cell-autonomy, modular composition, and genetic targeting in different model organisms. The relative ease with which tethered peptides can be engineered, coupled with the increasing number of neuroactive venom toxins and ligand peptides being discovered, imply a multitude of potentially innovative applications for manipulating neuronal circuits and tissue-specific cell networks, including treatment of disorders caused by malfunction of receptors and ion channels.},
	Author = {Holford, Mand{\"e} and Auer, Sebastian and Laqua, Martin and Iba{\~n}ez-Tallon, Ines},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {21},
	Pmc = {PMC2776481},
	pmid = {19915728},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Manipulating neuronal circuits with endogenous and recombinant cell-surface tethered modulators},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Holford_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.021.2009}}

@article{Perron:2009a,
	Abstract = {Over the last decade, optical neuroimaging methods have been enriched by engineered biosensors derived from fluorescent protein (FP) reporters fused to protein detectors that convert physiological signals into changes of intrinsic FP fluorescence. These FP-based indicators are genetically encoded, and hence targetable to specific cell populations within networks of heterologous cell types. Among this class of biosensors, the development of optical probes for membrane potential is both highly desirable and challenging. A suitable FP voltage sensor would indeed be a valuable tool for monitoring the activity of thousands of individual neurons simultaneously in a non-invasive manner. Previous prototypic genetically-encoded FP voltage indicators achieved a proof of principle but also highlighted several difficulties such as poor cell surface targeting and slow kinetics. Recently, we developed a new series of FRET-based Voltage-Sensitive Fluorescent Proteins (VSFPs), referred to as VSFP2s, with efficient targeting to the plasma membrane and high responsiveness to membrane potential signaling in excitable cells. In addition to these FRET-based voltage sensors, we also generated a third series of probes consisting of single FPs with response kinetics suitable for the optical imaging of fast neuronal signals. These newly available genetically-encoded reporters for membrane potential will be instrumental for future experimental approaches directed toward the understanding of neuronal network dynamics and information processing in the brain. Here, we review the development and current status of these novel fluorescent probes.},
	Author = {Perron, Amelie and Mutoh, Hiroki and Akemann, Walther and Gautam, Sunita Ghimire and Dimitrov, Dimitar and Iwamoto, Yuka and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology;voltage sensor; technique},
	Pages = {5},
	Pmc = {PMC2706653},
	pmid = {19623246},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Second and third generation voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins for monitoring membrane potential},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Perron_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.005.2009}}

@article{Reijmers:2009,
	Abstract = {The use of molecular tools to study the neurobiology of complex behaviors has been hampered by an inability to target the desired changes to relevant groups of neurons. Specific memories and specific sensory representations are sparsely encoded by a small fraction of neurons embedded in a sea of morphologically and functionally similar cells. In this review we discuss genetics techniques that are being developed to address this difficulty. In several studies the use of promoter elements that are responsive to neural activity have been used to drive long-lasting genetic alterations into neural ensembles that are activated by natural environmental stimuli. This approach has been used to examine neural activity patterns during learning and retrieval of a memory, to examine the regulation of receptor trafficking following learning and to functionally manipulate a specific memory trace. We suggest that these techniques will provide a general approach to experimentally investigate the link between patterns of environmentally activated neural firing and cognitive processes such as perception and memory.},
	Author = {Reijmers, Leon and Mayford, Mark},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {27},
	Pmc = {PMC2802553},
	pmid = {20057936},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetic control of active neural circuits},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Reijmers_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.027.2009}}

@article{Tessier:2009,
	Abstract = {In many nervous systems, the establishment of neural circuits is known to proceed via a two-stage process; (1) early, activity-independent wiring to produce a rough map characterized by excessive synaptic connections, and (2) subsequent, use-dependent pruning to eliminate inappropriate connections and reinforce maintained synapses. In invertebrates, however, evidence of the activity-dependent phase of synaptic refinement has been elusive, and the dogma has long been that invertebrate circuits are "hard-wired" in a purely activity-independent manner. This conclusion has been challenged recently through the use of new transgenic tools employed in the powerful Drosophila system, which have allowed unprecedented temporal control and single neuron imaging resolution. These recent studies reveal that activity-dependent mechanisms are indeed required to refine circuit maps in Drosophila during precise, restricted windows of late-phase development. Such mechanisms of circuit refinement may be key to understanding a number of human neurological diseases, including developmental disorders such as Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism, which are hypothesized to result from defects in synaptic connectivity and activity-dependent circuit function. This review focuses on our current understanding of activity-dependent synaptic connectivity in Drosophila, primarily through analyzing the role of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in the Drosophila FXS disease model. The particular emphasis of this review is on the expanding array of new genetically-encoded tools that are allowing cellular events and molecular players to be dissected with ever greater precision and detail.},
	Author = {Tessier, Charles R and Broadie, Kendal},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:45:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Mol Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in molecular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; example; optical physiology; technique},
	Pages = {8},
	Pmc = {PMC2724028},
	pmid = {19668708},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent modulation of neural circuit synaptic connectivity},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tessier_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.008.2009}}

@article{Gaietta:2002,
	Abstract = {Recombinant proteins containing tetracysteine tags can be successively labeled in living cells with different colors of biarsenical fluorophores so that older and younger protein molecules can be sharply distinguished by both fluorescence and electron microscopy. Here we used this approach to show that newly synthesized connexin43 was transported predominantly in 100- to 150-nanometer vesicles to the plasma membrane and incorporated at the periphery of existing gap junctions, whereas older connexins were removed from the center of the plaques into pleiomorphic vesicles of widely varying sizes. Selective imaging by correlated optical and electron microscopy of protein molecules of known ages will clarify fundamental processes of protein trafficking in situ.},
	Author = {Gaietta, Guido and Deerinck, Thomas J and Adams, Stephen R and Bouwer, James and Tour, Oded and Laird, Dale W and Sosinsky, Gina E and Tsien, Roger Y and Ellisman, Mark H},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:41:49 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Cell Adhesion;cell interaction;imaging;Technique;Gap Junctions},
	Mesh = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Amino Acid Motifs; Animals; Arsenicals; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Connexin 43; Cysteine; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Fluoresceins; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Gap Junctions; Hela Cells; Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Organometallic Compounds; Oxazines; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Protein Transport; Recombinant Proteins; Transport Vesicles},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {5567},
	Pages = {503-7},
	pmid = {11964472},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multicolor and electron microscopic imaging of connexin trafficking},
	Volume = {296},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Gaietta_Science2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1068793}}

@article{Okaty:2011,
	Abstract = {Expression profiling of restricted neural populations using microarrays can facilitate neuronal classification and provide insight into the molecular bases of cellular phenotypes. Due to the formidable heterogeneity of intermixed cell types that make up the brain, isolating cell types prior to microarray processing poses steep technical challenges that have been met in various ways. These methodological differences have the potential to distort cell-type-specific gene expression profiles insofar as they may insufficiently filter out contaminating mRNAs or induce aberrant cellular responses not normally present in vivo. Thus we have compared the repeatability, susceptibility to contamination from off-target cell-types, and evidence for stress-responsive gene expression of five different purification methods - Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM), Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP), Immunopanning (PAN), Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), and manual sorting of fluorescently labeled cells (Manual). We found that all methods obtained comparably high levels of repeatability, however, data from LCM and TRAP showed significantly higher levels of contamination than the other methods. While PAN samples showed higher activation of apoptosis-related, stress-related and immediate early genes, samples from FACS and Manual studies, which also require dissociated cells, did not. Given that TRAP targets actively translated mRNAs, whereas other methods target all transcribed mRNAs, observed differences may also reflect translational regulation.},
	Author = {Okaty, Benjamin W and Sugino, Ken and Nelson, Sacha B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:40:46 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {genetics;genes;Neocortex;development;Technique;mouse;},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {e16493},
	Pmc = {PMC3029380},
	pmid = {21304595},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {A quantitative comparison of cell-type-specific microarray gene expression profiling methods in the mouse brain},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Okaty_PLoSOne2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016493}}

@article{Kleinfeld:1994,
	Abstract = {1. The procerebral (PC) lobe of the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus contains a highly interconnected network of local olfactory interneurons that receives ipsilateral axonal projections from superior and inferior noses. This network exhibits an approximately 0.7-Hz intrinsic oscillation in its local field potential (LFP). 2. Intracellular recordings show that the lobe contains at least two classes of neurons with activity phase locked to the oscillation. Neurons in one class produce periodic bursts of spikes, followed by a period of hyperpolarization and subsequently a depolarizing afterpotential. There is a small but significant chance for a second burst to occur during the depolarizing afterpotential; this leads to a double event in the LFP. Bursting neurons constitute approximately 10\% of the neurons in the lobe. 3. Neurons in the other class fire infrequently and do not produce periodic bursts of action potentials. However, they receive strong, periodic inhibitory input during every event in the LFP. These nonbursting cells constitute the major fraction of neurons in the lobe. There is a clear correlation between the periodic burst of action potentials in the bursting neurons and the hyperpolarization seen in nonbursting neurons. 4. Optical techniques are used to image the spatially averaged transmembrane potentials in preparations stained with voltage-sensitive dyes. The results of simultaneous optical and electrical measurements show that the major part of the optical signal can be interpreted as a superposition of the intracellular signals arising from the bursting and nonbursting neurons. 5. Successive images of the entire PC lobe show waves of electrical activity that span the width of the lobe and travel its full length along a longitudinal axis. The direction of propagation in the unperturbed lobe is always from the distal to the proximal end. The wavelength varies between preparations but is on the order of the length of the preparation. 6. One-dimensional images along the longitudinal axis of the lobe are used to construct a space-time map of the optical activity, from which we calculate the absolute contribution of bursting and nonbursting neurons to the optical signal. The contribution of the intracellular signals from the two cell types appears to vary systematically across the lobe; bursting cells dominate at middle and proximal locations, and nonbursting cells dominate at distal locations. 7. The direction and form of the waves can be perturbed either by microsurgical manipulation of the preparation or by chemical modulation of its synaptic and neuronal properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Kleinfeld, D and Delaney, K R and Fee, M S and Flores, J A and Tank, D W and Gelperin, A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:38:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 16:39:21 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;optical imaging;optical physiology;Computational Biology;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Culture Techniques; Ganglia, Invertebrate; Interneurons; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Net; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Nerve; Olfactory Pathways; Orientation; Smell; Snails; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1402-19},
	pmid = {7807221},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Dynamics of propagating waves in the olfactory network of a terrestrial mollusk: an electrical and optical study},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Kleinfeld_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}}

@article{Meister:1994,
	Abstract = {Throughout the central nervous system, information about the outside world is represented collectively by large groups of cells, often arranged in a series of 2-dimensional maps connected by tracts with many fibers. To understand how such a circuit encodes and processes information, one must simultaneously observe the signals carried by many of its cells. This article describes a new method for monitoring the simultaneous electrical activity of many neurons in a functioning piece of retina. Extracellular action potentials are recorded with a planar array of 61 microelectrodes, which provides a natural match to the flat mosaic of retinal ganglion cells. The voltage signals are processed in real time to extract the spike trains from up to 100 neurons. We also present a method of visual stimulation and data analysis that allows a rapid characterization of each neuron's visual response properties. A randomly flickering display is used to elicit spike trains from the ganglion cell population. Analysis of the correlations between each spike train and the flicker stimulus results in a simple description of each ganglion cell's functional properties. The combination of these tools will allow detailed study of how the population of optic nerve fibers encodes a visual scene.},
	Author = {Meister, M and Pine, J and Baylor, D A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:35:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 16:36:29 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;development;retina;multielectrode;methods;Technique;Software;Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Automatic Data Processing; Electrophysiology; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Software; Vertebrates; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {95-106},
	pmid = {8189755},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multi-neuronal signals from the retina: acquisition and analysis},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Meister_JNeurosciMethods1994.pdf}}

@article{Wachowiak:2004,
	Abstract = {Glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are anatomically discrete modules receiving input from idiotypic olfactory sensory neurons. To examine the functional organization of sensory inputs to individual glomeruli, we loaded olfactory sensory neurons with a Ca(2+) indicator and measured odorant-evoked presynaptic Ca(2+) signals within single glomeruli by using two-photon microscopy in anaesthetized mice. Odorants evoked patterns of discrete Ca(2+) signals throughout the neuropil of a glomerulus. Across glomeruli, Ca(2+) signals occurred with equal probability in all glomerular regions. Within single glomeruli, the pattern of intraglomerular Ca(2+) signals was indistinguishable for stimuli of different duration, identity, and concentration. Moreover, the response time course of the signals was similar throughout the glomerulus. Hence, sensory inputs to individual glomeruli are spatially heterogeneous but seem to be functionally indiscriminate. These results support the view of olfactory glomeruli as functional units in representing sensory information.},
	Author = {Wachowiak, Matt and Denk, Winfried and Friedrich, Rainer W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:33:34 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;imaging;in vivo;Olfactory Bulb;Multiphoton;microscopy;function},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Photons; Smell; Stimulation, Chemical; Synapses},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {9097-102},
	Pmc = {PMC428479},
	pmid = {15184670},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional organization of sensory input to the olfactory bulb glomerulus analyzed by two-photon calcium imaging},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Wachowiak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400438101}}

@article{Yhip:1990,
	Abstract = {The topographic order of the retinocollicular projection in the rat was examined from birth until maturity. Small, localized deposits of rhodamine-filled latex microspheres were placed into the superior colliculus at different locations. To minimize labeling fibers of passage deposit sites were typically, although not exclusively, placed into the caudal-lateral pole of the colliculus. Examination of the area and density of labeled cells in the retinae of these animals led to the following conclusions: (1) At each age examined, the location of the majority of labeled cells was observed to be in appropriate topographic register with the deposit site in the superior colliculus. (2) Confirming the work of previous investigators, errors in topographic projection were observed. These were present in both the contralateral and ipsilateral retinae and decreased with increasing postnatal age. The mature pattern was present by P10. (3) Quantitatively, the number of retinal ganglion cells terminating nontopographically within the colliculus constituted a relatively minor proportion of the total number of labeled cells in both retinae. It is concluded that the majority of the retinal ganglion cells make topographically appropriate terminations within the superior colliculus during development.},
	Author = {Yhip, J P and Kirby, M A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:30:55 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 16:32:52 -0500},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;retina;visual system;retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Drug Carriers; Microspheres; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rhodamines; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {313-29},
	pmid = {2271447},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Topographic organization of the retinocollicular projection in the neonatal rat},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Yhip_VisNeurosci1990.PDF}}

@article{Chen:2000c,
	Abstract = {Anatomical rearrangement of retinogeniculate connections contributes to the refinement of synaptic circuits in the developing visual system, but the underlying changes in synaptic function are unclear. Here, we study such changes in mouse brain slices. Each geniculate cell receives a surprisingly large number of retinal inputs (>20) well after eye-specific zones are formed. All but one to three of these inputs are eliminated over a 3-week period spanning eye opening. Remaining inputs are strengthened approximately 50-fold, in part through an increase in quantal size, but primarily through an increase in the number of release sites. Changes in release probability do not contribute significantly. Thus, a redistribution of release sites from many inputs to few inputs at this late developmental stage contributes to the precise receptive fields of thalamic relay neurons.},
	Author = {Chen, C and Regehr, W G},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:26:26 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 16:29:35 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;retina;LGN;structural remodeling;plasticity;development;axon guidance;axons;Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods;mouse;Synapses;Synaptic Transmission},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Nerve Fibers; Retina; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {955-66},
	pmid = {11163279},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Developmental remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Chen_Neuron2000.pdf}}

@article{Kreitzer:2000,
	Abstract = {Fluorometric calcium measurements have revealed presynaptic residual calcium (Ca(res)) to be an important regulator of synaptic strength. However, in the mammalian brain, it has not been possible to monitor Ca(res) in fibers that project from one brain region to another. Here, we label neuronal projections by injecting dextran-conjugated calcium indicators into brain nuclei in vivo. Currently available dextran conjugates distort Ca(res) due to their high affinity for calcium. Therefore, we synthesized a low-affinity indicator, fluo-4 dextran, that can more accurately measure the amplitude and time course of Ca(res). We then demonstrate the utility of fluo-4 dextran by measuring Ca(res) at climbing fiber presynaptic terminals. This method promises to facilitate the study of many synapses in the mammalian CNS, both in brain slices and in vivo.},
	Author = {Kreitzer, A C and Gee, K R and Archer, E A and Regehr, W G},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:26:18 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-07 15:09:08 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;retinal wave paper; Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Animals;Aniline Compounds;Rats;Receptors, Presynaptic;Microscopy, Confocal;Dextrans;Spectrometry, Fluorescence;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;Calcium;21 Neurophysiology;Xanthenes;Nerve Fibers},
	Mesh = {Aniline Compounds; Animals; Calcium; Dextrans; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers; Purkinje Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Presynaptic; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Xanthenes},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {25-32},
	pmid = {10939328},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Monitoring presynaptic calcium dynamics in projection fibers by in vivo loading of a novel calcium indicator},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Kreitzer_Neuron2000.pdf}}

@article{Drew:2010,
	Abstract = {We present a method to form an optical window in the mouse skull that spans millimeters and is stable for months without causing brain inflammation. This enabled us to repeatedly image blood flow in cortical capillaries of awake mice and determine long-range correlations in speed. We also repeatedly imaged dendritic spines, microglia and angioarchitecture, as well as used illumination to drive motor output via optogenetics and induce microstrokes via photosensitizers.},
	Author = {Drew, Patrick J and Shih, Andy Y and Driscoll, Jonathan D and Knutsen, Per Magne and Blinder, Pablo and Davalos, Dimitrios and Akassoglou, Katerina and Tsai, Philbert S and Kleinfeld, David},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:24:12 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; calcium imaging; Technique;imaging;Optics;microscopy;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Bone Cements; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cerebrum; Mammals; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Skull; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {981-4},
	pmid = {20966916},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Chronic optical access through a polished and reinforced thinned skull},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Drew_NatMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1530}}

@article{Dombeck:2010,
	Abstract = {Spatial navigation is often used as a behavioral task in studies of the neuronal circuits that underlie cognition, learning and memory in rodents. The combination of in vivo microscopy with genetically encoded indicators has provided an important new tool for studying neuronal circuits, but has been technically difficult to apply during navigation. Here we describe methods for imaging the activity of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus with subcellular resolution in behaving mice. Neurons that expressed the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3 were imaged through a chronic hippocampal window. Head-restrained mice performed spatial behaviors in a setup combining a virtual reality system and a custom-built two-photon microscope. We optically identified populations of place cells and determined the correlation between the location of their place fields in the virtual environment and their anatomical location in the local circuit. The combination of virtual reality and high-resolution functional imaging should allow a new generation of studies to investigate neuronal circuit dynamics during behavior.},
	Author = {Dombeck, Daniel A and Harvey, Christopher D and Tian, Lin and Looger, Loren L and Tank, David W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:22:58 -0500},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;calcium imaging; Technique;imaging;in vivo;Optics;microscopy;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Hippocampus; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior; Synapsins; Transduction, Genetic; User-Computer Interface},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1433-40},
	Pmc = {PMC2967725},
	pmid = {20890294},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
    doi = {10.1038/nn.2648},
	url = {papers/Dombeck_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}}

@article{Mukamel:2009,
	Abstract = {Recent advances in fluorescence imaging permit studies of Ca(2+) dynamics in large numbers of cells, in anesthetized and awake behaving animals. However, unlike for electrophysiological signals, standardized algorithms for assigning optically recorded signals to individual cells have not yet emerged. Here, we describe an automated sorting procedure that combines independent component analysis and image segmentation for extracting cells' locations and their dynamics with minimal human supervision. In validation studies using simulated data, automated sorting significantly improved estimation of cellular signals compared to conventional analysis based on image regions of interest. We used automated procedures to analyze data recorded by two-photon Ca(2+) imaging in the cerebellar vermis of awake behaving mice. Our analysis yielded simultaneous Ca(2+) activity traces for up to >100 Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia from single recordings. Using this approach, we found microzones of Purkinje cells that were stable across behavioral states and in which synchronous Ca(2+) spiking rose significantly during locomotion.},
	Author = {Mukamel, Eran A and Nimmerjahn, Axel and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:21:59 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; calcium imaging; Technique;Software;Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cerebellum; Diagnostic Imaging; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Locomotion; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nonlinear Dynamics; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Purkinje Cells; Statistics as Topic},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {747-60},
	pmid = {19778505},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Automated analysis of cellular signals from large-scale calcium imaging data},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Mukamel_Neuron2009.pdf},
    doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.009}}

@article{Coombs:2007,
	Abstract = {Quantitative methods were used to assess dendritic stratification and other structural features of developing mouse retinal ganglion cells from birth to after eye opening. Cells were labeled by transgenic expression of yellow fluorescent protein, DiOlistics or diffusion of DiI, and subsequently imaged in three dimensions on a confocal microscope followed by morphometric analysis of 13 different structural properties. At postnatal day 1 (P1), the dendrites of all cells ramified across the vertical extent of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). By P3/4, dendrites were largely confined to different strata of the IPL. The stratification of dendrites initially reflected a retraction of widely ramifying dendritic processes, but for the most part this was due to the subsequent vertical expansion of the IPL. By P8, distinct cell classes could be recognized, although these had not yet attained adult-like properties. The structural features differentiating cell classes were found to follow three different developmental trends. The mean values of one set of morphological parameters were essentially unchanged throughout postnatal development; another set of measures showed a rapid rise with age to adult values; and a third set of measures first increased with age and later decreased, with the regressive events initiated around the time of eye opening. These findings suggest that the morphological development of retinal ganglion cells is regulated by diverse factors operating during different but overlapping time periods. Our results also suggest that dendritic stratification may be more highly specified in the developing mammalian retina than has been previously realized.},
	Author = {Coombs, Julie L and Van Der List, Deborah and Chalupa, Leo M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:18:07 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {retina;development;mouse;retinal wave paper;optic tectum;superior colliculus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dendrites; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Luminescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {803-14},
	pmid = {17570502},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Morphological properties of mouse retinal ganglion cells during postnatal development},
	Volume = {503},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Coombs_JCompNeurol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21429}}

@article{Tian:2009,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be used to image activity in defined neuronal populations. However, current GECIs produce inferior signals compared to synthetic indicators and recording electrodes, precluding detection of low firing rates. We developed a single-wavelength GCaMP2-based GECI (GCaMP3), with increased baseline fluorescence (3-fold), increased dynamic range (3-fold) and higher affinity for calcium (1.3-fold). We detected GCaMP3 fluorescence changes triggered by single action potentials in pyramidal cell dendrites, with signal-to-noise ratio and photostability substantially better than those of GCaMP2, D3cpVenus and TN-XXL. In Caenorhabditis elegans chemosensory neurons and the Drosophila melanogaster antennal lobe, sensory stimulation-evoked fluorescence responses were significantly enhanced with GCaMP3 (4-6-fold). In somatosensory and motor cortical neurons in the intact mouse, GCaMP3 detected calcium transients with amplitudes linearly dependent on action potential number. Long-term imaging in the motor cortex of behaving mice revealed large fluorescence changes in imaged neurons over months.},
	Author = {Tian, Lin and Hires, S Andrew and Mao, Tianyi and Huber, Daniel and Chiappe, M Eugenia and Chalasani, Sreekanth H and Petreanu, Leopoldo and Akerboom, Jasper and McKinney, Sean A and Schreiter, Eric R and Bargmann, Cornelia I and Jayaraman, Vivek and Svoboda, Karel and Looger, Loren L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:12:02 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;calcium sensor;voltage sensor;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Caenorhabditis elegans; Calcium; Cell Line; Drosophila melanogaster; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Humans; Mice; Neurons},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {875-81},
	Pmc = {PMC2858873},
	pmid = {19898485},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tian_NatMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tian_NatMethods2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1398}}

@article{Liu:2010,
	Abstract = {Optogenetic methods use light to modulate the activities of target cells in vivo. By improving inter- and intracellular trafficking of light-sensitive switch proteins called opsins, Gradinaru et al. (2010) have developed a new generation of optogenetic tools capable of regulating the activity of targeted neurons with exquisite precision and efficiency.},
	Author = {Liu, Xu and Tonegawa, Susumu},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:11:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; optogenetics; Technique;review},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {22-4},
	pmid = {20371341},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optogenetics 3.0},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Liu_Cell2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.019}}

@article{Rickgauer:2009,
	Abstract = {We demonstrate that channelrhodopsin-2 (CR), a light-gated ion channel that is conventionally activated by using visible-light excitation, can also be activated by using IR two-photon excitation (TPE). An empirical estimate of CR's two-photon absorption cross-section at lambda = 920 nm is presented, with a value (260 +/- 20 GM) indicating that TPE stimulation of CR photocurrents is not typically limited by intrinsic molecular excitability [1 GM = 10(-50)(cm4 s)/photon]. By using direct physiological measurements of CR photocurrents and a model of ground-state depletion, we evaluate how saturation of CR's current-conducting state influences the spatial resolution of focused TPE photostimulation, and how photocurrents stimulated by using low-power scanning TPE temporally summate. We show that TPE, like visible-light excitation, can be used to stimulate action potentials in cultured CR-expressing neurons.},
	Author = {Rickgauer, John Peter and Tank, David W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:07:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;frontiers review; optogenetics;Technique},
	Mesh = {Cell Line; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Humans; Ion Channels; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photons; Rhodopsin},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {15025-30},
	Pmc = {PMC2736443},
	pmid = {19706471},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 at saturation},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rickgauer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907084106}}

@article{Komiyama:2010,
	Abstract = {Cortical neurons form specific circuits, but the functional structure of this microarchitecture and its relation to behaviour are poorly understood. Two-photon calcium imaging can monitor activity of spatially defined neuronal ensembles in the mammalian cortex. Here we applied this technique to the motor cortex of mice performing a choice behaviour. Head-fixed mice were trained to lick in response to one of two odours, and to withhold licking for the other odour. Mice routinely showed significant learning within the first behavioural session and across sessions. Microstimulation and trans-synaptic tracing identified two non-overlapping candidate tongue motor cortical areas. Inactivating either area impaired voluntary licking. Imaging in layer 2/3 showed neurons with diverse response types in both areas. Activity in approximately half of the imaged neurons distinguished trial types associated with different actions. Many neurons showed modulation coinciding with or preceding the action, consistent with their involvement in motor control. Neurons with different response types were spatially intermingled. Nearby neurons (within approximately 150 mum) showed pronounced coincident activity. These temporal correlations increased with learning within and across behavioural sessions, specifically for neuron pairs with similar response types. We propose that correlated activity in specific ensembles of functionally related neurons is a signature of learning-related circuit plasticity. Our findings reveal a fine-scale and dynamic organization of the frontal cortex that probably underlies flexible behaviour.},
	Author = {Komiyama, Takaki and Sato, Takashi R and O'Connor, Daniel H and Zhang, Ying-Xin and Huber, Daniel and Hooks, Bryan M and Gabitto, Mariano and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:05:18 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; calcium imaging; Technique;in vivo;Motor Cortex;imaging;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Learning; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Cortex; Motor Neurons; Neural Pathways; Odors; Pyramidal Cells; Reward; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors; Tongue},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7292},
	Pages = {1182-6},
	pmid = {20376005},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning-related fine-scale specificity imaged in motor cortex circuits of behaving mice},
	Volume = {464},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Komiyama_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08897}}

@article{Histed:2009,
	Abstract = {For over a century, electrical microstimulation has been the most direct method for causally linking brain function with behavior. Despite this long history, it is still unclear how the activity of neural populations is affected by stimulation. For example, there is still no consensus on where activated cells lie or on the extent to which neural processes such as passing axons near the electrode are also activated. Past studies of this question have proven difficult because microstimulation interferes with electrophysiological recordings, which in any case provide only coarse information about the location of activated cells. We used two-photon calcium imaging, an optical method, to circumvent these hurdles. We found that microstimulation sparsely activates neurons around the electrode, sometimes as far as millimeters away, even at low currents. Our results indicate that the pattern of activated neurons likely arises from the direct activation of axons in a volume tens of microns in diameter.},
	Author = {Histed, Mark H and Bonin, Vincent and Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:03:05 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; calcium imaging; Technique;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Memory; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {508-22},
	Pmc = {PMC2874753},
	pmid = {19709632},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Histed_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016}}

@article{Baker:2008,
	Abstract = {Imaging activity of neurons in intact brain tissue was conceived several decades ago and, after many years of development, voltage-sensitive dyes now offer the highest spatial and temporal resolution for imaging neuronal functions in the living brain. Further progress in this field is expected from the emergent development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors of membrane potential. These fluorescent protein (FP) voltage sensors overcome the drawbacks of organic voltage sensitive dyes such as non-specificity of cell staining and the low accessibility of the dye to some cell types. In a transgenic animal, a genetically encoded sensor could in principle be expressed specifically in any cell type and would have the advantage of staining only the cell population determined by the specificity of the promoter used to drive expression. Here we critically review the current status of these developments.},
	Author = {Baker, B J and Mutoh, H and Dimitrov, D and Akemann, W and Perron, A and Iwamoto, Y and Jin, L and Cohen, L B and Isacoff, E Y and Pieribone, V A and Hughes, T and Kn{\"o}pfel, T},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:02:14 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Brain cell biology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; Technique;voltage sensor},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Cell Line; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Ion Channels; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {1-4},
	Pages = {53-67},
	Pmc = {PMC2775812},
	pmid = {18679801},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors of membrane potential},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Baker_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11068-008-9026-7}}

@article{Oheim:2001,
	Abstract = {Light scattering by tissue limits the imaging depth of two-photon microscopy and its use for functional brain imaging in vivo. We investigate the influence of scattering on both fluorescence excitation and collection, and identify tissue and instrument parameters that limit the imaging depth in the brain. (i) In brain slices, we measured that the scattering length at lambda=800 nm is a factor 2 higher in juvenile cortical tissue (P14-P18) than in adult tissue (P90). (ii) In a detection geometry typical for in vivo imaging, we show that the collected fraction of fluorescence drops at large depths, and that it is proportional to the square of the effective angular acceptance of the detection optics. Matching the angular acceptance of the microscope to that of the objective lens can result in a gain of approximately 3 in collection efficiency at large depths (>500 microm). A low-magnification (20x), high-numerical aperture objective (0.95) further increases fluorescence collection by a factor of approximately 10 compared with a standard 60x-63x objective without compromising the resolution. This improvement should allow fluorescence measurements related to neuronal or vascular brain activity at >100 microm deeper than with standard objectives.},
	Author = {Oheim, M and Beaurepaire, E and Chaigneau, E and Mertz, J and Charpak, S},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 16:01:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 16:01:55 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; Technique;Multiphoton;microscopy;Optics},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Brain; Cerebral Arteries; Female; Fluorescence; Lenses; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Monte Carlo Method; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {29-37},
	pmid = {11574117},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two-photon microscopy in brain tissue: parameters influencing the imaging depth},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Oheim_JNeurosciMethods2001.pdf}}

@article{Barretto:2009,
	Abstract = {Micro-optics are increasingly used for minimally invasive in vivo imaging, in miniaturized microscopes and in lab-on-a-chip devices. Owing to optical aberrations and lower numerical apertures, a main class of microlens, gradient refractive index lenses, has not achieved resolution comparable to conventional microscopy. Here we describe high-resolution microlenses, and illustrate two-photon imaging of dendritic spines on hippocampal neurons and dual-color nonlinear optical imaging of neuromuscular junctions in live mice.},
	Author = {Barretto, Robert P J and Messerschmidt, Bernhard and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:59:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; Technique;optics;microscopy;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dendritic Spines; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Lenses; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neuromuscular Junction; Pyramidal Cells; Recombinant Fusion Proteins},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {511-2},
	Pmc = {PMC2849805},
	pmid = {19525959},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo fluorescence imaging with high-resolution microlenses},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Barretto_NatMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1339}}

@article{Lee:2010,
	Abstract = {Despite a rapidly-growing scientific and clinical brain imaging literature based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals, it remains controversial whether BOLD signals in a particular region can be caused by activation of local excitatory neurons. This difficult question is central to the interpretation and utility of BOLD, with major significance for fMRI studies in basic research and clinical applications. Using a novel integrated technology unifying optogenetic control of inputs with high-field fMRI signal readouts, we show here that specific stimulation of local CaMKIIalpha-expressing excitatory neurons, either in the neocortex or thalamus, elicits positive BOLD signals at the stimulus location with classical kinetics. We also show that optogenetic fMRI (of MRI) allows visualization of the causal effects of specific cell types defined not only by genetic identity and cell body location, but also by axonal projection target. Finally, we show that of MRI within the living and intact mammalian brain reveals BOLD signals in downstream targets distant from the stimulus, indicating that this approach can be used to map the global effects of controlling a local cell population. In this respect, unlike both conventional fMRI studies based on correlations and fMRI with electrical stimulation that will also directly drive afferent and nearby axons, this of MRI approach provides causal information about the global circuits recruited by defined local neuronal activity patterns. Together these findings provide an empirical foundation for the widely-used fMRI BOLD signal, and the features of of MRI define a potent tool that may be suitable for functional circuit analysis as well as global phenotyping of dysfunctional circuitry.},
	Author = {Lee, Jin Hyung and Durand, Remy and Gradinaru, Viviana and Zhang, Feng and Goshen, Inbal and Kim, Dae-Shik and Fenno, Lief E and Ramakrishnan, Charu and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:53:37 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; optogenetics; Technique;fmri},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Chlorophyta; Luminescent Measurements; Luminescent Proteins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Oxygen; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rhodopsin; Thalamus},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7299},
	Pages = {788-92},
	pmid = {20473285},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring},
	Volume = {465},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lee_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lee_Nature2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09108}}

@article{Hires:2008,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), based on recombinant fluorescent proteins, have been engineered to observe calcium transients in living cells and organisms. Through observation of calcium, these indicators also report neural activity. We review progress in GECI construction and application, particularly toward in vivo monitoring of sparse action potentials (APs). We summarize the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence GECI performance. A simple model of GECI response to AP firing demonstrates the relative significance of these factors. We recommend a standardized protocol for evaluating GECIs in a physiologically relevant context. A potential method of simultaneous optical control and recording of neuronal circuits is presented.},
	Author = {Hires, S Andrew and Tian, Lin and Looger, Loren L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:53:37 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Brain cell biology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;Genetic Engineering;calcium sensor},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Electrophysiology; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {1-4},
	Pages = {69-86},
	Pmc = {PMC2755531},
	pmid = {18941901},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Reporting neural activity with genetically encoded calcium indicators},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Hires_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11068-008-9029-4}}

@article{Sjulson:2007,
	Abstract = {Optical imaging of physiological events in real time can yield insights into biological function that would be difficult to obtain by other experimental means. However, the detection of all-or-none events, such as action potentials or vesicle fusion events, in noisy single-trial data often requires a careful balance of tradeoffs. The analysis of such experiments, as well as the design of optical reporters and instrumentation for them, is aided by an understanding of the principles of signal detection. This review illustrates these principles, using as an example action potential recording with optical voltage reporters.},
	Author = {Sjulson, Lucas and Miesenb{\"o}ck, Gero},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:53:37 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Physiology (Bethesda)},
	Journal-Full = {Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;Computational Biology;review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Microscopy, Confocal; Models, Theoretical; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Photons},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {47-55},
	pmid = {17289930},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical recording of action potentials and other discrete physiological events: a perspective from signal detection theory},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sjulson_Physiology(Bethesda)2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00036.2006}}

@article{Rochefort:2009,
	Abstract = {Eye-opening represents a turning point in the function of the visual cortex. Before eye-opening, the visual cortex is largely devoid of sensory inputs and neuronal activities are generated intrinsically. After eye-opening, the cortex starts to integrate visual information. Here we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to explore the developmental changes of the mouse visual cortex by analyzing the ongoing spontaneous activity. We found that before eye-opening, the activity of layer 2/3 neurons consists predominantly of slow wave oscillations. These waves were first detected at postnatal day 8 (P8). Their initial very low frequency (0.01 Hz) gradually increased during development to approximately 0.5 Hz in adults. Before eye-opening, a large fraction of neurons (>75\%) was active during each wave. One day after eye-opening, this dense mode of recruitment changed to a sparse mode with only 36\% of active neurons per wave. This was followed by a progressive decrease during the following weeks, reaching 12\% of active neurons per wave in adults. The possible role of visual experience for this process of sparsification was investigated by analyzing dark-reared mice. We found that sparsification also occurred in these mice, but that the switch from a dense to a sparse activity pattern was delayed by 3-4 days as compared with normally-reared mice. These results reveal a modulatory contribution of visual experience during the first days after eye-opening, but an overall dominating role of intrinsic factors. We propose that the transformation in network activity from dense to sparse is a prerequisite for the changed cortical function at eye-opening.},
	Author = {Rochefort, Nathalie L and Garaschuk, Olga and Milos, Ruxandra-Iulia and Narushima, Madoka and Marandi, Nima and Pichler, Bruno and Kovalchuk, Yury and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:52:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;visual cortex;function;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;development;21 Activity-development;in vivo;microscopy;Multiphoton},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {15049-54},
	Pmc = {PMC2736444},
	pmid = {19706480},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rochefort_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Rochefort_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907660106}}

@article{Perron:2009,
	Abstract = {Electrical signals generated by nerve cells provide the basis of brain function. Whereas single or small numbers of cells are easily accessible using microelectrode recording techniques, less invasive optogenetic methods with spectral properties optimized for in vivo imaging are required for elucidating the operation mechanisms of neuronal circuits composed of large numbers of neurons originating from heterogeneous populations. To this end, we generated and characterized a series of genetically encoded voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins by molecular fusion of the voltage-sensing domain of Ci-VSP (Ciona intestinalis voltage sensor-containing phosphatase) to red-shifted fluorescent protein operands. We show how these indicator proteins convert voltage-dependent structural rearrangements into a modulation of fluorescence output and demonstrate their applicability for optical recording of individual or simultaneous electrical signals in cultured hippocampal neurons at single-cell resolution without temporal averaging.},
	Author = {Perron, Amelie and Mutoh, Hiroki and Launey, Thomas and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:49:44 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Chem Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Chemistry \& biology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; Technique;review;voltage sensor;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Kinetics; Luminescent Proteins; Microelectrodes; Neurons; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Rats; Recombinant Fusion Proteins},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1268-77},
	Pmc = {PMC2818747},
	pmid = {20064437},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Red-shifted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Perron_ChemBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.11.014}}

@article{Knopfel:2006,
	Abstract = {During the past few decades, optical methods for imaging activity in networks composed of thousands of neurons have been developed. These techniques rely mainly on organic-chemistry-based dyes as indicators of Ca(2+) and membrane potential. However, recently a new generation of probes, genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors, has emerged for use by physiologists studying the operation of neuronal circuits. We critically review the development of these new probes, and analyze objectives and experimental conditions in which classical probes are likely to prevail and where the fluorescent protein sensors will open paths to previously unexplored territories of functional neuroimaging.},
	Author = {Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and D{\'\i}ez-Garc{\'\i}a, Javier and Akemann, Walther},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:47:31 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Calcium Signaling; Fluorescent Dyes; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Signal Transduction; Staining and Labeling},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {160-6},
	pmid = {16443289},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical probing of neuronal circuit dynamics: genetically encoded versus classical fluorescent sensors},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Knöpfel_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.004}}

@article{Sawinski:2009,
	Abstract = {We describe a miniaturized head-mounted multiphoton microscope and its use for recording Ca(2+) transients from the somata of layer 2/3 neurons in the visual cortex of awake, freely moving rats. Images contained up to 20 neurons and were stable enough to record continuously for >5 min per trial and 20 trials per imaging session, even as the animal was running at velocities of up to 0.6 m/s. Neuronal Ca(2+) transients were readily detected, and responses to various static visual stimuli were observed during free movement on a running track. Neuronal activity was sparse and increased when the animal swept its gaze across a visual stimulus. Neurons showing preferential activation by specific stimuli were observed in freely moving animals. These results demonstrate that the multiphoton fiberscope is suitable for functional imaging in awake and freely moving animals.},
	Author = {Sawinski, Juergen and Wallace, Damian J and Greenberg, David S and Grossmann, Silvie and Denk, Winfried and Kerr, Jason N D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:46:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;in vivo;visual cortex;visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Movement; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Pages = {19557-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2773198},
	pmid = {19889973},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visually evoked activity in cortical cells imaged in freely moving animals},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Sawinski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sawinski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903680106}}

@article{Inglis:2008,
	Abstract = {Individual locations of many neuronal cell bodies (>10(4)) are needed to enable statistically significant measurements of spatial organization within the brain such as nearest-neighbour and microcolumnarity measurements. In this paper, we introduce an Automated Neuron Recognition Algorithm (ANRA) which obtains the (x, y) location of individual neurons within digitized images of Nissl-stained, 30 microm thick, frozen sections of the cerebral cortex of the Rhesus monkey. Identification of neurons within such Nissl-stained sections is inherently difficult due to the variability in neuron staining, the overlap of neurons, the presence of partial or damaged neurons at tissue surfaces, and the presence of non-neuron objects, such as glial cells, blood vessels, and random artefacts. To overcome these challenges and identify neurons, ANRA applies a combination of image segmentation and machine learning. The steps involve active contour segmentation to find outlines of potential neuron cell bodies followed by artificial neural network training using the segmentation properties (size, optical density, gyration, etc.) to distinguish between neuron and non-neuron segmentations. ANRA positively identifies 86 +/- 5\% neurons with 15 +/- 8\% error (mean +/- SD) on a wide range of Nissl-stained images, whereas semi-automatic methods obtain 80 +/- 7\%/17 +/- 12\%. A further advantage of ANRA is that it affords an unlimited increase in speed from semi-automatic methods, and is computationally efficient, with the ability to recognize approximately 100 neurons per minute using a standard personal computer. ANRA is amenable to analysis of huge photo-montages of Nissl-stained tissue, thereby opening the door to fast, efficient and quantitative analysis of vast stores of archival material that exist in laboratories and research collections around the world.},
	Author = {Inglis, A and Cruz, L and Roe, D L and Stanley, H E and Rosene, D L and Urbanc, B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:41:15 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Microsc},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of microscopy},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; calcium imaging; Technique;Image Processing;Software;Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Automation; Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Macaca mulatta; Neurons; Nissl Bodies},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {Pt 3},
	Pages = {339-52},
	Pmc = {PMC2740625},
	pmid = {18503659},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Automated identification of neurons and their locations},
	Volume = {230},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Inglis_JMicrosc2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01992.x}}

@article{Grewe:2010,
	Abstract = {Two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations enables optical recording of spiking activity in living animals, but standard laser scanners are too slow to accurately determine spike times. Here we report in vivo imaging in mouse neocortex with greatly improved temporal resolution using random-access scanning with acousto-optic deflectors. We obtained fluorescence measurements from 34-91 layer 2/3 neurons at a 180-490 Hz sampling rate. We detected single action potential-evoked calcium transients with signal-to-noise ratios of 2-5 and determined spike times with near-millisecond precision and 5-15 ms confidence intervals. An automated 'peeling' algorithm enabled reconstruction of complex spike trains from fluorescence traces up to 20-30 Hz frequency, uncovering spatiotemporal trial-to-trial variability of sensory responses in barrel cortex and visual cortex. By revealing spike sequences in neuronal populations on a fast time scale, high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits.},
	Author = {Grewe, Benjamin F and Langer, Dominik and Kasper, Hansj{\"o}rg and Kampa, Bj{\"o}rn M and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:39:08 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;microscopy;optics;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Evoked Potentials; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neocortex; Neurons; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {399-405},
	pmid = {20400966},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network activity with near-millisecond precision},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Grewe_NatMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Grewe_NatMethods2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1453}}

@article{Lutcke:2010,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent calcium (Ca(2+)) indicator proteins (FCIPs) are promising tools for functional imaging of cellular activity in living animals. However, they have still not reached their full potential for in vivo imaging of neuronal activity due to limitations in expression levels, dynamic range, and sensitivity for reporting action potentials. Here, we report that viral expression of the ratiometric Ca(2+) sensor yellow cameleon 3.60 (YC3.60) in pyramidal neurons of mouse barrel cortex enables in vivo measurement of neuronal activity with high dynamic range and sensitivity across multiple spatial scales. By combining juxtacellular recordings and two-photon imaging in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that YC3.60 can resolve single action potential (AP)-evoked Ca(2+) transients and reliably reports bursts of APs with negligible saturation. Spontaneous and whisker-evoked Ca(2+) transients were detected in individual apical dendrites and somata as well as in local neuronal populations. Moreover, bulk measurements using wide-field imaging or fiber-optics revealed sensory-evoked YC3.60 signals in large areas of the barrel field. Fiber-optic recordings in particular enabled measurements in awake, freely moving mice and revealed complex Ca(2+) dynamics, possibly reflecting different behavior-related brain states. Viral expression of YC3.60 - in combination with various optical techniques - thus opens a multitude of opportunities for functional studies of the neural basis of animal behavior, from dendrites to the levels of local and large-scale neuronal populations.},
	Author = {L{\"u}tcke, Henry and Murayama, Masanori and Hahn, Thomas and Margolis, David J and Astori, Simone and Zum Alten Borgloh, Stephan Meyer and G{\"o}bel, Werner and Yang, Ying and Tang, Wannan and K{\"u}gler, Sebastian and Sprengel, Rolf and Nagai, Takeharu and Miyawaki, Atsushi and Larkum, Matthew E and Helmchen, Fritjof and Hasan, Mazahir T},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:38:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Neural Circuits},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in neural circuits},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;in vivo},
	Pages = {9},
	Pmc = {PMC2866455},
	pmid = {20461230},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Optical recording of neuronal activity with a genetically-encoded calcium indicator in anesthetized and freely moving mice},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lütcke_FrontNeuralCircuits2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2010.00009}}

@article{Kuchibhotla:2009,
	Abstract = {Although senile plaques focally disrupt neuronal health, the functional response of astrocytes to Alzheimer's disease pathology is unknown. Using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in vivo, we quantitatively imaged astrocytic calcium homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Resting calcium was globally elevated in the astrocytic network, but was independent of proximity to individual plaques. Time-lapse imaging revealed that calcium transients in astrocytes were more frequent, synchronously coordinated across long distances, and uncoupled from neuronal activity. Furthermore, rare intercellular calcium waves were observed, but only in mice with amyloid-beta plaques, originating near plaques and spreading radially at least 200 micrometers. Thus, although neurotoxicity is observed near amyloid-beta deposits, there exists a more general astrocyte-based network response to focal pathology.},
	Author = {Kuchibhotla, Kishore V and Lattarulo, Carli R and Hyman, Bradley T and Bacskai, Brian J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique},
	Mesh = {Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Astrocytes; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Disease Models, Animal; Homeostasis; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neurons; Plaque, Amyloid},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5918},
	Pages = {1211-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2884172},
	pmid = {19251629},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice},
	Volume = {323},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Science2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169096}}

@article{Gradinaru:2010,
	Abstract = {Optogenetic technologies employ light to control biological processes within targeted cells in vivo with high temporal precision. Here, we show that application of molecular trafficking principles can expand the optogenetic repertoire along several long-sought dimensions. Subcellular and transcellular trafficking strategies now permit (1) optical regulation at the far-red/infrared border and extension of optogenetic control across the entire visible spectrum, (2) increased potency of optical inhibition without increased light power requirement (nanoampere-scale chloride-mediated photocurrents that maintain the light sensitivity and reversible, step-like kinetic stability of earlier tools), and (3) generalizable strategies for targeting cells based not only on genetic identity, but also on morphology and tissue topology, to allow versatile targeting when promoters are not known or in genetically intractable organisms. Together, these results illustrate use of cell-biological principles to enable expansion of the versatile fast optogenetic technologies suitable for intact-systems biology and behavior.},
	Author = {Gradinaru, Viviana and Zhang, Feng and Ramakrishnan, Charu and Mattis, Joanna and Prakash, Rohit and Diester, Ilka and Goshen, Inbal and Thompson, Kimberly R and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; optogenetics; Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cells, Cultured; Genetic Techniques; Hippocampus; Humans; Light; Neurons; Opsonin Proteins; Rats; Systems Biology},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {154-65},
	pmid = {20303157},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Gradinaru_Cell2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.037}}

@article{Dreosti:2009,
	Abstract = {To image synaptic activity within neural circuits, we tethered the genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) GCaMP2 to synaptic vesicles by fusion to synaptophysin. The resulting reporter, SyGCaMP2, detected the electrical activity of neurons with two advantages over existing cytoplasmic GECIs: it identified the locations of synapses and had a linear response over a wider range of spike frequencies. Simulations and experimental measurements indicated that linearity arises because SyGCaMP2 samples the brief calcium transient passing through the presynaptic compartment close to voltage-sensitive calcium channels rather than changes in bulk calcium concentration. In vivo imaging in zebrafish demonstrated that SyGCaMP2 can assess electrical activity in conventional synapses of spiking neurons in the optic tectum and graded voltage signals transmitted by ribbon synapses of retinal bipolar cells. Localizing a GECI to synaptic terminals provides a strategy for monitoring activity across large groups of neurons at the level of individual synapses.},
	Author = {Dreosti, Elena and Odermatt, Benjamin and Dorostkar, Mario M and Lagnado, Leon},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Synapses; Zebrafish},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {883-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2859341},
	pmid = {19898484},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A genetically encoded reporter of synaptic activity in vivo},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Dreosti_NatMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1399}}

@article{Golshani:2009,
	Abstract = {During neocortical development, neurons exhibit highly synchronized patterns of spontaneous activity, with correlated bursts of action potential firing dominating network activity. This early activity is eventually replaced by more sparse and decorrelated firing of cortical neurons, which modeling studies predict is a network state that is better suited for efficient neural coding. The precise time course and mechanisms of this crucial transition in cortical network activity have not been characterized in vivo. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in combination with whole-cell recordings in both unanesthetized and anesthetized mice to monitor how spontaneous activity patterns in ensembles of layer 2/3 neurons of barrel cortex mature during postnatal development. We find that, as early as postnatal day 4, activity is highly synchronous within local clusters of neurons. At the end of the second postnatal week, neocortical networks undergo a transition to a much more desynchronized state that lacks a clear spatial structure. Strikingly, deprivation of sensory input from the periphery had no effect on the time course of this transition. Therefore, developmental desynchronization of spontaneous neuronal activity is a fundamental network transition in the neocortex that appears to be intrinsically generated.},
	Author = {Golshani, Peyman and Gon{\c c}alves, J Tiago and Khoshkhoo, Sattar and Mostany, Ricardo and Smirnakis, Stelios and Portera-Cailliau, Carlos},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cortical Synchronization; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {35},
	Pages = {10890-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2771734},
	pmid = {19726647},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Internally mediated developmental desynchronization of neocortical network activity},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Golshani_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Golshani_JNeurosci2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2012-09.2009}}

@article{Griesbeck:2004,
	Abstract = {The exploitation of green fluorescent protein-based biosensors promises to revolutionize functional imaging of the nervous system. Various approaches have created a multitude of reporters of neuronal activity and of activation of biochemical signaling pathways. Although the number of different probes has increased significantly, the critical step remains to bring these probes from the cuvette through the imaging of single cells to the imaging of whole organisms in vivo. The recent development of new genetically encoded sensors and their functional expression in model organisms are encouraging signs that the field is moving ahead in this direction.},
	Author = {Griesbeck, Oliver},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Biosensing Techniques; Calcium Signaling; Cell Communication; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Mutagenesis; Nervous System},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {636-41},
	pmid = {15464898},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Fluorescent proteins as sensors for cellular functions},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Griesbeck_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.002}}

@article{Wallace:2008,
	Abstract = {Measurement of population activity with single-action-potential, single-neuron resolution is pivotal for understanding information representation and processing in the brain and how the brain's responses are altered by experience. Genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity allow long-term, cell type-specific expression. Fluorescent Ca2+ indicator proteins (FCIPs), a main class of reporters of neural activity, initially suffered, in particular, from an inability to report single action potentials in vivo. Although suboptimal Ca2+-binding dynamics and Ca2+-induced fluorescence changes in FCIPs are important factors, low levels of expression also seem to play a role. Here we report that delivering D3cpv, an improved fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based FCIP, using a recombinant adeno-associated virus results in expression sufficient to detect the Ca2+ transients that accompany single action potentials. In upper-layer cortical neurons, we were able to detect transients associated with single action potentials firing at rates of <1 Hz, with high reliability, from in vivo recordings in living mice.},
	Author = {Wallace, Damian J and Meyer zum Alten Borgloh, Stephan and Astori, Simone and Yang, Ying and Bausen, Melanie and K{\"u}gler, Sebastian and Palmer, Amy E and Tsien, Roger Y and Sprengel, Rolf and Kerr, Jason N D and Denk, Winfried and Hasan, Mazahir T},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:32:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;calcium sensor},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Calcium; Calmodulin; Cells, Cultured; Dependovirus; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Hippocampus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex; Synapses},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {797-804},
	pmid = {19160514},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Single-spike detection in vitro and in vivo with a genetic Ca2+ sensor},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Wallace_NatMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1242}}

@article{Rothermel:2009,
	Abstract = {Pseudorabies virus (PrV) strains such as PrV-Bartha and its marker protein-expressing variants have been used in numerous studies as retrograde transneuronal tracing tools, defining the synaptic organization of mammalian neuronal circuits. However, the possibilities for functional examination of virus-infected neurons are limited to electrophysiological approaches or bulk loading strategies using calcium-sensitive dyes. Herein we report the generation and functional characterization of three PrV-Bartha-derived recombinant virus mutants that express different fluorescent calcium indicator proteins (FCIPs). All three generated virus recombinants are able to infect murine trigeminal neurons and express the corresponding FCIP (GCaMP2, camgaroo-2, or inverse pericam). Functionality of these virally expressed constructs was verified by using confocal Ca-imaging technologies. These FCIP-expressing virus recombinants provide a new tool for the functional analysis of whole circuits of synaptically connected neurons in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Rothermel, Markus and Brunert, Daniela and Klupp, Barbara G and Luebbert, Matthias and Mettenleiter, Thomas C and Hatt, Hanns},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:25:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurovirol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurovirology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology;optical imaging;frontiers review;viral;viral gene transfer;Genetic Engineering;23 Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Mice; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Neurons; Neurophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pseudorabies; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Synapses; Trigeminal Ganglion},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5-6},
	Pages = {458-64},
	pmid = {20105103},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Advanced tracing tools: functional neuronal expression of virally encoded fluorescent calcium indicator proteins},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rothermel_JNeurovirol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13550280903473460}}

@article{Kanold:2004,
	Abstract = {Subplate neurons are a transient population of neurons in the brain forming one of the first functional cortical circuits. Past experiments have demonstrated their importance in growth of thalamocortical afferents into the cortical plate and later segregation of thalamocortical afferents. Recently, subplate neurons have been shown to be required for the functional maturation of both thalamocortical connections and mature visual responses in visual cortex. These findings suggest that thalamocortical afferents might not segregate properly in the absence of subplate neurons because the thalamocortical synapse does not mature. Subplate neurons are unique in that they form a circuit that appears to promote synaptic scaling and maturation. Although the precise contribution of subplate neurons within the context of cortical development is unknown, they might play an early role in providing thalamic input to cortex that then interacts with learning rules governing synaptic strengthening at the thalamocortical synapse. Because they appear to play multiple key roles at different stages of development, subplate neurons might also play a role in the pathology of developmental disorders, such as epilepsy and schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Kanold, Patrick O},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:22:02 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 15:22:56 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;visual cortex;development;axon guidance;10 circuit formation;Circuits;connectivity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Thalamus},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {2149-53},
	pmid = {15371723},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transient microcircuits formed by subplate neurons and their role in functional development of thalamocortical connections},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Kanold_Neuroreport2004.pdf}}

@article{Cingolani:2008,
	Abstract = {At synapses, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) provide the molecular framework for coordinating signaling events across the synaptic cleft. Among synaptic CAMs, the integrins, receptors for extracellular matrix proteins and counterreceptors on adjacent cells, are implicated in synapse maturation and plasticity and memory formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of integrin action at central synapses. Here, we report that postsynaptic beta3 integrins control synaptic strength by regulating AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in a subunit-specific manner. Pharmacological perturbation targeting beta3 integrins promotes endocytosis of GluR2-containing AMPARs via Rap1 signaling, and expression of beta3 integrins produces robust changes in the abundance and composition of synaptic AMPARs without affecting dendritic spine structure. Importantly, homeostatic synaptic scaling induced by activity deprivation elevates surface expression of beta3 integrins, and in turn, beta3 integrins are required for synaptic scaling. Our findings demonstrate a key role for integrins in the feedback regulation of excitatory synaptic strength.},
	Author = {Cingolani, Lorenzo A and Thalhammer, Agnes and Yu, Lily M Y and Catalano, Myriam and Ramos, Timothy and Colicos, Michael A and Goda, Yukiko},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:17:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;homeostatic plasticity;Critical Period;hebbian;plasticity;Synapses;synaptic scaling;Cell Adhesion;cell interaction;molecules;Genes},
	Mesh = {Animals; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Chelating Agents; Egtazic Acid; Endocytosis; Excitatory Amino Acids; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Gene Expression Regulation; Hippocampus; Integrin beta3; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptides; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Receptors, AMPA; Synapses; Thiazolidines; Time Factors; Transfection; rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {749-62},
	Pmc = {PMC2446609},
	pmid = {18549786},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent regulation of synaptic AMPA receptor composition and abundance by beta3 integrins},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Cingolani_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.011}}

@article{Maffei:2008,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience is crucial for shaping the cortical microcircuit during development and is thought to modify network function through several forms of Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity. Where and when these different forms of plasticity are expressed at particular synapse types within cortical microcircuits, and how they interact, is poorly understood. Here we investigated how two different visual deprivation paradigms, lid suture (LS) and intraocular TTX, affect the local microcircuit within layer 2/3 of rat visual cortex during the classical critical period for visual system plasticity. Both forms of visual deprivation produced a compensatory increase in the spontaneous firing of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in acute slices derived from monocular visual cortex. TTX increased spontaneous activity through an increase in the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance within layer 2/3. In contrast, LS decreased the E/I balance by strongly depressing excitatory transmission, and the homeostatic increase in spontaneous activity was instead achieved through an increase in the intrinsic excitability of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. The microcircuit in layer 2/3 can thus use different forms of homeostatic plasticity to compensate for the loss of visual drive, depending on the specific demands produced by visual experience. The existence of multiple, partially redundant forms of homeostatic plasticity may ensure that network compensation can be achieved in response to a wide range of sensory perturbations.},
	Author = {Maffei, Arianna and Turrigiano, Gina G},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:17:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;homeostatic plasticity;Critical Period;hebbian;plasticity;Synapses;synaptic scaling;visual cortex;visual system;Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Homeostasis; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {4377-84},
	Pmc = {PMC2655203},
	pmid = {18434516},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Multiple modes of network homeostasis in visual cortical layer 2/3},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Maffei_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5298-07.2008}}

@article{Turrigiano:2004a,
	Author = {Turrigiano, Gina G and Nelson, Sacha B},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:17:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;homeostatic plasticity;Critical Period;hebbian;plasticity;Synapses;synaptic scaling;visual cortex;visual system;Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Nervous System; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {97-107},
	pmid = {14735113},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Turrigiano_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1327}}

@article{Renart:2003,
	Abstract = {The concept of bell-shaped persistent neural activity represents a cornerstone of the theory for the internal representation of analog quantities, such as spatial location or head direction. Previous models, however, relied on the unrealistic assumption of network homogeneity. We investigate this issue in a network model where fine tuning of parameters is destroyed by heterogeneities in cellular and synaptic properties. Heterogeneities result in the loss of stored spatial information in a few seconds. Accurate encoding is recovered when a homeostatic mechanism scales the excitatory synapses to each cell to compensate for the heterogeneity in cellular excitability and synaptic inputs. Moreover, the more realistic model produces a wide diversity of tuning curves, as commonly observed in recordings from prefrontal neurons. We conclude that recurrent attractor networks in conjunction with appropriate homeostatic mechanisms provide a robust, biologically plausible theoretical framework for understanding the neural circuit basis of spatial working memory.},
	Author = {Renart, Alfonso and Song, Pengcheng and Wang, Xiao-Jing},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:17:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 15:21:40 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;homeostatic plasticity;Critical Period;hebbian;plasticity;Synapses;synaptic scaling;Models;Computational Biology;Theoretical},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Homeostasis; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Nonlinear Dynamics; Reproducibility of Results; Space Perception; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {473-85},
	pmid = {12741993},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Robust spatial working memory through homeostatic synaptic scaling in heterogeneous cortical networks},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Renart_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Akemann:2009,
	Abstract = {The relatively simple and highly modular circuitry of the cerebellum raised expectations decades ago that a realistic computational model of cerebellar circuit operations would be feasible, and prove insightful for unraveling cerebellar information processing. To this end, the biophysical properties of most cerebellar cell types and their synaptic connections have been well characterized and integrated into realistic single cell models. Furthermore, large scale models of cerebellar circuits that extrapolate from single cell properties to circuit dynamics have been constructed. While the development of single cell models have been constrained by microelectrode recordings, guidance and validation as these models are scaled up to study network interactions requires an experimental methodology capable of monitoring cerebellar dynamics at the population level. Here we review the potential of optical imaging techniques to serve this purpose.},
	Author = {Akemann, Walther and Middleton, Steven J and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:09:03 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;imaging;in vivo;review;optical imaging;frontiers review;23 Technique},
	Pages = {5},
	Pmc = {PMC2718781},
	pmid = {19649169},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optical imaging as a link between cellular neurophysiology and circuit modeling},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Akemann_FrontCellNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.03.005.2009}}

@article{Barabasi:1999,
	Abstract = {Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free distributions, which indicates that the development of large networks is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the particulars of the individual systems.},
	Author = {Barabasi and Albert},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:06:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 15:08:06 -0500},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;self organization;graph theory;Computational Biology;Theoretical;evolutionary dynamics;09 Evolutionary dynamics},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5439},
	Pages = {509-12},
	pmid = {10521342},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Emergence of scaling in random networks},
	Volume = {286},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Barabasi_Science1999.pdf}}

@article{Yassin:2010,
	Abstract = {Unbiased methods to assess the firing activity of individual neurons in the neocortex have revealed that a large proportion of cells fire at extremely low rates (<0.1 Hz), both in their spontaneous and evoked activity. Thus, firing in neocortical networks appears to be dominated by a small population of highly active neurons. Here, we use a fosGFP transgenic mouse to examine the properties of cells with a recent history of elevated activity. FosGFP-expressing layer 2/3 pyramidal cells fired at higher rates compared to fosGFP(-) neurons, both in vivo and in vitro. Elevated activity could be attributed to increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory drive to fosGFP(+) neurons. Paired-cell recordings indicated that fosGFP(+) neurons had a greater likelihood of being connected to each other. These findings indicate that highly active, interconnected neuronal ensembles are present in the neocortex and suggest these cells may play a role in the encoding of sensory information. VIDEO ABSTRACT:},
	Author = {Yassin, Lina and Benedetti, Brett L and Jouhanneau, Jean-S{\'e}bastien and Wen, Jing A and Poulet, James F A and Barth, Alison L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:02:22 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Activity-development;Imaging;microscopy;Multiphoton;23 Technique;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1043-50},
	Pmc = {PMC3022325},
	pmid = {21172607},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {An embedded subnetwork of highly active neurons in the neocortex},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Yassin_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.029}}

@article{Linden:2009,
	Abstract = {Manipulations of activity in one retina can profoundly affect binocular connections in the visual cortex. Retinal activity is relayed to the cortex by the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). We compared the qualities and amount of activity in the dLGN following monocular eyelid closure and monocular retinal inactivation in awake mice. Our findings substantially alter the interpretation of previous studies and define the afferent activity patterns that trigger cortical plasticity.},
	Author = {Linden, Monica L and Heynen, Arnold J and Haslinger, Robert H and Bear, Mark F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 15:00:09 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;Critical Period;plasticity;Competitive Behavior;Cooperative Behavior;visual cortex;visual system;Sensory Deprivation;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mice; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Pentobarbital; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Tetrodotoxin; Time Factors; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {390-2},
	Pmc = {PMC2669755},
	pmid = {19252494},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamic activity that drives visual cortical plasticity},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Linden_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2284}}

@article{Weible:2010,
	Abstract = {Understanding how neural circuits work requires a detailed knowledge of cellular-level connectivity. Our current understanding of neural circuitry is limited by the constraints of existing tools for transsynaptic tracing. Some of the most intractable problems are a lack of cellular specificity of uptake, transport across multiple synaptic steps conflating direct and indirect inputs, and poor labeling of minor inputs. We used a novel combination of transgenic mouse technology and a recently developed tracing system based on rabies virus (Wickersham et al., 2007a,b) to overcome all three constraints. Because the virus requires transgene expression for both initial infection and subsequent retrograde transsynaptic infection, we created several lines of mice that express these genes in defined cell types using the tetracycline-dependent transactivator system (Mansuy and Bujard, 2000). Fluorescent labeling from viral replication is thereby restricted to defined neuronal cell types and their direct monosynaptic inputs. Because viral replication does not depend on transgene expression, it provides robust amplification of signal in presynaptic neurons regardless of input strength. We injected virus into transgenic crosses expressing the viral transgenes in specific cell types of the hippocampus formation to demonstrate cell-specific infection and monosynaptic retrograde transport of virus, which strongly labels even minor inputs. Such neuron-specific transgenic complementation of recombinant rabies virus holds great promise for obtaining cellular-resolution wiring diagrams of the mammalian CNS.},
	Author = {Weible, Aldis P and Schwarcz, Leslie and Wickersham, Ian R and Deblander, Leah and Wu, Haiyan and Callaway, Edward M and Seung, H Sebastian and Kentros, Clifford G},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:56:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {viral;Gene Therapy;Genetic Engineering;Synapses;connectivity;imaging;23 Technique;cell interaction;Cell Adhesion;Trans-synaptic;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Hippocampus; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Neurons; RNA, Messenger; Rabies virus; Recombination, Genetic; Synapses; Transgenes; Viral Envelope Proteins},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {16509-13},
	pmid = {21147990},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Transgenic targeting of recombinant rabies virus reveals monosynaptic connectivity of specific neurons},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Weible_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2442-10.2010}}

@article{Wang:2010a,
	Abstract = {The mouse is a promising model in the study of visual system function and development because of available genetic tools. However, a quantitative analysis of visual receptive field properties had not been performed in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) despite its importance in mouse vision and its usefulness in developmental studies. We have made single-unit extracellular recordings from superficial layers of the SC in urethane-anesthetized C57BL/6 mice. We first map receptive fields with flashing spot stimuli and show that most SC neurons have spatially overlapped ON and OFF subfields. With drifting sinusoidal gratings, we then determine the tuning properties of individual SC neurons, including selectivity for stimulus direction and orientation, spatial frequency tuning, temporal frequency tuning, response linearity, and size preference. A wide range of receptive field sizes and selectivity are observed across the population and in various subtypes of SC neurons identified morphologically. In particular, orientation-selective responses are discovered in the mouse SC, and they are not affected by cortical lesion or long-term visual deprivation. However, ON/OFF characteristics and spatial frequency tuning of SC neurons are influenced by cortical inputs and require visual experience during development. Together, our results provide essential information for future investigations on the functional development of the superior colliculus.},
	Author = {Wang, Lupeng and Sarnaik, Rashmi and Rangarajan, Krsna and Liu, Xiaorong and Cang, Jianhua},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:54:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;Spontaneous activity;retina;visual cortex;visual system;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;function;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Female; Functional Laterality; Lysine; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Psychophysics; Statistics as Topic; Superior Colliculi; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {49},
	Pages = {16573-84},
	pmid = {21147997},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual receptive field properties of neurons in the superficial superior colliculus of the mouse},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3305-10.2010}}

@article{Chaigneau:2007,
	Abstract = {In the brain, neuronal activation triggers an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Here, we use two animal models and several techniques (two-photon imaging of CBF and neuronal calcium dynamics, intracellular and extracellular recordings, local pharmacology) to analyze the relationship between neuronal activity and local CBF during odor stimulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. Application of glutamate receptor antagonists or tetrodotoxin directly into single rat olfactory glomeruli blocked postsynaptic responses but did not affect the local odor-evoked CBF increases. This suggests that in our experimental conditions, odor always activates more than one glomerulus and that silencing one of a few clustered glomeruli does not affect the vascular response. To block synaptic transmission more widely, we then superfused glutamate antagonists over the surface of the olfactory bulb in transgenic G-CaMP2 mice. This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the glomerular layer, and (2) transgenic G-CaMP2 mice express the fluorescent calcium sensor protein G-CaMP2 in mitral cells. In G-CaMP2 mice, odor-evoked, odor-specific, and concentration-dependent calcium increases in glomeruli. Superfusion of glutamate receptor antagonists blocked odor-evoked postsynaptic calcium signals and CBF responses. We conclude that activation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and rises in dendritic calcium are major steps for neurovascular coupling in olfactory bulb glomeruli.},
	Author = {Chaigneau, Emmanuelle and Tiret, Pascale and Lecoq, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Ducros, Mathieu and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and Charpak, Serge},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:50:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;Olfactory Bulb;in vivo;function;imaging;microscopy;calcium imaging;optical imaging;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Benzaldehydes; Blood Circulation Time; Calcium; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glomerular Mesangium; Long-Term Potentiation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tetrodotoxin},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {6452-60},
	pmid = {17567806},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The relationship between blood flow and neuronal activity in the rodent olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chaigneau_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3141-06.2007}}

@article{Lecoq:2009,
	Abstract = {Adaptation is a general property of sensory receptor neurons and has been extensively studied in isolated cell preparation of olfactory receptor neurons. In contrast, little is known about the conditions under which peripheral adaptation occurs in the CNS during odorant stimulation. Here, we used two-photon laser-scanning microscopy and targeted extracellular recording in freely breathing anesthetized rats to investigate the correlate of peripheral adaptation at the first synapse of the olfactory pathway in olfactory bulb glomeruli. We find that during sustained stimulation at high concentration, odorants can evoke local field potential (LFP) postsynaptic responses that rapidly adapt with time, some within two inhalations. Simultaneous measurements of LFP and calcium influx at olfactory receptor neuron terminals reveal that postsynaptic adaptation is associated with a decrease in odorant-evoked calcium response, suggesting that it results from a decrease in glutamate release. This glomerular adaptation was concentration-dependent and did not change the glomerular input-output curve. In addition, in situ application of antagonists of either ionotropic glutamate receptors or metabotropic GABA(B) receptors did not affect this adaptation, thus discarding the involvement of local presynaptic inhibition. Glomerular adaptation, therefore, reflects the response decline of olfactory receptor neurons to sustained odorant. We postulate that peripheral fast adaptation is a means by which glomerular output codes for high concentration of odor.},
	Author = {Lecoq, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Tiret, Pascale and Charpak, Serge},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:50:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;Olfactory Bulb;in vivo;function;imaging;microscopy;calcium imaging;optical imaging},
	Mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Pathways; Peripheral Nerves; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Smell},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3067-72},
	pmid = {19279243},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Peripheral adaptation codes for high odor concentration in glomeruli},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Lecoq_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6187-08.2009}}

@article{Cline:2008,
	Abstract = {The synaptotropic hypothesis, which states that synaptic inputs control the elaboration of dendritic (and axonal) arbors was articulated by Vaughn in 1989. Today the role of synaptic inputs in controlling neuronal structural development remains an area of intense research activity. Several recent studies have applied modern molecular genetic, imaging and electrophysiological methods to this question and now provide strong evidence that maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs is required for the development of neuronal structure in the intact brain. Here we critically review data concerning the hypothesis with the expectation that understanding the circumstances when the data do and do not support the hypothesis will be most valuable. The synaptotrophic hypothesis contributes at both conceptual and mechanistic levels to our understanding of how relatively minor changes in levels or function of synaptic proteins may have profound effects on circuit development and plasticity.},
	Author = {Cline, Hollis and Haas, Kurt},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:47:02 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Synapses;pruning;structural remodeling;visual system;development;plasticity;Critical Period},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Receptors, Glutamate; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1509-17},
	Pmc = {PMC2375708},
	pmid = {18202093},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input: a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis},
	Volume = {586},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Cline_JPhysiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150029}}

@article{Dombeck:2009,
	Abstract = {Macroscopic (millimeter scale) functional clustering is a hallmark characteristic of motor cortex spatial organization in awake behaving mammals; however, almost no information is known about the functional micro-organization (approximately 100 microm scale). Here, we optically recorded intracellular calcium transients of layer 2/3 neurons with cellular resolution over approximately 200-microm-diameter fields in the forelimb motor cortex of mobile, head-restrained mice during two distinct movements (running and grooming). We showed that the temporal correlation between neurons was statistically larger the closer the neurons were to each other. We further explored this correlation by using two separate methods to spatially segment the neurons within each imaging field: K-means clustering and correlations between single neuron activity and mouse movements. The two methods segmented the neurons similarly and led to the conclusion that the origin of the inverse relationship between correlation and distance seen statistically was twofold: clusters of highly temporally correlated neurons were often spatially distinct from one another, and (even when the clusters were spatially intermingled) within the clusters, the more correlated the neurons were to each other, the shorter the distance between them. Our results represent a direct observation of functional clustering within the microcircuitry of the awake mouse motor cortex.},
	Author = {Dombeck, Daniel A and Graziano, Michael S and Tank, David W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:43:54 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging;calcium imaging;optical imaging;imaging;Multiphoton;microscopy;in vivo;21 Circuit structure-function;Motor Activity;Motor Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cluster Analysis; Diagnostic Imaging; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; Neurons; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {44},
	Pages = {13751-60},
	Pmc = {PMC2872549},
	pmid = {19889987},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional clustering of neurons in motor cortex determined by cellular resolution imaging in awake behaving mice},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Dombeck_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2985-09.2009}}

@article{Kim:2009,
	Abstract = {Tools for suppressing synaptic transmission gain power when able to target highly selective neuron subtypes, thereby sharpening attainable links between neuron type, behavior, and disease; and when able to silence most any neuron subtype, thereby offering broad applicability. Here, we present such a tool, RC::PFtox, that harnesses breadth in scope along with high cell-type selection via combinatorial gene expression to deliver tetanus toxin light chain (tox), an inhibitor of vesicular neurotransmission. When applied in mice, we observed cell-type-specific disruption of vesicle exocytosis accompanied by loss of excitatory postsynaptic currents and commensurately perturbed behaviors. Among various test populations, we applied RC::PFtox to silence serotonergic neurons, en masse or a subset defined combinatorially. Of the behavioral phenotypes observed upon en masse serotonergic silencing, only one mapped to the combinatorially defined subset. These findings provide evidence for separability by genetic lineage of serotonin-modulated behaviors; collectively, these findings demonstrate broad utility of RC::PFtox for dissecting neuron functions.},
	Author = {Kim, Jun Chul and Cook, Melloni N and Carey, Megan R and Shen, Chung and Regehr, Wade G and Dymecki, Susan M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:41:58 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Genetic Engineering;optogenetics;frontiers review;mouse;21 Activity-development;activity manipulation;review;23 Technique},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Behavior, Animal; Biophysics; Cerebellum; Conditioning (Psychology); Electric Stimulation; Exploratory Behavior; Fear; GABA Antagonists; Genetic Linkage; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Models, Neurological; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenotype; Phosphinic Acids; Propanolamines; Proteins; Recombinases; Serotonin; Startle Reaction; Synaptic Transmission; Tetanus Toxin; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {305-15},
	Pmc = {PMC2814245},
	pmid = {19679071},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Linking genetically defined neurons to behavior through a broadly applicable silencing allele},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kim_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.010}}

@article{Triplett:2009,
	Abstract = {Sensory information is represented in the brain in the form of topographic maps, in which neighboring neurons respond to adjacent external stimuli. In the visual system, the superior colliculus receives topographic projections from the retina and primary visual cortex (V1) that are aligned. Alignment may be achieved through the use of a gradient of shared axon guidance molecules, or through a retinal-matching mechanism in which axons that monitor identical regions of visual space align. To distinguish between these possibilities, we take advantage of genetically engineered mice that we show have a duplicated functional retinocollicular map but only a single map in V1. Anatomical tracing revealed that the corticocollicular projection bifurcates to align with the duplicated retinocollicular map in a manner dependent on the normal pattern of spontaneous activity during development. These data suggest a general model in which convergent maps use coincident activity patterns to achieve alignment.},
	Author = {Triplett, Jason W and Owens, Melinda T and Yamada, Jena and Lemke, Greg and Cang, Jianhua and Stryker, Michael P and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:39:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;retina;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;visual cortex;development;retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Homeodomain Proteins; Mice; Neurogenesis; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Receptor, EphA3; Retina; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {175-85},
	Pmc = {PMC2814139},
	pmid = {19804762},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal input instructs alignment of visual topographic maps},
	Volume = {139},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Triplett_Cell2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Triplett_Cell2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.028}}

@article{Fuentes-Medel:2009,
	Abstract = {Synapse remodeling is an extremely dynamic process, often regulated by neural activity. Here we show during activity-dependent synaptic growth at the Drosophila NMJ many immature synaptic boutons fail to form stable postsynaptic contacts, are selectively shed from the parent arbor, and degenerate or disappear from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Surprisingly, we also observe the widespread appearance of presynaptically derived "debris" during normal synaptic growth. The shedding of both immature boutons and presynaptic debris is enhanced by high-frequency stimulation of motorneurons, indicating that their formation is modulated by neural activity. Interestingly, we find that glia dynamically invade the NMJ and, working together with muscle cells, phagocytose shed presynaptic material. Suppressing engulfment activity in glia or muscle by disrupting the Draper/Ced-6 pathway results in a dramatic accumulation of presynaptic debris, and synaptic growth in turn is severely compromised. Thus actively growing NMJ arbors appear to constitutively generate an excessive number of immature boutons, eliminate those that are not stabilized through a shedding process, and normal synaptic expansion requires the continuous clearance of this material by both glia and muscle cells.},
	Author = {Fuentes-Medel, Yuly and Logan, Mary A and Ashley, James and Ataman, Bulent and Budnik, Vivian and Freeman, Marc R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:35:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {pruning;microglia;macrophage;glia;Synapses;development;21 Activity-development;Imaging;structural remodeling;cell interaction;axon guidance;Axons},
	Mesh = {Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Larva; Membrane Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Muscles; Neuroglia; Neuromuscular Junction; Presynaptic Terminals; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e1000184},
	Pmc = {PMC2724735},
	pmid = {19707574},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Glia and muscle sculpt neuromuscular arbors by engulfing destabilized synaptic boutons and shed presynaptic debris},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Fuentes-Medel_PLoSBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000184}}

@article{Fuerst:2009,
	Abstract = {DSCAM and DSCAM-LIKE1 (DSCAML1) serve diverse neurodevelopmental functions, including axon guidance, synaptic adhesion, and self-avoidance, depending on the species, cell type, and gene family member studied. We examined the function of DSCAM and DSCAML1 in the developing mouse retina. In addition to a subset of amacrine cells, Dscam was expressed in most retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs had fasciculated dendrites and clumped cell bodies in Dscam(-/-) mice, suggesting a role in self-avoidance. Dscaml1 was expressed in the rod circuit, and mice lacking Dscaml1 had fasciculated rod bipolar cell dendrites and clumped AII amacrine cell bodies, also indicating a role in self-avoidance. Neurons in Dscam or Dscaml1 mutant retinas stratified their processes appropriately in synaptic laminae in the inner plexiform layer, and functional synapses formed in the rod circuit in mice lacking Dscaml1. Therefore, DSCAM and DSCAML1 function similarly in self-avoidance, and are not essential for synaptic specificity in the mouse retina.},
	Author = {Fuerst, Peter G and Bruce, Freyja and Tian, Miao and Wei, Wei and Elstrott, Justin and Feller, Marla B and Erskine, Lynda and Singer, Joshua H and Burgess, Robert W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:33:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {cell interaction;Cell Adhesion;retina;development;cell migration;Cell Migration Inhibition;self organization;visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Avoidance Learning; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Neurites; Retina; Synapses},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {484-97},
	Pmc = {PMC2850049},
	pmid = {19945391},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {DSCAM and DSCAML1 function in self-avoidance in multiple cell types in the developing mouse retina},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Fuerst_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.027}}

@article{Dunfield:2009,
	Abstract = {During embryogenesis, brain neurons receiving the same sensory input may undergo potentiation or depression. While the origin of variable plasticity in vivo is unknown, it plays a key role in shaping dynamic neural circuit refinement. Here, we investigate effects of natural visual stimuli on neuronal firing within the intact, awake, developing brain using calcium imaging of 100 s of central neurons in the Xenopus retinotectal system. We find that specific patterns of visual stimuli shift population responses toward either potentiation or depression in an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)-dependent manner. In agreement with Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro metaplasticity, our results show that functional potentiation or depression can be predicted by individual neurons' specific receptive field properties and historic firing rates. Interestingly, this activity-dependent metaplasticity is itself NMDA-R dependent. Furthermore, network analysis reveals increased correlated firing of neurons that undergo potentiation. These findings implicate metaplasticity as a natural property regulating experience-dependent refinement of nascent embryonic brain circuits.},
	Author = {Dunfield, Derek and Haas, Kurt},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:31:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;experience dependent plasticity;plasticity;hebbian;frontiers review;imaging;in vivo;optical imaging;calcium imaging;},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biophysics; Brain; Calcium; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Long-Term Potentiation; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Statistics as Topic; Superior Colliculi; Synapses; Visual Pathways; Xenopus laevis},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {240-50},
	pmid = {19874791},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Metaplasticity governs natural experience-driven plasticity of nascent embryonic brain circuits},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Dunfield_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.034}}

@article{Helmchen:2001,
	Abstract = {Two-photon microscopy has enabled anatomical and functional fluorescence imaging in the intact brain of rats. Here, we extend two-photon imaging from anesthetized, head-stabilized to awake, freely moving animals by using a miniaturized head-mounted microscope. Excitation light is conducted to the microscope in a single-mode optical fiber, and images are scanned using vibrations of the fiber tip. Microscope performance was first characterized in the neocortex of anesthetized rats. We readily obtained images of vasculature filled with fluorescently labeled blood and of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons filled with a calcium indicator. Capillary blood flow and dendritic calcium transients were measured with high time resolution using line scans. In awake, freely moving rats, stable imaging was possible except during sudden head movements.},
	Author = {Helmchen, F and Fee, M S and Tank, D W and Denk, W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:27:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 14:28:34 -0500},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Imaging;Multiphoton;calcium imaging;Optics;in vivo;microscopy},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia; Animals; Artifacts; Brain; Calcium Signaling; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dendrites; Dextrans; Equipment Design; Fiber Optic Technology; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluorescent Dyes; Head Movements; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lasers; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Miniaturization; Movement; Optical Fibers; Organic Chemicals; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {903-12},
	pmid = {11580892},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Lim:1997a,
	Abstract = {Optic nerve-evoked responses were measured in the superior colliculus (SC) of neonatal rats in vivo from postnatal day (P) 0 to P11. At P1, a biphasic response was recorded in superficial layers and the amplitude diminished as the electrode penetrated into the deeper layers of the SC. By P2, a similar response, with a fast positive-going potential followed by a more prolonged negative potential was observed at the surface. The polarity of the response reversed as the electrode was moved into the deeper laminae of the SC. Such a reversal in the polarity of optic nerve-evoked responses resembled those observed in more mature preparations. Using current source density analysis, a single pair of source-sink could be identified following optic nerve stimulation at P2, and this changed to a more complex pattern by P11. Our results suggest that synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway of the rat is functional as early as P2.},
	Author = {Lim, C H and Ho, S M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:25:08 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 14:26:28 -0500},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {development;retina;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;21 Neurophysiology;Synapses;connectivity;21 Activity-development;function;visual system},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Optic Nerve; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {141-4},
	pmid = {9406889},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Early detection of optic nerve-evoked response in the superior colliculus of the neonatal rat},
	Volume = {235},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Lim_NeurosciLett1997.pdf}}

@article{Takahashi:2009,
	Abstract = {As an experimental model to study the mechanism of large-scale network plasticity of the juvenile brain, functional compensation after neonatal brain damage was studied in rats that received unilateral decortication at postnatal day 5. These animals exhibited a marked ability in reaching and grasping movements in the contralesional side of the forelimb when tested at 10-14 weeks of age. Additional lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in the remaining contralesional hemisphere at this stage resulted in severe impairment of both forelimbs. It was suggested that the sensorimotor cortex on the contralesional side was controlling the movements of both forelimbs. Following the injection of an anterograde tracer into the remaining sensorimotor cortex, the corticofugal axons from the remaining sensorimotor cortex were found to issue aberrant projections to the contralateral red nucleus, contralateral superior colliculus, contralateral pontine nuclei, ipsilateral dorsal column nucleus and ipsilateral gray matter of the cervical spinal cord, all of which appeared to be necessary for the control of contralesional forelimb movements. These results suggest that the forelimb movements on the contralesional side were compensated by large-scale reorganization of the corticofugal axons from the remaining sensorimotor cortex.},
	Author = {Takahashi, Masahito and Vattanajun, Anusara and Umeda, Tatsuya and Isa, Kaoru and Isa, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:22:26 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;structural remodeling;development;plasticity;visual system;visual cortex;multisensory integration;Critical Period;function;self organization},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Decortication; Dextrans; Forelimb; Functional Laterality; Movement; Neuronal Plasticity; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Video Recording},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1878-87},
	pmid = {19895560},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Large-scale reorganization of corticofugal fibers after neonatal hemidecortication for functional restoration of forelimb movements},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_EurJNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06989.x}}

@article{Isa:2009,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus plays an important role in the translation of sensory signals that encode the location of objects in space into motor signals that encode vectors of the shifts in gaze direction called saccades. Since the late 1990s, our two laboratories have been applying whole cell patch-clamp techniques to in vitro slice preparations of rodent superior colliculus to analyze the structure and function of its circuitry at the cellular level. This review describes the results of these experiments and discusses their contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for sensorimotor integration in the superior colliculus. The experiments analyze vertical interactions between its superficial visuosensory and intermediate premotor layers and propose how they might contribute to express saccades and to saccadic suppression. They also compare and contrast the circuitry within each of these layers and propose how this circuitry might contribute to the selection of the targets for saccades and to the build-up of the premotor commands that precede saccades. Experiments also explore in vitro the roles of extrinsic inputs to the superior colliculus, including cholinergic inputs from the parabigeminal and parabrachial nuclei and GABAergic inputs from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, in modulating the activity of the collicular circuitry. The results extend and clarify our understanding of the multiple roles the superior colliculus plays in sensorimotor integration.},
	Author = {Isa, Tadashi and Hall, William C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:20:20 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;in vitro;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;GABA;Circuits;function;visual system},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Computer Simulation; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Saccades; Superior Colliculi; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {2581-93},
	Pmc = {PMC2777828},
	pmid = {19710376},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Exploring the superior colliculus in vitro},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Isa_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00498.2009}}

@article{Jacobs:1991,
	Abstract = {High sensitivity to near-ultraviolet light is a fundamental feature of vision in many invertebrates. Among vertebrates there are some amphibians, birds and fishes that are also sensitive to near-ultraviolet wavelengths. This sensitivity can be achieved through a class of cone photoreceptor containing an ultraviolet-sensitive pigment. Although these receptors were thought not to exist in the eyes of mammals, we now report that some rodents have a retinal mechanism that is maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light.},
	Author = {Jacobs, G H and Neitz, J and Deegan, 2nd, J F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:18:03 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {retina;function;Photoreceptors;optic tectum;Superior Colliculus;visual system;Color Perception;mouse},
	Mesh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Electroretinography; Gerbillinae; Mice; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells; Rats; Retina; Rodentia; Ultraviolet Rays},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6345},
	Pages = {655-6},
	pmid = {1922382},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light},
	Volume = {353},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Jacobs_Nature1991.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353655a0}}

@article{Chung:2009,
	Abstract = {A primer on new research by Fuentes-Medel and colleagues explains the important role of non-neural cells in clearing neural debris, which is continuously produced during the normal remodeling processes that establish and maintain neural connectivity.},
	Author = {Chung, Won-Suk and Barres, Ben A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:13:28 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;axon guidance;pruning;refinement;connectivity;review;visual system;development;plasticity;structural remodeling;Cooperative Behavior;Competitive Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Larva; Membrane Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Muscles; Neuroglia; Neuromuscular Junction; Presynaptic Terminals; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {e1000185},
	Pmc = {PMC2722723},
	pmid = {19707269},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Selective remodeling: refining neural connectivity at the neuromuscular junction},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Chung_PLoSBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000185}}

@article{Tremblay:2010,
	Abstract = {Microglia are the immune cells of the brain. In the absence of pathological insult, their highly motile processes continually survey the brain parenchyma and transiently contact synaptic elements. Aside from monitoring, their physiological roles at synapses are not known. To gain insight into possible roles of microglia in the modification of synaptic structures, we used immunocytochemical electron microscopy, serial section electron microscopy with three-dimensional reconstructions, and two-photon in vivo imaging to characterize microglial interactions with synapses during normal and altered sensory experience, in the visual cortex of juvenile mice. During normal visual experience, most microglial processes displayed direct apposition with multiple synapse-associated elements, including synaptic clefts. Microglial processes were also distinctively surrounded by pockets of extracellular space. In terms of dynamics, microglial processes localized to the vicinity of small and transiently growing dendritic spines, which were typically lost over 2 d. When experience was manipulated through light deprivation and reexposure, microglial processes changed their morphology, showed altered distributions of extracellular space, displayed phagocytic structures, apposed synaptic clefts more frequently, and enveloped synapse-associated elements more extensively. While light deprivation induced microglia to become less motile and changed their preference of localization to the vicinity of a subset of larger dendritic spines that persistently shrank, light reexposure reversed these behaviors. Taken together, these findings reveal different modalities of microglial interactions with synapses that are subtly altered by sensory experience. These findings suggest that microglia may actively contribute to the experience-dependent modification or elimination of a specific subset of synapses in the healthy brain.},
	Author = {Tremblay, Marie-{\`E}ve and Lowery, Rebecca L and Majewska, Ania K},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:11:06 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;visual cortex;visual system;microglia;macrophage;Immune System;Imaging;Multiphoton;microscopy;in vivo;Synapses;cell interaction},
	Mesh = {Animals; Extracellular Space; Mice; Microglia; Microscopy, Electron; Synapses; Vision, Ocular},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {e1000527},
	Pmc = {PMC2970556},
	pmid = {21072242},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Tremblay_PLoSBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527}}

@article{Godfrey:2009,
	Abstract = {During development, neurons extend axons to different brain areas and produce stereotypical patterns of connections. The mechanisms underlying this process have been intensively studied in the visual system, where retinal neurons form retinotopic maps in the thalamus and superior colliculus. The mechanisms active in map formation include molecular guidance cues, trophic factor release, spontaneous neural activity, spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), synapse creation and retraction, and axon growth, branching and retraction. To investigate how these mechanisms interact, a multi-component model of the developing retinocollicular pathway was produced based on phenomenological approximations of each of these mechanisms. Core assumptions of the model were that the probabilities of axonal branching and synaptic growth are highest where the combined influences of chemoaffinity and trophic factor cues are highest, and that activity-dependent release of trophic factors acts to stabilize synapses. Based on these behaviors, model axons produced morphologically realistic growth patterns and projected to retinotopically correct locations in the colliculus. Findings of the model include that STDP, gradient detection by axonal growth cones and lateral connectivity among collicular neurons were not necessary for refinement, and that the instructive cues for axonal growth appear to be mediated first by molecular guidance and then by neural activity. Although complex, the model appears to be insensitive to variations in how the component developmental mechanisms are implemented. Activity, molecular guidance and the growth and retraction of axons and synapses are common features of neural development, and the findings of this study may have relevance beyond organization in the retinocollicular pathway.},
	Author = {Godfrey, Keith B and Eglen, Stephen J and Swindale, Nicholas V},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:09:21 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Retina;LGN;development;Computational Biology;Theoretical;Models;plasticity;hebbian;retinal wave paper;axon guidance;Axons;optic tectum;Superior Colliculus},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Behavior, Animal; Mice; Models, Neurological; Probability; Retina; Synapses; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {e1000600},
	Pmc = {PMC2782179},
	pmid = {20011124},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A multi-component model of the developing retinocollicular pathway incorporating axonal and synaptic growth},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Godfrey_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000600}}

@article{Gjorgjieva:2009,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous retinal activity (known as "waves") remodels synaptic connectivity to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) during development. Analysis of retinal waves recorded with multielectrode arrays in mouse suggested that a cue for the segregation of functionally distinct (ON and OFF) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the LGN may be a desynchronization in their firing, where ON cells precede OFF cells by one second. Using the recorded retinal waves as input, with two different modeling approaches we explore timing-based plasticity rules for the evolution of synaptic weights to identify key features underlying ON/OFF segregation. First, we analytically derive a linear model for the evolution of ON and OFF weights, to understand how synaptic plasticity rules extract input firing properties to guide segregation. Second, we simulate postsynaptic activity with a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model to compare findings with the linear model. We find that spike-time-dependent plasticity, which modifies synaptic weights based on millisecond-long timing and order of pre- and postsynaptic spikes, fails to segregate ON and OFF retinal inputs in the absence of normalization. Implementing homeostatic mechanisms results in segregation, but only with carefully-tuned parameters. Furthermore, extending spike integration timescales to match the second-long input correlation timescales always leads to ON segregation because ON cells fire before OFF cells. We show that burst-time-dependent plasticity can robustly guide ON/OFF segregation in the LGN without normalization, by integrating pre- and postsynaptic bursts irrespective of their firing order and over second-long timescales. We predict that an LGN neuron will become ON- or OFF-responsive based on a local competition of the firing patterns of neighboring RGCs connecting to it. Finally, we demonstrate consistency with ON/OFF segregation in ferret, despite differences in the firing properties of retinal waves. Our model suggests that diverse input statistics of retinal waves can be robustly interpreted by a burst-based rule, which underlies retinogeniculate plasticity across different species.},
	Author = {Gjorgjieva, Julijana and Toyoizumi, Taro and Eglen, Stephen J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 14:07:38 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Retina;LGN;development;Computational Biology;Theoretical;Models;plasticity;hebbian;retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Computer Simulation; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neuronal Plasticity; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {e1000618},
	Pmc = {PMC2790088},
	pmid = {20041207},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Burst-time-dependent plasticity robustly guides ON/OFF segregation in the lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Gjorgjieva_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000618}}

@article{Betley:2009,
	Abstract = {GABAergic interneurons are key elements in neural coding, but the mechanisms that assemble inhibitory circuits remain unclear. In the spinal cord, the transfer of sensory signals to motor neurons is filtered by GABAergic interneurons that act presynaptically to inhibit sensory transmitter release and postsynaptically to inhibit motor neuron excitability. We show here that the connectivity and synaptic differentiation of GABAergic interneurons that mediate presynaptic inhibition is directed by their sensory targets. In the absence of sensory terminals these GABAergic neurons shun other available targets, fail to undergo presynaptic differentiation, and withdraw axons from the ventral spinal cord. A sensory-specific source of brain derived neurotrophic factor induces synaptic expression of the GABA synthetic enzyme GAD65--a defining biochemical feature of this set of interneurons. The organization of a GABAergic circuit that mediates presynaptic inhibition in the mammalian CNS is therefore controlled by a stringent program of sensory recognition and signaling.},
	Author = {Betley, J Nicholas and Wright, Christopher V E and Kawaguchi, Yoshiya and Erd{\'e}lyi, Ferenc and Szab{\'o}, G{\'a}bor and Jessell, Thomas M and Kaltschmidt, Julia A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:44:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Interneurons;GABA;10 circuit formation;Axons;cell interaction;Spinal Cord;frontiers review;structural remodeling;plasticity;Sensory Deprivation;experience dependent plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Interneurons; Mice; Motor Neurons; Presynaptic Terminals; Proprioception; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spinal Cord; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {161-74},
	Pmc = {PMC2812434},
	pmid = {19804761},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stringent specificity in the construction of a GABAergic presynaptic inhibitory circuit},
	Volume = {139},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Betley_Cell2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.027}}

@article{Kerschensteiner:2009,
	Abstract = {Activity is thought to guide the patterning of synaptic connections in the developing nervous system. Specifically, differences in the activity of converging inputs are thought to cause the elimination of synapses from less active inputs and increase connectivity with more active inputs. Here we present findings that challenge the generality of this notion and offer a new view of the role of activity in synapse development. To imbalance neurotransmission from different sets of inputs in vivo, we generated transgenic mice in which ON but not OFF types of bipolar cells in the retina express tetanus toxin (TeNT). During development, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) select between ON and OFF bipolar cell inputs (ON or OFF RGCs) or establish a similar number of synapses with both on separate dendritic arborizations (ON-OFF RGCs). In TeNT retinas, ON RGCs correctly selected the silenced ON bipolar cell inputs over the transmitting OFF bipolar cells, but were connected with them through fewer synapses at maturity. Time-lapse imaging revealed that this was caused by a reduced rate of synapse formation rather than an increase in synapse elimination. Similarly, TeNT-expressing ON bipolar cell axons generated fewer presynaptic active zones. The remaining active zones often recruited multiple, instead of single, synaptic ribbons. ON-OFF RGCs in TeNT mice maintained convergence of ON and OFF bipolar cells inputs and had fewer synapses on their ON arbor without changes to OFF arbor synapses. Our results reveal an unexpected and remarkably selective role for activity in circuit development in vivo, regulating synapse formation but not elimination, affecting synapse number but not dendritic or axonal patterning, and mediating independently the refinement of connections from parallel (ON and OFF) processing streams even where they converge onto the same postsynaptic cell.},
	Author = {Kerschensteiner, Daniel and Morgan, Josh L and Parker, Edward D and Lewis, Renate M and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:41:50 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Synapses;23 Technique;frontiers review;in vitro;retina;development;10 circuit formation;Spontaneous activity;retinal wave paper;activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Female; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Receptors, Kainic Acid; Retinal Bipolar Cells; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tetanus Toxin},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {7258},
	Pages = {1016-20},
	Pmc = {PMC2746695},
	pmid = {19693082},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neurotransmission selectively regulates synapse formation in parallel circuits in vivo},
	Volume = {460},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Nature2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08236}}

@article{Lin:2010,
	Abstract = {New neurons are added to the adult brain throughout life, but only half ultimately integrate into existing circuits. Sensory experience is an important regulator of the selection of new neurons but it remains unknown whether experience provides specific patterns of synaptic input or simply a minimum level of overall membrane depolarization critical for integration. To investigate this issue, we genetically modified intrinsic electrical properties of adult-generated neurons in the mammalian olfactory bulb. First, we observed that suppressing levels of cell-intrinsic neuronal activity via expression of ESKir2.1 potassium channels decreases, whereas enhancing activity via expression of NaChBac sodium channels increases survival of new neurons. Neither of these modulations affects synaptic formation. Furthermore, even when neurons are induced to fire dramatically altered patterns of action potentials, increased levels of cell-intrinsic activity completely blocks cell death triggered by NMDA receptor deletion. These findings demonstrate that overall levels of cell-intrinsic activity govern survival of new neurons and precise firing patterns are not essential for neuronal integration into existing brain circuits.},
	Author = {Lin, Chia-Wei and Sim, Shuyin and Ainsworth, Alice and Okada, Masayoshi and Kelsch, Wolfgang and Lois, Carlos},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:35:25 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Dentate Gyrus;Hippocampus;Synapses;Genetic Engineering;frontiers review;repair;Regeneration;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cell Survival; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Net; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Sodium Channels},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {32-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2822732},
	pmid = {20152111},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Genetically increased cell-intrinsic excitability enhances neuronal integration into adult brain circuits},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Lin_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.001}}

@article{Brown:2010,
	Abstract = {Photoreception in the mammalian retina is not restricted to rods and cones but extends to a subset of retinal ganglion cells expressing the photopigment melanopsin (mRGCs). These mRGCs are known to drive such reflex light responses as circadian photoentrainment and pupillomotor movements. By contrast, until now there has been no direct assessment of their contribution to conventional visual pathways. Here, we address this deficit. Using new reporter lines, we show that mRGC projections are much more extensive than previously thought and extend across the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), origin of thalamo-cortical projection neurons. We continue to show that this input supports extensive physiological light responses in the dLGN and visual cortex in mice lacking rods+cones (a model of advanced retinal degeneration). Moreover, using chromatic stimuli to isolate melanopsin-derived responses in mice with an intact visual system, we reveal strong melanopsin input to the ∼40\% of neurons in the LGN that show sustained activation to a light step. We demonstrate that this melanopsin input supports irradiance-dependent increases in the firing rate of these neurons. The implication that melanopsin is required to accurately encode stimulus irradiance is confirmed using melanopsin knockout mice. Our data establish melanopsin-based photoreception as a significant source of sensory input to the thalamo-cortical visual system, providing unique irradiance information and allowing visual responses to be retained even in the absence of rods+cones. These findings identify mRGCs as a potential origin for aspects of visual perception and indicate that they may support vision in people suffering retinal degeneration.},
	Author = {Brown, Timothy M and Gias, Carlos and Hatori, Megumi and Keding, Sheena R and Semo, Ma'ayan and Coffey, Peter J and Gigg, John and Piggins, Hugh D and Panda, Satchidananda and Lucas, Robert J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:33:22 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {retina;Photoreceptors;visual system;visual cortex;optic tectum},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {e1000558},
	Pmc = {PMC2998442},
	pmid = {21151887},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Melanopsin contributions to irradiance coding in the thalamo-cortical visual system},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Brown_PLoSBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000558}}

@article{Yang:2009,
	Abstract = {Coordinated patterns of electrical activity are important for the early development of sensory systems. The spatiotemporal dynamics of these early activity patterns and the role of the peripheral sensory input for their generation are essentially unknown. We performed extracellular multielectrode recordings in the somatosensory cortex of postnatal day 0 to 7 rats in vivo and observed three distinct patterns of synchronized oscillatory activity. (1) Spontaneous and periphery-driven spindle bursts of 1-2 s in duration and approximately 10 Hz in frequency occurred approximately every 10 s. (2) Spontaneous and sensory-driven gamma oscillations of 150-300 ms duration and 30-40 Hz in frequency occurred every 10-30 s. (3) Long oscillations appeared only every approximately 20 min and revealed the largest amplitude (250-750 microV) and longest duration (>40 s). These three distinct patterns of early oscillatory activity differently synchronized the neonatal cortical network. Whereas spindle bursts and gamma oscillations did not propagate and synchronized a local neuronal network of 200-400 microm in diameter, long oscillations propagated with 25-30 microm/s and synchronized 600-800 microm large ensembles. All three activity patterns were triggered by sensory activation. Single electrical stimulation of the whisker pad or tactile whisker activation elicited neocortical spindle bursts and gamma activity. Long oscillations could be only evoked by repetitive sensory stimulation. The neonatal oscillatory patterns in vivo depended on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and gap junctional coupling. Whereas spindle bursts and gamma oscillations may represent an early functional columnar-like pattern, long oscillations may serve as a propagating activation signal consolidating these immature neuronal networks.},
	Author = {Yang, Jenq-Wei and Hanganu-Opatz, Ileana L and Sun, Jyh-Jang and Luhmann, Heiko J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:32:26 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 17:25:35 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;21 Cortical oscillations;Neocortex;21 Neurophysiology; in vivo; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Amino Acids; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Clocks; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Functional Laterality; Lidocaine; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synaptic Transmission; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {28},
	Pages = {9011-25},
	pmid = {19605639},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Three patterns of oscillatory activity differentially synchronize developing neocortical networks in vivo},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5646-08.2009}}

@article{Miyamichi:2010,
	Abstract = {In the mouse, each class of olfactory receptor neurons expressing a given odorant receptor has convergent axonal projections to two specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, thereby creating an odour map. However, it is unclear how this map is represented in the olfactory cortex. Here we combine rabies-virus-dependent retrograde mono-trans-synaptic labelling with genetics to control the location, number and type of 'starter' cortical neurons, from which we trace their presynaptic neurons. We find that individual cortical neurons receive input from multiple mitral cells representing broadly distributed glomeruli. Different cortical areas represent the olfactory bulb input differently. For example, the cortical amygdala preferentially receives dorsal olfactory bulb input, whereas the piriform cortex samples the whole olfactory bulb without obvious bias. These differences probably reflect different functions of these cortical areas in mediating innate odour preference or associative memory. The trans-synaptic labelling method described here should be widely applicable to mapping connections throughout the mouse nervous system.},
	Annote = {trans-synaptic labeling from colliculus to retina of strong synapse, which through recombination allows channelrhodopsin or halorhodopsin to be expressed, then repress or amplify activity in these strong synapse.  Then do forward labeling of RGC axons to see percentage of contacts that stay in retinotopic regions or eye specific domains of colliculus.},
	Author = {Miyamichi, Kazunari and Amat, Fernando and Moussavi, Farshid and Wang, Chen and Wickersham, Ian and Wall, Nicholas R and Taniguchi, Hiroki and Tasic, Bosiljka and Huang, Z Josh and He, Zhigang and Callaway, Edward M and Horowitz, Mark A and Luo, Liqun},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:27:17 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Viral;Gene Therapy;imaging;cell interaction;Synapses;frontiers review},
	Month = {Dec},
	pmid = {21179085},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans-synaptic tracing},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Miyamichi_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09714}}

@article{Mahon:2009,
	Abstract = {Distinct regions within the ventral visual pathway show neural specialization for nonliving and living stimuli (e.g., tools, houses versus animals, faces). The causes of these category preferences are widely debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we find that the same regions of the ventral stream that show category preferences for nonliving stimuli and animals in sighted adults show the same category preferences in adults who are blind since birth. Both blind and sighted participants had larger blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses in the medial fusiform gyrus for nonliving stimuli compared to animal stimuli and differential BOLD responses in lateral occipital cortex for animal stimuli compared to nonliving stimuli. These findings demonstrate that the medial-to-lateral bias by conceptual domain in the ventral visual pathway does not require visual experience in order to develop and suggest the operation of innately determined domain-specific constraints on the organization of object knowledge.},
	Author = {Mahon, Bradford Z and Anzellotti, Stefano and Schwarzbach, Jens and Zampini, Massimiliano and Caramazza, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:24:05 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;visual experimence;experience dependent plasticity;plasticity;Critical Period;Visual Cortex;visual system;development;human;fmri;Sensory Deprivation},
	Mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Blindness; Brain Mapping; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Judgment; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Oxygen; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Young Adult},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {397-405},
	Pmc = {PMC2743253},
	pmid = {19679078},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Mahon_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.012}}

@article{McCarthy:2009,
	Abstract = {Alpha-herpesviruses, including human herpes simplex virus 1 \& 2, varicella zoster virus and the swine pseudorabies virus (PRV), infect the peripheral nervous system of their hosts. Symptoms of infection often include itching, numbness, or pain indicative of altered neurological function. To determine if there is an in vitro electrophysiological correlate to these characteristic in vivo symptoms, we infected cultured rat sympathetic neurons with well-characterized strains of PRV known to produce virulent or attenuated symptoms in animals. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made at various times after infection. By 8 hours of infection with virulent PRV, action potential (AP) firing rates increased substantially and were accompanied by hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials and spikelet-like events. Coincident with the increase in AP firing rate, adjacent neurons exhibited coupled firing events, first with AP-spikelets and later with near identical resting membrane potentials and AP firing. Small fusion pores between adjacent cell bodies formed early after infection as demonstrated by transfer of the low molecular weight dye, Lucifer Yellow. Later, larger pores formed as demonstrated by transfer of high molecular weight Texas red-dextran conjugates between infected cells. Further evidence for viral-induced fusion pores was obtained by infecting neurons with a viral mutant defective for glycoprotein B, a component of the viral membrane fusion complex. These infected neurons were essentially identical to mock infected neurons: no increased AP firing, no spikelet-like events, and no electrical or dye transfer. Infection with PRV Bartha, an attenuated circuit-tracing strain delayed, but did not eliminate the increased neuronal activity and coupling events. We suggest that formation of fusion pores between infected neurons results in electrical coupling and elevated firing rates, and that these processes may contribute to the altered neural function seen in PRV-infected animals.},
	Author = {McCarthy, Kelly M and Tank, David W and Enquist, Lynn W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:21:08 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Pathog},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS pathogens},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;23 Technique;viral;Viral Envelope Proteins;21 Neurophysiology;Infection;pathology;cell interaction;Cell Adhesion;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Electrophysiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Giant Cells; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Membrane Potentials; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pseudorabies; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion; Swine; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e1000640},
	Pmc = {PMC2763221},
	pmid = {19876391},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Pseudorabies virus infection alters neuronal activity and connectivity in vitro},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/McCarthy_PLoSPathog2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000640}}

@article{Tsai:2009,
	Abstract = {Light influences sleep and alertness either indirectly through a well-characterized circadian pathway or directly through yet poorly understood mechanisms. Melanopsin (Opn4) is a retinal photopigment crucial for conveying nonvisual light information to the brain. Through extensive characterization of sleep and the electrocorticogram (ECoG) in melanopsin-deficient (Opn4(-/-)) mice under various light-dark (LD) schedules, we assessed the role of melanopsin in mediating the effects of light on sleep and ECoG activity. In control mice, a light pulse given during the habitual dark period readily induced sleep, whereas a dark pulse given during the habitual light period induced waking with pronounced theta (7-10 Hz) and gamma (40-70 Hz) activity, the ECoG correlates of alertness. In contrast, light failed to induce sleep in Opn4(-/-) mice, and the dark-pulse-induced increase in theta and gamma activity was delayed. A 24-h recording under a LD 1-hratio1-h schedule revealed that the failure to respond to light in Opn4(-/-) mice was restricted to the subjective dark period. Light induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and in sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) neurons was importantly reduced in Opn4(-/-) mice, implicating both sleep-regulatory structures in the melanopsin-mediated effects of light. In addition to these acute light effects, Opn4(-/-) mice slept 1 h less during the 12-h light period of a LD 12ratio12 schedule owing to a lengthening of waking bouts. Despite this reduction in sleep time, ECoG delta power, a marker of sleep need, was decreased in Opn4(-/-) mice for most of the (subjective) dark period. Delta power reached after a 6-h sleep deprivation was similarly reduced in Opn4(-/-) mice. In mice, melanopsin's contribution to the direct effects of light on sleep is limited to the dark or active period, suggesting that at this circadian phase, melanopsin compensates for circadian variations in the photo sensitivity of other light-encoding pathways such as rod and cones. Our study, furthermore, demonstrates that lack of melanopsin alters sleep homeostasis. These findings call for a reevaluation of the role of light on mammalian physiology and behavior.},
	Author = {Tsai, Jessica W and Hannibal, Jens and Hagiwara, Grace and Colas, Damien and Ruppert, Elisabeth and Ruby, Norman F and Heller, H Craig and Franken, Paul and Bourgin, Patrice},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:13:39 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {development;Sleep;retina;Photoreceptors;visual system;},
	Mesh = {Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Darkness; Electroencephalography; Galanin; Homeostasis; Light; Mice; Neurons; Preoptic Area; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rod Opsins; Sensory Gating; Sleep; Sleep, REM; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus; Time Factors; Wakefulness},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {e1000125},
	Pmc = {PMC2688840},
	pmid = {19513122},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Melanopsin as a sleep modulator: circadian gating of the direct effects of light on sleep and altered sleep homeostasis in Opn4(-/-) mice},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tsai_PLoSBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000125}}

@article{Brown:2003b,
	Abstract = {Neuroscientists associate the name of Donald O. Hebb with the Hebbian synapse and the Hebbian learning rule, which underlie connectionist theories and synaptic plasticity, but Hebb's work has also influenced developmental psychology, neuropsychology, perception and the study of emotions, as well as learning and memory. Here, we review the work of Hebb and its lasting influence on neuroscience in honour of the 2004 centenary of his birth.},
	Author = {Brown, Richard E and Milner, Peter M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:11:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;hebbian;Cooperative Behavior;Competitive Behavior;cell interaction;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Canada; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neuropsychology; Neurosciences; Synapses; United States},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1013-9},
	pmid = {14682362},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The legacy of Donald O. Hebb: more than the Hebb synapse},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Brown_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1257}}

@article{Bohland:2009,
	Abstract = {In this era of complete genomes, our knowledge of neuroanatomical circuitry remains surprisingly sparse. Such knowledge is critical, however, for both basic and clinical research into brain function. Here we advocate for a concerted effort to fill this gap, through systematic, experimental mapping of neural circuits at a mesoscopic scale of resolution suitable for comprehensive, brainwide coverage, using injections of tracers or viral vectors. We detail the scientific and medical rationale and briefly review existing knowledge and experimental techniques. We define a set of desiderata, including brainwide coverage; validated and extensible experimental techniques suitable for standardization and automation; centralized, open-access data repository; compatibility with existing resources; and tractability with current informatics technology. We discuss a hypothetical but tractable plan for mouse, additional efforts for the macaque, and technique development for human. We estimate that the mouse connectivity project could be completed within five years with a comparatively modest budget.},
	Author = {Bohland, Jason W and Wu, Caizhi and Barbas, Helen and Bokil, Hemant and Bota, Mihail and Breiter, Hans C and Cline, Hollis T and Doyle, John C and Freed, Peter J and Greenspan, Ralph J and Haber, Suzanne N and Hawrylycz, Michael and Herrera, Daniel G and Hilgetag, Claus C and Huang, Z Josh and Jones, Allan and Jones, Edward G and Karten, Harvey J and Kleinfeld, David and K{\"o}tter, Rolf and Lester, Henry A and Lin, John M and Mensh, Brett D and Mikula, Shawn and Panksepp, Jaak and Price, Joseph L and Safdieh, Joseph and Saper, Clifford B and Schiff, Nicholas D and Schmahmann, Jeremy D and Stillman, Bruce W and Svoboda, Karel and Swanson, Larry W and Toga, Arthur W and Van Essen, David C and Watson, James D and Mitra, Partha P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:09:32 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-23 18:13:54 +0000},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics;20 Networks;connectivity;connectome;calcium imaging;Theoretical;Computational Biology;graph theory; next; wholeBrain},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Databases, Factual; Humans; Macaca; Mice; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neuroanatomy; Research},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {e1000334},
	Pmc = {PMC2655718},
	pmid = {19325892},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A proposal for a coordinated effort for the determination of brainwide neuroanatomical connectivity in model organisms at a mesoscopic scale},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Bohland_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000334}}

@article{Lopez-Bendito:2003,
	Author = {L{\'o}pez-Bendito, Guillermina and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 13:07:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {axon guidance;connectivity;Neocortex;development;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Cerebral Cortex; Growth Cones; Growth Substances; Mice; Neural Pathways; Thalamus},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {276-89},
	pmid = {12671644},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Thalamocortical development: how are we going to get there?},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/López-Bendito_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1075}}

@article{Desai:2010,
	Abstract = {Behaviors and brain disorders involve neural circuits that are widely distributed in the brain. The ability to map the functional connectivity of distributed circuits, and to assess how this connectivity evolves over time, will be facilitated by methods for characterizing the network impact of activating a specific sub-circuit, cell type, or projection pathway. We describe here an approach using high-resolution blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) of the awake mouse brain, to measure the distributed BOLD response evoked by optical activation of a local, defined cell class expressing the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). The utility of this 'opto-fMRI' approach was explored by identifying known cortical and subcortical targets of pyramidal cells of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), and by analyzing how the set of regions recruited by optogenetically-driven SI activity differs between the awake and anesthetized states. Results demonstrated positive BOLD responses in a distributed network that included secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), primary motor cortex (MI), caudoputamen (CP), and contralateral SI (c-SI). Measures in awake as compared to anesthetized mice (0.7\% isoflurane) showed significantly increased BOLD response in the local region (SI) and indirectly stimulated regions (SII, MI, CP, and c-SI), as well as increased BOLD signal temporal correlations between pairs of regions. These collective results suggest opto-fMRI can provide a controlled means for characterizing the distributed network downstream of a defined cell class in the awake brain. Opto-fMRI may find use in examining causal links between defined circuit elements in diverse behaviors and pathologies.},
	Author = {Desai, Mitul and Kahn, Itamar and Knoblich, Ulf and Bernstein, Jacob and Atallah, Hisham and Yang, Aimei and Kopell, Nancy and Buckner, Randy L and Graybiel, Ann M and Moore, Christopher I and Boyden, Ed S},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:59:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {fmri;in vivo;optogenetics;imaging;21 Neurophysiology;23 Technique;frontiers review},
	Month = {Dec},
	pmid = {21160013},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Mapping Brain Networks in Awake Mice Using Combined Optical Neural Control and fMRI},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Desai_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00828.2010}}

@article{Niell:2010,
	Abstract = {Studies of visual processing in rodents have conventionally been performed on anesthetized animals, precluding examination of the effects of behavior on visually evoked responses. We have now studied the response properties of neurons in primary visual cortex of awake mice that were allowed to run on a freely rotating spherical treadmill with their heads fixed. Most neurons showed more than a doubling of visually evoked firing rate as the animal transitioned from standing still to running, without changes in spontaneous firing or stimulus selectivity. Tuning properties in the awake animal were similar to those measured previously in anesthetized animals. Response magnitude in the lateral geniculate nucleus did not increase with locomotion, demonstrating that the striking change in responsiveness did not result from peripheral effects at the eye. Interestingly, some narrow-spiking cells were spontaneously active during running but suppressed by visual stimuli. These results demonstrate powerful cell-type-specific modulation of visual processing by behavioral state in awake mice.},
	Author = {Niell, Cristopher M and Stryker, Michael P},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:54:21 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;in vivo;23 Technique;21 Circuit structure-function;visual cortex;function;visual system},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Motor Activity; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {472-9},
	pmid = {20188652},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Niell_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.033}}

@article{Nimmerjahn:2009,
	Abstract = {Although it is firmly established that neuronal activity is a prime determinant of animal behavior, relationships between astrocytic excitation and animal behavior have remained opaque. Cerebellar Bergmann glia are radial astrocytes that are implicated in motor behavior and exhibit Ca(2+) excitation. However, Ca(2+) excitation in these cells has not previously been studied in behaving animals. Using two-photon microscopy we found that Bergmann glia exhibit three forms of Ca(2+) excitation in awake, behaving mice. Two of these are ongoing within the cerebellar vermis. During locomotor performance concerted Ca(2+) excitation arises in networks of at least hundreds of Bergmann glia extending across several hundred microns or more. Concerted Ca(2+) excitation was abolished by anesthesia or blockade of either neural activity or glutamatergic transmission. Thus, large networks of Bergmann glia can be activated by specific animal behaviors and undergo excitation of sufficient magnitude to potentially initiate macroscopic changes in brain dynamics or blood flow.},
	Author = {Nimmerjahn, Axel and Mukamel, Eran A and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:52:20 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {multisensory integration;imaging;optogenetics;optical imaging;Optics;microscopy;calcium imaging;frontiers review;23 Technique;Software;Image Processing},
	Mesh = {Animals; Astrocytes; Calcium Signaling; Cell Communication; Cerebellum; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Activity; Motor Skills},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {400-12},
	Pmc = {PMC2820366},
	pmid = {19447095},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Motor behavior activates Bergmann glial networks},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009.mov},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009a.mov},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.019}}

@article{Oka:2009,
	Abstract = {Sniffing is a characteristic odor sampling behavior in various mammalian species, which is associated with an increase in both nasal airflow rate and breathing frequency. Although the importance of sniffing in olfaction is well recognized, it has been challenging to separate the effect of airflow rate and sniffing frequency in vivo. In this study, we examined the individual effects of airflow rate and frequency on odorant responses of glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) using calcium imaging techniques and an artificial sniffing system. We found that nasal airflow rate, but not sniffing frequency, affected the apparent glomerular responses. When measured using OB imaging, apparent sensitivity for some of the odorants was significantly greater at the high nasal flow rates, while other odorants exhibited the opposite effect. In a single defined glomerulus, the sensitivity shift caused by changes in flow rate varied between odorants, suggesting that the flow rate effect is dependent on the chemical properties of an odorant rather than on the specific characteristics of the expressed olfactory receptor. Using natural flavors containing a variety of odorants, different glomerular activation patterns were observed between breathing and sniffing condition, likely due to odorant-dependent flow rate effects. Our results provide important information on in vivo odorant recognition and suggest that odor representation in the OB is not fixed but rather varies significantly depending on the respiratory state.},
	Author = {Oka, Yuki and Takai, Yoshiki and Touhara, Kazushige},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:50:48 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;calcium imaging;imaging;optical imaging;Olfactory Bulb;in vivo;23 Technique;frontiers review;21 Circuit structure-function},
	Mesh = {Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inhalation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Nasal Mucosa; Odors; Olfactory Bulb; Receptors, Odorant; Sensory Thresholds; Smell; Time Factors},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {39},
	Pages = {12070-8},
	pmid = {19793965},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Nasal airflow rate affects the sensitivity and pattern of glomerular odorant responses in the mouse olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Oka_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1415-09.2009}}

@article{OLeary:1994,
	Author = {O'Leary, D D and Schlaggar, B L and Tuttle, R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:48:52 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development;neocortex;21 Activity-development;10 circuit formation;axon guidance;review},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axons; Cell Division; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Thalamus},
	Pages = {419-39},
	pmid = {8210182},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Specification of neocortical areas and thalamocortical connections},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/O'Leary_AnnuRevNeurosci1994.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.002223}}

@article{Petros:2008,
	Abstract = {At the optic chiasm, retinal ganglion cell axons from each eye converge and segregate into crossed and uncrossed projections, a pattern critical for binocular vision. Here, we review recent findings on optic chiasm development, highlighting the specific transcription factors and guidance cues that implement retinal axon divergence into crossed and uncrossed pathways. Although mechanisms underlying the formation of the uncrossed projection have been identified, the means by which retinal axons are guided across the midline are still unclear. In addition to directives provided by transcription factors and receptors in the retina, gene expression in the ventral diencephalon influences chiasm formation. Throughout this review, we compare guidance mechanisms at the optic chiasm with those in other midline models and highlight unanswered questions both for retinal axon growth and axon guidance in general.},
	Author = {Petros, Timothy J and Rebsam, Alexandra and Mason, Carol A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:44:37 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;axon guidance;Optic Nerve;retina;development;LGN;visual system;review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Functional Laterality; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Growth Cones; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Optic Chiasm; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vision, Binocular; Visual Pathways},
	Pages = {295-315},
	pmid = {18558857},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal axon growth at the optic chiasm: to cross or not to cross},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Petros_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125609}}

@article{Phan:2010,
	Abstract = {With its emphasis on minimally invasive high-speed imaging of intact tissues at depth, video-rate two-photon microscopy has revolutionized cell biology. This is particularly true in immunology, where the orchestration of cell migration, cell-cell interactions and intracellular signalling events in multiple distinct anatomical compartments within secondary lymphoid organs is fundamental for achieving an effective immune response. Until recently, access to this powerful tool has been limited to a handful of laboratories with the necessary skills and resources to either custom-build or purchase a commercial two-photon microscope. However, with the entry of more commercial vendors into the market and availability of turnkey solutions, two-photon microscopy is now becoming more accessible. Here, we discuss the practical aspects of establishing a basic intravital two-photon microscopy facility specifically for immunological research and how recent advances in ultrafast lasers, non-linear optics and localized photochemistry can be used to build more sophisticated instruments to support applications such as photoactivation and photobleaching, spectral fingerprinting and automated single-cell tracking. In addition, we discuss the next generation of fluorescent dyes and reporter mice and some of the microsurgical principles required to expose the relevant biology to interrogation by two-photon excitation.},
	Author = {Phan, Tri Giang and Bullen, Andrew},
	Date = {2010 May-Jun},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:43:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Immunol Cell Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Immunology and cell biology},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Multiphoton;microscopy;imaging;optical imaging;optics;in vivo},
	Mesh = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Immune System; Immunologic Techniques; Lasers; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Research},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {438-44},
	pmid = {20066001},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Practical intravital two-photon microscopy for immunological research: faster, brighter, deeper},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Phan_ImmunolCellBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.2009.116}}

@article{Cheung:2009,
	Abstract = {Although previous studies have shown that Braille reading and other tactile discrimination tasks activate the visual cortex of blind and sighted people, it is not known whether this kind of crossmodal reorganization is influenced by retinotopic organization. We have addressed this question by studying "S," a visually impaired adult with the rare ability to read print visually and Braille by touch. S had normal visual development until 6 years of age, and thereafter severe acuity reduction due to corneal opacification, but no evidence of visual-field loss. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that, in S's early visual areas, tactile information processing activated what would be the foveal representation for normally sighted individuals, and visual information processing activated what would be the peripheral representation. Control experiments showed that this activation pattern was not due to visual imagery. S's high-level visual areas, which correspond to shape- and object-selective areas in normally sighted individuals, were activated by both visual and tactile stimuli. The retinotopically specific reorganization in early visual areas suggests an efficient redistribution of neural resources in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Cheung, Sing-Hang and Fang, Fang and He, Sheng and Legge, Gordon E},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:40:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;visual cortex;development;plasticity;Sensory Deprivation;structural remodeling;retina;fmri;Critical Period;visual system;multisensory integration;somatotopy},
	Mesh = {Adult; Brain Mapping; Child; Fovea Centralis; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pattern Recognition, Physiological; Photic Stimulation; Touch; Touch Perception; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {596-601},
	Pmc = {PMC2709730},
	pmid = {19361999},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinotopically specific reorganization of visual cortex for tactile pattern recognition},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Cheung_CurrBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.063}}

@article{Rebsam:2009,
	Abstract = {Partial decussation of sensory pathways allows neural inputs from both sides of the body to project to the same target region where these signals will be integrated. Here, to better understand mechanisms of eye-specific targeting, we studied how retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons terminate in their thalamic target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), when crossing at the optic chiasm midline is altered. In models with gain- and loss-of-function of EphB1, the receptor that directs the ipsilateral projection at the optic chiasm, misrouted RGCs target the appropriate retinotopic zone in the opposite dLGN. However, in EphB1(-/-) mice, the misrouted axons do not intermingle with normally projecting RGC axons and segregate instead into a distinct patch. We also revisited the role of retinal activity on eye-specific targeting by blocking correlated waves of activity with epibatidine into both eyes. We show that, in wild-type mice, retinal waves are necessary during the first postnatal week for both proper distribution and eye-specific segregation of ipsilateral axons in the mature dLGN. Moreover, in EphB1(-/-) mice, refinement of ipsilateral axons is perturbed in control conditions and is further impaired after epibatidine treatment. Finally, retinal waves are required for the formation of the segregated patch of misrouted axons in EphB1(-/-) mice. These findings implicate molecular determinants for targeting of eye-specific zones that are independent of midline guidance cues and that function in concert with correlated retinal activity to sculpt retinogeniculate projections.},
	Author = {Rebsam, Alexandra and Petros, Timothy J and Mason, Carol A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 12:36:54 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 13:39:40 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {development;retina;LGN;visual system;21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;axon guidance;Competitive Behavior;hebbian;retinal wave paper; Mouse},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cues; Functional Laterality; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies; Growth Cones; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neurogenesis; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyridines; Receptor, EphB1; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {47},
	Pages = {14855-63},
	Pmc = {PMC2829946},
	pmid = {19940181},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Switching retinogeniculate axon laterality leads to normal targeting but abnormal eye-specific segregation that is activity dependent},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3462-09.2009}}

@article{Ros:2009,
	Abstract = {Activity in neocortex is often characterized by synchronized oscillations of neurons and networks, resulting in the generation of a local field potential (LFP) and electroencephalogram. Do the neuronal networks of the cerebellum also generate synchronized oscillations and are they under the influence of those in the neocortex? Here we show that, in the absence of any overt external stimulus, the cerebellar cortex generates a slow oscillation that is correlated with that of the neocortex. Disruption of the neocortical slow oscillation abolishes the cerebellar slow oscillation, whereas blocking cerebellar activity has no overt effect on the neocortex. We provide evidence that the cerebellar slow oscillation results in part from the activation of granule, Golgi, and Purkinje neurons. In particular, we show that granule and Golgi cells discharge trains of single spikes, and Purkinje cells generate complex spikes, during the "up" state of the slow oscillation. Purkinje cell simple spiking is weakly related to the cerebellar and neocortical slow oscillation in a minority of cells. Our results indicate that the cerebellum generates rhythmic network activity that can be recorded as an LFP in the anesthetized animal, which is driven by synchronized oscillations of the neocortex. Furthermore, we show that correlations between neocortical and cerebellar LFPs persist in the awake animal, indicating that neocortical circuits modulate cerebellar neurons in a similar manner in natural behavioral states. Thus, the projection neurons of the neocortex collectively exert a driving and modulatory influence on cerebellar network activity.},
	Author = {Ros, Hana and Sachdev, Robert N S and Yu, Yuguo and Sestan, Nenad and McCormick, David A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:58:21 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations;Spontaneous activity;Sleep;21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cerebellar Cortex; Male; Mice; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {33},
	Pages = {10309-20},
	pmid = {19692605},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neocortical networks entrain neuronal circuits in cerebellar cortex},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Ros_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2327-09.2009}}

@article{Piyawattanametha:2009,
	Abstract = {We present a two-photon microscope that is approximately 2.9 g in mass and 2.0 x 1.9 x 1.1 cm(3) in size and based on a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) laser-scanning mirror. The microscope has a focusing motor and a micro-optical assembly composed of four gradient refractive index lenses and a dichroic microprism. Fluorescence is captured without the detected emissions reflecting off the MEMS mirror, by use of separate optical fibers for fluorescence collection and delivery of ultrashort excitation pulses. Using this microscope we imaged neocortical microvasculature and tracked the flow of erythrocytes in live mice.},
	Author = {Piyawattanametha, Wibool and Cocker, Eric D and Burns, Laurie D and Barretto, Robert P and Jung, Juergen C and Ra, Hyejun and Solgaard, Olav and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:54:48 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 11:54:48 -0500},
	Journal = {Opt Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Optics letters},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Capillaries; Computer-Aided Design; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Lenses; Mice; Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Miniaturization; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {2309-11},
	Pmc = {PMC2826365},
	pmid = {19649080},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Piyawattanametha_OptLett2009.pdf}}

@article{Miyawaki:2007,
	Author = {Miyawaki, Atsushi and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:49:55 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;Imaging;23 Technique;optical imaging;Optics;Multiphoton;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Neurosciences; Research},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {565-6},
	pmid = {18093825},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {New technologies for neuroscience},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Miyawaki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.005}}

@article{Flusberg:2008,
	Abstract = {A central goal in biomedicine is to explain organismic behavior in terms of causal cellular processes. However, concurrent observation of mammalian behavior and underlying cellular dynamics has been a longstanding challenge. We describe a miniaturized (1.1 g mass) epifluorescence microscope for cellular-level brain imaging in freely moving mice, and its application to imaging microcirculation and neuronal Ca(2+) dynamics.},
	Author = {Flusberg, Benjamin A and Nimmerjahn, Axel and Cocker, Eric D and Mukamel, Eran A and Barretto, Robert P J and Ko, Tony H and Burns, Laurie D and Jung, Juergen C and Schnitzer, Mark J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:49:55 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optogenetics;Imaging;23 Technique;optical imaging;Optics;Multiphoton;calcium imaging;frontiers review;21 Neurophysiology;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Fiber Optic Technology; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Miniaturization; Movement; Time Factors},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {935-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2828344},
	pmid = {18836457},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {High-speed, miniaturized fluorescence microscopy in freely moving mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Flusberg_NatMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Flusberg_NatMethods2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1256}}

@article{Shamir:2008,
	Abstract = {ABSTRACT:},
	Author = {Shamir, Lior and Orlov, Nikita and Eckley, D Mark and Macura, Tomasz and Johnston, Josiah and Goldberg, Ilya G},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:46:02 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Source Code Biol Med},
	Journal-Full = {Source code for biology and medicine},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics;Image Processing;Software;Computational Biology;Computer Graphics},
	Pages = {13},
	Pmc = {PMC2478650},
	pmid = {18611266},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Wndchrm - an open source utility for biological image analysis},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Shamir_SourceCodeBiolMed2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-13}}

@article{Sheroziya:2009,
	Abstract = {Periodic spontaneous activity represents an important attribute of the developing nervous system. The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a crucial component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. Yet, little is known about spontaneous activity in the immature EC. Here, we investigated spontaneous field potential (fp) activity and intrinsic firing patterns of medial EC layer III principal neurons in brain slices obtained from rats at the first two postnatal weeks. A fraction of immature layer III neurons spontaneously generated prolonged (2-20 s) voltage-dependent intrinsic bursting activity. Prolonged bursts were dependent on the extracellular concentration of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](o)). Thus, reduction of [Ca(2+)](o) increased the fraction of neurons with prolonged bursting by inducing intrinsic bursts in regularly firing neurons. In 1 mm [Ca(2+)](o), the percentages of neurons showing prolonged bursts were 53\%, 81\%, and 29\% at postnatal day 5 (P5)-P7, P8-P10, and P11-P13, respectively. Prolonged intrinsic bursting activity was blocked by buffering intracellular Ca(2+) with BAPTA, and by Cd(2+), flufenamic acid (FFA), or TTX, and was suppressed by nifedipine and riluzole, suggesting that the Ca(2+)-sensitive nonspecific cationic current (I(CAN)) and the persistent Na(+) current (I(Nap)) underlie this effect. Indeed, a 0.2-1 s suprathreshold current step stimulus elicited a terminated plateau potential in these neurons. fp recordings at P5-P7 showed periodic spontaneous glutamate receptor-mediated events (sharp fp events or prolonged fp bursts) which were blocked by FFA. Slow-wave network oscillations become a dominant pattern at P11-P13. We conclude that prolonged intrinsic bursting activity is a characteristic feature of developing medial EC layer III neurons that might be involved in neuronal and network maturation.},
	Author = {Sheroziya, Maxim G and von Bohlen Und Halbach, Oliver and Unsicker, Klaus and Egorov, Alexei V},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:44:42 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;Neocortex;21 Activity-development;21 Cortical oscillations;in vitro;21 Neurophysiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Egtazic Acid; Entorhinal Cortex; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {39},
	Pages = {12131-44},
	pmid = {19793971},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous bursting activity in the developing entorhinal cortex},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Sheroziya_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1333-09.2009}}

@article{Shoham:2010,
	Author = {Shoham, Shy},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:42:41 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {Microscopy;Optics;optical imaging;optogenetics;Multiphoton;23 Technique;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Computer Simulation; Mice; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Photic Stimulation; Photons; Rhodopsin; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {798-9},
	pmid = {20885441},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Optogenetics meets optical wavefront shaping},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Shoham_NatMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1010-798}}

@article{Muckli:2009,
	Abstract = {In mammals smooth retinotopic maps of the visual field are formed along the visual processing pathway whereby the left visual field is represented in the right hemisphere and vice versa. The reorganization of retinotopic maps in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus and early visual areas (V1-V3) is studied in a patient who was born with only one cerebral hemisphere. Before the seventh week of embryonic gestation, the development of the patient's right cerebral hemisphere terminated. Despite the complete loss of her right hemisphere (di- and telencephalon) at birth, the patient's remaining hemisphere has not only developed maps of the contralateral (right) visual hemifield but, surprisingly, also maps of the ipsilateral (left) visual hemifield. Retinal ganglion-cells changed their predetermined crossing pattern in the optic chiasm and grew to the ipsilateral LGN. In the visual cortex, islands of ipsilateral visual field representations were located along the representations of the vertical meridian. In V1, smooth and continuous maps from contra- and ipsilateral hemifield overlap each other, whereas in ventral V2 and V3 ipsilateral quarter field representations invaded small distinct cortical patches. This reveals a surprising flexibility of the self-organizing developmental mechanisms responsible for map formation.},
	Author = {Muckli, Lars and Naumer, Marcus J and Singer, Wolf},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:34:22 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 08:34:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;Spontaneous activity;retina;retinal wave paper;visual system;visual cortex;plasticity;Structure-Activity Relationship;structural remodeling;axon guidance;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;21 Neurophysiology;human;cortical malformation;Optic Nerve;bilateral;sensory map; topographic map;human; mirror symmetry},
	Mesh = {Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microphthalmos; Optic Chiasm; Visual Fields},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Pages = {13034-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2713389},
	pmid = {19620732},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bilateral visual field maps in a patient with only one hemisphere},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.avi},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809688106}}

@article{Singer:1995,
	Abstract = {One of the basic functions of the cerebral cortex is the analysis and representation of relations among the components of sensory and motor patterns. It is proposed that the cortex applies two complementary strategies to cope with the combinatorial problem posed by the astronomical number of possible relations: (i) the analysis and representation of frequently occurring, behaviorally relevant relations by groups of cells with fixed but broadly tuned response properties; and (ii) the dynamic association of these cells into functionally coherent assemblies. Feedforward connections and reciprocal associative connections, respectively, are thought to underlie these two operations. The architectures of both types of connections are susceptible to experience-dependent modifications during development, but they become fixed in the adult. As development proceeds, feedforward connections also appear to lose much of their functional plasticity, whereas the synapses of the associative connections retain a high susceptibility to use-dependent modifications. The reduced plasticity of feedforward connections is probably responsible for the invariance of cognitive categories acquired early in development. The persistent adaptivity of reciprocal connections is a likely substrate for the ability to generate representations for new perceptual objects and motor patterns throughout life.},
	Author = {Singer, W},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:29:58 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 11:32:02 -0500},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;development;21 Cortical oscillations;21 Neurophysiology;plasticity;Critical Period;Calcium;Calcium Channels;Theoretical;20 Networks;Visual Cortex;visual system;LGN;retina;Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Long-Term Potentiation; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5237},
	Pages = {758-64},
	pmid = {7481762},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures},
	Volume = {270},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Singer_Science1995.pdf}}

@article{Lansford:2001,
	Abstract = {The imaging of living cells and tissues using laser-scanning microscopy is offering dramatic insights into the spatial and temporal controls of biological processes. The availability of genetically encoded labels such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) offers unique opportunities by which to trace cell movements, cell signaling or gene expression dynamically in developing embryos. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is ideally suited to imaging cells in vivo due to its deeper tissue penetration and reduced phototoxicity; however, in TPLSM the excitation and emission spectra of GFP and its color variants [e.g., CyanFP (CFP); yellowFP (YFP)] are insufficiently distinct to be uniquely imaged by conventional means. To surmount such difficulties, we have combined the technologies of TPLSM and imaging spectroscopy to unambiguously identify CFP, GFP, YFP, and redFP (RFP) as well as conventional dyes, and have tested the approach in cell lines. In our approach, a liquid crystal tunable filter was used to collect the emission spectrum of each pixel within the TPLSM image. Based on the fluorescent emission spectra, supervised classification and linear unmixing analysis algorithms were used to identify the nature and relative amounts of the fluorescent proteins expressed in the cells. In a most extreme case, we have used the approach to separate GFP and fluorescein, separated by only 7 nm, and appear somewhat indistinguishable by conventional techniques. This approach offers the needed ability to concurrently image multiple colored, spectrally overlapping marker proteins within living cells.},
	Author = {Lansford, R and Bearman, G and Fraser, S E},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:26:40 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Biomed Opt},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of biomedical optics},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Imaging;Image Processing;Optics;Multiphoton;Microscopy},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Chick Embryo; Color; Coloring Agents; Diagnostic Imaging; Fluorescein; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Photons; Spectrum Analysis},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {311-8},
	pmid = {11516321},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Resolution of multiple green fluorescent protein color variants and dyes using two-photon microscopy and imaging spectroscopy},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Lansford_JBiomedOpt2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1383780}}

@article{Spiegel:2008,
	Abstract = {Physiological interactions between the nervous and immune systems with components of the local microenvironment are needed to maintain homeostasis throughout the body. Dynamic regulation of bone remodeling, hematopoietic stem cells, and their evolving niches via neurotransmitter signaling are part of the host defense and repair mechanisms. This crosstalk links activated leukocytes, neuronal, and stromal cells, which combine to directly and indirectly regulate hematopoietic stem cells. Together, interactions between diverse systems create a regulatory "brain-bone-blood triad," contributing an additional dimension to the concept of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.},
	Author = {Spiegel, Asaf and Kalinkovich, Alexander and Shivtiel, Shoham and Kollet, Orit and Lapidot, Tsvee},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:23:35 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell Stem Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell stem cell},
	Keywords = {Stem Cells;Neuron-Glia/*physiology;neuron;development;Immune System;macrophage;microglia;Cooperative Behavior;glia;Cell Adhesion;cell interaction},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Circadian Rhythm; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Homeostasis; Humans; Neuroimmunomodulation; Paracrine Communication; Stem Cell Niche; Stress, Physiological},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {484-92},
	pmid = {18983964},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stem cell regulation via dynamic interactions of the nervous and immune systems with the microenvironment},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Spiegel_CellStemCell2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.006}}

@article{Huang:2010,
	Abstract = {Although spiral waves are ubiquitous features of nature and have been observed in many biological systems, their existence and potential function in mammalian cerebral cortex remain uncertain. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we found that spiral waves occur frequently in the neocortex in vivo, both during pharmacologically induced oscillations and during sleep-like states. While their life span is limited, spiral waves can modify ongoing cortical activity by influencing oscillation frequencies and spatial coherence and by reducing amplitude in the area surrounding the spiral phase singularity. During sleep-like states, the rate of occurrence of spiral waves varies greatly depending on brain states. These results support the hypothesis that spiral waves, as an emergent activity pattern, can organize and modulate cortical population activity on the mesoscopic scale and may contribute to both normal cortical processing and to pathological patterns of activity such as those found in epilepsy.},
	Author = {Huang, Xiaoying and Xu, Weifeng and Liang, Jianmin and Takagaki, Kentaroh and Gao, Xin and Wu, Jian-Young},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:20:42 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity;Neocortex;21 Cortical oscillations;20 Networks;Theoretical;Computational Biology;Acetylcholine;Imaging;optical imaging;21 Neurophysiology;in vivo;voltage sensor;optical physiology;rat},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Waves; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Oscillometry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {978-90},
	pmid = {21145009},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spiral wave dynamics in neocortex},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Huang_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.007}}

@article{Dani:2010,
	Abstract = {Determination of the molecular architecture of synapses requires nanoscopic image resolution and specific molecular recognition, a task that has so far defied many conventional imaging approaches. Here, we present a superresolution fluorescence imaging method to visualize the molecular architecture of synapses in the brain. Using multicolor, three-dimensional stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, the distributions of synaptic proteins can be measured with nanometer precision. Furthermore, the wide-field, volumetric imaging method enables high-throughput, quantitative analysis of a large number of synapses from different brain regions. To demonstrate the capabilities of this approach, we have determined the organization of ten protein components of the presynaptic active zone and the postsynaptic density. Variations in synapse morphology, neurotransmitter receptor composition, and receptor distribution were observed both among synapses and across different brain regions. Combination with optogenetics further allowed molecular events associated with synaptic plasticity to be resolved at the single-synapse level.},
	Author = {Dani, Adish and Huang, Bo and Bergan, Joseph and Dulac, Catherine and Zhuang, Xiaowei},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:18:16 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Microscopy;Synaptic Transmission;Synaptic Membranes;Synapses;Optics;Imaging;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microchemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molecular Imaging; Nanotechnology; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Photomicrography; Presynaptic Terminals; Stochastic Processes; Synapses},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {843-56},
	pmid = {21144999},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Superresolution imaging of chemical synapses in the brain},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Dani_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.021}}

@article{Yazaki-Sugiyama:2009,
	Abstract = {Experience-dependent plasticity in the brain requires balanced excitation-inhibition. How individual circuit elements contribute to plasticity outcome in complex neocortical networks remains unknown. Here we report an intracellular analysis of ocular dominance plasticity-the loss of acuity and cortical responsiveness for an eye deprived of vision in early life. Unlike the typical progressive loss of pyramidal-cell bias, direct recording from fast-spiking cells in vivo reveals a counterintuitive initial shift towards the occluded eye followed by a late preference for the open eye, consistent with a spike-timing-dependent plasticity rule for these inhibitory neurons. Intracellular pharmacology confirms a dynamic switch of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) impact to pyramidal cells following deprivation in juvenile mice only. Together these results suggest that the bidirectional recruitment of an initially binocular GABA circuit may contribute to experience-dependent plasticity in the developing visual cortex.},
	Author = {Yazaki-Sugiyama, Yoko and Kang, Siu and C{\^a}teau, Hideyuki and Fukai, Tomoki and Hensch, Takao K},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:15:14 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;GABA;12 Interneuron development;10 circuit formation;development;Neocortex;Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;plasticity;Critical Period},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Aging; Animals; Dominance, Ocular; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Pyramidal Cells; Receptors, GABA; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7270},
	Pages = {218-21},
	pmid = {19907494},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Bidirectional plasticity in fast-spiking GABA circuits by visual experience},
	Volume = {462},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Yazaki-Sugiyama_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08485}}

@article{Tian:2008,
	Abstract = {A fundamental feature of the synaptic organization of retina is the laminar-specific structure, in which specific types of retinal neurons form highly selective synapses to transfer distinct synaptic signals. In mature vertebrate retina, the dendrites of most retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are narrowly stratified and ramified in specific strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of retina to synapse with distinct subtypes of bipolar cells (BCs). However, little is known of how retinal neurons form this laminar-specific synaptic structure during development. Recent studies showed that the formation of retinal synaptic circuitry is regulated by both gene expression and neuronal activity. Here I will briefly discuss the recent advances in our understanding of how synaptic activity modulates the maturation of RGC synaptic connections.},
	Author = {Tian, Ning},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:12:30 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development;21 Neurophysiology;development;visual system;retina;retinal wave paper;10 circuit formation;Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Light; Neurogenesis; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synapses; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {Pt 18},
	Pages = {4347-55},
	Pmc = {PMC2614011},
	pmid = {18669531},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Synaptic activity, visual experience and the maturation of retinal synaptic circuitry},
	Volume = {586},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Tian_JPhysiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159202}}

@article{Tyzio:2009,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms of epileptogenesis in Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) are unknown. We explored the properties of neurons from human pediatric SWS cortex in vitro and tested in particular whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excites neurons in SWS cortex, as has been suggested for various types of epilepsies.},
	Author = {Tyzio, Roman and Khalilov, Ilgam and Represa, Alfonso and Crepel, Valerie and Zilberter, Yuri and Rheims, Sylvain and Aniksztejn, Laurent and Cossart, Rosa and Nardou, Romain and Mukhtarov, Marat and Minlebaev, Marat and Epsztein, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Milh, Mathieu and Becq, Helene and Jorquera, Isabel and Bulteau, Christine and Fohlen, Martine and Oliver, Viviana and Dulac, Olivier and Dorfm{\"u}ller, Georg and Delalande, Olivier and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khazipov, Roustem},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:07:59 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {Annals of neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; gaba; Excitatory Amino Acids;Epilepsy;Seizures;cortical malformation;Neocortex/*abnormalities/pathology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Bumetanide; Cerebral Cortex; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Agonists; GABA Modulators; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; Humans; Infant; Isonicotinic Acids; Membrane Potentials; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, Glutamate; Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; Sturge-Weber Syndrome; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {209-18},
	pmid = {19743469},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Inhibitory actions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid in pediatric Sturge-Weber syndrome},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tyzio_AnnNeurol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21711}}

@article{Uhlhaas:2009,
	Abstract = {Brain development is characterized by maturational processes that span the period from childhood through adolescence to adulthood, but little is known whether and how developmental processes differ during these phases. We analyzed the development of functional networks by measuring neural synchrony in EEG recordings during a Gestalt perception task in 68 participants ranging in age from 6 to 21 years. Until early adolescence, developmental improvements in cognitive performance were accompanied by increases in neural synchrony. This developmental phase was followed by an unexpected decrease in neural synchrony that occurred during late adolescence and was associated with reduced performance. After this period of destabilization, we observed a reorganization of synchronization patterns that was accompanied by pronounced increases in gamma-band power and in theta and beta phase synchrony. These findings provide evidence for the relationship between neural synchrony and late brain development that has important implications for the understanding of adolescence as a critical period of brain maturation.},
	Author = {Uhlhaas, Peter J and Roux, Frederic and Singer, Wolf and Haenschel, Corinna and Sireteanu, Ruxandra and Rodriguez, Eugenio},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 11:06:19 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; Human;21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Child; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {24},
	Pages = {9866-71},
	Pmc = {PMC2687997},
	pmid = {19478071},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Uhlhaas_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900390106}}

@article{Koch:2010,
	Abstract = {Neuronal pentraxins (NPs) are hypothesized to play important roles in the recruitment of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) to immature synapses, yet a physiological role for NPs at nascent synapses in vivo has remained elusive. Here we report that the loss of NP1 and NP2 (NP1/2) leads to a dramatic and specific reduction in AMPAR-mediated transmission at developing visual system synapses. In thalamic slices taken from early postnatal mice (<P10) NP1/2 knock-out (KO) neurons displayed severely reduced AMPAR-mediated retinogeniculate transmission. The reduced currents reflected an increased number of silent synapses with no change in quantal amplitude or presynaptic release. These are the first data to demonstrate that NP1/2 are required in vivo for the normal development of AMPAR-mediated transmission. In addition, they suggest a novel role for NP1/2 in silent synapse conversion during a discrete developmental period when visual circuit connections are undergoing eye-specific refinement. After this period, retinogeniculate transmission not only recovered in the knock-outs but became excessive. The enhanced currents were attributable, at least in part, to a deficit in the characteristic elimination of functional inputs that occurs in the developing dLGN. These data indicate that the loss of NP1/2 disrupts several aspects of retinogeniculate development including the initial establishment of AMPAR transmission and the subsequent elimination of inappropriate circuit connections.},
	Author = {Koch, Selina M and Ullian, Erik M},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:56:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; retina; Gap Junctions; visual system; visual development},
	Mesh = {Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Geniculate Bodies; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals; Receptors, AMPA; Retina; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {5404-14},
	Pmc = {PMC2885289},
	pmid = {20392962},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neuronal pentraxins mediate silent synapse conversion in the developing visual system},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Koch_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4893-09.2010}}

@article{Pol:2009,
	Abstract = {Viruses have substantial value as vehicles for transporting transgenes into neurons. Each virus has its own set of attributes for addressing neuroscience-related questions. Here we review some of the advantages and limitations of herpes, pseudorabies, rabies, adeno-associated, lentivirus, and others to study the brain. We then explore a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (dG-VSV) with the G-gene deleted and transgenes engineered into the first position of the RNA genome, which replicates only in the first brain cell infected, as corroborated with ultrastructural analysis, eliminating spread of virus. Because of its ability to replicate rapidly and to express multiple mRNA copies and additional templates for more copies, reporter gene expression is amplified substantially, over 500-fold in 6 hours, allowing detailed imaging of dendrites, dendritic spines, axons, and axon terminal fields within a few hours to a few days after inoculation. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is first detected within 1 hour of inoculation. The virus generates a Golgi-like appearance in all neurons or glia of regions of the brain tested. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, calcium digital imaging with fura-2, and time-lapse digital imaging showed that neurons appeared physiologically normal after expressing viral transgenes. The virus has a wide range of species applicability, including mouse, rat, hamster, human, and Drosophila cells. By using dG-VSV, we show efferent projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus terminating in the periventricular region immediately dorsal to the nucleus. DG-VSVs with genes coding for different color reporters allow multicolor visualization of neurons wherever applied.},
	Author = {van den Pol, Anthony N and Ozduman, Koray and Wollmann, Guido and Ho, Winson S C and Simon, Ian and Yao, Yang and Rose, John K and Ghosh, Prabhat},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:54:34 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {23 Technique; 15 Retrovirus mechanism; 15 PS VSVG receptor; Viral Envelope Proteins; viral; Gene Transfer Techniques; Gene Therapy; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Neuroglia; Neurons; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral; Transgenes; Vesiculovirus; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virus Replication; Viruses},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {456-81},
	Pmc = {PMC2919849},
	pmid = {19672982},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Viral strategies for studying the brain, including a replication-restricted self-amplifying delta-G vesicular stomatis virus that rapidly expresses transgenes in brain and can generate a multicolor golgi-like expression},
	Volume = {516},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Pol_JCompNeurol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22131}}

@article{Felleman:1991,
	Abstract = {In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31\% of the possible number of pathways if each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be closer to 40\%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40\%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somatosensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10\% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainities in the reported assignment.},
	Author = {Felleman, D J and Van Essen, D C},
	Date = {1991 Jan-Feb},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:52:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:52:51 -0500},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Visual Cortex; visual system; connectivity; 18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Macaca; Mental Processes},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-47},
	pmid = {1822724},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Felleman_CerebCortex1991.pdf}}

@article{Carman:1995,
	Abstract = {We describe computational methods for constructing three-dimensional models and unfolded, two-dimensional maps of the cerebral cortex. These methods consist of four procedures, including (1) sampling of a surface within the cortex, (2) reconstruction of a three-dimensional model of that surface, (3) unfolding of the surface to generate a two-dimensional cortical map, and (4) visualization of data on the model and the map. These methods produce structurally accurate representations of the cortex and have practical advantages over previous manual and automated approaches for flattening the cortex. We illustrate the application of these methods to neuroanatomical data obtained from histological sections of cerebral cortex in the macaque monkey. The approach should be equally useful for structural and functional studies in other species, including humans.},
	Author = {Carman, G J and Drury, H A and Van Essen, D C},
	Date = {1995 Nov-Dec},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:51:42 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:52:15 -0500},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Journal-Full = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Visual Cortex; visual system; connectivity; 18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology; 23 Technique},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Macaca; Models, Anatomic; Statistics as Topic},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {506-17},
	pmid = {8590824},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Computational methods for reconstructing and unfolding the cerebral cortex},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Carman_CerebCortex1995.pdf}}

@article{Knierim:1992,
	Abstract = {The mammalian visual cortex contains a complex mosaic of areas that are richly connected with one another. Recent progress has advanced our understanding of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of cortical organization, and of information flow within and between functionally specialized processing streams.},
	Author = {Knierim, J J and Van Essen, D C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:50:45 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:51:09 -0500},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Visual Cortex; visual system; connectivity; 18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Mental Processes; Neural Pathways; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {150-5},
	pmid = {1638145},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual cortex: cartography, connectivity, and concurrent processing},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Knierim_CurrOpinNeurobiol1992.pdf}}

@article{Van-Essen:1992,
	Abstract = {The primate visual system contains dozens of distinct areas in the cerebral cortex and several major subcortical structures. These subdivisions are extensively interconnected in a distributed hierarchical network that contains several intertwined processing streams. A number of strategies are used for efficient information processing within this hierarchy. These include linear and nonlinear filtering, passage through information bottlenecks, and coordinated use of multiple types of information. In addition, dynamic regulation of information flow within and between visual areas may provide the computational flexibility needed for the visual system to perform a broad spectrum of tasks accurately and at high resolution.},
	Author = {Van Essen, D C and Anderson, C H and Felleman, D J},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:48:33 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:50:01 -0500},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {neuroinformatics; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; Visual Cortex; visual system; connectivity; 18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Information Theory; Macaca; Primates; Retina; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5043},
	Pages = {419-23},
	pmid = {1734518},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective},
	Volume = {255},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/VanEssen_Science1992.pdf}}

@article{Vogels:2005,
	Abstract = {Neural network modeling is often concerned with stimulus-driven responses, but most of the activity in the brain is internally generated. Here, we review network models of internally generated activity, focusing on three types of network dynamics: (a) sustained responses to transient stimuli, which provide a model of working memory; (b) oscillatory network activity; and (c) chaotic activity, which models complex patterns of background spiking in cortical and other circuits. We also review propagation of stimulus-driven activity through spontaneously active networks. Exploring these aspects of neural network dynamics is critical for understanding how neural circuits produce cognitive function.},
	Author = {Vogels, Tim P and Rajan, Kanaka and Abbott, L F},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:45:44 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; 20 Networks; Theoretical; Computational Biology; graph theory},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Networks (Computer); Nonlinear Dynamics; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Time Factors},
	Pages = {357-76},
	pmid = {16022600},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural network dynamics},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Vogels_AnnuRevNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135637}}

@article{Kim:2010,
	Abstract = {Cortical development depends upon tightly controlled cell fate and cell survival decisions that generate a functional neuronal population, but the coordination of these two processes is poorly understood. Here we show that conditional removal of a key apical complex protein, Pals1, causes premature withdrawal from the cell cycle, inducing excessive generation of early-born postmitotic neurons followed by surprisingly massive and rapid cell death, leading to the abrogation of virtually the entire cortical structure. Pals1 loss shows exquisite dosage sensitivity, so that heterozygote mutants show an intermediate phenotype on cell fate and cell death. Loss of Pals1 blocks essential cell survival signals, including the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, while mTORC1 activation partially rescues Pals1 deficiency. These data highlight unexpected roles of the apical complex protein Pals1 in cell survival through interactions with mTOR signaling.},
	Author = {Kim, Seonhee and Lehtinen, Maria K and Sessa, Alessandro and Zappaterra, Mauro W and Cho, Seo-Hee and Gonzalez, Dilenny and Boggan, Brigid and Austin, Christina A and Wijnholds, Jan and Gambello, Michael J and Malicki, Jarema and LaMantia, Anthony S and Broccoli, Vania and Walsh, Christopher A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:42:47 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 genetics malformation; Neocortex; Visual Cortex; superior colliculus; plasticity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Cerebral Cortex; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Targeting; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase; Organogenesis; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Signal Transduction; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {69-84},
	Pmc = {PMC2872122},
	pmid = {20399730},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The apical complex couples cell fate and cell survival to cerebral cortical development},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kim_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.019}}

@article{Levin:2010,
	Abstract = {Abnormal visual input during development has dramatic effects on the visual system. How does the adult visual system respond when input is corrected? MM lost his left eye and became blind in the right due to corneal damage at the age of 3. At age 46, MM regained his retinal image, but his visual abilities, even seven years following the surgery, remain severely limited, and he does not rely on vision for daily life. Neuroimaging measurements reveal several differences among MM, sighted controls, sighted monocular, and early blind subjects. We speculate that these differences stem from damage during the critical period in development of retinal neurons with small, foveal receptive fields. In this case, restoration of functional vision requires more than improving retinal image contrast. In general, visual restoration will require accounting for the developmental trajectory of the individual and the consequences of the early deprivation on cortical circuitry.},
	Author = {Levin, Netta and Dumoulin, Serge O and Winawer, Jonathan and Dougherty, Robert F and Wandell, Brian A},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:40:30 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-02 18:30:16 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; 10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 21 Activity-development; Sensory Deprivation; superior colliculus; retinotopy; topographic map; human; fMRI},
	Mesh = {Adult; Blindness; Brain Mapping; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {21-31},
	Pmc = {PMC2948651},
	pmid = {20152110},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cortical maps and white matter tracts following long period of visual deprivation and retinal image restoration},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Levin_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.006}}

@article{Wei:2009,
	Abstract = {Directional movement is a property common to all cell types during development and is critical to tissue remodelling and regeneration after damage. In migrating cells, calcium has a multifunctional role in directional sensing, cytoskeleton redistribution, traction force generation, and relocation of focal adhesions. Here we visualize high-calcium microdomains ('calcium flickers') and their patterned activation in migrating human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Calcium flicker activity is dually coupled to membrane tension (by means of TRPM7, a stretch-activated Ca(2+)-permeant channel of the transient receptor potential superfamily) and chemoattractant signal transduction (by means of type 2 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors). Interestingly, calcium flickers are most active at the leading lamella of migrating cells, displaying a 4:1 front-to-rear polarization opposite to the global calcium gradient. When exposed to a platelet-derived growth factor gradient perpendicular to cell movement, asymmetric calcium flicker activity develops across the lamella and promotes the turning of migrating fibroblasts. These findings show how the exquisite spatiotemporal organization of calcium microdomains can orchestrate complex cellular processes such as cell migration.},
	Author = {Wei, Chaoliang and Wang, Xianhua and Chen, Min and Ouyang, Kunfu and Song, Long-Sheng and Cheng, Heping},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:38:00 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development; cell migration; axon guidance; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Calcium; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Cell Line; Cell Polarity; Chemotaxis; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; TRPM Cation Channels; Thapsigargin},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {7231},
	Pages = {901-5},
	pmid = {19118385},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium flickers steer cell migration},
	Volume = {457},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Wei_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07577}}

@article{Ohshiro:2006a,
	Abstract = {Activity-dependent models for cortical simple-cell receptive field development predict specific patterns of correlated neural activity within the visual pathway, such as a Mexican hat-shaped pattern of correlated activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). However, such activity patterns have yet to be experimentally demonstrated. We performed multielectrode recordings in the LGN of immature awake ferrets and found simple fall-off-shaped, rather than Mexican hat-shaped, patterns of correlated activity. A weak surround in the LGN neuron's receptive field and the statistics of the input contributed to this pattern of correlated activity. Computer simulation of cortical receptive field development incorporating the experimentally observed activity patterns demonstrated that a simple-cell receptive field emerges when a newly devised 'split' constraint on synaptic growth is combined with Hebbian synaptic modification rules. Thus, given certain developmental constraints on synaptic plasticity, patterns of correlated activity within the LGN are compatible with Hebbian models of simple-cell receptive field development.},
	Author = {Ohshiro, Tomokazu and Weliky, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:35:54 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; development; 21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1541-8},
	pmid = {17115045},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Simple fall-off pattern of correlated neural activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ohshiro_NatNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1799}}

@article{Weliky:1997,
	Abstract = {In the primary visual cortex, the development of orientation selectivity is influenced by patterns of neural activity. The introduction of artificially correlated activity into the visual pathway (through synchronous activation of retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve) substantially weakens the orientation selectivity of neurons in superficial and deep cortical layers. This is consistent with activity having an instructive role in shaping cortical neuron receptive field tuning properties.},
	Author = {Weliky, M and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:33:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex; development; 21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {6626},
	Pages = {680-5},
	pmid = {9109486},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity},
	Volume = {386},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Weliky_Nature1997.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386680a0}}

@article{Gonzalez-Islas:2006,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous network activity (SNA) has been described in most developing circuits, including the spinal cord, retina, and hippocampus. Despite the widespread nature of this developmental phenomenon, its role in network maturation is poorly understood. We reduced SNA in the intact embryo and found compensatory increases in synaptic strength of spinal motoneuron inputs. AMPAergic miniature postsynaptic current (mPSC) amplitude and frequency increased following the reduction of activity. Interestingly, excitatory GABAergic mPSCs also increase in amplitude through a process of synaptic scaling. Finally, the normal modulation of GABAergic mPSC amplitude was accelerated. Together, these compensatory responses appear to increase the excitability of the cord and could act to maintain appropriate SNA levels, thus demonstrating a distinct functional role for synaptic homeostasis. Because spontaneous network activity can regulate AMPAergic and GABAergic synaptic strength during development, SNA is likely to play an important role in a coordinated maturation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength.},
	Author = {Gonzalez-Islas, Carlos and Wenner, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:31:20 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; 21 Neurophysiology; Spinal Cord},
	Mesh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bicuculline; Chick Embryo; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; Lidocaine; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Net; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Reaction Time; Spinal Cord; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {563-75},
	pmid = {16476665},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous network activity in the embryonic spinal cord regulates AMPAergic and GABAergic synaptic strength},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Gonzalez-Islas_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.017}}

@article{Wolszon:1994a,
	Abstract = {In the leech embryo, oppositely directed axons of homologous anterior pagoda (AP) neurons overlap with each other extensively within the nerves that link adjacent ganglia, and inhibit each other's further growth (Gao and Macagno, 1987b). During this 5-8 d period of inhibition, the axons begin to grow thin, and eventually they retract completely. However, deletion of one overlapping AP cell results in the renewed growth of the remaining AP cell's axon, which then innervates territory vacated by the killed cell. Thus, each neuron can detect the presence of the other, and adjust its branching pattern accordingly. To begin to explore how these neurons detect and inhibit each other, we tested for direct communication between them. Dye fills with fluorescent chromophores suggested direct contact between their axons at the light level, and this was confirmed by serial-section electron microscopic analysis. Morphological features resembling aspects of gap junctions were observed where the projections were closely apposed, and subsequent electrophysiological recordings demonstrated electrical coupling between the mutually inhibited axons. Confirmation that these projections communicate via gap junctions was obtained using intracellular injection of 5-HT as a tracer, followed by anti-5-HT immunohistochemistry. The tracer passed selectively between AP neurons. We propose that the gap junctions formed between the transient projections of the developing AP neurons may mediate the exchange of the signals that permit homologs to recognize each other and to inhibit the further forward progress of these projections.},
	Author = {Wolszon, L R and Gao, W Q and Passani, M B and Macagno, E R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:24:16 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:29:46 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Calcium; Gap Junctions; 10 Development; 10 circuit formation; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cell Communication; Gap Junctions; Leeches; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Serotonin},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3 Pt 1},
	Pages = {999-1010},
	pmid = {8120639},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Growth cone "collapse" in vivo: are inhibitory interactions mediated by gap junctions?},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994.pdf}}

@article{Wolszon:1994,
	Abstract = {Embryonic anterior pagoda (AP) neurons in the leech interact with their segmental homologs in adjacent ganglia through transient axons that overlap during a critical period of development and then retract. However, when an AP neuron is ablated mechanically or by irradiation during this period, an adjacent homolog responds by reinitiating growth of its overlapped axon and thereby taking over vacated territory (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989). The death of an AP cell is therefore communicated to its homolog, but the mechanism underlying this signaling is presently unknown. Since it was recently found that AP homologs are electrically and dye coupled through their transient axons (Wolszon et al., 1994), we investigated the possibility that gap junctions may mediate the cell death signal that could occur between developing neurons. Among several candidate intercellular signals, we began by studying calcium dynamics in embryonic AP cells, in situ, since calcium is known to cross gap junctions and is implicated in cell death in many systems. We found that elements that usually increase [Ca2+]i in adult neurons, such as releasable internal stores or voltage-dependent calcium channels, were not present at the critical period. Instead, mechanisms that reduce free calcium, such as buffering and pumping, were the most robust. When a large, focal calcium rise was produced in an AP axon by making a lesion with a UV microbeam (leading to eventual death of these neurons), calcium did not rise quickly throughout the cell, but rather moved in a slow (0.05-0.25 micron/sec) wave front away from the lesion site, into other processes of the damaged cell. Furthermore, when a calcium wave front reached the growth cone of a transient axon, it crossed at the gap junctions into the coupled axon of the neighboring AP neuron, but went no further. Since it is known that an AP responds to a neighbor's death by reinitiating growth only in that axon that contacts the dying cell (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989), these observations are consistent with calcium playing a role in the signaling of cell death to homologs that are coupled to a dying cell.},
	Author = {Wolszon, L R and Rehder, V and Kater, S B and Macagno, E R},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:24:11 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 10:29:36 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Calcium; Gap Junctions; 10 Development; 10 circuit formation; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Cell Death; Electrophysiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gap Junctions; Leeches; Neurons; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3437-48},
	pmid = {8207465},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Calcium wave fronts that cross gap junctions may signal neuronal death during development},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994a.pdf}}

@article{Thyagarajan:2010a,
	Abstract = {The functions of trans-synaptic adhesion molecules, such as neurexin and neuroligin, have been difficult to study due to the lack of methods to directly detect their binding in living neurons. Here, we use biotin labeling of intercellular contacts (BLINC), a method for imaging protein interactions based on interaction-dependent biotinylation of a peptide by E. coli biotin ligase, to visualize neurexin-neuroligin trans-interactions at synapses and study their role in synapse development. We found that both developmental maturation and acute synaptic activity stimulate the growth of neurexin-neuroligin adhesion complexes via a combination of neurexin and neuroligin surface insertion and internalization arrest. Both mechanisms require NMDA receptor activity. We also discovered that disruption of activity-induced neurexin-neuroligin complex growth prevents recruitment of the AMPA receptor, a hallmark of mature synapses. Our results provide support for neurexin-neuroligin function in synapse maturation and introduce a general method to study intercellular protein-protein interactions.},
	Author = {Thyagarajan, Amar and Ting, Alice Y},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:14:20 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {frontiers review; 21 Activity-development; 23 Technique; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; Cooperative Behavior; 09 Evolutionary dynamics},
	Mesh = {Animals; Biotinylation; Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Escherichia coli Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Repressor Proteins; Synapses},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {456-69},
	Pmc = {PMC2966532},
	pmid = {20933261},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging activity-dependent regulation of neurexin-neuroligin interactions using trans-synaptic enzymatic biotinylation},
	Volume = {143},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Thyagarajan_Cell2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.025}}

@article{Thyagarajan:2010,
	Abstract = {The progression of rod and cone degeneration in retinally degenerate (rd) mice ultimately results in a complete loss of photoreceptors and blindness. The inner retinal neurons survive and several recent studies using genetically targeted, light activated channels have made these neurons intrinsically light sensitive. We crossbred a transgenic mouse line expressing channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) under the control of the Thy1 promoter with the Pde6b(rd1) mouse, a model for retinal degeneration (rd1/rd1). Approximately 30-40\% of the ganglion cells of the offspring expressed ChR2. Extracellular recordings from ChR2-expressing ganglion cells in degenerated retinas revealed their intrinsic light sensitivity which was approximately 7 log U less sensitive than the scotopic threshold and approximately 2 log U less sensitive than photopic responses of normal mice. All ChR2-expressing ganglion cells were excited at light ON. The visual performance of rd1/rd1 mice and ChR2 rd1/rd1 mice was compared. Behavioral tests showed that both mouse strains had a pupil light reflex and they were able to discriminate light fields from dark fields in the visual water task. Cortical activity maps were recorded with optical imaging. The ChR2rd1/rd1 mice did not show a better visual performance than rd1/rd1 mice. In both strains the residual vision was correlated with the density of cones surviving in the peripheral retina. The expression of ChR2 under the control of the Thy1 promoter in retinal ganglion cells does not rescue vision.},
	Author = {Thyagarajan, Senthil and van Wyk, Michiel and Lehmann, Konrad and L{\"o}wel, Siegrid and Feng, Guoping and W{\"a}ssle, Heinz},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-07 10:11:23 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Light; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Retinal Degeneration; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rhodopsin; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {26},
	Pages = {8745-58},
	pmid = {20592196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual function in mice with photoreceptor degeneration and transgenic expression of channelrhodopsin 2 in ganglion cells},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Thyagarajan_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4417-09.2010}}

@article{Sohal:2009,
	Abstract = {Synchronized oscillations and inhibitory interneurons have important and interconnected roles within cortical microcircuits. In particular, interneurons defined by the fast-spiking phenotype and expression of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin have been suggested to be involved in gamma (30-80 Hz) oscillations, which are hypothesized to enhance information processing. However, because parvalbumin interneurons cannot be selectively controlled, definitive tests of their functional significance in gamma oscillations, and quantitative assessment of the impact of parvalbumin interneurons and gamma oscillations on cortical circuits, have been lacking despite potentially enormous significance (for example, abnormalities in parvalbumin interneurons may underlie altered gamma-frequency synchronization and cognition in schizophrenia and autism). Here we use a panel of optogenetic technologies in mice to selectively modulate multiple distinct circuit elements in neocortex, alone or in combination. We find that inhibiting parvalbumin interneurons suppresses gamma oscillations in vivo, whereas driving these interneurons (even by means of non-rhythmic principal cell activity) is sufficient to generate emergent gamma-frequency rhythmicity. Moreover, gamma-frequency modulation of excitatory input in turn was found to enhance signal transmission in neocortex by reducing circuit noise and amplifying circuit signals, including inputs to parvalbumin interneurons. As demonstrated here, optogenetics opens the door to a new kind of informational analysis of brain function, permitting quantitative delineation of the functional significance of individual elements in the emergent operation and function of intact neural circuitry.},
	Author = {Sohal, Vikaas S and Zhang, Feng and Yizhar, Ofer and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-06 23:45:18 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; 23 Technique; Interneurons; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Line; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Synchronization; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Interneurons; Mice; Neocortex; Parvalbumins; Periodicity; Photic Stimulation; Prefrontal Cortex; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7247},
	Pages = {698-702},
	pmid = {19396159},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance},
	Volume = {459},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Sohal_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07991}}

@article{Hegemann:2011,
	Author = {Hegemann, Peter and M{\"o}glich, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-06 23:41:50 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; 23 Technique; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Genetic Techniques; Humans; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Light; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Protein Engineering; Rhodopsin},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39-42},
	pmid = {21191371},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Channelrhodopsin engineering and exploration of new optogenetic tools},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2011},
	url = {papers/Hegemann_NatMethods2011.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.327}}

@article{Ruthazer:2010,
	Abstract = {To successfully interact with their environments, developing organisms need to correctly process sensory information and generate motor outputs appropriate to their size and structure. Patterned sensory experience has long been known to induce various forms of developmental plasticity that ultimately shape mature neural circuits. These same types of plasticity also allow developing organisms to respond appropriately to the external world by dynamically adapting neural circuit function to ongoing changes in brain circuitry and sensory input. Recent work on the visual systems of frogs and fish has provided an unprecedented view into how visual experience dynamically affects circuit function at many levels, ranging from gene expression to network function, ultimately leading to system-wide functional adaptations.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, Edward S and Aizenman, Carlos D},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-06 23:40:32 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {183-92},
	pmid = {20153060},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Learning to see: patterned visual activity and the development of visual function},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_TrendsNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.003}}

@article{Olsen:2008,
	Abstract = {Genetic screens in Drosophila have identified many genes involved in neural development and function. However, until recently, it has been impossible to monitor neural signals in Drosophila central neurons, and it has been difficult to make specific perturbations to central neural circuits. This has changed in the past few years with the development of new tools for measuring and manipulating neural activity in the fly. Here we review how these new tools enable novel conceptual approaches to 'cracking circuits' in this important model organism. We discuss recent studies aimed at defining the cognitive demands on the fly brain, identifying the cellular components of specific neural circuits, mapping functional connectivity in those circuits and defining causal relationships between neural activity and behavior.},
	Author = {Olsen, Shawn R and Wilson, Rachel I},
	Date-Added = {2011-03-06 23:32:07 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Brain Mapping; Drosophila; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {512-20},
	Pmc = {PMC2845908},
	pmid = {18775572},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cracking neural circuits in a tiny brain: new approaches for understanding the neural circuitry of Drosophila},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Olsen_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.006}}

@article{Del-Bene:2010,
	Abstract = {The optic tectum of zebrafish is involved in behavioral responses that require the detection of small objects. The superficial layers of the tectal neuropil receive input from retinal axons, while its deeper layers convey the processed information to premotor areas. Imaging with a genetically encoded calcium indicator revealed that the deep layers, as well as the dendrites of single tectal neurons, are preferentially activated by small visual stimuli. This spatial filtering relies on GABAergic interneurons (using the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid) that are located in the superficial input layer and respond only to large visual stimuli. Photo-ablation of these cells with KillerRed, or silencing of their synaptic transmission, eliminates the size tuning of deeper layers and impairs the capture of prey.},
	Author = {Del Bene, Filippo and Wyart, Claire and Robles, Estuardo and Tran, Amanda and Looger, Loren and Scott, Ethan K and Isacoff, Ehud Y and Baier, Herwig},
	Date-Added = {2010-11-23 09:51:47 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; Superior Colliculus; function; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging; 21 Circuit structure-function; GABA; Interneurons; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials;Zebrafish;21 Activity-development;activity manipulation;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Axons; Bicuculline; Dendrites; GABA Antagonists; Interneurons; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Neuropil; Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Neurons; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Zebrafish; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6004},
	Pages = {669-73},
	pmid = {21030657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Filtering of visual information in the tectum by an identified neural circuit},
	Volume = {330},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/DelBene_Science2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/DelBene_Science2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192949}}

@article{Bullock:1990,
	Abstract = {1. Compound field potentials were recorded with up to 18 microelectrodes in comb, brush, or spear arrays on and in the optic tectum and with suction electrodes from the distal stump of the cut optic nerve and from the optic nerve head in the opened eye in elasmobranchs and teleosts. Diffuse light flashes of different durations and submaximal intensities were delivered in trains with regular or irregular interstimulus intervals (ISI). 2. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are visible in single trials and begin at 50-200 ms after an "oddball" flash, especially one that is slightly weaker, briefer, or delayed by as little as 6\% of ISI, compared with the more frequent stimulus. ERPs to the opposite condition are not of the same form or size. 3. One or more stimuli were omitted from a train or the train terminated after various conditioning times. Deflections occur beyond the expected visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) to the last flash and are called omitted-stimulus potentials (OSPs). They occur on schedule--approximately 100 ms after the next flash would be due--almost independent of intensity, duration, or conditioning time. They are considered to be ERPs without any necessary implication or denial of a temporally specific expectation. 4. Three components of OSP occur alone or in combination: an initial fast peak, a slow wave, and an oscillatory spindle up to ls or more in duration. This resembles the OFF response to steady light. 5. All these components are already present in the retina with optic nerve cut. 6. The same mean ISI with a high proportion of jitter gives OSPs with only slightly longer latencies and smaller amplitudes; the OSP acts as though the retina makes an integrated prediction of ISI, intensity, and duration. 7. During a conditioning train the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition after each flash changes according to frequency, intensity, duration, and conditioning time; the VEP reflects this in a shape unique to the ISI; inhibition increases rapidly after each flash and then decays slowly according to the recent mean ISI. This allows rebound disinhibition after missing, weak, or delayed flashes (OSP or ERP) or causes an altered VEP after a longer or stronger oddball. 8. It seems unlikely that the OSP or oddball ERP in fish tectum is equivalent to mammalian ERPs under the same regime or signals higher cognitive events, because they are already present in the retina, require flash frequencies greater than 1 Hz, and grow with frequency up to and beyond flicker fusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Bullock, T H and Hofmann, M H and Nahm, F K and New, J G and Prechtl, J C},
	Date-Added = {2010-11-10 10:45:30 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2010-11-10 10:46:11 -0500},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; entrainment; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Evoked Potentials; Fishes; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Retina; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {903-14},
	pmid = {2230933},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Event-related potentials in the retina and optic tectum of fish},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Bullock_JNeurophysiol1990.pdf}}

@article{Schwartz:2007,
	Abstract = {A fundamental task of the brain is detecting patterns in the environment that enable predictions about the future. Here, we show that the salamander and mouse retinas can recognize a wide class of periodic temporal patterns, such that a subset of ganglion cells fire strongly and specifically in response to a violation of the periodicity. This sophisticated retinal processing may provide a substrate for hierarchical pattern detection in subsequent circuits.},
	Author = {Schwartz, Greg and Harris, Rob and Shrom, David and Berry, 2nd, Michael J},
	Date-Added = {2010-11-10 10:41:45 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {entrainment},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Larva; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Periodicity; Photic Stimulation; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Time Factors; Urodela; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {552-4},
	pmid = {17450138},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Detection and prediction of periodic patterns by the retina},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Schwartz_NatNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1887}}

@article{Colonnese:2010a,
	Abstract = {Developing cortex generates endogenous activity that modulates the formation of functional units, but how this activity is altered to support mature function is poorly understood. Using recordings from the visual cortex of preterm human infants and neonatal rats, we report a "bursting" period of visual responsiveness during which the weak retinal output is amplified by endogenous network oscillations, enabling a primitive form of vision. This period ends shortly before delivery in humans and eye opening in rodents with an abrupt switch to the mature visual response. The switch is causally linked to the emergence of an activated state of continuous cortical activity dependent on the ascending neuromodulatory systems involved in arousal. This switch is sensory system specific but experience independent and also involves maturation of retinal processing. Thus, the early development of visual processing is governed by a conserved, intrinsic program that switches thalamocortical response properties in anticipation of patterned vision.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T and Kaminska, Anna and Minlebaev, Marat and Milh, Mathieu and Bloem, Bernard and Lescure, Sandra and Moriette, Guy and Chiron, Catherine and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2010-10-29 11:37:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;Visual;retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Child Development; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {480-98},
	Pmc = {PMC2946625},
	pmid = {20696384},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A conserved switch in sensory processing prepares developing neocortex for vision},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.015}}

@article{Butts:2007,
	Abstract = {Patterned spontaneous activity in the developing retina is necessary to drive synaptic refinement in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Using perforated patch recordings from neurons in LGN slices during the period of eye segregation, we examine how such burst-based activity can instruct this refinement. Retinogeniculate synapses have a novel learning rule that depends on the latencies between pre- and postsynaptic bursts on the order of one second: coincident bursts produce long-lasting synaptic enhancement, whereas non-overlapping bursts produce mild synaptic weakening. It is consistent with "Hebbian" development thought to exist at this synapse, and we demonstrate computationally that such a rule can robustly use retinal waves to drive eye segregation and retinotopic refinement. Thus, by measuring plasticity induced by natural activity patterns, synaptic learning rules can be linked directly to their larger role in instructing the patterning of neural connectivity.},
	Author = {Butts, Daniel A and Kanold, Patrick O and Shatz, Carla J},
	Date-Added = {2010-10-15 15:34:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:26:27 +0000},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Learning; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Synapses},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {e61},
	Pmc = {PMC1808114},
	pmid = {17341130},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A burst-based "Hebbian" learning rule at retinogeniculate synapses links retinal waves to activity-dependent refinement},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Butts_PLoSBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050061}}

@article{Butts:1999,
	Abstract = {Propagating neural activity in the developing mammalian retina is required for the normal patterning of retinothalamic connections. This activity exhibits a complex spatiotemporal pattern of initiation, propagation, and termination. Here, we discuss the behavior of a model of the developing retina using a combination of simulation and analytic calculation. Our model produces spatially and temporally restricted waves without requiring inhibition, consistent with the early depolarizing action of neurotransmitters in the retina. We find that highly correlated, temporally regular, and spatially restricted activity occurs over a range of network parameters; this ensures that such spatiotemporal patterns can be produced robustly by immature neural networks in which synaptic transmission by individual neurons may be unreliable. Wider variation of these parameters, however, results in several different regimes of wave behavior. We also present evidence that wave properties are locally determined by a single variable, the fraction of recruitable (i.e., nonrefractory) cells within the dendritic field of a retinal neuron. From this perspective, a given local area's ability to support waves with a wide range of propagation velocities-as observed in experiment-reflects the variability in the local state of excitability of that area. This prediction is supported by whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, which measure significant wave-to-wave variability in the amount of synaptic input a cell receives when it participates in a wave. This approach to describing the developing retina provides unique insight into how the organization of a neural circuit can lead to the generation of complex correlated activity patterns.},
	Author = {Butts, D A and Feller, M B and Shatz, C J and Rokhsar, D S},
	Date-Added = {2010-10-15 15:33:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-10-15 15:36:49 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Dendrites; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mammals; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3580-93},
	pmid = {10212317},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal waves are governed by collective network properties},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Butts:2001,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neural activity that is present in the mammalian retina before the onset of vision is required for the refinement of retinotopy in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. This paper explores the information content of this retinal activity, with the goal of determining constraints on the nature of the developmental mechanisms that use it. Through information-theoretic analysis of multielectrode and calcium-imaging experiments, we show that the spontaneous retinal activity present early in development provides information about the relative positions of retinal ganglion cells and can, in principle, be used at retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses to refine retinotopy. Remarkably, we find that most retinotopic information provided by retinal waves exists on relatively coarse time scales, suggesting that developmental mechanisms must be sensitive to timing differences from 100 msec up to 2 sec to make optimal use of it. In fact, a simple Hebbian-type learning rule with a correlation window on the order of seconds is able to extract the bulk of the available information. These findings are consistent with bursts of action potentials (rather than single spikes) being the unit of information used during development and suggest new experimental approaches for studying developmental plasticity of the retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses. More generally, these results demonstrate how the properties of neuronal systems can be inferred from the statistics of their input.},
	Author = {Butts, D A and Rokhsar, D S},
	Date-Added = {2010-10-15 15:33:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-10-15 15:36:42 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Calcium Signaling; Ferrets; Fluorescence; Geniculate Bodies; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microelectrodes; Models, Neurological; Reaction Time; Retina; Selection Bias; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Statistical Distributions; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors; Videotape Recording; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {961-73},
	pmid = {11157082},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The information content of spontaneous retinal waves},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Butts:2002,
	Abstract = {Neural activity is often required for the final stages of synaptic refinement during brain development. It is thought that learning rules acting at the individual synapse level, which specify how pre- and postsynaptic activity lead to changes in synaptic efficacy, underlie such activity-dependent development. How such rules might function in vivo can be addressed in the retinogeniculate system because the input activity from the retina and its importance in development are both known. In fact, detailed studies of retinal waves have revealed their complex spatiotemporal properties, providing insights into the mechanisms that use such activity to guide development. First of all, the information useful for development is contained in the retinal waves and can be quantified, placing constraints on synaptic learning rules that use this information. Furthermore, knowing the distribution of activity over the entire set of inputs makes it possible to address a necessary component of developmental refinement: rules governing competition between synaptic inputs. In this way, the detailed knowledge of retinal input and lateral geniculate nucleus development provides a unique opportunity to relate the rules of synaptic plasticity directly to their role in development.},
	Author = {Butts, Daniel A},
	Date-Added = {2010-10-15 15:33:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-10-15 15:36:35 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Geniculate Bodies; Learning; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {243-53},
	pmid = {12061504},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Retinal waves: implications for synaptic learning rules during development},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Butts_Neuroscientist2002.pdf}}

@article{Rogers:1995,
	Abstract = {We have examined, by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, the distribution of GABA in the optic nerves of adult rabbits, rats, and cats. Within the optic nerves, immunoreactivity for GABA was restricted to a small subset of axons; some axons were strongly labelled, others weakly labelled, whilst most axons were unlabelled. Glia and other non-neuronal elements were always unlabelled. Our ability to detect GABA in optic nerve axons of adult mammals contrasts with previous reports that indicate a lack of GABA immunoreactivity in such axons. We suggest that this discrepancy may be due to the sensitivity of our immunocytochemical techniques which enable us to detect low concentrations of GABA.},
	Author = {Rogers, P C and Pow, D V},
	Date = {1995 Nov-Dec},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:26:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:26:24 -0400},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Cats; Immunohistochemistry; Optic Nerve; Rabbits; Rats; Retina; Tissue Distribution; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1143-9},
	pmid = {8962833},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Immunocytochemical evidence for an axonal localization of GABA in the optic nerves of rabbits, rats, and cats},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Empson:2000,
	Abstract = {Depolarising GABA(A) receptor-mediated responses recorded from the optic nerve using a grease gap technique were modulated by classical potentiators of GABA(A) receptors. The benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, the barbiturate, pentobarbitone and the widely used anaesthetic, propofol, all potentiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses. They did so with different maximal efficacies, propofol>pentobarbitone>chlordiazepoxide, and potencies on the basis of EC(50) estimates, chlordiazepoxide>propofol>pentobarbitone. The greater than expected GABA potentiating properties of propofol were explained by a direct hyperpolarising action that occurred in the same concentration range as its action at the GABA(A) receptor but that was unlikely to be mediated by GABA(A) receptors.},
	Author = {Empson, R M and Sheardown, M J and Newberry, N R},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:12:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:20:22 -0400},
	Journal = {Eur J Pharmacol},
	Journal-Full = {European journal of pharmacology},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Chlordiazepoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Electrophysiology; Male; Optic Nerve; Pentobarbital; Propofol; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {339-42},
	pmid = {10936491},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid responses in the rat optic nerve},
	Volume = {401},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Empson_EurJPharmacol2000.pdf}}

@article{Costa:1997,
	Abstract = {GABA immunoreactivity was examined in the retina of the New World monkey Cebus apella. Labeled cell bodies were identified as horizontal, bipolar, interplexiform, amacrine and a population of putative ganglion cells. To determine whether ganglion cells were immunoreactive to GABA, double-labeling experiments were performed using Fast Blue as retrograde neuronal tracer injected into the superior colliculus. Retinas containing FB-labeled ganglion cells were subsequently incubated with antiserum against GABA. Although retinocollicular ganglion cells were found in three different layers (ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer), our experiments revealed GABA-positive ganglion cells only in the outer half of the ganglion cell layer.},
	Author = {da Costa, B L and Hoko{\c c}, J N and Pinaud, R R and Gattass, R},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:12:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:20:22 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Amidines; Animals; Cebus; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1797-802},
	pmid = {9223054},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABAergic retinocollicular projection in the New World monkey Cebus apella},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Costa_Neuroreport1997.pdf}}

@article{Wilson:1996,
	Abstract = {Using an antibody to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), we examined the optic nerves and optic tracts from macaque monkeys at the light and electron microscopic levels to determine if there is a possible inhibitory projection from the retina to the brain. All of the monkeys (n = 5) had GABA immunopositive axons that were evenly distributed in their optic nerves. These immunopositive axons were slightly larger than the axons around them and comprised an average of 2.6\% of the axons in the nerves. Thus, their estimated total was about 44,000 axons per nerve. In the optic tracts, the GABA immunopositive axons were not distributed evenly, but were concentrated mostly in the ventromedial part, indicating that this retinal pathway probably goes to a midbrain destination such as the superior colliculus. The present findings provide further evidence that there is a GABAergic retinal projection to the brain in primates with currently unknown physiological influences.},
	Author = {Wilson, J R and Cowey, A and Somogy, P},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:12:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:20:22 -0400},
	Journal = {Vision Res},
	Journal-Full = {Vision research},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Biometry; Cell Count; Immunohistochemistry; Macaca fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Mesencephalon; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Optic Nerve; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1357-63},
	pmid = {8762755},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABA immunopositive axons in the optic nerve and optic tract of macaque monkeys},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Wilson_VisionRes1996.pdf}}

@article{Lugo-Garcia:1991,
	Abstract = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)- and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the retina of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). Labeling was observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). The immunoreactive cell bodies in the inner third of the INL were 6-13 microns in diameter and, because of their size and location it was considered that these were amacrine cells. Labeling in the IPL was concentrated in 5 bands corresponding to laminae 1a, 1c, 2, 4 and 5. In the GCL a heterogeneous population of neurons exhibited GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity. The soma diameters of the GCL cells ranged from 5 to 17 microns. These may represent displaced amacrines and/or ganglion cells. To determine if any of the immunoreactive cells in the GCL were ganglion cells, double labeling experiments were performed using rhodamine latex microspheres ('beads') as retrograde neuronal tracers. Rhodamine beads were injected into the superior colliculus, and retinas with retrogradely labeled ganglion cells were subsequently incubated with the anti-GAD antiserum. These experiments revealed a small population of GAD-positive ganglion cells, setting a lower limit for the total number of GABAergic ganglion cells.},
	Author = {Lugo-Garc{\'\i}a, N and Blanco, R E},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:12:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:20:22 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Avidin; Biotin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon; Microspheres; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Sciuridae; Stereotaxic Techniques; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-26},
	pmid = {1777820},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Localization of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity in ground squirrel retina: retrograde labeling demonstrates GAD-positive ganglion cells},
	Volume = {564},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Lugo-García_BrainRes1991.pdf}}

@article{Caruso:1989,
	Abstract = {Ganglion cells in the rat retina were labeled with the fluorescent dye, Diamidino-yellow, by retrograde transport from the superior colliculus and subsequently reacted for GABA-like immunoreactivity with a rhodamine-conjugated antiserum. Examination of sectioned retinas by fluorescence microscopy showed double labeling in approximately 6\% of the ganglion cells. The presence of GABA in these neurons suggests that they may be involved in providing direct inhibitory input to the rat tectum.},
	Author = {Caruso, D M and Owczarzak, M T and Goebel, D J and Hazlett, J C and Pourcho, R G},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:12:25 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 16:20:22 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {optic tectum; superior colliculus; connectivity; gaba; retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {129-34},
	pmid = {2914207},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABA-immunoreactivity in ganglion cells of the rat retina},
	Volume = {476},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Caruso_BrainRes1989.pdf}}

@article{May:2006,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus is a laminated midbrain structure that acts as one of the centers organizing gaze movements. This review will concentrate on sensory and motor inputs to the superior colliculus, on its internal circuitry, and on its connections with other brainstem gaze centers, as well as its extensive outputs to those structures with which it is reciprocally connected. This will be done in the context of its laminar arrangement. Specifically, the superficial layers receive direct retinal input, and are primarily visual sensory in nature. They project upon the visual thalamus and pretectum to influence visual perception. These visual layers also project upon the deeper layers, which are both multimodal, and premotor in nature. Thus, the deep layers receive input from both somatosensory and auditory sources, as well as from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Sensory, association, and motor areas of cerebral cortex provide another major source of collicular input, particularly in more encephalized species. For example, visual sensory cortex terminates superficially, while the eye fields target the deeper layers. The deeper layers are themselves the source of a major projection by way of the predorsal bundle which contributes collicular target information to the brainstem structures containing gaze-related burst neurons, and the spinal cord and medullary reticular formation regions that produce head turning.},
	Author = {May, Paul J},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 16:01:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Progress in brain research},
	Keywords = {optic tectum;Superior Colliculus;connectivity;function;retina gaba paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arousal; Auditory Perception; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Ear, External; Eye Movements; Fixation, Ocular; Haplorhini; Mammals; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Retina; Spinal Cord; Superior Colliculi; Thalamus; Visual Perception},
	Pages = {321-78},
	pmid = {16221594},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The mammalian superior colliculus: laminar structure and connections},
	Volume = {151},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/May_ProgBrainRes2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(05)51011-2}}

@article{Abrahams:1975,
	Abstract = {Unit recordings were made in the superior colliculus of cats anesthetized with chloralose and with Pentothal. Electrical stimulation of extraocular muscle afferents and neck muscle afferents excited more units in the superior colliculus than did a variety of moving and stationary visual stimuli. Units responding to neck muscle afferent stimulation fell into three populations; one population firing with a short latency and following stimulus presentation up to 1/s, a second population with a long latency and following stimulus presentation at frequencies lower than 15/min, and a third population exhibiting paired firing. The latencies and firing patterns of the third population combined the characteristics of each of the first two patterns. It is suggested that these characteristics of unit discharges stem from the existence of two pathways from neck muscle afferents to the superior colliculus. The projection is predominantly bilateral. Units responding to neck muscle afferent stimulation are distributed throughout the superior colliculus on the basis of their latencies. Long-latency responses predominate in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus and short-latency responses, while more common in the intermediate and deep layers, predominate in the tegmentum. Extraocular muscle afferent projections to the superior colliculus constitute the single richest projection found in these experiments. While the response patterns and latencies are similar to those of the neck muscle afferents, long-latency responses are the most common and dominate in all collicular regions. Few units in the tegmentum could be excited by extraocular muscle afferents. Both extraocular muscle and neck muscle afferents show considerable convergence with one another and with retinal afferents within the superior colliculus. Cells of origin of the tectospinal tract were identified within the superior colliculus and tegmentum by antidromic excitation from the upper cervical cord. These cells were distributed predominantly within the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, and sparsely in the superficial layers and tegmentum. Almost 50\% of the cells of origin of the tectospinal tract receive a convergent input from extraocular muscle and neck muscle afferents and from the retina. About 30\% of the cells were inexcitable to the stimuli employed in these experiments. The significance of these projections is discussed with respect to superior collicular function in the cat and i},
	Author = {Abrahams, V C and Rose, P K},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 15:50:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 15:54:04 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;Vision;connectivity;Efferent Pathways;Afferent Pathways},
	Mesh = {Anesthesia, General; Animals; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Head; Microelectrodes; Movement; Muscle Denervation; Neck; Neurons; Neurons, Afferent; Oculomotor Muscles; Physical Stimulation; Reaction Time; Retina; Spinal Cord; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Transmission; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {10-8},
	pmid = {162939},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Projections of extraocular, neck muscle, and retinal afferents to superior colliculus in the cat: their connections to cells of origin of tectospinal tract},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Abrahams_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}}

@article{Meredith:1985,
	Abstract = {By means of their efferent projections to motor and premotor structures, the cells in the deep superior colliculus are intimately involved in behaviors that control the orientation of the eyes, pinnae, and head. These same efferent cells receive multiple sensory inputs, thereby apparently enabling an animal to orient its receptor organs in response to a wide variety of cues. This sensory convergence also provides a system in which motor responses need not be immutably linked to individual stimuli but can vary in reaction to the multitude of stimuli present in the environment at any given moment.},
	Author = {Meredith, M A and Stein, B E},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 15:50:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 15:52:24 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;Vision},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Motor Activity; Movement; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Superior Colliculi},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4687},
	Pages = {657-9},
	pmid = {3969558},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Descending efferents from the superior colliculus relay integrated multisensory information},
	Volume = {227},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Meredith_Science1985.pdf}}

@article{Carson:2005a,
	Abstract = {Massive amounts of data are being generated in an effort to represent for the brain the expression of all genes at cellular resolution. Critical to exploiting this effort is the ability to place these data into a common frame of reference. Here we have developed a computational method for annotating gene expression patterns in the context of a digital atlas to facilitate custom user queries and comparisons of this type of data. This procedure has been applied to 200 genes in the postnatal mouse brain. As an illustration of utility, we identify candidate genes that may be related to Parkinson disease by using the expression of a dopamine transporter in the substantia nigra as a search query pattern. In addition, we discover that transcription factor Rorb is down-regulated in the barrelless mutant relative to control mice by quantitative comparison of expression patterns in layer IV somatosensory cortex. The semi-automated annotation method developed here is applicable to a broad spectrum of complex tissues and data modalities.},
	Author = {Carson, James P and Ju, Tao and Lu, Hui-Chen and Thaller, Christina and Xu, Mei and Pallas, Sarah L and Crair, Michael C and Warren, Joe and Chiu, Wah and Eichele, Gregor},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 15:40:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS computational biology},
	Keywords = {10 Development;23 Technique;genetics;Computational Biology},
	Mesh = {Anatomy, Artistic; Animals; Brain; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Databases, Factual; Gene Expression Profiling; In Situ Hybridization; Medical Illustration; Mice; Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {e41},
	Pmc = {PMC1215388},
	pmid = {16184189},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A digital atlas to characterize the mouse brain transcriptome},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Carson_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010041}}

@article{Andermann:2010,
	Abstract = {Nearby neurons in mammalian neocortex demonstrate a great diversity of cell types and connectivity patterns. The importance of this diversity for computation is not understood. While extracellular recording studies in visual cortex have provided a particularly rich description of behavioral modulation of neural activity, new methods are needed to dissect the contribution of specific circuit elements in guiding visual perception. Here, we describe a method for three-dimensional cellular imaging of neural activity in the awake mouse visual cortex during active discrimination and passive viewing of visual stimuli. Head-fixed mice demonstrated robust discrimination for many hundred trials per day after initial task acquisition. To record from multiple neurons during operant behavior with single-trial resolution and minimal artifacts, we built a sensitive microscope for two-photon calcium imaging, capable of rapid tracking of neurons in three dimensions. We demonstrate stable recordings of cellular calcium activity during discrimination behavior across hours, days, and weeks, using both synthetic and genetically encoded calcium indicators. When combined with molecular and genetic technologies in mice (e.g., cell-type specific transgenic labeling), this approach allows the identification of neuronal classes in vivo. Physiological measurements from distinct classes of neighboring neurons will enrich our understanding of the coordinated roles of diverse elements of cortical microcircuits in guiding sensory perception and perceptual learning. Further, our method provides a high-throughput, chronic in vivo assay of behavioral influences on cellular activity that is applicable to a wide range of mouse models of neurologic disease.},
	Author = {Andermann, Mark L and Kerlin, A M and Reid, R C},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 15:09:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology;Visual Cortex;Behavior;23 Technique;optogenetics;frontiers review},
	Pages = {3},
	Pmc = {PMC2854571},
	pmid = {20407583},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Chronic cellular imaging of mouse visual cortex during operant behavior and passive viewing},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010.mov},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2010.00003}}

@article{Ecker:2010a,
	Abstract = {Using the photopigment melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond directly to light to drive circadian clock resetting and pupillary constriction. We now report that ipRGCs are more abundant and diverse than previously appreciated, project more widely within the brain, and can support spatial visual perception. A Cre-based melanopsin reporter mouse line revealed at least five subtypes of ipRGCs with distinct morphological and physiological characteristics. Collectively, these cells project beyond the known brain targets of ipRGCs to heavily innervate the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, retinotopically organized nuclei mediating object localization and discrimination. Mice lacking classical rod-cone photoreception, and thus entirely dependent on melanopsin for light detection, were able to discriminate grating stimuli from equiluminant gray and had measurable visual acuity. Thus, nonclassical retinal photoreception occurs within diverse cell types and influences circuits and functions encompassing luminance as well as spatial information.},
	Author = {Ecker, Jennifer L and Dumitrescu, Olivia N and Wong, Kwoon Y and Alam, Nazia M and Chen, Shih-Kuo and LeGates, Tara and Renna, Jordan M and Prusky, Glen T and Berson, David M and Hattar, Samer},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:59:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:08:44 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {melanopsin; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; function; Behavior; mouse},
	Mesh = {Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; Eye Enucleation; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits; Gene Expression Regulation; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Light; Light Signal Transduction; Maze Learning; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neural Pathways; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photoreceptor Cells; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Rod Opsins; Space Perception; Transducin; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {49-60},
	Pmc = {PMC2904318},
	pmid = {20624591},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity and role in pattern vision},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Ecker_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.023}}

@article{Grubb:2010,
	Abstract = {In neurons, the axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region near the start of the axon that is the site of action potential initiation. The precise location of the AIS varies across and within different neuronal types, and has been linked to cells' information-processing capabilities; however, the factors determining AIS position in individual neurons remain unknown. Here we show that changes in electrical activity can alter the location of the AIS. In dissociated hippocampal cultures, chronic depolarization with high extracellular potassium moves multiple components of the AIS, including voltage-gated sodium channels, up to 17 mum away from the soma of excitatory neurons. This movement reverses when neurons are returned to non-depolarized conditions, and depends on the activation of T- and/or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The AIS also moved distally when we combined long-term LED (light-emitting diode) photostimulation with sparse neuronal expression of the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2; here, burst patterning of activity was successful where regular stimulation at the same frequency failed. Furthermore, changes in AIS position correlate with alterations in current thresholds for action potential spiking. Our results show that neurons can regulate the position of an entire subcellular structure according to their ongoing levels and patterns of electrical activity. This novel form of activity-dependent plasticity may fine-tune neuronal excitability during development.},
	Author = {Grubb, Matthew S and Burrone, Juan},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:59:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Calcium Channels, T-Type; Calcium Signaling; Cells, Cultured; Hippocampus; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity; Potassium; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodopsin; Sodium Channels},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7301},
	Pages = {1070-4},
	pmid = {20543823},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability},
	Volume = {465},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Grubb_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09160}}

@article{Strauss:2002,
	Abstract = {The central complex is one of the most prominent, yet functionally enigmatic structures of the insect brain. Recently, behavioural, neuroanatomical and molecular approaches in Drosophila have joined forces to disclose specific components of higher locomotion control in larvae and adult flies, such as those that guarantee the optimal length and across-body symmetry of strides and an appropriate activity.},
	Author = {Strauss, Roland},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:59:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 15:00:23 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Drosophila; Locomotion; Motor Activity; Orientation},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {633-8},
	pmid = {12490252},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The central complex and the genetic dissection of locomotor behaviour},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Strauss_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Klein:2009,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: A number of adhesion-mediated signaling pathways and cell-cycle events have been identified that regulate cell proliferation, yet studies to date have been unable to determine which of these pathways control mitogenesis in response to physiologically relevant changes in tissue elasticity. In this report, we use hydrogel-based substrata matched to biological tissue stiffness to investigate the effects of matrix elasticity on the cell cycle. RESULTS: We find that physiological tissue stiffness acts as a cell-cycle inhibitor in mammary epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; subcellular analysis in these cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and osteoblasts shows that cell-cycle control by matrix stiffness is widely conserved. Remarkably, most mitogenic events previously documented as extracellular matrix (ECM)/integrin-dependent proceed normally when matrix stiffness is altered in the range that controls mitogenesis. These include ERK activity, immediate-early gene expression, and cdk inhibitor expression. In contrast, FAK-dependent Rac activation, Rac-dependent cyclin D1 gene induction, and cyclin D1-dependent Rb phosphorylation are strongly inhibited at physiological tissue stiffness and rescued when the matrix is stiffened in vitro. Importantly, the combined use of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging in mice shows that comparable increases in tissue stiffness occur at sites of cell proliferation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Matrix remodeling associated with pathogenesis is in itself a positive regulator of the cell cycle through a highly selective effect on integrin-dependent signaling to FAK, Rac, and cyclin D1.},
	Author = {Klein, Eric A and Yin, Liqun and Kothapalli, Devashish and Castagnino, Paola and Byfield, Fitzroy J and Xu, Tina and Levental, Ilya and Hawthorne, Elizabeth and Janmey, Paul A and Assoian, Richard K},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:39:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Arteries; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cyclin D1; Elasticity; Extracellular Matrix; Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; Hydrogel; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phosphorylation; Retinoblastoma Protein; Signal Transduction},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {1511-8},
	Pmc = {PMC2755619},
	pmid = {19765988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cell-cycle control by physiological matrix elasticity and in vivo tissue stiffening},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Klein_CurrBiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.069}}

@article{Asadollahi:2010,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms by which the brain selects a particular stimulus as the next target for gaze are poorly understood. A cholinergic nucleus in the owl's midbrain exhibits functional properties that suggest its role in bottom-up stimulus selection. Neurons in the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) responded to wide ranges of visual and auditory features, but they were not tuned to particular values of those features. Instead, they encoded the relative strengths of stimuli across the entirety of space. Many neurons exhibited switch-like properties, abruptly increasing their responses to a stimulus in their receptive field when it became the strongest stimulus. This information propagates directly to the optic tectum, a structure involved in gaze control and stimulus selection, as periodic (25-50 Hz) bursts of cholinergic activity. The functional properties of Ipc neurons resembled those of a salience map, a core component in computational models for spatial attention and gaze control.},
	Author = {Asadollahi, Ali and Mysore, Shreesh P and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:39:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Attention; Choice Behavior; Cholinergic Fibers; Conflict (Psychology); Fixation, Ocular; Neural Inhibition; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; Photic Stimulation; Strigiformes; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {889-95},
	Pmc = {PMC2893238},
	pmid = {20526331},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Stimulus-driven competition in a cholinergic midbrain nucleus},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Asadollahi_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Asadollahi_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2573}}

@article{Saenz:2008,
	Author = {Saenz, Melissa and Koch, Christof},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:39:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Auditory Perception; Brain; Humans; Photic Stimulation; Sensation Disorders},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {R650-R651},
	pmid = {18682202},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The sound of change: visually-induced auditory synesthesia},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Saenz_CurrBiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.014}}

@article{Krauzlis:2008a,
	Abstract = {The neural mechanisms that decide when and where to walk are not well understood. In this issue of Neuron, Felsen and Mainen use an olfactory-guided orienting task to show that the superior colliculus is necessary in rodents for the normal execution of spatial locomotor choices.},
	Author = {Krauzlis, Richard J and Lovejoy, Lee P},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:39:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Humans; Motor Activity; Orientation; Space Perception; Superior Colliculi; Walking},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-8},
	pmid = {18940583},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Walk this way},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Krauzlis_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.032}}

@article{Kastanenka:2010,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous, highly rhythmic episodes of propagating bursting activity are present early during the development of chick and mouse spinal cords. Acetylcholine, and GABA and glycine, which are both excitatory at this stage, provide the excitatory drive. It was previously shown that a moderate decrease in the frequency of bursting activity, caused by in ovo application of the GABA(A) receptor blocker, picrotoxin, resulted in motoneurons making dorsal-ventral (D-V) pathfinding errors in the limb and in the altered expression of guidance molecules associated with this decision. To distinguish whether the pathfinding errors were caused by perturbation of the normal frequency of bursting activity or interference with GABA(A) receptor signaling, chick embryos were chronically treated in ovo with picrotoxin to block GABA(A) receptors, while light activation by channelrhodopsin-2 was used to restore bursting activity to the control frequency. The restoration of normal patterns of neural activity in the presence of picrotoxin prevented the D-V pathfinding errors in the limb and maintained the normal expression levels of EphA4, EphB1, and polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule, three molecules previously shown to be necessary for this pathfinding choice. These observations demonstrate that developing spinal motor circuits are highly sensitive to the precise frequency and pattern of spontaneous activity, and that any drugs that alter this activity could result in developmental defects.},
	Author = {Kastanenka, Ksenia V and Landmesser, Lynn T},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:39:56 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 20:04:59 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 10 Development; 10 circuit formation; Spontaneous activity; optogenetics; frontiers review;activity manipulation;Technique;Spinal Cord;Chick Embryo;structural remodeling;synapse formation;Synaptic Transmission;Synapses;refinement; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Chick Embryo; GABA Antagonists; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Neurons; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Picrotoxin; Receptors, GABA-A; Rhodopsin; Spinal Cord; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Pages = {10575-85},
	Pmc = {PMC2934783},
	pmid = {20686000},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {In vivo activation of channelrhodopsin-2 reveals that normal patterns of spontaneous activity are required for motoneuron guidance and maintenance of guidance molecules},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kastanenka_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2773-10.2010}}

@article{Ecker:2010,
	Abstract = {Correlated trial-to-trial variability in the activity of cortical neurons is thought to reflect the functional connectivity of the circuit. Many cortical areas are organized into functional columns, in which neurons are believed to be densely connected and to share common input. Numerous studies report a high degree of correlated variability between nearby cells. We developed chronically implanted multitetrode arrays offering unprecedented recording quality to reexamine this question in the primary visual cortex of awake macaques. We found that even nearby neurons with similar orientation tuning show virtually no correlated variability. Our findings suggest a refinement of current models of cortical microcircuit architecture and function: Either adjacent neurons share only a few percent of their inputs or, alternatively, their activity is actively decorrelated.},
	Author = {Ecker, Alexander S and Berens, Philipp and Keliris, Georgios A and Bethge, Matthias and Logothetis, Nikos K and Tolias, Andreas S},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:36:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Interneurons},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electrodes, Implanted; Macaca mulatta; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Synapses; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5965},
	Pages = {584-7},
	pmid = {20110506},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Decorrelated neuronal firing in cortical microcircuits},
	Volume = {327},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Ecker_Science2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179867}}

@article{Moiseff:2010,
	Abstract = {Most firefly species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) use bioluminescent flashes for signaling. In some species, the flashing between males occurs rhythmically and repeatedly (synchronically) with millisecond precision. We studied synchrony's behavioral role in the North American firefly, Photinus carolinus. We placed a female in a virtual environment containing artificial males that flashed at varying degrees of synchrony. Females responded to an average of 82\% of synchronous flashes compared with as few as 3\% of asynchronous flashes. We conclude that one function of flash synchrony is to facilitate a female's ability to recognize her conspecific male's flashing by eliminating potential visual clutter from other flashing males.},
	Author = {Moiseff, Andrew and Copeland, Jonathan},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:32:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;20 Networks;synchrony;Computational Biology;Cooperative Behavior;Selection;Game Theory},
	Mesh = {Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Fireflies; Light; Male; Periodicity; Species Specificity; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5988},
	Pages = {181},
	pmid = {20616271},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Firefly synchrony: a behavioral strategy to minimize visual clutter},
	Volume = {329},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Moiseff_Science2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1190421}}

@article{Akemann:2010,
	Abstract = {Cortical information processing relies on synaptic interactions between diverse classes of neurons with distinct electrophysiological and connection properties. Uncovering the operational principles of these elaborate circuits requires the probing of electrical activity from selected populations of defined neurons. Here we show that genetically encoded voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins (VSFPs) provide an optical voltage report from targeted neurons in culture, acute brain slices and living mice. By expressing VSFPs in pyramidal cells of mouse somatosensory cortex, we also demonstrate that these probes can report cortical electrical responses to single sensory stimuli in vivo. These protein-based voltage probes will facilitate the analysis of cortical circuits in genetically defined cell populations and are hence a valuable addition to the optogenetic toolbox.},
	Author = {Akemann, Walther and Mutoh, Hiroki and Perron, Am{\'e}lie and Rossier, Jean and Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {optogenetics; frontiers review},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {643-9},
	pmid = {20622860},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging brain electric signals with genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Akemann_NatMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1479}}

@article{Wallace:2010,
	Abstract = {Although we know enormous amounts of detailed information about the neurons that make up the cortex, placing this information back into the context of the behaving animal is a serious challenge. The functional cell assembly hypothesis first described by Hebb (The Organization of Behavior; a Neuropsychological Theory. New York: Wiley; 1949) aimed to provide a mechanistic explanation of how groups of neurons, acting together, form a percept. The vast number of neurons potentially involved make testing this hypothesis exceedingly difficult as neither the number nor locations of assembly members are known. Although increasing the number of neurons from which simultaneous recordings are made is of benefit, providing evidence for or against a hypothesis like Hebb's requires more than this. In this review, we aim to outline some recent technical advances, which may light the way in the chase for the functional cell assembly.},
	Author = {Wallace, Damian J and Kerr, Jason Nd},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {optical physiology; frontiers review; calcium imaging; Technique;connectivity},
	Month = {May},
	pmid = {20570133},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Title = {Chasing the cell assembly},
	Year = {2010;c},
	url = {papers/Wallace_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.05.003}}

@article{Wickersham:2007,
	Abstract = {There has never been a wholesale way of identifying neurons that are monosynaptically connected either to some other cell group or, especially, to a single cell. The best available tools, transsynaptic tracers, are unable to distinguish weak direct connections from strong indirect ones. Furthermore, no tracer has proven potent enough to label any connected neurons whatsoever when starting from a single cell. Here we present a transsynaptic tracer that crosses only one synaptic step, unambiguously identifying cells directly presynaptic to the starting population. Based on rabies virus, it is genetically targetable, allows high-level expression of any gene of interest in the synaptically coupled neurons, and robustly labels connections made to single cells. This technology should enable a far more detailed understanding of neural connectivity than has previously been possible.},
	Author = {Wickersham, Ian R and Lyon, David C and Barnard, Richard J O and Mori, Takuma and Finke, Stefan and Conzelmann, Karl-Klaus and Young, John A T and Callaway, Edward M},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Technique;Trans-synaptic;connectivity;connectome;Virus;viral gene transfer;frontiers review},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Avian Proteins; Biolistics; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Gene Deletion; Genetic Complementation Test; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Rabies Vaccines; Rats; Receptors, Virus; Synaptic Transmission; Transfection},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {639-47},
	Pmc = {PMC2629495},
	pmid = {17329205},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wickersham_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.033}}

@article{Schmid:2010,
	Abstract = {Injury to the primary visual cortex (V1) leads to the loss of visual experience. Nonetheless, careful testing shows that certain visually guided behaviours can persist even in the absence of visual awareness. The neural circuits supporting this phenomenon, which is often termed blindsight, remain uncertain. Here we demonstrate that the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has a causal role in V1-independent processing of visual information. By comparing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioural measures with and without temporary LGN inactivation, we assessed the contribution of the LGN to visual functions of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with chronic V1 lesions. Before LGN inactivation, high-contrast stimuli presented to the lesion-affected visual field (scotoma) produced significant V1-independent fMRI activation in the extrastriate cortical areas V2, V3, V4, V5/middle temporal (MT), fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (FST) and lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and the animals correctly located the stimuli in a detection task. However, following reversible inactivation of the LGN in the V1-lesioned hemisphere, fMRI responses and behavioural detection were abolished. These results demonstrate that direct LGN projections to the extrastriate cortex have a critical functional contribution to blindsight. They suggest a viable pathway to mediate fast detection during normal vision.},
	Author = {Schmid, Michael C and Mrowka, Sylwia W and Turchi, Janita and Saunders, Richard C and Wilke, Melanie and Peters, Andrew J and Ye, Frank Q and Leopold, David A},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:43:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {blindsight; LGN; visual cortex; Superior Colliculus; pulvinar; fmri; monkey; Macaca; visual system; Sensory Deprivation; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Scotoma; function; Behavior; activity manipulation},
	Mesh = {Animals; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Macaca mulatta; Male; Models, Neurological; Photic Stimulation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7304},
	Pages = {373-7},
	Pmc = {PMC2904843},
	pmid = {20574422},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Blindsight depends on the lateral geniculate nucleus},
	Volume = {466},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Schmid_Nature2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09179}}

@article{Mysore:2010,
	Abstract = {Stimulus selection for gaze and spatial attention involves competition among stimuli across sensory modalities and across all of space. We demonstrate that such cross-modal, global competition takes place in the intermediate and deep layers of the optic tectum, a structure known to be involved in gaze control and attention. A variety of either visual or auditory stimuli located anywhere outside of a neuron's receptive field (RF) were shown to suppress or completely eliminate responses to a visual stimulus located inside the RF in nitrous oxide sedated owls. The essential mechanism underlying this stimulus competition is global, divisive inhibition. Unlike the effect of the classical inhibitory surround, which decreases with distance from the RF center and shapes neuronal responses to individual stimuli, global inhibition acts across the entirety of space and modulates responses primarily in the context of multiple stimuli. Whereas the source of this global inhibition is as yet unknown, our data indicate that different networks mediate the classical surround and global inhibition. We hypothesize that this global, cross-modal inhibition, which acts automatically in a bottom-up manner even in sedated animals, is critical to the creation of a map of stimulus salience in the optic tectum.},
	Author = {Mysore, Shreesh P and Asadollahi, Ali and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Generalization, Stimulus; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Inhibition (Psychology); Models, Statistical; Neurons; Normal Distribution; Space Perception; Strigiformes; Superior Colliculi; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1727-38},
	Pmc = {PMC2828882},
	pmid = {20130182},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Global inhibition and stimulus competition in the owl optic tectum},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mysore_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3740-09.2010}}

@article{Berman:2010,
	Abstract = {The idea of a second visual pathway, in which visual signals travel from brainstem to cortex via the pulvinar thalamus, has had considerable influence as an alternative to the primary geniculo-striate pathway. Existence of this second pathway in primates, however, is not well established. A major question centers on whether the pulvinar acts as a relay, particularly in the path from the superior colliculus (SC) to the motion area in middle temporal cortex (MT). We used physiological microstimulation to identify pulvinar neurons belonging to the path from SC to MT in the macaque. We made three salient observations. First, we identified many neurons in the visual pulvinar that received input from SC or projected to MT, as well as a largely separate set of neurons that received input from MT. Second, and more importantly, we identified a subset of neurons as relay neurons that both received SC input and projected to MT. The identification of these relay neurons demonstrates a continuous functional path from SC to MT through the pulvinar in primates. Third, we histologically localized a subset of SC-MT relay neurons to the subdivision of inferior pulvinar known to project densely to MT but also localized SC-MT relay neurons to an adjacent subdivision. This pattern indicates that the pulvinar pathway is not limited to a single anatomically defined region. These findings bring new perspective to the functional organization of the pulvinar and its role in conveying signals to the cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Berman, Rebecca A and Wurtz, Robert H},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Macaca; Male; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Pulvinar; Superior Colliculi; Temporal Lobe; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {18},
	Pages = {6342-54},
	Pmc = {PMC2919315},
	pmid = {20445060},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Berman_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010}}

@article{Takahashi:2010,
	Abstract = {Spike synchronization underlies information processing and storage in the brain. But how can neurons synchronize in a noisy network? By exploiting a high-speed (500-2,000 fps) multineuron imaging technique and a large-scale synapse mapping method, we directly compared spontaneous activity patterns and anatomical connectivity in hippocampal CA3 networks ex vivo. As compared to unconnected pairs, synaptically coupled neurons shared more common presynaptic neurons, received more correlated excitatory synaptic inputs, and emitted synchronized spikes with approximately 10(7) times higher probability. Importantly, common presynaptic parents per se synchronized more than unshared upstream neurons. Consistent with this, dynamic-clamp stimulation revealed that common inputs alone could not account for the realistic degree of synchronization unless presynaptic spikes synchronized among common parents. On a macroscopic scale, network activity was coordinated by a power-law scaling of synchronization, which engaged varying sets of densely interwired (thus highly synchronized) neuron groups. Thus, locally coherent activity converges on specific cell assemblies, thereby yielding complex ensemble dynamics. These segmentally synchronized pulse packets may serve as information modules that flow in associatively parallel network channels.},
	Author = {Takahashi, Naoya and Sasaki, Takuya and Matsumoto, Wataru and Matsuki, Norio and Ikegaya, Yuji},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 10:32:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {oscillations; synchrony; hippocampus; network; calcium imaging; microscopy; Technique; 21 Neurophysiology; Theoretical; computation biology},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; CA3 Region, Hippocampal; Calcium Signaling; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {22},
	Pages = {10244-9},
	Pmc = {PMC2890467},
	pmid = {20479225},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Circuit topology for synchronizing neurons in spontaneously active networks},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914594107}}

@article{Kanwisher:2010,
	Abstract = {Is the human mind/brain composed of a set of highly specialized components, each carrying out a specific aspect of human cognition, or is it more of a general-purpose device, in which each component participates in a wide variety of cognitive processes? For nearly two centuries, proponents of specialized organs or modules of the mind and brain--from the phrenologists to Broca to Chomsky and Fodor--have jousted with the proponents of distributed cognitive and neural processing--from Flourens to Lashley to McClelland and Rumelhart. I argue here that research using functional MRI is beginning to answer this long-standing question with new clarity and precision by indicating that at least a few specific aspects of cognition are implemented in brain regions that are highly specialized for that process alone. Cortical regions have been identified that are specialized not only for basic sensory and motor processes but also for the high-level perceptual analysis of faces, places, bodies, visually presented words, and even for the very abstract cognitive function of thinking about another person's thoughts. I further consider the as-yet unanswered questions of how much of the mind and brain are made up of these functionally specialized components and how they arise developmentally.},
	Author = {Kanwisher, Nancy},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Face; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {11163-70},
	Pmc = {PMC2895137},
	pmid = {20484679},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Functional specificity in the human brain: a window into the functional architecture of the mind},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kanwisher_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005062107}}

@article{Cohen:2010,
	Abstract = {Active avoidance of harmful situations seems highly adaptive, but the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Rats can effectively use the superior colliculus during active avoidance to detect a salient whisker conditioned stimulus (WCS) that signals an aversive event. Here, we recorded unit and field potential activity in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus of rats during active avoidance behavior. During the period preceding the onset of the WCS, avoids are associated with a higher firing rate than escapes (unsuccessful avoids), indicating that a prepared superior colliculus is more likely to detect the WCS and lead to an avoid. Moreover, during the WCS, a robust ramping up of the overall firing rate is observed for trials leading to avoids. The firing rate ramping is not caused by shuttling and may serve to drive downstream circuits to avoid. Therefore, a robust neural correlate of active avoidance behavior is found in the superior colliculus, emphasizing its role in the detection of salient sensory signals that require immediate action.},
	Author = {Cohen, Jeremy D and Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:30:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Classical; Electrophysiology; Escape Reaction; Fourier Analysis; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Superior Colliculi; Vibrissae},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Pages = {8502-11},
	Pmc = {PMC2905738},
	pmid = {20573897},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural correlates of active avoidance behavior in superior colliculus},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Cohen_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1497-10.2010}}

@article{Wallace:1989,
	Abstract = {Transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus restores visual orientation behavior to a cat previously rendered hemianopic by a unilateral visual cortical lesion (the Sprague effect). Using two methods, we asked whether this recovery resulted from the severing of the tectotectal component of the commissure or whether the destruction of some other connection was responsible. First, we transected either the rostral or the caudal one-half of the tectal commissure in hemianopic cats. If destruction of tectotectal fibers is responsible for the Sprague effect, then only rostral transections should produce the recovery since nearly all tectotectal connections lie in the rostral one-half of the commissure. However, rostral cuts failed to produce a recovery, whereas caudal commisurotomies did. Second, ibotenic acid was used to destroy the cells in the superior colliculus contralateral to the cortical lesion. This lesion eliminated the contralateral tectotectal pathway from the contralateral colliculus but left other fibers (originating elsewhere but coursing through the commissure) largely intact. These ibotenic acid lesions failed to produce the recovery; but when the caudal portion of the tectal commissure was subsequently transected in the same animals, the recovery was observed. The results of both experiments support the conclusion that the transection of a nontectotectal component of the commissure of the superior colliculus is responsible for the recovery of visual orientation behavior in a cortically blind cat.},
	Author = {Wallace, S F and Rosenquist, A C and Sprague, J M},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:28:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurodegenerative;optic tectum;Superior Colliculus;Vision Disorders;blindsight;sprague effect},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Functional Laterality; Ibotenic Acid; Male; Superior Colliculi; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {429-50},
	pmid = {2754044},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Recovery from cortical blindness mediated by destruction of nontectotectal fibers in the commissure of the superior colliculus in the cat},
	Volume = {284},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Wallace_JCompNeurol1989.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840309}}

@article{Salome:2006,
	Abstract = {Two-photon scanning microscopy (TPSM) is a powerful tool for imaging deep inside living tissues with sub-cellular resolution. The temporal resolution of TPSM is however strongly limited by the galvanometric mirrors used to steer the laser beam. Fast physiological events can therefore only be followed by scanning repeatedly a single line within the field of view. Because acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) are non-mechanical devices, they allow access at any point within the field of view on a microsecond time scale and are therefore excellent candidates to improve the temporal resolution of TPSM. However, the use of AOD-based scanners with femtosecond pulses raises several technical difficulties. In this paper, we describe an all-digital TPSM setup based on two crossed AODs. It includes in particular an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) placed at 45 degrees with respect to the AODs to pre-compensate for the large spatial distortions of femtosecond pulses occurring in the AODs, in order to optimize the spatial resolution and the fluorescence excitation. Our setup allows recording from freely selectable point-of-interest at high speed (1kHz). By maximizing the time spent on points of interest, random-access TPSM (RA-TPSM) constitutes a promising method for multiunit recordings with millisecond resolution in biological tissues.},
	Author = {Salom{\'e}, R and Kremer, Y and Dieudonn{\'e}, S and L{\'e}ger, J-F and Krichevsky, O and Wyart, C and Chatenay, D and Bourdieu, L},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:26:31 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Neurophysiology;23 Technique},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cells, Cultured; Diagnostic Imaging; Hippocampus; Lasers; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Models, Theoretical; Neurons; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {161-74},
	pmid = {16458361},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Ultrafast random-access scanning in two-photon microscopy using acousto-optic deflectors},
	Volume = {154},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Salomé_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.12.010}}

@article{Teramoto:2010,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vision provides the most salient information with regard to stimulus motion, but audition can also provide important cues that affect visual motion perception. Here, we show that sounds containing no motion or positional cues can induce illusory visual motion perception for static visual objects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two circles placed side by side were presented in alternation producing apparent motion perception and each onset was accompanied by a tone burst of a specific and unique frequency. After exposure to this visual apparent motion with tones for a few minutes, the tones became drivers for illusory motion perception. When the flash onset was synchronized to tones of alternating frequencies, a circle blinking at a fixed location was perceived as lateral motion in the same direction as the previously exposed apparent motion. Furthermore, the effect lasted at least for a few days. The effect was well observed at the retinal position that was previously exposed to apparent motion with tone bursts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present results indicate that strong association between sound sequence and visual motion is easily formed within a short period and that, after forming the association, sounds are able to trigger visual motion perception for a static visual object.},
	Author = {Teramoto, Wataru and Hidaka, Souta and Sugita, Yoichi},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:14 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Number = {8},
	Pmc = {PMC2924383},
	pmid = {20808861},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Sounds move a static visual object},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Teramoto_PLoSOne2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012255}}

@article{Li:2010,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of dopamine and norepinephrine. COMT activity influences cognitive and emotional states in humans and aggression and drug responses in mice. This study identifies the key sequence variant that leads to differences in Comt mRNA and protein levels among mice, and that modulates synaptic function and pharmacological and behavioral traits. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examined Comt expression in multiple tissues in over 100 diverse strains and several genetic crosses. Differences in expression map back to Comt and are generated by a 230 nt insertion of a B2 short interspersed element (B2 SINE) in the proximal 3' UTR of Comt in C57BL/6J. This transposon introduces a premature polyadenylation signal and creates a short 3' UTR isoform. The B2 SINE is shared by a subset of strains, including C57BL/6J, A/J, BALB/cByJ, and AKR/J, but is absent in others, including DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, SJL/J, and wild subspecies. The short isoform is associated with increased protein expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus relative to the longer ancestral isoform. The Comt variant causes downstream differences in the expression of genes involved in synaptic function, and also modulates phenotypes such as dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding and pharmacological responses to haloperidol. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have precisely defined the B2 SINE as the source of variation in Comt and demonstrated that a transposon in a 3' UTR can alter mRNA isoform use and modulate behavior. The recent fixation of the variant in a subset of strains may have contributed to the rapid divergence of inbred strains.},
	Author = {Li, Zhengsheng and Mulligan, Megan K and Wang, Xusheng and Miles, Michael F and Lu, Lu and Williams, Robert W},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Journal-Full = {PloS one},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Number = {8},
	Pmc = {PMC2923157},
	pmid = {20808911},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {A transposon in comt generates mRNA variants and causes widespread expression and behavioral differences among mice},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Li_PLoSOne2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012181}}

@article{Nakane:2010,
	Abstract = {It has been known for many decades that nonmammalian vertebrates detect light by deep brain photoreceptors that lie outside the retina and pineal organ to regulate seasonal cycle of reproduction. However, the identity of these photoreceptors has so far remained unclear. Here we report that Opsin 5 is a deep brain photoreceptive molecule in the quail brain. Expression analysis of members of the opsin superfamily identified as Opsin 5 (OPN5; also known as Gpr136, Neuropsin, PGR12, and TMEM13) mRNA in the paraventricular organ (PVO), an area long believed to be capable of phototransduction. Immunohistochemistry identified Opsin 5 in neurons that contact the cerebrospinal fluid in the PVO, as well as fibers extending to the external zone of the median eminence adjacent to the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, which translates photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine responses. Heterologous expression of Opsin 5 in Xenopus oocytes resulted in light-dependent activation of membrane currents, the action spectrum of which showed peak sensitivity (lambda(max)) at approximately 420 nm. We also found that short-wavelength light, i.e., between UV-B and blue light, induced photoperiodic responses in eye-patched, pinealectomized quail. Thus, Opsin 5 appears to be one of the deep brain photoreceptive molecules that regulates seasonal reproduction in birds.},
	Author = {Nakane, Yusuke and Ikegami, Keisuke and Ono, Hiroko and Yamamoto, Naoyuki and Yoshida, Shosei and Hirunagi, Kanjun and Ebihara, Shizufumi and Kubo, Yoshihiro and Yoshimura, Takashi},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Journal-Full = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {34},
	Pages = {15264-8},
	pmid = {20679218},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Nakane_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006393107}}

@article{Werth:2006,
	Abstract = {This paper investigates whether and to what extent vision with awareness is still possible in the whole visual field after loss of the occipital lobe of one or both cerebral hemispheres or after hemispherectomy in childhood. The visual functions of four children who suffered from unilateral or bilateral loss of the occipital lobe or who had been hemispherectomized were examined. The results show that even after unilateral loss of the striate and prestriate cortex the extent of the visual field may still be in the normal range. The residual visual functions may be mediated by intact extrastriate areas such as V5 and LO of the damaged cerebral hemisphere. It is also shown that even after complete hemispherectomy in early life the visual field may have a normal extent and that conscious visual perception in the whole visual field may be preserved. In hemispherectomized children, the remaining cerebral hemisphere or neural structures in the midbrain, including the superior colliculi and the praetectum, may be able to mediate these visual functions.},
	Author = {Werth, Reinhard},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; blindsight; sprague effect; visual cortex; midbrain; superior colliculus; function; human},
	Mesh = {Adolescent; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrocardiography; Eye Movements; Female; Functional Laterality; Hemispherectomy; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Occipital Lobe; Oxygen; Vision, Ocular; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {2932-44},
	pmid = {17156216},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Visual functions without the occipital lobe or after cerebral hemispherectomy in infancy},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Werth_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05171.x}}

@article{Weddell:2004,
	Abstract = {The Sprague effect is well-established-small tectal lesions restore visual orientation in the hemianopic field of animals with extensive unilateral geniculo-striate lesions. Studies of human midbrain visual functions are rare. This man with a midbrain tumour developed left-neglect through subsequent right frontal damage. Bilateral orientation returned after clear evidence of damage to the superior colliculus contralateral to the cortical lesion (showing the Sprague effect extends to man). Sustained right-neglect developed after probable additional damage to right superior colliculus. The regulation of spatial attention by tecto-pulvinar circuits is discussed, and it is argued that the reduced right tecto-pulvinar activity (consequent to the additional right collicular damage) was offset by over-compensatory increase in thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) suppression of left pulvinar activity.},
	Author = {Weddell, Rodger A},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Cogn},
	Journal-Full = {Brain and cognition},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Adult; Analysis of Variance; Attention; Brain Neoplasms; Frontal Lobe; Functional Laterality; Glioma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Perceptual Disorders; Reaction Time; Recovery of Function; Space Perception; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {497-506},
	pmid = {15223196},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Subcortical modulation of spatial attention including evidence that the Sprague effect extends to man},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Weddell_BrainCogn2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.075}}

@article{Ptito:2007,
	Abstract = {Blindsight is a visual phenomenon whereby hemianopic patients are able to process visual information in their blind visual field without awareness. Previous research demonstrating the existence of blindsight in hemianopic patients has been criticized for the nature of the paradigms used, for the presence of methodological artifacts, and for the possibility that spared islands of visual cortex may have sustained the phenomenon because the patients generally had small circumscribed lesions. To respond to these criticisms, the authors have been investigating for several years now residual visual abilities in the blind field of hemispherectomized patients in whom a whole cerebral hemisphere has been removed or disconnected from the rest of the brain. These patients have offered a unique opportunity to establish the existence of blindsight and to investigate its underlying neuronal mechanisms because in these cases, spared islands of visual cortex cannot be evoked to explain the presence of visual abilities in the blind field. In addition, the authors have been using precise behavioral paradigms, strict control for potential methodological artifacts such as light scatter, fixation, criterion effects, and macular sparing, and they have utilized new neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging tractography to enhance their understanding of the phenomenon. The following article is a review of their research on the involvement of the superior colliculi in blindsight in hemispherectomized patients. .},
	Author = {Ptito, Alain and Leh, Sandra E},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 14:17:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Journal-Full = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Add Keywords},
	Mesh = {Awareness; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Discrimination (Psychology); Hemianopsia; Hemispherectomy; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motion Perception; Postoperative Complications; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {506-18},
	pmid = {17901259},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural substrates of blindsight after hemispherectomy},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ptito_Neuroscientist2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858407300598}}

@article{Chen:2010,
	Abstract = {Mouse Hoxb8 mutants show unexpected behavior manifested by compulsive grooming and hair removal, similar to behavior in humans with the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum disorder trichotillomania. As Hox gene disruption often has pleiotropic effects, the root cause of this behavioral deficit was unclear. Here we report that, in the brain, Hoxb8 cell lineage exclusively labels bone marrow-derived microglia. Furthermore, transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into Hoxb8 mutant mice rescues their pathological phenotype. It has been suggested that the grooming dysfunction results from a nociceptive defect, also exhibited by Hoxb8 mutant mice. However, bone marrow transplant experiments and cell type-specific disruption of Hoxb8 reveal that these two phenotypes are separable, with the grooming phenotype derived from the hematopoietic lineage and the sensory defect derived from the spinal cord cells. Immunological dysfunctions have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, but the causative relationships are unclear. In this mouse, a distinct compulsive behavioral disorder is associated with mutant microglia.},
	Author = {Chen, Shau-Kwaun and Tvrdik, Petr and Peden, Erik and Cho, Scott and Wu, Sen and Spangrude, Gerald and Capecchi, Mario R},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Journal-Full = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Grants; ideas; 11 Glia; 14 Immune; Microglia; neurological disorder},
	Mesh = {Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Behavior, Animal; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Brain; Grooming; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Mice; Microglia; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Spinal Cord; T-Lymphocytes},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {775-85},
	Pmc = {PMC2894573},
	pmid = {20510925},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Hematopoietic origin of pathological grooming in Hoxb8 mutant mice},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Chen_Cell2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.055}}

@article{Kerlin:2010,
	Abstract = {Different subtypes of GABAergic neurons in sensory cortex exhibit diverse morphology, histochemical markers, and patterns of connectivity. These subtypes likely play distinct roles in cortical function, but their in vivo response properties remain unclear. We used in vivo calcium imaging, combined with immunohistochemical and genetic labels, to record visual responses in excitatory neurons and up to three distinct subtypes of GABAergic neurons (immunoreactive for parvalbumin, somatostatin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide) in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex. Excitatory neurons had sharp response selectivity for stimulus orientation and spatial frequency, while all GABAergic subtypes had broader selectivity. Further, bias in the responses of GABAergic neurons toward particular orientations or spatial frequencies tended to reflect net biases of the surrounding neurons. These results suggest that the sensory responses of layer 2/3 GABAergic neurons reflect the pooled activity of the surrounding population-a principle that may generalize across species and sensory modalities.},
	Author = {Kerlin, Aaron M and Andermann, Mark L and Berezovskii, Vladimir K and Reid, R Clay},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology; Interneurons},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {858-71},
	pmid = {20826316},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Broadly tuned response properties of diverse inhibitory neuron subtypes in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Kerlin_Neuron2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kerlin_Neuron2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.002}}

@article{Wang:2010,
	Abstract = {We investigated the specificity of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the transgenic Thy1-CFP (B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-CFP)23Jrs/J) mouse line, and the characteristics of these cells after optic nerve injury. RGCs of adult Thy1-CFP mice were retrogradely labeled with fluorochrome (2\% fluorogold [FG]) from the superior colliculi (SC). Animals were sacrificed 7 days after RGC labeling. Retinas were fixed and whole-mounted. CFP and FG-positive cells were visualized and imaged separately. Cells positive for CFP, FG, or co-labeled were counted. In another group of animals, the left optic nerves were transected 7 days after FG labeling. They were sacrificed 7 or 21 days after transection. The retinas were whole-mounted and the characteristics of CFP-expressing cells examined. CFP-expressing cells were distributed evenly throughout the retinas of Thy1-CFP mice. The average densities of CFP and FG-positive cells in the retina were 2778+/-216 and 3230+/-157 cells/mm(2), respectively. 93.2+/-1.6\% of CFP-expressing cells were also labeled with FG. However, only 79.9+/-2.5\% of FG-labeled RGCs expressed CFP. The number of CFP-expressing cells decreased dramatically after transection. Cells with spindle shape, immunohistochemically identified as microglia, were seen in the retina with CFP expression at both 7 and 21 days after optic nerve transection. In retinas of Thy1-CFP mice, CFP is expressed by the large majority of RGCs, but not exclusively by RGCs. CFP is internalized by phagocytosing cells after injury to RGCs.},
	Author = {Wang, Xu and Archibald, Michele L and Stevens, Kelly and Baldridge, William H and Chauhan, Balwantray C},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {21 Neurodegenerative; retina; Vision Disorders},
	Mesh = {Animals; Antigens, Thy-1; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microglia; Optic Nerve Injuries; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {110-4},
	pmid = {19879331},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury},
	Volume = {468},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Wang_NeurosciLett2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.077}}

@article{Szokol:2009,
	Abstract = {Descending inputs to spinal cord neurons in mammals have previously been characterized functionally using microelectrode recording of single neurons, a technique with high spatial and temporal resolution but low yield. Consequently our knowledge about the functional connections between the brain and the spinal cord has been accumulating at a very low pace. Here we describe a high throughput optical recording approach in an ex vivo brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal mouse that permits screening many spinal neurons simultaneously for synaptic inputs from descending axons. The fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green dextran amine was loaded retrogradely into specific spinal neuron populations, including motoneurons (MNs) of the medial and lateral motor columns and two populations of interneurons with descending axons (dINs) in the ventral funiculus. Focal electrical stimulation of brainstem neuron populations with descending axons generated synaptic responses revealed by transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration in all four populations of spinal neurons. The resultant fluorescence signals could be readily visualized in individual MNs directly through the ventral white matter. In the more deeply located dINs, responses could be readily visualized in individual neurons from the surface of an oblique cut through the spinal cord. The rapid optical investigation of functional connections between brainstem descending neurons and various populations of spinal neurons in the living mammalian preparation should help uncover some of the key features of supraspinal sensory and motor control and provide a valuable tool for examining the re-innervation of spinal neurons by descending axons after spinal cord regeneration.},
	Author = {Szokol, Karolina and Perreault, Marie-Claude},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function;Motor Activity; Locomotion/physiology; 21 Calcium imaging},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Brain Stem; Calcium; Efferent Pathways; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Indicators and Reagents; Interneurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Video; Motor Neurons; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Organ Culture Techniques; Organic Chemicals; Reticular Formation; Spinal Cord; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-8},
	pmid = {19427523},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging synaptically mediated responses produced by brainstem inputs onto identified spinal neurons in the neonatal mouse},
	Volume = {180},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Szokol_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.018}}

@article{Lillis:2008,
	Abstract = {We describe a simple two-photon fluorescence imaging strategy, called targeted path scanning (TPS), to monitor the dynamics of spatially extended neuronal networks with high spatiotemporal resolution. Our strategy combines the advantages of mirror-based scanning, minimized dead time, ease of implementation, and compatibility with high-resolution low-magnification objectives. To demonstrate the performance of TPS, we monitor the calcium dynamics distributed across an entire juvenile rat hippocampus (>1.5mm), at scan rates of 100 Hz, with single cell resolution and single action potential sensitivity. Our strategy for fast, efficient two-photon microscopy over spatially extended regions provides a particularly attractive solution for monitoring neuronal population activity in thick tissue, without sacrificing the signal-to-noise ratio or high spatial resolution associated with standard two-photon microscopy. Finally, we provide the code to make our technique generally available.},
	Author = {Lillis, Kyle P and Eng, Alfred and White, John A and Mertz, Jerome},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging;21 Neurophysiology; 23 Technique},
	Mesh = {Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus; Image Cytometry; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Membrane Potentials; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Optics and Photonics; Organ Culture Techniques; Photons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Software; Time Factors},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {178-84},
	Pmc = {PMC2582024},
	pmid = {18539336},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Two-photon imaging of spatially extended neuronal network dynamics with high temporal resolution},
	Volume = {172},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lillis_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.024}}

@article{Shew:2010,
	Abstract = {A complete understanding of how brain circuits function will require measurement techniques which monitor large-scale network activity simultaneously with the activity of local neural populations at a small scale. Here we present a useful step towards achieving this aim: simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging and multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings. The primary challenge of this method is removing an electrical artifact from the MEA signals that is caused by the imaging laser. Here we show that artifact removal can be achieved with a simple filtering scheme. As a demonstration of this technique we compare large-scale local field potential signals to single-neuron activity in a small-scale group of cells recorded from rat acute slices under two conditions: suppressed vs. intact inhibitory interactions between neurons.},
	Author = {Shew, Woodrow L and Bellay, Timothy and Plenz, Dietmar},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology; Interneurons; 23 Technique},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {75-82},
	Pmc = {PMC2934901},
	pmid = {20659501},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Simultaneous multi-electrode array recording and two-photon calcium imaging of neural activity},
	Volume = {192},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Shew_JNeurosciMethods2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.023}}

@article{Lee:2006b,
	Abstract = {Standard economic theories conceive homo economicus as a rational decision maker capable of maximizing utility. In reality, however, people tend to approximate optimal decision-making strategies through a collection of heuristic routines. Some of these routines are driven by emotional processes, and others are adjusted iteratively through experience. In addition, routines specialized for social decision making, such as inference about the mental states of other decision makers, might share their origins and neural mechanisms with the ability to simulate or imagine outcomes expected from alternative actions that an individual can take. A recent surge of collaborations across economics, psychology and neuroscience has provided new insights into how such multiple elements of decision making interact in the brain.},
	Author = {Lee, Daeyeol},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {20 Networks; 21 Circuit structure-function; 21 Neurophysiology; Game Theory; Behavior; Cooperative Behavior},
	Mesh = {Animals; Brain; Cognition; Decision Making; Economics; Emotions; Humans; Learning; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Reward; Social Behavior},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {191-8},
	pmid = {16531040},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neural basis of quasi-rational decision making},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Lee_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.02.001}}

@article{Richards:2010,
	Abstract = {During the development of sensory systems, receptive fields are modified by stimuli in the environment. This is thought to rely on learning algorithms that are sensitive to correlations in spike timing between cells, but the manner in which developing circuits selectively exploit correlations that are related to sensory inputs is unknown. We recorded from neurons in the developing optic tectum of Xenopus laevis and found that repeated presentation of moving visual stimuli induced receptive field changes that reflected the properties of the stimuli and that this form of learning was disrupted when GABAergic transmission was blocked. Consistent with a role for spike timing-dependent mechanisms, GABA blockade altered spike-timing patterns in the tectum and increased correlations between cells that would affect plasticity at intratectal synapses. This is a previously unknown role for GABAergic signals in development and highlights the importance of regulating the statistics of spiking activity for learning.},
	Author = {Richards, Blake A and Voss, Oliver P and Akerman, Colin J},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology; Interneurons; 21 Activity-development; 10 circuit formation; optic tectum; Vision; Superior Colliculus},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1098-106},
	pmid = {20694002},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {GABAergic circuits control stimulus-instructed receptive field development in the optic tectum},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Richards_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2612}}

@article{Smith:2010,
	Abstract = {Visual cortex shows smooth retinotopic organization on the macroscopic scale, but it is unknown how receptive fields are organized at the level of neighboring neurons. This information is crucial for discriminating among models of visual cortex. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to independently map ON and OFF receptive field subregions of local populations of layer 2/3 neurons in mouse visual cortex. Receptive field subregions were often precisely shared among neighboring neurons. Furthermore, large subregions seem to be assembled from multiple smaller, non-overlapping subregions of other neurons in the same local population. These experiments provide, to our knowledge, the first characterization of the diversity of receptive fields in a dense local network of visual cortex and reveal elementary units of receptive field organization. Our results suggest that a limited pool of afferent receptive fields is available to a local population of neurons and reveal new organizational principles for the neural circuitry of the mouse visual cortex.},
	Author = {Smith, Spencer L and H{\"a}usser, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Circuit structure-function;21 Neurophysiology; vision; Visual Cortex/*physiology},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1144-9},
	pmid = {20711183},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Parallel processing of visual space by neighboring neurons in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2620}}

@article{Jahn:2008,
	Abstract = {An erect posture with bipedal locomotion is a characteristic feature of humans compared to other mammals. Most of our knowledge about the hierarchical network of supraspinal locomotor centers derives from animal experiments, mainly in the cat. We posed the question of whether evolutionary transition from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion--with associated change of foreleg function--caused reorganization of these supraspinal locomotor centers. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we identified separate and distinct cerebellar and brainstem BOLD signal increases related to posture and gait during mental imagery of standing, walking, and running in healthy volunteers (n=26). Comparison with the locomotion centers in the cat showed that these activations include the pacemakers for gait initiation and speed regulation in the interfastigial cerebellum and bilateral midbrain tegmentum (cerebellar and mesencephalic locomotor regions), their descending target regions in the pontine reticular formation, and the rhythm generators in the cerebellar vermis and paravermal cortex. Moreover, during mental imagery of stance, a BOLD signal increase was observed in the dorsal pons, reflecting an activation of the dorsal tegmental field, a locomotion-suppressing site in the cat. These results support the view that the organization of supraspinal locomotor centers was preserved during the transition to bipedal locomotion. The clinical relevance of these centers has so far been largely neglected. However, Parkinson's disease, for example, is associated with reduced cell counts in the pedunculopontine nucleus, a part of the mesencephalic locomotor region. This association suggests that deep brain stimulation of locomotion centers may provide new therapeutic approaches for common gait disorders.},
	Author = {Jahn, Klaus and Deutschl{\"a}nder, Angela and Stephan, Thomas and Kalla, Roger and Wiesmann, Martin and Strupp, Michael and Brandt, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:48:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Journal-Full = {NeuroImage},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Circuit structure-function; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; fmri; Motor Activity; Locomotion/physiology},
	Mesh = {Adult; Animals; Brain Stem; Cats; Cerebellum; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Humans; Imagination; Locomotion; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Oxygen; Posture; Running},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {786-92},
	pmid = {18029199},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Imaging human supraspinal locomotor centers in brainstem and cerebellum},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Jahn_Neuroimage2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.047}}

@article{Okasha:2010,
	Author = {Okasha, Samir},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:34:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {20 Networks; Selection; Cooperative Behavior; Game Theory; ideas},
	Mesh = {Animals; Evolution; Genetics; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Models, Genetic; Selection, Genetic},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {R306-7},
	pmid = {20392416},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Levels of selection},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Okasha_CurrBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.025}}

@article{Foster:2010,
	Abstract = {In the epic race for the egg, sperm have evolved cooperative teams that swim together. New research shows that some do even more: sperm seek out and swim with their relatives.},
	Author = {Foster, Kevin R and Pizzari, Tommaso},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:32:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Journal-Full = {Current biology : CB},
	Keywords = {20 Networks; Selection; Cooperative Behavior; Game Theory; ideas},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Female; Male; Models, Biological; Peromyscus; Selection, Genetic; Sperm-Ovum Interactions; Spermatozoa},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {R314-6},
	pmid = {20392420},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Cooperation: the secret society of sperm},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Foster_CurrBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.015}}

@article{Emerman:2010,
	Author = {Emerman, Michael and Malik, Harmit S},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:30:23 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Journal-Full = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {Grants; ideas; 15 ERVs retroelements},
	Mesh = {Evolution; Humans; Paleontology; Viruses},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {e1000301},
	Pmc = {PMC2817711},
	pmid = {20161719},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Paleovirology--modern consequences of ancient viruses},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Emerman_PLoSBiol2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000301}}


@article{Engel:1991,
	Abstract = {Neurons in area 17 of cat visual cortex display oscillatory responses that can synchronize across spatially separate columns in a stimulus-specific way. Response synchronization has now been shown to occur also between neurons in area 17 of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This synchronization was abolished by section of the corpus callosum. Thus, the response synchronization is mediated by corticocortical connections. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that temporal synchrony of neuronal discharges serves to bind features within and between the visual hemifields.},
	Author = {Engel, A K and K{\"o}nig, P and Kreiter, A K and Singer, W},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 13:17:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-09-15 13:17:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Animals; Cats; Corpus Callosum; Functional Laterality; Neurons; Oscillometry; Time Factors; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5010},
	Pages = {1177-9},
	pmid = {2031188},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Interhemispheric synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in cat visual cortex},
	Volume = {252},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Engel_Science1991.pdf}}

@article{Rosenbaum:2010,
	Abstract = {Correlations between spike trains can strongly modulate neuronal activity and affect the ability of neurons to encode information. Neurons integrate inputs from thousands of afferents. Similarly, a number of experimental techniques are designed to record pooled cell activity. We review and generalize a number of previous results that show how correlations between cells in a population can be amplified and distorted in signals that reflect their collective activity. The structure of the underlying neuronal response can significantly impact correlations between such pooled signals. Therefore care needs to be taken when interpreting pooled recordings, or modeling networks of cells that receive inputs from large presynaptic populations. We also show that the frequently observed runaway synchrony in feedforward chains is primarily due to the pooling of correlated inputs.},
	Author = {Rosenbaum, Robert J and Trousdale, James and Josi{\'c}, Kresimir},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 12:49:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Front Comput Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Frontiers in computational neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; Models; Computational Biology},
	Pages = {9},
	Pmc = {PMC2870944},
	pmid = {20485451},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Title = {Pooling and correlated neural activity},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Rosenbaum_FrontComputNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2010.00009}}

@article{Colonnese:2010,
	Abstract = {A primary feature of the preterm infant electroencephalogram is the presence of large infra-slow potentials containing rapid oscillations called slow activity transients (SATs). Such activity has not been described in animal models, and their generative mechanisms are unknown. Here we use direct-current and multisite extracellular, as well as whole-cell, recording in vivo to demonstrate the existence of regularly repeating SATs in the visual cortex of infant rats before eye opening. Present only in absence of anesthesia, SATs at postnatal day 10-11 were identifiable as a separate group of long-duration (approximately 10 s) events that consisted of large (>1 mV) negative local-field potentials produced by the summation of multiple bursts of rapid oscillatory activity (15-30 Hz). SATs synchronized the vast majority of neuronal activity (87\%) in the visual cortex before eye opening. Enucleation eliminated SATs, and their duration, interevent interval, and sub-burst structure matched those of phase III retinal waves recorded in vitro. Retinal waves, however, lacked rapid oscillations, suggesting that they arise centrally. Multielectrode recordings showed that SATs spread horizontally in cortex and synchronize activity at coactive locales via the rapid oscillations. SATs were clearly different from ongoing cortical activity, which was observable as a separate class of short bursts from postnatal day 9. Together, our data suggest that, in vivo, early cortical activity is primarily determined by peripheral inputs-retinal waves in visual cortex-that provide excitatory input, and by thalamocortical circuitry, which transforms this input to beta oscillations. We propose that the synchronous oscillations of SATs participate in the formation of visual circuitry.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2010-09-15 11:35:54 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-28 21:00:04 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Spontaneous activity; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Anesthetics; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Clocks; Cortical Spreading Depression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality; Isoflurane; Neural Inhibition; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Sensory Deprivation; Spectrum Analysis; Statistics, Nonparametric; Urethane; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {4325-37},
	pmid = {20335468},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {"Slow activity transients" in infant rat visual cortex: a spreading synchronous oscillation patterned by retinal waves},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2010a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4995-09.2010}}

@article{Mohns:2010,
	Abstract = {We recently reported that the majority of hippocampal neurons in newborn rats increase their activity in association with myoclonic twitches, which are indicative of active sleep. Because spindle bursts in the developing somatosensory neocortex occur in response to sensory feedback from myoclonic twitching, we hypothesized that the state-dependent activity of the newborn hippocampus arises from sensory feedback that sequentially activates the neocortex and then hippocampus, constituting an early form of neocortical-hippocampal communication. Here, in unanesthetized 5- to 6-d-old rats, we test this hypothesis by recording simultaneously from forelimb and barrel regions of somatosensory neocortex and dorsal hippocampus during periods of spontaneous sleep and wakefulness and in response to peripheral stimulation. Myoclonic twitches were consistently followed by neocortical spindle bursts, which were in turn consistently followed by bursts of hippocampal unit activity; moreover, spindle burst power was positively correlated with hippocampal unit activity. In addition, exogenous stimulation consistently evoked this neocortical-to-hippocampal sequence of activation. Finally, parahippocampal lesions that disrupted functional connections between the neocortex and hippocampus effectively disrupted the transmission of both spontaneous and evoked neocortical activity to the hippocampus. These findings suggest that sleep-related motor activity contributes to the development of neocortical and hippocampal circuits and provides a foundation on which coordinated activity between these two forebrain structures develops.},
	Author = {Mohns, Ethan J and Blumberg, Mark S},
	Date-Added = {2010-03-12 16:54:59 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; Spontaneous activity},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3438-49},
	pmid = {20203203},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Neocortical Activation of the Hippocampus during Sleep in Infant Rats},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2010},
	url = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2010.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4832-09.2010}}

@article{Stein:1984,
	Author = {Stein, B E},
	Date-Added = {2010-02-23 15:10:42 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Mesh = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Eye Movements; Motor Cortex; Movement; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Retina; Somatosensory Cortex; Strabismus; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Pages = {95-125},
	pmid = {6370084},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Development of the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Stein_AnnuRevNeurosci1984.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.000523}}

@article{Gramsbergen:1970,
	Author = {Gramsbergen, A and Schwartze, P and Prechtl, H F},
	Date-Added = {2010-02-23 12:04:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Psychobiol},
	Journal-Full = {Developmental psychobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Rats; Mouse; Behavior; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Brain; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Housing, Animal; Locomotion; Male; Rats; Sleep; Startle Reaction; Wakefulness},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {267-80},
	pmid = {5527425},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {The postnatal development of behavioral states in the rat},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1970},
	url = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420030407}}

@article{Petersson:2003,
	Abstract = {During development, information about the three-dimensional shape and mechanical properties of the body is laid down in the synaptic connectivity of sensorimotor systems through unknown adaptive mechanisms. In spinal reflex systems, this enables the fast transformation of complex sensory information into adequate correction of movements. Here we use a computer simulation to show that an unsupervised correlation-based learning mechanism, using spontaneous muscle twitches, can account for the functional adaptation of the withdrawal reflex system. We also show that tactile feedback resulting from spontaneous muscle twitches during sleep does indeed modify sensorimotor transformation in young rats in a predictable manner. The results indicate that these twitches, corresponding to human fetal movements, are important in spinal self-organization.},
	Author = {Petersson, Per and Waldenstr{\"o}m, Alexandra and F{\aa}hraeus, Christer and Schouenborg, Jens},
	Date-Added = {2010-02-23 12:04:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; Rats; Mouse; Behavior; Spontaneous activity},
	Mesh = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Feedback; Female; Male; Models, Biological; Muscles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex; Sleep; Spine},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {6944},
	Pages = {72-5},
	pmid = {12840761},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Title = {Spontaneous muscle twitches during sleep guide spinal self-organization},
	Volume = {424},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Petersson_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01719}}

@article{Stafford:2009,
	Abstract = {During development, retinal axons project coarsely within their visual targets before refining to form organized synaptic connections. Spontaneous retinal activity, in the form of acetylcholine-driven retinal waves, is proposed to be necessary for establishing these projection patterns. In particular, both axonal terminations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the size of receptive fields of target neurons are larger in mice that lack the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (beta2KO). Here, using a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array to record activity from hundreds of RGCs simultaneously, we present analysis of early postnatal retinal activity from both wild-type (WT) and beta2KO retinas. We find that beta2KO retinas have correlated patterns of activity, but many aspects of these patterns differ from those of WT retina. Quantitative analysis suggests that wave directionality, coupled with short-range correlated bursting patterns of RGCs, work together to refine retinofugal projections.},
	Author = {Stafford, Ben K and Sher, Alexander and Litke, Alan M and Feldheim, David A},
	Date-Added = {2009-11-17 12:42:08 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; 10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 10 Structural plasticity; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Models, Neurological; Mutation; Probability; Receptors, Nicotinic; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Temperature; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {200-12},
	pmid = {19874788},
	Title = {Spatial-temporal patterns of retinal waves underlying activity-dependent refinement of retinofugal projections},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Stafford_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Stafford_Neuron2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.021}}

@article{Wang:2009,
	Abstract = {Retinotopic mapping is a basic feature of visual system organization, but its role in processing visual information is unknown. Mutant mice lacking the beta2 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have imprecise maps in both visual cortex (V1) and the superior colliculus (SC) due to the disruption of spontaneous retinal activity during development. Here, we use behavioral and physiological approaches to study their visual functions. We find that beta2-/- mice fail to track visual stimuli moving along the nasotemporal axis in a subcortical optomotor behavior, but track normally along the dorsoventral axis. In contrast, these mice display normal acuity along both axes in the visual water task, a behavioral test of cortical functions. Consistent with the behavioral results, we find that V1 neurons in beta2-/- mice have normal response properties, while SC neurons have disrupted receptive fields, including enlarged structure and decreased direction and orientation selectivity along the nasotemporal axis. The subcortical-specific deficits indicate that retinotopic map disruption has different impacts on the development of functional properties in V1 and the SC.},
	Author = {Wang, Lupeng and Rangarajan, Krsna V and Lawhn-Heath, Courtney A and Sarnaik, Rashmi and Wang, Bor-Shuen and Liu, Xiaorong and Cang, Jianhua},
	Date-Added = {2009-11-17 09:07:07 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:42:08 +0000},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;Spontaneous activity;retina;visual cortex;visual system;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;function;in vivo; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain Mapping; Disease Models, Animal; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Head Movements; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nystagmus, Optokinetic; Orientation; Perceptual Disorders; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, Nicotinic; Sensory Receptor Cells; Space Perception; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {41},
	Pages = {12909-18},
	pmid = {19828805},
	Title = {Direction-specific disruption of subcortical visual behavior and receptive fields in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2128-09.2009}}

@article{Hashimoto:2003,
	Abstract = {We studied how physiological properties of cerebellar climbing fiber (CF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapses change during developmental transition from multiple to mono CF innervation onto each PC. From P3 to P6, differences in the strengths of multiple CFs became larger. Around P10, each PC was either monoinnervated by one strong CF (CF-mono) or multiply innervated by one strong CF (CF-multi-S) plus a few weaker CFs (CF-multi-W). We show that simultaneous release of multiple vesicles per site occurs normally from CF-multi-S, CF-mono, and mature CFs, but less frequently from CF-multi-W and neonatal CFs. We also present evidence suggesting that weaker CFs with lower probability of multivesicular release would be withdrawn preferentially. The results suggest that differentiation into strong and weak CFs with high and low probabilities of multivesicular release precedes developmental CF synapse elimination.},
	Author = {Hashimoto, Kouichi and Kano, Masanobu},
	Date-Added = {2009-08-18 11:39:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-08-18 11:39:44 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Afferent Pathways; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation; Cerebellar Cortex; Dendrites; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Presynaptic Terminals; Purkinje Cells; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {785-96},
	pmid = {12797962},
	Title = {Functional differentiation of multiple climbing fiber inputs during synapse elimination in the developing cerebellum},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Hashimoto:2009,
	Abstract = {Functional neural circuits are formed by eliminating early-formed redundant synapses and strengthening necessary connections during development. In newborn mouse cerebellum, each Purkinje cell (PC) is innervated by multiple climbing fibers (CFs) with similar strengths. Subsequently, a single CF is selectively strengthened by postnatal day 7 (P7). We find that this competition among multiple CFs occurs on the soma before CFs form synapses along dendrites. Notably, in most PCs, the single CF that has been functionally strengthened (the "winner" CF) undergoes translocation to dendrites while keeping its synapses on the soma. Synapses of the weaker CFs (the "loser" CFs) remain around the soma and form "pericellular nests" with synapses of the winner CFs. Then most perisomatic synapses are eliminated nonselectively by P15. Thus, our results suggest that the selective translocation of the winner CF to dendrites in each PC determines the single CF that survives subsequent synapse elimination and persistently innervates the PC.},
	Author = {Hashimoto, Kouichi and Ichikawa, Ryoichi and Kitamura, Kazuo and Watanabe, Masahiko and Kano, Masanobu},
	Date-Added = {2009-08-18 11:32:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Mesh = {Age Factors; Aminobutyric Acids; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biophysics; Biotin; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent; Cerebellum; Dendrites; Dextrans; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers; Nerve Net; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells; Receptors, Serotonin; Synapses; Time Factors; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {106-18},
	pmid = {19607796},
	Title = {Translocation of a "winner" climbing fiber to the Purkinje cell dendrite and subsequent elimination of "losers" from the soma in developing cerebellum},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009b.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.008}}

@article{Thong:1986,
	Abstract = {To study the development of the corticotectal pathway, the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected electrophoretically into the superior colliculus (SC) of rats ranging in age from newborn to adult. In animals younger than postnatal day 3 (P3), collicular injections did not label any cells in the cortex while in animals injected at P3-P4, only a few cortical cells were retrogradely labeled. In contrast, injections made at P5 or later resulted in the labeling of a substantial proportion of lamina V cells in a number of cortical areas ipsilateral to the injected colliculus. Although at P5-P7 the bulk of labeled cells was located in the visual cortices (both striate and extrastriate), a substantial proportion of the labeled cells was located in the somatosensory, motor and association cortices. On the other hand, in animals injected at P12 (or later), the labeled cells were largely restricted to the visual cortices with relatively few corticotectal cells located in somatosensory area I. At all ages studied, labeled cortical cells were confined to lamina V and had clear-cut apical dendrites (pyramidal cells). The dendritic morphologies and somal sizes of the corticotectal cells indicate that in animals younger than P12 these cells are immature. These observations suggest that the axons of cortical cells do not reach the SC before P3 and that these early corticotectal projections (P3-P12) are established by immature cells. Furthermore, although the corticotectal projection exhibits, from its onset, a high degree of specificity in terms of the laminar distribution of its cells of origin, its areal distribution is 'exuberant'. The 'exuberant' projections originating from non-visual cortical areas disappear by P12-P14, that is at the time when young rats open their eyes for the first time.},
	Author = {Thong, I G and Dreher, B},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-30 11:49:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-30 11:49:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Journal-Full = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Circuit structure-function; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microinjections; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotaxic Techniques; Superior Colliculi; Time Factors},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {227-38},
	pmid = {3513902},
	Title = {The development of the corticotectal pathway in the albino rat},
	Volume = {390},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Thong:1987,
	Abstract = {In rats ranging in age from the second postnatal day (23rd postconceptional day-23 PCD) to adulthood, we have studied the distribution of corticotectal terminals labelled anterogradely by unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) into the visual or motor cortices. No projection to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC) was observed. The earliest age at which the labelled axons and/or terminals from the visual cortex were observed in the ipsilateral SC was 25 PCD. At this stage the projection only involves the optic layer. From 28 to 34 PCD, the projection involves the optic layer, the intermediate layers and the deep part of superficial gray layer. Between 34 and 40 PCD the projection becomes restricted to the superficial laminae (i.e. adultlike). On the 23 PCD (the earliest age examined) we observed a projection from the motor cortex to the intermediate laminae and to a lesser extent the optic layer of the ipsilateral SC. By 34 PCD only the adult-like projection extending from the brachium to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is apparent. The disappearance of the transient projections to the intermediate collicular laminae may be the result of withdrawal of 'misprojecting' axonal collaterals.},
	Author = {Thong, I G and Dreher, B},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-30 11:46:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-30 11:48:06 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Circuit structure-function; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Motor Cortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {275-82},
	pmid = {2446211},
	Title = {The development of the corticotectal pathway in the albino rat: transient projections from the visual and motor cortices},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1987},
	url = {papers/Thong_NeurosciLett1987.pdf}}

@article{Wallace:2000,
	Abstract = {Many neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) are able to integrate combinations of visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli, thereby markedly affecting the vigor of their responses to external stimuli. However, this capacity for multisensory integration is not inborn. Rather, it appears comparatively late in postnatal development and is not expressed until the SC passes through several distinct developmental stages. As shown here, the final stage in this sequence is one in which a region of association cortex establishes functional control over the SC, thus enabling the multisensory integrative capabilities of its target SC neurons. The first example of this corticotectal input was seen at postnatal day 28. For any individual SC neuron, the onset of corticotectal influences appeared to be abrupt. Because this event occurred at very different times for different SC neurons, a period of 3-4 postnatal months was required before the adult-like condition was achieved. The protracted postnatal period required for the maturation of these corticotectal influences corresponded closely with estimates of the peak period of cortical plasticity, raising the possibility that the genesis of these corticotectal influences, and hence the onset of SC multisensory integration, occurs only after the cortex is capable of exerting experience-dependent control over SC neurons.},
	Author = {Wallace, M T and Stein, B E},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-30 11:42:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-30 11:45:30 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Journal-Full = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Circuit structure-function; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Algorithms; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Hearing; Rats; Sensation; Superior Colliculi; Vision, Ocular},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {3578-82},
	pmid = {10848574},
	Title = {Onset of cross-modal synthesis in the neonatal superior colliculus is gated by the development of cortical influences},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Wallace_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}}

@conference{Ackman:2000,
	Author = {Ackman, James B. and LoTurco, Joseph J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-28 17:04:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-28 17:09:19 -0400},
	Journal = {Soc Neurosci Abstr},
	Title = {Barrel formation and deformation in the neocortex of the flathead mutant},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Feller:2009,
	Abstract = {Prior to eye-opening and the development of visual responses, the retina exhibits highly correlated spontaneous firing pattens termed retinal waves. Disruption of the normal spontaneous firing pattern either genetically or pharmacologically prevents the eye-specific refinement of retinogeniculate afferents. Here I provide the evidence that retinal waves play an instructive role in this process. In addition, I argue that a full understanding requires an identification of the features of retinal activity that drive the refinement as well as an understanding of mechanisms that transform these signals into axonal rearrangements.},
	Author = {Feller, Marla B},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-14 16:00:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Neural development},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations;21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Pages = {24},
	pmid = {19580682},
	Title = {Retinal waves are likely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Feller_NeuralDev2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8104-4-24}}

@article{Chalupa:2009,
	Abstract = {In all mammalian species the projections of the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus are initially overlapping before gradually forming the eye-specific domains evident at maturity. It is widely thought that retinal waves of neuronal activity play an instructional role in this developmental process. Here, I discuss the myriad reasons why retinal waves are unlikely to have such a role, and suggest that eye-specific molecular cues in combination with neuronal activity are most probably involved in the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections.},
	Author = {Chalupa, Leo M},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-14 15:57:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Neural development},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Pages = {25},
	pmid = {19580684},
	Title = {Retinal waves are unlikely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Chalupa_NeuralDev2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8104-4-25}}

@article{Vries:1982,
	Author = {de Vries, J I and Visser, G H and Prechtl, H F},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-14 13:57:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-14 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Early Hum Dev},
	Journal-Full = {Early human development},
	Mesh = {Adult; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Movement; Posture; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {301-22},
	pmid = {7169027},
	Title = {The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1982},
	url = {papers/Vries_EarlyHumDev1982.pdf}}

@article{Clancy:2001,
	Abstract = {Conservation of the order in which events occur in developing mammalian brains permits use of regression theory to model the timing of neural development. Following a small adjustment to account for a systematic variability in primate cortical and limbic systems, the model is used to generate a 95-event/nine-species matrix that predicts aspects of neurogenesis and axonal outgrowth in the brains of developing mice, hamsters, rats, spiny mice, rabbits, ferrets, cats, monkeys, and humans. Although data are compiled from species in which the timing of birth and the rate of maturation vary widely, the model proves statistically accurate, with practical implications for improving estimation of milestones of neural development, particularly for humans. Using the three-factor model (species, neural events, and primate adjustments), we produce predictions for the timing of 493 neural occurrences in developing mammalian brains that either have not yet been, or cannot be, empirically derived. We also relate the timing of neural events across the nine species in the form of a reference table calibrated to the development of laboratory rats. This 'translation' table will assist in attempts to equate the neurodevelopmental literature across species with either large or small differences in gestation and maturation, and also permit studies done in a variety of mammals to be applied to better understand human development. The comparative data indicate that humans, although conventionally considered an altricial species, are neurally advanced at birth relative to the other species studied.},
	Author = {Clancy, B and Darlington, R B and Finlay, B L},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-14 13:06:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-14 13:07:49 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 19 Neocortical evolution},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Body Patterning; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Humans; Mammals; Models, Neurological; Phylogeny; Reproducibility of Results; Statistical Distributions},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-17},
	pmid = {11483296},
	Title = {Translating developmental time across mammalian species},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Clancy_Neuroscience2001.pdf}}

@article{Juttner:2001,
	Abstract = {During postnatal development, the retinocollicular pathway undergoes activity-dependent refinement, resulting in the precise retinotopic map seen in adults. Previous studies established that retinal efferents reach the mouse superior colliculus (SC) by embryonic day 16. Morphologically, synapses were found in the rat SC before birth. As part of an extended project aimed at understanding the development of synaptic transmission in the visual layers of the SC, we report here the presence of functionally active synapses immediately after birth. Circuit activity in mouse SC neurons was detected in horizontal slices of the visual layers using cell-attached voltage clamp. The spontaneous discharge of action potentials was abolished by glutamatergic blockers and facilitated by bicuculline, showing that circuit activity is based on synaptic transmission and that the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid is inhibitory. Using whole-cell voltage clamp, spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents as well as miniature GABAergic postsynaptic currents were recorded on postnatal day 1. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents could also be evoked by electrical stimulation. Glutamatergic postsynaptic currents comprised both (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated components. The early function of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the visual layers of SC suggests that SC neurons are able to process information originating from retinal axons immediately after birth.},
	Author = {J{\"u}ttner, R and Henneberger, C and Grantyn, R and Rothe, T},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-13 15:22:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-13 15:23:06 -0400},
	Journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
	Journal-Full = {International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; GABA Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nicotinic Antagonists; Organ Culture Techniques; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi; Synaptic Transmission; Tubocurarine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {255-61},
	pmid = {11337194},
	Title = {Early onset of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic activity in the visual layers of the rodent superior colliculus},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Mark:1993,
	Abstract = {The retinocollicular projection in the marsupial mammal the wallaby Macropus eugenii, has been investigated anatomically to determine the order in the developing projection and electrophysiologically to determine the time of onset of synaptic transmission by recording evoked potentials in the colliculus in response to stimulation of the optic nerve. There are two clear stages: a protracted period when retinal axons grow into the colliculus in coarse retinotopic order with no recordable electrical activity followed by the formation of terminal zones in retinotopically correct positions, the loss of more widely distributed axons and the onset of evoked potentials. The two stages are not seen in non-mammalian vertebrates where the projection is functional from the beginning.},
	Author = {Mark, R F and Freeman, T C and Ding, Y and Marotte, L R},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-13 15:18:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-13 15:18:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Journal-Full = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Mesh = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Macropodidae; Optic Nerve; Retina; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {117-20},
	pmid = {8110999},
	Title = {Two stages in the development of a mammalian retinocollicular projection},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Weliky:1999,
	Abstract = {The properties of spontaneous activity in the developing visual pathway beyond the retina are unknown. Multielectrode recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of awake behaving ferrets, before eye opening, revealed patterns of spontaneous activity that reflect a reshaping of retinal drive within higher visual stages. Significant binocular correlations were present only when cortico-thalamic feedback was intact. In the absence of retinal drive, cortico-thalamic feedback was required to sustain correlated LGN bursting. Activity originating from the contralateral eye drove thalamic activity far more strongly than that originating from the ipsilateral eye. Thus, in vivo patterns of LGN spontaneous activity emerge from interactions between retina, thalamus, and cortex.},
	Author = {Weliky, M and Katz, L C},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-10 18:13:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Journal-Full = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Mesh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Denervation; Electrodes; Feedback; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Thalamus; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5427},
	Pages = {599-604},
	pmid = {10417392},
	Title = {Correlational structure of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus in vivo},
	Volume = {285},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Weliky_Science1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5427/541}}

@article{Wong:1995,
	Abstract = {In the adult mammalian retina, the principal direction of information flow is along a vertical pathway from photoreceptors to retinal interneurons to ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. We report here, however, that initially in development, at a time when the photoreceptors are not yet even present, there are already functionally defined networks within the retina. These networks are spontaneously active rather than visually driven, and they involve horizontal rather than vertical pathways. By means of optical recording using the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2, we have found that sets of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells, a type of retinal interneuron, undergo synchronized oscillations in intracellular calcium concentration. These oscillations are highly correlated among subgroups of neighbouring cells, and spread in a wave-like fashion tangentially across the retina. Thus, in development of retinal circuitry, the initial patterning of neuronal function occurs in the horizontal domain before the adult pattern of vertical information transfer emerges.},
	Author = {Wong, R O and Chernjavsky, A and Smith, S J and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-10 16:18:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Journal-Full = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Ferrets; Interneurons; Nerve Net; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {6524},
	Pages = {716-8},
	pmid = {7715725},
	Title = {Early functional neural networks in the developing retina},
	Volume = {374},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Wong_Nature1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374716a0}}

@article{Wong:1993,
	Abstract = {The refinement of early connections in the visual pathway requires electrical activity in the retina before the onset of vision. Using a multielectrode array, we have shown that the spontaneous activity of cells in the neonatal ferret retina is correlated by patterns of periodically generated traveling waves. Here, we examine developmental changes in the characteristics of the waves and show that retinal ganglion cells participate in these patterns of activity, which are seen during the same period as synaptic modification in the lateral geniculate nucleus; that the waves subside gradually as the connectivity in the lateral geniculate nucleus stabilizes; and that their spatial structure allows for refinement of the retinotopic map, as well as for eye-specific segregation in the lateral geniculate nucleus.},
	Author = {Wong, R O and Meister, M and Shatz, C J},
	Date-Added = {2009-07-10 16:12:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-10-01 05:48:09 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Journal-Full = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper},
	Mesh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electrophysiology; Ferrets; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Time Factors},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {923-38},
	pmid = {8240814},
	Title = {Transient period of correlated bursting activity during development of the mammalian retina},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Wong_Neuron1993.pdf}}

@article{Jiang:2003,
	Abstract = {The manner in which the nervous system allocates limited motor resources when confronted with conflicting behavioural demands is a crucial issue in understanding how sensory information is transformed into adaptive motor responses. Understanding this selection process is of particular concern in current models of functions of the basal ganglia. Here we report that the basal ganglia use simultaneous enhancing and suppressing processes synergistically to modulate sensory activity in the superior colliculi, which are bilaterally paired midbrain structures involved in the control of visual orientation behaviours. These complementary processes presumably ensure accurate gaze shifts mediated by the superior colliculi despite the presence of potential distractors.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.},
	Author = {Jiang, Huai and Stein, Barry E and McHaffie, John G},
	Crdt = {2003/06/27 05:00},
	Da = {20030626},
	Date = {2003 Jun 26},
	Date-Added = {2009-05-22 10:40:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030801},
	Edat = {2003/06/27 05:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Basal Ganglia/*physiology; Cats; Eye Movements/*physiology; Fixation, Ocular/physiology; Functional Laterality; Male; Neural Inhibition; Neurons/physiology; Parvalbumins/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/08/02 05:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6943},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {982--986},
	Phst = {2003/02/19 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2003/04/23 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature01698},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12827201},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Parvalbumins); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Opposing basal ganglia processes shape midbrain visuomotor activity bilaterally},
	Volume = {423},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Jiang_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01698}}

@article{Mongeau:2003,
	Abstract = {Environment and experience influence defensive behaviors, but the neural circuits mediating such effects are not well understood. We describe a new experimental model in which either flight or freezing reactions can be elicited from mice by innately aversive ultrasound. Flight and freezing are negatively correlated, suggesting a competition between fear motor systems. An unfamiliar environment or a previous aversive event, moreover, can alter the balance between these behaviors. To identify potential circuits controlling this competition, global activity patterns in the whole brain were surveyed in an unbiased manner by c-fos in situ hybridization, using novel experimental and analytical methods. Mice predominantly displaying freezing behavior had preferential neural activity in the lateral septum ventral and several medial and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, whereas mice predominantly displaying flight had more activity in cortical, amygdalar, and striatal motor areas, the dorsolateral posterior zone of the hypothalamus, and the vertical limb of the diagonal band. These complementary patterns of c-fos induction, taken together with known connections between these structures, suggest ways in which the brain may mediate the balance between these opponent defensive behaviors.},
	Address = {Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.},
	Author = {Mongeau, Raymond and Miller, Gabriel A and Chiang, Elizabeth and Anderson, David J},
	Crdt = {2003/05/09 05:00},
	Da = {20030508},
	Date = {2003 May 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:17:57 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-08 18:19:10 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030619},
	Edat = {2003/05/09 05:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation/instrumentation/methods; Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Brain/cytology/metabolism/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Electroshock; Escape Reaction/physiology; Fear/*physiology; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons/*metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Ultrasonics},
	Mhda = {2003/06/20 05:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {9},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3855--3868},
	Pii = {23/9/3855},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12736356},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos); 0 (RNA, Messenger)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neural correlates of competing fear behaviors evoked by an innately aversive stimulus},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Mongeau_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Haider:2008,
	Abstract = {The neuropsychological concepts found in Donald Hebb's The Organization of Behavior have greatly influenced many aspects of neuroscience research over the last half century. Hebb's ideas arose from a rich tradition of research. An underappreciated contribution came from pioneering studies at Yale University. Here, we wish to reconsider these developments, placing particular emphasis on the roles of the neurophysiologists John Fulton, J.J. Dusser de Barenne, and Warren McCulloch and the psychologists Donald Marquis and Ernest Hilgard. These neuroscientists all contributed significantly to the intellectual climate that gave rise to Hebb's remarkable synthesis.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. bilal.haider@yale.edu},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal},
	Crdt = {2008/07/08 09:00},
	Da = {20080708},
	Date = {2008 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-08 18:17:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080811},
	Edat = {2008/07/08 09:00},
	Issn = {1551-4056 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0417414},
	Journal = {Yale J Biol Med},
	Jt = {The Yale journal of biology and medicine},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {*Behavior; Humans},
	Mhda = {2008/08/12 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2442722},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {11--18},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2442722},
	pmid = {18604307},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Yale J Biol Med. 2008 Mar;81(1):11-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Contributions of Yale neuroscience to Donald O. Hebb's organization of behavior},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Haider_YaleJBiolMed2008.pdf}}

@article{Shu:2003,
	Abstract = {The vast majority of synaptic connections onto neurons in the cerebral cortex arise from other cortical neurons, both excitatory and inhibitory, forming local and distant 'recurrent' networks. Although this is a basic theme of cortical organization, its study has been limited largely to theoretical investigations, which predict that local recurrent networks show a proportionality or balance between recurrent excitation and inhibition, allowing the generation of stable periods of activity. This recurrent activity might underlie such diverse operations as short-term memory, the modulation of neuronal excitability with attention, and the generation of spontaneous activity during sleep. Here we show that local cortical circuits do indeed operate through a proportional balance of excitation and inhibition generated through local recurrent connections, and that the operation of such circuits can generate self-sustaining activity that can be turned on and off by synaptic inputs. These results confirm the long-hypothesized role of recurrent activity as a basic operation of the cerebral cortex.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Author = {Shu, Yousheng and Hasenstaub, Andrea and McCormick, David A},
	Crdt = {2003/05/16 05:00},
	Da = {20030515},
	Date = {2003 May 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030610},
	Edat = {2003/05/16 05:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Ferrets/*physiology; Interneurons/physiology; Nerve Net/cytology/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Synapses/physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/06/11 05:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6937},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {288--293},
	Phst = {2002/12/12 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2003/03/28 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature01616},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12748642},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):288-93.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Turning on and off recurrent balanced cortical activity},
	Volume = {423},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Shu_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01616}}

@Article{Seung:2000,
  author        = {Seung, H S},
  title         = {Half a century of Hebb},
  journal       = {Nat Neurosci},
  year          = {2000},
  volume        = {3 Suppl},
  pages         = {1166},
  month         = {Nov},
  issn          = {1097-6256 (Print)},
  address       = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. seung@mit.edu},
  doi    = {10.1038/81430},
  crdt          = {2000/12/29 11:00},
  da            = {20001220},
  date          = {2000 Nov},
  date-added    = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
  date-modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
  dcom          = {20010104},
  edat          = {2000/12/29 11:00},
  file          = {papers/Seung_NatNeurosci2000.pdf},
  jid           = {9809671},
  jt            = {Nature neuroscience},
  keywords      = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
  language      = {eng},
  lr            = {20041117},
  mh            = {Animals; History, 20th Century; Humans; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology; Memory/physiology; Nerve Net/cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Synapses/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
  mhda          = {2001/02/28 10:01},
  own           = {NLM},
  pl            = {United States},
  pmid          = {11127829},
  pst           = {ppublish},
  pt            = {Biography; Historical Article; Journal Article},
  sb            = {IM},
  source        = {Nat Neurosci. 2000 Nov;3 Suppl:1166.},
  status        = {MEDLINE},
}

@article{Steriade:1993c,
	Abstract = {As most afferent axons to the thalamus originate in the cerebral cortex, we assumed that the slow (< 1 Hz) cortical oscillation described in the two companion articles is reflected in reticular (RE) thalamic and thalamocortical cells. We hypothesized that the cortically generated slow rhythm would appear in the thalamus in conjunction with delta and spindle oscillations arising from intrinsic and network properties of thalamic neurons. Intracellular recordings have been obtained in anesthetized cats from RE (n = 51) and cortically projecting (n = 240) thalamic neurons. RE cells were physiologically identified by cortically evoked high-frequency spike bursts and depolarizing spindle oscillations. Thalamocortical cells were recognized by backfiring from appropriate neocortical areas, spindle-related cyclic IPSPs, and hyperpolarization-activated delta oscillation consisting of rhythmic low-threshold spikes (LTSs) alternating with afterhyperpolarizing potentials (AHPs). The slow rhythm (0.3-0.5 Hz) was recorded in 65% of RE neurons. In approximately 90% of oscillating cells, the rhythm consisted of prolonged depolarizations giving rise to trains of single action potentials. DC hyperpolarization increased the synaptic noise and, in a few cells, suppressed the long-lasting depolarizing phase of the slow rhythm, without blocking the fast EPSPs. In approximately 10% of oscillating neurons, the hyperpolarizing phase of the oscillation was much more pronounced, thus suggesting that the slow rhythm was produced by inhibitory sculpturing of the background firing. The slow oscillation was associated with faster rhythms (4-8 Hz) in the same RE neuron. The slow rhythm of RE neurons was closely related to EEG wave complexes recurring with the same frequency, and its strong dependency upon a synchronized state of cortical EEG was observed during shifts in EEG patterns at different levels of anesthesia. In 44% of thalamocortical cells the slow rhythm of depolarizing sequences was apparent and it could coexist with delta or spindle oscillations in the same neuron. The occurrence of the slowly recurring depolarizing envelopes was delayed by the hyperpolarizing spindle sequences or by the LTS-AHP sequences of delta oscillation. The hyperpolarization-activated delta potentials that tended to dampen after a few cycles were grouped in sequences recurring with the slow rhythm. We finally propose a unified scenario of the genesis of the three major sleep rhythms: slow, delta, and spindle oscillations.},
	Address = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada.},
	Author = {Steriade, M and Contreras, D and Curro Dossi, R and Nunez, A},
	Crdt = {1993/08/01 00:00},
	Da = {19930902},
	Date = {1993 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 18:37:49 +0000},
	Dcom = {19930902},
	Edat = {1993/08/01},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Neurons/*physiology; Periodicity; Sleep/*physiology; Synapses/physiology; Thalamus/cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1993/08/01 00:01},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3284--3299},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {8340808},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 1993 Aug;13(8):3284-99.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation in reticular thalamic and thalamocortical neurons: scenario of sleep rhythm generation in interacting thalamic and neocortical networks},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993.pdf}}

@article{Steriade:1993b,
	Abstract = {The newly described slow cortical rhythm (approximately 0.3 Hz), whose depolarizing-hyperpolarizing components are analyzed in the preceding article, is now investigated from the standpoint of its relations with delta (1-4 Hz) and spindle (7-14 Hz) rhythmicity. Regular-spiking and intrinsically bursting cortical neurons were mostly recorded from association suprasylvian areas 5 and 7; fewer neurons were also recorded from pericruciate motor and posterolateral visual areas. Although most cells were investigated under various anesthetics, a similar slow cortical rhythm was found in animals with brainstem transection at the low- or high-collicular levels. These cerveau isole (isolated forebrain) preparations display the major sleep rhythms of the EEG in the absence of general anesthetics. In 38% of recorded cortical neurons (n = 105), the slow rhythm was combined with delta oscillation. Both cellular rhythms were phase locked to the slow and delta oscillations in the surface- and depth-recorded EEG. In a group of this cell sample (n = 47), delta activity occurred as stereotyped, clock-like action potentials during the interdepolarization lulls of the slow rhythm. In another neuronal subsample (n = 58), delta events were grouped in sequences superimposed upon the depolarizing envelope of the slow rhythm, with such sequences recurring rhythmically at approximately 0.3-0.4 Hz. The associations between the two cellular and EEG rhythms (1-4 Hz and 0.3-0.4 Hz) were quantified by means of autocorrelograms, cross-correlograms, and spike-triggered averages. In 26% of recorded neurons (n = 72), the slow rhythm was combined with spindle oscillations. Regular-spiking cortical neurons fully reflected the whole frequency range of thalamically generated spindles (7-14 Hz). However, during similar patterns of EEG spindling, intrinsically bursting cells fired grouped action potentials (with intraburst frequencies of 100-200 Hz) at only 2-4 Hz. The dependence of the slow cortical oscillation upon the thalamus was studied by lesions and stimulation. The slow rhythm survived extensive ipsilateral thalamic destruction by means of electrolytic lesions or kainate-induced loss of perikarya in thalamic nuclei that were input sources to the recorded cortical neurons. To further prevent the possibility of a thalamic role in the genesis of the slow rhythm, through the contralateral thalamocortical systems and callosal projections, we also transected the corpus callosum in thalamically lesioned animals, and still recorded the slow rhythm in cortical neurons. These data indicate that the thalamus is not essentially implicated in the genesis of the slow rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Address = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada.},
	Author = {Steriade, M and Nunez, A and Amzica, F},
	Crdt = {1993/08/01 00:00},
	Da = {19930902},
	Date = {1993 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 18:38:10 +0000},
	Dcom = {19930902},
	Edat = {1993/08/01},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects/*physiology; Corpus Callosum/physiology; Electric Stimulation; *Electroencephalography; Electrolysis; Electrophysiology; Humans; Kainic Acid/pharmacology; Ketamine/pharmacology; Neurons/physiology; Periodicity; Sleep/*physiology; Thalamus/drug effects/physiology; Urethane/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {1993/08/01 00:01},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3266--3283},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {8340807},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {487-79-6 (Kainic Acid); 51-79-6 (Urethane); 6740-88-1 (Ketamine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 1993 Aug;13(8):3266-83.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (< 1 Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993a.pdf}}

@article{Steriade:1993a,
	Abstract = {We describe a novel slow oscillation in intracellular recordings from cortical association areas 5 and 7, motor areas 4 and 6, and visual areas 17 and 18 of cats under various anesthetics. The recorded neurons (n = 254) were antidromically and orthodromically identified as corticothalamic or callosal elements receiving projections from appropriate thalamic nuclei as well as from homotopic foci in the contralateral cortex. Two major types of cells were recorded: regular-spiking (mainly slow-adapting, but also fast-adapting) neurons and intrinsically bursting cells. A group of slowly oscillating neurons (n = 21) were intracellularly stained and found to be pyramidal-shaped cells in layers III-VI, with luxuriant basal dendritic arbors. The slow rhythm appeared in 88% of recorded neurons. It consisted of slow depolarizing envelopes (lasting for 0.8-1.5 sec) with superimposed full action potentials or presumed dendritic spikes, followed by long-lasting hyperpolarizations. Such sequences recurred rhythmically at less than 1 Hz, with a prevailing oscillation between 0.3 and 0.4 Hz in 67% of urethane-anesthetized animals. While in most neurons (approximately 70%) the repetitive spikes superimposed on the slow depolarization were completely blocked by slight DC hyperpolarization, 30% of cells were found to display relatively small (3-12 mV), rapid, all-or-none potentials after obliteration of full action potentials. These fast spikes were suppressed in an all-or-none fashion at Vm more negative than -90 mV. The depolarizing envelope of the slow rhythm was reduced or suppressed at a Vm of -90 to -100 mV and its duration was greatly reduced by administration of the NMDA blocker ketamine. In keeping with this action, most (56%) neurons recorded in animals under ketamine and nitrous oxide or ketamine and xylazine anesthesia displayed the slow oscillation at higher frequencies (0.6-1 Hz) than under urethane anesthesia (0.3-0.4 Hz). In 18% of the oscillating cells, the slow rhythm mainly consisted of repetitive (15-30 Hz), relatively short-lasting (15-25 msec) IPSPs that could be revealed by bringing the Vm at more positive values than -70 mV. The long-lasting (approximately 1 sec) hyperpolarizing phase of the slow oscillation was best observed at the resting Vm and was reduced at about -100 mV. Simultaneous recording of another cell across the membrane demonstrated synchronous inhibitory periods in both neurons. Intracellular diffusion of Cl- or Cs+ reduced the amplitude and/or duration of cyclic long-lasting hyperpolaryzations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Address = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada.},
	Author = {Steriade, M and Nunez, A and Amzica, F},
	Crdt = {1993/08/01 00:00},
	Da = {19930902},
	Date = {1993 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:14:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-11 18:38:16 +0000},
	Dcom = {19930902},
	Edat = {1993/08/01},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Dendrites/physiology; Electrophysiology; Humans; Ketamine/pharmacology; Lidocaine/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology; Motor Cortex/physiology; Neural Pathways/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Nitrous Oxide/pharmacology; Periodicity; Sleep/physiology; Thalamus/cytology/physiology; Visual Cortex/physiology; Xylazine/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {1993/08/01 00:01},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3252--3265},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {8340806},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {10024-97-2 (Nitrous Oxide); 137-58-6 (Lidocaine); 21306-56-9 (QX-314); 6740-88-1 (Ketamine); 7361-61-7 (Xylazine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A novel slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993b.pdf}}

@article{Kasanetz:2006,
	Abstract = {In vivo, cortical neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) display robust subthreshold depolarizations (Up states) during which they are enabled to fire action potentials. In the cortex, Up states are believed to occur simultaneously in a neuronal ensemble and to be sustained by local network interactions. It is known that MSN are impelled into the Up state by extra-striatal (primarily cortical) inputs, but the mechanisms that sustain and determine the end of striatal Up states are still debated. Furthermore, it has not been established if brisk perturbations of ongoing cortical oscillations alter rhythmic transitions between Up and Down states in striatal neurons. Here we report that MSN Up states terminate abruptly when persistent activity in cortical ensembles providing afferents to a given striatal region is turned off by local electrical stimulation or ends spontaneously. In addition, we found that phase perturbations in MSN membrane potential slow oscillations induced by cortical stimulation replicate the stimulus-induced dynamics of spiking activity in cortical ensembles. Overall, these results suggest that striatal Up states are single-cell subthreshold representations of episodes of persistent spiking in cortical ensembles. A precise spatial and temporal alignment between episodes of cortical persistent activity and striatal Up states would allow MSN to detect specific cortical inputs embedded within a more general cortical signal.},
	Address = {Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. ferkasa@fmed.uba.ar},
	Author = {Kasanetz, Fernando and Riquelme, Luis A and O'Donnell, Patricio and Murer, M Gustavo},
	Crdt = {2006/08/26 09:00},
	Da = {20061119},
	Date = {2006 Nov 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:11:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070123},
	Dep = {20060824},
	Edat = {2006/08/26 09:00},
	Gr = {P41 RR09754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; R03 TW6282/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3751 (Print)},
	Jid = {0266262},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Jt = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Animals; Biological Clocks/*physiology; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Corpus Striatum/*physiology; Electric Stimulation/*methods; Evoked Potentials/*physiology; Male; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	Mhda = {2007/01/24 09:00},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2000673},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {97--113},
	Phst = {2006/08/24 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2006.113050},
	Pl = {England},
	Pmc = {PMC2000673},
	pmid = {16931555},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Turning off cortical ensembles stops striatal Up states and elicits phase perturbations in cortical and striatal slow oscillations in rat in vivo},
	Volume = {577},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Kasanetz_JPhysiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113050}}

@article{Valenti:2009,
	Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex receives multiple inputs from the hippocampal complex, which are thought to drive memory-guided behavior. Moreover, dysfunctions of both regions have been repeatedly associated with several psychiatric disorders. Therefore, understanding the interconnections and modulatory interactions between these regions is essential in evaluating their role in behavior and pathology. The effects of entorhinal cortex (EC) stimulation on the activity of identified medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons were examined using single-unit extracellular recordings and sharp-electrode intracellular recordings in anesthetized rats. Single-pulse electrical stimulation of EC induced a powerful inhibition in the majority of mPFC neurons examined during extracellular recording. Intracellular recording showed that EC stimulation evoked a complex synaptic response, in which the greater proportion of neurons exhibited excitatory postsynaptic events and/or a short lasting and a prolonged inhibitory postsynaptic response. Furthermore, stimulation of EC selectively produced an augmentation of the bistable up-down state only in the type 2 regular spiking neurons and in a subclass of nonintrinsic bursting neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that the potent inhibition observed following EC stimulation may mask a direct excitatory response within the mPFC which markedly potentiates the bistable states in a select subpopulation of mPFC pyramidal neurons.},
	Address = {University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. valenti@pitt.edu},
	Author = {Valenti, Ornella and Grace, Anthony A},
	Crdt = {2008/07/18 09:00},
	Da = {20090206},
	Date = {2009 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:11:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dep = {20080716},
	Edat = {2008/07/18 09:00},
	Gr = {MH45156/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1460-2199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9110718},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Jt = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mhda = {2008/07/18 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS58595},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS58595 {$[$}Available on 03/01/10{$]$}; NLM: PMC2637308 {$[$}Available on 03/01/10{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {658--674},
	Phst = {2008/07/16 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {bhn114},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2637308},
	Pmcr = {2010/03/01},
	pmid = {18632738},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {In-Process},
	Title = {Entorhinal cortex inhibits medial prefrontal cortex and modulates the activity states of electrophysiologically characterized pyramidal neurons in vivo},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Valenti_CerebCortex2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn114}}

@article{Isomura:2006,
	Abstract = {Brain systems communicate by means of neuronal oscillations at multiple temporal and spatial scales. In anesthetized rats, we find that neocortical "slow" oscillation engages neurons in prefrontal, somatosensory, entorhinal, and subicular cortices into synchronous transitions between UP and DOWN states, with a corresponding bimodal distribution of their membrane potential. The membrane potential of hippocampal granule cells and CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells lacked bimodality, yet it was influenced by the slow oscillation in a region-specific manner. Furthermore, in both anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats, the cortical UP states resulted in increased activity of dentate and most CA1 neurons, as well as the highest probability of ripple events. Yet, the CA3-CA1 network could self-organize into gamma bursts and occasional ripples during the DOWN state. Thus, neo/paleocortical and hippocampal networks periodically reset, self-organize, and temporally coordinate their cell assemblies via the slow oscillation.},
	Address = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.},
	Author = {Isomura, Yoshikazu and Sirota, Anton and Ozen, Simal and Montgomery, Sean and Mizuseki, Kenji and Henze, Darrell A and Buzsaki, Gyorgy},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Dec 7;52(5):748-9. PMID: 17145497},
	Crdt = {2006/12/06 09:00},
	Da = {20061205},
	Date = {2006 Dec 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:11:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070110},
	Edat = {2006/12/06 09:00},
	Gr = {MH54671/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS034994/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; NS043157/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071203},
	Mh = {Anesthesia; Animals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Electrophysiology; Entorhinal Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Extracellular Matrix/physiology; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Neocortex/cytology/*physiology; Nerve Net/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep/physiology},
	Mhda = {2007/01/11 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {871--882},
	Phst = {2006/06/07 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/09/28 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/10/24 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00822-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17145507},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Integration and segregation of activity in entorhinal-hippocampal subregions by neocortical slow oscillations},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Isomura_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.023}}

@article{Nowak:2008,
	Abstract = {Neurons in cat area 17 can be grouped in 4 different electrophysiological cell classes (regular spiking, intrinsically bursting, chattering, and fast spiking [FS]). However, little is known of the functional properties of these different cell classes. Here we compared orientation and direction selectivity between these cell classes in cat area 17 and found that a subset of FS inhibitory neurons, usually with complex receptive fields, exhibited little selectivity in comparison with other cell types. Differences in occurrence and amplitude of gamma-range membrane fluctuations, as well as in numbers of action potentials in response to optimal visual stimuli, did not parallel differences observed for orientation and direction selectivity. Instead, differences in selectivity resulted mostly from differences in tuning of the membrane potential responses, although variations in spike threshold also contributed: weakly selective FS neurons exhibited both a lower spike threshold and more broadly tuned membrane potential responses in comparison with the other cell classes. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a subgroup of FS neurons receives connections and possesses intrinsic properties allowing the generation of weakly selective responses. The existence of weakly selective inhibitory neurons is consistent with orientation selectivity models that rely on broadly tuned inhibition.},
	Address = {CerCo, Universite Toulouse 3, CNRS, Faculte de Medecine de Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.},
	Author = {Nowak, Lionel G and Sanchez-Vives, Maria V and McCormick, David A},
	Crdt = {2007/08/28 09:00},
	Da = {20080411},
	Date = {2008 May},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:11:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080611},
	Dep = {20070823},
	Edat = {2007/08/28 09:00},
	Ein = {Cereb Cortex. 2008 Nov;18(11):2717},
	Issn = {1460-2199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9110718},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Jt = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081222},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Animals; Cats; Cluster Analysis; Electrophysiology; Interneurons/*physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neurons/cytology/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Synapses/physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/06/12 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1058--1078},
	Phst = {2007/08/23 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {bhm137},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17720684},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Lack of orientation and direction selectivity in a subgroup of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons: cellular and synaptic mechanisms and comparison with other electrophysiological cell types},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Nowak_CerebCortex2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm137}}

@article{Tononi:2006,
	Abstract = {During NREM sleep, neocortical neurons undergo near-synchronous transitions, every second or so, between UP states, during which they are depolarized and fire actively, and DOWN states, during which they are hyperpolarized and completely silent. In this issue of Neuron, Isomura et al. report that slow oscillations of membrane potential occur near-synchronously not only in neocortex but also in entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Within the hippocampus proper, pyramidal neurons lack the bistability of UP and DOWN states, but their firing is strongly modulated by cortical activity during the UP state. Intriguingly, many hippocampal neurons fire during the cortical DOWN state. Thus, during sleep UP states, the cortex can talk to the hippocampus, but it is unclear whether the hippocampus talks back.},
	Address = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.},
	Author = {Tononi, Giulio and Massimini, Marcello and Riedner, Brady A},
	Con = {Neuron. 2006 Dec 7;52(5):871-82. PMID: 17145507},
	Crdt = {2006/12/06 09:00},
	Da = {20061205},
	Date = {2006 Dec 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:08:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2017-10-16 21:40:54 +0000},
	Dcom = {20070110},
	Edat = {2006/12/06 09:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Electrophysiology;comment;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Sleep},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Humans; Neurons/physiology; Sleep/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2007/01/11 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {748--749},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00909-3},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17145497},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Sleepy dialogues between cortex and hippocampus: who talks to whom?},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Tononi_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.014}}

@article{Hasenstaub:2005a,
	Abstract = {Temporal precision in spike timing is important in cortical function, interactions, and plasticity. We found that, during periods of recurrent network activity (UP states), cortical pyramidal cells in vivo and in vitro receive strong barrages of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, with the inhibitory potentials showing much higher power at all frequencies above approximately 10 Hz and more synchrony between nearby neurons. Fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons discharged strongly in relation to higher-frequency oscillations in the field potential in vivo and possess membrane, synaptic, and action potential properties that are advantageous for transmission of higher-frequency activity. Intracellular injection of synaptic conductances having the characteristics of the recorded EPSPs and IPSPs reveal that IPSPs are important in controlling the timing and probability of action potential generation in pyramidal cells. Our results support the hypothesis that inhibitory networks are largely responsible for the dissemination of higher-frequency activity in cortex.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Author = {Hasenstaub, Andrea and Shu, Yousheng and Haider, Bilal and Kraushaar, Udo and Duque, Alvaro and McCormick, David A},
	Crdt = {2005/08/02 09:00},
	Da = {20050801},
	Date = {2005 Aug 4},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:08:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20051011},
	Edat = {2005/08/02 09:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; *Cortical Synchronization; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Ferrets; Interneurons/physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Net/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neurons/physiology; Oscillometry; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Reaction Time; Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; Synapses/physiology; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/10/12 09:00},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {423--435},
	Phst = {2004/12/20 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/04/25 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/06/15 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00521-0},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16055065},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials carry synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Hasenstaub_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.016}}

@article{Shu:2006a,
	Abstract = {Traditionally, neuronal operations in the cerebral cortex have been viewed as occurring through the interaction of synaptic potentials in the dendrite and soma, followed by the initiation of an action potential, typically in the axon. Propagation of this action potential to the synaptic terminals is widely believed to be the only form of rapid communication of information between the soma and axonal synapses, and hence to postsynaptic neurons. Here we show that the voltage fluctuations associated with dendrosomatic synaptic activity propagate significant distances along the axon, and that modest changes in the somatic membrane potential of the presynaptic neuron modulate the amplitude and duration of axonal action potentials and, through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, the average amplitude of the postsynaptic potential evoked by these spikes. These results indicate that synaptic activity in the dendrite and soma controls not only the pattern of action potentials generated, but also the amplitude of the synaptic potentials that these action potentials initiate in local cortical circuits, resulting in synaptic transmission that is a mixture of triggered and graded (analogue) signals.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Author = {Shu, Yousheng and Hasenstaub, Andrea and Duque, Alvaro and Yu, Yuguo and McCormick, David A},
	Cin = {Nature. 2006 Jun 8;441(7094):702-3. PMID: 16760964},
	Crdt = {2006/04/21 09:00},
	Da = {20060608},
	Date = {2006 Jun 8},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:08:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060713},
	Dep = {20060412},
	Edat = {2006/04/21 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Axons/physiology; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/*physiology; Dendrites/physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Ferrets/physiology; Membrane Potentials/*physiology; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/physiology; Synapses/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
	Mhda = {2006/07/14 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {7094},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {761--765},
	Phst = {2005/12/30 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/03/16 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/04/12 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature04720},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16625207},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Modulation of intracortical synaptic potentials by presynaptic somatic membrane potential},
	Volume = {441},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Shu_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04720}}

@article{Haider:2006a,
	Abstract = {The recurrent excitatory and inhibitory connections between and within layers of the cerebral cortex are fundamental to the operation of local cortical circuits. Models of cortical function often assume that recurrent excitation and inhibition are balanced, and we recently demonstrated that spontaneous network activity in vitro contains a precise balance of excitation and inhibition; however, the existence of a balance between excitation and inhibition in the intact and spontaneously active cerebral cortex has not been directly tested. We examined this hypothesis in the prefrontal cortex in vivo, during the slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized ferrets. We measured persistent network activity (Up states) with extracellular multiple unit and local field potential recording, while simultaneously recording synaptic currents in nearby cells. We determined the reversal potential and conductance change over time during Up states and found that the body of Up state activity exhibited a steady reversal potential (-37 mV on average) for hundreds of milliseconds, even during substantial (21 nS on average) changes in membrane conductance. Furthermore, we found that both the initial and final segments of the Up state were characterized by significantly more depolarized reversal potentials and concomitant increases in excitatory conductance, compared with the stable middle portions of Up states. This ongoing temporal evolution between excitation and inhibition, which exhibits remarkable proportionality within and across neurons in active local networks, may allow for rapid transitions between relatively stable network states, permitting the modulation of neuronal responsiveness in a behaviorally relevant manner.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal and Duque, Alvaro and Hasenstaub, Andrea R and McCormick, David A},
	Crdt = {2006/04/28 09:00},
	Da = {20060427},
	Date = {2006 Apr 26},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 18:08:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060523},
	Edat = {2006/04/28 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Biological Clocks/*physiology; Cells, Cultured; Computer Simulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology; Ferrets; Male; *Models, Neurological; Neocortex/*physiology; Nerve Net/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/05/24 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {17},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {4535--4545},
	Pii = {26/17/4535},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16641233},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Haider_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5297-05.2006}}

@article{Stein:2003,
	Abstract = {In the CNS, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts as an inhibitory transmitter via ligand-gated GABA(A) receptor channels and G protein-coupled GABA(B) receptors. Both of these receptor types mediate inhibitory postsynaptic transmission throughout the nervous system. For GABA(A) receptors, this inhibitory action is associated with a hyperpolarization due to an increase in conductance to chloride ions. Previous studies show that GABA(A) receptor activation in neonatal neurons and spinal cord neurons can be excitatory. Two papers recently appeared that clearly demonstrate that GABA can have a depolarizing and excitatory action in mature cortical neurons. Here we discuss the evolving story on chloride ion homeostasis in CNS neurons and its role in the bipolar life of the GABA(A) receptor.},
	Address = {Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.},
	Author = {Stein, Valentin and Nicoll, Roger A},
	Crdt = {2003/02/11 04:00},
	Da = {20030210},
	Date = {2003 Feb 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-08 15:45:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-08 15:45:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030404},
	Edat = {2003/02/11 04:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Excitatory Amino Acids/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Receptors, GABA-A/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/04/05 05:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {375--378},
	Pii = {S0896627303000564},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12575946},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {23},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acids); 0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {GABA generates excitement},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Stein_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Rossi:2001,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian visual system the formation of eye-specific layers at the thalamic level depends on retinal waves of spontaneous activity, which rely on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. We found that in mutant mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic receptor, but not in mice lacking the alpha4 subunit, retinofugal projections do not segregate into eye-specific areas, both in the dorso-lateral geniculate nucleus and in the superior colliculus. Moreover, beta2-/- mice show an expansion of the binocular subfield of the primary visual cortex and a decrease in visual acuity at the cortical level but not in the retina. We conclude that the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is necessary for the anatomical and functional development of the visual system.},
	Address = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moleculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite de Recherche Associee 2182, Recepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.},
	Author = {Rossi, F M and Pizzorusso, T and Porciatti, V and Marubio, L M and Maffei, L and Changeux, J P},
	Crdt = {2001/05/10 10:00},
	Da = {20010524},
	Date = {2001 May 22},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 22:45:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-23 17:24:00 +0000},
	Dcom = {20010719},
	Dep = {20010508},
	Edat = {2001/05/10 10:00},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;Spontaneous activity;retinal wave paper;Acetylcholine;Nicotinic;Mice;Transgenic;activity manipulation;LGN;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;retina;development;refinement;structural remodeling; 21 Activity-development; Neurophysiology; mouse; in vivo; visual system; visual cortex; retina; Superior Colliculus; LGN; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; epibatidine; Acetylcholine},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics/*metabolism/physiology; Retina/physiology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Visual Acuity/physiology; Visual Cortex/anatomy \& histology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/07/20 10:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {11},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC33489},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6453--6458},
	Phst = {2001/05/08 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {101120998},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC33489},
	pmid = {11344259},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 0 (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit); 0 (nicotinic receptor alpha4beta2); 0 (nicotinic receptor beta2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Requirement of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta 2 subunit for the anatomical and functional development of the visual system},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Rossi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101120998}}

@article{Picciotto:1995,
	Abstract = {Nicotine affects many aspects of behaviour including learning and memory through its interaction with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Functional nAChRs are pentameric proteins containing at least one type of alpha-subunit and one type of beta-subunit. The involvement of a particular neuronal nicotinic subunit in pharmacology and behaviour was examined using gene targeting to mutate beta 2, the most widely expressed nAChR subunit in the central nervous system. We report here that high-affinity binding sites for nicotine are absent from the brains of mice homozygous for the beta 2-subunit mutation. Further, electrophysiological recording from brain slices reveals that thalamic neurons from these mice do not respond to nicotine application. Finally, behavioural tests demonstrate that nicotine no longer augments the performance of beta 2-1- mice on passive avoidance, a test of associative memory. Paradoxically, mutant mice are able to perform better than their non-mutant siblings on this task.},
	Address = {CNRS UA D1284 Neurobiologie Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.},
	Author = {Picciotto, M R and Zoli, M and Lena, C and Bessis, A and Lallemand, Y and Le Novere, N and Vincent, P and Pich, E M and Brulet, P and Changeux, J P},
	Crdt = {1995/03/02 00:00},
	Da = {19950330},
	Date = {1995 Mar 2},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 22:40:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19950330},
	Edat = {1995/03/02},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; *Avoidance Learning/drug effects; Base Sequence; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism; Cell Line; DNA; Female; Homozygote; Hypothalamus/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Nicotine/*pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, Nicotinic/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism},
	Mhda = {1995/03/02 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6517},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {65--67},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {7870173},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 54-11-5 (Nicotine); 9007-49-2 (DNA)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain},
	Volume = {374},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Picciotto_Nature1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374065a0}}

@article{Huang:2001a,
	Abstract = {Partial ablation of the superior colliculus (SC) at birth in hamsters compresses the retinocollicular map, increasing the amount of visual field represented at each SC location. Receptive field sizes of single SC neurons are maintained, however, preserving receptive field properties in the prelesion condition. The mechanism that allows single SC neurons to restrict the number of convergent retinal inputs and thus compensate for induced brain damage is unknown. In this study, we examined the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in controlling retinocollicular convergence. We found that chronic 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) blockade of NMDA receptors from birth in normal hamsters resulted in enlarged single-unit receptive fields in SC neurons from normal maps and further enlargement in lesioned animals with compressed maps. The effect was linearly related to lesion size. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are necessary to control afferent/target convergence in the normal SC and to compensate for excess retinal afferents in lesioned animals. Despite the alteration in receptive field size in the APV-treated animals, a complete visual map was present in both normal and lesioned hamsters. Visual responsiveness in the treated SC was normal; thus the loss of compensatory plasticity was not due to reduced visual responsiveness. Our results argue that NMDA receptors are essential for map refinement, construction of receptive fields, and compensation for damage but not overall map compression. The results are consistent with a role for the NMDA receptor as a coincidence detector with a threshold, providing visual neurons with the ability to calculate the amount of visual space represented by competing retinal inputs through the absolute amount of coincidence in their firing patterns. This mechanism of population matching is likely to be of general importance during nervous system development.},
	Address = {Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave., Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.},
	Author = {Huang, L and Pallas, S L},
	Crdt = {2001/09/06 10:00},
	Da = {20010905},
	Date = {2001 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 21:29:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 21:34:10 -0400},
	Dcom = {20011204},
	Edat = {2001/09/06 10:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY-12696/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/*pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Cricetinae; Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/*pharmacology; Mesocricetus; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology; Neuronal Plasticity/*drug effects/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists \& inhibitors/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {2002/01/05 10:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1179--1194},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11535668},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 115066-14-3 (6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione); 6384-92-5 (N-Methylaspartate); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate); 77521-29-0 (alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {NMDA antagonists in the superior colliculus prevent developmental plasticity but not visual transmission or map compression},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Huang_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Mizuno:2007,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity plays a pivotal role in shaping neuronal wiring. We investigated the role of neuronal activity in the formation of interhemispheric (callosal) axon projections in neonatal mouse visual cortex. Axonal labeling with enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to demonstrate spatially organized pattern of callosal projections: GFP-labeled callosal axons from one hemisphere projected densely to a narrowly restricted region at the border between areas 17 and 18 in the contralateral hemisphere, in which they terminated in layers 1-3 and 5. This region- and layer-specific innervation pattern developed by postnatal day 15 (P15). To explore the role of neuronal activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in callosal connection development, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, was expressed in callosal projection neurons and their target postsynaptic neurons. Kir2.1 overexpression reduced the firing rate of cortical neurons. Kir2.1 overexpression in callosal projection neurons disturbed the growth of axons and their arbors that normally occurs between P7 and P13, whereas that in postsynaptic neurons had limited effect on the pattern of presynaptic callosal axon innervation. In addition, exogenous expression of a gain-of-function Kir2.1 mutant channel found in patients with a familial heart disease caused severe deficits in callosal axon projections. These results suggest that projection neuron activity plays a crucial role in interhemispheric connection development and that enhanced Kir2.1 activity can affect cortical wiring.},
	Address = {Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.},
	Author = {Mizuno, Hidenobu and Hirano, Tomoo and Tagawa, Yoshiaki},
	Cin = {J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 10;27(41):10922-3. PMID: 17928433},
	Crdt = {2007/06/22 09:00},
	Da = {20070621},
	Date = {2007 Jun 20},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 18:12:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-13 16:34:13 +0000},
	Dcom = {20070719},
	Edat = {2007/06/22 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 23 Technique;development;Neocortex;activity manipulation;frontiers review; next; toread; Grants},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071029},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nerve Net/embryology/*growth \& development; Neurons/*physiology; Pregnancy; Visual Cortex/embryology/*growth \& development; Visual Pathways/embryology/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2007/07/20 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {25},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6760--6770},
	Pii = {27/25/6760},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17581963},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 20;27(25):6760-70.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Evidence for activity-dependent cortical wiring: formation of interhemispheric connections in neonatal mouse visual cortex requires projection neuron activity},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Mizuno_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1215-07.2007}}

@article{Hua:2005,
	Abstract = {The formation of functional neural networks requires precise regulation of the growth and branching of the terminal arbors of axons, processes known to be influenced by early network electrical activity. Here we show that a rule of activity-based competition between neighbouring axons appears to govern the growth and branching of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors in the developing optic tectum of zebrafish. Mosaic expression of an exogenous potassium channel or a dominant-negative SNARE protein was used to suppress electrical or neurosecretory activity in subsets of RGC axons. Imaging in vivo showed that these forms of activity suppression strongly inhibit both net growth and the formation of new branches by individually transfected RGC axon arbors. The inhibition is relieved when the activity of nearby 'competing' RGC axons is also suppressed. These results therefore identify a new form of activity-based competition rule that might be a key regulator of axon growth and branch initiation.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. huayy@stanford.edu},
	Author = {Hua, Jackie Yuanyuan and Smear, Matthew C and Baier, Herwig and Smith, Stephen J},
	Cin = {Nature. 2005 Apr 21;434(7036):969. PMID: 15846331},
	Crdt = {2005/04/23 09:00},
	Da = {20050422},
	Date = {2005 Apr 21},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 18:12:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050503},
	Edat = {2005/04/23 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 23 Technique;Cooperative Behavior;Competitive Behavior;development;Zebrafish;frontiers review},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/*physiology; Brain/cytology/growth \& development; Calcium/metabolism; Calcium Signaling; Cell Movement; Cell Shape; Humans; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net/*cytology/*growth \& development; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism; R-SNARE Proteins; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*cytology/physiology; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics},
	Mhda = {2005/05/04 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7036},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1022--1026},
	Phst = {2004/04/21 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/01/28 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature03409},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {15846347},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Kir2.1 channel); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 0 (Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying); 0 (R-SNARE Proteins); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2005 Apr 21;434(7036):1022-6.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Regulation of axon growth in vivo by activity-based competition},
	Volume = {434},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Hua_Nature2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03409}}

@article{Burrone:2002a,
	Abstract = {The rules by which neuronal activity causes long-term modification of synapses in the central nervous system are not fully understood. Whereas competitive or correlation-based rules result in local modification of synapses, homeostatic modifications allow neuron-wide changes in synaptic strength, promoting stability. Experimental investigations of these rules at central nervous system synapses have relied generally on manipulating activity in populations of neurons. Here, we investigated the effect of suppressing excitability in single neurons within a network of active hippocampal neurons by overexpressing an inward-rectifier potassium channel. Reducing activity in a neuron before synapse formation leads to a reduction in functional synaptic inputs to that neuron; no such reduction was observed when activity of all neurons was uniformly suppressed. In contrast, suppressing activity in a single neuron after synapses are established results in a homeostatic increase in synaptic input, which restores the activity of the neuron to control levels. Our results highlight the differences between global and selective suppression of activity, as well as those between early and late manipulation of activity.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular \& Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Author = {Burrone, Juan and O'Byrne, Michael and Murthy, Venkatesh N},
	Crdt = {2002/12/03 04:00},
	Da = {20021202},
	Date = {2002 Nov 28},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 18:12:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20021227},
	Edat = {2002/12/03 04:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 23 Technique; plasticity; activity manipulation; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; synapse formation; Electrophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/physiology; Homeostasis; Humans; *Neural Inhibition/drug effects; *Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics/metabolism; Synapses/drug effects/metabolism; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {2002/12/28 04:00},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6914},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {414--418},
	Phst = {2002/07/16 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2002/10/23 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature01242},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12459783},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Multiple forms of synaptic plasticity triggered by selective suppression of activity in individual neurons},
	Volume = {420},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Burrone_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01242}}

@article{Patel:2006,
	Abstract = {In this study we tested the hypothesis that the 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65)) mediates activity-dependent GABA synthesis as invoked by seizures in anesthetized rats. GABA synthesis was measured following acute GABA-transaminase inhibition by gabaculine using spatially localized (1)H NMR spectroscopy before and after bicuculline-induced seizures. Experiments were conducted with animals pre-treated with vigabatrin 24 h earlier in order to reduce GAD(67) protein and also with non-treated controls. GAD isoform content was quantified by immunoblotting. GABA was higher in vigabatrin-treated rats compared to non-treated controls. In vigabatrin-treated animals, GABA synthesis was 28% lower compared to controls [p < 0.05; vigabatrin-treated, 0.043 +/- 0.011 micromol/(g min); non-treated, 0.060 +/- 0.014 micromol/(g min)] and GAD(67) was 60% lower. No difference between groups was observed for GAD(65). Seizures increased GABA synthesis in both control [174%; control, 0.060 +/- 0.014 micromol/(g min) vs. seizures, 0.105 +/- 0.043 micromol/(g min)] and vigabatrin-treated rats [214%; control, 0.043 +/- 0.011 micromol/(g min); seizures, 0.092 +/- 0.018 micromol/(g min)]. GAD(67) could account for at least half of basal GABA synthesis but only 20% of the two-fold increase observed in vigabatrin-treated rats during seizures. The seizure-induced activation of GAD(65) in control cortex occurs concomitantly with a 2.3-fold increase in inorganic phosphate, known to be a potent activator of apoGAD(65)in vitro. Our results are consistent with a major role for GAD(65) in activity-dependent GABA synthesis.},
	Address = {Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. anant.patel@yale.edu},
	Author = {Patel, Anant B and de Graaf, Robin A and Martin, David L and Battaglioli, Gino and Behar, Kevin L},
	Crdt = {2006/03/17 09:00},
	Da = {20060425},
	Date = {2006 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 13:08:30 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060608},
	Dep = {20060315},
	Edat = {2006/03/17 09:00},
	Gr = {R01-NS34813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3042 (Print)},
	Jid = {2985190R},
	Journal = {J Neurochem},
	Jt = {Journal of neurochemistry},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/metabolism; Animals; Anticonvulsants/pharmacology; Bicuculline/pharmacology; Blotting, Western/methods; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*physiology; Isoenzymes/*physiology; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods; Male; Protein Isoforms/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures/chemically induced/*metabolism/prevention \& control; Time Factors; Vigabatrin/pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/06/09 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {385--396},
	Phst = {2006/03/15 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {JNC3741},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16539672},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Anticonvulsants); 0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Protein Isoforms); 485-49-4 (Bicuculline); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 60643-86-9 (Vigabatrin); EC 2.6.1.19 (4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Evidence that GAD65 mediates increased GABA synthesis during intense neuronal activity in vivo},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Patel_JNeurochem2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03741.x}}

@article{Fukuda:1998,
	Abstract = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthetic enzyme, consists of two isoforms, GAD67 and GAD65. Although distributions of the two GAD isoforms at the somatic level are known to be heterogeneous among different subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, those at the synaptic level have not been investigated. In order to analyze quantitatively the two GAD-isoform immunoreactivities in axon terminals, we combined confocal laser scanning microscopy with digitized image analysis to measure the gray levels of immunofluorescent signals for the two GAD isoforms in a large number of individual boutons in each hippocampal and dentate layer of the mouse. Synaptic boutons exhibited lamina-specific immunoreactivities against the GAD isoforms. Boutons in the principal cell layers (stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus proper and the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus) showed more intense immunoreactivity against GAD67 than those in the dendritic layers (strata lacunosum-moleculare, radiatum, and oriens of the hippocampus proper and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus). By contrast, boutons in the dendritic layers showed more intense immunoreactivity against GAD65 than those in the principal cell layers. Such differential distributions could be correlated to the GAD-isoform immunoreactivities in the axon terminals originating from parvalbumin-containing neurons, a particular subpopulation of hippocampal GABAergic neurons mainly innervating the perisomatic domain of principal neurons. In addition to previously reported physiological and pharmacological differences between the GABAergic synapses on perisomatic domain and those on distal dendrites, the present results suggest a functional differentiation of GABAergic synapses between these two inhibitory sites.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. fukuda@a3rd.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp},
	Author = {Fukuda, T and Aika, Y and Heizmann, C W and Kosaka, T},
	Crdt = {1998/05/29 02:04},
	Da = {19980707},
	Date = {1998 Jun 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 12:53:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 13:01:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980707},
	Edat = {1998/05/29 02:04},
	Ein = {J Comp Neurol 1998 Sep 28;399(3):424-6},
	Gr = {N01-HD-6-2915/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Count; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure; Dentate Gyrus/enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*metabolism; Hippocampus/*cytology/*enzymology/ultrastructure; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes/*metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Presynaptic Terminals/enzymology/*physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2000/06/20 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {177--194},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980601)395:2<177::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-{\#}},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9603371},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Isoenzymes); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1998 Jun 1;395(2):177-94.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {GABAergic axon terminals at perisomatic and dendritic inhibitory sites show different immunoreactivities against two GAD isoforms, GAD67 and GAD65, in the mouse hippocampus: a digitized quantitative analysis},
	Volume = {395},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Fukuda_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}}

@article{Martin:1991,
	Abstract = {The apoenzyme of glutamate decarboxylase {$[$}enzyme without bound cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P)] serves as a reservoir of inactive glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that can be activated when additional GABA synthesis is required. We have investigated which of two molecular forms of GAD is present as apoenzyme in synaptosomes and in cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rat brain. Endogenous glutamate apodecarboxylase (apoGAD) was labeled by incubating extracts of synaptosomes or punches of each region with 32P-pyridoxal-P, followed by reduction with NaBH4, to link covalently the 32P-pyridoxal-P to GAD. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Punches from all four brain regions and forebrain synaptosomes contained two forms of GAD with apparent Mrs of 63 and 65 kDa as identified by immunoblotting with four antiGAD sera. Punches and synaptosomes contained a major 32P-pyridoxal-P-labeled band with an apparent Mr of 63 kDa that was stained on immunoblots by the antiGAD serum 1440 and the monoclonal antibody GAD-6, and a minor labeled band at 65 kDa that was stained by the 1440, 6799, and K2 antisera. Synaptosomes contained remarkably few other strongly labeled proteins, but punches contained several other labeled bands. Three additional lines of evidence indicate that the labeled 63-kDa protein is apoGAD: (1) it was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with the GAD-1 monoclonal antibody; (2) it yielded one major labeled peptide when digested with chymotrypsin, and that peptide appeared identical in peptide-mapping experiments to the labeled active-site peptide isolated from chromatographically prepared rat brain GAD; and (3) its labeling was selectively blocked by 4-deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate, a competitive inhibitor of the binding of pyridoxal-P to GAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Address = {Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201.},
	Author = {Martin, D L and Martin, S B and Wu, S J and Espina, N},
	Crdt = {1991/09/01 00:00},
	Da = {19911003},
	Date = {1991 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 12:53:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 13:01:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19911003},
	Edat = {1991/09/01},
	Gr = {MH35664/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Apoenzymes/*analysis/metabolism; Brain/*enzymology; Caudate Nucleus/enzymology; Cerebellum/enzymology; Cerebral Cortex/enzymology; Chromatography, Affinity; Chymotrypsin; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*analysis/metabolism; Hippocampus/enzymology; Immunoblotting; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Peptide Mapping; Pyridoxal Phosphate/metabolism; Rats; Synaptosomes/enzymology},
	Mhda = {1991/09/01 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2725--2731},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {1880546},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Apoenzymes); 54-47-7 (Pyridoxal Phosphate); EC 3.4.21.1 (Chymotrypsin); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Regulatory properties of brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): the apoenzyme of GAD is present principally as the smaller of two molecular forms of GAD in brain},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Martin_JNeurosci1991.pdf}}

@article{Kash:1997,
	Abstract = {gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, is synthesized by two glutamate decarboxylase isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67. The separate role of the two isoforms is unknown, but differences in saturation with cofactor and subcellular localization suggest that GAD65 may provide reserve pools of GABA for regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission. We have disrupted the gene encoding GAD65 and backcrossed the mutation into the C57BL/6 strain of mice. In contrast to GAD67-/- animals, which are born with developmental abnormalities and die shortly after birth, GAD65-/- mice appear normal at birth. Basal GABA levels and holo-GAD activity are normal, but the pyridoxal 5' phosphate-inducible apo-enzyme reservoir is significantly decreased. GAD65-/- mice develop spontaneous seizures that result in increased mortality. Seizures can be precipitated by fear or mild stress. Seizure susceptibility is dramatically increased in GAD65-/- mice backcrossed into a second genetic background, the nonobese diabetic (NOD/LtJ) strain of mice enabling electroencephalogram analysis of the seizures. The generally higher basal brain GABA levels in this backcross are significantly decreased by the GAD65-/- mutation, suggesting that the relative contribution of GABA synthesized by GAD65 to total brain GABA levels is genetically determined. Seizure-associated c-fos-like immunoreactivity reveals the involvement of limbic regions of the brain. These data suggest that GABA synthesized by GAD65 is important in the dynamic regulation of neural network excitability, implicate at least one modifier locus in the NOD/LtJ strain, and present GAD65-/- animals as a model of epilepsy involving GABA-ergic pathways.},
	Address = {Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.},
	Author = {Kash, S F and Johnson, R S and Tecott, L H and Noebels, J L and Mayfield, R D and Hanahan, D and Baekkeskov, S},
	Crdt = {1998/02/12 00:00},
	Da = {19980115},
	Date = {1997 Dec 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 12:35:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 12:37:45 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980115},
	Edat = {1998/02/12},
	Gr = {DK41822/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; NS29709/11535/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development; 21 Epilepsy},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain/metabolism; Crosses, Genetic; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy/*enzymology/*genetics/metabolism; Female; Genes, fos; Glutamate Decarboxylase/chemistry/*deficiency/genetics; Isoenzymes/chemistry/*deficiency/genetics; Limbic System/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, Knockout; Molecular Weight; Phenotype; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {1998/02/12 00:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {25},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC28432},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {14060--14065},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	Pmc = {PMC28432},
	pmid = {9391152},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Isoenzymes); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Epilepsy in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Kash_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}}

@article{Tamamaki:2003,
	Abstract = {Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous system regulate the activity of other neurons and play a crucial role in information processing. To assist an advance in the research of GABAergic neurons, here we produced two lines of glutamic acid decarboxylase-green fluorescence protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. The distribution pattern of GFP-positive somata was the same as that of the GAD67 in situ hybridization signal in the central nervous system. We encountered neither any apparent ectopic GFP expression in GAD67-negative cells nor any apparent lack of GFP expression in GAD67-positive neurons in the two GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse lines. The timing of GFP expression also paralleled that of GAD67 expression. Hence, we constructed a map of GFP distribution in the knock-in mouse brain. Moreover, we used the knock-in mice to investigate the colocalization of GFP with NeuN, calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and somatostatin (SS) in the frontal motor cortex. The proportion of GFP-positive cells among NeuN-positive cells (neocortical neurons) was approximately 19.5%. All the CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells appeared positive for GFP. The CR-, PV, and SS-positive cells emitted GFP fluorescence at various intensities characteristics to them. The proportions of CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells among GFP-positive cells were 13.9%, 40.1%, and 23.4%, respectively. Thus, the three subtypes of GABAergic neurons accounted for 77.4% of the GFP-positive cells. They accounted for 6.5% in layer I. In accord with unidentified GFP-positive cells, many medium-sized spherical somata emitting intense GFP fluorescence were observed in layer I.},
	Address = {Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. tamamaki@mbs.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	Author = {Tamamaki, Nobuaki and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Tomioka, Ryohei and Miyazaki, Jun-Ichi and Obata, Kunihiko and Kaneko, Takeshi},
	Copyright = {Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	Crdt = {2003/10/24 05:00},
	Da = {20031023},
	Date = {2003 Dec 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 11:26:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20040115},
	Edat = {2003/10/24 05:00},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071024},
	Mh = {Animals; Blotting, Western; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*analysis; Central Nervous System/*chemistry; Gene Expression; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*analysis/genetics; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Isoenzymes/*analysis/genetics; Luminescent Proteins/diagnostic use/genetics/*metabolism; Mice; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Motor Cortex/chemistry; Neurons/chemistry; Parvalbumins/*analysis; Somatostatin/*analysis; *gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
	Mhda = {2004/01/16 05:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {60--79},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {14574680},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent); 0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (Parvalbumins); 0 (calretinin); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 51110-01-1 (Somatostatin); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 2003 Dec 1;467(1):60-79.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Green fluorescent protein expression and colocalization with calretinin, parvalbumin, and somatostatin in the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse},
	Volume = {467},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Tamamaki_JCompNeurol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10905}}

@article{Kuwana:2003,
	Abstract = {To examine the role of GABA in the respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in neonatal mice, we analyzed the function of the respiratory control system of 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67)-deficient neonatal mice. In these mutant (GAD67-/-) mice, GABA levels in the brainstem were reduced to about 30% of those in wild-type (GAD67+/+) mice. In in vivo preparations, ventilatory parameters were analyzed by whole body plethysmography and electromyography of intercostal muscles. GAD67-/- mice exhibited abnormal respiratory patterns, i.e. irregular respiratory rhythm, and periodic gasp-like respiration followed by shallow breathing with short inspiratory duration and apnea. In in vitro GAD67-/- brainstem-spinal cord preparations, inspiratory C4 burst duration was shorter than that in GAD67+/+ preparations. Whole cell recordings revealed that activities of inspiratory neurons in the ventral medulla of GAD67-/- mice were characterized by a short depolarization period and a paucity of firing during the inspiratory phase. Superfusion of the in vitro GAD67-/- preparation with 10 microM GABA prolonged C4 burst duration and partly restored a normal pattern of inspiration, although the restoration was limited. These results indicate that reduced GABA levels during the perinatal period induce malfunction in the respiratory control system. We suggest that GABAergic transmission is not essential for basic respiratory rhythm generation but plays an important role in the maintenance of regular respiratory rhythm and normal inspiratory pattern in neonatal mice.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan. kuwanas@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp},
	Author = {Kuwana, S and Okada, Y and Sugawara, Y and Tsunekawa, N and Obata, K},
	Crdt = {2003/08/05 05:00},
	Da = {20030804},
	Date = {2003},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 11:26:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 11:28:01 -0400},
	Dcom = {20031204},
	Edat = {2003/08/05 05:00},
	Issn = {0306-4522 (Print)},
	Jid = {7605074},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Jt = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071024},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Stem/physiology; Electromyography; Electrophysiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*deficiency/*metabolism/physiology; Isoenzymes/*deficiency/*metabolism/physiology; Medulla Oblongata/metabolism/*physiology; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Plethysmography; *Respiration; Spinal Cord/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/12/05 05:00},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {861--870},
	Pii = {S0306452203003385},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12895526},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Isoenzymes); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuroscience. 2003;120(3):861-70.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Disturbance of neural respiratory control in neonatal mice lacking GABA synthesizing enzyme 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase},
	Volume = {120},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Endo:2003,
	Abstract = {We investigated characteristics of identified GABAergic neurons in slices of the superficial superior colliculus (sSC) using transgenic mice in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is specifically expressed in GABAergic neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings and intracellular staining with biocytin revealed electrophysiological and morphological properties of GFP-positive neurons. GFP-positive neurons had a tangentially elongated wide dendritic field. In response to depolarizing current pulses, most of the GFP-positive neurons showed either of two firing properties; 55% (n=36/65) generated successive spikes with a constant firing frequency and 22% (n=14/65) showed transient burst firing at a threshold level for spike generation. These results elucidate a functional heterogeneity of GABAergic neurons, and provide fundamental information to understand the function of the GABAergic system in the sSC.},
	Address = {Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. tendo@nips.ac.jp},
	Author = {Endo, Toshiaki and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Obata, Kunihiko and Isa, Tadashi},
	Crdt = {2003/07/10 05:00},
	Da = {20030709},
	Date = {2003 Jul 31},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 11:26:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 11:28:01 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030902},
	Edat = {2003/07/10 05:00},
	Issn = {0304-3940 (Print)},
	Jid = {7600130},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Jt = {Neuroscience letters},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons/chemistry/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/chemistry/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/analysis/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/09/03 05:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1-2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {81--84},
	Pii = {S0304394003005706},
	Pl = {Ireland},
	pmid = {12850553},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Luminescent Proteins); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jul 31;346(1-2):81-4.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Characteristics of GABAergic neurons in the superficial superior colliculus in mice},
	Volume = {346},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Asada:1997,
	Abstract = {In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is presumed to be involved in the development and plasticity of the nervous system. GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), but the respective roles of its two isoforms (GAD65 and 67) have not been determined. The selective elimination of each GAD isoform by gene targeting is expected to clarify these issues. Recently we have produced GAD65 -/- mice and demonstrated that lack of GAD65 does not change brain GABA contents or animal behavior, except for a slight increase in susceptibility to seizures. Here we report the production of GAD67 -/- mice. These mice were born at the expected frequency but died of severe cleft palate during the first morning after birth. GAD activities and GABA contents were reduced to 20% and 7%, respectively, in the cerebral cortex of the newborn GAD67 -/- mice. Their brain, however, did not show any discernible defects. Previous pharmacological and genetic investigations have suggested the involvement of GABA in palate formation, but this is the first demonstration of a role for GAD67-derived GABA in the development of nonneural tissue.},
	Address = {Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444, Japan.},
	Author = {Asada, H and Kawamura, Y and Maruyama, K and Kume, H and Ding, R G and Kanbara, N and Kuzume, H and Sanbo, M and Yagi, T and Obata, K},
	Crdt = {1997/06/10 00:00},
	Da = {19970710},
	Date = {1997 Jun 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-06 11:26:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-06 11:28:01 -0400},
	Dcom = {19970710},
	Edat = {1997/06/10},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Aging/metabolism; Animals; Brain/*metabolism; Cerebral Cortex/growth \& development/metabolism; Cleft Palate/*genetics/*metabolism; Genotype; Glutamate Decarboxylase/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism; Isoenzymes/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Neurologic Mutants; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis; Transcription, Genetic; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {1997/06/10 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {12},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC21078},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6496--6499},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	Pmc = {PMC21078},
	pmid = {9177246},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (RNA, Messenger); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cleft palate and decreased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in mice lacking the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Asada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}}

@article{Lund:1972,
	Author = {Lund, J S and Lund, R D},
	Crdt = {1972/07/13 00:00},
	Da = {19720921},
	Date = {1972 Jul 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 21:05:52 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-05 21:06:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {19720921},
	Edat = {1972/07/13},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Form Perception; Rats; *Sensory Deprivation; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/*growth \& development; Synapses/*growth \& development; *Vision, Ocular; Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {1972/07/13 00:01},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {21--32},
	Pii = {0006-8993(72)90039-X},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {5047191},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res. 1972 Jul 13;42(1):21-32.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The effects of varying periods of visual deprivation on synaptogenesis in the superior colliculus of the rat},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1972},
	url = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972.pdf}}

@article{Lund:1972a,
	Author = {Lund, R D and Lund, J S},
	Crdt = {1972/07/13 00:00},
	Da = {19720921},
	Date = {1972 Jul 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 21:05:52 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-05 21:06:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {19720921},
	Edat = {1972/07/13},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Retina/innervation; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/*growth \& development; Synapses/*growth \& development; Visual Pathways/growth \& development},
	Mhda = {1972/07/13 00:01},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1--20},
	Pii = {0006-8993(72)90038-8},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {5047186},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of synaptic patterns in the superior colliculus of the rat},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1972},
	url = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972a.pdf}}

@article{Aamodt:2000,
	Abstract = {Maturation of excitatory synaptic connections depends on the amount and pattern of their activity, and activity can affect development of inhibitory synapses as well. In the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus (sSC), developmental increases in the effectiveness of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition may be driven by the maturation of visual inputs. In the rat sSC, GABA(A) receptor currents significantly jump in amplitude between postnatal days 17 and 18 (P17 and P18), approximately when the effects of cortical inputs are first detected in collicular neurons. We manipulated the development of these currents in vivo by implanting a drug-infused slice of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Elvax over the superior colliculus of P8 rats to chronically release from this plastic low levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Sham-treated control animals received a similar implant containing only the solvent for NMDA. To examine the effects of this treatment on the development of GABA-mediated neurotransmission, we used whole cell voltage-clamp recording of spontaneous synaptic currents (sPSCs) from sSC neurons in untreated, NMDA-treated, and sham-treated superior colliculus slices ranging in age from 10 to 20 days postnatal. Both amplitude and frequency of sPSCs were studied at holding potentials of +50 mV in the presence and absence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI). The normal developmental increase in GABA(A) receptor currents occurred on schedule (P18) in sham-treated sSC, but NMDA treatment caused premature up-regulation (P12). The average sPSCs in early NMDA-treated neurons were significantly larger than in age-matched sham controls or in age-matched, untreated neurons. No differences in average sPSC amplitudes across treatments or ages were present in BMI-insensitive, predominantly glutamatergic synaptic currents of the same neurons. NMDA treatment also significantly increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), measured by quantitative western blotting with staining at P13 and P19. Cell counting using the dissector method for MAP 2 and GAD(67) at P13 and P19 indicated that the differences in GABAergic transmission were not due to increases in the proportion of inhibitory to excitatory neurons after NMDA treatment. However, chronic treatments begun at P8 with Elvax containing both NMDA and BMI significantly decreased total neuron density at P19 ( approximately 15%), suggesting that the NMDA-induced increase in GABA(A) receptor currents may protect against excitotoxicity.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Author = {Aamodt, S M and Shi, J and Colonnese, M T and Veras, W and Constantine-Paton, M},
	Crdt = {2000/03/11 09:00},
	Da = {20000411},
	Date = {2000 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 20:45:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-05 20:45:56 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000411},
	Edat = {2000/03/11 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-06039/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS-09569/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; NS-32290/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; etc.},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Aging/physiology; Animals; Carrier Proteins/metabolism; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiology; Female; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lysine/analogs \& derivatives; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Membrane Proteins/metabolism; *Membrane Transport Proteins; N-Methylaspartate/*pharmacology; Neurons/ultrastructure; *Organic Anion Transporters; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2000/04/15 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1580--1591},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10712481},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Carrier Proteins); 0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 0 (Membrane Transport Proteins); 0 (Organic Anion Transporters); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-87-1 (Lysine); 576-19-2 (biocytin); 6384-92-5 (N-Methylaspartate); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 2000 Mar;83(3):1580-91.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Chronic NMDA exposure accelerates development of GABAergic inhibition in the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Aamodt_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}}

@article{Shi:1997,
	Abstract = {Activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor is required for activity-dependent structural plasticity in many areas of the young brain. Previous work has shown that NMDA receptor currents decline approximately at the time that developmental synaptic plasticity ends, and in situ hybridization studies have suggested that receptor subunit changes may be occurring during the same developmental interval. To establish a system in which the relationship between these properties of developing synapses can be explored, we have combined patch-clamp recordings with mRNA- and protein-level biochemical analyses to study the developmental regulation of NMDA receptors in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus. These experiments document an abrupt decrease in the NMDA receptor contribution to synaptic currents that occurs before eye opening and is closely associated with changes in NR1 protein, rapidly rising levels of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, and decreasing levels of NR2B. The functional and molecular changes also are correlated with the developmental decline in structural plasticity in these layers. In addition, both physiological and biochemical methods show evidence of GABA-mediated inhibition in the superficial collicular layers beginning after eye opening. This may provide an additional heterosynaptic mechanism for controlling excitation and plasticity in this neuropil by pattern vision. Thus our findings lend support to the idea that high levels of NMDA receptor function are associated with the potential for structural rearrangement in CNS neuropil and that the functional downregulation of this molecule results, at least partially, from changes in its subunit composition.},
	Address = {Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Author = {Shi, J and Aamodt, S M and Constantine-Paton, M},
	Crdt = {1997/08/15 00:00},
	Da = {19970828},
	Date = {1997 Aug 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 20:45:26 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-05 20:45:56 -0400},
	Dcom = {19970828},
	Edat = {1997/08/15},
	Gr = {NS09569/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; NS32290/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Electrophysiology; Female; Gene Expression/physiology; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Pregnancy; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/chemistry/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1997/08/15 00:01},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {16},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6264--6276},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9236237},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (RNA, Messenger); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Temporal correlations between functional and molecular changes in NMDA receptors and GABA neurotransmission in the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Shi_JNeurosci1997.pdf}}

@article{Chiu:2002,
	Abstract = {Utilizing a multielectrode array to record spontaneous and visually evoked activity of cortical neurons in area 17, we investigate the relationship between long-range correlated spontaneous activity and functional ocular dominance columns during early ferret postnatal development (P24-P29). In regions of visual cortex containing alternating ocular dominance patches, periodic fluctuations in correlated activity are observed in which spontaneous activity is most highly correlated between cortical patches exhibiting the same eye preference. However, these fluctuations are present even within large contralateral eye-dominated bands which lack any periodic alternations in ocular dominance. Thus, the organization of ocular dominance columns cannot fully account for the patterns of correlated activity we observe. Our results suggest that patterns of long-range correlated activity reflect an intrinsic periodicity of cortical connectivity that is constrained by segregated eye-specific LGN afferents.},
	Address = {Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.},
	Author = {Chiu, Chiayu and Weliky, Michael},
	Crdt = {2002/10/02 04:00},
	Da = {20020930},
	Date = {2002 Sep 12},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 14:39:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Dcom = {20021022},
	Edat = {2002/10/02 04:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; visual system; visual cortex; LGN; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual/*physiology; Ferrets; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Male; Neural Pathways/cytology/physiology; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/physiology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/10/31 04:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1123--1134},
	Pii = {S089662730200867X},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12354401},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Relationship of correlated spontaneous activity to functional ocular dominance columns in the developing visual cortex},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Chiu_Neuron2002.pdf}}

@article{Mooney:1996,
	Abstract = {Before vision, retinal ganglion cells produce spontaneous waves of action potentials. A crucial question is whether this spontaneous activity is transmitted to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons. Using a novel in vitro preparation, we report that LGN neurons receive periodic barrages of postsynaptic currents from the retina that drive them to fire bursts of action potentials. Groups of LGN neurons are highly correlated in their firing. Experiments in wild-type and NMDAR1 knockout mice show that NMDA receptor activation is not necessary for firing. The transmission of the highly correlated retinal activity to the LGN supports the hypothesis that retinal waves drive retinogeniculate synaptic remodeling. Because LGN neurons are driven to fire action potentials, this spontaneous activity could also act more centrally to influence synaptic modification within the developing visual cortex.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.},
	Author = {Mooney, R and Penn, A A and Gallego, R and Shatz, C J},
	Crdt = {1996/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19970107},
	Date = {1996 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 13:59:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 18:43:57 +0000},
	Dcom = {19970107},
	Edat = {1996/11/01},
	Gr = {GM 07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States; MH48108/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology; Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Anesthetics/pharmacology; Animals; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies/*cytology; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Neurons/chemistry/physiology; Receptors, AMPA/physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology; Retina/*cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Visual Pathways},
	Mhda = {1996/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {863-874},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(00)80218-4},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {8938119},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Anesthetics); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, AMPA); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 115066-14-3 (6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Thalamic relay of spontaneous retinal activity prior to vision},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Mooney_Neuron1996.pdf}}

@article{Hanganu:2007,
	Abstract = {Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to shape the adult neocortical activity related to behavioral states and processing of sensory information. However, the impact of cholinergic input on the neonatal neuronal activity remains widely unknown. Early during development, the principal activity pattern in the primary visual (V1) cortex is the intermittent self-organized spindle burst oscillation that can be driven by the retinal waves. Here, we assessed the relationship between this early activity pattern and the cholinergic drive by either blocking or augmenting the cholinergic input and investigating the resultant effects on the activity of the rat visual cortex during the first postnatal week in vivo. Blockade of the muscarinic receptors by intracerebroventricular, intracortical, or supracortical atropine application decreased the occurrence of V1 spindle bursts by 50%, both the retina-independent and the optic nerve-mediated spindle bursts being affected. In contrast, blockade of acetylcholine esterase with physostigmine augmented the occurrence, amplitude, and duration of V1 spindle bursts. Whereas direct stimulation of the cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei increased the occurrence probability of V1 spindle bursts, their chronic immunotoxic lesion using 192 IgG-saporin decreased the occurrence of neonatal V1 oscillatory activity by 87%. Thus, the cholinergic input facilitates the neonatal V1 spindle bursts and may prime the developing cortex to operate specifically on relevant early (retinal waves) and later (visual input) stimuli.},
	Address = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediterranee, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U29, 13273 Marseille, France. hanganu@uni-mainz.de},
	Author = {Hanganu, Ileana L and Staiger, Jochen F and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Crdt = {2007/05/25 09:00},
	Da = {20070524},
	Date = {2007 May 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-05 13:13:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070622},
	Edat = {2007/05/25 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cholinergic Agents/*pharmacology; Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology; Cholinergic Antagonists/pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers/drug effects/*physiology; Male; Rats; Receptors, Muscarinic; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology; Visual Cortex/drug effects/*growth \& development; Visual Pathways/drug effects/growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2007/06/23 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {21},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {5694--5705},
	Pii = {27/21/5694},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17522314},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Cholinergic Agents); 0 (Cholinergic Agonists); 0 (Cholinergic Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, Muscarinic)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cholinergic modulation of spindle bursts in the neonatal rat visual cortex in vivo},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5233-06.2007}}

@article{Zhou:2000,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous waves of excitation in the developing mammalian retina are mediated, to a large extent, by neurotransmission. However, it is unclear how the underlying neurotransmitter systems interact with each other to play specific roles in the formation of retinal waves at various developmental stages. In particular, it is puzzling why the waves maintain a similar propagation pattern even after underlying neurotransmitter systems have undergone drastic developmental changes. Using Ca(2+) imaging and patch clamp in a whole-mount preparation of the developing rabbit retina, we discovered two dramatic and coordinated transitions in the excitatory drive for retinal waves: one from a nicotinic to a muscarinic system, and the other from a fast cholinergic to a fast glutamatergic input. Retinal waves before the age of postnatal day 1 (P1) were blocked by nicotinic antagonists, but not by muscarinic or glutamatergic antagonists. After P3, however, the spontaneous wave, whose basic spatiotemporal pattern remained similar, was completely inhibited by muscarinic or glutamate antagonists, but not by nicotinic antagonists. We also found that the muscarinic drive, mediated primarily by M1 and M3 receptors, was particularly important for wave propagation, whereas the glutamatergic drive seemed more important for local excitation. Our results suggest (1) a novel mechanism by which a neurotransmitter system changes its functional role via a switch between two completely different classes of receptors for the same transmitter, (2) the cholinergic system plays a critical role in not only early but also late spontaneous waves, and (3) the continued participation of the cholinergic system may provide a network basis for the consistency in the overall propagation pattern of spontaneous retinal waves.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA. zhoujimmy@exchange.uams.edu},
	Author = {Zhou, Z J and Zhao, D},
	Crdt = {2000/08/31 11:00},
	Da = {20000928},
	Date = {2000 Sep 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 20:07:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-21 15:14:51 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000928},
	Edat = {2000/08/31 11:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY01894/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; retina; visual system; Acetylcholine; Glutamate},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/*pharmacology; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Atropine/*pharmacology; Bungarotoxins/pharmacology; Calcium/physiology; Curare/*pharmacology; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Fluorescent Dyes; Fura-2/analogs \& derivatives; Hexamethonium/pharmacology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Muscarine/pharmacology; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology; Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology; Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Piperidines/pharmacology; Rabbits; Retina/embryology/growth \& development/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2000/09/30 11:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {17},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6570--6577},
	Pii = {20/17/6570},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10964962},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Bungarotoxins); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Muscarinic Antagonists); 0 (Neurotransmitter Agents); 0 (Nicotinic Antagonists); 0 (Piperidines); 105344-37-4 (fura-2-am); 115066-14-3 (6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione); 300-54-9 (Muscarine); 51-55-8 (Atropine); 54-77-3 (Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide); 60-26-4 (Hexamethonium); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 8063-06-7 (Curare); 81405-11-0 (4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium); 96314-98-6 (Fura-2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Coordinated transitions in neurotransmitter systems for the initiation and propagation of spontaneous retinal waves},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Zhang:2006,
	Abstract = {GABA and glycine provide excitatory action during early development: they depolarize neurons and increase intracellular calcium concentration. As neurons mature, GABA and glycine become inhibitory. This switch from excitation to inhibition is thought to result from a shift of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) from high to low, but in retina, measurements of [Cl-]i or chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) during development have not been made. Using the developing mouse retina, we systematically measured [Cl-]i in parallel with GABA's actions on calcium and chloride. In ganglion and amacrine cells, fura-2 imaging showed that before postnatal day (P) 6, exogenous GABA, acting via ionotropic GABA receptors, evoked calcium rise, which persisted in HCO3- -free buffer but was blocked with 0 extracellular calcium. After P6, GABA switched to inhibiting spontaneous calcium transients. Concomitant with this switch we observed the following: 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide (MEQ) chloride imaging showed that GABA caused an efflux of chloride before P6 and an influx afterward; gramicidin-perforated-patch recordings showed that the reversal potential for GABA decreased from -45 mV, near threshold for voltage-activated calcium channel, to -60 mV, near resting potential; MEQ imaging showed that [Cl-]i shifted steeply around P6 from 29 to 14 mM, corresponding to a decline of ECl from -39 to -58 mV. We also show that GABAergic amacrine cells became stratified by P4, potentially allowing GABA's excitatory action to shape circuit connectivity. Our results support the hypothesis that a shift from high [Cl-]i to low causes GABA to switch from excitatory to inhibitory.},
	Address = {Deaprtment of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.},
	Author = {Zhang, Ling-Li and Pathak, Hemal R and Coulter, Douglas A and Freed, Michael A and Vardi, Noga},
	Crdt = {2005/12/24 09:00},
	Da = {20060322},
	Date = {2006 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 20:05:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060925},
	Dep = {20051221},
	Edat = {2005/12/24 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-00828/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY-11105/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY-13333/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS-32403/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; NS-38572/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Aging/physiology; Amacrine Cells/*metabolism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology; Calcium Channels/physiology; Chlorides/*metabolism; Diagnostic Imaging/methods; Fura-2; Gramicidin; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Quinolinium Compounds; Receptors, GABA/physiology; Retina/*growth \& development/physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*metabolism; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/09/26 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2404--2416},
	Phst = {2005/12/21 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {00578.2005},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16371454},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Calcium Channels); 0 (Chlorides); 0 (Quinolinium Compounds); 0 (Receptors, GABA); 134907-10-1 (6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium); 1405-97-6 (Gramicidin); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 96314-98-6 (Fura-2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Shift of intracellular chloride concentration in ganglion and amacrine cells of developing mouse retina},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00578.2005}}

@article{Lien:2006a,
	Abstract = {Local GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) circuits contribute to sensory experience-dependent refinement of neuronal connections in the developing nervous system, but whether GABAergic synapses themselves can be rapidly modified by sensory stimuli is largely unknown. Here we report that repetitive light stimuli or theta burst stimulation (TBS) of the optic nerve in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system induces long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic inputs but long-term depression (LTD) of GABAergic inputs to the same tectal neuron. The LTD is due to a reduction in presynaptic GABA release and requires activation of presynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) and coincident high-level GABAergic activity. Thus, the presynaptic NMDAR may function as a coincidence detector for adjacent glutamatergic and GABAergic activities, leading to coordinated synaptic modification by sensory experience.},
	Address = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.},
	Author = {Lien, Cheng-Chang and Mu, Yangling and Vargas-Caballero, Mariana and Poo, Mu-ming},
	Crdt = {2006/02/14 09:00},
	Da = {20060224},
	Date = {2006 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 20:05:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060414},
	Dep = {20060212},
	Edat = {2006/02/14 09:00},
	Gr = {EY014949/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium Signaling/drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Glutamic Acid/metabolism; Larva; Long-Term Synaptic Depression/drug effects/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects/*metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism; Retina/cytology/*growth \& development/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*growth \& development/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology; Vision, Ocular/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/growth \& development/metabolism; Xenopus laevis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/04/15 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {372--380},
	Phst = {2005/12/08 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/01/24 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/02/12 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1649},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16474391},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Visual stimuli-induced LTD of GABAergic synapses mediated by presynaptic NMDA receptors},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Lien_NatNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1649}}

@article{Maffei:1990,
	Abstract = {The spontaneous discharges of neighboring retinal ganglion cells were recorded simultaneously in anesthetized prenatal rats between embryonic days 18 and 21. We report here that in the majority of cases the firings of neighboring retinal ganglion cells are strongly correlated during prenatal life. Correlation in the discharges of neighboring cells during development has long been suggested as a way to consolidate synaptic connections with a target cell onto which they converge, a model first proposed by Hebb. Correlation in the activities of neighboring neurons in the retina could be the basis of developmental processes such as refinement of retinotopic maps in the brain and segregation of the inputs from the two eyes.},
	Address = {Istituto di Neurofisiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy.},
	Author = {Maffei, L and Galli-Resta, L},
	Crdt = {1990/04/01 00:00},
	Da = {19900504},
	Date = {1990 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 16:34:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:02:05 +0000},
	Dcom = {19900504},
	Edat = {1990/04/01},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {retinal wave paper; in vivo; Rats; rodent; Embryo and Fetal Development; spontaneous activity; activity-development; Anesthesia; urethane; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Communication; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Fetus/physiology; Rats; Retina/*embryology/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1990/04/01 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC53791},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2861-2864},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	Pmc = {PMC53791},
	pmid = {2320593},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Correlation in the discharges of neighboring rat retinal ganglion cells during prenatal life},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Maffei_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}}

@article{Mu:2006,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience plays an instructive role in the development of the nervous system. Here we showed that visual experience can induce persistent modification of developing retinotectal circuits via spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Pairing light stimuli with spiking of the tectal cell induced persistent enhancement or reduction of light-evoked responses, with a dependence on the relative timing between light stimulus and postsynaptic spiking similar to that for STDP. Using precisely timed sequential three-bar stimulation to mimic a moving bar, we showed that spike timing-dependent LTP/LTD can account for the asymmetric modification of the tectal cell receptive field induced by moving bar. Furthermore, selective inhibition of signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nitric oxide, which are respectively required for light-induced LTP and LTD, interfered with moving bar-induced temporally specific changes in the tectal cell responses. Together, these findings suggest that STDP can mediate sensory experience-dependent circuit refinement in the developing nervous system.},
	Address = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. mpoo@uclink.berkeley.edu},
	Author = {Mu, Yangling and Poo, Mu-Ming},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):5-7. PMID: 16600848},
	Crdt = {2006/04/08 09:00},
	Da = {20060407},
	Date = {2006 Apr 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060602},
	Edat = {2006/04/08 09:00},
	Gr = {EY014979/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS 36999/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; Action Potentials/drug effects/*physiology/radiation effects; Animals; Carbazoles/pharmacology; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Long-Term Synaptic Depression/drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Motion Perception/*physiology; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects/*physiology; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods; Photic Stimulation/methods; Reaction Time/physiology; Retina/*physiology; *Superior Colliculi/cytology/physiology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Xenopus laevis},
	Mhda = {2006/06/03 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {115--125},
	Phst = {2005/10/11 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/02/02 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/03/01 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00177-2},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16600860},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Carbazoles); 0 (Enzyme Inhibitors); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Indole Alkaloids); 50903-99-6 (NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate); 97161-97-2 (K 252)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):115-25.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spike timing-dependent LTP/LTD mediates visual experience-dependent plasticity in a developing retinotectal system},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Mu_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.009}}

@article{Vislay-Meltzer:2006,
	Abstract = {The precise temporal relation between pre- and postsynaptic activity modulates the strength of synaptic connections. Despite its extensive characterization in vivo and in vitro, the degree to which spike timing-dependent plasticity can shape receptive field properties is unclear. We use in vivo patch-clamp recordings of tectal neurons in developing Xenopus tadpoles to control the precise timing of action potentials with respect to the arrival of a subset of visual inputs evoked by local light stimulation on the retina. The pattern of visual inputs onto a tectal neuron was tracked over time by rapid reverse correlation mapping of receptive fields. Spike timing-dependent potentiation or depression of a subset of synapses reliably shifts the spatial receptive fields toward or away from the trained subregion of visual space, respectively. These results demonstrate that natural patterns of activity evoked by sensory stimuli play an instructive role in the developing nervous system.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. vislay@mcb.harvard.edu},
	Author = {Vislay-Meltzer, Rebecca L and Kampff, Adam R and Engert, Florian},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):5-7. PMID: 16600848},
	Crdt = {2006/04/08 09:00},
	Da = {20060407},
	Date = {2006 Apr 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060602},
	Edat = {2006/04/08 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY0144429-01A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology/radiation effects; Animals; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials/physiology/radiation effects; Larva; Neurons/*physiology/radiation effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Retina/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Time Factors; Visual Fields/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*cytology; Visual Perception/physiology; Xenopus},
	Mhda = {2006/06/03 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {101--114},
	Phst = {2005/10/28 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/12/21 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/02/06 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00133-4},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16600859},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):101-14.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal specificity of neuronal activity directs the modification of receptive fields in the developing retinotectal system},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Vislay-Meltzer_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.016}}

@article{Engert:2002,
	Abstract = {During development of the visual system, the pattern of visual inputs may have an instructive role in refining developing neural circuits. How visual inputs of specific spatiotemporal patterns shape the circuit development remains largely unknown. We report here that, in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system, the receptive field of tectal neurons can be 'trained' to become direction-sensitive within minutes after repetitive exposure of the retina to moving bars in a particular direction. The induction of direction-sensitivity depends on the speed of the moving bar, can not be induced by random visual stimuli, and is accompanied by an asymmetric modification of the tectal neuron's receptive field. Furthermore, such training-induced changes require spiking of the tectal neuron and activation of a NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of glutamate receptors during training, and are attributable to an activity-induced enhancement of glutamate-mediated inputs. Thus, developing neural circuits can be modified rapidly and specifically by visual inputs of defined spatiotemporal patterns, in a manner consistent with predictions based on spike-time-dependent synaptic modification.},
	Address = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.},
	Author = {Engert, Florian and Tao, Huizhong W and Zhang, Li I and Poo, Mu-ming},
	Crdt = {2002/10/10 04:00},
	Da = {20021007},
	Date = {2002 Oct 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20021017},
	Edat = {2002/10/10 04:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Motion Perception/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Retina/embryology/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/embryology/*physiology; Synapses; Visual Pathways; Xenopus laevis},
	Mhda = {2002/10/18 04:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6906},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {470--475},
	Phst = {2002/05/06 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2002/07/12 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature00988},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12368854},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2002 Oct 3;419(6906):470-5.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Moving visual stimuli rapidly induce direction sensitivity of developing tectal neurons},
	Volume = {419},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Engert_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00988}}

@article{Debski:2002,
	Abstract = {It is now 15 years since the discovery that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activity is required to maintain the refined topographic organization of retinotectal projections. Recent studies have identified additional components of the signaling pathways required for activity-dependent map formation and maintenance. Nitric oxide and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, candidate retrograde messengers, and serotonin and acetylcholine, modulators of neuronal excitability, all affect mapping. These studies indicate that the mapping process intersects with other processes fundamental to visual system development and function, such as process outgrowth, synaptic turnover and neuromodulation.},
	Address = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, 101 Morgan Biological Science Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.},
	Author = {Debski, Elizabeth A and Cline, Hollis T},
	Crdt = {2002/02/28 10:00},
	Da = {20020225},
	Date = {2002 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020404},
	Edat = {2002/02/28 10:00},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Neural Pathways/physiology; Retina/*cytology/*embryology; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/*embryology},
	Mhda = {2002/04/12 10:01},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {93--99},
	Pii = {S0959438802002957},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {11861170},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {71},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002 Feb;12(1):93-9.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Activity-dependent mapping in the retinotectal projection},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Debski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Gnuegge:2001,
	Abstract = {The formation of a retinotopic map is thought to involve an activity-independent molecular phase for early steps of both axon pathfinding and projection and a later phase in which cross talk between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and tectal neurons modifies and refines the neuronal connections. We report that the maturation of the retinotopic map in the zebrafish tectum involves activity-dependent processes. Zebrafish larvae mutant for the gene macho (mao) lack neuronal activity in RGCs and also display an enlarged retinotectal projection field but no significant increase in single axon length. This morphological defect can be phenocopied by raising larvae under TTX-induced neural impulse blockade. The effect of activity deprivation is dependent on the developmental stage. The projection phenotype in mao as well as in the TTX-treated larvae develops between 4 and 6 d post-fertilization (dpf), after complete tectal coverage is first achieved. Electrophysiological recordings of RGCs in wild-type and mao zebrafish larvae reveal a temporally regulated reduction of sodium current in the mutant between 5 and 6 dpf. This coincides with the time of the axonal projection shifting on the tectum to compensate for the disparate growth patterns of the retina and the tectum. Our genetic and physiological analyses suggest a model in which neuronal activity in RGCs is needed for the establishment of morphological plasticity.},
	Address = {Max-Planck-Institut fur Entwicklungsbiologie, 72076 Tubingen, Germany, and Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.},
	Author = {Gnuegge, L and Schmid, S and Neuhauss, S C},
	Crdt = {2001/05/23 10:00},
	Da = {20010524},
	Date = {2001 May 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010621},
	Edat = {2001/05/23 10:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Eye Movements/drug effects/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Genes, Recessive; Microinjections; Mutation/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects/physiology; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology; Retina/cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/physiology; Sodium/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Tetrodotoxin/administration \& dosage; Visual Pathways/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Zebrafish},
	Mhda = {2001/06/22 10:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3542--3548},
	Pii = {21/10/3542},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11331383},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin); 7440-23-5 (Sodium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 2001 May 15;21(10):3542-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Analysis of the activity-deprived zebrafish mutant macho reveals an essential requirement of neuronal activity for the development of a fine-grained visuotopic map},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Gnuegge_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Constantine-Paton:1990,
	Address = {Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.},
	Author = {Constantine-Paton, M and Cline, H T and Debski, E},
	Crdt = {1990/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19900524},
	Date = {1990},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19900524},
	Edat = {1990/01/01},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Functional Laterality/physiology; Geniculate Bodies/*growth \& development/physiology; *Neuronal Plasticity; Retina/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/physiology},
	Mhda = {1990/01/01 00:01},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {129--154},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {2183671},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {142},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990;13:129-54.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Patterned activity, synaptic convergence, and the NMDA receptor in developing visual pathways},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Constantine-Paton_AnnuRevNeurosci1990.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.001021}}

@article{Scherer:1989,
	Abstract = {Glutamate receptors appear to play a key role in several forms of experience-dependent modification of both the strength of synapses and synaptic connectivity. In developing Xenopus frogs, the connections made by isthmotectal axons relaying visual input from the eye to the ipsilateral tectum are markedly influenced by the visual activity of contralateral retinotectal axons, and normal binocular visual input is necessary in order for the ipsilateral visuotectal map to come into register with the contralateral map. We have tested whether NMDA receptors play a role in establishment of the topographic matching of binocular maps during development. We have examined the effects of chronic treatment of tectum with either the receptor agonist NMDA or the antagonists APV or CPP applied throughout early postmetamorphic life using subpial implants of drug-impregnated elvax. Both antagonists blocked the matching of the ipsilateral map to the contralateral map, while NMDA permitted such matching. Our data therefore indicate that NMDA receptors are involved in the experience-dependent establishment of matching binocular maps during development.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214.},
	Author = {Scherer, W J and Udin, S B},
	Crdt = {1989/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19900103},
	Date = {1989 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19900103},
	Edat = {1989/11/01},
	Gr = {EY-03470/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/*pharmacology; Animals; Anticonvulsants/pharmacology; Aspartic Acid/antagonists \& inhibitors/pharmacology; Functional Laterality; N-Methylaspartate; Piperazines/*pharmacology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*physiology; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Superior Colliculi/drug effects/*physiology; Visual Fields/*drug effects; Xenopus},
	Mhda = {1989/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3837--3843},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {2573697},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Anticonvulsants); 0 (Piperazines); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 0 (Receptors, Neurotransmitter); 100828-16-8 (3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid); 56-84-8 (Aspartic Acid); 6384-92-5 (N-Methylaspartate); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 1989 Nov;9(11):3837-43.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists prevent interaction of binocular maps in Xenopus tectum},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Scherer_JNeurosci1989.pdf}}

@article{Schmidt:1985,
	Abstract = {During regeneration of the optic nerve in goldfish, the ingrowing retinal fibers successfully seek out their correct places in the overall retinotopic projection on the tectum. Chemospecific cell-surface interactions appear to be sufficient to organize only a crude retinotopic map on the tectum during regeneration. Precise retinotopic ordering appears to be achieved via an activity-dependent stabilization of appropriate synapses and is based upon the correlated activity of neighboring ganglion cells of the same receptive-field type in the retina. Four treatments have been found to block the sharpening process: (a) blocking the activity of the ganglion cells with intraocular tetrodotoxin (TTX), (b) rearing in total darkness, (c) correlating the activation of all ganglion cells via stroboscopic illumination and (d) blocking retinotectal synaptic transmission with alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBTX). These experiments support a role for correlated visually driven activity in sharpening the diffuse projection and suggest that this correlated activity interacts within the postsynaptic cells, probably through the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Other experiments support the concept that effective synapses are stabilized: a local postsynaptic block of transmission causes a local disruption in the retinotectal map. The changes that occur during this disruption suggest that each arbor can move to maximize its synaptic efficacy. In development, initial retinotectal projections are often diffuse and may undergo a similar activity-dependent sharpening. Indirect retinotectal maps, as well as auditory maps, appear to be brought into register with the direct retinotopic projections by promoting the convergence of contacts with correlated activity. A similar mechanism may drive both the formation of ocular dominance patches in fish tectum and kitten visual cortex and the segregation of different receptive-field types in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Activity-dependent synaptic stabilization may therefore be a general mechanism whereby the diffuse projections of early development are brought to the precise, mature level of organization.},
	Author = {Schmidt, J T},
	Crdt = {1985/06/01 00:00},
	Da = {19851024},
	Date = {1985 Jun},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19851024},
	Edat = {1985/06/01},
	Gr = {EY 03736/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0272-4340 (Print)},
	Jid = {8200709},
	Journal = {Cell Mol Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Cellular and molecular neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Birds; Brain/growth \& development; Cats; Cell Adhesion; Chick Embryo; Cricetinae; Electrophysiology; Goldfish; Haplorhini; Models, Neurological; Neuromuscular Junction/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina/*growth \& development; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development; Synaptic Transmission; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development; Xenopus},
	Mhda = {1985/06/01 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {1-2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {65--84},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {2992788},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1985 Jun;5(1-2):65-84.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Formation of retinotopic connections: selective stabilization by an activity-dependent mechanism},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Schmidt_CellMolNeurobiol1985.pdf}}

@article{Meyer:1983,
	Abstract = {One optic nerve of mature goldfish was crushed in the orbit and allowed to regenerate. During regeneration impulse activity was eliminated by periodic intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX). At 32-104 days, the retinotopography of the retinotectal projection was measured autoradiographically by intraocular [3H]proline injections simultaneous with either small (10-20 degrees sector) or half retinal mapping lesions. TTX had no effect on the time-course and quality of the regeneration of gross topography seen with half retina mapping, but indefinitely inhibited higher order (refined) retinotopography normally seen by 2 months with retina sector mapping.},
	Author = {Meyer, R L},
	Crdt = {1983/02/01 00:00},
	Da = {19830527},
	Date = {1983 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19830527},
	Edat = {1983/02/01},
	Gr = {NS 15381/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Goldfish/physiology; Nerve Regeneration/*drug effects; Optic Nerve/drug effects/*physiology; Optic Nerve Injuries; Retina/*physiology; Tetrodotoxin/*pharmacology; Visual Fields},
	Mhda = {1983/02/01 00:01},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {293--298},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {6831250},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res. 1983 Feb;282(3):293-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Tetrodotoxin inhibits the formation of refined retinotopography in goldfish},
	Volume = {282},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Udin:1983,
	Abstract = {Throughout the normal vertebrate brain, visual maps form the left and right eyes overlap and are in register with one another. Visual input has a major role in the development of the pathways which mediate these binocular projections. A dramatic example of the developmental role of sensory input occurs in the isthmo-tectal projection, which is part of the polysynaptic relay from the eye to the ipsilateral tectum of the frog, Xenopus laevis. If one eye is rotated when the animal is still a tadpole, the isthmic axons respond by changing the topography of their terminations in the tectum; for example, a given isthmo-tectal axon which normally would connect with medial tectum can be induced to terminate in lateral tectum. Such rearrangements bring the ipsilateral visual map into register with the contralateral retinotectal map, even though one eye has been rotated. Indirect evidence has suggested that after early eye rotation, isthmo-tectal axons do not grow directly to their new tectal targets but instead reach those targets by routes which pass through their normal termination zones. Here I have used anterograde horseradish peroxidase labelling of isthmo-tectal fibres to show the trajectories of such axons and to compare them with the routes which axons take when allowed to develop normally. Tracings of individual axons in flat-mounted, unsectioned tecta show that most axons in normal Xenopus follow fairly straight paths in the tectum. In contrast, early eye rotation causes many isthmo-tectal axons to follow crooked, circuitous pathways before they terminate.},
	Author = {Udin, S B},
	Crdt = {1983/01/27 00:00},
	Da = {19830311},
	Date = {1983 Jan 27},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-03 13:22:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19830311},
	Edat = {1983/01/27},
	Gr = {EY 03470/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/physiology; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Xenopus laevis/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1983/01/27 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5898},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {336--338},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {6823306},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 1983 Jan 27;301(5898):336-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Abnormal visual input leads to development of abnormal axon trajectories in frogs},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Udin_Nature1983.pdf}}

@article{Constantine-Paton:1978,
	Abstract = {An extra eye primordium was implanted into the forebrain region of embryonic Rana pipiens. During development both normal and supernumerary optic tracts terminated within a single, previously uninnervated tectal lobe. Autoradiographic tracing of either the normal or supernumerary eye's projection revealed distinct, eye-specific bands of radioactivity running rostrocaudally through the dually innervated tectum. Interactions among axons of retinal ganglion cells, possibly mediated through tectal neurons, must be invoked to explain this stereotyped disruption of the normally continuous retinal termination pattern.},
	Author = {Constantine-Paton, M and Law, M I},
	Crdt = {1978/11/10 00:00},
	Da = {19781227},
	Date = {1978 Nov 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 13:19:49 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-11-14 10:42:51 -0800},
	Dcom = {19781227},
	Edat = {1978/11/10},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Anura; Electrophysiology; Eye/transplantation; Rana pipiens; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology/growth \& development; Transplantation, Homologous; Visual Pathways/*embryology/growth \& development/physiology},
	Mhda = {1978/11/10 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4368},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {639--641},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {309179},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Eye-specific termination bands in tecta of three-eyed frogs},
	Volume = {202},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Constantine-Paton_Science1978.pdf}}

@article{Hebb1953,
	Author = {D.O. Hebb},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 11:29:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2018-01-16 22:24:48 +0000},
	Issn = {0950-5601},
	Journal = {The British Journal of Animal Behaviour},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {43 - 47},
	Title = {Heredity and environment in mammalian behaviour},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1953},
	url = {papers/Hebb_TheBritishJournalofAnimalBehaviour1953.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XNC-4JT84T7-2/2/e12e8878a063f329c65dba1acbe907d6},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0950-5601(53)80053-5}}

@article{Shah:2006,
	Abstract = {Successful suckling is vital to the survival of mammalian newborns. In many mammals, nursing behavior is triggered by maternally derived odors. Such odors may also promote the learned association of odorant cues present in the environment during nursing.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy, 1550 4th Street, MC 2722, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. nms@ucsf.edu},
	Author = {Shah, Nirao M},
	Con = {Curr Biol. 2006 Oct 10;16(19):1956-61. PMID: 17027493},
	Crdt = {2006/10/10 09:00},
	Da = {20061009},
	Date = {2006 Oct 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 11:28:01 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061129},
	Edat = {2006/10/10 09:00},
	Issn = {0960-9822 (Print)},
	Jid = {9107782},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Jt = {Current biology : CB},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Suckling/physiology; Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cues; Lactation/*physiology; Odors; Pheromones/*physiology; Rabbits/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/12/09 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {19},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {R842-4},
	Pii = {S0960-9822(06)02150-6},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {17027479},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Pheromones)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Nursing behavior: remembrance of things past},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Shah_CurrBiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.001}}

@article{Demir:2005,
	Abstract = {All animals exhibit innate behaviors that are specified during their development. Drosophila melanogaster males (but not females) perform an elaborate and innate courtship ritual directed toward females (but not males). Male courtship requires products of the fruitless (fru) gene, which is spliced differently in males and females. We have generated alleles of fru that are constitutively spliced in either the male or the female mode. We show that male splicing is essential for male courtship behavior and sexual orientation. More importantly, male splicing is also sufficient to generate male behavior in otherwise normal females. These females direct their courtship toward other females (or males engineered to produce female pheromones). The splicing of a single neuronal gene thus specifies essentially all aspects of a complex innate behavior.},
	Address = {Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.},
	Author = {Demir, Ebru and Dickson, Barry J},
	Cin = {Cell. 2005 Jun 3;121(5):664-6. PMID: 15935752},
	Crdt = {2005/06/07 09:00},
	Da = {20050606},
	Date = {2005 Jun 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 11:27:22 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050719},
	Edat = {2005/06/07 09:00},
	Issn = {0092-8674 (Print)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Alleles; *Alternative Splicing; Animals; Brain/metabolism; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy \& histology/*genetics/metabolism; Female; Gene Targeting; Male; Mutation; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism; Sequence Analysis, DNA; *Sexual Behavior, Animal; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2005/07/20 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {785--794},
	Phst = {2005/01/30 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/03/28 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/04/13 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(05)00407-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15935764},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Drosophila Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Transcription Factors); 0 (fru protein, Drosophila)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {fruitless splicing specifies male courtship behavior in Drosophila},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Demir_Cell2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.027}}

@book{Hebb:1949,
	Address = {New York},
	Annote = {LDR    00775cam  22002411  4500
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050 00 $aBF181$b.H4
082 00 $a131
100 1  $aHebb, D. O.$q(Donald Olding)
245 14 $aThe organization of behavior;$ba neuropsychological theory.
260    $aNew York,$bWiley,$c1949.
300    $axix, 335 p.$bdiagrs.$c22 cm.
490 0  $aA Wiley book in clinical psychology
504    $aBibliography: p. 305-319.
650  0 $aNeuropsychology.
991    $bc-GenColl$hBF181$i.H4$tCopy 1$wBOOKS
991    $bc-GenColl$hBF181$i.H4$p0000467117A$tCopy 2$wCCF
},
	Author = {Hebb, D. O},
	Call-Number = {BF181},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-03 10:59:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dewey-Call-Number = {131},
	Genre = {Neuropsychology},
	Library-Id = {49050182},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Series = {A Wiley book in clinical psychology},
	Title = {The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory},
	Year = {1949},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://books.google.com/books?id=VNetYrB8EBoC&printsec=frontcover}}

@article{Chklovskii:2004,
	Abstract = {Current thinking about long-term memory in the cortex is focused on changes in the strengths of connections between neurons. But ongoing structural plasticity in the adult brain, including synapse formation/elimination and remodelling of axons and dendrites, suggests that memory could also depend on learning-induced changes in the cortical 'wiring diagram'. Given that the cortex is sparsely connected, wiring plasticity could provide a substantial boost in storage capacity, although at a cost of more elaborate biological machinery and slower learning.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbour, New York 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Chklovskii, D B and Mel, B W and Svoboda, K},
	Crdt = {2004/10/16 09:00},
	Da = {20041014},
	Date = {2004 Oct 14},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 17:36:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20041122},
	Edat = {2004/10/16 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20051116},
	Mh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy \& histology/*cytology/*physiology; Humans; Memory/*physiology; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Neurons/cytology/physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/12/16 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7010},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {782--788},
	Pii = {nature03012},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {15483599},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {90},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cortical rewiring and information storage},
	Volume = {431},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Chklovskii_Nature2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03012}}

@article{Ramachandran:1995,
	Author = {Ramachandran, V S and Rogers-Ramachandran, D and Cobb, S},
	Crdt = {1995/10/12 00:00},
	Da = {19951114},
	Date = {1995 Oct 12},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 17:27:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19951114},
	Edat = {1995/10/12},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20041117},
	Mh = {Adult; Amputees; Humans; Middle Aged; *Phantom Limb; *Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {1995/10/12 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6549},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {489--490},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {7566144},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Letter},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 1995 Oct 12;377(6549):489-90.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Touching the phantom limb},
	Volume = {377},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Ramachandran_Nature1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377489a0}}

@article{Ramachandran:1998,
	Abstract = {Almost everyone who has a limb amputated will experience a phantom limb--the vivid impression that the limb is not only still present, but in some cases, painful. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence demonstrating changes in cortical topography in primates following deafferentation or amputation, and this review will attempt to relate these in a systematic way to the clinical phenomenology of phantom limbs. With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magnetoencephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization can also be demonstrated in humans, so that it is now possible to track perceptual changes and changes in cortical topography in individual patients. We suggest, therefore, that these patients provide a valuable opportunity not only for exploring neural plasticity in the adult human brain but also for understanding the relationship between the activity of sensory neurons and conscious experience. We conclude with a theory of phantom limbs, some striking demonstrations of phantoms induced in normal subjects, and some remarks about the relevance of these phenomena to the question of how the brain constructs a 'body image.'},
	Address = {Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA. vramacha@ucsd.edu},
	Author = {Ramachandran, V S and Hirstein, W},
	Crdt = {1998/10/08 00:00},
	Da = {19981021},
	Date = {1998 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 17:21:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-02 17:26:04 -0400},
	Dcom = {19981021},
	Edat = {1998/10/08},
	Issn = {0006-8950 (Print)},
	Jid = {0372537},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Jt = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Adult; Arm/abnormalities; Brain/physiology/*physiopathology; *Brain Mapping; Child; Humans; Incidence; Leg/abnormalities; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Perception; Phantom Limb/epidemiology/*physiopathology/*psychology},
	Mhda = {1998/10/08 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1603--1630},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {9762952},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Lectures; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {160},
	Sb = {AIM; IM},
	Source = {Brain. 1998 Sep;121 ( Pt 9):1603-30.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture},
	Volume = {121 ( Pt 9)},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Ramachandran_Brain1998.pdf}}

@article{Wiesel:1963,
	Author = {Wiesel, T N and Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1963/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19640401},
	Date = {1963 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 16:51:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-02 21:50:02 -0400},
	Dcom = {19961201},
	Edat = {1963/11/01},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {*BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; *BLINDNESS; *BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; *CATS; *CEREBRAL CORTEX; *EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY; *LIGHT; *OCCIPITAL LOBE; *VISION},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {*Behavior, Animal; *Blindness; Brain/*physiology; *Cats; *Cerebral Cortex; *Light; *Occipital Lobe; *Research; *Vision, Ocular},
	Mhda = {1963/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Oto = {NLM},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1003--1017},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {14084161},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {OM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1963},
	url = {papers/Wiesel_JNeurophysiol1963.pdf}}

@article{Wiesel:1974,
	Author = {Wiesel, T N and Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1974/12/01 00:00},
	Da = {19750310},
	Date = {1974 Dec 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 16:44:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19750310},
	Edat = {1974/12/01},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn/*anatomy \& histology/growth \& development; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Functional Laterality; Haplorhini/*anatomy \& histology; Mathematics; *Orientation; *Sensory Deprivation; *Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex/*anatomy \& histology/growth \& development; Visual Fields; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {1974/12/01 00:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {307--318},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {4215829},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1974 Dec 1;158(3):307-18.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Ordered arrangement of orientation columns in monkeys lacking visual experience},
	Volume = {158},
	Year = {1974},
	url = {papers/Wiesel_JCompNeurol1974.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901580306}}

@article{Hubel:1965,
	Author = {Hubel, D H and Wiesel, T N},
	Crdt = {1965/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19660814},
	Date = {1965 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 16:44:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-15 10:52:29 -0400},
	Dcom = {19660814},
	Edat = {1965/11/01},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; retina; cat; sensory map; topographic map; visual cortex; neocortex; function; visual system; Binocular; monocular; bilateral},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20031114},
	Mh = {Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Depth Perception; Oculomotor Muscles/*physiology; *Strabismus; Synapses},
	Mhda = {1965/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1041--1059},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {5883731},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {1965},
	url = {papers/Hubel_JNeurophysiol1965.pdf}}

@article{Doupe:1999,
	Abstract = {Human speech and birdsong have numerous parallels. Both humans and songbirds learn their complex vocalizations early in life, exhibiting a strong dependence on hearing the adults they will imitate, as well as themselves as they practice, and a waning of this dependence as they mature. Innate predispositions for perceiving and learning the correct sounds exist in both groups, although more evidence of innate descriptions of species-specific signals exists in songbirds, where numerous species of vocal learners have been compared. Humans also share with songbirds an early phase of learning that is primarily perceptual, which then serves to guide later vocal production. Both humans and songbirds have evolved a complex hierarchy of specialized forebrain areas in which motor and auditory centers interact closely, and which control the lower vocal motor areas also found in nonlearners. In both these vocal learners, however, how auditory feedback of self is processed in these brain areas is surprisingly unclear. Finally, humans and songbirds have similar critical periods for vocal learning, with a much greater ability to learn early in life. In both groups, the capacity for late vocal learning may be decreased by the act of learning itself, as well as by biological factors such as the hormones of puberty. Although some features of birdsong and speech are clearly not analogous, such as the capacity of language for meaning, abstraction, and flexible associations, there are striking similarities in how sensory experience is internalized and used to shape vocal outputs, and how learning is enhanced during a critical period of development. Similar neural mechanisms may therefore be involved.},
	Address = {Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco 94143, USA. ajd@phy.ucsf.edu},
	Author = {Doupe, A J and Kuhl, P K},
	Crdt = {1999/04/15 00:00},
	Da = {19990604},
	Date = {1999},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 16:22:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990604},
	Edat = {1999/04/15},
	Gr = {DC00520/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; MH55987/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS34835/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; etc.},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/physiology; Humans; Learning/physiology; Perception/physiology; Speech/*physiology; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/04/15 00:01},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {567--631},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10202549},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {220},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Birdsong and human speech: common themes and mechanisms},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Doupe_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.567}}

@article{Flavell:2008,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience and the resulting synaptic activity within the brain are critical for the proper development of neural circuits. Experience-driven synaptic activity causes membrane depolarization and calcium influx into select neurons within a neural circuit, which in turn trigger a wide variety of cellular changes that alter the synaptic connectivity within the neural circuit. One way in which calcium influx leads to the remodeling of synapses made by neurons is through the activation of new gene transcription. Recent studies have identified many of the signaling pathways that link neuronal activity to transcription, revealing both the transcription factors that mediate this process and the neuronal activity-regulated genes. These studies indicate that neuronal activity regulates a complex program of gene expression involved in many aspects of neuronal development, including dendritic branching, synapse maturation, and synapse elimination. Genetic mutations in several key regulators of activity-dependent transcription give rise to neurological disorders in humans, suggesting that future studies of this gene expression program will likely provide insight into the mechanisms by which the disruption of proper synapse development can give rise to a variety of neurological disorders.},
	Address = {F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Flavell@fas.harvard.edu},
	Author = {Flavell, Steven W and Greenberg, Michael E},
	Crdt = {2008/06/19 09:00},
	Da = {20080618},
	Date = {2008},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 14:30:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080919},
	Edat = {2008/06/19 09:00},
	Gr = {HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; NS048276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Immediate-Early;genes;Transcription Factors;21 Activity-development;development;experience dependent plasticity;neurological disorder;calcium;synapse formation;refinement},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation/genetics; Central Nervous System/embryology/growth \& development/*metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*genetics; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity/*genetics; Neurons/*metabolism; Signal Transduction/*genetics; Synapses/genetics/metabolism; Transcription Factors/genetics; Transcriptional Activation/genetics},
	Mhda = {2008/09/20 09:00},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {563--590},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18558867},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {150},
	Rn = {0 (Transcription Factors)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:563-90.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Signaling mechanisms linking neuronal activity to gene expression and plasticity of the nervous system},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Flavell_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125631}}

@article{Leckman:2006,
	Abstract = {Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics--rapid, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations. Tourette syndrome typically has a prepubertal onset, and boys are more commonly affected than girls. Symptoms usually begin with transient bouts of simple motor tics. By age 10 years, most children are aware of nearly irresistible somatosensory urges that precede the tics. These urges likely reflect a defect in sensorimotor gating because they intrude into the child's conscious awareness and become a source of distraction and distress. A momentary sense of relief typically follows the completion of a tic. Over the course of hours, tics occur in bouts, with a regular intertic interval. Tics increase during periods of emotional excitement and fatigue. Tics can become "complex" in nature and appear to be purposeful. Tics can be willfully suppressed for brief intervals and can be evoked by the mere mention of them. Tics typically diminish during periods of goal-directed behavior, especially those that involve both heightened attention and fine motor or vocal control, as occur in musical and athletic performances. Over the course of months, tics wax and wane. New tics appear, often in response to new sources of somatosensory irritation, such as the appearance of a persistent vocal tic (a cough) following a cold. Over the course of years, tic severity typically peaks between 8 and 12 years of age. By the end of the second decade of life, many individuals are virtually tic free. Less than 20% of cases continue to experience clinically impairing tics as adults. Tics rarely occur in isolation, and other coexisting conditions--such as behavioral disinhibition, hypersensitivity to a broad range of sensory stimuli, problems with visual motor integration, procedural learning difficulties, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, and emotional instability--are often a greater source of impairment than the tics themselves. Emerging behavioral treatments of Tourette syndrome are based in part on an understanding of the moment-to-moment experience of somatosensory urges and motor response. With identification of specific genes of major effect and advances in our understanding of the neural circuitry of sensorimotor gating, habit formation, and procedural memory--together with insights from postmortem brain studies, in vivo brain imaging, and electrophysiologic recordings--we might be on the threshold of a deeper understanding of the phenomenology and natural history of Tourette syndrome.},
	Address = {Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. james.leckman{\char64}yale.edu},
	Author = {Leckman, James F and Bloch, Michael H and Scahill, Lawrence and King, Robert A},
	Crdt = {2006/09/15 09:00},
	Da = {20060914},
	Date = {2006 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 14:30:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-02 14:30:55 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061121},
	Edat = {2006/09/15 09:00},
	Gr = {1 R13 NS40925-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; MH076273/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; MH49351/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; MH61940/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; RR00125/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0883-0738 (Print)},
	Jid = {8606714},
	Journal = {J Child Neurol},
	Jt = {Journal of child neurology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071203},
	Mh = {Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology; Child; Child, Preschool; *Ego; Female; Humans; Learning Disorders/etiology; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/etiology; Tics/etiology; Tourette Syndrome/complications/*physiopathology/*psychology},
	Mhda = {2006/12/09 09:00},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {642--649},
	Pl = {Canada},
	pmid = {16970864},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {77},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Tourette syndrome: the self under siege},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Leckman_JChildNeurol2006.pdf}}

@article{Robinson:2008,
	Abstract = {What genes and regulatory sequences contribute to the organization and functioning of neural circuits and molecular pathways in the brain that support social behavior? How does social experience interact with information in the genome to modulate brain activity? Here, we address these questions by highlighting progress that has been made in identifying and understanding two key "vectors of influence" that link genes, the brain, and social behavior: (i) Social information alters gene expression in the brain to influence behavior, and (ii) genetic variation influences brain function and social behavior. We also discuss how evolutionary changes in genomic elements influence social behavior and outline prospects for a systems biology of social behavior.},
	Address = {Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. generobi@illinois.edu},
	Author = {Robinson, Gene E and Fernald, Russell D and Clayton, David F},
	Crdt = {2008/11/08 09:00},
	Da = {20081107},
	Date = {2008 Nov 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 14:18:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081204},
	Edat = {2008/11/08 09:00},
	Gr = {NS045264/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; NS34950/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; R01 GM073644/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States; R01 NS051820/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/*physiology; Environment; Epigenesis, Genetic; Evolution; Gene Expression; *Genes; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Humans; *Social Behavior},
	Mhda = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5903},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {896--900},
	Pii = {322/5903/896},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18988841},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {44},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Genes and social behavior},
	Volume = {322},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Robinson_Science2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159277}}

@article{Pol:2006,
	Abstract = {A number of different RNA and DNA viruses can invade the brain and cause neurological dysfunction. These range from the tiny polio picornavirus, which has only 7kb of RNA genetic code that preferentially infects motor neurons, to the relatively large cytomegalovirus, which has >100 genes in its 235kb DNA genome and causes various neurological problems in the developing brain but is comparatively harmless to adults. This brief overview of some aspects of neurovirology addresses the complex problems that underlie an appreciation of the contribution of viral infections to brain disease. [This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue "Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders", based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com/).]},
	Address = {Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. anthony.vandenpol@yale.edu},
	Author = {van den Pol, Anthony N},
	Crdt = {2006/06/30 09:00},
	Da = {20060731},
	Date = {2006 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 12:30:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061010},
	Dep = {20060627},
	Edat = {2006/06/30 09:00},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Neurodegenerative},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Diseases/embryology/pathology/*virology; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/*complications/pathology/physiopathology; Humans; Models, Biological; Neurons/ultrastructure/virology; Viruses/classification/*pathogenicity},
	Mhda = {2006/10/13 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {398--406},
	Phst = {2006/02/09 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/05/09 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/06/02 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/06/27 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00113-5},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16806513},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {65},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Viral infections in the developing and mature brain},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Pol_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.002}}

@article{Berkovic:2006,
	Abstract = {Epilepsies, once regarded as due to demoniacal possession, can have both genetic and acquired causes, with interaction of these factors in many cases. To date, nearly all the genes discovered to be involved in human epilepsies encode subunits of ion channels, both voltage-gated and ligand-gated. Established acquired causes include serious brain trauma, stroke, tumours and infective lesions. Thus, in terms of exploring the neurobiology of "nature and nurture" in disease, the epilepsies are an excellent paradigm. Here, we review the evidence and discuss the possibility that ion channels are a common biological substrate for both genetic and acquired epilepsies. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue "Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders", based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com/).},
	Address = {Department of Medicine and Epilepsy Research, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia. s.berkovic@unimelb.edu.au},
	Author = {Berkovic, Samuel F and Mulley, John C and Scheffer, Ingrid E and Petrou, Steven},
	Crdt = {2006/06/14 09:00},
	Da = {20060907},
	Date = {2006 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 12:30:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061010},
	Edat = {2006/06/14 09:00},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Anoxia/complications/genetics; Brain Neoplasms/complications/genetics; Environment; Epilepsy/*etiology/*genetics/physiopathology; Humans; Ion Channels/genetics/metabolism; Stroke/complications/genetics},
	Mhda = {2006/10/13 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {391--397},
	Phst = {2006/02/08 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/05/03 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/05/26 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00110-X},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16769131},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {47},
	Rn = {0 (Ion Channels)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Human epilepsies: interaction of genetic and acquired factors},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Berkovic_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.009}}

@article{Persico:2006,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of human disorders that affect higher cognitive functions has greatly advanced in recent decades, and over 20 genes associated with non-syndromic mental retardation have been identified during the past 15 years. However, proteins encoded by "cognition genes" have such diverse neurodevelopmental functions that delineating specific pathogenetic pathways still poses a tremendous challenge. In this review, we summarize genetic, epigenetic and environmental contributions to neurodevelopmental alterations that either cause or confer vulnerability to autism, a disease primarily affecting social cognition. Taken together, these results begin to provide a unifying view of complex pathogenetic pathways that are likely to lead to autism spectrum disorders through altered neurite morphology, synaptogenesis and cell migration. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue "Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders", based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com/).},
	Address = {Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Longoni 83, I-00155, Rome, Italy. a.persico@unicampus.it},
	Author = {Persico, Antonio M and Bourgeron, Thomas},
	Crdt = {2006/07/01 09:00},
	Da = {20060731},
	Date = {2006 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-02 12:30:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061010},
	Dep = {20060630},
	Edat = {2006/07/01 09:00},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Autistic Disorder/etiology/*genetics/pathology; Cell Movement/physiology; Disease Models, Animal; *Environment; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Linkage (Genetics); Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/10/13 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {349--358},
	Phst = {2006/01/18 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/04/18 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/05/26 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/06/30 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00111-1},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16808981},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {133},
	Rn = {0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Searching for ways out of the autism maze: genetic, epigenetic and environmental clues},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Persico_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.010}}

@article{Huberman:2003,
	Abstract = {The segregation of initially intermingled left and right eye inputs to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) during development is thought to be in response to precise spatial and temporal patterns of spontaneous ganglion cell activity. To test this hypothesis, we disrupted the correlated activity of neighboring ganglion cells in the developing ferret retina through immunotoxin depletion of starburst amacrine cells. Despite the absence of this type of correlated activity, left and right eye inputs segregated normally in the DLGN. By contrast, when all spontaneous activity was blocked, the projections from the two eyes remained intermingled. Thus, certain features of normal neural activity patterns are not required for the formation of eye-specific projections to the DLGN.},
	Address = {Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Wang, Guo-Yong and Liets, Lauren C and Collins, Odell A and Chapman, Barbara and Chalupa, Leo M},
	Crdt = {2003/05/10 05:00},
	Da = {20030509},
	Date = {2003 May 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:56:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:40:45 +0000},
	Dcom = {20030616},
	Edat = {2003/05/10 05:00},
	Ein = {Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1661},
	Gr = {EY03991/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY11369/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY12576/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY13301/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; P20 MH6095/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY011369-11/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {Non-programmatic; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090227},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Amacrine Cells/physiology; Animals; Axons/physiology; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Carrier Proteins/immunology; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/growth \& development/*physiology; Immunotoxins/pharmacology; *Membrane Transport Proteins; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Plant Proteins; Retina/growth \& development/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; *Vesicular Transport Proteins; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/06/17 05:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS83820},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5621},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS83820; NLM: PMC2647844},
	Oto = {NASA},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {994--998},
	Pii = {300/5621/994},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2647844},
	pmid = {12738869},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Carrier Proteins); 0 (Immunotoxins); 0 (Membrane Transport Proteins); 0 (Plant Proteins); 0 (Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1); 0 (Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins); 0 (Vesicular Transport Proteins); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); EC 3.2.2.- (N-Glycosyl Hydrolases); EC 3.2.2.22 (saporin)},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Eye-specific retinogeniculate segregation independent of normal neuronal activity},
	Volume = {300},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Huberman_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1080694}}

@article{Sun:2008,
	Abstract = {Epibatidine (EPI), a potent cholinergic agonist, disrupts acetylcholine-dependent spontaneous retinal activity. Early patch-clamp recordings in juvenile ferrets suggested that EPI blocks all retinal ganglion cell (RGC) action potentials when applied to the retina. In contrast, recent experiments on the developing mouse that relied on multielectrode array (MEA) recordings reported that EPI application decorrelates the activity of neighboring RGCs and eliminates retinal waves while preserving the spiking activity of many neurons. The different techniques used in previous studies raise the question of whether EPI has different effects on RGC activity in mouse compared with that in ferret. A resolution of this issue is essential for interpreting the results of developmental studies that relied on EPI to manipulate retinal activity. Our goal was to compare the effects of EPI on the spontaneous discharges of RGCs in mouse and ferret using 60-electrode MEA as well as patch-clamp recordings during the developmental stage when retinal waves are driven by acetylcholine in both species. We found that in both mouse and ferret EPI decorrelates RGC activity and eliminates retinal waves. However, EPI does not block all spontaneous activity in either species. Instead, our whole cell recordings reveal that EPI silences more than half of all RGCs while significantly increasing the activity of the remainder. These results have important implications for interpreting the results of previous studies that relied on this cholinergic agonist to perturb retinal activity.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.},
	Author = {Sun, Chao and Speer, Colenso M and Wang, Guo-Yong and Chapman, Barbara and Chalupa, Leo M},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081208},
	Date = {2008 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-06 13:39:29 +0000},
	Dep = {20081015},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-03991/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY-11369/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY-13301/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; P20MH-60973/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY011369-11/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; Ferrets; Mouse; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; Neurophysiology; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/physiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mhda = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2604840 {$[$}Available on 12/01/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3253--3263},
	Phst = {2008/10/15 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {90303.2008},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2604840},
	Pmcr = {2009/12/01},
	pmid = {18922954},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 2008 Dec;100(6):3253-63. Epub 2008 Oct 15.},
	Status = {In-Process},
	Title = {Epibatidine application in vitro blocks retinal waves without silencing all retinal ganglion cell action potentials in developing retina of the mouse and ferret},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sun_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90303.2008}}

@article{Sun:2008a,
	Abstract = {The structural and functional properties of the visual system are disrupted in mutant animals lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In particular, eye-specific retinogeniculate projections do not develop normally in these mutants. It is widely thought that the developing retinas of beta2(-/-) mutants do not manifest correlated activity, leading to the notion that retinal waves play an instructional role in the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections. By multielectrode array recordings, we show here that the beta2(-/-) mutants have robust retinal waves during the formation of eye-specific projections. Unlike in WT animals, however, the mutant retinal waves are propagated by gap junctions rather than cholinergic circuitry. These results indicate that lack of retinal waves cannot account for the abnormalities that have been documented in the retinogeniculate pathway of the beta2(-/-) mutants and suggest that other factors must contribute to the deficits in the visual system that have been noted in these animals.},
	Address = {Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, and Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.},
	Author = {Sun, Chao and Warland, David K and Ballesteros, Jose M and van der List, Deborah and Chalupa, Leo M},
	Crdt = {2008/09/02 09:00},
	Da = {20080910},
	Date = {2008 Sep 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:06:53 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080930},
	Dep = {20080829},
	Edat = {2008/09/02 09:00},
	Gr = {EY003991/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY016182/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; P30 EY12576/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw; retinal waves; spontaneous activity; visual system; mice; mouse; Acetylcholine},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Animals; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutation/genetics; Receptors, Nicotinic/*deficiency/genetics; Retina/metabolism/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/10/01 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {36},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2527347},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {13638--13643},
	Phst = {2008/08/29 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {0807178105},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2527347},
	pmid = {18757739},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Chrnb2 protein, mouse); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 9;105(36):13638-43. Epub 2008 Aug 29.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Retinal waves in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sun_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sun_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807178105}}

@article{Chalupa:2007,
	Abstract = {In all mammalian species the projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus terminate in separate layers or territories. This mature projection pattern is refined early in development from an initial state where the inputs of the two eyes are overlapping. Here I discuss the results of studies showing that the formation of segregated eye-specific retinogeniculate projections involves activity-mediated binocular competition. I conclude that while retinal activity undoubtedly is involved in this process, the results of recent studies cast doubt on the prevalent notion that retinal waves of activity play an instructional role in the formation of segregated retinal projections.},
	Address = {Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine and Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lmchalupa@ucdavis.edu},
	Author = {Chalupa, Leo M},
	Crdt = {2007/04/17 09:00},
	Da = {20071015},
	Date = {2007 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080206},
	Dep = {20070313},
	Edat = {2007/04/17 09:00},
	Gr = {EY 016182/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY 03391/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; P20 MH 6095/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0165-0173 (Print)},
	Jid = {101300366},
	Journal = {Brain Res Rev},
	Jt = {Brain research reviews},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies/growth \& development/*physiology; Retina/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/02/07 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {228--236},
	Phst = {2006/12/12 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/03/07 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2007/03/07 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2007/03/13 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0165-0173(07)00039-2},
	Pl = {Netherlands},
	pmid = {17433447},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {46},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res Rev. 2007 Oct;55(2):228-36. Epub 2007 Mar 13.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A reassessment of the role of activity in the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chalupa_BrainResRev2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.003}}

@article{Stellwagen:2002,
	Abstract = {A central hypothesis of neural development is that patterned activity drives the refinement of initially imprecise connections. We have examined this hypothesis directly by altering the frequency of spontaneous waves of activity that sweep across the mammalian retina prior to vision. Activity levels were increased in vivo using agents that elevate cAMP. When one eye is made more active, its layer within the LGN is larger despite the other eye having normal levels of activity. Remarkably, when the frequency of retinal waves is increased in both eyes, normally sized layers form. Because relative, rather than absolute, levels of activity between the eyes regulate the amount of LGN territory devoted to each eye, we conclude that activity acts instructively to guide binocular segregation during development.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Author = {Stellwagen, D and Shatz, C J},
	Crdt = {2002/02/08 10:00},
	Da = {20020208},
	Date = {2002 Jan 31},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-16 15:27:27 +0000},
	Dcom = {20020305},
	Edat = {2002/02/08 10:00},
	Gr = {GM0748/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States; MH48108/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; epibatidine; Spontaneous activity; retinal wave paper; Ferrets; LGN; retina; visual system; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology; Cholera Toxin/pharmacology; Cyclic AMP/analogs \& derivatives/*metabolism; Dendrites/ultrastructure; Ferrets; Fluorescent Dyes/administration \& dosage/metabolism; Forskolin/pharmacology; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy \& histology/*metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyridines/pharmacology; Retina/cytology/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/03/07 10:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {357-367},
	Pii = {S0896627302005779},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11832224},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Pyridines); 140111-52-0 (epibatidine); 60-92-4 (Cyclic AMP); 66428-89-5 (Forskolin); 9012-63-9 (Cholera Toxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuron. 2002 Jan 31;33(3):357-67.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {An instructive role for retinal waves in the development of retinogeniculate connectivity},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Stellwagen_Neuron2002.pdf}}

@article{Cook:1999,
	Abstract = {During early mammalian development, inputs from the two retinas intermix within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), then segregate during the first postnatal week into layers that receive input from a single retina. Functionally, the LGN also changes markedly during the first postnatal month; early geniculate responses to retinal input are mainly excitatory, then inhibitory circuits mature within the LGN. These remarkable changes in form and function of the retinogeniculate pathway occur at a time when patterned visual activity is not present, but retinal ganglion cells already manifest spontaneous action potential activity. To examine the role of early retinal activity in these critical developmental processes, we placed the slow release polymer Elvax embedded with tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the vitreous chamber of one or both eyes of neonatal ferrets. Animals receiving monocular injection of TTX had the other eye treated with Elvax containing control citrate buffer. Intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase was made at the end of the period of TTX treatment to reveal the retinal terminals in the LGN. Chronic monocular or binocular blockade of retinal activity during the first postnatal week did not prevent eye-specific segregation, although it made the boundaries between layers less distinct. Retinal terminals ended preferentially in the appropriate layer, but a large number of terminals were also present in the inappropriate layer. Further segregation was achieved during the second postnatal week of activity blockade, when most retinal terminals ended preferentially in the appropriate geniculate layer and sharper layer boundaries were present. However, a small but significant number of terminals still extended into the inappropriate layer. Together, these findings indicate that monocular as well as binocular blockade of retinal activity resulted in some anomalous retinogeniculate projections and delayed eye-specific patterning, but segregation was largely intact at the end of the second postnatal week. We also report here that intraocular tetrodotoxin had a marked effect on the maturation of intrinsic geniculate circuits prior to eye opening. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the LGN slice preparation revealed that activity blockade prevented the maturation of the slow, but not the fast, hyperpolarizing potential of LGN neurons during the first postnatal month and up to P38, the oldest age studied. In conclusion, these results indicate that spontaneous retinal activity modulates the time course of binocular segregation but does not alone account for the segregation of retinogeniculate terminals. However, early retinal activity plays an important role in developing the intrinsic circuitry of the LGN.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.},
	Author = {Cook, P M and Prusky, G and Ramoa, A S},
	Crdt = {1999/06/01 00:00},
	Da = {19990803},
	Date = {1999 May-Jun},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-23 10:14:52 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990803},
	Edat = {1999/06/01},
	Gr = {EY 11508/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0952-5238 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809466},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Jt = {Visual neuroscience},
	Keywords = {mouse; function; Behavior; visual system; Retina; visual cortex; plasticity; acuity; Sensory Deprivation; 21 Activity-development; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; sensory map; topographic map; 21 Neurophysiology; Spontaneous activity; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; ferret; LGN},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Animals; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Retina/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; Visual Pathways/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/06/01 00:01},
	Month = {May-Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {491--501},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {10349970},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Vis Neurosci. 1999 May-Jun;16(3):491-501.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The role of spontaneous retinal activity before eye opening in the maturation of form and function in the retinogeniculate pathway of the ferret},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Cook_VisNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Penn:1998,
	Abstract = {When contacts are first forming in the developing nervous system, many neurons generate spontaneous activity that has been hypothesized to shape appropriately patterned connections. In Mustela putorius furo, monocular intraocular blockade of spontaneous retinal waves of action potentials by cholinergic agents altered the subsequent eye-specific lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The projection from the active retina was greatly expanded into territory normally belonging to the other eye, and the projection from the inactive retina was substantially reduced. Thus, interocular competition driven by endogenous retinal activity determines the pattern of eye-specific connections from retina to LGN, demonstrating that spontaneous activity can produce highly stereotyped patterns of connections before the onset of visual experience.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. apenn@uclink2.berkeley.edu},
	Author = {Penn, A A and Riquelme, P A and Feller, M B and Shatz, C J},
	Crdt = {1998/04/16 00:00},
	Da = {19980408},
	Date = {1998 Mar 27},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:45:31 +0000},
	Dcom = {19980408},
	Edat = {1998/04/16},
	Gr = {MH 98108/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; topographic map; Structure-Activity Relationship; visual system; LGN; retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/physiology; Ferrets; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons/physiology; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology; Bungarotoxins/pharmacology; *Conotoxins; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/*anatomy \& histology/growth \& development; Microspheres; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology; Peptides/pharmacology; Pyridines/pharmacology; Retina/drug effects/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*physiology; *Visual Pathways},
	Mhda = {1998/04/16 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5359},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2108-2112},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9516112},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic); 0 (Bungarotoxins); 0 (Conotoxins); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Peptides); 0 (Pyridines); 0 (alpha-conotoxin MII); 140111-52-0 (epibatidine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2108-12.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity},
	Volume = {279},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Penn_Science1998.pdf}}

@article{Rhoades:1981,
	Author = {Rhoades, R W and DellaCroce, D D and Meadows, I},
	Crdt = {1981/10/01 00:00},
	Da = {19811222},
	Date = {1981 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-01 18:17:09 -0400},
	Dcom = {19811222},
	Edat = {1981/10/01},
	Gr = {EY03546/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS16001/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; RR09085/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; etc.},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn/*anatomy \& histology/physiology; Cricetinae; Eye/*innervation; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons/physiology; Reaction Time; Somatosensory Cortex/*anatomy \& histology/physiology; Spinal Cord/anatomy \& histology/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*anatomy \& histology/physiology},
	Mhda = {1981/10/01 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {855--877},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {7288468},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 1981 Oct;46(4):855-77.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Reorganization of somatosensory input to superior colliculus in neonatally enucleated hamsters: anatomical and electrophysiological experiments},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Rhoades_JNeurophysiol1981.pdf}}

@article{Rhoades:1980,
	Abstract = {1. The responses of visual, auditory and somatosensory superior collicular neurones were investigated using extracellular single unit recording techniques in hamsters which were subjected to the removal of one eye on the day of birth. 2. Neonatal enucleation resulted in a marked increase in the region of the colliculus from which visual neurones activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral eye could be recorded. In most cases the visuotopic representation in the colliculus ipsilateral to the remaining eye mirrored that observed in the contralateral tectum along both the rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes: in both colliculi temporal retina projected rostrally and inferior retina medially. In some animals, however, there appeared to be a dual mapping of the remaining eye onto the ipsilateral tectum. In these hamsters the central portion of the visual field was represented twice along the rostrocaudal axis of colliculus. 3. No changes in the topography of the somatosensory and auditory representations in the tectum were observed following neonatal enucleation. 4. The laminar distribution of visual neurones in the ipsilateral colliculus was markedly altered in the neonatally enucleated hamsters. Very few exclusively visual units were encountered in the layers ventral to the stratum opticum and almost all of the visual cells recorded in the ipsilateral colliculus were isolated within 150 microM of the tectal surface. 5. In the posterior half of the ipsilateral tectum a large number of extravisually responsive cells were encountered in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum. This was not the case in the colliculus contralateral to the remaining eye, nor has it ever been observed in normal hamsters. 6. Recordings from animals subjected to both neonatal enucleation and acute bilateral removal of somatosensory and auditory cortex indicated that the projections from these areas to the colliculus were not essential to the observed changes in laminar organization. 7. Recordings from normally reared hamsters which were subjected to removal of one eye at the time of the recording experiment suggested further that the isolation of extravisual cells in the superficial tectal  aminae of the neonatal enucleates was probably not the result of the 'unmasking' of extravisual influences in the superficial layers which are present, but ineffective, in the normal case.},
	Author = {Rhoades, R W},
	Crdt = {1980/04/01 00:00},
	Da = {19801125},
	Date = {1980 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-01 18:17:09 -0400},
	Dcom = {19801125},
	Edat = {1980/04/01},
	Gr = {1 508 RR-09085/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; 1 R03 MH 32897-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3751 (Print)},
	Jid = {0266262},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Jt = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Animals, Newborn/*physiology; Auditory Cortex/physiology; Cricetinae; Mesocricetus; Neurons/physiology; *Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/*physiology; Visual Cortex/physiology},
	Mhda = {1980/04/01 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC1279405},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {383--399},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	Pmc = {PMC1279405},
	pmid = {7411438},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Physiol. 1980 Apr;301:383-99.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Effects of neonatal enucleation on the functional organization of the superior colliculus in the golden hamster},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1980},
	url = {papers/Rhoades_JPhysiol1980.pdf}}

@article{Hoffmann:1974,
	Author = {Hoffmann, K P and Sherman, S M},
	Crdt = {1974/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19750310},
	Date = {1974 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-04-01 18:08:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-01 18:17:09 -0400},
	Dcom = {19750310},
	Edat = {1974/11/01},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Dominance, Cerebral; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Motion Perception; Neural Conduction; Neurons/physiology; *Sensory Deprivation; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Time Factors; *Vision, Ocular; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways/*physiology; *Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {1974/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1276--1286},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {4436700},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Effects of early monocular deprivation on visual input to cat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1974},
	url = {papers/Hoffmann_JNeurophysiol1974.pdf}}

@article{Sakata:2006,
	Abstract = {Although the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is known to play a crucial role in activity-dependent remodeling of synaptic connections in the fetal superior colliculus (SC), its contribution to the electrical activity of fetal SC neurons has not been determined. Furthermore, whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition occurs either as early as prenatal periods or only after eye opening has been controversial. We therefore performed optical recordings using voltage-, Ca2+- and Cl--sensitive fluorescent dyes to analyse synaptic transmission and changes in intracellular Ca2+ and Cl- in the SC of fetal rats that were still connected with the dams by the umbilical cord. Excitatory and inhibitory responses were evoked by focal SC stimulation. The excitatory synaptic responses are composed of early and late components. The early component was mediated by both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors, whereas the late component occurred mainly via NMDA receptors. Train pulse stimulation at higher currents was required for induction of the inhibition, which was antagonized by bicuculline, and blocking of the GABA-mediated inhibition by bicuculline uncovered masked excitatory synaptic responses. Focal SC stimulation induced increases in [Cl-]i and [Ca2+]i that were mediated by GABA-A receptors and mainly by NMDA receptors, respectively. GABA antagonists augmented SC-induced increases in [Ca2+]i. These results indicate that, in the fetal SC, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions occur before birth, that the NMDA receptor is a major contributor to excitatory synaptic transmission and increased [Ca2+]i, and that the GABA-A receptor is already functioning to inhibit excitatory neurotransmission.},
	Address = {Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.},
	Author = {Sakata, Yoshiyuki and Fujioka, Takashi and Endoh, Hisashi and Nakamura, Shoji},
	Crdt = {2006/03/24 09:00},
	Da = {20060323},
	Date = {2006 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-30 11:13:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060530},
	Edat = {2006/03/24 09:00},
	Issn = {0953-816X (Print)},
	Jid = {8918110},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology; Animals; Axons/physiology; Calcium/*metabolism; Chlorides/*metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA/physiology; Receptors, Glutamate/physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {2006/05/31 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1405--1416},
	Pii = {EJN4683},
	Pl = {France},
	pmid = {16553604},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Chlorides); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Receptors, GABA); 0 (Receptors, Glutamate); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 115066-14-3 (6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {In vivo optical recordings of synaptic transmission and intracellular Ca2+ and Cl- in the superior colliculus of fetal rats},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Sakata_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04683.x}}

@article{ODonovan:1999,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neuronal activity has been detected in many parts of the developing vertebrate nervous system. Recent studies suggest that this activity depends on properties that are probably shared by all developing networks. Of particular importance is the high excitability of recurrently connected, developing networks and the presence of activity-induced transient depression of network excitability. In the spinal cord, it has been proposed that the interaction of these properties gives rise to spontaneous, periodic activity.},
	Address = {Laboratory of Neural Control The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland 20892 USA. odonovan@codon.nih.gov},
	Author = {O'Donovan, M J},
	Crdt = {1999/03/11 00:00},
	Da = {19990524},
	Date = {1999 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-30 11:04:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-30 11:04:38 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990524},
	Edat = {1999/03/11},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20041117},
	Mh = {Animals; Central Nervous System/*embryology; Chick Embryo; Cholinergic Antagonists/pharmacology; Drosophila; Excitatory Amino Acids/pharmacology; Nerve Net/drug effects/*embryology/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rabbits; Rats; Retina/embryology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology; Turtles; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {1999/03/11 00:01},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {94--104},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(99)80012-9},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {10072366},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {75},
	Rn = {0 (Cholinergic Antagonists); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acids); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The origin of spontaneous activity in developing networks of the vertebrate nervous system},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/O'Donovan_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Reece:1998,
	Abstract = {This article describes the onset of electrical excitability and synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway of the fetal and early postnatal rat, utilizing a novel in vitro preparation. Although the optic nerve is visible in embryonic day (E) 14 brain, its stimulation produced no response in the superior colliculus (SC) until E16 when a low voltage simple negative wave was evoked. At E17 these potentials were blocked rapidly, completely, and reversibly when choline was substituted for sodium or with the addition of cobalt ions. In the course of establishing the block with either of the above agents the latency of response increased, indicating an action on axonal transmission. By E20 the collicular evoked potential showed a short followed by a longer latency wave. The latter was blocked by the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid, with latency unaffected. Further examination of potentials with the addition of glutamatergic receptor subtype blockers aminophosphonopentanoic acid (APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/6,7-dinitroquinoxaline- 2,3-dione (CNQX/DNQX) showed a clear abolition of the elicited potentials by E20 and older. Thus, fetal rat optic nerve fibers are capable of conduction in response to electrical stimulation as soon as they reach the SC at E16. Both sodium and calcium are involved. GABA-mediated modulation of axonal conduction is evident by E18. Glutaminergic synaptic transmission is established by E20. The timetable of fetal onset of capability to conduct and support synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway is earlier than had previously been reported in vivo in the rat in which the superior colliculus neurones are said not to be driven by the optic nerve until 6 days post natal. This has relevance to the possible role of impulse activity in development of the pathway.},
	Address = {Developmental Neurobiology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. laura.reece@anu.edu.au},
	Author = {Reece, L J and Lim, C H},
	Crdt = {1998/04/29 00:00},
	Da = {19980618},
	Date = {1998 Mar 12},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-30 10:18:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-30 10:18:24 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980618},
	Edat = {1998/04/29},
	Issn = {0165-3806 (Print)},
	Jid = {8908639},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Electric Stimulation; Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual/*physiology; Gestational Age; *Neural Conduction; Optic Nerve/embryology/growth \& development/*physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superior Colliculi/embryology/growth \& development/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1998/04/29 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {1-2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {25--38},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {9554940},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998 Mar 12;106(1-2):25-38.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Onset of optic nerve conduction and synaptic potentials in superior colliculus of fetal rats studied in vitro},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Reece_BrainResDevBrainRes1998.pdf}}

@article{Itaya:1995,
	Abstract = {During the first 10 days after birth in the rat there are a succession of major developmental stages in the retinotectal pathway. During most of this time, the only recordable event in the superior colliculus is spontaneous activity. We studied and characterized this spontaneous activity, hypothesizing that it could play an important role in pathway development. The spontaneous discharges are detectable on postnatal day 5 (P5). After P5, the number of spontaneously active cells per penetration increases up to P10, after which they decrease to adult-like levels by P14-P15. Between P5 and P10, the spontaneous discharges exhibit several patterns of activity, from constant firing to intermittent bursts with periods of quiescence, without any bearing to age. We isolated the retina and superior colliculus by injecting xylocaine onto the optic nerve and found no change in collicular activity. While this suggests that the spontaneous activity in the colliculus is independent of the retina at the ages studied, the opposite experiment, i.e., electrically stimulating the optic nerve, resulted in increased firing by collicular neurons, perhaps via nonclassical synaptic transmission. Finally, we compared interval histograms for spontaneously active cells between P5 and P15. The histograms suggest that at certain ages, spontaneous firing is more regular; moreover, these ages precede major functional advances, e.g., onset of numerous spontaneously firing cells at P6, the first response to optic nerve stimulation at P10, and the first light-evoked response at P12-P13. Our results support the hypothesis that spontaneous activity in the neonatal superior colliculus has a role in development of the retinotectal pathway, but the data also indicate that classical synaptic transmission is not involved.},
	Address = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA.},
	Author = {Itaya, S K and Fortin, S and Molotchnikoff, S},
	Crdt = {1995/09/01 00:00},
	Da = {19961024},
	Date = {1995 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-30 10:18:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-30 10:18:24 -0400},
	Dcom = {19961024},
	Edat = {1995/09/01},
	Issn = {0008-4212 (Print)},
	Jid = {0372712},
	Journal = {Can J Physiol Pharmacol},
	Jt = {Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Suckling; Optic Nerve/*physiology; Rats; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {1995/09/01 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1372--1377},
	Pl = {CANADA},
	pmid = {8748987},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;73(9):1372-7.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Evolution of spontaneous activity in the developing rat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Molotchnikoff:1993,
	Abstract = {Electrophysiological activity in the neonatal rat superior colliculus was recorded to measure neuronal and synaptic activity, and, therefore, functional development. Neonatal rat pups were studied from five days to two weeks of age. The earliest activity in the superior colliculus were spontaneous discharges at a frequency of one unit per animal on postnatal day 6 (P6). Spontaneously discharging units were more numerous at P8, and the number peaked on P10. The first clear response to optic nerve stimulation was seen on P10, with relatively long and variable latencies. By P14, electrically evoked responses had much shorter latencies. The results are in line with the first response to light flash in the superior colliculus at P12/13. The evidence suggests that functional development of the rat retinotectal pathway begins at the end of the first week after birth, and that much of the functional maturation occurs mainly during the second week after birth.},
	Address = {Department de Sciences Biologiques, Universite de Montreal, Que., Canada.},
	Author = {Molotchnikoff, S and Itaya, S K},
	Crdt = {1993/04/16 00:00},
	Da = {19930610},
	Date = {1993 Apr 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-30 10:18:02 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-30 10:18:24 -0400},
	Dcom = {19930610},
	Edat = {1993/04/16},
	Issn = {0165-3806 (Print)},
	Jid = {8908639},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn/*growth \& development/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Retina/*growth \& development/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development/physiology},
	Mhda = {1993/04/16 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {300--304},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {8485851},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Functional development of the neonatal rat retinotectal pathway},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Molotchnikoff_BrainResDevBrainRes1993.pdf}}

@article{Fischer:1998,
	Abstract = {Competition for postsynaptic targets during development is thought to be driven by differences in temporal patterns of neuronal activity. In the ferret visual system, retinal ganglion cells that are responsive either to the onset (On) or to the offset (Off) of light exhibit similar patterns of spontaneous bursting activity early in development but later develop different bursting rhythms during the period when their axonal arbors segregate to occupy spatially distinct regions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that GABAergic transmission plays an important, although not exclusive, role in regulating the bursting patterns of morphologically identified On and Off ganglion cells. During the first and second postnatal weeks, blocking GABAA receptors leads to a decrease in the bursting activity of all ganglion cells, suggesting that GABA potentiates activity at the early ages. Subsequently, during the period of On-Off segregation in the geniculate nucleus, GABA suppresses ganglion cell bursting activity. In particular, On ganglion cells show significantly higher bursting rates when GABAergic transmission is blocked, but the bursting rates of Off ganglion cells are not affected systematically. Thus, developmental differences in the bursting rates of On and Off ganglion cells emerge as GABA becomes inhibitory and as it consistently and more strongly inhibits On compared with Off ganglion cells. Because in many parts of the CNS GABAergic circuits appear early in development, our results also implicate a potentially important and possibly general role for local inhibitory interneurons in creating distinct temporal patterns of presynaptic activity that are specific to each developmental period.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Author = {Fischer, K F and Lukasiewicz, P D and Wong, R O},
	Crdt = {1998/06/06 00:00},
	Da = {19980601},
	Date = {1998 May 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 22:20:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-24 10:49:06 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980601},
	Edat = {1998/06/06},
	Gr = {EY02687/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY08922/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY10699/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;retina;visual system;development;GABA;Interneurons;Circuit structure-function},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Aging/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicuculline/pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Female; Ferrets; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Glycine/pharmacology; Glycine Agents/pharmacology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Periodicity; Picrotoxin/pharmacology; Pregnancy; Pyridazines/pharmacology; Receptors, GABA-A/agonists/antagonists \& inhibitors; Retinal Ganglion Cells/chemistry/*drug effects/*physiology; Strychnine/pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*pharmacology},
	Mhda = {1998/06/06 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {10},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3767--3778},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9570807},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Glycine Agents); 0 (Pyridazines); 0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 104104-50-9 (gabazine); 124-87-8 (Picrotoxin); 485-49-4 (Bicuculline); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-40-6 (Glycine); 57-24-9 (Strychnine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Age-dependent and cell class-specific modulation of retinal ganglion cell bursting activity by GABA},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Fischer_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Wong:2000,
	Abstract = {Synchronized spontaneous rhythmic activity is a feature common to many parts of the developing nervous system. In the early visual system, before vision, developing circuits in the retina generate synchronized patterns of bursting activity that contain information useful for patterning connections between retinal ganglion cells and their central targets. However, how developing retinal circuits generate and regulate these spontaneous activity patterns is still incompletely understood. Here we show that in developing retinal circuits, the nature of excitatory neurotransmission driving correlated bursting activity in ganglion cells is not fixed but undergoes a developmental shift from cholinergic to glutamatergic transmission. In addition, we show that this shift occurs as presynaptic glutamatergic bipolar cells form functional connections onto the ganglion cells, implicating the role of bipolar cells in providing endogenous drive to bursting activity later in development. This transition coincides with the period when subsets of ganglion cells (On and Off cells) develop distinct activity patterns that are thought to underlie the refinement of their connectivity with their central targets. Here, our results suggest that the differences in activity patterns of On and Off ganglion cells may be conferred by differential synaptic drive from On and Off bipolar cells, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that the regulation of patterned spontaneous activity by neurotransmitters undergoes systematic change as new cellular elements are added to developing circuits and also that these new elements can help specify distinct activity patterns appropriate for shaping connectivity patterns at later ages.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Author = {Wong, W T and Myhr, K L and Miller, E D and Wong, R O},
	Crdt = {2000/01/11 00:00},
	Da = {20000127},
	Date = {2000 Jan 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 22:17:05 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-29 22:20:12 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000127},
	Edat = {2000/01/11},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline/pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Ferrets; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism; Glycine/physiology; Glycine Agents/pharmacology; Interneurons/cytology/physiology; Periodicity; Quinoxalines/pharmacology; Retina/cytology/*growth \& development/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/physiology; Strychnine/pharmacology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology; Vision, Ocular/physiology; Visual Pathways; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology},
	Mhda = {2000/01/11 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {351--360},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10627612},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Glycine Agents); 0 (Quinoxalines); 118876-58-7 (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline); 485-49-4 (Bicuculline); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-40-6 (Glycine); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid); 57-24-9 (Strychnine); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Developmental changes in the neurotransmitter regulation of correlated spontaneous retinal activity},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Tao:2005,
	Abstract = {The receptive field (RF) of single visual neurons undergoes progressive refinement during development. It remains largely unknown how the excitatory and inhibitory inputs on single developing neurons are refined in a coordinated manner to allow the formation of functionally correct circuits. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording from Xenopus tectal neurons, we found that RFs determined by excitatory and inhibitory inputs in more mature tectal neurons are spatially matched, with each spot stimulus evoking balanced synaptic excitation and inhibition. This emerges during development through a gradual reduction in the RF size and a transition from disparate to matched topography of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the tectal neurons. Altering normal spiking activity of tectal neurons by either blocking or elevating GABA(A) receptor activity significantly impeded the developmental reduction and topographic matching of RFs. Thus, appropriate inhibitory activity is essential for the coordinated refinement of excitatory and inhibitory connections.},
	Address = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA 94720, USA.},
	Author = {Tao, Huizhong W and Poo, Mu-ming},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2005 Mar 24;45(6):825-8. PMID: 15797544},
	Crdt = {2005/03/31 09:00},
	Da = {20050330},
	Date = {2005 Mar 24},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 21:35:36 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050519},
	Edat = {2005/03/31 09:00},
	Gr = {EY015019/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY36999/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Afferent Pathways/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/*physiology; GABA Agonists/pharmacology; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Glutamic Acid/metabolism; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Optic Nerve/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Superior Colliculi/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology; Visual Fields/drug effects/*physiology; Xenopus laevis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2005/05/20 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {829--836},
	Phst = {2003/09/17 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/06/28 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/01/27 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00115-7},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15797545},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (GABA Agonists); 0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Activity-dependent matching of excitatory and inhibitory inputs during refinement of visual receptive fields},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Tao_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.046}}

@article{Milner:1999,
	Abstract = {Patterned spontaneous electrical activity has been demonstrated in a number of developing neural circuits and has been proposed to play a role in refining connectivity once axons reach their targets. Using an isolated spinal cord preparation, we have found that chick lumbosacral motor axons exhibit highly regular bursts of activity from embryonic day 4 (E4) (stage 24-25), shortly after they exit the spinal cord and while still en route toward their target muscles. Similar bursts could be evoked by stimulating descending pathways at cervical or thoracic levels. Unlike older embryonic cord circuits, the major excitatory transmitter driving activity was not glutamate but acetylcholine, acting primarily though nicotinic non-alpha7 receptors. The circuit driving bursting was surprisingly robust and plastic, because bursting was only transiently blocked by cholinergic antagonists, and following recovery, was now driven by GABAergic inputs. Permanent blockade of spontaneous activity was only achieved by a combination of cholinergic antagonists and bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist. The early occurrence of patterned motor activity suggests that it could be playing a role in either peripheral pathfinding or spinal cord circuit formation and maturation. Finally, the characteristic differences in burst parameters already evident between different motoneuron pools at E4 would require that the combination of transcription factors responsible for specifying pool identity to have acted even earlier.},
	Address = {Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.},
	Author = {Milner, L D and Landmesser, L T},
	Crdt = {1999/04/07 00:00},
	Da = {19990427},
	Date = {1999 Apr 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 21:27:44 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-29 21:29:11 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990427},
	Edat = {1999/04/07},
	Gr = {NS 19640/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; T32 HD07104/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Acetylcholine/*physiology; Action Potentials/drug effects; Animals; Bicuculline/pharmacology; Chick Embryo; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology; Motor Neurons/*physiology; Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology; Nipecotic Acids/pharmacology; *Proline/*analogs \& derivatives; Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/04/07 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3007--3022},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10191318},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Nipecotic Acids); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 147-85-3 (Proline); 485-49-4 (Bicuculline); 498-95-3 (nipecotic acid); 51-84-3 (Acetylcholine); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid); 56879-46-0 (homoproline)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cholinergic and GABAergic inputs drive patterned spontaneous motoneuron activity before target contact},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Milner_JNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Kanold:2006,
	Abstract = {Synaptic plasticity during critical periods of development requires intact inhibitory circuitry. We report that subplate neurons are needed both for maturation of inhibition and for the proper sign of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. Removal of subplate neurons prevents the developmental upregulation of genes involved in mature, fast GABAergic transmission in cortical layer 4, including GABA receptor subunits and KCC2, and thus prevents the switch to a hyperpolarizing effect of GABA. To understand the implications of these changes, a realistic circuit model was formulated. Simulations predicted that without subplate neurons, monocular deprivation (MD) paradoxically favors LGN axons representing the deprived (less active) eye, exactly what was then observed experimentally. Simulations also account for published results showing that OD plasticity requires mature inhibition. Thus, subplate neurons regulate molecular machinery required to establish an adult balance of excitation and inhibition in layer 4, and thereby influence the outcome of OD plasticity.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Author = {Kanold, Patrick O and Shatz, Carla J},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Sep 7;51(5):524-6. PMID: 16950151},
	Crdt = {2006/09/05 09:00},
	Da = {20060904},
	Date = {2006 Sep 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 20:52:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061025},
	Edat = {2006/09/05 09:00},
	Gr = {F32 EY 1352/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY 02858/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Cats; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; In Situ Hybridization; Male; *Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Neurons/*cytology/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger/analysis; Receptors, GABA/metabolism; Symporters/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/physiology; Visual Cortex/*embryology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/10/26 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {627--638},
	Phst = {2006/01/17 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/05/11 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/07/06 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00548-4},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16950160},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (RNA, Messenger); 0 (Receptors, GABA); 0 (Symporters); 0 (potassium-chloride symporters); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Subplate neurons regulate maturation of cortical inhibition and outcome of ocular dominance plasticity},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Kanold_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.008}}

@article{Ohshiro:2006,
	Abstract = {Previous work demonstrates an essential role of subplate neurons during ocular dominance (OD) column formation in the developing visual cortex. While inhibitory circuitry has also been shown to play an essential role in OD plasticity, the relationship between subplate neurons and the development of inhibitory circuits has been unclear. In this issue of Neuron, Kanold and Shatz provide evidence that maturation of inhibitory circuitry requires subplate neurons in the developing cortex.},
	Address = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.},
	Author = {Ohshiro, Tomokazu and Weliky, Michael},
	Con = {Neuron. 2006 Sep 7;51(5):627-38. PMID: 16950160},
	Crdt = {2006/09/05 09:00},
	Da = {20060904},
	Date = {2006 Sep 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 20:52:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061025},
	Edat = {2006/09/05 09:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 10 circuit formation; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Dominance, Ocular/physiology; Humans; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neurons/*cytology/physiology; Visual Cortex/*embryology/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/10/26 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {524--526},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00644-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16950151},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {18},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Subplate neurons foster inhibition},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ohshiro_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.022}}

@article{Farley:2007,
	Abstract = {In the adult visual cortex, multiple feature maps exist and have characteristic spatial relationships with one another. The relationships can be reproduced by "dimension-reduction" computational models, suggesting that the principles of continuity and coverage may underlie cortical map organization. However, the mechanisms responsible for establishing these relationships are unknown. We explored whether removing one feature map during development causes a coordinated reorganization of the remaining maps or whether the remaining maps are unaffected. We removed the ocular dominance map by monocular enucleation in newborn ferrets, so that single eye stimulation drove the cortex in a more spatially uniform manner in adult monocular animals compared with normal animals. Maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and retinotopy formed in monocular ferrets, but their structures and spatial relationships differed from those in normal ferrets. The wavelength of the orientation map increased, so that the average orientation gradient across the cortex decreased. The decrease in the orientation gradient in monocular animals was most prominent in the high gradient regions of the spatial frequency map, indicating a coordinated reorganization between these two maps. In monocular animals, the orthogonal relationship between the orientation and spatial frequency maps was preserved, and the orthogonal relationship between the orientation and retinotopic maps became more pronounced. These results were consistent with detailed predictions of a dimension-reduction model of cortical organization. Thus, the number of feature maps in a cortical area influences the relationships between them, and inputs to the cortex have a significant role in generating these relationships.},
	Address = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Author = {Farley, Brandon J and Yu, Hongbo and Jin, Dezhe Z and Sur, Mriganka},
	Crdt = {2007/09/21 09:00},
	Da = {20070920},
	Date = {2007 Sep 19},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 19:44:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071011},
	Edat = {2007/09/21 09:00},
	Gr = {EY07023/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071203},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping/methods; Eye Enucleation/methods; Female; Ferrets; Nerve Net/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Pregnancy; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2007/10/12 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {38},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10299--10310},
	Pii = {27/38/10299},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17881536},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Alteration of visual input results in a coordinated reorganization of multiple visual cortex maps},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Farley_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2257-07.2007}}

@article{Yu:2005,
	Abstract = {Whether general principles can explain the layouts of cortical maps remains unresolved. In primary visual cortex of ferret, the relationships between the maps of visual space and response features are predicted by a "dimension-reduction" model. The representation of visual space is anisotropic, with the elevation and azimuth axes having different magnification. This anisotropy is reflected in the orientation, ocular dominance, and spatial frequency domains, which are elongated such that their directions of rapid change, or high-gradient axes, are orthogonal to the high-gradient axis of the visual map. The feature maps are also strongly interdependent-their high-gradient regions avoid one another and intersect orthogonally where essential, so that overlap is minimized. Our results demonstrate a clear influence of the visual map on each feature map. In turn, the local representation of visual space is smooth, as predicted when many features are mapped within a cortical area.},
	Address = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Author = {Yu, Hongbo and Farley, Brandon J and Jin, Dezhe Z and Sur, Mriganka},
	Crdt = {2005/07/26 09:00},
	Da = {20050725},
	Date = {2005 Jul 21},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 19:44:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20051011},
	Edat = {2005/07/26 09:00},
	Gr = {EY07023/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Anisotropy; *Brain Mapping; Diagnostic Imaging/methods; Dominance, Cerebral; Dominance, Ocular/physiology; Electrophysiology; Ferrets; Models, Neurological; Orientation/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Predictive Value of Tests; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/10/12 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {267--280},
	Phst = {2004/11/19 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/04/15 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/06/02 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00516-7},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16039568},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The coordinated mapping of visual space and response features in visual cortex},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Yu_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.011}}

@article{Rakic:1976,
	Abstract = {In foetal monkey brain neuronal projections carrying input from the two eyes initially overlap; they segregate during the second half of gestation and become fully separated in subcortical visual centres and partially separated in the cortex three weeks before birth and thus before visual experience.},
	Author = {Rakic, P},
	Crdt = {1976/06/10 00:00},
	Da = {19760901},
	Date = {1976 Jun 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:26:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:04:13 +0000},
	Dcom = {19760901},
	Edat = {1976/06/10},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 circuit formation; 10 Development; sensory map; topographic map; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; structural remodeling; connectivity; retina; visual system; visual cortex; Neocortex; Binocular; Monocular; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies/embryology; Gestational Age; Haplorhini; Macaca mulatta; Neural Pathways/embryology; Optic Nerve/embryology; Retina/embryology; Superior Colliculi/embryology; Visual Cortex/embryology; Visual Pathways/*embryology},
	Mhda = {1976/06/10 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {5560},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {467--471},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {819835},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey},
	Volume = {261},
	Year = {1976},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Nature1976.pdf}}

@article{Chiu:2001,
	Abstract = {Multi-electrode extracellular recordings in area 17 of awake behaving ferrets were conducted to characterize the pattern of spontaneous activity in the developing visual cortex before eye opening. A linear array of 16 microwire electrodes was used to record extracellular neuronal activity across a 3.2 mm strip of visual cortex between postnatal days 22 and 28. Whereas synchronous bursts of activity were observed at all recording sites, cross-correlation analysis revealed that the timing of spike activity at all electrodes was not precisely correlated. Correlated activity between cortical sites exhibited a patchy organization having long-range components. Long-range correlated activity was observed between cortical patches that were separated by a mean distance of 1 mm. The spatial pattern of correlated activity persisted during transient lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) activity block, indicating that long-range correlated activity is generated by intrinsic circuits within the cortex, independent of LGN input activity. These results demonstrate an innate patchy organization of correlated spontaneous activity within the cortex during the early development of cortical functional and anatomical organization.},
	Address = {Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.},
	Author = {Chiu, C and Weliky, M},
	Crdt = {2001/11/08 10:00},
	Da = {20011107},
	Date = {2001 Nov 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:05:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-04-05 13:13:25 -0400},
	Dcom = {20011204},
	Edat = {2001/11/08 10:00},
	Gr = {EY12494/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; 21 Cortical oscillations},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Axotomy; Electrodes, Implanted; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/physiology; Male; Optic Nerve/physiology; Periodicity; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Statistics as Topic; Time Factors; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/*physiology; Wakefulness},
	Mhda = {2002/01/05 10:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {22},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {8906--8914},
	Pii = {21/22/8906},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11698602},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 2001 Nov 15;21(22):8906-14.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing ferret visual cortex in vivo},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Chiu_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{White:2001a,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience begins when neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are still immature; however, the contribution of experience to cortical maturation remains unclear. In the visual cortex, the selectivity of neurons for oriented stimuli at the time of eye opening is poor and increases dramatically after the onset of visual experience. Here we investigate whether visual experience has a significant role in the maturation of orientation selectivity and underlying cortical circuits using two forms of deprivation: dark rearing, which completely eliminates experience, and binocular lid suture, which alters the pattern of sensory driven activity. Orientation maps were present in dark-reared ferrets, but fully mature levels of tuning were never attained. In contrast, only rudimentary levels of orientation selectivity were observed in lid-sutured ferrets. Despite these differences, horizontal connections in both groups were less extensive and less clustered than normal, suggesting that long-range cortical processing is not essential for the expression of orientation selectivity, but may be needed for the full maturation of tuning. Thus, experience is beneficial or highly detrimental to cortical maturation, depending on the pattern of sensory driven activity.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. white033@mc.duke.edu},
	Author = {White, L E and Coppola, D M and Fitzpatrick, D},
	Crdt = {2001/06/29 10:00},
	Da = {20010628},
	Date = {2001 Jun 28},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:05:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010719},
	Edat = {2001/06/29 10:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20031114},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Darkness; Diagnostic Imaging; Electrophysiology; Eyelids; Female; Ferrets; Learning; Male; Neural Pathways; Orientation/*physiology; Sensation/*physiology; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/07/20 10:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6841},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1049--1052},
	Pii = {35082568},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {11429605},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2001 Jun 28;411(6841):1049-52.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex},
	Volume = {411},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/White_Nature2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35082568}}

@article{Ruthazer:1999,
	Abstract = {Thalamocortical afferents in the visual cortex of the adult sable ferret are segregated into eye-specific ocular dominance bands. The development of ocular dominance bands was studied by transneuronal labeling of the visual cortices of ferret kits between the ages of postnatal day 28 (P28) and P81 after intravitreous injections of either tritiated proline or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Laminar specificity was evident in the youngest animals studied and was similar to that in the adult by P50. In P28 and P30 ferret kits, no modulation reminiscent of ocular dominance bands was detectable in the pattern of labeling along layer IV. By P37 a slight fluctuation in the density of labeling in layer IV was evident in serial reconstructions. By P50, the amplitude of modulation had increased considerably but the pattern of ocular dominance bands did not yet appear mature. The pattern and degree of modulation of the ocular dominance bands resembled that in adult animals by P63. Flat mounts of cortex and serial reconstructions of layer IV revealed an unusual arrangement of inputs serving the two eyes in the region rostral to the periodic ocular dominance bands. In this region, inputs serving the contralateral eye were commonly fused along a mediolateral axis, rostral to which were large and sometimes fused patches of ipsilateral input.},
	Address = {Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444, USA.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, E S and Baker, G E and Stryker, M P},
	Crdt = {1999/04/23 02:02},
	Da = {19990607},
	Date = {1999 May 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:05:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-29 18:06:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990607},
	Edat = {1999/04/23 02:02},
	Gr = {EY02874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY07120/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R37 EY002874-20/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Aging/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dominance, Cerebral; Ferrets/*growth \& development; Functional Laterality; Proline; Thalamus/growth \& development/physiology; Tritium; Vision, Ocular/physiology; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
	Mhda = {2000/06/20 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS50148},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {2},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS50148; NLM: PMC2453001},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {151--165},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990503)407:2<151::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-1},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	Pmc = {PMC2453001},
	pmid = {10213088},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate); 10028-17-8 (Tritium); 147-85-3 (Proline)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1999 May 3;407(2):151-65.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development and organization of ocular dominance bands in primary visual cortex of the sable ferret},
	Volume = {407},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}}

@article{Chapman:1996,
	Abstract = {The development of orientation preference maps was studied in ferret primary visual cortex using chronic optical imaging of intrinsic signals. The emergence and maturation of the maps were examined over time in single animals. The earliest age at which cortical domains selectively responsive to particular stimulus orientations were observed varied considerably between individuals, from postnatal day 31 to 36. In all cases, the earliest maps seen were low-contrast, with regions of orientation-specific activity that were difficult to distinguish from noise. These early maps matured over a period of several days into the high-contrast, patchy maps typical of adult animals. The structure of the orientation maps was remarkably constant over time. The indistinct features in the earliest maps were always patches of the same sizes and shapes and at the same locations as in the maps obtained in subsequent recording sessions. Details of the more mature maps, including the relative intensities of individual iso-orientation domains, were also constant from one recording session to another over periods of several weeks. The patterning of iso-orientation domains in ferret primary visual cortex thus is established early in development and remains stable over time, unaffected by either normal visual experience or the anatomical rearrangements of geniculocortical afferents into eye-specific domains.},
	Address = {Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich-Martinsried, Germany.},
	Author = {Chapman, B and Stryker, M P and Bonhoeffer, T},
	Crdt = {1996/10/15 00:00},
	Da = {19961127},
	Date = {1996 Oct 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:05:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-29 18:06:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {19961127},
	Edat = {1996/10/15},
	Gr = {EY09760/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY011369-11/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090123},
	Mh = {Age Distribution; Animals; Animals, Newborn/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Ferrets; Orientation/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1996/10/15 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {20},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6443--6453},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {8815923},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of orientation preference maps in ferret primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Chapman_JNeurosci1996.pdf}}

@article{Huberman:2006,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms that give rise to ocular dominance columns (ODCs) during development are controversial. Early experiments indicated a key role for retinal activity in ODC formation. However, later studies showed that in those early experiments, the retinal activity perturbation was initiated after ODCs had already formed. Moreover, recent studies concluded that early eye removals do not impact ODC segregation. Here we blocked spontaneous retinal activity during the very early stages of ODC development. This permanently disrupted the anatomical organization of ODCs and led to a dramatic increase in receptive field size for binocular cells in primary visual cortex. Our data suggest that early spontaneous retinal activity conveys crucial information about whether thalamocortical axons represent one or the other eye and that this activity mediates binocular competition important for shaping receptive fields in primary visual cortex.},
	Address = {Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Speer, Colenso M and Chapman, Barbara},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Oct 19;52(2):221-2. PMID: 17046683},
	Crdt = {2006/10/19 09:00},
	Da = {20061018},
	Date = {2006 Oct 19},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:00:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Dcom = {20070105},
	Edat = {2006/10/19 09:00},
	Gr = {EY11369/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY011369-11/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; Structure-Activity Relationship; topographic map; Ferrets; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090227},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology; Cell Communication/physiology; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Cues; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/growth \& development; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology; Pyridines/pharmacology; Retina/cytology/*growth \& development; Synaptic Transmission/physiology; Vision, Binocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*growth \& development; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2007/01/06 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS83819},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS83819; NLM: PMC2647846},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {247-254},
	Phst = {2005/08/10 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/06/15 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/07/26 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00625-8},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2647846},
	pmid = {17046688},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Pyridines); 140111-52-0 (epibatidine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spontaneous retinal activity mediates development of ocular dominance columns and binocular receptive fields in v1},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.028}}

@article{Li:2006,
	Abstract = {Development of the selective response properties that define columns in sensory cortex is thought to begin early in cortical maturation, without the need for experience. We investigated the development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex using optical imaging and electrophysiological techniques and found an exception to this view. Unlike orientation selectivity and ocular dominance, direction selectivity was not detected at eye opening. Direction selectivity emerged several days later and strengthened to adult levels over the following 2 weeks. Visual experience was essential for this process, as shown by the absence of direction selectivity in dark-reared ferrets. The impairment persisted in dark-reared ferrets that were given experience after this period, despite the recovery of response amplitude, preference and bandwidth for stimulus orientation, spatial and temporal frequency, and contrast. Visual experience in early postnatal life plays a necessary and unique role in the development of cortical direction selectivity.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Author = {Li, Ye and Fitzpatrick, David and White, Leonard E},
	Cin = {Nat Neurosci. 2006 May;9(5):591-2. PMID: 16639402},
	Crdt = {2006/04/11 09:00},
	Da = {20060426},
	Date = {2006 May},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:00:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 14:53:25 +0000},
	Dcom = {20060804},
	Dep = {20060409},
	Edat = {2006/04/11 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; ferret; topographic map; visual system; Visual Cortex; neurophysiology; in vivo; intrinsic signal; optical imaging; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Contrast Sensitivity/physiology; Diagnostic Imaging/methods; Female; Ferrets; Learning/*physiology; Male; *Orientation; Photic Stimulation/methods; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2006/08/05 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {676--681},
	Phst = {2006/01/20 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/03/16 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/04/09 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1684},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16604068},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex requires early visual experience},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1684}}

@article{Feller:2005,
	Abstract = {One of the seminal discoveries in developmental neuroscience is that altering visual experience through monocular deprivation can alter both the physiological and the anatomical representation of the two eyes, called ocular dominance columns, in primary visual cortex. This rearrangement is restricted to a critical period that starts a few days or weeks after vision is established and ends before adulthood. In contrast to the original hypothesis proposed by Hubel and Wiesel, ocular dominance columns are already substantially formed before the onset of the critical period. Indeed, before the critical period there is a period of ocular dominance column formation during which there is robust spontaneous activity and visual experience. Recent findings raise important questions about whether activity guides ocular dominance column formation in this 'precritical period'. One developmental event that marks the passage from the precritical period to the critical period is the activation of a GABAergic circuit. How these events trigger the transition from the precritical to critical period is not known.},
	Address = {Neurobiology Section 0357, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA. mscanziani@ucsd.edu},
	Author = {Feller, Marla B and Scanziani, Massimo},
	Crdt = {2005/02/22 09:00},
	Da = {20050221},
	Date = {2005 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:00:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Dcom = {20050429},
	Edat = {2005/02/22 09:00},
	Gr = {MH 70058/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; MH71401/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS13528-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/04/30 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {94--100},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(05)00013-9},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {15721750},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {65},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A precritical period for plasticity in visual cortex},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Feller_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.012}}

@article{Katz:2002a,
	Abstract = {The development of ocular dominance columns has served as a Rosetta stone for understanding the mechanisms that guide the construction of cortical circuits. Traditionally, the emergence of ocular dominance columns was thought to be closely tied to the critical period, during which columnar architecture is highly susceptible to alterations in visual input. However, recent findings in cats, monkeys and ferrets indicate that columns develop far earlier, more rapidly and with considerably greater precision than was previously suspected. These observations indicate that the initial establishment of cortical functional architecture, and its subsequent plasticity during the critical period, are distinct developmental phases that might reflect distinct mechanisms.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. larry@neuro.duke.edu},
	Author = {Katz, Lawrence C and Crowley, Justin C},
	Crdt = {2002/02/02 10:00},
	Da = {20020201},
	Date = {2002 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 18:00:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020221},
	Edat = {2002/02/02 10:00},
	Issn = {1471-003X (Print)},
	Jid = {100962781},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20060222},
	Mh = {Animals; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Models, Biological; Retina/cytology/physiology; Thalamus/physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/02/22 10:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {34--42},
	Pii = {nrn703},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {11823803},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {107},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of cortical circuits: lessons from ocular dominance columns},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Katz_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn703}}

@article{Daw:1978,
	Abstract = {The critical period for modifying the preferred direction in cat cortical units occurs earlier than that for monocular deprivation. The independence of the effects of these two types of deprivation from each other was tested by rearing six kittens with both reverse suture and reversed directional deprivation. The kittens were placed in a drum rotating in one direction with one eye open at ages 2 1/2 to 5 weeks; the drum rotation was reversed and the other eye opened when they were 5 to 12 weeks old. Recordings were then made in the visual cortex. The results were the sum of the effects of reverse suture and reversal of directional deprivation: most cells were driven by the eye that was open second, and most unidirectional cells preferred the direction to which the animals were exposed first. Consequently, many unidirectional cells preferred the first direction but were driven by the eye open second--a combination that the animal never saw during rearing. There was also an effect of ocular deprivation on directional properties and vice versa: reverse suture reduced the overall percentage of unidirectional cells, just as directional deprivation has been shown to affect the ocular dominance histogram. This result suggests that the same cells may be affected by both forms of deprivation.},
	Author = {Daw, N W and Berman, N E and Ariel, M},
	Crdt = {1978/02/03 00:00},
	Da = {19780321},
	Date = {1978 Feb 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-29 15:39:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-29 15:40:54 -0400},
	Dcom = {19780321},
	Edat = {1978/02/03},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Cats; Cell Differentiation; Functional Laterality; Motion Perception/physiology; *Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex/cytology/*growth \& development; Visual Pathways/growth \& development; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {1978/02/03 00:01},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4328},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {565--567},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {622560},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Interaction of critical periods in the visual cortex of kittens},
	Volume = {199},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Daw_Science1978.pdf}}

@article{Huang:1999,
	Abstract = {Maturation of the visual cortex is influenced by visual experience during an early postnatal period. The factors that regulate such a critical period remain unclear. We examined the maturation and plasticity of the visual cortex in transgenic mice in which the postnatal rise of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was accelerated. In these mice, the maturation of GABAergic innervation and inhibition was accelerated. Furthermore, the age-dependent decline of cortical long-term potentiation induced by white matter stimulation, a form of synaptic plasticity sensitive to cortical inhibition, occurred earlier. Finally, transgenic mice showed a precocious development of visual acuity and an earlier termination of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. We propose that BDNF promotes the maturation of cortical inhibition during early postnatal life, thereby regulating the critical period for visual cortical plasticity.},
	Address = {Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.},
	Author = {Huang, Z J and Kirkwood, A and Pizzorusso, T and Porciatti, V and Morales, B and Bear, M F and Maffei, L and Tonegawa, S},
	Crdt = {1999/09/28 00:00},
	Da = {19991015},
	Date = {1999 Sep 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-28 00:52:09 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-28 00:52:47 -0400},
	Dcom = {19991015},
	Edat = {1999/09/28},
	Gr = {NS32925/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; R01EY12124-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0092-8674 (Print)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Base Sequence; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*physiology; Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Evoked Potentials; Interneurons; Long-Term Potentiation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Parvalbumins/isolation \& purification; Perception/physiology; Prosencephalon/physiology; Pyramidal Cells; *Receptors, GABA; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Transgenes; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/09/28 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {739--755},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(00)81509-3},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10499792},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor); 0 (Parvalbumins); 0 (Receptors, GABA); 0 (Recombinant Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Cell. 1999 Sep 17;98(6):739-55.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {BDNF regulates the maturation of inhibition and the critical period of plasticity in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Huang_Cell1999.pdf}}

@article{Iwai:2003,
	Abstract = {Mice lacking a synaptic isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) do not exhibit ocular dominance plasticity unless an appropriate level of GABAergic transmission is restored by direct infusion of benzodiazepines into the brain. To better understand how intracortical inhibition triggers experience-dependent changes, we dissected the precise timing requirement for GABA function in the monocular deprivation (MD) paradigm. Diazepam (DZ) or vehicle solution was infused daily before and/or during 4 d of MD in GAD65 knock-out mice. Extracellular single-unit recordings from the binocular zone of visual cortex were performed at the end of deprivation. We found that a minimum treatment of 2 d near the beginning of MD was sufficient to fully activate plasticity but did not need to overlap the deprivation per se. Extended delay after DZ infusion eventually led to loss of plasticity accompanied by improved intrinsic inhibitory circuit function. Two day DZ treatment just after eye opening similarly closed the critical period prematurely in wild-type mice. Raising wild-type mice in complete darkness from birth delayed the peak sensitivity to MD as in other mammals. Interestingly, 2 d DZ infusion in the dark also closed the critical period, whereas equally brief light exposure during dark-rearing had no such effect. Thus, enhanced tonic signaling through GABA(A) receptors rapidly creates a milieu for plasticity within neocortex capable of triggering a critical period for ocular dominance independent of visual experience itself.},
	Address = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
	Author = {Iwai, Youichi and Fagiolini, Michela and Obata, Kunihiko and Hensch, Takao K},
	Crdt = {2003/08/02 05:00},
	Da = {20030731},
	Date = {2003 Jul 30},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-28 00:39:29 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-28 00:39:55 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030903},
	Edat = {2003/08/02 05:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071024},
	Mh = {Animals; *Critical Period (Psychology); Darkness; Diazepam/pharmacology; GABA Modulators/pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase/deficiency/genetics; Isoenzymes/deficiency/genetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects/metabolism; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/genetics/physiology; Time Factors; Visual Cortex/drug effects/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/09/04 05:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {17},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6695--6702},
	Pii = {23/17/6695},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12890762},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (GABA Modulators); 0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 439-14-5 (Diazepam); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Rapid critical period induction by tonic inhibition in visual cortex},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Iwai_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Fagiolini:2000,
	Abstract = {Neuronal circuits across several systems display remarkable plasticity to sensory input during postnatal development. Experience-dependent refinements are often restricted to well-defined critical periods in early life, but how these are established remains mostly unknown. A representative example is the loss of responsiveness in neocortex to an eye deprived of vision. Here we show that the potential for plasticity is retained throughout life until an inhibitory threshold is attained. In mice of all ages lacking an isoform of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) synthetic enzyme (GAD65), as well as in immature wild-type animals before the onset of their natural critical period, benzodiazepines selectively reduced a prolonged discharge phenotype to unmask plasticity. Enhancing GABA-mediated transmission early in life rendered mutant animals insensitive to monocular deprivation as adults, similar to normal wild-type mice. Short-term presynaptic dynamics reflected a synaptic reorganization in GAD65 knockout mice after chronic diazepam treatment. A threshold level of inhibition within the visual cortex may thus trigger, once in life, an experience-dependent critical period for circuit consolidation, which may otherwise lie dormant.},
	Address = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.},
	Author = {Fagiolini, M and Hensch, T K},
	Crdt = {2000/03/21 09:00},
	Da = {20000407},
	Date = {2000 Mar 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-28 00:38:32 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000407},
	Edat = {2000/03/21 09:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20031114},
	Mh = {Aging/*physiology; Animals; Critical Period (Psychology); Diazepam/administration \& dosage; Haplorhini; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; *Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex/drug effects/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2001/03/23 10:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6774},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {183--186},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {10724170},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {439-14-5 (Diazepam); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {404},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Fagiolini_Nature2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004582}}

@article{Hensch:2004a,
	Abstract = {Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods of early postnatal life. The ability to control the timing, duration, and closure of these heightened levels of brain plasticity has recently become experimentally accessible, especially in the developing visual system. This review summarizes our current understanding of known critical periods across several systems and species. It delineates a number of emerging principles: functional competition between inputs, role for electrical activity, structural consolidation, regulation by experience (not simply age), special role for inhibition in the CNS, potent influence of attention and motivation, unique timing and duration, as well as use of distinct molecular mechanisms across brain regions and the potential for reactivation in adulthood. A deeper understanding of critical periods will open new avenues to "nurture the brain"-from international efforts to link brain science and education to improving recovery from injury and devising new strategies for therapy and lifelong learning.},
	Address = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, Critical Period Mechanisms Research Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. hensch@riken.jp},
	Author = {Hensch, Takao K},
	Crdt = {2004/06/26 05:00},
	Da = {20040625},
	Date = {2004},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-28 00:35:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20041013},
	Edat = {2004/06/26 05:00},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20041117},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Brain/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Cell Communication/physiology; Cell Differentiation/*physiology; *Critical Period (Psychology); Cues; Humans; Learning/physiology; Neural Pathways/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Synapses/physiology; Synaptic Transmission/physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/10/14 09:00},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {549--579},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15217343},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {234},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Critical period regulation},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Hensch_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144327}}

@article{Linkenhoker:2002,
	Abstract = {The plasticity in the central nervous system that underlies learning is generally more restricted in adults than in young animals. In one well-studied example, the auditory localization pathway has been shown to be far more limited in its capacity to adjust to abnormal experience in adult than in juvenile barn owls. Plasticity in this pathway has been induced by exposing owls to prismatic spectacles that cause a large, horizontal shift of the visual field. With prisms, juveniles learn new associations between auditory cues, such as interaural time difference (ITD), and locations in visual space, and acquire new neurophysiological maps of ITD in the optic tectum, whereas adults do neither. Here we show that when the prismatic shift is experienced in small increments, maps of ITD in adults do change adaptively. Once established through incremental training, new ITD maps can be reacquired with a single large prismatic shift. Our results show that there is a substantially greater capacity for plasticity in adults than was previously recognized and highlight a principled strategy for tapping this capacity that could be applied in other areas of the adult central nervous system.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA.},
	Author = {Linkenhoker, Brie A and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Cin = {Nature. 2002 Sep 19;419(6904):258-9. PMID: 12239549},
	Crdt = {2002/09/20 10:00},
	Da = {20020919},
	Date = {2002 Sep 19},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 19:40:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20021021},
	Edat = {2002/09/20 10:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Adaptation, Physiological; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways/physiology; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Cues; Electrophysiology; Learning/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Strigiformes/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Time Factors; Visual Fields/physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/10/22 04:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6904},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {293--296},
	Pii = {nature01002},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12239566},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {Nature. 2002 Sep 19;419(6904):293-6.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls},
	Volume = {419},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Linkenhoker_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01002}}

@article{Knudsen:2002,
	Abstract = {A bird sings and you turn to look at it   a process so automatic it seems simple. But is it? Our ability to localize the source of a sound relies on complex neural computations that translate auditory localization cues into representations of space. In barn owls, the visual system is important in teaching the auditory system how to translate cues. This example of instructed plasticity is highly quantifiable and demonstrates mechanisms and principles of learning that may be used widely throughout the central nervous system.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA. eknudsen@stanford.edu},
	Author = {Knudsen, Eric I},
	Crdt = {2002/05/17 10:00},
	Da = {20020516},
	Date = {2002 May 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 19:40:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020610},
	Edat = {2002/05/17 10:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Aging/physiology; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Brain/*physiology; Cues; Learning/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Receptors, GABA/metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism; Space Perception/physiology; Strigiformes/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/06/11 10:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6886},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {322--328},
	Pii = {417322a},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {12015612},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {72},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, GABA); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2002 May 16;417(6886):322-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Instructed learning in the auditory localization pathway of the barn owl},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Knudsen_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417322a}}

@article{Hyde:2002,
	Abstract = {The midbrain contains an auditory map of space that is shaped by visual experience. When barn owls are raised wearing spectacles that horizontally displace the visual field, the auditory space map in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX) shifts according to the optical displacement of the prisms. Topographic visual activity in the optic tectum could serve as the template that instructs the auditory space map. We studied the effects of a restricted, unilateral lesion in the portion of the optic tectum that represents frontal space. Here we show that such a lesion eliminates adaptive adjustments specifically in the portion of the auditory map that represents frontal space on the same side of the brain, while the rest of the map continues to adjust adaptively. Thus, activity in the tectum calibrates the auditory space map in a location-specific manner. Because the site of adaptive changes is the ICX, the results also indicate that the tectum provides a topographic instructive signal that controls adaptive auditory plasticity in the ICX.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Hyde, Peter S and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Cin = {Nature. 2002 Jan 3;415(6867):29-31. PMID: 11780099},
	Crdt = {2002/01/10 10:00},
	Da = {20020107},
	Date = {2002 Jan 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 19:40:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020129},
	Edat = {2002/01/10 10:00},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Cues; Electrophysiology; Eyeglasses; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Strigiformes/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/pathology/*physiology; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Fields; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2002/01/30 10:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {6867},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {73--76},
	Pii = {415073a},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {11780119},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The optic tectum controls visually guided adaptive plasticity in the owl's auditory space map},
	Volume = {415},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Hyde_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415073a}}

@article{Galli:1988,
	Abstract = {The existence of spontaneous neural activity in mammalian retinal ganglion cells during prenatal life has long been suspected. This activity could play a key role in the refinement of retinal projections during development. Recordings in vivo from the retinas of rat fetuses between embryonic day 17 and 21 found action potentials in spontaneously active ganglion cells at all the ages studied.},
	Address = {Istituto di Neurofisiologia Consiglio Nazionale Delle Richerche via San Zeno, Pisa, Italy.},
	Author = {Galli, L and Maffei, L},
	Crdt = {1988/10/07 00:00},
	Da = {19881110},
	Date = {1988 Oct 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 18:56:11 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2010-10-01 05:58:13 -0400},
	Dcom = {19881110},
	Edat = {1988/10/07},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20070319},
	Mh = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Female; Fetus/physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Retina/*embryology/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1988/10/07 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {4875},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {90--91},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {3175637},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life},
	Volume = {242},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Galli_Science1988.pdf}}

@article{Meister:1991,
	Abstract = {The development of orderly connections in the mammalian visual system depends on action potentials in the optic nerve fibers, even before the retina receives visual input. In particular, it has been suggested that correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells in the same eye directs the segregation of their synaptic terminals into eye-specific layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Such correlations in electrical activity were found by simultaneous recording of the extracellular action potentials of up to 100 ganglion cells in the isolated retina of the newborn ferret and the fetal cat. These neurons fired spikes in nearly synchronous bursts lasting a few seconds and separated by 1 to 2 minutes of silence. Individual bursts consisted of a wave of excitation, several hundred micrometers wide, sweeping across the retina at about 100 micrometers per second. These concerted firing patterns have the appropriate spatial and temporal properties to guide the refinement of connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.},
	Author = {Meister, M and Wong, R O and Baylor, D A and Shatz, C J},
	Crdt = {1991/05/17 00:00},
	Da = {19910626},
	Date = {1991 May 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 18:49:33 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:02:32 +0000},
	Dcom = {19910626},
	Edat = {1991/05/17},
	Gr = {EY 05750/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium/pharmacology; Cats; Electrophysiology/methods; Ferrets; Retina/*growth \& development; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*physiology; Vision, Ocular},
	Mhda = {1991/05/17 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5008},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {939-943},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {2035024},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {7440-70-2 (Calcium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina},
	Volume = {252},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Meister_Science1991.pdf}}

@article{Brown:2000,
	Abstract = {Topographic maps are a fundamental feature of sensory representations in nervous systems. The formation of one such map, defined by the connection of ganglion cells in the retina to their targets in the superior colliculus of the midbrain, is thought to depend upon an interaction between complementary gradients of retinal EphA receptors and collicular ephrin-A ligands. We have tested this hypothesis by using gene targeting to elevate EphA receptor expression in a subset of mouse ganglion cells, thereby producing two intermingled ganglion cell populations that express distinct EphA receptor gradients. We find that these two populations form separate maps in the colliculus, which can be predicted as a function of the net EphA receptor level that a given ganglion cell expresses relative to its neighbors.},
	Address = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Author = {Brown, A and Yates, P A and Burrola, P and Ortuno, D and Vaidya, A and Jessell, T M and Pfaff, S L and O'Leary, D D and Lemke, G},
	Crdt = {2000/08/10 11:00},
	Da = {20000825},
	Date = {2000 Jul 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 18:33:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-27 18:33:10 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000825},
	Edat = {2000/08/10 11:00},
	Issn = {0092-8674 (Print)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/metabolism/physiology; *Brain Mapping/methods; Eye Proteins/genetics/physiology; Gene Expression; Gene Targeting; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/physiology; Mesencephalon/*physiology; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/physiology; *Neural Pathways; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*physiology; Receptor, EphA3; Receptor, EphA5; Retina/metabolism/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/physiology; *Signal Transduction},
	Mhda = {2000/09/02 11:01},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {77--88},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(00)00012-X},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10929715},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Eye Proteins); 0 (Homeodomain Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1); EC 2.7.1.112 (Epha3 protein, mouse); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptor, EphA3); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptor, EphA5)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Topographic mapping from the retina to the midbrain is controlled by relative but not absolute levels of EphA receptor signaling},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Brown_Cell2000.pdf}}

@article{Akerman:2006,
	Abstract = {Neurotransmission during development regulates synaptic maturation in neural circuits, but the contribution of different neurotransmitter systems is unclear. We investigated the role of GABAA receptor-mediated Cl- conductances in the development of synaptic responses in the Xenopus visual system. Intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) was found to be high in immature tectal neurons and then falls over a period of several weeks. GABAergic synapses are present at early stages of tectal development and, when activated by optic nerve stimulation or visual stimuli, induce sustained depolarizing Cl- conductances that facilitate retinotectal transmission by NMDA receptors. To test whether depolarizing GABAergic inputs cooperate with NMDA receptors during activity-dependent maturation of glutamatergic synapses, we prematurely reduced [Cl-]i in tectal neurons in vivo by expressing the Cl- transporter KCC2. This blocked the normal developmental increase in AMPA receptor-mediated retinotectal transmission and increased GABAergic synaptic input to tectal neurons. Therefore, depolarizing GABAergic transmission plays a pivotal role in the maturation of excitatory transmission and controls the balance of excitation and inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Akerman, Colin J and Cline, Hollis T},
	Crdt = {2006/05/12 09:00},
	Da = {20060511},
	Date = {2006 May 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 15:13:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060531},
	Edat = {2006/05/12 09:00},
	Gr = {Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 10 circuit formation; 10 Development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20070813},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Membrane/physiology; Chloride Channels/*physiology; Electric Conductivity; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology; Larva; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/physiology; Visual Pathways/*embryology/*physiology; Xenopus laevis/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/06/01 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {19},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {5117--5130},
	Pii = {26/19/5117},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16687503},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Chloride Channels); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0319-06.2006}}

@article{Firth:2006,
	Abstract = {Early in development, before the retina is responsive to light, neurons exhibit spontaneous activity. Recently it was demonstrated that starburst amacrine cells, a unique class of neurons that secretes both GABA and acetylcholine, spontaneously depolarize. Networks comprised of spontaneously active starburst cells initiate correlated bursts of action potentials that propagate across the developing retina with a periodicity on the order minutes. To determine whether other retinal interneurons have similar "pacemaking" properties, we have utilized cultures of dissociated neurons from the rat retina. In the presence of antagonists for fast neurotransmitter receptors, distinct populations of neurons exhibited spontaneous, uncorrelated increases in intracellular calcium concentration. These increases in intracellular calcium concentration were sensitive to tetrodotoxin, indicating they are mediated by spontaneous membrane depolarizations. By combining immunofluorescence and calcium imaging, we found that 44% of spontaneously active neurons were GABAergic and included starburst amacrine cells. Whole cell voltage clamp recordings in the absence of antagonists for fast neurotransmitters revealed that after 7 days in culture, individual retinal neurons receive bursts of GABA-A receptor mediated synaptic input with a periodicity similar to that measured in spontaneously active GABAergic neurons. Low concentrations of GABA-A receptor antagonists did not alter the inter-burst interval despite significant reduction of post-synaptic current amplitude, indicating that pacemaker activity of GABAergic neurons was not influenced by network interactions. Together, these findings indicate that spiking GABAergic interneurons can function as pacemakers in the developing retina.},
	Address = {Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.},
	Author = {Firth, Sally I and Feller, Marla B},
	Crdt = {2006/10/06 09:00},
	Da = {20061005},
	Date = {2006 Sep-Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-27 15:12:17 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061212},
	Edat = {2006/10/06 09:00},
	Gr = {EY016417/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY13528/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0952-5238 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809466},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Jt = {Visual neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology; Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium/*metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Chelating Agents/pharmacology; Egtazic Acid/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Extracellular Fluid/*metabolism; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry/methods; Interneurons/drug effects/*metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods; Picrotoxin/pharmacology; Pyridazines/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina/*cytology; Superior Colliculi/cytology; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/12/13 09:00},
	Month = {Sep-Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {807--814},
	Phst = {2006/03/22 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/06/13 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S095252380623013X},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {17020635},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Anesthetics, Local); 0 (Chelating Agents); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (GABA Antagonists); 0 (Pyridazines); 104104-50-9 (gabazine); 115066-14-3 (6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione); 124-87-8 (Picrotoxin); 139890-68-9 (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 67-42-5 (Egtazic Acid); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Dissociated GABAergic retinal interneurons exhibit spontaneous increases in intracellular calcium},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Firth_VisNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095252380623013X}}

@article{Sperry:1963,
	Author = {Sperry, R W},
	Crdt = {1963/10/01 00:00},
	Da = {19640301},
	Date = {1963 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 18:08:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-28 17:14:08 -0400},
	Dcom = {19961201},
	Edat = {1963/10/01},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {*BIOCHEMISTRY; *EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY; *NERVE TISSUE; *REGENERATION},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Biochemical Phenomena; *Biochemistry; *Nerve Tissue; *Regeneration; *Research},
	Mhda = {1963/10/01 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC221249},
	Oto = {NLM},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {703--710},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	Pmc = {PMC221249},
	pmid = {14077501},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {OM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1963},
	url = {papers/Sperry_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1963.pdf}}

@article{Holt:1983,
	Abstract = {Retinal nerve fibres form an orderly map of visual space in several centres in the vertebrate brain. Such topographic maps are a common feature of central nervous system organization, yet the way in which they develop is poorly understood. Early nerve projections in the fetal and neonatal mammalian brain have been found in several cases to be less restricted than those in the adult, suggesting that nerve fibres may initially form a diffuse set of connections in their target structure from which the adult map is sculpted by the elimination of terminals. Indeed, previous electrophysiological data indicate that the retinotectal map in Xenopus laevis might be initially disorganized. We report here, however, that the retinotectal projection is ordered from the beginning of tectal innervation (stage 39/40). We demonstrate this first autoradiographically by tracing groups of growing ganglion cell axons which we labelled by incubating sectors of eye rudiments, before axonal outgrowth, in 3H-proline and replacing them orthotopically. Separate labelling of dorsal and ventral parts of the initial projection showed that retinal fibres are organized topographically, as in the adult, in the tectal rudiment and throughout much of the pathway. Second, we show that visual responses are ordered in the tectum from the first stage that they can be mapped (stage 40). We conclude that the topographic ordering of retinotectal connections develops as a result of directed axonal outgrowth.},
	Author = {Holt, C E and Harris, W A},
	Crdt = {1983/01/13 00:00},
	Da = {19830317},
	Date = {1983 Jan 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 17:58:21 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:03:45 +0000},
	Dcom = {19830317},
	Edat = {1983/01/13},
	Gr = {HD14490-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {spontaneous activity; activity-development; visual system; optic tectum; Xenopus; frog; Retina; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers/*ultrastructure; Photic Stimulation; Retina/*growth \& development; Tectum Mesencephali/*growth \& development/ultrastructure; Visual Fields; Xenopus laevis},
	Mhda = {1983/01/13 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5896},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {150--152},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {6823290},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Order in the initial retinotectal map in Xenopus: a new technique for labelling growing nerve fibres},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Holt_Nature1983.pdf}}

@article{Stryker:1986,
	Abstract = {Ocular dominance columns in the cat's visual cortex appear to develop out of an initially overlapping projection by a progressive segregation of the geniculocortical afferents serving the 2 eyes (reviewed in LeVay and Stryker, 1979). To determine whether electrical activity in the visual afferent pathway is involved in this normal, developmental rearrangement of synaptic connections, we blocked the discharge of retinal ganglion cells in both eyes by making repeated intravitreal injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) during the period in which geniculocortical afferent segregation would normally be taking place. Control experiments for the side effects of the injection procedure, the systemic effects of TTX, and the effects of visual deprivation were carried out, and a series of normal animals of appropriate ages was also studied. We then examined the effects of retinal blockade and the various control procedures on the formation of ocular dominance columns using an anatomical assay, the autoradiographic labeling of geniculocortical afferent terminals in layer IV of the visual cortex by the transneuronal transport of tritiated proline injected into 1 eye, and a physiological assay, the ocular dominance of single cortical cells recorded extracellularly. After retinal TTX blockade, layer IV was labeled uniformly without periodic fluctuation in grain density, and nearly all cortical cells were driven well through both eyes. These assays thus indicated that retinal blockade completely blocked the formation of ocular dominance columns, unlike any of the control procedures, suggesting that the spontaneous maintained discharge of retinal ganglion cells may have an important role in the normal development of binocular connections in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Stryker, M P and Harris, W A},
	Crdt = {1986/08/01 00:00},
	Da = {19861002},
	Date = {1986 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:34:10 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:26:54 +0000},
	Dcom = {19861002},
	Edat = {1986/08/01},
	Gr = {K04-EY00213/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01-EY-02874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Cats; Darkness; Evoked Potentials, Visual; *Functional Laterality; Histocytochemistry; Mathematics; *Photic Stimulation; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Tetrodotoxin; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1986/08/01 00:01},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2117--2133},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {3746403},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Binocular impulse blockade prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1986},
	url = {papers/Stryker_JNeurosci1986.pdf}}

@article{Bestman:2008,
	Abstract = {Visual system development requires experience-dependent mechanisms that regulate neuronal structure and function, including dendritic arbor growth, synapse formation, and stabilization. Although RNA binding proteins have been shown to affect some forms of synaptic plasticity in adult animals, their role in the development of neuronal structure and functional circuitry is not clear. Using two-photon time-lapse in vivo imaging and electrophysiology combined with morpholino-mediated knockdown and expression of functional deletion mutants, we demonstrate that the mRNA binding protein, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein1 (CPEB1), affects experience-dependent neuronal development and circuit formation in the visual system of Xenopus laevis. These data indicate that sensory experience controls circuit development by regulating translational activity of mRNAs.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Bestman, Jennifer E and Cline, Hollis T},
	Crdt = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081224},
	Date = {2008 Dec 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090127},
	Dep = {20081212},
	Edat = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090204},
	Mh = {Animals; Dendrites/*ultrastructure; *Morphogenesis; Mutation; *Neurogenesis; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Polyadenylation; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology; RNA-Binding Proteins/*physiology; Transcription Factors/*physiology; Xenopus Proteins/*physiology; Xenopus laevis/physiology; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2009/01/28 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {51},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2629308 {$[$}Available on 06/23/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {20494--20499},
	Phst = {2008/12/12 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {0806296105},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2629308},
	Pmcr = {2009/06/23},
	pmid = {19074264},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Cpeb1 protein, Xenopus); 0 (RNA, Messenger); 0 (RNA, Small Interfering); 0 (RNA-Binding Proteins); 0 (Transcription Factors); 0 (Xenopus Proteins); 0 (mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 23;105(51):20494-9. Epub 2008 Dec 12.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The RNA binding protein CPEB regulates dendrite morphogenesis and neuronal circuit assembly in vivo},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Bestman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806296105}}

@article{Lee:2008a,
	Abstract = {The contribution of structural remodeling to long-term adult brain plasticity is unclear. Here, we investigate features of GABAergic interneuron dendrite dynamics and extract clues regarding its potential role in cortical function and circuit plasticity. We show that remodeling interneurons are contained within a "dynamic zone" corresponding to a superficial strip of layers 2/3, and remodeling dendrites respect the lower border of this zone. Remodeling occurs primarily at the periphery of dendritic fields with addition and retraction of new branch tips. We further show that dendrite remodeling is not intrinsic to a specific interneuron class. These data suggest that interneuron remodeling is not a feature predetermined by genetic lineage, but rather, it is imposed by cortical laminar circuitry. Our findings are consistent with dynamic GABAergic modulation of feedforward and recurrent connections in response to top-down feedback and suggest a structural component to functional plasticity of supragranular neocortical laminae.},
	Address = {The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Biology, and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Author = {Lee, Wei-Chung Allen and Chen, Jerry L and Huang, Hayden and Leslie, Jennifer H and Amitai, Yael and So, Peter T and Nedivi, Elly},
	Crdt = {2008/12/11 09:00},
	Da = {20081217},
	Date = {2008 Dec 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090112},
	Dep = {20081209},
	Edat = {2008/12/11 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY017656/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R03 EY014891/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R21 EB004646/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 10 Structural plasticity},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090126},
	Mh = {Animals; Interneurons/*physiology/ultrastructure; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neocortex/*physiology/ultrastructure; *Neuronal Plasticity; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2009/01/13 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {50},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2604980 {$[$}Available on 06/16/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {19968--19973},
	Phst = {2008/12/09 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {0810149105},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2604980},
	Pmcr = {2009/06/16},
	pmid = {19066223},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 16;105(50):19968-73. Epub 2008 Dec 9.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A dynamic zone defines interneuron remodeling in the adult neocortex},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lee_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810149105}}

@article{Tomura:2008,
	Abstract = {Kaede is a photoconvertible fluorescence protein that changes from green to red upon exposure to violet light. The photoconversion of intracellular Kaede has no effect on cellular function. Using transgenic mice expressing the Kaede protein, we demonstrated that movement of cells with the photoconverted Kaede protein could be monitored from lymphoid organs to other tissues as well as from skin to the draining lymph node. Analysis of the kinetics of cellular movement revealed that each subset of cells in the lymph node, such as CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, B, and dendritic cells, has a distinct migration pattern in vivo. Thus, the Kaede transgenic mouse system would be an ideal tool to monitor precise cellular movement in vivo at different stages of immune response to pathogens as well as in autoimmune diseases.},
	Address = {Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.},
	Author = {Tomura, Michio and Yoshida, Naoki and Tanaka, Junko and Karasawa, Satoshi and Miwa, Yoshihiro and Miyawaki, Atsushi and Kanagawa, Osami},
	Crdt = {2008/07/30 09:00},
	Da = {20080806},
	Date = {2008 Aug 5},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080925},
	Dep = {20080728},
	Edat = {2008/07/30 09:00},
	Issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090206},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Movement/*immunology; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hela Cells; Humans; Immune System/*cytology; Luminescent Proteins/*metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic},
	Mhda = {2008/09/26 09:00},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {31},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2504797},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10871--10876},
	Phst = {2008/07/28 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {0802278105},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2504797},
	pmid = {18663225},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Kaede protein, Trachyphyllia geoffroyi); 0 (Luminescent Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10871-6. Epub 2008 Jul 28.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Monitoring cellular movement in vivo with photoconvertible fluorescence protein "Kaede" transgenic mice},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Tomura_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802278105}}

@article{Huberman:2008a,
	Abstract = {Patterns of synaptic connections in the visual system are remarkably precise. These connections dictate the receptive field properties of individual visual neurons and ultimately determine the quality of visual perception. Spontaneous neural activity is necessary for the development of various receptive field properties and visual feature maps. In recent years, attention has shifted to understanding the mechanisms by which spontaneous activity in the developing retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex instruct the axonal and dendritic refinements that give rise to orderly connections in the visual system. Axon guidance cues and a growing list of other molecules, including immune system factors, have also recently been implicated in visual circuit wiring. A major goal now is to determine how these molecules cooperate with spontaneous and visually evoked activity to give rise to the circuits underlying precise receptive field tuning and orderly visual maps.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA. adh1@stanford.edu},
	Author = {Huberman, Andrew D and Feller, Marla B and Chapman, Barbara},
	Crdt = {2008/06/19 09:00},
	Da = {20080618},
	Date = {2008},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-31 20:00:30 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080919},
	Edat = {2008/06/19 09:00},
	Gr = {EY11369/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY011369-11/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY13528/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper;Spontaneous activity;frontiers review;visual cortex;visual system;LGN;Superior Colliculus;optic tectum;Retina;plasticity;experience dependent plasticity;structural remodeling;review; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090316},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Growth Cones/*physiology/ultrastructure; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism/secretion; Retina/embryology/*physiology; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure; Visual Cortex/embryology/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/embryology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/09/20 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS80268},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS80268; NLM: PMC2655105},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {479--509},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2655105},
	pmid = {18558864},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {200},
	Rn = {0 (Nerve Growth Factors)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:479-509.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Mechanisms underlying development of visual maps and receptive fields},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Huberman_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125533}}

@article{Hudetz:2007,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The degree of suppression of sensory functions during general anesthesia is controversial. Here, the authors investigated whether discrete flash stimuli induced cortical field potential responses at an isoflurane concentration producing burst suppression and compared the spatiotemporal properties and frequency spectra of flash-induced burst responses with those occurring spontaneously. METHODS: Rats were equipped with multiple epidural and intracortical electrodes to record cortical field potentials in the right hemisphere at several locations along the anterior-posterior axis. At isoflurane concentrations of 1.1, 1.4, and 1.8%, discrete light flashes were delivered to the left eye while cortical field potentials were continuously recorded. RESULTS: Isoflurane at 1.4-1.8% produced burst suppression. Each flash produced a visual evoked potential in the primary visual cortex followed by secondary bursting activity in more anterior regions. The average latency and duration of these bursts were 220 and 810 ms, respectively. The spontaneous and flash-induced bursts were similar in frequency, duration, and spatial distribution. They had maximum power in the frontal (primary motor) cortex with a dominant frequency of 10 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that discrete flash stimuli activate the motor regions of the cerebral cortex during isoflurane anesthesia and that these activations are analogous with those that occur spontaneously during burst suppression. Electrocortical suppression of the cortex during anesthesia does not prevent its response to visual stimuli.},
	Address = {Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. ahudetz@mcw.edu},
	Author = {Hudetz, Anthony G and Imas, Olga A},
	Crdt = {2007/11/29 09:00},
	Da = {20071128},
	Date = {2007 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071220},
	Edat = {2007/11/29 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 GM-56398/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1528-1175 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {1300217},
	Journal = {Anesthesiology},
	Jt = {Anesthesiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/drug effects/*physiology; *Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods; Animals; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects/physiology; Isoflurane/*pharmacology; Male; Photic Stimulation/*methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	Mhda = {2007/12/21 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {983--991},
	Pii = {00000542-200712000-00018},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18043067},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {26675-46-7 (Isoflurane)},
	Sb = {AIM; IM},
	Source = {Anesthesiology. 2007 Dec;107(6):983-91.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Burst activation of the cerebral cortex by flash stimuli during isoflurane anesthesia in rats},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hudetz_Anesthesiology2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000291471.80659.55}}

@article{Cline:2003,
	Abstract = {The interface between so-called activity-dependent and activity-independent mechanisms of circuit development is discussed here in light of recent findings that question the role of activity in brain development. This debate is presented simplistically here in terms of Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis versus Hebb's rules of correlation-based synaptic change, which are often presented as being mutually exclusive - much like oil and vinegar.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Cline, Hollis},
	Crdt = {2003/11/20 05:00},
	Da = {20031119},
	Date = {2003 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:30:46 -0400},
	Dcom = {20040128},
	Edat = {2003/11/20 05:00},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20051116},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/*growth \& development/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*physiology; Humans; Nerve Net/*growth \& development/metabolism; Synapses/genetics/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/01/30 05:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {655--661},
	Pii = {S0166223603003412},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {14624849},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {52},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Trends Neurosci. 2003 Dec;26(12):655-61.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Sperry and Hebb: oil and vinegar?},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Cline_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Chisum:2003,
	Abstract = {The superficial layers of primary visual cortex, unlike layer 4, have an extensive network of long-range horizontal connections linking sites of similar orientation preference. To identify possible functional consequences of this distinct anatomy, we compared the receptive field properties of layers 2/3 and 4 neurons in tree shrew primary visual cortex with electrophysiological recordings. We found that elongated receptive fields, strong orientation tuning, and length summation (properties predicted by the anatomy of the horizontal connections) are present in layer 2/3 neurons, but not in layer 4 neurons. We further characterized the summation fields of layer 2/3 neurons and found axis and orientation-specific facilitation that matched the distribution of horizontal connections. The functional signature of horizontal connections was also evident in the population response of layer 2/3 neurons; the intrinsic signal activation pattern elicited by an array of collinear Gabor elements was significantly stronger than that elicited by a noncollinear array. Furthermore, our results showed that this enhancement of population response was achieved without compromising spatial resolution along the collinear axis, providing stimulus-specific facilitation without filling in between stimuli. Taken together, these results suggest that horizontal connections play a significant role in shaping the visual responses of layer 2/3 neurons.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. hchisum@neuro.duke.edu},
	Author = {Chisum, Heather J and Mooser, Francois and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Crdt = {2003/04/10 05:00},
	Da = {20030409},
	Date = {2003 Apr 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:28:52 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030530},
	Edat = {2003/04/10 05:00},
	Gr = {EY06821/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Female; Male; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Tupaiidae; Visual Cortex/*cytology; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways},
	Mhda = {2003/05/31 05:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2947--2960},
	Pii = {23/7/2947},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12684482},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 1;23(7):2947-60.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Emergent properties of layer 2/3 neurons reflect the collinear arrangement of horizontal connections in tree shrew visual cortex},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Chisum_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Maskos:2002,
	Abstract = {The function of the nervous system is a consequence of the intricate synaptic connectivity of its neurons. Our understanding of these highly complex networks has profited enormously from methods used over the past two decades that are based on the mechanical injection of tracer molecules into brain regions. We have developed a genetic system for the mapping of synaptic connections during development of the mammalian central nervous system and in the mature brain. It is based on the transsynaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brains of mice using a fusion protein with a nontoxic fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) expressed in defined neurons. These transgenic mice allowed us to visualize neurons, at single-cell resolution, that are in synaptic contact by the detection of GFP in interconnected circuits. Targeted genetic expression with a specific promoter permitted us to transfer GFP to defined subsets of neurons and brain regions. GFP-TTC is coexpressed with a lacZ reporter gene to discriminate neurons that produce the tracer from cells that have acquired it transneuronally. The marker shows selective transfer in the retrograde direction. We have used electron microscopic detection of GFP to define the ultrastructural features of the system. Our work opens up a range of possibilities for brain slice and in vivo studies taking advantage of the fluorescence of GFP. We point the way toward the use of powerful multiphoton technology and set the stage for the transsynaptic transfer of other proteins in the brains of mice.},
	Address = {Unite d'Embryologie Moleculaire, Unite de Recherche Associee 1947, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.},
	Author = {Maskos, Uwe and Kissa, Karima and St Cloment, Cecile and Brulet, Philippe},
	Crdt = {2002/07/13 10:00},
	Da = {20020724},
	Date = {2002 Jul 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020904},
	Dep = {20020711},
	Edat = {2002/07/13 10:00},
	Issn = {0027-8424 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505876},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Jt = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Keywords = {23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Animals; Base Sequence; *Chromosome Mapping; DNA Primers; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins; In Situ Hybridization; Luminescent Proteins/*genetics/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurons/*physiology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protein Transport; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism; Reproducibility of Results; Synapses/*physiology; beta-Galactosidase/genetics/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2002/09/06 10:01},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {15},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC126634},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10120--10125},
	Phst = {2002/07/11 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {152266799},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC126634},
	pmid = {12114537},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (DNA Primers); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (Recombinant Fusion Proteins); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); EC 3.2.1.23 (beta-Galactosidase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):10120-5. Epub 2002 Jul 11.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Retrograde trans-synaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein allows the genetic mapping of neuronal circuits in transgenic mice},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Maskos_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152266799}}

@article{Tan:2002,
	Abstract = {The mammalian superior colliculus is structurally and functionally divided into two entities: superficial visual and deep multimodal motor. To discover the role, if any, of developmental processes in establishing separate tectal compartments, we have used highly unbalanced mouse chimaeras to mark cell dispersion pathways and trace cell lineages. Two forms of cell dispersion were detected: radial and tangential. Neither radial nor tangential forms of cell dispersion were found to exist on their own in any group of labeled cells. Radial cell dispersion was the predominant form of cell movement from the germinal zones and primarily associated with the differentiation of glutamatergic neurons. In contrast, tangential cell dispersion involved a minority of tectal cells, concentrated chiefly in the superficial layers and often associated with the upper aspects of radial columns. More scattered cells expressed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) compared to columnar cells. Taken together, these results indicate separate developmental constraints for the development of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the superior colliculus.},
	Address = {Brain Development Group, Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. stan@hfi.unimel.edu.au},
	Author = {Tan, Seong-Seng and Valcanis, Helen and Kalloniatis, Michael and Harvey, Alan},
	Crdt = {2002/01/11 10:00},
	Da = {20020110},
	Date = {2002 Jan 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20020211},
	Edat = {2002/01/11 10:00},
	Issn = {0012-1606 (Print)},
	Jid = {0372762},
	Journal = {Dev Biol},
	Jt = {Developmental biology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Movement; Chimera; Glutamic Acid/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lac Operon; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons/cytology/metabolism; Phenotype; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology/*growth \& development/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2002/02/12 10:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {117--131},
	Pii = {S0012160601905056},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11784099},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Dev Biol. 2002 Jan 1;241(1):117-31.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cellular dispersion patterns and phenotypes in the developing mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {241},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Tan_DevBiol2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2001.0505}}

@article{Klier:2001,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) has a topographic map of visual space, but the spatial nature of its output command for orienting gaze shifts remains unclear. Here we show that the SC codes neither desired gaze displacement nor gaze direction in space (as debated previously), but rather, desired gaze direction in retinal coordinates. Electrical micro-stimulation of the SC in two head-free (non-immobilized) monkeys evoked natural-looking, eye-head gaze shifts, with anterior sites producing small, fixed-vector movements and posterior sites producing larger, strongly converging movements. However, when correctly calculated in retinal coordinates, all of these trajectories became 'fixed-vector.' Moreover, our data show that this eye-centered SC command is then further transformed, as a function of eye and head position, by downstream mechanisms into the head- and body-centered commands for coordinated eye-head gaze shifts.},
	Address = {CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.},
	Author = {Klier, E M and Wang, H and Crawford, J D},
	Crdt = {2001/05/23 10:00},
	Da = {20010522},
	Date = {2001 Jun},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010705},
	Edat = {2001/05/23 10:00},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Darkness; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology; Head Movements/*physiology; Light; Macaca fascicularis; Mesencephalon/physiology; Motor Activity; Neurons/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Retina/*physiology; Saccades/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/07/06 10:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {627--632},
	Pii = {88450},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11369944},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nat Neurosci. 2001 Jun;4(6):627-32.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The superior colliculus encodes gaze commands in retinal coordinates},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Klier_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/88450}}

@article{Branner:2001,
	Abstract = {Restoration of motor function to individuals who have had spinal cord injuries or stroke has been hampered by the lack of an interface to the peripheral nervous system. A suitable interface should provide selective stimulation of a large number of individual muscle groups with graded recruitment of force. We have developed a new neural interface, the Utah Slanted Electrode Array (USEA), that was designed to be implanted into peripheral nerves. Its goal is to provide such an interface that could be useful in rehabilitation as well as neuroscience applications. In this study, the stimulation capabilities of the USEA were evaluated in acute experiments in cat sciatic nerve. The recruitment properties and the selectivity of stimulation were examined by determining the target muscles excited by stimulation via each of the 100 electrodes in the array and using force transducers to record the force produced in these muscles. It is shown in the results that groups of up to 15 electrodes were inserted into individual fascicles. Stimulation slightly above threshold was selective to one muscle group for most individual electrodes. At higher currents, co-activation of agonist but not antagonist muscles was observed in some instances. Recruitment curves for the electrode array were broader with twitch thresholds starting at much lower currents than for cuff electrodes. In these experiments, it is also shown that certain combinations of electrode pairs, inserted into an individual fascicle, excite fiber populations with substantial overlap, whereas other pairs appear to address independent populations. We conclude that the USEA permits more selective stimulation at much lower current intensities with more graded recruitment of individual muscles than is achieved by conventional cuff electrodes.},
	Address = {The Center for Neural Interfaces, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.},
	Author = {Branner, A and Stein, R B and Normann, R A},
	Crdt = {2001/04/05 10:00},
	Da = {20010405},
	Date = {2001 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:28:52 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010705},
	Edat = {2001/04/05 10:00},
	Gr = {1-R01-NS-39677/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Cats; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation/*instrumentation/*methods; Equipment Design; Microelectrodes; Models, Biological; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology; Recruitment, Neurophysiological/physiology; Sciatic Nerve/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/07/11 10:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1585--1594},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11287482},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 2001 Apr;85(4):1585-94.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Selective stimulation of cat sciatic nerve using an array of varying-length microelectrodes},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Branner_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Wickelgren:2000,
	Abstract = {For decades, neurobiologists have believed that so-called ocular dominance columns--neat columns of brain cells that respond to visual activity from one eye or the other--form as a result of visual activity. Now, in work described on page 1321, neuroscientists report that ocular dominance columns in ferrets appear long before the columns can be modified by visual experience. They propose instead that innate molecules that guide growing axons to their locations in the developing brain may be primarily responsible for building these columns. But others contest the conclusion that neural activity is not required for constructing the columns, arguing that there are other explanations for the researchers' findings.},
	Author = {Wickelgren, I},
	Con = {Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1321-4. PMID: 11082053},
	Crdt = {2001/02/24 12:00},
	Da = {20001120},
	Date = {2000 Nov 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:30:46 -0400},
	Dcom = {20001207},
	Edat = {2001/02/24 12:00},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20070817},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons/physiology; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Retina/physiology; Sensory Deprivation; Time Factors; Visual Cortex/cytology/*growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology; *Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {2001/02/28 10:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5495},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1271--1273},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {11185393},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; News},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1271-3.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neurobiology. Heretical view of visual development},
	Volume = {290},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Crowley:2000,
	Abstract = {The segregation of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) axons into ocular dominance columns is believed to involve a prolonged, activity-dependent sorting process. However, visualization of early postnatal ferret LGN axons by direct LGN tracer injections revealed segregated ocular dominance columns <7 days after innervation of layer 4. These early columns were unaffected by experimentally induced imbalances in retinal activity, implying that different mechanisms govern initial column formation and their modification during the subsequent critical period. Instead of activity-dependent plasticity, we propose that ocular dominance column formation relies on the targeting of distinct axonal populations to defined locales in cortical layer 4.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. jcrowley@neuro.duke.edu},
	Author = {Crowley, J C and Katz, L C},
	Cin = {Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1271-3. PMID: 11185393},
	Crdt = {2000/11/18 11:00},
	Da = {20001120},
	Date = {2000 Nov 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:02:41 +0000},
	Dcom = {20001207},
	Edat = {2000/11/18 11:00},
	Gr = {EY07690/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; MH12359/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons/*physiology; Female; Ferrets; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/*physiology; Male; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Retina/physiology; Sensory Deprivation; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex/cytology/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology; *Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {2001/02/28 10:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5495},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1321--1324},
	Pii = {8992},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {11082053},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1321-4.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Early development of ocular dominance columns},
	Volume = {290},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Crowley_Science2000.pdf}}

@article{Jones:2000,
	Abstract = {After manipulations of the periphery that reduce or enhance input to the somatosensory cortex, affected parts of the body representation will contract or expand, often over many millimeters. Various mechanisms, including divergence of preexisting connections, expression of latent synapses, and sprouting of new synapses, have been proposed to explain such phenomena, which probably underlie altered sensory experiences associated with limb amputation and peripheral nerve injury in humans. Putative cortical mechanisms have received the greatest emphasis but there is increasing evidence for substantial reorganization in subcortical structures, including the brainstem and thalamus, that may be of sufficient extent to account for or play a large part in representational plasticity in somatosensory cortex. Recent studies show that divergence of ascending connections is considerable and sufficient to ensure that small alterations in map topography at brainstem and thalamic levels will be amplified in the projection to the cortex. In the long term, slow, deafferentation-dependent transneuronal atrophy at brainstem, thalamic, and even cortical levels are operational in promoting reorganizational changes, and the extent to which surviving connections can maintain a map is a key to understanding differences between central and peripheral deafferentation.},
	Address = {Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. ejones@ucdavis.edu},
	Author = {Jones, E G},
	Crdt = {2000/06/09 09:00},
	Da = {20000908},
	Date = {2000},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000908},
	Edat = {2000/06/09 09:00},
	Gr = {NS21377/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Afferent Pathways/physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Peripheral Nerves/physiology; Primates/*physiology; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology; Spinal Cord/physiology; Thalamus/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology},
	Mhda = {2000/09/19 11:01},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1--37},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10845057},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {182},
	Rn = {56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Neurosci. 2000;23:1-37.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cortical and subcortical contributions to activity-dependent plasticity in primate somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Jones_AnnuRevNeurosci2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.1}}

@article{Crowley:1999,
	Abstract = {The initial establishment of ocular dominance columns in visual cortex is believed to involve the segregation of overlapping geniculocortical axons into eye-specific patches based on patterns of correlated activity. However, we found that total removal of retinal influence early in visual development did not prevent segregation of geniculocortical axons into alternating stripes with periodicity normal for ocular dominance columns. Because the patterning of geniculocortical afferents resists this dramatic change in the level, source and pattern of spontaneous activity, we propose that formation of ocular dominance columns relies on molecular cues present on thalamic axons, cortical cells or both.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. jcrowley@neuro.duke.edu},
	Author = {Crowley, J C and Katz, L C},
	Cin = {Nat Neurosci. 1999 Dec;2(12):1043-5. PMID: 10570475},
	Crdt = {1999/11/26 09:00},
	Da = {20000118},
	Date = {1999 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000118},
	Edat = {1999/11/26 09:00},
	Gr = {EYO7960/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; MH12359/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons/physiology; Biotin/analogs \& derivatives/metabolism; Dextrans/metabolism; Female; Ferrets; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/growth \& development/physiology; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Retina/*physiology/surgery; Sensory Deprivation/*physiology; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/drug effects/*growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/03/23 10:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1125--1130},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10570491},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (biotinylated dextran amine); 58-85-5 (Biotin); 9004-54-0 (Dextrans)},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {Nat Neurosci. 1999 Dec;2(12):1125-30.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of ocular dominance columns in the absence of retinal input},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Crowley_NatNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16051}}

@article{Hubener:1999,
	Abstract = {Crowley and Katz cast doubt on the idea that correlated activity is critical for visual cortex development by showing that ocular dominance maps can emerge without any retinal input.},
	Author = {Hubener, M and Bonhoeffer, T},
	Con = {Nat Neurosci. 1999 Dec;2(12):1125-30. PMID: 10570491},
	Crdt = {1999/11/26 09:00},
	Da = {20000118},
	Date = {1999 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000118},
	Edat = {1999/11/26 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Ferrets; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Retina/growth \& development/*physiology/surgery; Sensory Deprivation/*physiology; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/03/23 10:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1043--1045},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10570475},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; News},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {Nat Neurosci. 1999 Dec;2(12):1043-5.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Eyes wide shut},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Hubener_NatNeurosci1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/15964}}

@article{Edelman:1999,
	Address = {Scripps Research Institute, LaJolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Author = {Edelman, G M},
	Crdt = {1999/07/23 00:00},
	Da = {19990805},
	Date = {1999 Jun 30},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:30:46 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990805},
	Edat = {1999/07/23},
	Issn = {0077-8923 (Print)},
	Jid = {7506858},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Jt = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20051117},
	Mh = {Brain/*anatomy \& histology/*physiology; Consciousness/physiology; Humans; Memory/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/07/23 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {68--89},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10415887},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Neurotransmitter Agents)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 30;882:68-89; discussion 128-34.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Building a picture of the brain},
	Volume = {882},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Edelman_AnnNYAcadSci1999.pdf}}

@article{Wallace:1997a,
	Abstract = {The development of multisensory neurons and multisensory integration was examined in the deep layers of the superior colliculus of kittens ranging in age from 3 to 135 d postnatal (dpn). Despite the high proportion of multisensory neurons in adult animals, no such neurons were found during the first 10 d of postnatal life. Rather, all sensory-responsive neurons were unimodal. The first multisensory neurons (somatosensory-auditory) were found at 12 dpn, and visually responsive multisensory neurons were not found until 20 dpn. Early multisensory neurons responded weakly to sensory stimuli, had long latencies, large receptive fields, and poorly developed response selectivities. Most surprising, however, was their inability to integrate combinations of sensory cues to produce significant response enhancement (or depression), a characteristic feature of the adult. Responses to combinations of sensory cues differed little from responses to their modality-specific components. At 28 dpn an abrupt physiological change was noted. Some multisensory neurons now integrated combinations of cross-modality cues and exhibited significant response enhancements when these cues were spatially coincident and response depressions when the cues were spatially disparate. During the next 2 months the incidence of multisensory neurons, and the proportion of these neurons capable of adult-like multisensory integration, gradually increased. Once multisensory integration appeared in a given neuron, its properties changed little with development. Even the youngest integrating neurons showed superadditive enhancements and spatial characteristics of multisensory integration that were indistinguishable from the adult. Nevertheless, neonatal and adult multisensory neurons differed in the manner in which they integrated temporally asynchronous stimuli, a distribution that may reflect the very different behavioral requirements at different ages. The possible maturational role of corticotectal projections in the abrupt gating of multisensory integration is discussed.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.},
	Author = {Wallace, M T and Stein, B E},
	Crdt = {1997/04/01 00:00},
	Da = {19990225},
	Date = {1997 Apr 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:30:46 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990225},
	Edat = {1997/04/01},
	Gr = {EY06562/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0270-6474 (Print)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; *Brain Mapping; Cats; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi/growth \& development/*physiology; Vision, Ocular/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {1997/04/01 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2429--2444},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9065504},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 1997 Apr 1;17(7):2429-44.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of multisensory neurons and multisensory integration in cat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Wallace_JNeurosci1997.pdf}}

@article{Gulrajani:1984,
	Author = {Gulrajani, R M and Roberge, F A and Savard, P},
	Crdt = {1984/12/01 00:00},
	Da = {19850403},
	Date = {1984 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19850403},
	Edat = {1984/12/01},
	Issn = {0018-9294 (Print)},
	Jid = {0012737},
	Journal = {IEEE Trans Biomed Eng},
	Jt = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Dogs; *Electrocardiography; *Electroencephalography; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Rabbits; Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome/diagnosis},
	Mhda = {1984/12/01 00:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {12},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {903--910},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {6396217},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {56},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1984 Dec;31(12):903-10.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Moving dipole inverse ECG and EEG solutions},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1984},
	url = {papers/Gulrajani_IEEETransBiomedEng1984.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1984.325257}}

@article{Crowne:1983,
	Abstract = {Brief deprivation of vision after unilateral lesions of the frontal eye field prevents the appearance of contralateral inattention to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli. The forced circling that accompanies inattention, however, is not affected. An equivalent preoperative period in the dark only partly reduces inattention symptoms. Visual deprivation does not reduce or prevent inattention resulting from lesions of the superior colliculus.},
	Author = {Crowne, D P and Richardson, C M and Ward, G},
	Crdt = {1983/04/29 00:00},
	Da = {19830527},
	Date = {1983 Apr 29},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:30:46 -0400},
	Dcom = {19830527},
	Edat = {1983/04/29},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Attention/*physiology; Darkness; Frontal Lobe/*physiology; Male; Movement; Rats; Sensory Deprivation/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1983/04/29 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4596},
	Oid = {NASA: 83171425},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {527--530},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {6836298},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {Science. 1983 Apr 29;220(4596):527-30.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Brief deprivation of vision after unilateral lesions of the frontal eye field prevents contralateral inattention},
	Volume = {220},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Crowne_Science1983.pdf}}

@article{Drager:1976,
	Abstract = {In adult mice of the C57BL/6J strain the projection of the visual field was systematically mapped under direct vision. As in other vertebrate species the nasal (anterior) field projected anterolaterally, and the inferior field posterolaterally. Values of magnification-1 (m-1, or degrees of visual field per millimeter tectal surface) were calculated over most of the tectum, for measurements in the coronal and sagittal planes. Whereas m-1 was fairly constant for measurement pairs in sagittal planes, for coronal planes there was a rather large, elongated, horizontally oriented area in the upper field of vision within which m-1 was smaller than elsewhere. In this area m-1 was anisotropic, with a ratio of almost 2:1 between sagittal and coronal planes. In a previously study we had observed that many cells recorded in deeper tectal layers responded to somatosensory stimulation, with whiskers especially conspicuous. In a given penetration perpendicular to the tectal surface, somatosensory receptive fields recorded in the deeper tectum were always concerned with that group of whiskers or with those parts of the body that crossed the regions of visual field represented in the superficial layers directly above. Given this information on the visual coordinates associated with certain somatosensory fields, the detailed mapping of the visual field onto the tectum made it possible to prepare a map of the somatosensory projection on the tectum. The resulting representation differed markedly from maps described for the classic somatosensory pathway. In the tectum the somatosensory map was dictated by the visual-field projection rather than by the peripheral tactile innervation density. Whiskers were thus featured much more prominently in the tectum, and structures close to the eye, such as the pinna and cheek, receive more representation than the tail or hindpaws.},
	Author = {Drager, U C and Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1976/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19760415},
	Date = {1976 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 18:40:15 +0000},
	Dcom = {19760415},
	Edat = {1976/01/01},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; retina; mouse; sensory map; topographic map; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; function; visual system; multisensory integration},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Mapping; Light; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Touch/*physiology; Visual Cortex/physiology; *Visual Fields},
	Mhda = {1976/01/01 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {91-101},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {1249606},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 1976 Jan;39(1):91-101.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {1976},
	url = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1976.pdf}}

@article{Drager:1975,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus was studied in anesthetized mice by recording from single cells and from unit clusters. The topographic representation of the visual filed was similar to what has been found in other mammals, with the temporal part of the contralateral visual field projecting posteriorly and the inferior visual field projecting laterally. At the anterior margin of the tectum receptive fields recorded through the contralateral eye and invaded the ipsilateral visual hemifield for up to 35 degrees, suggesting that the entire visual field through one eye is represented on the contralateral superior colliculus. Cells located closest to the tectal surface had relatively small receptive fields, averaging 9 degrees in center diameter; field sizes increased steadily with depth. The prevailing cell type in the stratum zonal and superficial gray responded best to a small dark or light object of any shape moved slowly through the receptive-field center or to turning a small stationary spot on or off. Large objects or diffuse light were usually much less effective. Less than one-quarter of superficial layer cells showed directional selectivity to a moving object, the majority of these favoring up and nasal movement. The chief visual cell type in the stratum opticum and upper part of the intermediate gray resembled in the newness neurons described for many other vertebrates: they had large receptive fields and responded best to up and nasal movement of a small dark or light object, whose optimal size was similar to the optimum for upper-layer cells. If the same part of the receptive field was repeatedly stimulated there was a marked tendency to habituate. Only very few cels responded to the ipsilateral eye. Intermixed with visual cells in the upper part of the intermediate gray were cells that responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli. Here bimodal and trimodal cells were also seen. In deeper layers somatosensory and auditory modalities tended to take over. These two modalities were not segregated into sublayers but rather seemed to be arranged in clusters. Responses to somatosensory and auditory stimuli were brisk, showing little habituation to repeated stimulation.},
	Author = {Drager, U C and Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1975/05/01 00:00},
	Da = {19750731},
	Date = {1975 May},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 18:40:32 +0000},
	Dcom = {19750731},
	Edat = {1975/05/01},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; retina; mouse; sensory map; topographic map; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; function; visual system; multisensory integration},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials; Functional Laterality; Hair/innervation; Mechanoreceptors/physiology; Methionine; Mice/*physiology; Orientation; *Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptor Cells/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Sulfur Radioisotopes; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Touch/*physiology; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1975/05/01 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {690-713},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {1127462},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Sulfur Radioisotopes); 63-68-3 (Methionine)},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 1975 May;38(3):690-713.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}}

@article{Drager:1975a,
	Author = {Drager, U C and Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1975/01/17 00:00},
	Da = {19750419},
	Date = {1975 Jan 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 15:18:34 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 13:35:55 -0400},
	Dcom = {19750419},
	Edat = {1975/01/17},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; retina; mouse; sensory map; topographic map; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; function; visual system; multisensory integration},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Auditory Pathways/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Hair; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Sensory Receptor Cells; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology; *Touch; Visual Pathways/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1975/01/17 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {5488},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {203--204},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {1110771},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Physiology of visual cells in mouse superior colliculus and correlation with somatosensory and auditory input},
	Volume = {253},
	Year = {1975},
	url = {papers/Drager_Nature1975.pdf}}

@article{Wilson:2007a,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent protein (XFP) expression in postnatal neurons allows the anatomical and physiological investigation of identified subpopulations of interneurons with established techniques. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of activity of these XFP neurons within a network and their role in the functional output of the network are more challenging issues to investigate. Here we apply two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy to mouse spinal cord locomotor networks and present the methodology by which calcium activity can be recorded in XFP-expressing neurons. Such activity can be studied both in relation to neighboring non-XFP neurons in a spinal cord slice preparation and in relation to functional locomotor output monitored by ventral root activity in the intact in vitro spinal cord. Thus the network properties and functional correlates with locomotion of identified populations of interneurons can be studied simultaneously.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 14A1 Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 1X5.},
	Author = {Wilson, Jennifer M and Dombeck, Daniel A and Diaz-Rios, Manuel and Harris-Warrick, Ronald M and Brownstone, Robert M},
	Crdt = {2007/02/17 09:00},
	Da = {20070405},
	Date = {2007 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070710},
	Dep = {20070215},
	Edat = {2007/02/17 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 NS-050943/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Calcium imaging; 23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071203},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium Signaling/*physiology; Coloring Agents; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics; Interneurons/physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Luminescent Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal/*methods; Nerve Net/*anatomy \& histology/cytology/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Spinal Cord/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology},
	Mhda = {2007/07/11 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3118--3125},
	Phst = {2007/02/15 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {01207.2006},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17303810},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (yellow fluorescent protein, mouse); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging of network activity in XFP-expressing neurons in the mouse},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wilson_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01207.2006}}

@article{Ozden:2008,
	Abstract = {In vivo multiphoton fluorescence microscopy allows imaging of cellular structures in brain tissue to depths of hundreds of micrometers and, when combined with the use of activity-dependent indicator dyes, opens the possibility of observing intact, functioning neural circuitry. We have developed tools for analyzing in vivo multiphoton data sets to identify responding structures and events in single cells as well as patterns of activity within the neural ensemble. Data were analyzed from populations of cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites, which generate calcium-based complex action potentials. For image segmentation, active dendrites were identified using a correlation-based method to group covarying pixels. Firing events were extracted from dendritic fluorescence signals with a 95% detection rate and an 8% false-positive rate. Because an event that begins in one movie frame is sometimes not detected until the next frame, detection delays were compensated using a likelihood-based correction procedure. To identify groups of dendrites that tended to fire synchronously, a k-means-based procedure was developed to analyze pairwise correlations across the population. Because repeated runs of k-means often generated dissimilar clusterings, the runs were combined to determine a consensus cluster number and composition. This procedure, termed meta-k-means, gave clusterings as good as individual runs of k-means, was independent of random initial seeding, and allowed the exclusion of outliers. Our methods should be generally useful for analyzing multicellular activity recordings in a variety of brain structures.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.},
	Author = {Ozden, Ilker and Lee, H Megan and Sullivan, Megan R and Wang, Samuel S-H},
	Crdt = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Da = {20080716},
	Date = {2008 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081105},
	Dep = {20080521},
	Edat = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 NS-045193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging; 21 Neurophysiology; 23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Calcium Signaling/physiology; Cerebellum/cytology; *Cluster Analysis; Dendrites/physiology; Electrophysiology; Likelihood Functions; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/*methods; Models, Neurological; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Purkinje Cells/cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/11/06 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2493472 {$[$}Available on 07/01/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {495--503},
	Phst = {2008/05/21 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {01310.2007},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2493472},
	Pmcr = {2009/07/01 00:00},
	pmid = {18497355},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Identification and clustering of event patterns from in vivo multiphoton optical recordings of neuronal ensembles},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Ozden_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01310.2007}}

@article{Niell:2008,
	Abstract = {Genetic methods available in mice are likely to be powerful tools in dissecting cortical circuits. However, the visual cortex, in which sensory coding has been most thoroughly studied in other species, has essentially been neglected in mice perhaps because of their poor spatial acuity and the lack of columnar organization such as orientation maps. We have now applied quantitative methods to characterize visual receptive fields in mouse primary visual cortex V1 by making extracellular recordings with silicon electrode arrays in anesthetized mice. We used current source density analysis to determine laminar location and spike waveforms to discriminate putative excitatory and inhibitory units. We find that, although the spatial scale of mouse receptive fields is up to one or two orders of magnitude larger, neurons show selectivity for stimulus parameters such as orientation and spatial frequency that is near to that found in other species. Furthermore, typical response properties such as linear versus nonlinear spatial summation (i.e., simple and complex cells) and contrast-invariant tuning are also present in mouse V1 and correlate with laminar position and cell type. Interestingly, we find that putative inhibitory neurons generally have less selective, and nonlinear, responses. This quantitative description of receptive field properties should facilitate the use of mouse visual cortex as a system to address longstanding questions of visual neuroscience and cortical processing.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology, W M Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA.},
	Author = {Niell, Cristopher M and Stryker, Michael P},
	Crdt = {2008/07/25 09:00},
	Da = {20080724},
	Date = {2008 Jul 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-10 16:59:46 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080902},
	Edat = {2008/07/25 09:00},
	Gr = {EY02874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; topographic map; Visual Cortex; mouse; extracellular; neurophysiology; in vivo; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Linear Models; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neurons/*classification/*physiology; Nonlinear Dynamics; Orientation/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Psychophysics; Spectrum Analysis; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology; Visual Fields/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/09/03 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {30},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {7520--7536},
	Pii = {28/30/7520},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18650330},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Niell_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0623-08.2008}}

@article{Sparks:1999,
	Abstract = {Various conceptual issues have been brought into focus by recent experiments studying the role of the superior colliculus in the control of coordinated movements of the eyes and head, the interaction of saccadic and vergence movements, and cognitive processes influencing the initiation and execution of saccades.},
	Address = {Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, USA. sparks@saccade.neusc.bcm.tmc.edu},
	Author = {Sparks, D L},
	Crdt = {1999/12/23 00:00},
	Da = {20000113},
	Date = {1999 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Dcom = {20000113},
	Edat = {1999/12/23},
	Gr = {EY01189-27/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cognition/physiology; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology; *Models, Neurological; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/12/23 00:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {698--707},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(99)00039-2},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {10607648},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Conceptual issues related to the role of the superior colliculus in the control of gaze},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Sparks_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Rojas:2006,
	Abstract = {The rodent whisker sensory system is a commonly used model of cortical processing; however, anesthetics cause profound differences in the shape and timing of evoked responses. Evoked response studies, especially those that use spatial mapping techniques, such as fMRI or optical imaging, will thus show significantly different results depending on the anesthesia used. To describe the effect of behavioral states and commonly used anesthetics, we characterized the early surface-evoked response potentials (ERPs) components (first ERP peak: gamma band 25-45 Hz; fast oscillation: 200-400 Hz; and very fast oscillation: 400-600 Hz) using a 25-channel electrode array on the somatosensory cortex during whisker stimulation. We found significant differences in the ERP shape when ketamine/xylazine, urethane, propofol, isoflurane, and pentobarbital sodium were administered and during sleep and wake states. The highest ERP amplitudes were observed under propofol anesthesia and during quiet sleep. Under isoflurane, the ERP was nearly absent, except for a very late component, which was concombinant with burst synchronization. The slowest responses were seen under urethane and propofol anesthesia. Spatial mapping experiments that use electrical, NMR, or optical techniques must consider the anesthetic dependency of these signals, especially when stimulation protocols or electrical and metabolic responses are compared.},
	Address = {VCAPP Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.},
	Author = {Rojas, Manuel J and Navas, Jinna A and Rector, David M},
	Crdt = {2006/02/04 09:00},
	Da = {20060608},
	Date = {2006 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060726},
	Dep = {20060202},
	Edat = {2006/02/04 09:00},
	Gr = {MH60263/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0363-6119 (Print)},
	Jid = {100901230},
	Journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol},
	Jt = {American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {*Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, General/*administration \& dosage/*pharmacology; Animals; Biological Markers; Consciousness/drug effects/physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Evoked Potentials/*drug effects; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	Mhda = {2006/07/27 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {R189-96},
	Phst = {2006/02/02 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {00409.2005},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16455771},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Anesthetics, General); 0 (Biological Markers)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Evoked response potential markers for anesthetic and behavioral states},
	Volume = {291},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Rojas_AmJPhysiolRegulIntegrCompPhysiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2005}}

@article{Zong:2005,
	Abstract = {We describe a method termed MADM (mosaic analysis with double markers) in mice that allows simultaneous labeling and gene knockout in clones of somatic cells or isolated single cells in vivo. Two reciprocally chimeric genes, each containing the N terminus of one marker and the C terminus of the other marker interrupted by a loxP-containing intron, are knocked in at identical locations on homologous chromosomes. Functional expression of markers requires Cre-mediated interchromosomal recombination. MADM reveals that interchromosomal recombination can be induced efficiently in vivo in both mitotic and postmitotic cells in all tissues examined. It can be used to create conditional knockouts in small populations of labeled cells, to determine cell lineage, and to trace neuronal connections. To illustrate the utility of MADM, we show that cerebellar granule cell progenitors are fated at an early stage to produce granule cells with axonal projections limited to specific sublayers of the cerebellar cortex.},
	Address = {Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Zong, Hui and Espinosa, J Sebastian and Su, Helen Hong and Muzumdar, Mandar D and Luo, Liqun},
	Cin = {Cell. 2005 May 6;121(3):322-3. PMID: 15882615},
	Crdt = {2005/05/11 09:00},
	Da = {20050510},
	Date = {2005 May 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20051019},
	Edat = {2005/05/11 09:00},
	Issn = {0092-8674 (Print)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Keywords = {23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/metabolism; Cell Lineage/genetics; Cerebellar Cortex/cytology/metabolism; Crosses, Genetic; Female; *Gene Silencing; Genetic Markers; Genetic Techniques; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics; Integrases/*genetics; Luminescent Proteins/genetics; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mitosis/genetics; *Mosaicism; Neurons/cytology; Recombination, Genetic/*genetics; Transgenes/genetics},
	Mhda = {2005/10/20 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {479--492},
	Phst = {2004/12/20 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/01/30 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/02/10 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(05)00157-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15882628},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Genetic Markers); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (red fluorescent protein); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); EC 2.7.7.- (Cre recombinase); EC 2.7.7.- (Integrases)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Mosaic analysis with double markers in mice},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zong_Cell2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.012}}

@article{Nishiyama:2007,
	Abstract = {We performed two-photon in vivo imaging of cerebellar climbing fibers (CFs; the terminal arbor of olivocerebellar axons) in adult mice. CF ascending branches innervate Purkinje cells while CF transverse branches show a near complete failure to form conventional synapses. Time-lapse imaging over hours or days revealed that ascending branches were very stable. However, transverse branches were highly dynamic, exhibiting rapid elongation and retraction and varicosity turnover. Thus, different branches of the same axon, with different innervation patterns, display branch type-specific motility in the adult cerebellum. Furthermore, dynamic changes in transverse branch length were almost completely suppressed by pharmacological stimulation of olivary firing.},
	Address = {Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.},
	Author = {Nishiyama, Hiroshi and Fukaya, Masahiro and Watanabe, Masahiko and Linden, David J},
	Crdt = {2007/11/09 09:00},
	Da = {20071108},
	Date = {2007 Nov 8},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080108},
	Edat = {2007/11/09 09:00},
	Gr = {P50 MH068830-010003/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; R37 MH051106-15/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; R37 MH51106/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Axons/physiology/*ultrastructure; Cell Movement/*physiology; Cell Shape/physiology; Cerebellar Cortex/*cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Growth Cones/physiology/ultrastructure; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways/*cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Olivary Nucleus/*cytology/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Organic Chemicals; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2008/01/09 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS34121},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {3},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS34121; NLM: PMC2098835},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {472--487},
	Phst = {2006/11/28 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/08/13 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2007/09/09 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00708-8},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2098835},
	pmid = {17988631},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Alexa594); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Organic Chemicals)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Axonal motility and its modulation by activity are branch-type specific in the intact adult cerebellum},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nishiyama_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.010}}

@article{Seo:2008,
	Abstract = {Game theory analyses optimal strategies for multiple decision makers interacting in a social group. However, the behaviours of individual humans and animals often deviate systematically from the optimal strategies described by game theory. The behaviours of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in simple zero-sum games showed similar patterns, but their departures from the optimal strategies were well accounted for by a simple reinforcement-learning algorithm. During a computer-simulated zero-sum game, neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex often encoded the previous choices of the animal and its opponent as well as the animal's reward history. By contrast, the neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex predominantly encoded the animal's reward history. Using simple competitive games, therefore, we have demonstrated functional specialization between different areas of the primate frontal cortex involved in outcome monitoring and action selection. Temporally extended signals related to the animal's previous choices might facilitate the association between choices and their delayed outcomes, whereas information about the choices of the opponent might be used to estimate the reward expected from a particular action. Finally, signals related to the reward history might be used to monitor the overall success of the animal's current decision-making strategy.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B404, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
	Author = {Seo, Hyojung and Lee, Daeyeol},
	Crdt = {2008/10/03 09:00},
	Da = {20081029},
	Date = {2008 Dec 12},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081217},
	Edat = {2008/10/03 09:00},
	Gr = {MH073246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS044270/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1471-2970 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {7503623},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Jt = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	Keywords = {09 Evolutionary dynamics},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081230},
	Mh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Decision Making; Game Theory; *Games, Experimental; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; *Reinforcement (Psychology)},
	Mhda = {2008/12/18 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1511},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2607365 {$[$}Available on 12/12/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3845--3857},
	Pii = {4P6234912X772503},
	Pl = {England},
	Pmc = {PMC2607365},
	Pmcr = {2009/12/12},
	pmid = {18829430},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cortical mechanisms for reinforcement learning in competitive games},
	Volume = {363},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Seo_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0158}}

@article{Lee:2008,
	Abstract = {Decision making in a social group has two distinguishing features. First, humans and other animals routinely alter their behavior in response to changes in their physical and social environment. As a result, the outcomes of decisions that depend on the behavior of multiple decision makers are difficult to predict and require highly adaptive decision-making strategies. Second, decision makers may have preferences regarding consequences to other individuals and therefore choose their actions to improve or reduce the well-being of others. Many neurobiological studies have exploited game theory to probe the neural basis of decision making and suggested that these features of social decision making might be reflected in the functions of brain areas involved in reward evaluation and reinforcement learning. Molecular genetic studies have also begun to identify genetic mechanisms for personal traits related to reinforcement learning and complex social decision making, further illuminating the biological basis of social behavior.},
	Address = {Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B404, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. daeyeol.lee@yale.edu},
	Author = {Lee, Daeyeol},
	Crdt = {2008/03/28 09:00},
	Da = {20080327},
	Date = {2008 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080611},
	Dep = {20080326},
	Edat = {2008/03/28 09:00},
	Gr = {DA024855/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; MH073246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; R01 NS044270-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; RL1 DA024855-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {09 Evolutionary dynamics},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Algorithms; Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; *Decision Making; *Game Theory; Humans; Reward; *Social Behavior; Social Perception},
	Mhda = {2008/06/12 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS50380},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS50380; NLM: PMC2413175},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {404--409},
	Phst = {2008/03/26 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn2065},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2413175},
	pmid = {18368047},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review},
	Rf = {100},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Game theory and neural basis of social decision making},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lee_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2065}}

@article{Chakravarthy:2008,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Transgenic mice with mosaic, Golgi-staining-like expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) have been very useful in studying the dynamics of neuronal structure and function. In order to further investigate the molecular events regulating structural plasticity, it would be useful to express multiple proteins in the same sparse neurons, allowing co-expression of functional proteins or co-labeling of subcellular compartments with other fluorescent proteins. However, it has been difficult to obtain reproducible expression in the same subset of neurons for direct comparison of neurons expressing different functional proteins. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe a Cre-transgenic line that allows reproducible expression of transgenic proteins of choice in a small number of neurons of the adult cortex, hippocampus, striatum, olfactory bulb, subiculum, hypothalamus, superior colliculus and amygdala. We show that using these Cre-transgenic mice, multiple Cre-dependent transgenes can be expressed together in the same isolated neurons. We also describe a Cre-dependent transgenic line expressing a membrane associated EGFP (EGFP-F). Crossed with the Cre-transgenic line, EGFP-F expression starts in the adolescent forebrain, is present in dendrites, dendritic protrusions, axons and boutons and is strong enough for acute or chronic in vivo imaging. SIGNIFICANCE: This triple transgenic approach will aid the morphological and functional characterization of neurons in various Cre-dependent transgenic mice.},
	Address = {Molecular Visual Plasticity Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
	Author = {Chakravarthy, Sridhara and Keck, Tara and Roelandse, Martijn and Hartman, Robin and Jeromin, Andreas and Perry, Sean and Hofer, Sonja B and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas and Levelt, Christiaan N},
	Crdt = {2008/08/30 09:00},
	Da = {20080826},
	Date = {2008},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 13:49:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081218},
	Dep = {20080826},
	Edat = {2008/08/30 09:00},
	Issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101285081},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Jt = {PLoS ONE},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Adult; Animals; Brain/physiology; Gene Expression; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics; Humans; Integrases/genetics/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mosaicism; Neurons/*physiology; Prosencephalon/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/12/19 09:00},
	Number = {8},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2518110},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {e3059},
	Phst = {2007/10/19 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/08/04 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2518110},
	pmid = {18725976},
	Pst = {epublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (enhanced green fluorescent protein); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); EC 2.7.7.- (Cre recombinase); EC 2.7.7.- (Integrases)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cre-dependent expression of multiple transgenes in isolated neurons of the adult forebrain},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Chakravarthy_PLoSONE2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003059}}

@article{Nauhaus:2008,
	Abstract = {The organization of primary visual cortex (V1) into functional maps makes individual cells operate in a variety of contexts. For instance, some neurons lie in regions of fairly homogeneous orientation preference (iso-orientation domains), while others lie in regions with a variety of preferences (e.g., pinwheel centers). We asked whether this diversity in local map structure correlates with the degree of selectivity of spike responses. We used a combination of imaging and electrophysiology to reveal that neurons in regions of homogeneous orientation preference have much sharper tuning. Moreover, in both monkeys and cats, a common principle links the structure of the orientation map, on the spatial scale of dendritic integration, to the degree of selectivity of individual cells. We conclude that neural computation is not invariant across the cortical surface. This finding must factor into future theories of receptive field wiring and map development.},
	Address = {Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.},
	Author = {Nauhaus, Ian and Benucci, Andrea and Carandini, Matteo and Ringach, Dario L},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2008 Mar 13;57(5):627-8. PMID: 18341982},
	Crdt = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Da = {20080317},
	Date = {2008 Mar 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080408},
	Edat = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY012816-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY012816-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY018322-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090316},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping/*methods; Cats; Macaca fascicularis; Neurons/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/04/09 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS43365},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS43365; NLM: PMC2322861},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {673--679},
	Phst = {2007/10/09 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/12/10 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/01/18 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00105-0},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2322861},
	pmid = {18341988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neuronal selectivity and local map structure in visual cortex},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Nauhaus_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.020}}

@article{Mante:2008,
	Abstract = {Functional models of the early visual system should predict responses not only to simple artificial stimuli but also to sequences of complex natural scenes. An ideal testbed for such models is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Mechanisms shaping LGN responses include the linear receptive field and two fast adaptation processes, sensitive to luminance and contrast. We propose a compact functional model for these mechanisms that operates on sequences of arbitrary images. With the same parameters that fit the firing rate responses to simple stimuli, it predicts the bulk of the firing rate responses to complex stimuli, including natural scenes. Further improvements could result by adding a spiking mechanism, possibly one capable of bursts, but not by adding mechanisms of slow adaptation. We conclude that up to the LGN the responses to natural scenes can be largely explained through insights gained with simple artificial stimuli.},
	Address = {The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. valerio@monkeybiz.stanford.edu},
	Author = {Mante, Valerio and Bonin, Vincent and Carandini, Matteo},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2008 May 22;58(4):467-9. PMID: 18498729},
	Crdt = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Da = {20080523},
	Date = {2008 May 22},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080625},
	Edat = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; *Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/*physiology; *Models, Neurological; Neurons/physiology; Nonlinear Dynamics; Photic Stimulation/methods; Predictive Value of Tests; Reaction Time/physiology; Reproducibility of Results; Space Perception/physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/06/26 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {625--638},
	Phst = {2007/12/20 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/02/29 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/03/14 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00257-2},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18498742},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Functional mechanisms shaping lateral geniculate responses to artificial and natural stimuli},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mante_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.011}}

@article{Holekamp:2008,
	Abstract = {Unraveling the functions of the diverse neural types in any local circuit ultimately requires methods to record from most or all of its cells simultaneously. One promising approach to this goal is fluorescence imaging, but existing methods using laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) are severely limited in their ability to resolve rapid phenomena, like neuronal action potentials, over wide fields. Here we present a microscope that rapidly sections a three-dimensional volume using a thin illumination sheet whose position is rigidly coupled to the objective and aligned with its focal plane. We demonstrate that this approach allows exceptionally low-noise imaging of large neuronal populations at pixel rates at least 100-fold higher than with LSM. Using this microscope, we studied the pheromone-sensing neurons of the mouse vomeronasal organ and found that responses to dilute urine are largely or exclusively restricted to cells in the apical layer, the location of V1r-family-expressing neurons.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Author = {Holekamp, Terrence F and Turaga, Diwakar and Holy, Timothy E},
	Crdt = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Da = {20080317},
	Date = {2008 Mar 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080408},
	Edat = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Female; Fluorescence; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/*methods; Lighting/instrumentation/*methods; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microscopy, Fluorescence/instrumentation/*methods; Neurons/chemistry/*cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/04/09 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {661--672},
	Phst = {2007/06/15 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/09/26 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/01/07 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00044-5},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18341987},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Fast three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of activity in neural populations by objective-coupled planar illumination microscopy},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Holekamp_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.011}}

@article{Cang:2008b,
	Abstract = {The orderly projections from retina to superior colliculus (SC) preserve a continuous retinotopic representation of the visual world. The development of retinocollicular maps depend on a combination of molecular guidance cues and patterned neural activity. Here, we characterize the functional retinocollicular maps in mice lacking the guidance molecules ephrin-A2, -A3, and -A5 and in mice deficient in both ephrin-As and structured spontaneous retinal activity, using a method of Fourier imaging of intrinsic signals. We find that the SC of ephrin-A2/A3/A5 triple knock-out mice contains functional maps that are disrupted selectively along the nasotemporal (azimuth) axis of the visual space. These maps are discontinuous, with patches of SC responding to topographically incorrect locations. The patches disappear in mice that are deficient in both ephrin-As and structured activity, resulting in a near-absence of azimuth map in the SC. These results indicate that ephrin-As guide the formation of functional topography in the SC, and patterned retinal activity clusters cells based on their correlated firing patterns. Comparison of the SC and visual cortical mapping defects in these mice suggests that although ephrin-As are required for mapping in both SC and visual cortex, ephrin-A-independent mapping mechanisms are more important in visual cortex than in the SC.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. cang@northwestern.edu},
	Author = {Cang, Jianhua and Wang, Lupeng and Stryker, Michael P and Feldheim, David A},
	Crdt = {2008/10/24 09:00},
	Da = {20081023},
	Date = {2008 Oct 22},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-19 11:17:36 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081201},
	Edat = {2008/10/24 09:00},
	Gr = {EY014689/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY018621/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY02874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081202},
	Mh = {Animals; *Brain Mapping; Diagnostic Imaging/methods; Ephrins/deficiency/*physiology; Fourier Analysis; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Models, Biological; Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/metabolism; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/metabolism; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS75267},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS75267 {$[$}Available on 04/22/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2588436 {$[$}Available on 04/22/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {11015--11023},
	Pii = {28/43/11015},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2588436},
	Pmcr = {2009/04/22 00:00},
	pmid = {18945909},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Ephrins); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Roles of ephrin-As and structured activity in the development of functional maps in the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Cang_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2478-08.2008}}

@article{Mooser:2004,
	Abstract = {Feedforward connections are thought to be important in the generation of orientation-selective responses in visual cortex by establishing a bias in the sampling of information from regions of visual space that lie along a neuron's axis of preferred orientation. It remains unclear, however, which structural elements-dendrites or axons-are ultimately responsible for conveying this sampling bias. To explore this question, we have examined the spatial arrangement of feedforward axonal connections that link non-oriented neurons in layer 4 and orientation-selective neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex in the tree shrew. Target sites of labeled boutons in layer 2/3 resulting from focal injections of biocytin in layer 4 show an orientation-specific axial bias that is sufficient to confer orientation tuning to layer 2/3 neurons. We conclude that the anisotropic arrangement of axon terminals is the principal source of the orientation bias contributed by feedforward connections.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Author = {Mooser, Francois and Bosking, William H and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Cin = {Nat Neurosci. 2004 Aug;7(8):796-7. PMID: 15280890},
	Crdt = {2004/07/20 05:00},
	Da = {20040728},
	Date = {2004 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20040930},
	Dep = {20040718},
	Edat = {2004/07/20 05:00},
	Gr = {EY06821/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/*physiology; Female; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Models, Neurological; Orientation/physiology; Tupaiidae/*anatomy \& histology/physiology; Visual Cortex/*anatomy \& histology/physiology; Visual Pathways/*anatomy \& histology/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/10/01 05:00},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {8},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {872--879},
	Phst = {2004/01/30 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/06/15 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2004/07/18 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1287},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15258585},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A morphological basis for orientation tuning in primary visual cortex},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Mooser_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1287}}

@article{Elstrott:2008,
	Abstract = {Direction selectivity in the retina requires the asymmetric wiring of inhibitory inputs onto four subtypes of On-Off direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), each preferring motion in one of four cardinal directions. The primary model for the development of direction selectivity is that patterned activity plays an instructive role. Here, we use a unique, large-scale multielectrode array to demonstrate that DSGCs are present at eye opening, in mice that have been reared in darkness and in mice that lack cholinergic retinal waves. These data suggest that direction selectivity in the retina is established largely independent of patterned activity and is therefore likely to emerge as a result of complex molecular interactions.},
	Address = {Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. jelstrott@gmail.com},
	Author = {Elstrott, Justin and Anishchenko, Anastasia and Greschner, Martin and Sher, Alexander and Litke, Alan M and Chichilnisky, E J and Feller, Marla B},
	Crdt = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Da = {20080523},
	Date = {2008 May 22},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 18:43:25 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080625},
	Edat = {2008/05/24 09:00},
	Gr = {EY018003/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01EY13528/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship; sensory map; topographic map; visual system; Mouse; Spontaneous activity},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Acetylcholine/*metabolism; Action Potentials/physiology; Adaptation, Ocular/physiology; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Motion Perception/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency; Retina/*cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology; Vision, Ocular/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/06/26 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS53069},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {4},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS53069 {$[$}Available on 05/22/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2474739 {$[$}Available on 05/22/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {499-506},
	Phst = {2007/10/29 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/01/28 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/03/18 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00259-6},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2474739},
	Pmcr = {2009/05/22 00:00},
	pmid = {18498732},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Chrnb2 protein, mouse); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 51-84-3 (Acetylcholine)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Direction selectivity in the retina is established independent of visual experience and cholinergic retinal waves},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Elstrott_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.013}}

@article{Bosking:2008,
	Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, Nauhaus et al. use a combination of optical imaging and multiple electrode recording to demonstrate that the orientation tuning of single cells in primary visual cortex is reliably related to the local structure of the orientation preference map in both cats and monkeys.},
	Address = {Center for Perceptual Systems, 1 University Station, {\#}A8000, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. wbosking@mail.cps.utexas.edu},
	Author = {Bosking, William H},
	Con = {Neuron. 2008 Mar 13;57(5):673-9. PMID: 18341988},
	Crdt = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Da = {20080317},
	Date = {2008 Mar 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:56:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080408},
	Edat = {2008/03/18 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Humans; Neurons/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/04/09 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {627--628},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00180-3},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18341982},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {16},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {V1 neurons: in tune with the neighbors},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Bosking_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.026}}

@article{Sudhof:2008,
	Abstract = {The brain processes information by transmitting signals at synapses, which connect neurons into vast networks of communicating cells. In these networks, synapses not only transmit signals but also transform and refine them. Neurexins and neuroligins are synaptic cell-adhesion molecules that connect presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at synapses, mediate signalling across the synapse, and shape the properties of neural networks by specifying synaptic functions. In humans, alterations in genes encoding neurexins or neuroligins have recently been implicated in autism and other cognitive diseases, linking synaptic cell adhesion to cognition and its disorders.},
	Address = {Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 1050 Arastradero Road B249, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. tcs1@stanford.edu},
	Author = {Sudhof, Thomas C},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081016},
	Date = {2008 Oct 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081118},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Gr = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Autistic Disorder/metabolism; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism; Cognition Disorders/*metabolism; Humans; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism; Synapses/*metabolism; Synaptic Transmission},
	Mhda = {2008/11/19 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7215},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {903--911},
	Pii = {nature07456},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {18923512},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {91},
	Rn = {0 (Cell Adhesion Molecules); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (neuroligin 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease},
	Volume = {455},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sudhof_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07456}}

@article{Ryge:2008,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the field of neuroscience microarray gene expression profiles on anatomically defined brain structures are being used increasingly to study both normal brain functions as well as pathological states. Fluorescent tracing techniques in brain tissue that identifies distinct neuronal populations can in combination with global gene expression profiling potentially increase the resolution and specificity of such studies to shed new light on neuronal functions at the cellular level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examine the microarray gene expression profiles of two distinct neuronal populations in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat, the principal motor neurons and specific interneurons involved in motor control. The gene expression profiles of the respective cell populations were obtained from amplified mRNA originating from 50-250 fluorescently identified and laser microdissected cells. In the data analysis we combine a new microarray normalization procedure with a conglomerate measure of significant differential gene expression. Using our methodology we find 32 genes to be more expressed in the interneurons compared to the motor neurons that all except one have not previously been associated with this neuronal population. As a validation of our method we find 17 genes to be more expressed in the motor neurons than in the interneurons and of these only one had not previously been described in this population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide an optimized experimental protocol that allows isolation of gene transcripts from fluorescent retrogradely labeled cell populations in fresh tissue, which can be used to generate amplified aRNA for microarray hybridization from as few as 50 laser microdissected cells. Using this optimized experimental protocol in combination with our microarray analysis methodology we find 49 differentially expressed genes between the motor neurons and the interneurons that reflect the functional differences between these two cell populations in generating and transmitting the motor output in the rodent spinal cord.},
	Address = {Mammalian Locomotor Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. jesper.ryge@ki.se},
	Author = {Ryge, Jesper and Westerdahl, Ann-Charlotte and Alstrom, Preben and Kiehn, Ole},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081016},
	Date = {2008},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081218},
	Dep = {20081015},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101285081},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Jt = {PLoS ONE},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods; Interneurons/metabolism; Motor Neurons/metabolism; Neurons/*metabolism; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Rats; Spinal Cord/*cytology},
	Mhda = {2008/12/19 09:00},
	Number = {10},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC2566599},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {e3415},
	Phst = {2008/05/16 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/09/18 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/10/15 {$[$}epublish{$]$}},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2566599},
	pmid = {18923679},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Gene expression profiling of two distinct neuronal populations in the rodent spinal cord},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Ryge_PLoSONE2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ryge_PLoSONE2008.tiff},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003415}}

@article{Haustead:2008,
	Abstract = {Topographically ordered projections are established by molecular guidance cues and refined by neuronal activity. Retinal input to a primary visual center, the superior colliculus (SC), is bilateral with a dense contralateral projection and a sparse ipsilateral one. Both projections are topographically organized, but in opposing anterior-posterior orientations. This arrangement provides functionally coherent input to each colliculus from the binocular visual field, supporting visual function. When guidance cues involved in contralateral topography (ephrin-As) are absent, crossed retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons form inappropriate terminations within the SC. However, the organization of the ipsilateral projection relative to the abnormal contralateral input remains unknown, as does the functional capacity of both projections. We show here that in ephrin-A(-/-) mice, the SC contains an expanded, diffuse ipsilateral projection. Electrophysiological recording demonstrated that topography of visually evoked responses recorded from the contralateral superior colliculus of ephrin-A(-/-) mice displayed similar functional disorder in all genotypes, contrasting with their different degrees of anatomical disorder. In contrast, ipsilateral responses were retinotopic in ephrin-A2(-/-) but disorganized in ephrin-A2/A5(-/-) mice. The lack of integration of binocular input resulted in specific visual deficits, which could be reversed by occlusion of one eye. The discrepancy between anatomical and functional topography in both the ipsilateral and contralateral projections implies suppression of inappropriately located terminals. Moreover, the misalignment of ipsilateral and contralateral visual information in ephrin-A2/A5(-/-) mice suggests a role for ephrin-As in integrating convergent visual inputs.},
	Address = {School of Animal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.},
	Author = {Haustead, Daniel J and Lukehurst, Sherralee S and Clutton, Genevieve T and Bartlett, Carole A and Dunlop, Sarah A and Arrese, Catherine A and Sherrard, Rachel M and Rodger, Jennifer},
	Crdt = {2008/07/18 09:00},
	Da = {20080717},
	Date = {2008 Jul 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-16 16:17:35 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080812},
	Edat = {2008/07/18 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; Eph Family; Ephrin-A2; mouse; Mutant Strains; Spontaneous activity; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; sensory map; topographic map; retinotopy; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain Mapping/methods; Ephrin-A2/biosynthesis/*deficiency/*genetics; Ephrin-A5/biosynthesis/*deficiency/*genetics; Functional Laterality/*genetics/physiology; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Endings/pathology/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Retina/pathology/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology/physiology; Superior Colliculi/pathology/*physiology; Visual Pathways/pathology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/08/13 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {7376--7386},
	Pii = {28/29/7376},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18632942},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Ephrin-A2); 0 (Ephrin-A5)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Functional topography and integration of the contralateral and ipsilateral retinocollicular projections of ephrin-A-/- mice},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Haustead_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1135-08.2008}}

@article{Kayser:2008,
	Abstract = {Motile dendritic filopodial processes are thought to be precursors of spine synapses, but how motility relates to cell-surface cues required for axon-dendrite recognition and synaptogenesis remains unclear. We demonstrate with dynamic imaging that loss of EphBs results in reduced motility of filopodia in cultured cortical neurons and brain slice. EphB knockdown and rescue experiments during different developmental time windows show that EphBs are required for synaptogenesis only when filopodia are most abundant and motile. In the context of EphB knockdown and reduced filopodia motility, independent rescue of either motility with PAK or of Eph-ephrin binding with an EphB2 kinase mutant is not sufficient to restore synapse formation. Strikingly, the combination of PAK and kinase-inactive EphB2 rescues synaptogenesis. Deletion of the ephrin-binding domain from EphB2 precludes rescue, indicating that both motility and trans-cellular interactions are required. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between dendritic filopodia motility and synapse differentiation.},
	Address = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1114 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.},
	Author = {Kayser, Matthew S and Nolt, Mark J and Dalva, Matthew B},
	Crdt = {2008/07/11 09:00},
	Da = {20080710},
	Date = {2008 Jul 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080812},
	Edat = {2008/07/11 09:00},
	Gr = {5T32HD007516/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; DA022727/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; HD-026979-0/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; MH073357/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS051894-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; R01 DA022727-01A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; R01 MH073357-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090114},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Movement/*physiology; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex/cytology; Dendrites/*physiology; Embryo, Mammalian; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microscopy, Confocal; Mutation; Neurons/cytology; Pseudopodia/*physiology; Rats; Receptors, Eph Family/classification/deficiency/*physiology; Synapses/*physiology; Transfection/methods},
	Mhda = {2008/08/13 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS83540},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS83540; NLM: PMC2617787},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {56--69},
	Phst = {2007/10/30 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/04/18 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/05/08 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00416-9},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2617787},
	pmid = {18614029},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptors, Eph Family)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {EphB receptors couple dendritic filopodia motility to synapse formation},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kayser_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.007}}

@article{Pasquale:2008,
	Abstract = {Receptor tyrosine kinases of the Eph family bind to cell surface-associated ephrin ligands on neighboring cells. The ensuing bidirectional signals have emerged as a major form of contact-dependent communication between cells. New findings reveal that Eph receptors and ephrins coordinate not only developmental processes but also the normal physiology and homeostasis of many adult organs. Imbalance of Eph/ephrin function may therefore contribute to a variety of diseases. The challenge now is to better understand the complex and seemingly paradoxical signaling mechanisms of Eph receptors and ephrins, which will enable effective strategies to target these proteins in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and cancer.},
	Address = {Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. elenap@burnham.org},
	Author = {Pasquale, Elena B},
	Crdt = {2008/04/09 09:00},
	Da = {20080408},
	Date = {2008 Apr 4},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080422},
	Edat = {2008/04/09 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4172 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; *Cell Communication; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism; Ephrins/*metabolism; Humans; Neoplasms/metabolism; Nervous System/embryology; Receptors, Eph Family/*metabolism; Signal Transduction},
	Mhda = {2008/04/23 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {38--52},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(08)00386-3},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18394988},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {94},
	Rn = {0 (Ephrins); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptors, Eph Family)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease},
	Volume = {133},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Pasquale_Cell2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.011}}

@article{Nern:2008,
	Abstract = {The organization of neuronal processes into a series of layers is a hallmark of many brain regions. Homophilic cell adhesion molecules of the cadherin family have been implicated in layer choice. How they contribute to the targeting of neurons to distinct layers remains unclear. Here we systematically explore the role of a classical cadherin, Drosophila N-cadherin (CadN), in the targeting of five classes of related neurons to a series of consecutive layers in the fly visual system. We show that CadN is required in lamina neurons at discrete developmental steps but not used in a layer-specific fashion. Local CadN expression patterns correlate with specific growth cone movements, and CadN expression on one growth cone in a specific layer is essential for the targeting of processes of another neuron to this layer. We propose that dynamic regulation of CadN enables this widely expressed protein to mediate specific local interactions during neural circuit assembly.},
	Address = {Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.},
	Author = {Nern, Aljoscha and Zhu, Yan and Zipursky, S Lawrence},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2008 Apr 10;58(1):1-3. PMID: 18400154},
	Crdt = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Da = {20080410},
	Date = {2008 Apr 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080515},
	Edat = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Gr = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Cadherins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology; Nerve Net/cytology/physiology; Neurons/*cytology/*metabolism/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/05/16 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {34--41},
	Phst = {2007/12/20 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/03/17 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/03/24 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00268-7},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18400161},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Cadherins); 0 (Drosophila Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Local N-cadherin interactions mediate distinct steps in the targeting of lamina neurons},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Nern_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.022}}

@article{Matthews:2008,
	Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, two papers provide new insights into roles for local cadherin-based interactions during axon targeting in the Drosophila visual system. Using high-resolution analyses, Chen and Clandinin identify nonautonomous roles for the atypical cadherin Flamingo during photoreceptor targeting, while Nern et al. demonstrate that local cell type-specific roles for N-cadherin control layer-specific targeting of lamina neurons.},
	Address = {Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, P&S 11-511, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Author = {Matthews, Benjamin J and Corty, Megan M and Grueber, Wesley B},
	Con = {Neuron. 2008 Apr 10;58(1):26-33. PMID: 18400160; Neuron. 2008 Apr 10;58(1):34-41. PMID: 18400161},
	Crdt = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Da = {20080410},
	Date = {2008 Apr 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080515},
	Edat = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Cadherins/*physiology; Drosophila; Humans; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/growth \& development; Vision, Ocular/physiology; Visual Pathways/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2008/05/16 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1--3},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00270-5},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18400154},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {15},
	Rn = {0 (Cadherins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Of cartridges and columns: new roles for cadherins in visual system development},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Matthews_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.024}}

@article{Chen:2008,
	Abstract = {Quantitative differences in cadherin activity have been proposed to play important roles in patterning connections between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. However, no examples of such a function have yet been described, and the mechanisms that would allow such differences to direct growth cones to specific synaptic targets are unknown. In the Drosophila visual system, photoreceptors are genetically programmed to make a complex, stereotypic set of synaptic connections. Here we show that the atypical cadherin Flamingo functions as a short-range, homophilic signal, passing between specific R cell growth cones to influence their choice of postsynaptic partners. We find that individual growth cones are sensitive to differences in Flamingo activity through opposing interactions between neighboring cells and require these interactions to be balanced in order to extend along the appropriate trajectory.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Chen, Pei-Ling and Clandinin, Thomas R},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2008 Apr 10;58(1):1-3. PMID: 18400154},
	Crdt = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Da = {20080410},
	Date = {2008 Apr 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:50:06 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080515},
	Edat = {2008/04/11 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY015231/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY015231-01A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY015231-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY015231-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY015231-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Cadherins/genetics/*physiology; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*physiology; Growth Cones/metabolism/physiology; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2008/05/16 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS46997},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS46997 {$[$}Available on 04/10/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2494600 {$[$}Available on 04/10/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {26--33},
	Phst = {2007/08/15 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/11/30 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/01/04 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00038-X},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2494600},
	Pmcr = {2009/04/10 00:00},
	pmid = {18400160},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Cadherins); 0 (Drosophila Proteins); 0 (stan protein, Drosophila)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The cadherin Flamingo mediates level-dependent interactions that guide photoreceptor target choice in Drosophila},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Chen_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.007}}

@article{Felsen:2008,
	Abstract = {Deciding in which direction to move is a ubiquitous feature of animal behavior, but the neural substrates of locomotor choices are not well understood. The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure known to be important for controlling the direction of gaze, particularly when guided by visual or auditory cues, but which may play a more general role in behavior involving spatial orienting. To test this idea, we recorded and manipulated activity in the SC of freely moving rats performing an odor-guided spatial choice task. In this context, not only did a substantial majority of SC neurons encode choice direction during goal-directed locomotion, but many also predicted the upcoming choice and maintained selectivity for it after movement completion. Unilateral inactivation of SC activity profoundly altered spatial choices. These results indicate that the SC processes information necessary for spatial locomotion, suggesting a broad role for this structure in sensory-guided orienting and navigation.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. felsen@cshl.edu},
	Author = {Felsen, Gidon and Mainen, Zachary F},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2008 Oct 9;60(1):7-8. PMID: 18940583},
	Crdt = {2008/10/23 09:00},
	Da = {20081022},
	Date = {2008 Oct 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081106},
	Edat = {2008/10/23 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090101},
	Mh = {Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Male; Motor Activity/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Odors; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Smell/*physiology; Space Perception/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/11/07 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS74834},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS74834 {$[$}Available on 10/09/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2612727 {$[$}Available on 10/09/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {137--148},
	Phst = {2008/05/13 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/08/01 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/09/05 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00769-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2612727},
	Pmcr = {2009/10/09},
	pmid = {18940594},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuron. 2008 Oct 9;60(1):137-48.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neural substrates of sensory-guided locomotor decisions in the rat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Felsen_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.019}}

@article{Krauzlis:2008,
	Abstract = {The neural mechanisms that decide when and where to walk are not well understood. In this issue of Neuron, Felsen and Mainen use an olfactory-guided orienting task to show that the superior colliculus is necessary in rodents for the normal execution of spatial locomotor choices.},
	Address = {Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. rich@salk.edu},
	Author = {Krauzlis, Richard J and Lovejoy, Lee P},
	Con = {Neuron. 2008 Oct 9;60(1):137-48. PMID: 18940594},
	Crdt = {2008/10/23 09:00},
	Da = {20081022},
	Date = {2008 Oct 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081106},
	Edat = {2008/10/23 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Humans; Motor Activity/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Space Perception/physiology; Superior Colliculi/physiology; Walking/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/11/07 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {7--8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00811-8},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18940583},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {15},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuron. 2008 Oct 9;60(1):7-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Walk this way},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.032}}

@article{Lemke:2005,
	Abstract = {The sensory and motor components of nervous systems are connected topographically and contain neural maps of the external world. The paradigm for such maps is the precisely ordered wiring of the output cells of the eye to their synaptic targets in the tectum of the midbrain. The retinotectal map is organized in development through the graded activity of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands. These signaling proteins are arrayed in complementary expression gradients along the orthogonal axes of the retina and tectum, and provide both input and recipient cells with Cartesian coordinates that specify their location. Molecular genetic studies in the mouse indicate that these coordinates are interpreted in the context of neuronal competition for termination sites in the tectum. They further suggest that order in the retinotectal map is determined by ratiometric rather than absolute difference comparisons in Eph signaling along the temporal-nasal and dorsal-ventral axes of the eye.},
	Address = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. lemke@salk.edu},
	Author = {Lemke, Greg and Reber, Michael},
	Crdt = {2005/10/11 09:00},
	Da = {20051011},
	Date = {2005},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:04:57 +0000},
	Dcom = {20060112},
	Edat = {2005/10/11 09:00},
	Issn = {1081-0706 (Print)},
	Jid = {9600627},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol},
	Jt = {Annual review of cell and developmental biology},
	Keywords = {topographic map; review literature; visual system; optic tectum; superior colliculus; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Ephrins/genetics/metabolism; Models, Statistical; *Molecular Biology; Receptors, Eph Family/*metabolism; Retina/cytology/*embryology/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/embryology/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/01/13 09:00},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {551--580},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16212507},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {103},
	Rn = {0 (Ephrins); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptors, Eph Family)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005;21:551-80.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Retinotectal mapping: new insights from molecular genetics},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Lemke_AnnuRevCellDevBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.022403.093702}}

@article{Mrsic-Flogel:2005,
	Abstract = {During the development of the mammalian retinocollicular projection, a coarse retinotopic map is set up by the graded distribution of axon guidance molecules. Subsequent refinement of the initially diffuse projection has been shown to depend on the spatially correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells. In this scheme, the abolition of patterned retinal activity is not expected to influence overall retinotopic organization, but this has not been investigated. We used optical imaging of intrinsic signals to visualize the complete retinotopic map in the superior colliculus (SC) of mice lacking early retinal waves, caused by the deletion of the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. As expected from previous anatomical studies in the SC of beta2(-/-) mice, regions activated by individual visual stimuli were much larger and had less sharp borders than those in wild-type mice. Importantly, however, we also found systematic distortions of the entire retinotopic map: the map of visual space was expanded anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. Thus, patterned neuronal activity in the early retina has a substantial influence on the coarse retinotopic organization of the SC.},
	Address = {Max-Planck-Institut fur Neurobiologie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. flogel@neuro.mpg.de},
	Author = {Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Hofer, Sonja B and Creutzfeldt, Claire and Cloez-Tayarani, Isabelle and Changeux, Jean-Pierre and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and Hubener, Mark},
	Crdt = {2005/07/22 09:00},
	Da = {20050721},
	Date = {2005 Jul 20},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Dcom = {20060215},
	Edat = {2005/07/22 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; Acetylcholine; optical physiology; intrinsic signal; imaging; Superior Colliculus; optic tectum; optical imaging; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; *Brain Mapping; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Mutant Strains; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics; Retina/*cytology/*growth \& development/physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/growth \& development/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/02/16 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {29},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6921--6928},
	Pii = {25/29/6921},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16033902},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Chrnb2 protein, mouse); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Neurosci. 2005 Jul 20;25(29):6921-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Altered map of visual space in the superior colliculus of mice lacking early retinal waves},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1555-05.2005}}

@article{OLeary:2005,
	Abstract = {This chapter summarizes mechanisms that control the development of retinotopic maps in the brain, focusing on work from our laboratory using as models the projection of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to the chick optic tectum (OT) or rodent superior colliculus (SC). The formation of a retinotopic map involves the establishment of an initial, very coarse map that subsequently undergoes large-scale remodeling to generate a refined map. All arbors are formed by interstitial branches that form in a topographically biased manner along RGC axons that overshoot their correct termination zone (TZ) along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis of the OT/SC. The interstitial branches exhibit directed growth along the lateral-medial (L-M) axis of the OT/SC to position the branch at the topographically correct location, where it arborizes to form the TZ. EphA receptors and ephrin-A ligands control in part RGC axon mapping along the A-P axis by inhibiting branching and arborization posterior to the correct TZ. Ephrin-B1 acts bifunctionally through EphB forward signaling to direct branches along the L-M axis of the OT/SC to their topographically correct site. Computational modeling indicates that multiple graded activities are required along each axis to generate a retinotopic map, and makes several predictions, including: the progressive addition of ephrin-As within the OT/SC, due to its expression on RGC axon branches and arbors, is required to increase topographic specificity in branching and arborization as well as eliminate the initial axon overshoot, and that interactions amongst RGC axons that resemble correlated neural activity are required to drive retinotopic refinement. Analyses of mutant mice that lack early spontaneous retinal waves that correlate activity amongst neighboring RGCs, confirm this modeling prediction and show that correlated activity during an early brief critical period is required to drive the large-scale remodeling of the initially topographically coarse projection into a refined one. In summary, multiple graded guidance molecules, retinal waves and correlated spontaneous RGC activity cooperate to generate retinotopic maps.},
	Address = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. doleary@salk.edu},
	Author = {O'Leary, Dennis D M and McLaughlin, Todd},
	Crdt = {2004/12/08 09:00},
	Da = {20041207},
	Date = {2005},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050222},
	Edat = {2004/12/08 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY07025/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0079-6123 (Print)},
	Jid = {0376441},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Jt = {Progress in brain research},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Aging/*physiology; Animals; Brain/*embryology/*growth \& development; Embryonic Development; Ephrins/metabolism; Receptors, Eph Family/metabolism; Retina/*embryology/*growth \& development/physiology; Visual Pathways/*embryology/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2005/02/23 09:00},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {43--65},
	Pii = {S0079612304470058},
	Pl = {Netherlands},
	pmid = {15581697},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {114},
	Rn = {0 (Ephrins); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptors, Eph Family)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Prog Brain Res. 2005;147:43-65.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Mechanisms of retinotopic map development: Ephs, ephrins, and spontaneous correlated retinal activity},
	Volume = {147},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/O'Leary_ProgBrainRes2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(04)47005-8}}

@article{Reber:2004,
	Abstract = {The highly ordered wiring of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons in the eye to their synaptic targets in the superior colliculus of the midbrain has long served as the dominant experimental system for the analysis of topographic neural maps. Here we describe a quantitative model for the development of one arm of this map--the wiring of the nasal-temporal axis of the retina to the caudal-rostral axis of the superior colliculus. The model is based on RGC-RGC competition that is governed by comparisons of EphA receptor signalling intensity, which are made using ratios of, rather than absolute differences in, EphA signalling between RGCs. Molecular genetic experiments, exploiting a combinatorial series of EphA receptor knock-in and knockout mice, confirm the salient predictions of the model, and show that it both describes and predicts topographic mapping.},
	Address = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Author = {Reber, Michael and Burrola, Patrick and Lemke, Greg},
	Crdt = {2004/10/16 09:00},
	Da = {20041014},
	Date = {2004 Oct 14},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20041122},
	Edat = {2004/10/16 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Genotype; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; *Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways/*physiology; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism; Receptors, Eph Family/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/*physiology; *Signal Transduction; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/12/16 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7010},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {847--853},
	Phst = {2004/06/04 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/08/09 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature02957},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {15483613},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (RNA, Messenger); EC 2.7.1.112 (Receptors, Eph Family)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 2004 Oct 14;431(7010):847-53.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A relative signalling model for the formation of a topographic neural map},
	Volume = {431},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02957}}

@article{Kang:2002,
	Abstract = {We recently reported on the distribution and effects of eye enucleation on the immunoreactivity of calretinin in the superficial layers of the hamster superior colliculus (SC). In the present study, we describe the types of labeled cells and compare this labeling to that of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. An almost complete depletion of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the superficial layers of the contralateral SC was found following unilateral enucleation. On the contralateral SC, many calretinin-IR cells were newly appeared. The majority of the newly-appeared cells had small- to medium-sized round, oval, or vertical fusiform cell bodies. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that none of these newly-appeared cells were labeled with an antibody to GABA. The present results show that the calretinin-IR cells are unique in the superficial hamster SC when compared to most of the other brain areas, where many calretinin-IR cells are GABAergic interneurons.},
	Address = {Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.},
	Author = {Kang, Youn-Sil and Kong, Jee-Hyun and Park, Won-Mee and Kwon, Oh-Ju and Lee, Ji-Eun and Kim, Si-Yeol and Jeon, Chang-Jin},
	Crdt = {2003/01/11 04:00},
	Da = {20030110},
	Date = {2002 Dec 31},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030613},
	Edat = {2003/01/11 04:00},
	Issn = {1016-8478 (Print)},
	Jid = {9610936},
	Journal = {Mol Cells},
	Jt = {Molecules and cells},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*metabolism; Cricetinae; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Fluorescent Dyes; Nerve Fibers/metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism; Neurons/*metabolism; Parvalbumins/metabolism; Perfusion; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/*metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2003/06/14 05:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {361--366},
	Pl = {Korea (South)},
	pmid = {12521298},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Parvalbumins); 0 (calretinin); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Mol Cells. 2002 Dec 31;14(3):361-6.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Morphology of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the superficial layers of hamster superior colliculus after enucleation: lack of co-localization with GABA},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Munoz:2002,
	Abstract = {By the time you have reached this point, your daily count of alternating saccades and fixations will have increased considerably. So too will have your understanding of the dynamic interactions model. In the superior colliculi, visual fixation and saccadic initiation may be viewed as independent motor plans that compete for dominance across the intermediate layers. Extrinsic input modifies a point location on the retinotopic motor map that is shaped into a motor plan through the intrinsic circuitry of the superior colliculi. Independent motor plans compete for selection in a push-pull fashion and when a saccadic plan ultimately reaches threshold, it produces a strong burst of action potentials that shuts down the remaining regions of the intermediate layers. Modifying the activity of the intermediate layers changes these dynamic interactions in predictable ways. Enhancing the activity of one region facilitates nearby locations and inhibits distant locations. Diminishing the activity of one region inhibits nearby locations and facilitates distant locations. Such effects have been demonstrated in the neurophysiological activity of single cells (Munoz and Istvan, 1998; Olivier et al., 1999) and in behavior (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1985; Munoz and Wurtz, 1993b). In addition to explaining visual fixation and saccadic initiation during basic saccadic tasks, the dynamic interactions model can explain changes in the timing of saccadic initiation that are observed when this task is modified. Namely, the gap effect, or decreased saccadic reaction times as a consequence of a gap period, occurs because removing fixation decreases the activity of fixation regions and, correspondingly, increases the excitability of saccadic regions. Express saccades, are a special instance of such dynamic interactions, in which decreased fixation activity and heightened motor preparation signals cause the target-related activity to be translated into a saccadic signal immediately. Finally, the slowing of saccadic initiation for antisaccades, can be interpreted as the consequence of multiple competing signals across the intermediate layers. It should be emphasized that the dynamic interactions that we have described in this chapter are not limited to the superior colliculi. On the contrary, similar interactions take place at many levels of the neuraxis (Moschovakis et al., 1996; Leigh and Zee, 1999; Schall and Thompson, 1999; Hikosaka et al., 2000; Munoz et al., 2000; Glimcher, 2001; Scudder et al., 2002). At this juncture, however, the dynamic interactions involved in producing visual fixation and saccadic initiation are better understood in the superior colliculi because of its well-organized motor map and its well-characterized neuronal elements. Although we are a long way from understanding how the brain controls visual fixation and saccadic initiation, we have made substantial progress in understanding these behaviors in the superior colliculi.},
	Address = {Centre for Neuroscience Studies, CIHR Group in Sensory-Motor Systems, Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. doug@eyeml.queensu.ca},
	Author = {Munoz, Douglas P and Fecteau, Jillian H},
	Crdt = {2003/01/02 04:00},
	Da = {20030101},
	Date = {2002},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030127},
	Edat = {2003/01/02 04:00},
	Issn = {0079-6123 (Print)},
	Jid = {0376441},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Jt = {Progress in brain research},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Fixation, Ocular/*physiology; Humans; Saccades/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2003/01/28 04:00},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3--19},
	Pl = {Netherlands},
	pmid = {12508579},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {51},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Prog Brain Res. 2002;140:3-19.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Vying for dominance: dynamic interactions control visual fixation and saccadic initiation in the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {140},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Nakamura:2001,
	Abstract = {The optic tectum differentiates from the alar plate of the mesencephalon. Here, the molecular mechanisms for differentiation of the tectum are reviewed. Mis-expression of Pax2, Pax5 or En can change the fate of the presumptive diencephalon to become the tectum. En, Fgf8, Pax2 and Pax5, exist in a positive feedback loop for their expression so that mis-expression of any of these genes acts on the feedback loop resulting in induction of the optic tectum in the diencephalon. Otx2 and Gbx2 can repress the expression of each other and contribute to the formation of the posterior border of the tectum. Mis-expression of Otx2 in the metencephalon changed the fate of its alar plate to the tectum. The anterior border of the tectum might be determined as a result of repressive interaction of Pax6 with En1 and Pax2. Along the dorsoventral axis of the mesencephalon, Shh contributes to the ventralization of the tissue, that is, the area affected by Shh differentiates into the tegmentum. It is proposed that the brain vesicle that expresses Otx2, Pax2 and En1 might differentiate into the tectum.},
	Address = {Dept of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan. nakamura@idac.tohoku.ac.jp},
	Author = {Nakamura, H},
	Crdt = {2001/02/13 11:00},
	Da = {20010222},
	Date = {2001 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010412},
	Edat = {2001/02/13 11:00},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Surface/metabolism; B-Cell-Specific Activator Protein; Chick Embryo; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Diencephalon/embryology/metabolism; Feedback/physiology; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*physiology; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism; Humans; Mesencephalon/embryology/metabolism; Metencephalon/embryology/metabolism; Neural Tube Defects/metabolism; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism; PAX2 Transcription Factor; Superior Colliculi/*embryology/metabolism; Transcription Factors/*metabolism; Transfection/methods},
	Mhda = {2001/04/17 10:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {32--39},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(00)01676-3},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {11163885},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {79},
	Rn = {0 (Antigens, CD); 0 (Antigens, Surface); 0 (B-Cell-Specific Activator Protein); 0 (DNA-Binding Proteins); 0 (GBX2 protein, human); 0 (Homeodomain Proteins); 0 (Nuclear Proteins); 0 (PAX2 Transcription Factor); 0 (PAX2 protein, human); 0 (PAX5 protein, human); 0 (Transcription Factors); 0 (antigens, CD200)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Trends Neurosci. 2001 Jan;24(1):32-9.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Regionalization of the optic tectum: combinations of gene expression that define the tectum},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Barker:1998,
	Abstract = {We have examined the development of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the superior colliculi (SC) of the perinatal and mature rats and rabbits. In mature animals, parvalbumin-expressing cells (PECs) and neuropil in the retinorecipient layers were distributed in a continuous single band extending throughout the entire extent of the colliculus, whereas those in the intermediate layers formed distinct, radially oriented patches. Parvalbumin was expressed for the first time on postconceptional day 34 (PCD 34, postnatal day 12) and PCD 42 (postnatal day 11) in the SC of rat and rabbit, respectively. During ensuing development, both the thickness of the parvalbumin-expressing band in the retinorecipient layers and the numbers of PECs in this band gradually increased, reaching adultlike values by PCD 44 and PCD 50 in the rat and rabbit, respectively. In the rat, monocular eye enucleations on PCD 23 resulted in approximately 55% reduction in the number of PECs in the retinorecipient layers of the contralateral colliculi examined on PCD 44 or PCD 50. Unilateral ablations of the entire visual cortex on PCD 23 (before the first corticotectal fibers from visual cortices reach the SC) or on PCD 28 (when about half of the corticotectal fibers have reached colliculus) resulted in, respectively, approximately 55% and approximately 25% relative reduction in the number of PECs in the retinorecipient layers of the ipsilateral colliculi examined on PCD 44 or PCD 50. We conclude that the ontogenetic expression of parvalbumin in most of PECs in the retinorecipient collicular layers is induced by the activity of the contralateral retinotectal and/or the activity of the ipsilateral corticotectal afferents.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.},
	Author = {Barker, D A and Dreher, B},
	Crdt = {1998/04/21 02:03},
	Da = {19980514},
	Date = {1998 Apr 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:40:21 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980514},
	Edat = {1998/04/21 02:03},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis/biosynthesis/immunology; Denervation; Eye Enucleation; Neurons, Afferent/chemistry; Parvalbumins/analysis/*biosynthesis/immunology; Rabbits/*physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*growth \& development/*metabolism; Visual Cortex/surgery},
	Mhda = {2000/06/20 09:00},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {210--230},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980406)393:2<210::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-5},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9548698},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal); 0 (Calcium-Binding Proteins); 0 (Parvalbumins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1998 Apr 6;393(2):210-30.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal patterns of ontogenetic expression of parvalbumin in the superior colliculi of rats and rabbits},
	Volume = {393},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Barker_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}}

@article{Barinaga:1998,
	Author = {Barinaga, M},
	Cin = {Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):359, 361. PMID: 9575075; Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):361. PMID: 9575076},
	Con = {Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1531-3. PMID: 9488651},
	Crdt = {1998/03/21 00:00},
	Da = {19980318},
	Date = {1998 Mar 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:47:13 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980318},
	Edat = {1998/03/21},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Aging; Animals; Auditory Pathways/*physiology; Auditory Perception; Birds/*physiology; Cues; *Memory; Neurons/physiology; *Sound Localization; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Time Factors; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {1998/03/21 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5356},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1451--1452},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9508718},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comment; News},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1451-2.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Owl study sheds light on how young brains learn},
	Volume = {279},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Knudsen:1998,
	Abstract = {In the process of creating a multimodal map of space, auditory-visual neurons in the optic tectum establish associations between particular values of auditory spatial cues and locations in the visual field. In the barn owl, tectal neurons reveal these associations in the match between their tuning for interaural time differences (ITDs) and the locations of their visual receptive fields (VRFs). In young owls ITD-VRF associations can be adjusted by experience over a wide range, but the range of adjustment normally becomes quite restricted in adults. This normal range of adjustment in adults was greatly expanded in owls that had previously learned abnormal ITD-VRF associations as juveniles. Thus, the act of learning abnormal associations early in life leaves an enduring trace in this pathway that enables unusual functional connections to be reestablished, as needed, in adulthood, even when the associations represented by these connections have not been used for an extended period of time.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild Building D259, Stanford, CA 94305-5125 USA. eknudsen@leland.stanford.edu},
	Author = {Knudsen, E I},
	Cin = {Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1451-2. PMID: 9508718},
	Crdt = {1998/03/21 00:00},
	Da = {19980318},
	Date = {1998 Mar 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:47:13 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980318},
	Edat = {1998/03/21},
	Gr = {5 R01 DC0155-18/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Animals; Auditory Pathways/*physiology; Auditory Perception; Birds/*physiology; Cues; Memory; *Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons/physiology; *Sound Localization; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {1998/03/21 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5356},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1531--1533},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9488651},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1531-3.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Capacity for plasticity in the adult owl auditory system expanded by juvenile experience},
	Volume = {279},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Wallace:1997,
	Abstract = {Visual response properties and visuotopic representation in the newborn monkey superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2732-2741, 1997. Visually responsive neurons were recorded in the superior colliculus (SC) of the newborn rhesus monkey. The receptive fields of these neurons were larger than those in the adult, but already were organized into a well-ordered map of visual space that was very much like that seen in mature animals. This included a marked expansion of the representation of the central 10 degrees of the visual field and a systematic foveal to peripheral increase in receptive field size. Although newborn SC neurons had longer response latencies than did their adult counterparts, they responded vigorously to visual stimuli and exhibited many visual response properties that are characteristic of the adult. These included surround inhibition, within-field spatial summation, within-field spatial inhibition, binocularity, and an adult-like ocular dominance distribution. As in the adult, SC neurons in the newborn preferred a moving visual stimulus and had adult-like selectivities for stimulus speed. The developmentally advanced state of the functional circuitry of the newborn monkey SC contrasts with the comparative immaturity of neurons in its visual cortex. It also contrasts with observations on the state of maturation of the newborn SC in other developmental models (e.g., cat). The observation that extensive visual experience is not necessary for the development of many adult-like SC response properties in the monkey SC may help explain the substantial visual capabilities shown by primates soon after birth.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine/Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.},
	Author = {Wallace, M T and McHaffie, J G and Stein, B E},
	Crdt = {1997/11/14 00:00},
	Da = {19971222},
	Date = {1997 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:47:13 -0400},
	Dcom = {19971222},
	Edat = {1997/11/14},
	Gr = {EY-06562/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS-22543/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Aging/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; *Brain Mapping; Cats; Electrolysis; Macaca mulatta; Neurons/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Reaction Time; Superior Colliculi/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1997/11/14 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2732--2741},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9356422},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM; S},
	Source = {J Neurophysiol. 1997 Nov;78(5):2732-41.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Visual response properties and visuotopic representation in the newborn monkey superior colliculus},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Yamagata:1995,
	Abstract = {In diverse vertebrate species, defined subsets of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs, the neurons that project from retina to brain) are distinguishable on the basis of their dendritic morphology, physiological properties, neurotransmitter content and synaptic targets. Little is known about when this diversity arises, whether diversification requires target-derived signals, and how subtype-specific projection patterns are established. Here, we have used markers for two chemically defined RGC subsets in chick retina to address these issues. Antibodies to substance P (SP) and the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (AChR) beta 2 subunit label two small ( < 10%), mutually exclusive groups of RGCs in mature retina. SP and AChRs accumulate in distinct RGCs before retinotectal synapses have formed. Moreover, both populations of RGCs form in retinae that develop following tectal ablation or transplantation to the coelomic cavity. Thus, RGC subsets acquire distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes in the absence of extraretinal cues. In the mature optic tectum, SP- and AChR-positive RGC axonal arbors are confined to distinct retinorecipient (synaptic) laminae. In the developing tectum, SP- and AChR-positive axons are initially intermingled in a superficial fiber layer, but then enter and arborize in appropriate laminae soon after those laminae form. Importantly, SP-positive axons, which synapse in a superficial lamina, never extend into the deeper, AChR-positive lamina. Tectal interneurons rich in SP receptors are concentrated in the lamina to which SP-positive RGC axons project, and a set of cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase-positive) tectal projection neurons elaborate dendrites in the lamina to which AChR-positive RGC axons project. These populations of tectal neurons, which are likely targets of the RGC subsets, form in tecta that develop following enucleation. Thus, RGCs and their targets can diversify in each others absence. Accordingly, we propose that the lamina-selective connectivity we observe reflects the presence of complementary cues on RGC subsets and their laminar targets.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Author = {Yamagata, M and Sanes, J R},
	Crdt = {1995/11/01 00:00},
	Da = {19960319},
	Date = {1995 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:44:25 -0400},
	Dcom = {19960319},
	Edat = {1995/11/01},
	Issn = {0950-1991 (Print)},
	Jid = {8701744},
	Journal = {Development},
	Jt = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Chick Embryo; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Organ Culture Techniques; Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*cytology/metabolism/physiology; Substance P/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/cytology},
	Mhda = {1995/11/01 00:01},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {11},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3763--3776},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {8582286},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Cholinergic); 33507-63-0 (Substance P); EC 2.3.1.6 (Choline O-Acetyltransferase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Development. 1995 Nov;121(11):3763-76.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Target-independent diversification and target-specific projection of chemically defined retinal ganglion cell subsets},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Benedetti:1995,
	Abstract = {Different regions of the body of an animal have their own shape and location within visual space. Accordingly, in the superior colliculus there are somatosensory-visual bimodal neurons receiving tactile and visual input from the same region of space. In newborn mice, we changed the position of some body parts within visual space in order to see what happened to the alignment of the somatosensory and visual receptive fields of superior colliculus bimodal neurons. To do this, we modified the shape of the head by displacing the superior vibrissae and the ears, normally in the superior portion of visual space, into the inferior visual space. Analogously, we bent the inferior vibrissae into the superior visual space. At the sixth postnatal week we recorded from somatosensory-visual bimodal neurons of the deep layers of the superior colliculus and found that the tactile and visual receptive fields were aligned. Neurons receiving tactile input from the downward-displaced superior vibrissae and ears showed visual receptive fields in the inferior portion of visual space, whereas neurons receiving input from the upward-displaced inferior vibrissae showed visual receptive fields in the superior visual space. These results show that an experience-dependent interaction between visual and somatosensory inputs occurs during development, and that early exposure to abnormal visual-somatosensory experience modifies the organization of multisensory neurons in the superior colliculus.},
	Address = {Dipartimento di Anatomia e Fisiologia Umana, Universita di Torino, Italy.},
	Author = {Benedetti, F and Ferro, I},
	Crdt = {1995/03/01 00:00},
	Da = {19950713},
	Date = {1995 Mar 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:47:13 -0400},
	Dcom = {19950713},
	Edat = {1995/03/01},
	Issn = {0953-816X (Print)},
	Jid = {8918110},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The European journal of neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Ear/physiology; Head/physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; *Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology; Vibrissae/physiology; Visual Pathways/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1995/03/01 00:01},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {412--418},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {7773438},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Eur J Neurosci. 1995 Mar 1;7(3):412-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The effects of early postnatal modification of body shape on the somatosensory-visual organization in mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Schmidt-Kastner:1992,
	Abstract = {The neuron-specific calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin-D-28k, were studied in the subcortical visual system of normal and unilaterally deafferented albino rats. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies was used on vibratome sections through optic tract (OT), dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), and superior colliculus (SC). In controls, OT stained strongly for parvalbumin and weakly for calbindin-D-28k. The dLGN contained a plexus of parvalbumin-positive fibers. In dLGN, calbindin-D-28k-antibodies showed strong labeling of some neurons with long dendrites and weak staining of the cytoplasm in other neurons. In OPN, parvalbumin stained a ring of neurons and terminals in the shell region, whereas calbindin-D-28k was contained in medial cell populations. In SC, parvalbumin was contained in fibers, terminals, and neurons throughout the visual layer. Calbindin-D-28k showed a laminar distribution of neurons with a predominance in deep portions of superficial grey matter and in ventral portions of stratum opticum. Following unilateral deafferentation induced by optic nerve section, retinal axons showed immunohistochemical changes related to Wallerian degeneration and target neurons reacted by changes of calcium-binding proteins. Parvalbumin and calbindin-D-28k immunostaining decreased during Wallerian degeneration of OT. In the deafferented dLGN, immunohistochemical labeling for calbindin-D-28k declined in strongly stained neurons from 4 to 21 days after lesion. Measurement of dendritic length per number of cells or per area of dLGN showed a significant decline for the contralateral side at 4, 8, and 21 days (ANOVA, P less than 0.05). In deafferented OPN, terminal-like staining for parvalbumin decreased and neuronal labeling was enhanced. In deafferented SC, the neuronal and dendritic staining for parvalbumin increased beginning from Day 1 on and persisting at Day 21, whereas fibers and terminal-like elements decreased in staining. Measurement of parvalbumin-positive neurons per area of SC showed a significant increase of labeling in the contralateral side from Day 1 to Day 21 (ANOVA, P less than 0.05). These studies show that cellular responses to deafferentation of visual neurons involve a regulation of calcium-binding proteins. The decline in staining for calbindin-D-28k in dLGN may relate to reduced retinal afferent activity. The progressive cellular changes in parvalbumin staining may be related to unmasking of intrinsic neurons after removal of parvalbumin-containing, afferent fibers and terminals. Additionally, the changes of parvalbumin labeling in SC neurons may reflect a plastic reorganization of local circuits known to occur in rat SC in response to deafferentation.},
	Address = {Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany.},
	Author = {Schmidt-Kastner, R and Meller, D and Eysel, U T},
	Crdt = {1992/09/01 00:00},
	Da = {19921026},
	Date = {1992 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19921026},
	Edat = {1992/09/01},
	Issn = {0014-4886 (Print)},
	Jid = {0370712},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Jt = {Experimental neurology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Afferent Pathways/*physiology; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/analysis/*metabolism; Female; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/*metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism; Olivary Nucleus/cytology/*metabolism; Optic Nerve/*physiology; Parvalbumins/analysis/*metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*metabolism; Visual Pathways/cytology/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {1992/09/01 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {230--246},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {1397159},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal); 0 (Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent); 0 (Parvalbumins); 0 (calbindin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Exp Neurol. 1992 Sep;117(3):230-46.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Immunohistochemical changes of neuronal calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin-D-28k following unilateral deafferentation in the rat visual system},
	Volume = {117},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Benedetti:1992,
	Abstract = {Mice were enucleated bilaterally at birth in order to investigate whether early visual deprivation had any influence on the development of the somatosensory representation in the superior colliculus (SC). Single unit recordings were performed during the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 8th postnatal week in both normal and enucleated mice. It was found that, in visually deprived mice, there was a dramatic increase of the SC somatosensory units starting from the 3rd postnatal week, as occurs in normal mice. During the 5th and 8th postnatal week, this increase was larger than in normal mice, mainly due to the invasion of the somatosensory input into the superficial layers. In visually deprived mice, both the orientation of the somatosensory map and the magnification of some body parts, such as the upper vibrissae, did not show any difference with respect to normal mice. These results indicate the involvement of both vision-dependent and independent mechanisms in the formation of the SC somatosensory representation. In fact, whereas the segregation of the somatosensory afferents in the deep layers depended on the presence of visual input, the postnatal emergence and the topographic arrangement of the somatosensory map resulted to be independent of vision.},
	Address = {Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Turin, Italy.},
	Author = {Benedetti, F},
	Crdt = {1992/02/21 00:00},
	Da = {19920601},
	Date = {1992 Feb 21},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 15:39:04 -0400},
	Dcom = {19920601},
	Edat = {1992/02/21},
	Issn = {0165-3806 (Print)},
	Jid = {8908639},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; *Eye Enucleation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/*physiology; Vibrissae/physiology; Vision, Ocular/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1992/02/21 00:01},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {173--178},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {1572062},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1992 Feb 21;65(2):173-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The development of the somatosensory representation in the superior colliculus of visually deprived mice},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Benedetti_BrainResDevBrainRes1992.pdf}}

@article{Mize:1992,
	Abstract = {GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian superior colliculus. As in the lateral geniculate nucleus, GABA immunoreactive neurons in SC are almost all small and are distributed throughout the structure in all mammalian species studied to date. Unlike the LGN, GABA-labeled neurons in SC have a variety of morphologies. These cells have been best characterized in cat, where horizontal and two granule cell morphologies have been identified. Horizontal cells give rise to one class of presynaptic dendrite while granule C cells give rise to another class of spine-like presynaptic dendrite. Granule A cells may be the origin of some GABAergic axon terminals. GABA containing synaptic profiles form serial synapses, providing a possible substrate for disinhibition. The distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes appears similar to that of GABA neurons, with the densest distribution found within the superficial gray layer. However, antibody immunocytochemistry of the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor reveals that it is located at both synaptic and non-synaptic sites, and may be associated with membrane adjacent to terminals with either flattened or round vesicles. A few GABA containing neurons in SC colocalize the pentapeptide leucine enkephalin or the calcium binding protein calbindin. However, none appear to co-localize parvalbumin, a situation different from GABA containing interneurons in the LGN and visual cortex. The diversity of GABA neurons in SC rivals that found in visual cortex, although unlike visual cortex, the pattern of co-occurrence does not distinguish GABA cell types in SC. The superior colliculus also differs from both LGN and visual cortex in that GABA and calbindin immunoreactivity is not altered by either long-term occlusion and/or short-term enucleation in adult Rhesus monkeys. No consistent differences have been found in the optical density of GABA labeling in either cells or neuropil. To conclude, GABA neurons in the superior colliculus share some properties like those in LGN and others like those in visual cortex. In other properties, they differ from GABA neurons in both the LGN and visual cortex. The GABA systems in the superior colliculus are similar in all mammalian species studied, suggesting that they are phylogenetically conserved systems which are not amenable to plastic alterations, a situation different to that in the geniculostriate system.},
	Address = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.},
	Author = {Mize, R R},
	Crdt = {1992/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19920820},
	Date = {1992},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19920820},
	Edat = {1992/01/01},
	Gr = {EY-02973/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0079-6123 (Print)},
	Jid = {0376441},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Jt = {Progress in brain research},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/metabolism/ultrastructure; Dendrites/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism; Retina/metabolism/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi/*ultrastructure; Synapses/metabolism/ultrastructure; *gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Mhda = {1992/01/01 00:01},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {219--248},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {1321459},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {177},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Prog Brain Res. 1992;90:219-48.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The organization of GABAergic neurons in the mammalian superior colliculus},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Ritter:1991,
	Abstract = {Capsaicin is a neurotoxin capable of causing degeneration in specific sites throughout the neuraxis, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh), the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (VLG), the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and the olivary and medial pretectal nuclei (OPT and MPT). In this experiment, we tested the hypothesis that capsaicin-induced terminal degeneration in the SCh, VLG, IGL, OPT, and MPT results from destruction of retinal ganglion cells and their axonal projections to these sites. In the first experiment, silver stains were used to examine degeneration in the retina induced by systemic capsaicin treatment. Capsaicin caused degeneration of ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and nerve terminals in the retina, which could be observed between 2 and 24 hours after treatment. In the second experiment, 15-day-old rat pups were enucleated unilaterally. Five days or 2, 5, or 10 months later, they were injected systemically with capsaicin and killed 6 hours (pups) or 18 hours (adults) later for analysis with a cupric silver stain. In rats of all ages, prior monocular enucleation reduced or eliminated capsaicin-induced degeneration in the contralateral SCh, VLG, IGL, OPT, and MPT. In the third experiment, rat pups were treated systemically with capsaicin or vehicle solution at 12 days of age and given unilateral intravitreal injections of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) 3 days prior to sacrifice at 20 days of age. Transport of CT-HRP to the SCh, VLG, IGL, MPT, and OPT was attenuated but not abolished by capsaicin pretreatment. Results suggest that capsaicin causes degeneration in the SCh, VLG, IGL, MPT, and OPT by selective destruction of a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells with axonal projections to these sites.},
	Address = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520.},
	Author = {Ritter, S and Dinh, T T},
	Crdt = {1991/06/01 00:00},
	Da = {19910926},
	Date = {1991 Jun 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19910926},
	Edat = {1991/06/01},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Capsaicin/*pharmacology; Female; Geniculate Bodies/cytology; Interneurons/physiology; Male; Nerve Degeneration/*drug effects; Olivary Nucleus/cytology; Optic Nerve/*physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina/cytology; Staining and Labeling; Superior Colliculi/cytology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/cytology},
	Mhda = {1991/06/01 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {79--90},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {1714924},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {404-86-4 (Capsaicin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1991 Jun 1;308(1):79-90.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Prior optic nerve transection reduces capsaicin-induced degeneration in rat subcortical visual structures},
	Volume = {308},
	Year = {1991},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080108}}

@article{Benedetti:1991,
	Abstract = {The somatosensory map of the superior colliculus was studied in the mouse during the 2nd and 3rd postnatal weeks, with particular attention to the representation of the vibrissae. The presence of an organized somatosensory projection was not electrophysiologically demonstrable until the beginning of the 3rd postnatal week, in coincidence with the opening of the eyes. Recordings performed during the 2nd postnatal week showed that the collicular units responding to tactile stimuli were rare and functionally immature. Starting from the beginning of the 3rd postnatal week, there was a dramatic increase of the number of somatosensory units and the appearance of an ordered topography, together with the maturation of the neuronal electrical properties. All the features of the adult collicular somatosensory map were found in the 3rd postnatal week, including the magnification of the vibrissae occupying the central portion of the visual field. The functional maturation of the collicular somatosensory map of the mouse is therefore a postnatal event which starts during the 3rd postnatal week, just after the opening of the eyes.},
	Address = {Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Turin, Italy.},
	Author = {Benedetti, F},
	Crdt = {1991/05/20 00:00},
	Da = {19911028},
	Date = {1991 May 20},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:44:25 -0400},
	Dcom = {19911028},
	Edat = {1991/05/20},
	Issn = {0165-3806 (Print)},
	Jid = {8908639},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research. Developmental brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Aging/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/physiology; Vibrissae/physiology},
	Mhda = {1991/05/20 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {51--57},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {1914145},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991 May 20;60(1):51-7.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The postnatal emergence of a functional somatosensory representation in the superior colliculus of the mouse},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Olson:1991,
	Abstract = {In the normal goldfish, neighboring retinal ganglion cells terminate in one small tectal locus to produce the precise retinotopy characteristic of this projection. This can be directly demonstrated by labeling neighboring ganglion cells with small "spot" injections of WGA-HRP, which yield a single small patch of product at the retinotopically appropriate part of the tectum. When the optic nerve is crushed, label from these spot injections was previously found to be widely dispersed during the early phase of regeneration. With time, label subsequently condensed, typically into several discrete patches reminiscent of ocular dominance columns. In this study, we tested whether the formation of these patches required impulse activity by injecting tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the eye during regeneration. We found that impulse blockade completely inhibited the formation of discrete patches while permitting considerable condensation of the label. This implies that these patches are generated by activity but that some map "refinement" utilized cellular processes that are activity independent. This activity-independent condensation progressed at a noticeably slower rate than the equivalent condensation seen with activity, thus suggesting that activity normally participates as a "helper factor," even though it is not strictly required. Since the formation of discrete patches during regeneration provides a sensitive measure of activity-dependent refinement, this was used to further address two controversial questions concerning the role of impulse activity. One is whether there is a chronologically defined critical period for activity-dependent refinement. This was tested by blocking impulse activity for 2 to 4 months, much longer than the activity-dependent refinement is thought to last, and then permitting activity to resume. We found that multiple patches were formed following this period of late activity, thus indicating that synaptic plasticity extends for several months beyond the supposed critical period. The other question was whether spontaneous retinal activity was sufficient for activity-dependent ordering. To test this, fish were kept in constant darkness during optic nerve crush and labelled with retinal spot injections at various times during regeneration. Condensation of label with the final formation of multiple patches formed at about the same time as fish with normal visual experience. This implies that the amount and extent of correlation of spontaneous activity in retina is adequate for driving activity-dependent refinement.},
	Address = {Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717.},
	Author = {Olson, M D and Meyer, R L},
	Crdt = {1991/01/15 00:00},
	Da = {19910501},
	Date = {1991 Jan 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19910501},
	Edat = {1991/01/15},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Darkness; Goldfish/*anatomy \& histology; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration; Optic Nerve/physiology; Optic Nerve Injuries; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*drug effects/radiation effects/ultrastructure; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Superior Colliculi/drug effects/radiation effects/*ultrastructure; Tetrodotoxin/*pharmacology; Visual Pathways/drug effects/radiation effects},
	Mhda = {1991/01/15 00:01},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {412--423},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {2007657},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1991 Jan 15;303(3):412-23.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The effect of TTX-activity blockade and total darkness on the formation of retinotopy in the goldfish retinotectal projection},
	Volume = {303},
	Year = {1991},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903030307}}

@article{Berson:1991,
	Abstract = {We have investigated the cellular localization of opioid peptides and binding sites in the cat's superior colliculus by testing the effects of retinal deafferentation and intracollicular excitotoxin lesions on patterns of enkephalin-like immunostaining and opiate receptor ligand binding. In normal cats, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity marks a thin tier in the most dorsal stratum griseum superficiale, small neurons of the stratum griseum superficiale, and patches of fibers in the intermediate and deeper gray layers. Eliminating crossed retinotectal afferents by contralateral eye enucleation had little immediate effect on this pattern, although chronic eye enucleation from birth did reduce immunoreactivity in the superficial layers. By contrast, fiber-sparing destruction of collicular neurons by the excitotoxins N-methyl-D-aspartate and ibotenic acid virtually eliminated enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the upper stratum griseum superficiale, presumably by killing enkephalinergic cells of the superficial layers. Such lesions did not eliminate the patches of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the deeper layers. In normal cats, opiate receptor ligand binding is dense in the stratum griseum superficiale, particularly in its upper tier, and moderately dense in the intermediate gray layer. Contralateral eye removal had no detectable effect on the binding pattern, but excitotoxin lesions of the colliculus dramatically reduced binding in both superficial and deep layers. Some ligand binding, including part of that in the upper stratum griseum superficiale, apparently survived such lesions. Similar effects were observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus: enucleation produced no change in binding, whereas excitotoxin lesions greatly reduced specific opiate binding. We conclude that in the superficial collicular layers, both enkephalin-like opioid peptides and their membrane receptors are largely expressed by neurons of intrinsic collicular origin. The close correspondence between the location of these intrinsic opioid elements and the tier of retinal afferents terminating in the upper stratum griseum superficiale further suggests that opiatergic interneurons may modulate retinotectal transmission postsynaptically.},
	Address = {Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.},
	Author = {Berson, D M and Graybiel, A M and Bowen, W D and Thompson, L A},
	Crdt = {1991/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19911113},
	Date = {1991},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19911113},
	Edat = {1991/01/01},
	Gr = {DA03776/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; EY02866/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY06108/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0306-4522 (Print)},
	Jid = {7605074},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Jt = {Neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Autoradiography; Binding Sites; Cats; Enkephalins/*metabolism; Eye Enucleation; Immunohistochemistry; Neurotoxins/pharmacology; Superior Colliculi/drug effects/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {1991/01/01 00:01},
	Number = {2-3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {513--529},
	Pii = {0306-4522(91)90312-C},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {1922782},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Enkephalins); 0 (Neurotoxins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neuroscience. 1991;43(2-3):513-29.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Evidence for intrinsic expression of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity and opioid binding sites in cat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Illing:1990,
	Abstract = {Parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity (PA-LI) has been studied in sections of the superior colliculus (SC) of the rat and its distribution compared to the patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. In the intermediate layers it was found that PA-LI is spatially associated with AChE only in the medial part of the SC, but assumes a complementary distribution further laterally. There was a positive correlation between PA-LI and CO. We conclude that the patterns of PA-LI and CO are not systematically related to collicular input known to be associated with the AChE-rich zones, but may reflect adherence to channel separation beyond the terminal fields of clustered afferents.},
	Address = {Unit for Morphological Brain Research, Universitats-HNO-Klinik, Freiburg, F.R.G.},
	Author = {Illing, R B and Vogt, D M and Spatz, W B},
	Crdt = {1990/12/11 00:00},
	Da = {19910409},
	Date = {1990 Dec 11},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19910409},
	Edat = {1990/12/11},
	Issn = {0304-3940 (Print)},
	Jid = {7600130},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Jt = {Neuroscience letters},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Acetylcholinesterase/*analysis; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use; Electron Transport Complex IV/*analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Parvalbumins/*analysis; Rats; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/enzymology},
	Mhda = {1990/12/11 00:01},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {197--200},
	Pii = {0304-3940(90)90037-A},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {1963482},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal); 0 (Parvalbumins); EC 1.9.3.1 (Electron Transport Complex IV); EC 3.1.1.7 (Acetylcholinesterase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Neurosci Lett. 1990 Dec 11;120(2):197-200.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Parvalbumin in rat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {120},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Brecha:1987,
	Abstract = {Retinal ganglion cells are the projection neurons that link the retina to the brain. Peptide immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the mammalian retina have been noted but their identity has not been determined. We now report that, in the rabbit, 25-35% of all retinal ganglion cells contain substance P-like (SP) immunoreactivity. They were identified by either retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers injected into the superior colliculus, or by retrograde degeneration after optic nerve section. SP immunoreactive cells are present in all parts of the retina and have medium to large cell bodies with dendrites that ramify extensively in the proximal inner plexiform layer. Their axons terminate in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus and accessory optic nuclei, and these terminals disappear completely after contralateral optic nerve section and/or eye enucleation. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus large, beaded, immunoreactive axons and varicosities make up a narrow plexus just below the optic tract, where they define a new geniculate lamina. The varicosities make multiple synaptic contacts with dendrites of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projection neurons and presumptive interneurons in complex glomerular neuropil. This is direct evidence that some mammalian retinal ganglion cells contain substance P-like peptides and strongly suggests that, in the rabbit, substance P (or related tachykinins) may be a transmitter or modulator in a specific population or populations of retinal ganglion cells.},
	Author = {Brecha, N and Johnson, D and Bolz, J and Sharma, S and Parnavelas, J G and Lieberman, A R},
	Crdt = {1987/05/14 00:00},
	Da = {19870615},
	Date = {1987 May 14-20},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19870615},
	Edat = {1987/05/14},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/*ultrastructure; Dendrites/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Immunologic Tests; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings/*ultrastructure; Neural Pathways/ultrastructure; Optic Nerve/physiology; Rabbits; Retina/*ultrastructure; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Substance P/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {1987/05/14 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {6118},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {155--158},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {2437459},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {33507-63-0 (Substance P)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 1987 May 14-20;327(6118):155-8.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Substance P-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their central axon terminals in the rabbit},
	Volume = {327},
	Year = {1987},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/327155a0}}

@article{Edwards:1986,
	Abstract = {The emergence of laminar organization in the superior colliculus was investigated in the mouse with several anatomical methods, including tritiated-thymidine autoradiography, Golgi impregnation, and general stains for cell bodies and for fibers. The sequence of neurogenesis, cell migration, and early morphological differentiation of neurons was shown to exhibit a discontinuity between the lower and upper divisions (i.e., between the deep and intermediate "gray" and "white" layers and the superficial "gray" and "white" layers). These events proceed in an inside-out order within the lower division, but the same events within the upper division commence in advance of the completion of this progression. Thus, peak generation times for layers of the lower division proceed from (embryonic day) E11 to E13 and for the upper division from E12 to E13. Cell migration, as monitored with tritiated-thymidine labelling, reflects closely the pattern of cytogenesis. This is most clearly evident on E15 when a population of E11-labelled cells is divided into superficial and deep layers (the strata superficiale and profundum--SS and SP) by the interposition of E13-labelled cells at an intermediate level (stratum intermedium--SI). A contingent of the latter cells continue their migration and join their predecessors within the SS on E17, a time point when cell migrations are largely complete. Paralleling this sequence of arrival of neurons and the formation of three primary layers, both the time course of accumulation of fiber fascicles and the early morphological differentiation of neurons in the interval from E13 to E17 tends to proceed from SP to SS and from SS to SI. Thus, the transverse fiber system and large multipolar neurons of SP develop in advance of the longitudinal fiber system and vertically oriented neurons of SS, which in turn develop precociously with respect to the longitudinal fibers and medium-sized multipolar neurons of SI. In contrast, later events of differentiation that underly a major radial growth and an architectonic sublamination of the primary strata proceed in a simpler inside-out sequence from E17 to (postnatal day) P6. The major morphogenetic events underlying the establishment of statification in the colliculus appear to involve the operation of relatively independent programs of assembly for the two basic subdivisions. It is probable that selective cell-cell interactions contribute to the delivery of concurrently generated neurons to different laminae as well as to the deployment of axons in a manner that respects laminar boundaries.},
	Author = {Edwards, M A and Caviness, V S Jr and Schneider, G E},
	Crdt = {1986/06/15 00:00},
	Da = {19860820},
	Date = {1986 Jun 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19860820},
	Edat = {1986/06/15},
	Issn = {0021-9967 (Print)},
	Jid = {0406041},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Jt = {The Journal of comparative neurology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Hybridization, Genetic; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitosis; Morphogenesis; Neurons/cytology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/embryology/*growth \& development},
	Mhda = {2001/03/28 10:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {395--409},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {3722463},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {J Comp Neurol. 1986 Jun 15;248(3):395-409.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of cell and fiber lamination in the mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {248},
	Year = {1986},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902480308}}

@article{Tumosa:1986,
	Abstract = {We have demonstrated that a significant fraction of cells in layer 1 of goldfish optic tectum are immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase. These cells constitute 4-7% of type XIV cells, which are thought to be intrinsic neurons and represent 95% of all tectal cells. The number of immunoreactive type XIV cells is unchanged following short-term enucleation. The possible integrative role of these putative cholinergic neurons is discussed in relation to sensory functions of the optic tectum.},
	Author = {Tumosa, N and Stell, W K and Johnson, C D and Epstein, M L},
	Crdt = {1986/04/09 00:00},
	Da = {19860627},
	Date = {1986 Apr 9},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19860627},
	Edat = {1986/04/09},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*analysis; Goldfish; Neurons/cytology/enzymology/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/enzymology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1986/04/09 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {365--369},
	Pii = {0006-8993(86)90495-6},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {3708332},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {EC 2.3.1.6 (Choline O-Acetyltransferase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res. 1986 Apr 9;370(2):365-9.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Putative cholinergic interneurons in the optic tectum of goldfish},
	Volume = {370},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{So:1985,
	Abstract = {The synaptic organization of the alpha sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus has been examined by electron microscopy in normal adult hamsters and in adult hamsters subjected to unilateral eye enucleation or intravitreal injection of horseradish peroxidase. Two types of neuropil are apparent. Islands of complex neuropil partially enclosed by astrocyte processes (synaptic glomeruli) are surrounded by a sea of simpler non-glomerular neuropil. The latter is dominated by small axon terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and Gray type 1 axodendritic contacts (SR-boutons) and also contains axon terminals with flattened synaptic vesicles (F-boutons). The glomerular neuropil contains exclusively postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic protrusions of presumptive projection cells; pre- and postsynaptic pleomorphic-vesicle-containing P-boutons (interpreted as appendages of the dendrites of interneurons); large axon terminals containing spherical synaptic vesicles and large pale mitochondria (R-boutons) which were experimentally identified as retinal terminals and which are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons at Gray type 1 contacts; F-boutons (minority component). F-boutons and P-boutons are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons and P-boutons are the intermediate elements of various serial synapses including triplet (triadic) synapses. Medium-large terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and dark mitochondria (RLD-boutons) which were commonly invaginated by dendritic spines of projection cells in small glomerulus-like formations were also identified. The origin of RLD-boutons is unknown but SR-boutons probably derive chiefly from ipsilateral visual cortex and possibly also from superior colliculus, and non-glomerular F-boutons probably originate in the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus. No differences in synaptic organization were found between the part of the nucleus which receives uncrossed retinal input and the part which receives crossed input, nor were differences seen in the size, fine structure or relationships between the terminals of identified crossed and uncrossed retinal axons.},
	Author = {So, K F and Campbell, G and Lieberman, A R},
	Crdt = {1985/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19850515},
	Date = {1985},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19850515},
	Edat = {1985/01/01},
	Issn = {0340-2061 (Print)},
	Jid = {7505194},
	Journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
	Jt = {Anatomy and embryology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Cricetinae/*anatomy \& histology; Geniculate Bodies/*ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Injections; Mesocricetus; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Endings/ultrastructure; Neurons/ultrastructure; Retina/ultrastructure; Synapses/*ultrastructure; Vitreous Body},
	Mhda = {1985/01/01 00:01},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {223--234},
	Pl = {GERMANY, WEST},
	pmid = {3985371},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {EC 1.11.1.- (Horseradish Peroxidase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Anat Embryol (Berl). 1985;171(2):223-34.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Synaptic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the adult hamster. An electron microscope study using degeneration and horseradish peroxidase tracing techniques},
	Volume = {171},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{Altman:1981,
	Abstract = {Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 12 and 13 (E12 + E13) until the day before parturition (E21 + 22) in order to label all the multiplying precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (or no longer labelled) on specific days was determined in the separate layers of the superiorr colliculus. Neurogenesis begins with layers V and IV on day E12; the bulk (87%) of these cells are generated on day E13. This early-produced band of large neurons, the intermediate magnocellular zone, divides the superior colliculus into two cytogenetically distinct regions. In both the deep and the superficial superior colliculus neuron production is relatively protracted. In the deep superior colliculus neuron production peaks on day E15 in lay VII, on day E15 and E16 in lay VI, and on day E16 (the large neurons excluded) in layer V, indicating an inside-out sequence. In the superficial superio coliculus peak production time of both layer I and II is on day E16 but in the latter region neuron production is more prolonged and ends on day E18. One interpretation of these results is that the two pairs of superficial layers are produced in an outside-in sequence. These three cytogenetic subdivisions of the superior colliculus may be correlated with its structural-functional parcellation into an efferent spinotectal, a deep somatomotor and a superficial visual component. A comparison of neurogenesis in different components of the visuomotor and visual pathways of the rat indicates that the motor neurons of the extraocular muscles, the abducens, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei, and neurons of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch are produced first. Next in line are source neurons of efferents to the bulb and the spinal cord: those of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the intermediate magnocellular zone of the superior colliculus. These are followed by the relay neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. The neurons of the superficial superior colliculus and of the visual cortex implicated in visual sensori-motor integrations are produced last.},
	Author = {Altman, J and Bayer, S A},
	Crdt = {1981/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19810810},
	Date = {1981},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:42:44 -0400},
	Dcom = {19810810},
	Edat = {1981/01/01},
	Issn = {0014-4819 (Print)},
	Jid = {0043312},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Jt = {Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20080215},
	Mh = {Afferent Pathways/embryology/physiology; Animals; Female; Neurons/*physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/*embryology/physiology},
	Mhda = {1981/01/01 00:01},
	Number = {3-4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {424--434},
	Pl = {GERMANY, WEST},
	pmid = {7238681},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Exp Brain Res. 1981;42(3-4):424-34.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Time of origin of neurons of the rat superior colliculus in relation to other components of the visual and visuomotor pathways},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Mathers:1979,
	Abstract = {To further study the existence of a critical trophic period in the development of the chick optic tectum, during which the presence of retinal synapses is essential to the continued growth of tectal neurons, we have unilaterally enucleated embryos between stages 14--20 and allowed survival until stages 35--43. If the critical trophic period is between stages 40--44, as previously reported, then we reasoned that early removal of the eye might not have any effect on tectal development until the critical period. We assessed tectal neuron survival by staining for degeneration in the efferent projections of tectal neurons. In early enucleates, degeneration was present from stages 37--43, and the severity of the degeneration was much reduced in comparison to animals enucleated during the critical period. These findings substantiate the proposition that there is a critical period late in chick tectal development. However, because the degeneration in tectal projections is less intense than in animals enucleated during the critical period, we suggest that the early enucleation has permitted axons from the remaining eye to be routed to the deafferented tectum, where they may help to sustain a portion of the tectal neurons through the critical period. Moreover, the somewhat earlier appearance of degeneration in tectal efferent pathways of early enucleates suggests that a subtle trophic relationship between retina and tectum may exist prior to stage 40, even though this relationship is not revealed when enucleations are performed later, as between stages 35--40 (ref. 17).},
	Author = {Mathers, L H Jr and Ostrach, L H},
	Crdt = {1979/07/13 00:00},
	Da = {19791017},
	Date = {1979 Jul 13},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:44:25 -0400},
	Dcom = {19791017},
	Edat = {1979/07/13},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons/ultrastructure; *Cell Differentiation; Chick Embryo; Diencephalon/cytology; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology; Efferent Pathways/cytology; Interneurons/cytology; Mesencephalon/cytology; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons/cytology; Retina/*cytology; Sensory Deprivation; Superior Colliculi/*cytology; Synapses/ultrastructure; Visual Pathways/cytology},
	Mhda = {2001/03/28 10:01},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {219--230},
	Pii = {0006-8993(79)90103-3},
	Pl = {NETHERLANDS},
	pmid = {466408},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Brain Res. 1979 Jul 13;170(2):219-30.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A critical period in the development of tectal neurons in the chick, as revealed by early enucleation},
	Volume = {170},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Leibnitz:1979,
	Abstract = {12 adult white lab-rats were enucleated and after a survival period of 1, 3, 7 and 30 days the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, SDH and GPDH were demonstrated histochemically in the Tractus opticus (To), Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis (CGLd) et ventralis (CGLv), Colliculus superior (Cs) and Nucleus olivaris praetectalis (Nop). Since the ipsi- and contralateral grisea are always in the same tissue section the enzyme activities can be quantitatively compared by visual impression without a greater mistake. In To enucleation caused a hypertrophy of astrocytes together with an increase of the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, and GPDH in these cells. The reactions indicate a more intensive metabolism in connection with the myelin degradation. In CGLd, CGLv, Cs and Nop following enucleation there appeared contralaterally a graded loss in the activities of GDH, LDH, GPDH, and GABA-T; only SDH scarely changed its activity. The fastest and strongest reaction was found in Cs and Nop, while CGLd and CGLv reacted later and to a less degree. In CGLv the enzyme reaction was limited to the lateral part of the nucleus. As diminution of activity is caused by degeneration of the retinal terminals the effected enzymes must be localised in cytoplasma and mitochondria of these terminals. Taking into account findings from literature the following is concluded from the time patterns, the degree of diminution of the enzyme activities and the relation of retinal to extraretinal terminals in the individual nuclei: GABA probably acts as a transmitter in interneurons of CGLd, Cs, and Nop. Glutamate is a transmitter in Cs and Nop.},
	Author = {Leibnitz, L and Bar, B},
	Crdt = {1979/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19800825},
	Date = {1979},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:42:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-07-30 11:33:45 -0400},
	Dcom = {19800825},
	Edat = {1979/01/01},
	Issn = {0021-8359 (Print)},
	Jid = {0421521},
	Journal = {J Hirnforsch},
	Jt = {Journal fur Hirnforschung},
	Language = {ger},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/metabolism; Animals; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology; Geniculate Bodies/enzymology; Glutamate Dehydrogenase/metabolism; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism; Male; Optic Nerve/enzymology; Rats; Retina/*enzymology; *Sensory Deprivation; Succinate Dehydrogenase/metabolism; Superior Colliculi/enzymology; Thalamic Nuclei/enzymology; Visual Cortex/enzymology; Visual Pathways/*enzymology},
	Mhda = {1979/01/01 00:01},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {637--649},
	Pl = {GERMANY, EAST},
	pmid = {121134},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {English Abstract; Journal Article},
	Rn = {EC 1.1.- (Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase); EC 1.1.1.27 (L-Lactate Dehydrogenase); EC 1.3.99.1 (Succinate Dehydrogenase); EC 1.4.1.2 (Glutamate Dehydrogenase); EC 2.6.1.19 (4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {[Enzyme histochemical examinations of the visual system of the adult rat following unilateral enucleation]},
	Tt = {Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen am visuellen System der adulten Ratte nach unilateraler Enucleation.},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Hubel:1959a,
	Author = {Hubel, D H},
	Crdt = {1959/09/02 00:00},
	Da = {19601201},
	Date = {1959 Sep 2},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:19:51 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:17:21 +0000},
	Dcom = {19981101},
	Edat = {1959/09/02},
	Issn = {0022-3751 (Print)},
	Jid = {0266262},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Jt = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {*CEREBRAL CORTEX/physiology; *NEURONS/physiology; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1959/09/02 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC1357023},
	Oto = {NLM},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {226--238},
	Pl = {Not Available},
	Pmc = {PMC1357023},
	pmid = {14403678},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {OM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Single unit activity in striate cortex of unrestrained cats},
	Volume = {147},
	Year = {1959}}

@article{Hubel:1959,
	Author = {Hubel, D H and Wiesel, T N},
	Crdt = {1959/10/01 00:00},
	Da = {19601201},
	Date = {1959 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 12:19:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-13 18:17:10 +0000},
	Dcom = {19981101},
	Edat = {1959/10/01},
	Issn = {0022-3751 (Print)},
	Jid = {0266262},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Jt = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {*CEREBRAL CORTEX/physiology; *NEURONS/physiology; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1959/10/01 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Oid = {NLM: PMC1363130},
	Oto = {NLM},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {574--591},
	Pl = {Not Available},
	Pmc = {PMC1363130},
	pmid = {14403679},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {OM},
	Source = {J Physiol. 1959 Oct;148:574-91.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex},
	Volume = {148},
	Year = {1959},
	url = {papers/HUBEL_JPhysiol1959.pdf}}

@article{Ramocki:2008,
	Abstract = {Failure of normal brain development leads to mental retardation or autism in about 3% of children. Many genes integral to pathways by which synaptic modification and the remodelling of neuronal networks mediate cognitive and social development have been identified, usually through loss of function. Evidence is accumulating, however, that either loss or gain of molecular functions can be deleterious to the nervous system. Copy-number variation, regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs and epigenetic changes are all mechanisms by which altered gene dosage can cause the failure of neuronal homeostasis.},
	Address = {Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, MS 225, BCMT-T807, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. mramocki@bcm.tmc.edu},
	Author = {Ramocki, Melissa B and Zoghbi, Huda Y},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081016},
	Date = {2008 Oct 16},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081118},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Gr = {1K08 NS062711-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; 1R01 NS057819-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; T32 NS43124/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Cytoskeleton/metabolism; *Gene Expression Regulation; *Homeostasis/genetics; Humans; Mental Disorders/*genetics/*physiopathology; Neurons/*metabolism; Synapses/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2008/11/19 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {7215},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {912--918},
	Pii = {nature07457},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {18923513},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {69},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Failure of neuronal homeostasis results in common neuropsychiatric phenotypes},
	Volume = {455},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Ramocki_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07457}}

@article{Sato:2008,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience profoundly shapes neural circuitry of juvenile brain. Although the visual cortex of adult rodents retains a capacity for plasticity in response to monocular visual deprivation, the nature of this plasticity and the neural circuit changes that accompany it remain enigmatic. Here, we investigate differences between adult and juvenile ocular dominance plasticity using Fourier optical imaging of intrinsic signals in mouse visual cortex. This comparison reveals that adult plasticity takes longer than in the juvenile mouse, is of smaller magnitude, has a greater contribution from the increase in response to the open eye, and has less effect on the hemisphere ipsilateral to the deprived eye. Binocular deprivation also causes different changes in the adult. Adult plasticity is similar to juvenile plasticity in its dependence on signaling through NMDA receptors. We propose that adult ocular dominance plasticity arises from compensatory mechanisms that counterbalance the loss of afferent activity caused by visual deprivation.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology, W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA.},
	Author = {Sato, Masaaki and Stryker, Michael P},
	Crdt = {2008/10/10 09:00},
	Da = {20081009},
	Date = {2008 Oct 8},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081103},
	Edat = {2008/10/10 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Adaptation, Physiological; Aging/physiology; Animals; *Critical Period (Psychology); Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Signal Transduction/physiology; Time Factors; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular; Visual Cortex/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/11/04 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {41},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10278--10286},
	Pii = {28/41/10278},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18842887},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Distinctive features of adult ocular dominance plasticity},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2451-08.2008}}

@article{Dean:1989,
	Abstract = {Recent studies of the effects of stimulating the superior colliculus (SC) in rodents suggest that this structure mediates at least two classes of response to novel sensory stimuli. One class contains the familiar orienting response, together with movements resembling tracking or pursuit, and appears appropriate for undefined sensory 'events'. The second class contains defensive movements such as avoidance or flight, together with cardiovascular changes, that would be appropriate for a sudden emergency such as the appearance of a predator, or of an object on collision course. The two response systems appear to depend on separate output projections, and are probably subject to different sensory and forebrain influences. These findings (1) suggest an explanation for the complex anatomical organization of the SC, with multiple output pathways differentially accessed by a very wide variety of inputs, (2) emphasize the similarities between the SC and the optic tectum in non-mammalian species, and (3) suggest that the SC may be useful as a model for studying both the sensory control of defensive responses, and how intelligent decisions can be taken about relatively simple sensory inputs.},
	Author = {Dean, P and Redgrave, P and Westby, G W},
	Crdt = {1989/04/01 00:00},
	Da = {19890615},
	Date = {1989 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:10:11 -0400},
	Dcom = {19890615},
	Edat = {1989/04/01},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Orientation/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1989/04/01 00:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {137--147},
	Pii = {0166-2236(89)90052-0},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {2470171},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {66},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Event or emergency? Two response systems in the mammalian superior colliculus},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Dean_TrendsNeurosci1989.pdf}}

@article{Sato:2007b,
	Abstract = {Cortical maps, consisting of orderly arrangements of functional columns, are a hallmark of the organization of the cerebral cortex. However, the microorganization of cortical maps at the level of single neurons is not known, mainly because of the limitations of available mapping techniques. Here, we used bulk loading of Ca(2+) indicators combined with two-photon microscopy to image the activity of multiple single neurons in layer (L) 2/3 of the mouse barrel cortex in vivo. We developed methods that reliably detect single action potentials in approximately half of the imaged neurons in L2/3. This allowed us to measure the spiking probability following whisker deflection and thus map the whisker selectivity for multiple neurons with known spatial relationships. At the level of neuronal populations, the whisker map varied smoothly across the surface of the cortex, within and between the barrels. However, the whisker selectivity of individual neurons recorded simultaneously differed greatly, even for nearest neighbors. Trial-to-trial correlations between pairs of neurons were high over distances spanning multiple cortical columns. Our data suggest that the response properties of individual neurons are shaped by highly specific subcolumnar circuits and the momentary intrinsic state of the neocortex.},
	Author = {Sato, TR and Gray, NW and Mainen, ZF and Svoboda, K},
	Crdt = {2007/07/12 09:00},
	Da = {20070719},
	Date = {2007 Jul 10},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dep = {20070710},
	Edat = {2007/07/12 09:00},
	Issn = {1545-7885 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101183755},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Jt = {PLoS biology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;calcium imaging;optical physiology;optical imaging;microscopy;Multiphoton;mice;mouse;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity;network;Technique},
	Language = {ENG},
	Mhda = {2007/07/12 09:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {7},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {e189},
	Phst = {2006/12/12 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/05/15 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {06-PLBI-RA-2351},
	Pmc = {PMC1914403},
	pmid = {17622195},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Pt = {JOURNAL ARTICLE},
	Status = {Publisher},
	Title = {The Functional Microarchitecture of the Mouse Barrel Cortex},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sato_PLoSBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050189}}

@article{McLaughlin:2003,
	Abstract = {During retinocollicular map development, spontaneous waves of action potentials spread across the retina, correlating activity among neighboring retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To address the role of retinal waves in topographic map development, we examined wave dynamics and retinocollicular projections in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. beta2(-/-) mice lack waves during the first postnatal week, but RGCs have high levels of uncorrelated firing. By P8, the wild-type retinocollicular projection remodels into a refined map characterized by axons of neighboring RGCs forming focal termination zones (TZs) of overlapping arbors. In contrast, in P8 beta2(-/-) mice, neighboring RGC axons form large TZs characterized by broadly distributed arbors. At P8, glutamatergic retinal waves appear in beta2(-/-) mice, and later, visually patterned activity appears, but the diffuse TZs fail to remodel. Thus, spontaneous retinal waves that correlate RGC activity are required for retinotopic map remodeling during a brief early critical period.},
	Address = {Molecular Neurobiology Lab, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.},
	Author = {McLaughlin, Todd and Torborg, Christine L and Feller, Marla B and O'Leary, Dennis D M},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2003 Dec 18;40(6):1053-5. PMID: 14687538},
	Crdt = {2003/12/23 05:00},
	Da = {20031222},
	Date = {2003 Dec 18},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-29 15:12:54 +0000},
	Dcom = {20040128},
	Edat = {2003/12/23 05:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY07025/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY13528/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; retinal waves; Retinal Ganglion Cells; superior colliculus; nicotinic; Acetylcholine; Receptor; mice; mouse; transgenic; activity manipulation; development; visual system; optic tectum; connectivity; tracer; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neural Pathways/growth \& development/metabolism; Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency/genetics; Retina/*growth \& development/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/metabolism; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2004/01/30 05:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1147-1160},
	Pii = {S0896627303007906},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {14687549},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 0 (nicotinic receptor beta2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Retinotopic map refinement requires spontaneous retinal waves during a brief critical period of development},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/McLaughlin_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Yu:2009,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the mammalian neocortex are organized into functional columns. Within a column, highly specific synaptic connections are formed to ensure that similar physiological properties are shared by neuron ensembles spanning from the pia to the white matter. Recent studies indicate that synaptic connectivity in the neocortex is sparse and highly specific to allow even adjacent neurons to convey information independently. How this fine-scale microcircuit is constructed to create a functional columnar architecture at the level of individual neurons largely remains a mystery. Here we investigate whether radial clones of excitatory neurons arising from the same mother cell in the developing neocortex serve as a substrate for the formation of this highly specific microcircuit. We labelled ontogenetic radial clones of excitatory neurons in the mouse neocortex by in utero intraventricular injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing retroviruses around the onset of the peak phase of neocortical neurogenesis. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings were performed to probe synapse formation among these EGFP-labelled sister excitatory neurons in radial clones and the adjacent non-siblings during postnatal stages. We found that radially aligned sister excitatory neurons have a propensity for developing unidirectional chemical synapses with each other rather than with neighbouring non-siblings. Moreover, these synaptic connections display the same interlaminar directional preference as those observed in the mature neocortex. These results indicate that specific microcircuits develop preferentially within ontogenetic radial clones of excitatory neurons in the developing neocortex and contribute to the emergence of functional columnar microarchitectures in the mature neocortex.},
	Address = {Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, 1275 York Avenue.},
	Author = {Yu, YC and Bultje, RS and Wang, X and Shi, SH},
	Crdt = {2009/02/11 09:00},
	Da = {20090210},
	Date = {2009 Feb 8},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dep = {20090208},
	Edat = {2009/02/11 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {ENG},
	Mhda = {2009/02/11 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Own = {NLM},
	Phst = {2008/10/22 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/11 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2009/02/08 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature07722},
	pmid = {19204731},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Pt = {JOURNAL ARTICLE},
	Status = {Publisher},
	Title = {Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory neurons in the neocortex},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Yu_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Yu_Nature2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07722}}

@article{Malone:2009,
	Abstract = {Transposons populate the landscape of all eukaryotic genomes. Often considered purely genomic parasites, transposons can also benefit their hosts, playing roles in gene regulation and in genome organization and evolution. Peaceful coexistence with mobile elements depends upon adaptive control mechanisms, since unchecked transposon activity can impact long-term fitness and acutely reduce the fertility of progeny. Here, we review the conserved roles played by small RNAs in the adaptation of eukaryotes to coexist with their genomic colonists. An understanding of transposon-defense pathways has uncovered recurring themes in the mechanisms by which genomes distinguish "self" from "non-self" and selectively silence the latter.},
	Address = {Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Malone, Colin D and Hannon, Gregory J},
	Crdt = {2009/02/26 09:00},
	Da = {20090225},
	Date = {2009 Feb 20},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090305},
	Edat = {2009/02/26 09:00},
	Gr = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4172 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0413066},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Jt = {Cell},
	Keywords = {15 ERVs retroelements},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; *Genome; *Genome, Human; Humans; Models, Biological; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2009/03/06 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {4},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {656--668},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(09)00127-5},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19239887},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {160},
	Rn = {0 (RNA, Untranslated)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Small RNAs as guardians of the genome},
	Volume = {136},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Malone_Cell2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.045}}

@article{Huang:2008,
	Abstract = {GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition is crucial in neural circuit operations. In mammalian brains, the development of inhibitory synapses and innervation patterns is often a prolonged postnatal process, regulated by neural activity. Emerging evidence indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts beyond inhibitory transmission and regulates inhibitory synapse development. Indeed, GABA(A) receptors not only function as chloride channels that regulate membrane voltage and conductance but also play structural roles in synapse maturation and stabilization. The link from GABA(A) receptors to postsynaptic and presynaptic adhesion is probably mediated, partly by neuroligin-reurexin interactions, which are potent in promoting GABAergic synapse formation. Therefore, similar to glutamate signaling at excitatory synapse, GABA signaling may coordinate maturation of presynaptic and postsynaptic sites at inhibitory synapses. Defining the many steps from GABA signaling to receptor trafficking/stability and neuroligin function will provide further mechanistic insights into activity-dependent development and possibly plasticity of inhibitory synapses.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. huangj@cshl.edu},
	Author = {Huang, Z Josh and Scheiffele, Peter},
	Crdt = {2008/06/03 09:00},
	Da = {20080618},
	Date = {2008 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080930},
	Dep = {20080529},
	Edat = {2008/06/03 09:00},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/cytology/*embryology/*metabolism; Cell Adhesion/genetics; Cell Differentiation/genetics; Humans; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Receptors, GABA-A/genetics/metabolism; Synapses/*metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/genetics; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2008/10/01 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {77--83},
	Phst = {2008/04/18 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/05/05 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/05/08 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/05/29 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(08)00036-6},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {18513949},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {64},
	Rn = {0 (Membrane Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 0 (neuroligin 1); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {GABA and neuroligin signaling: linking synaptic activity and adhesion in inhibitory synapse development},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Huang_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.008}}

@article{Mank:2008,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the nervous system can change their functional properties over time. At present, there are no techniques that allow reliable monitoring of changes within identified neurons over repeated experimental sessions. We increased the signal strength of troponin C-based calcium biosensors in the low-calcium regime by mutagenesis and domain rearrangement within the troponin C calcium binding moiety to generate the indicator TN-XXL. Using in vivo two-photon ratiometric imaging, we show that TN-XXL exhibits enhanced fluorescence changes in neurons of flies and mice. TN-XXL could be used to obtain tuning curves of orientation-selective neurons in mouse visual cortex measured repeatedly over days and weeks. Thus, the genetically encoded calcium indicator TN-XXL allows repeated imaging of response properties from individual, identified neurons in vivo, which will be crucial for gaining new insights into cellular mechanisms of plasticity, regeneration and disease.},
	Address = {Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.},
	Author = {Mank, M and Santos, AF and Direnberger, S and Mrsic-Flogel, TD and Hofer, SB and Stein, V and Hendel, T and Reiff, DF and Levelt, C and Borst, A and Bonhoeffer, T and Hubener, M and Griesbeck, O},
	Crdt = {2008/08/12 09:00},
	Da = {20090123},
	Date = {2008 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dep = {20080810},
	Edat = {2008/08/12 09:00},
	Issn = {1548-7105 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101215604},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Jt = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {23 Technique; 21 Calcium imaging; 21 Neurophysiology;optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Language = {ENG},
	Mhda = {2008/08/12 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {9},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {805--811},
	Phst = {2008/05/22 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/07/14 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/08/10 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nmeth.1243},
	pmid = {18690223},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {JOURNAL ARTICLE},
	Status = {Publisher},
	Title = {A genetically encoded calcium indicator for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mank_NatMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mank_NatMethods2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1243}}

@article{Mank:2008a,
	Address = {Max-Planck-Institut fur Neurobiologie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.},
	Author = {Mank, Marco and Griesbeck, Oliver},
	Crdt = {2008/05/02 09:00},
	Da = {20080514},
	Date = {2008 May},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080804},
	Dep = {20080501},
	Edat = {2008/05/02 09:00},
	Issn = {1520-6890 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {2985134R},
	Journal = {Chem Rev},
	Jt = {Chemical reviews},
	Keywords = {23 Technique; 21 Calcium imaging; 21 Neurophysiology;optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium/*metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Kinetics; *Models, Genetic; Neurons/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2008/08/05 09:00},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1550--1564},
	Phst = {2008/05/01 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18447377},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {105},
	Rn = {0 (Calcium-Binding Proteins); 0 (Indicators and Reagents); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Genetically encoded calcium indicators},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mank_ChemRev2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr078213v}}

@article{Winship:2007,
	Abstract = {Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes can influence cerebral microcirculation and modulate synaptic transmission. Recently, in vivo imaging studies identified delayed, sensory-driven Ca2+ oscillations in cortical astrocytes; however, the long latencies of these Ca2+ signals raises questions in regards to their suitability for a role in short-latency modulation of cerebral microcirculation or rapid astrocyte-to-neuron communication. Here, using in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we demonstrate that approximately 5% of sulforhodamine 101-labeled astrocytes in the hindlimb area of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex exhibit short-latency (peak amplitude approximately 0.5 s after stimulus onset), contralateral hindlimb-selective sensory-evoked Ca2+ signals that operate on a time scale similar to neuronal activity and correlate with the onset of the hemodynamic response as measured by intrinsic signal imaging. The kinetics of astrocyte Ca2+ transients were similar in rise and decay times to postsynaptic neuronal transients, but decayed more slowly than neuropil Ca2+ transients that presumably reflect presynaptic transients. These in vivo findings suggest that astrocytes can respond to sensory activity in a selective manner and process information on a subsecond time scale, enabling them to potentially form an active partnership with neurons for rapid regulation of microvascular tone and neuron-astrocyte network properties.},
	Address = {Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.},
	Author = {Winship, Ian R and Plaa, Nathan and Murphy, Timothy H},
	Crdt = {2007/06/08 09:00},
	Da = {20070607},
	Date = {2007 Jun 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070703},
	Edat = {2007/06/08 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Astrocytes/*physiology; Calcium Signaling/*physiology; Female; Hindlimb/blood supply; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microcirculation/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Somatosensory Cortex/*blood supply/*physiology; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2007/07/04 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {23},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {6268--6272},
	Pii = {27/23/6268},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17554000},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Rapid astrocyte calcium signals correlate with neuronal activity and onset of the hemodynamic response in vivo},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Winship_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4801-06.2007}}

@article{Van-Hooser:2007,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex, with its conserved 6-layer structure, has inspired many unifying models of function. However, recent comparative studies of primary visual cortex have revealed considerable structural diversity, raising doubts about the possibility of an all-encompassing theory. This review examines similarities and differences in V1 across mammals. Gross laminar interconnections are relatively conserved. Major functional response classes are found universally or nearly universally. Orientation and spatial frequency tuning bandwidths are quite similar despite an enormous range of visual resolution across species, and orientation tuning is contrast-invariant. Nevertheless, there is considerable diversity in the abundance of different cell classes, laminar organization, functional architecture, and functional connectivity. Orientation-selective responses arise in different layers in different species. Some mammals have elaborate columnar architecture like orientation maps and ocular dominance bands, but others lack this organization with no apparent impact on single cell properties. Finally, local functional connectivity varies according to map structure: similar cells are connected in smooth map regions but dissimilar cells are linked in animals without maps. If there is a single structure/function relation for cortex, it must accommodate significant variations in cortical circuitry. Alternatively, natural selection may craft unique circuits that function differently in each species.},
	Address = {Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. vanhooser@neuro.duke.edu},
	Author = {Van Hooser, Stephen D},
	Crdt = {2007/10/04 09:00},
	Da = {20071116},
	Date = {2007 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080214},
	Dep = {20071002},
	Edat = {2007/10/04 09:00},
	Gr = {EY018064/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1073-8584 (Print)},
	Jid = {9504819},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Jt = {The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; *Computer Simulation; *Evolution; Humans; *Models, Neurological; Visual Cortex/*anatomy \& histology/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/02/15 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {639--656},
	Phst = {2007/10/02 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {1073858407306597},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17911223},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review},
	Rf = {157},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Similarity and diversity in visual cortex: is there a unifying theory of cortical computation?},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/VanHooser_Neuroscientist2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858407306597}}

@article{Compte:2008,
	Abstract = {High-frequency oscillations in cortical networks have been linked to a variety of cognitive and perceptual processes. They have also been recorded in small cortical slices in vitro, indicating that neuronal synchronization at these frequencies is generated in the local cortical circuit. However, in vitro experiments have hitherto necessitated exogenous pharmacological or electrical stimulation to generate robust synchronized activity in the beta/gamma range. Here, we demonstrate that the isolated cortical microcircuitry generates beta and gamma oscillations spontaneously in the absence of externally applied neuromodulators or synaptic agonists. We show this in a spontaneously active slice preparation that engages in slow oscillatory activity similar to activity during slow-wave sleep. beta and gamma synchronization appeared during the up states of the slow oscillation. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings revealed synchronization between the timing of incoming synaptic events and population activity. This rhythm was mechanistically similar to pharmacologically induced gamma rhythms, as it also included sparse, irregular firing of neurons within the population oscillation, predominant involvement of inhibitory neurons, and a decrease of oscillation frequency after barbiturate application. Finally, we show in a computer model how a synaptic loop between excitatory and inhibitory neurons can explain the emergence of both the slow (<1 Hz) and the beta-range oscillations in the neocortical network. We therefore conclude that oscillations in the beta/gamma range that share mechanisms with activity reported in vivo or in pharmacologically activated in vitro preparations can be generated during slow oscillatory activity in the local cortical circuit, even without exogenous pharmacological or electrical stimulation.},
	Address = {Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. acompte@clinic.ub.es},
	Author = {Compte, Albert and Reig, Ramon and Descalzo, Vanessa F and Harvey, Michael A and Puccini, Gabriel D and Sanchez-Vives, Maria V},
	Crdt = {2008/12/19 09:00},
	Da = {20081218},
	Date = {2008 Dec 17},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090112},
	Edat = {2008/12/19 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Biological Clocks/*physiology; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology; Computer Simulation; Female; Ferrets; Male; Nerve Net/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neural Networks (Computer); Neurons/*physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Periodicity; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2009/01/13 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {51},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {13828--13844},
	Pii = {28/51/13828},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19091973},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Spontaneous high-frequency (10-80 Hz) oscillations during up states in the cerebral cortex in vitro},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Compte_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2684-08.2008}}

@article{Lampl:2001,
	Abstract = {From the intracellularly recorded responses to small, rapidly flashed spots, we have quantitatively mapped the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat visual cortex. We then applied these maps to a feedforward model of orientation selectivity. Both the preferred orientation and the width of orientation tuning of the responses to oriented stimuli were well predicted by the model. Where tested, the tuning curve was well predicted at different spatial frequencies. The model was also successful in predicting certain features of the spatial frequency selectivity of the cells. It did not successfully predict the amplitude of the responses to drifting gratings. Our results show that the spatial organization of the receptive field can account for a large fraction of the orientation selectivity of simple cells.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2153 North Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. i.lamp@northwestern.edu},
	Author = {Lampl, I and Anderson, J S and Gillespie, D C and Ferster, D},
	Crdt = {2001/05/10 10:00},
	Da = {20010509},
	Date = {2001 Apr},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 12:10:11 -0400},
	Dcom = {20010531},
	Edat = {2001/05/10 10:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY04726/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; T32 EY07128/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Cats; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Predictive Value of Tests; Space Perception/*physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/06/02 10:01},
	Month = {Apr},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {263--274},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00278-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {11343660},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Prediction of orientation selectivity from receptive field architecture in simple cells of cat visual cortex},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Lampl_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Tanaka:2009,
	Abstract = {Migrating neurons are thought to travel from their origin near the ventricle to distant territories along stereotypical pathways by detecting environmental cues in the extracellular milieu. Here, we report a novel mode of neuronal migration that challenges this view. We performed long-term, time-lapse imaging of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived cortical interneurons tangentially migrating in the marginal zone (MZ) in flat-mount cortices. We find that they exhibit a diverse range of behaviors in terms of the rate and direction of migration. Curiously, a predominant population of these neurons repeatedly changes its direction of migration in an unpredictable manner. Trajectories of migration vary from one neuron to another. The migration of individual cells lasts for long periods, sometimes up to 2 d. Theoretical analyses reveal that these behaviors can be modeled by a random walk. Furthermore, MZ cells migrate from the cortical subventricular zone to the cortical plate, transiently accumulating in the MZ. These results suggest that MGE-derived cortical interneurons, once arriving at the MZ, are released from regulation by guidance cues and initiate random walk movement, which potentially contributes to their dispersion throughout the cortex.},
	Address = {Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.},
	Author = {Tanaka, Daisuke H and Yanagida, Mitsutoshi and Zhu, Yan and Mikami, Sakae and Nagasawa, Takashi and Miyazaki, Jun-ichi and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Obata, Kunihiko and Murakami, Fujio},
	Crdt = {2009/02/06 09:00},
	Da = {20090205},
	Date = {2009 Feb 4},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090224},
	Edat = {2009/02/06 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {10 Development; 12 Interneuron development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Movement/genetics/*physiology; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/metabolism/*physiology; Chemokine CXCL12/genetics; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics; Interneurons/*cytology/metabolism/*physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Transgenic; Random Allocation; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2009/02/25 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1300--1311},
	Pii = {29/5/1300},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19193877},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Chemokine CXCL12); 0 (Cxcl12 protein, mouse); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Random walk behavior of migrating cortical interneurons in the marginal zone: time-lapse analysis in flat-mount cortex},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Tanaka_JNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5446-08.2009}}

@article{Jacobs:2007a,
	Abstract = {Changes in the genes encoding sensory receptor proteins are an essential step in the evolution of new sensory capacities. In primates, trichromatic color vision evolved after changes in X chromosome-linked photopigment genes. To model this process, we studied knock-in mice that expressed a human long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cone photopigment in the form of an X-linked polymorphism. Behavioral tests demonstrated that heterozygous females, whose retinas contained both native mouse pigments and human L pigment, showed enhanced long-wavelength sensitivity and acquired a new capacity for chromatic discrimination. An inherent plasticity in the mammalian visual system thus permits the emergence of a new dimension of sensory experience based solely on gene-driven changes in receptor organization.},
	Address = {Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu},
	Author = {Jacobs, Gerald H and Williams, Gary A and Cahill, Hugh and Nathans, Jeremy},
	Cin = {Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):196; author reply 196. PMID: 17932271},
	Crdt = {2007/03/24 09:00},
	Da = {20070323},
	Date = {2007 Mar 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070405},
	Edat = {2007/03/24 09:00},
	Gr = {EY002052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Color Perception/*genetics; Discrimination (Psychology); Electroretinography; *Evolution; Female; Genetic Engineering; Heterozygote; Humans; Light; Male; Mice; Neuronal Plasticity; Primates/genetics/physiology; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology; Retinal Pigments/*genetics/*physiology; X Chromosome/genetics; X Chromosome Inactivation},
	Mhda = {2007/04/06 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {5819},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1723--1725},
	Pii = {315/5819/1723},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17379811},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Retinal Pigments)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Emergence of novel color vision in mice engineered to express a human cone photopigment},
	Volume = {315},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Jacobs_Science2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1138838}}

@article{Soucy:2009,
	Abstract = {We explored the map of odor space created by glomeruli on the olfactory bulb of both rat and mouse. Identified glomeruli could be matched across animals by their response profile to hundreds of odors. Their layout in different individuals varied by only approximately 1 glomerular spacing, corresponding to a precision of 1 part in 1,000. Across species, mouse and rat share many glomeruli with apparently identical odor tuning, arranged in a similar layout. In mapping the position of a glomerulus to its odor tuning, we found only a coarse relationship with a precision of approximately 5 spacings. No chemotopic order was apparent on a finer scale and nearby glomeruli were almost as diverse in their odor sensitivity as distant ones. This local diversity of sensory tuning stands in marked distinction from other brain maps. Given the reliable placement of the glomeruli, it represents a feature, not a flaw, of the olfactory bulb.},
	Address = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Author = {Soucy, Edward R and Albeanu, Dinu F and Fantana, Antoniu L and Murthy, Venkatesh N and Meister, Markus},
	Cin = {Nat Neurosci. 2009 Feb;12(2):103-4. PMID: 19172161},
	Crdt = {2009/01/20 09:00},
	Da = {20090127},
	Date = {2009 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090227},
	Dep = {20090118},
	Edat = {2009/01/20 09:00},
	Issn = {1546-1726 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; *Brain Mapping; Female; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics; Male; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Models, Neurological; Odors; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*physiology; Olfactory Pathways/*cytology/*physiology; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Odorant/genetics/metabolism; Smell/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2009/02/28 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {210--220},
	Phst = {2008/09/24 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/18 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2009/01/18 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn.2262},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19151709},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Odorant); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Precision and diversity in an odor map on the olfactory bulb},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Soucy_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2262}}

@article{Goldin:2007,
	Abstract = {GABAergic interneurons of the hippocampus play an important role in the generation of behaviorally relevant network oscillations. Among this heterogeneous neuronal population, somatostatin (SOM)-positive oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons are remarkable because they are tuned to operate at theta frequencies (6-10 Hz) in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies show that a high proportion of glutamatergic synapses that impinge on O-LM interneurons are mediated by kainate receptors (KA-Rs). In the present study, we thus tested the hypothesis that KA-Rs transmit afferent inputs in O-LM neurons during synaptic stimulation at theta frequency. We combined multibeam two-photon calcium imaging in hippocampal slices from SOM-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice, to record the activity of SOM cells as well as hundreds of neurons simultaneously, and targeted electrophysiological recordings and morphological analysis to describe the morphofunctional features of particular cells. We report that EGFP-positive O-LM neurons are the only subtype of interneuron that reliably follows synaptic stimulation of the alveus in the theta frequency range. Electrophysiological recordings revealed the crucial contribution of KA-Rs to the firing activity and to the glutamatergic response to theta stimuli in O-LM cells compared with other cell types. The reliable activation of O-LM cells in the theta frequency range did not simply result from the longer kinetics of KA-R-mediated postsynaptic events (EPSP(KA)) but presumably from a specific interaction between EPSP(KA) and their intrinsic active membrane properties. Such preferential processing of excitatory inputs via KA-Rs by distally projecting GABAergic microcircuits could provide a key role in theta band frequency oscillations.},
	Address = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediteranee, Inserm, Unite 29, Universite de la Mediterranee, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille cedex 9, France.},
	Author = {Goldin, Miri and Epsztein, Jerome and Jorquera, Isabel and Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Crepel, Valerie and Cossart, Rosa},
	Crdt = {2007/09/07 09:00},
	Da = {20070906},
	Date = {2007 Sep 5},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071002},
	Edat = {2007/09/07 09:00},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Cortical oscillations},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Calcium Signaling/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Glutamic Acid/metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology; Interneurons/*physiology; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Receptors, Kainic Acid/*physiology; Synapses/*physiology; *Theta Rhythm},
	Mhda = {2007/10/03 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {36},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {9560--9572},
	Pii = {27/36/9560},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17804617},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, Kainic Acid); 0 (enhanced green fluorescent protein); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Synaptic kainate receptors tune oriens-lacunosum moleculare interneurons to operate at theta frequency},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-07.2007}}

@article{McKinney:2009,
	Abstract = {Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins are potential tools for investigating dynamic processes in living cells and for emerging super-resolution microscopy techniques. Unfortunately, most probes in this class are hampered by oligomerization, small photon budgets or poor photostability. Here we report an EosFP variant that functions well in a broad range of protein fusions for dynamic investigations, exhibits high photostability and preserves the approximately 10-nm localization precision of its parent.},
	Address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA.},
	Author = {McKinney, Sean A and Murphy, Christopher S and Hazelwood, Kristin L and Davidson, Michael W and Looger, Loren L},
	Cin = {Nat Methods. 2009 Feb;6(2):124-5. PMID: 19180093},
	Crdt = {2009/01/27 09:00},
	Da = {20090130},
	Date = {2009 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090223},
	Dep = {20090125},
	Edat = {2009/01/27 09:00},
	Gr = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1548-7105 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101215604},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Jt = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {23 Technique},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Fibroblasts; Fluorescent Dyes/*chemistry; Hela Cells; Humans; Luminescent Proteins/*chemistry/genetics; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Photochemical Processes; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry},
	Mhda = {2009/02/24 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {131--133},
	Phst = {2008/10/31 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/15 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2009/01/25 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nmeth.1296},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19169260},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (Recombinant Fusion Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A bright and photostable photoconvertible fluorescent protein},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/McKinney_NatMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1296}}

@article{Manent:2009,
	Abstract = {Disorders of neuronal migration can lead to malformations of the cerebral neocortex that greatly increase the risk of seizures. It remains untested whether malformations caused by disorders in neuronal migration can be reduced by reactivating cellular migration and whether such repair can decrease seizure risk. Here we show, in a rat model of subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) generated by in utero RNA interference of the Dcx gene, that aberrantly positioned neurons can be stimulated to migrate by reexpressing Dcx after birth. Restarting migration in this way both reduces neocortical malformations and restores neuronal patterning. We further find that the capacity to reduce SBH continues into early postnatal development. Moreover, intervention after birth reduces the convulsant-induced seizure threshold to a level similar to that in malformation-free controls. These results suggest that disorders of neuronal migration may be eventually treatable by reengaging developmental programs both to reduce the size of cortical malformations and to reduce seizure risk.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
	Author = {Manent, Jean-Bernard and Wang, Yu and Chang, Yoonjeung and Paramasivam, Murugan and LoTurco, Joseph J},
	Cin = {Nat Med. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-8. PMID: 19129774},
	Crdt = {2008/12/23 09:00},
	Da = {20090108},
	Date = {2009 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090204},
	Dep = {20081221},
	Edat = {2008/12/23 09:00},
	Gr = {MH056524/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS062416/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1546-170X (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9502015},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Jt = {Nature medicine},
	Keywords = {21 Dysplasia-heterotopia; 10 Development; 10 genetics malformation},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Cell Movement/genetics; Classical Lissencephalies and Subcortical Band Heterotopias/*genetics/pathology/therapy/veterinary; *Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene Therapy; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/antagonists \& inhibitors/*genetics/physiology; Models, Biological; Neuronal Migration Disorders/embryology/genetics/pathology/veterinary; Neurons/pathology/physiology; Neuropeptides/antagonists \& inhibitors/*genetics/physiology; Pregnancy; RNA Interference/physiology; Rats; Seizures/*genetics/pathology/therapy; Severity of Illness Index},
	Mhda = {2009/02/05 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {84--90},
	Phst = {2008/05/15 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/11/06 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/12/21 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nm.1897},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19098909},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Microtubule-Associated Proteins); 0 (Neuropeptides); 0 (doublecortin protein)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Dcx reexpression reduces subcortical band heterotopia and seizure threshold in an animal model of neuronal migration disorder},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Manent_NatMed2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.1897}}

@article{Katzner:2009,
	Abstract = {The local field potential (LFP) is increasingly used to measure the combined activity of neurons within a region of tissue. Yet, available estimates of the size of this region are highly disparate, ranging from several hundred microns to a few millimeters. To measure the size of this region directly, we used a combination of multielectrode recordings and optical imaging. We determined the orientation selectivity of stimulus-evoked LFP signals in primary visual cortex and were able to predict it on the basis of the surrounding map of orientation preference. The results show that > 95% of the LFP signal originates within 250 microm of the recording electrode. This quantitative estimate indicates that LFPs are more local than often recognized and provides a guide to the interpretation of the increasing number of studies that rest on LFP recordings.},
	Address = {Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.},
	Author = {Katzner, Steffen and Nauhaus, Ian and Benucci, Andrea and Bonin, Vincent and Ringach, Dario L and Carandini, Matteo},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2009 Jan 15;61(1):1-2. PMID: 19146806},
	Crdt = {2009/01/17 09:00},
	Da = {20090116},
	Date = {2009 Jan 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090205},
	Edat = {2009/01/17 09:00},
	Gr = {EY12816/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY17396/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY18322/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Cats; Electrodes; Electrophysiology/methods; Evoked Potentials, Visual/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2009/02/06 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {35--41},
	Phst = {2008/04/02 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/09/15 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/11/07 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)01006-4},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19146811},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Local origin of field potentials in visual cortex},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Katzner_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.016}}

@article{White:2007,
	Abstract = {Functional maps arise in developing visual cortex as response selectivities become organized into columnar patterns of population activity. Recent studies of developing orientation and direction maps indicate that both are sensitive to visual experience, but not to the same degree or duration. Direction maps have a greater dependence on early vision, while orientation maps remain sensitive to experience for a longer period of cortical maturation. There is also a darker side to experience: abnormal vision through closed lids produces severe impairments in neuronal selectivity, rendering these maps nearly undetectable. Thus, the rules that govern their formation and the construction of the underlying neural circuits are modulated-for better or worse-by early vision. Direction maps, and possibly maps of other properties that are dependent upon precise conjunctions of spatial and temporal signals, are most susceptible to the potential benefits and maladaptive consequences of early sensory experience.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. len.white@duke.edu},
	Author = {White, Leonard E and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Crdt = {2007/10/30 09:00},
	Da = {20071029},
	Date = {2007 Oct 25},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071219},
	Edat = {2007/10/30 09:00},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Humans; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology},
	Mhda = {2007/12/20 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {327--338},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00773-8},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17964249},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rating = {5},
	Rf = {120},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Vision and cortical map development},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/White_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.011}}

@article{Lagace:2007,
	Abstract = {Understanding the fate of adult-generated neurons and the mechanisms that influence them requires consistent labeling and tracking of large numbers of stem cells. We generated a nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mouse to inducibly label nestin-expressing stem cells and their progeny in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). Several findings show that the estrogen ligand tamoxifen (TAM) specifically induced recombination in stem cells and their progeny in nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mice: 97% of SGZ stem-like cells (GFAP/Sox2 with radial glial morphology) expressed YFP; YFP+ neurospheres could be generated in vitro after recombination in vivo, and maturing YFP+ progeny were increasingly evident in the olfactory bulb (OB) and dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell layer. Revealing an unexpected regional dissimilarity in adult neurogenesis, YFP+ cells accumulated up to 100 d after TAM in the OB, but in the SGZ, YFP+ cells reached a plateau 30 d after TAM. In addition, most SVZ and SGZ YFP+ cells became neurons, underscoring a link between nestin and neuronal fate. Finally, quantification of YFP+ cells in nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mice allowed us to estimate, for example, that stem cells and their progeny contribute to no more than 1% of the adult DG granule cell layer. In addition to revealing the dynamic contribution of nestin-expressing stem cells to adult neurogenesis, this work highlights the utility of the nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mouse for inducible gene ablation in stem cells and their progeny in vivo in the two major regions of adult neurogenesis.},
	Address = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA.},
	Author = {Lagace, Diane C and Whitman, Mary C and Noonan, Michele A and Ables, Jessica L and DeCarolis, Nathan A and Arguello, Amy A and Donovan, Michael H and Fischer, Stephanie J and Farnbauch, Laure A and Beech, Robert D and DiLeone, Ralph J and Greer, Charles A and Mandyam, Chitra D and Eisch, Amelia J},
	Crdt = {2007/11/16 09:00},
	Da = {20071116},
	Date = {2007 Nov 14},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071219},
	Edat = {2007/11/16 09:00},
	Gr = {DA016765/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; DA018017/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; DA07290/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; DA16765-02S1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; DC00213/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; DC006972/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; GM07205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States; MH754572/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {02 Adult neurogenesis migration},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/cytology/*metabolism; Cell Differentiation/drug effects/*physiology; Cell Lineage/drug effects/*physiology; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/metabolism; Gene Targeting/methods; Intermediate Filament Proteins/*metabolism; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Animal; Nerve Regeneration/drug effects/physiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism; Neuroglia/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurons/*metabolism; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/metabolism; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Recombination, Genetic/drug effects/genetics; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology; Stem Cells/drug effects/*metabolism; Tamoxifen/pharmacology},
	Mhda = {2007/12/20 09:00},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {46},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {12623--12629},
	Pii = {27/46/12623},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18003841},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Intermediate Filament Proteins); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Recombinant Fusion Proteins); 0 (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators); 0 (nestin); 0 (yellow fluorescent protein, mouse); 10540-29-1 (Tamoxifen)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Dynamic contribution of nestin-expressing stem cells to adult neurogenesis},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Lagace_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3812-07.2007}}

@article{Lefort:2009,
	Abstract = {Local microcircuits within neocortical columns form key determinants of sensory processing. Here, we investigate the excitatory synaptic neuronal network of an anatomically defined cortical column, the C2 barrel column of mouse primary somatosensory cortex. This cortical column is known to process tactile information related to the C2 whisker. Through multiple simultaneous whole-cell recordings, we quantify connectivity maps between individual excitatory neurons located across all cortical layers of the C2 barrel column. Synaptic connectivity depended strongly upon somatic laminar location of both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, providing definitive evidence for layer-specific signaling pathways. The strongest excitatory influence upon the cortical column was provided by presynaptic layer 4 neurons. In all layers we found rare large-amplitude synaptic connections, which are likely to contribute strongly to reliable information processing. Our data set provides the first functional description of the excitatory synaptic wiring diagram of a physiologically relevant and anatomically well-defined cortical column at single-cell resolution.},
	Address = {Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH1015, Switzerland.},
	Author = {Lefort, Sandrine and Tomm, Christian and Floyd Sarria, J-C and Petersen, Carl C H},
	Crdt = {2009/02/03 09:00},
	Da = {20090202},
	Date = {2009 Jan 29},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:57:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090305},
	Edat = {2009/02/03 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Afferent Pathways/cytology/physiology; Animals; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Mechanoreceptors/cytology/physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology; Neural Pathways/cytology/physiology; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology; Staining and Labeling; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Touch/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve/cytology/physiology; Vibrissae/cytology/physiology},
	Mhda = {2009/03/06 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {301--316},
	Phst = {2008/08/04 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/04 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/12/04 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)01092-1},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19186171},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The excitatory neuronal network of the C2 barrel column in mouse primary somatosensory cortex},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Lefort_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.020}}

@article{Champoux:2008,
	Abstract = {The present study aimed at investigating the effects of early visual deprivation (bilateral neonatal enucleation) on auditory and somatosensory coding in the polysensory deep layers of the superior colliculus of the rat. The proportion of cells responding to auditory and somatosensory stimulation and the receptive field properties of single neurons were assessed in both normal and enucleated rats. As expected, in enucleated rats there was a drastic increase in the number of unresponsive units and visual responses could no longer be evoked. Most importantly, the proportion of cells that responded to auditory stimulation was drastically reduced. However, the few cells that remained responsive to auditory stimulation were well tuned to noise stimuli presented in both azimuth and elevation, principally in the contralateral hemifield. Enucleation also increased the proportion of cells responding to somatosensory stimulation, particularly to the vibrissae. Implications in terms of neural plasticity and functionality are discussed.},
	Address = {Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
	Author = {Champoux, Francois and Bacon, Benoit A and Lepore, Franco and Guillemot, Jean-Paul},
	Crdt = {2007/12/25 09:00},
	Da = {20080121},
	Date = {2008 Jan 29},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20080519},
	Dep = {20071112},
	Edat = {2007/12/25 09:00},
	Issn = {0006-8993 (Print)},
	Jid = {0045503},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Jt = {Brain research},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Animals; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/physiology; Eye Enucleation; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation/*physiology; Sound Localization/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/*physiology; Touch/*physiology; Vibrissae/physiology; Vision, Binocular/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/05/20 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {84--95},
	Phst = {2007/06/27 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2007/11/02 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2007/11/05 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2007/11/12 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0006-8993(07)02656-X},
	Pl = {Netherlands},
	pmid = {18155185},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Effects of early binocular enucleation on auditory and somatosensory coding in the superior colliculus of the rat},
	Volume = {1191},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Champoux_BrainRes2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.003}}

@article{Sirota:2008,
	Abstract = {Although it has been tacitly assumed that the hippocampus exerts an influence on neocortical networks, the mechanisms of this process are not well understood. We examined whether and how hippocampal theta oscillations affect neocortical assembly patterns by recording populations of single cells and transient gamma oscillations in multiple cortical regions, including the somatosensory area and prefrontal cortex in behaving rats and mice. Laminar analysis of neocortical gamma bursts revealed multiple gamma oscillators of varying frequency and location, which were spatially confined and synchronized local groups of neurons. A significant fraction of putative pyramidal cells and interneurons as well as localized gamma oscillations in all recorded neocortical areas were phase biased by the hippocampal theta rhythm. We hypothesize that temporal coordination of neocortical gamma oscillators by hippocampal theta is a mechanism by which information contained in spatially widespread neocortical assemblies can be synchronously transferred to the associative networks of the hippocampus.},
	Address = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.},
	Author = {Sirota, Anton and Montgomery, Sean and Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi and Isomura, Yoshikazu and Zugaro, Michael and Buzsaki, Gyorgy},
	Crdt = {2008/11/29 09:00},
	Da = {20081128},
	Date = {2008 Nov 26},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090116},
	Edat = {2008/11/29 09:00},
	Gr = {MH54671/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; NS034994/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090212},
	Mh = {Animals; Biological Clocks/*physiology; Evoked Potentials/*physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Interneurons/physiology; Mice; Neocortex/*physiology; Nerve Net/physiology; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neural Pathways/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Rats; *Theta Rhythm},
	Mhda = {2009/01/17 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS83122},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS83122 {$[$}Available on 11/26/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2640228 {$[$}Available on 11/26/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {683--697},
	Phst = {2008/02/12 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/06/22 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/09/04 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00762-9},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC2640228},
	Pmcr = {2009/11/26},
	pmid = {19038224},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Entrainment of neocortical neurons and gamma oscillations by the hippocampal theta rhythm},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sirota_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.014}}

@article{Han:2008,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous waves of activity propagating across large cortical areas may play important roles in sensory processing and circuit refinement. However, whether these waves are in turn shaped by sensory experience remains unclear. Here we report that visually evoked cortical activity reverberates in subsequent spontaneous waves. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging in rat visual cortex shows that following repetitive presentation of a given visual stimulus, spatiotemporal activity patterns resembling the evoked response appear more frequently in the spontaneous waves. This effect is specific to the response pattern evoked by the repeated stimulus, and it persists for several minutes without further visual stimulation. Such wave-mediated reverberation could contribute to short-term memory and help to consolidate the transient effects of recent sensory experience into long-lasting cortical modifications.},
	Address = {Group in Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.},
	Author = {Han, Feng and Caporale, Natalia and Dan, Yang},
	Crdt = {2008/10/30 09:00},
	Da = {20081029},
	Date = {2008 Oct 23},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081126},
	Edat = {2008/10/30 09:00},
	Gr = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {currOpinRvw; 21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology; retinal wave paper; voltage sensor; optical physiology; optical imaging; 21 Activity-development; Spontaneous activity},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Evoked Potentials/physiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual/*physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Learning/physiology; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Nerve Net/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Staining and Labeling; Visual Cortex/*physiology; Visual Pathways/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {321--327},
	Phst = {2008/03/10 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/07/07 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/08/26 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00767-8},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18957223},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Reverberation of recent visual experience in spontaneous cortical waves},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Han_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.026}}

@article{Boldogkoi:2009,
	Abstract = {We developed retrograde, transsynaptic pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) with genetically encoded activity sensors that optically report the activity of connected neurons among spatially intermingled neurons in the brain. Next we engineered PRVs to express two differentially colored fluorescent proteins in a time-shifted manner to define a time period early after infection to investigate neural activity. Finally we used multiple-colored PRVs to differentiate and dissect the complex architecture of brain regions.},
	Address = {Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.},
	Author = {Boldogkoi, Zsolt and Balint, Kamill and Awatramani, Gautam B and Balya, David and Busskamp, Volker and Viney, Tim James and Lagali, Pamela S and Duebel, Jens and Pasti, Emese and Tombacz, Dora and Toth, Judit S and Takacs, Irma F and Scherf, Brigitte Gross and Roska, Botond},
	Crdt = {2009/01/06 09:00},
	Da = {20090130},
	Date = {2009 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090223},
	Dep = {20090104},
	Edat = {2009/01/06 09:00},
	Issn = {1548-7105 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {101215604},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Jt = {Nature methods},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;optical imaging;optical physiology;21 Neurophysiology;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;Trans-synaptic;viral gene transfer;Gene Transfer Techniques;frontiers review;Imaging;21 Circuit structure-function;connectivity},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Biosensing Techniques/methods; Brain/cytology/physiology; Green Fluorescent Proteins/*analysis/biosynthesis/genetics; Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics/*metabolism; Luminescent Proteins/*analysis/biosynthesis/genetics; Mice; Neurons/physiology/virology; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways/physiology/*virology},
	Mhda = {2009/02/24 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {2},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {127--130},
	Phst = {2008/05/29 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/01 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2009/01/04 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nmeth.1292},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19122667},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (red fluorescent protein); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Genetically timed, activity-sensor and rainbow transsynaptic viral tools},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Boldogkoi_NatMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1292}}

@article{Brustein:2003,
	Abstract = {The zebrafish larva is a powerful model for the analysis of behaviour and the underlying neuronal network activity during early stages of development. Here we employ a new approach of "in vivo" Ca(2+) imaging in this preparation. We demonstrate that bolus injection of membrane-permeable Ca(2+) indicator dyes into the spinal cord of zebrafish larvae results in rapid staining of essentially the entire spinal cord. Using two-photon imaging, we could monitor Ca(2+) signals simultaneously from a large population of spinal neurons with single-cell resolution. To test the method, Ca(2+) transients were produced by iontophoretic application of glutamate and, as observed for the first time in a living preparation, of GABA or glycine. Glycine-evoked Ca(2+) transients were blocked by the application of strychnine. Sensory stimuli that trigger escape reflexes in mobile zebrafish evoked Ca(2+) transients in distinct neurons of the spinal network. Moreover, long-term recordings revealed spontaneous Ca(2+) transients in individual spinal neurons. Frequently, this activity occurred synchronously among many neurons in the network. In conclusion, the new approach permits a reliable analysis with single-cell resolution of the functional organisation of developing neuronal networks.},
	Address = {McGill Centre for Research in Neuroscience and Department of Biology, McGill University, H3G 1A4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
	Author = {Brustein, E and Marandi, N and Kovalchuk, Y and Drapeau, P and Konnerth, A},
	Crdt = {2003/07/29 05:00},
	Da = {20030923},
	Date = {2003 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20040607},
	Dep = {20030722},
	Edat = {2003/07/29 05:00},
	Issn = {0031-6768 (Print)},
	Jid = {0154720},
	Journal = {Pflugers Arch},
	Jt = {Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium/chemistry/*physiology; Calcium Signaling/drug effects/physiology; Coloring Agents; *Diagnostic Imaging; Excitatory Amino Acids/antagonists \& inhibitors/pharmacology; Fluorescent Dyes; Glycine Agents/pharmacology; Larva/physiology; Nerve Net/drug effects/growth \& development/*physiology; Neurons/physiology; Spinal Cord/cytology/growth \& development/physiology; Strychnine/pharmacology; Zebrafish/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2004/06/21 10:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {766--773},
	Phst = {2003/05/02 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2003/06/24 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2003/07/22 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pl = {Germany},
	pmid = {12883893},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (Excitatory Amino Acids); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Glycine Agents); 57-24-9 (Strychnine); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {"In vivo" monitoring of neuronal network activity in zebrafish by two-photon Ca(2+) imaging},
	Volume = {446},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Brustein_PflugersArch2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-003-1138-4}}

@article{Roxin:2008,
	Abstract = {Calcium imaging of the spontaneous activity in cortical slices has revealed repeating spatiotemporal patterns of transitions between so-called down states and up states (Ikegaya et al., 2004). Here we fit a model network of stochastic binary neurons to data from these experiments, and in doing so reproduce the distributions of such patterns. We use two versions of this model: (1) an unconnected network in which neurons are activated as independent Poisson processes; and (2) a network with an interaction matrix, estimated from the data, representing effective interactions between the neurons. The unconnected model (model 1) is sufficient to account for the statistics of repeating patterns in 11 of the 15 datasets studied. Model 2, with interactions between neurons, is required to account for pattern statistics of the remaining four. Three of these four datasets are the ones that contain the largest number of transitions, suggesting that long datasets are in general necessary to render interactions statistically visible. We then study the topology of the matrix of interactions estimated for these four datasets. For three of the four datasets, we find sparse matrices with long-tailed degree distributions and an overrepresentation of certain network motifs. The remaining dataset exhibits a strongly interconnected, spatially localized subgroup of neurons. In all cases, we find that interactions between neurons facilitate the generation of long patterns that do not repeat exactly.},
	Address = {Computational Neuroscience, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. alexander.roxin@upf.edu},
	Author = {Roxin, Alex and Hakim, Vincent and Brunel, Nicolas},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081016},
	Date = {2008 Oct 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081029},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Ein = {J Neurosci. 2008 Oct 29;28(44):following 11431.},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081030},
	Mh = {*Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Databases, Factual/trends; *Neural Networks (Computer); *Neurons/physiology; Stochastic Processes},
	Mhda = {2008/10/31 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {42},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10734--10745},
	Pii = {28/42/10734},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18923048},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {The statistics of repeating patterns of cortical activity can be reproduced by a model network of stochastic binary neurons},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Roxin_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1016-08.2008}}

@article{Ruthazer:2003,
	Abstract = {To determine how patterned visual activity regulates the development of axonal projections, we collected in vivo time-lapse images of retinal axons from albino Xenopus tadpoles in which binocular innervation of the optic tectum was induced. Axons added branch tips with nearly equal probability in all territories, but eliminated them preferentially from territory dominated by the opposite eye. This selective branch elimination was abolished by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. These results describe a correlation-based mechanism by which visual experience directly governs axon branch dynamics that contribute to the development of topographic maps.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, Edward S and Akerman, Colin J and Cline, Hollis T},
	Crdt = {2003/07/05 05:00},
	Da = {20030704},
	Date = {2003 Jul 4},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:41:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030714},
	Edat = {2003/07/05 05:00},
	Issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Axons/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Computer Simulation; Cues; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology; Dominance, Ocular; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists \& inhibitors/physiology; Retina/growth \& development; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/growth \& development/*physiology; Xenopus laevis},
	Mhda = {2003/07/15 05:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {5629},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {66--70},
	Pii = {301/5629/66},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12843386},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 77086-22-7 (Dizocilpine Maleate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Control of axon branch dynamics by correlated activity in vivo},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1082545}}

@article{Hada:1999,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that the expression of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in a subpopulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons is an appropriate molecular marker for the effect on ocular dominance plasticity of monocular deprivation during the postnatal sensitive period. METHODS: Long-Evans rats underwent monocular enucleation immediately before eye opening (postnatal day [P] 14). Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-PV antibody was performed on the superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) at P45. In the visual cortex (VC) developmental changes in immunoreactivity were also examined at the ages of P17, P20, P27, and P45. Northern blot analysis for PV mRNA was also performed at P45. Changes in PV expression in the visual system of these rats were evaluated by use of a computer-based quantitative technique. RESULTS: PV-immunoreactive neurons were present in the SC and VC, whereas only a few were found in the LGN. The monocular enucleation at the onset of the sensitive period markedly reduced PV immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the SC, contralateral to the enucleated eye when examined one month later. No consistent and significant change in PV immunoreactivity was found in either the LGN or the VC. The number of PV-immunoreactive neurons in the VC rapidly decreased to the adult level during the middle of the sensitive period. The expression of PV mRNA in these central visual structures was not affected by early monocular enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of PV is developmentally regulated, and marked changes in its protein expression in the SC can be induced by monocular enucleation. Contrary to the original hypothesis, monocular enucleation did not consistently affect the expression of PV in the rat VC. The expression of PV is probably regulated by multiple factors, not merely by binocular competition.},
	Address = {Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe University, School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.},
	Author = {Hada, Y and Yamada, Y and Imamura, K and Mataga, N and Watanabe, Y and Yamamoto, M},
	Crdt = {1999/10/06 00:00},
	Da = {19991007},
	Date = {1999 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:37:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 11:38:24 -0400},
	Dcom = {19991007},
	Edat = {1999/10/06},
	Issn = {0146-0404 (Print)},
	Jid = {7703701},
	Journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
	Jt = {Investigative ophthalmology \& visual science},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Blotting, Northern; *Eye Enucleation; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Geniculate Bodies/*growth \& development/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Kainic Acid/pharmacology; Neurons/metabolism; Parvalbumins/*genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi/*growth \& development/metabolism; Vision, Monocular/*genetics; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/metabolism},
	Mhda = {1999/10/06 00:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {11},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2535--2545},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10509647},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Parvalbumins); 0 (RNA, Messenger); 487-79-6 (Kainic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Oct;40(11):2535-45.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Effects of monocular enucleation on parvalbumin in rat visual system during postnatal development},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Hada_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}}

@article{Morishita:2008,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits are shaped by experience in early postnatal life. The permanent loss of visual acuity (amblyopia) and anatomical remodeling within primary visual cortex following monocular deprivation is a classic example of critical period development from mouse to man. Recent work in rodents reveals a residual subthreshold potentiation of open eye response throughout life. Resetting excitatory-inhibitory balance or removing molecular 'brakes' on structural plasticity may unmask the potential for recovery of function in adulthood. Novel pharmacological or environmental interventions now hold great therapeutic promise based on a deeper understanding of critical period mechanisms.},
	Address = {Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Author = {Morishita, Hirofumi and Hensch, Takao K},
	Crdt = {2008/06/07 09:00},
	Da = {20080618},
	Date = {2008 Feb},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Dcom = {20080930},
	Dep = {20080603},
	Edat = {2008/06/07 09:00},
	Issn = {0959-4388 (Print)},
	Jid = {9111376},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Jt = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Aging/*genetics; Amblyopia/genetics; Animals; *Critical Period (Psychology); Humans; Mice; Models, Animal; Neuronal Plasticity/*genetics; Rats; Recovery of Function/genetics; Rodentia/genetics/growth \& development/metabolism; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Visual Cortex/cytology/*growth \& development/metabolism; Visual Pathways/cytology/*growth \& development/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2008/10/01 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {101--107},
	Phst = {2008/05/05 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/05/08 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/06/03 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(08)00037-8},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {18534841},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {73},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Critical period revisited: impact on vision},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Morishita_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.009}}

@article{Huckfeldt:2009,
	Abstract = {Sensory neurons with common functions are often nonrandomly arranged and form dendritic territories that show little overlap, or tiling. Repulsive homotypic interactions underlie such patterns in cell organization in invertebrate neurons. It is unclear how dendro-dendritic repulsive interactions can produce a nonrandom distribution of cells and their spatial territories in mammalian retinal horizontal cells, as mature horizontal cell dendrites overlap substantially. By imaging developing mouse horizontal cells, we found that these cells transiently elaborate vertical neurites that form nonoverlapping columnar territories on reaching their final laminar positions. Targeted cell ablation revealed that the vertical neurites engage in homotypic interactions that result in tiling of neighboring cells before the establishment of their dendritic fields. This developmental tiling of transient neurites correlates with the emergence of a nonrandom distribution of the cells and could represent a mechanism that organizes neighbor relationships and territories of neurons before circuit assembly.},
	Address = {Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.},
	Author = {Huckfeldt, Rachel M and Schubert, Timm and Morgan, Josh L and Godinho, Leanne and Di Cristo, Graziella and Huang, Z Josh and Wong, Rachel O L},
	Crdt = {2008/12/09 09:00},
	Da = {20081224},
	Date = {2009 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090129},
	Dep = {20081207},
	Edat = {2008/12/09 09:00},
	Gr = {EY17101/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1546-1726 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Communication/physiology; Cell Movement; Embryo, Mammalian; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Agents; Mice; Neurites/*physiology/*ultrastructure; Retinal Horizontal Cells/cytology/*physiology/*ultrastructure; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2009/01/30 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {35--43},
	Phst = {2008/09/24 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/11/05 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/12/07 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn.2236},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19060895},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Luminescent Agents); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Transient neurites of retinal horizontal cells exhibit columnar tiling via homotypic interactions},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Huckfeldt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2236}}

@article{Niell:2005,
	Abstract = {The visual pathway from the retina to the optic tectum in fish and frogs has long been studied as a model for neural circuit formation. Although morphological aspects, such as axonal and dendritic arborization, have been well characterized, less is known about how this translates into functional properties of tectal neurons during development. We developed a system to provide controlled visual stimuli to larval zebrafish, while performing two-photon imaging of tectal neurons loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator, allowing us to determine visual response properties in intact fish. In relatively mature larvae, we describe receptive field sizes, visual topography, and direction and size selectivity. We also characterize the onset and development of visual responses, beginning when retinal axons first arborize in the tectum. Surprisingly, most of these properties are established soon after dendrite growth and synaptogenesis begin and do not require patterned visual experience or a protracted period of refinement.},
	Address = {Neutosciences Program, Department of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Niell, Cristopher M and Smith, Stephen J},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2005 Mar 24;45(6):825-8. PMID: 15797544},
	Crdt = {2005/03/31 09:00},
	Da = {20050330},
	Date = {2005 Mar 24},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050519},
	Edat = {2005/03/31 09:00},
	Gr = {NS043461/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium Signaling/physiology; Cell Differentiation/*physiology; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Growth Cones/physiology/ultrastructure; Image Cytometry/methods; Larva/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Photic Stimulation; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Zebrafish/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/05/20 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {941--951},
	Phst = {2004/09/09 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/12/20 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2005/01/27 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00116-9},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15797554},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Functional imaging reveals rapid development of visual response properties in the zebrafish tectum},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Niell_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.047}}

@article{Li:2008,
	Abstract = {The onset of vision occurs when neural circuits in the visual cortex are immature, lacking both the full complement of connections and the response selectivity that defines functional maturity. Direction-selective responses are particularly vulnerable to the effects of early visual deprivation, but it remains unclear how stimulus-driven neural activity guides the emergence of cortical direction selectivity. Here we report observations from a motion training protocol that allowed us to monitor the impact of experience on the development of direction-selective responses in visually naive ferrets. Using intrinsic signal imaging techniques, we found that training with a single axis of motion induced the rapid emergence of direction columns that were confined to cortical regions preferentially activated by the training stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging techniques, we found that single neurons in visually naive animals exhibited weak directional biases and lacked the strong local coherence in the spatial organization of direction preference that was evident in mature animals. Training with a moving stimulus, but not with a flashed stimulus, strengthened the direction-selective responses of individual neurons and preferentially reversed the direction biases of neurons that deviated from their neighbours. Both effects contributed to an increase in local coherence. We conclude that early experience with moving visual stimuli drives the rapid emergence of direction-selective responses in the visual cortex.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Author = {Li, Ye and Van Hooser, Stephen D and Mazurek, Mark and White, Leonard E and Fitzpatrick, David},
	Crdt = {2008/10/24 09:00},
	Da = {20081218},
	Date = {2008 Dec 18},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090113},
	Dep = {20081022},
	Edat = {2008/10/24 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20090219},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium Signaling; Ferrets/growth \& development/*physiology; *Motion; Photic Stimulation; Photons; Visual Cortex/cytology/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2009/01/14 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS69455},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {7224},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS69455 {$[$}Available on 06/18/09{$]$}; NLM: PMC2644578 {$[$}Available on 06/18/09{$]$}},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {952--956},
	Phst = {2008/05/08 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/09/11 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/10/22 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature07417},
	Pl = {England},
	Pmc = {PMC2644578},
	Pmcr = {2009/06/18},
	pmid = {18946471},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity},
	Volume = {456},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Li_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Li_Nature2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07417}}

@article{Garaschuk:2006a,
	Abstract = {The precise understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of brain function requires the direct assessment of the activity of defined cells in vivo. A promising approach for such analyses is two-photon microscopy in combination with appropriate cell labeling techniques. Here, we review the multi-cell bolus loading (MCBL) method that involves the use of membrane-permeant fluorescent indicator dyes. We show that this approach is useful for the functional analysis of clusters of neurons and glial cells in vivo. Work from our and other laboratories shows that the techniques that were previously feasible only in brain slices, like targeted patch clamp recordings from identified cells or pharmacological manipulations in confined brain regions, can now be used also in vivo. We also show that MCBL and two-photon imaging can be easily combined with other labeling techniques, particularly with those involving the use of genetically encoded, green-fluorescent-protein-based indicators. Finally, we examine recent applications of MCBL/two-photon imaging for the analysis of various brain regions, including the somatosensory and the visual cortex.},
	Address = {Institut fur Neurowissenschaften, Technische Universitat Munchen, Biedersteinerstr. 29, 80802, Munich, Germany. arthur.konnerth@lrz.tum.de},
	Author = {Garaschuk, Olga and Milos, Ruxandra-Iulia and Grienberger, Christine and Marandi, Nima and Adelsberger, Helmuth and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Crdt = {2006/10/19 09:00},
	Da = {20061119},
	Date = {2006 Dec},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20071016},
	Dep = {20061018},
	Edat = {2006/10/19 09:00},
	Issn = {0031-6768 (Print)},
	Jid = {0154720},
	Journal = {Pflugers Arch},
	Jt = {Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Brain/cytology/*physiology; Calcium Signaling/physiology; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes/administration \& dosage; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Zebrafish},
	Mhda = {2007/10/17 09:00},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {385--396},
	Phst = {2006/07/07 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/08/02 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2006/10/18 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pl = {Germany},
	pmid = {17047983},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review},
	Rf = {49},
	Rn = {0 (Fluorescent Dyes)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Optical monitoring of brain function in vivo: from neurons to networks},
	Volume = {453},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Garaschuk_PflugersArch2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0150-x}}

@article{Nikolaev:2009,
	Abstract = {Naturally occurring axonal pruning and neuronal cell death help to sculpt neuronal connections during development, but their mechanistic basis remains poorly understood. Here we report that beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and death receptor 6 (DR6, also known as TNFRSF21) activate a widespread caspase-dependent self-destruction program. DR6 is broadly expressed by developing neurons, and is required for normal cell body death and axonal pruning both in vivo and after trophic-factor deprivation in vitro. Unlike neuronal cell body apoptosis, which requires caspase 3, we show that axonal degeneration requires caspase 6, which is activated in a punctate pattern that parallels the pattern of axonal fragmentation. DR6 is activated locally by an inactive surface ligand(s) that is released in an active form after trophic-factor deprivation, and we identify APP as a DR6 ligand. Trophic-factor deprivation triggers the shedding of surface APP in a beta-secretase (BACE)-dependent manner. Loss- and gain-of-function studies support a model in which a cleaved amino-terminal fragment of APP (N-APP) binds DR6 and triggers degeneration. Genetic support is provided by a common neuromuscular junction phenotype in mutant mice. Our results indicate that APP and DR6 are components of a neuronal self-destruction pathway, and suggest that an extracellular fragment of APP, acting via DR6 and caspase 6, contributes to Alzheimer's disease.},
	Address = {Division of Research, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.},
	Author = {Nikolaev, Anatoly and McLaughlin, Todd and O'Leary, Dennis D M and Tessier-Lavigne, Marc},
	Cin = {Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):970-1. PMID: 19225511},
	Crdt = {2009/02/20 09:00},
	Da = {20090219},
	Date = {2009 Feb 19},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090324},
	Edat = {2009/02/20 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY07025/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Structural plasticity},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Alzheimer Disease/metabolism; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/chemistry/*metabolism; Animals; Axons/*metabolism; Caspase 3/metabolism; Caspase 6/*metabolism; Caspases/*metabolism; Cell Death; Ligands; Mice; Neurons/*cytology/*metabolism; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism; Protein Binding; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/*metabolism; Signal Transduction; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2009/03/25 09:00},
	Month = {Feb},
	Number = {7232},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {981--989},
	Phst = {2008/05/24 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/31 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature07767},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {19225519},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor); 0 (Bax protein, mouse); 0 (Ligands); 0 (Peptide Fragments); 0 (Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor); 0 (Tnfrsf21 protein, mouse); 0 (bcl-2-Associated X Protein); EC 3.4.22.- (Caspase 3); EC 3.4.22.- (Caspase 6); EC 3.4.22.- (Caspases)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases},
	Volume = {457},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Nikolaev_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07767}}

@article{Peng:2009,
	Abstract = {Neural circuit development requires concurrent morphological and functional changes. Here, we identify coordinated and inversely correlated changes in dendritic morphology and mEPSC amplitude following increased neural activity. We show that overexpression of beta-catenin, a molecule that increases total dendritic length, mimics the effects of increased neuronal activity by scaling down mEPSC amplitudes, while postsynaptic expression of a protein that sequesters beta-catenin reverses the effects of activity on reducing mEPSC amplitudes. These results were confirmed immunocytochemically as changes in the size and density of surface synaptic AMPA receptor clusters. In individual neurons there was an inverse linear relationship between total dendritic length and average mEPSC amplitude. Importantly, beta-catenin overexpression in vivo promoted dendritic growth and reduced mEPSC amplitudes. Together, these results demonstrate that coordinated changes in dendritic morphology and unitary excitatory synaptic strength may serve as an important intrinsic mechanism that helps prevent neurons from overexcitation during neural circuit development.},
	Address = {Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.},
	Author = {Peng, Yi-Rong and He, Shan and Marie, Helene and Zeng, Si-Yu and Ma, Jun and Tan, Zhu-Jun and Lee, Soo Yeun and Malenka, Robert C and Yu, Xiang},
	Crdt = {2009/01/17 09:00},
	Da = {20090116},
	Date = {2009 Jan 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20090205},
	Edat = {2009/01/17 09:00},
	Gr = {5 R37 MH063394/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-4199 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Cadherins/metabolism; Cells, Cultured; *Dendrites/metabolism/ultrastructure; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism; Nerve Net/*physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism; Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology; *Synapses/metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; beta Catenin/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2009/02/06 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {71--84},
	Phst = {2007/10/27 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/08/07 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/11/10 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00969-0},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {19146814},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Cadherins); 0 (Receptors, AMPA); 0 (Sodium Channel Blockers); 0 (beta Catenin); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Coordinated changes in dendritic arborization and synaptic strength during neural circuit development},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Peng_Neuron2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.015}}

@article{Keck:2008,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex has the ability to adapt to altered sensory inputs. In the visual cortex, a small lesion to the retina causes the deprived cortical region to become responsive to adjacent parts of the visual field. This extensive topographic remapping is assumed to be mediated by the rewiring of intracortical connections, but the dynamics of this reorganization process remain unknown. We used repeated intrinsic signal and two-photon imaging to monitor functional and structural alterations in adult mouse visual cortex over a period of months following a retinal lesion. The rate at which dendritic spines were lost and gained increased threefold after a small retinal lesion, leading to an almost complete replacement of spines in the deafferented cortex within 2 months. Because this massive remodeling of synaptic structures did not occur when all visual input was removed, it likely reflects the activity-dependent establishment of new cortical circuits that serve the recovery of visual responses.},
	Address = {Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopfersptiz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.},
	Author = {Keck, Tara and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D and Vaz Afonso, Miguel and Eysel, Ulf T and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and Hubener, Mark},
	Crdt = {2008/09/02 09:00},
	Da = {20080926},
	Date = {2008 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081106},
	Dep = {20080831},
	Edat = {2008/09/02 09:00},
	Issn = {1546-1726 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; structural remodeling; Sensory Deprivation; visual cortex; visual system; topographic map; function; Mouse; multiphoton; microscopy; intrinsic signal},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain Mapping; Dendritic Spines; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods; Mice; Nerve Net/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Recovery of Function; Retina/injuries/physiology; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Pathways/physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/11/07 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {10},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1162--1167},
	Phst = {2008/04/16 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/07/02 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/08/31 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn.2181},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {18758460},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Massive restructuring of neuronal circuits during functional reorganization of adult visual cortex},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Keck_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2181}}

@article{Kara:2009,
	Abstract = {In invertebrate predators such as the praying mantis and vertebrate predators such as wild cats the ability to detect small differences in inter-ocular retinal disparities is a critical means for accurately determining the depth of moving objects such as prey. In mammals, the first neurons along the visual pathway that encode binocular disparities are found in the visual cortex. However, a precise functional architecture for binocular disparity has never been demonstrated in any species, and coarse maps for disparity have been found in only one primate species. Moreover, the dominant approach for assaying the developmental plasticity of binocular cortical neurons used monocular tests of ocular dominance to infer binocular function. The few studies that examined the relationship between ocular dominance and binocular disparity of individual cells used single-unit recordings and have provided conflicting results regarding whether ocular dominance can predict the selectivity or sensitivity to binocular disparity. We used two-photon calcium imaging to sample the response to monocular and binocular visual stimuli from nearly every adjacent neuron in a small region of the cat visual cortex, area 18. Here we show that local circuits for ocular dominance always have smooth and graded transitions from one apparently monocular functional domain to an adjacent binocular region. Most unexpectedly, we discovered a new map in the cat visual cortex that had a precise functional micro-architecture for binocular disparity selectivity. At the level of single cells, ocular dominance was unrelated to binocular disparity selectivity or sensitivity. When the local maps for ocular dominance and binocular disparity both had measurable gradients at a given cortical site, the two gradient directions were orthogonal to each other. Together, these results indicate that, from the perspective of the spiking activity of individual neurons, ocular dominance cannot predict binocular disparity tuning. However, the precise local arrangement of ocular dominance and binocular disparity maps provide new clues regarding how monocular and binocular depth cues may be combined and decoded.},
	Address = {Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.},
	Author = {Kara, P and Boyd, JD},
	Crdt = {2009/01/23 09:00},
	Da = {20090122},
	Date = {2009 Jan 21},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-15 18:54:13 -0400},
	Dep = {20090121},
	Edat = {2009/01/23 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging; topographic map; sensory map; visual system; visual cortex; cat; optical physiology; multiphoton; Technique; Binocular; Monocular; bilateral; Sensory Deprivation},
	Language = {ENG},
	Mhda = {2009/01/23 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Own = {NLM},
	Phst = {2008/07/24 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/12/05 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2009/01/21 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature07721},
	pmid = {19158677},
	Pst = {aheadofprint},
	Pt = {JOURNAL ARTICLE},
	Status = {Publisher},
	Title = {A micro-architecture for binocular disparity and ocular dominance in visual cortex},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Kara_Nature2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kara_Nature2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07721}}

@article{Niell:2004,
	Abstract = {The form of a neuron's dendritic arbor determines the set of axons with which it may form synaptic contacts, thus establishing connectivity within neural circuits. However, the dynamic relationship between dendrite growth and synaptogenesis is not well understood. To observe both processes simultaneously, we performed long-term imaging of non-spiny dendritic arbors expressing a fluorescent postsynaptic marker protein as they arborized within the optic tectum of live zebrafish larvae. Our results indicate that almost all synapses form initially on newly extended dendritic filopodia. A fraction of these nascent synapses are maintained, which in turn stabilizes the subset of filopodia on which they form. Stabilized filopodia mature into dendritic branches, and successive iterations of this process result in growth and branching of the arbor. These findings support a 'synaptotropic model' in which synapse formation can direct dendrite arborization.},
	Address = {Neurosciences Program, Beckman Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Niell, Cristopher M and Meyer, Martin P and Smith, Stephen J},
	Cin = {Nat Neurosci. 2004 Mar;7(3):205-6. PMID: 14983179},
	Crdt = {2004/02/06 05:00},
	Da = {20040225},
	Date = {2004 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20040506},
	Dep = {20040201},
	Edat = {2004/02/06 05:00},
	Gr = {NS043461/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Biological Markers; Cell Communication/physiology; Cell Differentiation/*physiology; Dendrites/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism; Pseudopodia/metabolism/ultrastructure; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology/metabolism; Synapses/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Membranes/metabolism; Visual Pathways/cytology/embryology/metabolism; Zebrafish/*embryology/metabolism},
	Mhda = {2004/05/07 05:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {254--260},
	Phst = {2003/11/04 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/01/14 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2004/02/01 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1191},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {14758365},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Biological Markers); 0 (Luminescent Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Recombinant Fusion Proteins); 0 (postsynaptic density proteins); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Si = {GENBANK/AY520570},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {In vivo imaging of synapse formation on a growing dendritic arbor},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Niell_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1191}}

@article{Sumbre:2008,
	Abstract = {The ability to process temporal information is fundamental to sensory perception, cognitive processing and motor behaviour of all living organisms, from amoebae to humans. Neural circuit mechanisms based on neuronal and synaptic properties have been shown to process temporal information over the range of tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. How neural circuits process temporal information in the range of seconds to minutes is much less understood. Studies of working memory in monkeys and rats have shown that neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex and the thalamus exhibit ramping activities that linearly correlate with the lapse of time until the end of a specific time interval of several seconds that the animal is trained to memorize. Many organisms can also memorize the time interval of rhythmic sensory stimuli in the timescale of seconds and can coordinate motor behaviour accordingly, for example, by keeping the rhythm after exposure to the beat of music. Here we report a form of rhythmic activity among specific neuronal ensembles in the zebrafish optic tectum, which retains the memory of the time interval (in the order of seconds) of repetitive sensory stimuli for a duration of up to approximately 20 s. After repetitive visual conditioning stimulation (CS) of zebrafish larvae, we observed rhythmic post-CS activities among specific tectal neuronal ensembles, with a regular interval that closely matched the CS. Visuomotor behaviour of the zebrafish larvae also showed regular post-CS repetitions at the entrained time interval that correlated with rhythmic neuronal ensemble activities in the tectum. Thus, rhythmic activities among specific neuronal ensembles may act as an adjustable 'metronome' for time intervals in the order of seconds, and serve as a mechanism for the short-term perceptual memory of rhythmic sensory experience.},
	Address = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.},
	Author = {Sumbre, German and Muto, Akira and Baier, Herwig and Poo, Mu-ming},
	Crdt = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Da = {20081106},
	Date = {2008 Nov 6},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:32:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20081204},
	Dep = {20081015},
	Edat = {2008/10/17 09:00},
	Issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; 21 Calcium imaging; entrainment;Zebrafish;calcium imaging;multiphoton;microscopy;behavior},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Calcium/metabolism; Conditioning (Psychology); Larva/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Neurons/*physiology; *Periodicity; Photic Stimulation; Superior Colliculi/cytology/physiology; Swimming/physiology; Tail/physiology; Time Factors; Zebrafish/embryology/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2008/12/17 09:00},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {7218},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {102--106},
	Phst = {2008/04/14 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/08/20 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/10/15 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nature07351},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {18923391},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {7440-70-2 (Calcium)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval},
	Volume = {456},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008.avi},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07351}}

@article{Zheng:1999,
	Abstract = {The external nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the barn owl contains an auditory map of space that is based on the tuning of neurons for interaural differences in the timing of sound. In juvenile owls, this region of the brain can acquire alternative maps of interaural time difference as a result of abnormal experience. It has been found that, in an external nucleus that is expressing a learned, abnormal map, the circuitry underlying the normal map still exists but is functionally inactivated by inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. This inactivation results from disproportionately strong inhibition of specific input channels to the network. Thus, experience-driven changes in patterns of inhibition, as well as adjustments in patterns of excitation, can contribute critically to adaptive plasticity in the central nervous system.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA. Weimin@barnowl.stanford.edu},
	Author = {Zheng, W and Knudsen, E I},
	Cin = {Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):925-6. PMID: 10357679},
	Crdt = {1999/05/13 00:00},
	Da = {19990603},
	Date = {1999 May 7},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:28:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 11:29:28 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990603},
	Edat = {1999/05/13},
	Gr = {5 R01 DC00155-18/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; F32 DC00307-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0036-8075 (Print)},
	Jid = {0404511},
	Journal = {Science},
	Jt = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways/*physiology; Bicuculline/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology; Brain Mapping; Cues; Inferior Colliculi/*physiology; Learning; Nerve Net/physiology; Neural Inhibition; *Neuronal Plasticity; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, GABA-A/antagonists \& inhibitors/*physiology; Sound Localization; Strigiformes/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/physiology; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways/*physiology},
	Mhda = {1999/05/13 00:01},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {5416},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {962--965},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {10320376},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Receptors, GABA-A); 40709-69-1 (bicuculline methiodide); 485-49-4 (Bicuculline)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Functional selection of adaptive auditory space map by GABAA-mediated inhibition},
	Volume = {284},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Zheng_Science1999.pdf}}

@article{Linkenhoker:2005,
	Abstract = {Early experience plays a powerful role in shaping adult neural circuitry and behavior. In barn owls, early experience markedly influences sound localization. Juvenile owls that learn new, abnormal associations between auditory cues and locations in visual space as a result of abnormal visual experience can readapt to the same abnormal experience in adulthood, when plasticity is otherwise limited. Here we show that abnormal anatomical projections acquired during early abnormal sensory experience persist long after normal experience has been restored. These persistent projections are perfectly situated to provide a physical framework for subsequent readaptation in adulthood to the abnormal sensory conditions experienced in early life. Our results show that anatomical changes that support strong learned neural connections early in life can persist even after they are no longer functionally expressed. This maintenance of silenced neural circuitry that was once adaptive may represent an important mechanism by which the brain preserves a record of early experience.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Author = {Linkenhoker, Brie Ann and von der Ohe, Christina G and Knudsen, Eric I},
	Crdt = {2004/12/21 09:00},
	Da = {20041228},
	Date = {2005 Jan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 11:09:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050302},
	Dep = {20041219},
	Edat = {2004/12/21 09:00},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Auditory Pathways/anatomy \& histology/*growth \& development/physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cues; Ear/physiology; Electrophysiology; Eyeglasses; Hearing; Inferior Colliculi/growth \& development; *Learning; Neuronal Plasticity; Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure; *Sound Localization; Strigiformes/*growth \& development; Superior Colliculi/growth \& development; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors},
	Mhda = {2005/03/03 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {93--98},
	Phst = {2004/04/21 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/09/13 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2004/12/19 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1367},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15608636},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Anatomical traces of juvenile learning in the auditory system of adult barn owls},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Linkenhoker_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1367}}

@article{Sur:1990,
	Abstract = {Early developmental manipulations can induce sensory afferents of one modality to project to central targets of a different sensory modality. We and other investigators have used such cross-modal plasticity to examine the role of afferent inputs and their patterns of activity in the development of sensory neocortex. We suggest that the afferent rewiring can significantly influence the internal connectivity or microcircuitry of sensory cortex, aspects of which appear to be determined or specified relatively late in development, but that they cannot influence, or influence only to a minor extent, the laminar characteristics and external connectivity patterns of cortex, which appear to be specified earlier.},
	Address = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.},
	Author = {Sur, M and Pallas, S L and Roe, A W},
	Crdt = {1990/06/01 00:00},
	Da = {19900801},
	Date = {1990 Jun},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-26 10:57:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 11:01:54 -0400},
	Dcom = {19900801},
	Edat = {1990/06/01},
	Issn = {0166-2236 (Print)},
	Jid = {7808616},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Jt = {Trends in neurosciences},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20061115},
	Mh = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex/*growth \& development/physiology; *Neuronal Plasticity; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/physiology},
	Mhda = {1990/06/01 00:01},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {227--233},
	Pii = {0166-2236(90)90165-7},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {1694329},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {60},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/Sur_TrendsNeurosci1990.pdf}}

@article{Greenberg:2009,
	Abstract = {Two-photon imaging of bulk-loaded calcium dyes can record action potentials (APs) simultaneously from dozens of spatially resolved neurons in vivo. Extending this technique to awake animals, however, has remained technically challenging due to artifacts caused by brain motion. Since in two-photon excitation microscopes image pixels are captured sequentially by scanning a focused pulsed laser across small areas of interest within the brain, fast displacements of the imaged area can distort the image nonuniformly. If left uncorrected, brain motion in awake animals will cause artifactual fluorescence changes, masking the small functional fluorescence increases associated with AP discharge. We therefore present a procedure for detection and correction of both fast and slow displacements in two-photon imaging of awake animals. Our algorithm, based on the Lucas-Kanade framework, operates directly on the motion-distorted imaging data, requiring neither external signals such as heartbeat nor a distortion-free template image. Motion correction accuracy was tested in silico over a wide range of simplified and realistic displacement trajectories and for multiple levels of fluorescence noise. Accuracy was confirmed in vivo by comparing solutions obtained from red and green fluorophores imaged simultaneously. Finally, the accuracy of AP detection from motion-displaced bulk-loaded calcium imaging is evaluated with and without motion correction, and we conclude that accurate motion correction as achieved by this procedure is both necessary and sufficient for single AP detection in awake animals.},
	Address = {Network Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tubingen, Germany. david@tuebingen.mpg.de},
	Author = {Greenberg, David S and Kerr, Jason N D},
	Crdt = {2008/09/16 09:00},
	Da = {20081028},
	Date = {2009 Jan 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:29:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 18:39:07 +0000},
	Dep = {20080826},
	Edat = {2008/09/16 09:00},
	Issn = {0165-0270 (Print)},
	Jid = {7905558},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Jt = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
	Keywords = {21 Calcium imaging},
	Language = {eng},
	Mhda = {2008/09/16 09:00},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1-15},
	Phst = {2008/04/17 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2008/08/11 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2008/08/12 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2008/08/26 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0165-0270(08)00491-3},
	Pl = {Netherlands},
	pmid = {18789968},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {In-Process},
	Title = {Automated correction of fast motion artifacts for two-photon imaging of awake animals},
	Volume = {176},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.eps},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.eps},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009b.eps},
	Bdsk-File-6 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009c.eps},
	Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.mov},
	Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.mov},
	Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009b.mov},
	File0 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009c.mov},
	File1 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009d.mov},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.020}}

@article{Udin:1988,
	Abstract = {The catalogue of data presented here form many systems demonstrates that multiple mechanisms are involved in the formation of topographic maps. We are not yet in a position to explain why a particular mechanism appears to dominate in some situations and not in others. Certain generalizations can be made, however. First, at least some form of chemospecificity can be invoked to help explain connectivity in all of the experiments we have cited. Often, the differential identities of a population of neurons can be reflected in an orderly pattern of axon outgrowth and in the actively maintained preservation of neighbor relations as the axons grow toward their targets; such orderly arrangements are not obligatory, but, where present, they facilitate the speedy establishment of orderly maps when the axons reach their target nuclei. Within a terminal zone, chemospecific cues may dominate and constrain a given axon to terminate in a specific location, but axon-axon interactions commonly supercede chemospecific matching. At least two forms of axon-axon interaction occur, one based on some sort of biochemical properties related to the axon's embryological identity and another based on the axons' electrical activity. Tasks for the future are to identify the cellular bases of each of these mechanisms and to understand the situations in which each is manifested.},
	Address = {Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214.},
	Author = {Udin, S B and Fawcett, J W},
	Crdt = {1988/01/01 00:00},
	Da = {19880607},
	Date = {1988},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:28:13 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19880607},
	Edat = {1988/01/01},
	Issn = {0147-006X (Print)},
	Jid = {7804039},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Jt = {Annual review of neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Auditory Pathways/anatomy \& histology/physiology; *Brain Mapping; Geniculate Bodies/*anatomy \& histology/cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Retina/*anatomy \& histology/cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*anatomy \& histology/cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways/*anatomy \& histology/physiology},
	Mhda = {1988/01/01 00:01},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {289--327},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {3284443},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {114},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Annu Rev Neurosci. 1988;11:289-327.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Formation of topographic maps},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Udin_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001445}}

@article{Vidyasagar:1978,
	Author = {Vidyasagar, T R},
	Crdt = {1978/09/14 00:00},
	Da = {19781202},
	Date = {1978 Sep 14},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:25:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 23:25:50 -0400},
	Dcom = {19781202},
	Edat = {1978/09/14},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Darkness; Rats/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*growth \& development; Visual Pathways/growth \& development},
	Mhda = {1978/09/14 00:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {5676},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {140--141},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {692682},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Possible plasticity in the rat superior colliculus},
	Volume = {275},
	Year = {1978},
	url = {papers/Vidyasagar_Nature1978.pdf}}

@article{Zhang:1998,
	Abstract = {In the developing frog visual system, topographic refinement of the retinotectal projection depends on electrical activity. In vivo whole-cell recording from developing Xenopus tectal neurons shows that convergent retinotectal synapses undergo activity-dependent cooperation and competition following correlated pre- and postsynaptic spiking within a narrow time window. Synaptic inputs activated repetitively within 20 ms before spiking of the tectal neuron become potentiated, whereas subthreshold inputs activated within 20 ms after spiking become depressed. Thus both the initial synaptic strength and the temporal order of activation are critical for heterosynaptic interactions among convergent synaptic inputs during activity-dependent refinement of developing neural networks.},
	Address = {Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0357, USA.},
	Author = {Zhang, L I and Tao, H W and Holt, C E and Harris, W A and Poo, M},
	Crdt = {1998/09/17 02:02},
	Da = {19980928},
	Date = {1998 Sep 3},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:24:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {19980928},
	Edat = {1998/09/17 02:02},
	Issn = {0028-0836 (Print)},
	Jid = {0410462},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Jt = {Nature},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Brain/embryology/physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Retina/embryology/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/embryology/*physiology; Synapses/*physiology; Xenopus laevis},
	Mhda = {2001/03/23 10:01},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {6697},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {37--44},
	Pl = {ENGLAND},
	pmid = {9738497},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Source = {Nature. 1998 Sep 3;395(6697):37-44.},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses},
	Volume = {395},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Zhang_Nature1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25665}}

@article{Nakatani:2007,
	Abstract = {The mechanism underlying the determination of neurotransmitter phenotype in the developing mesencephalon, particularly GABAergic versus glutamatergic fate, remains largely unknown. Here, we show in mice that the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor gene Helt (also known as Megane and Heslike) functions as a selector gene that determines GABAergic over glutamatergic fate in the mesencephalon. Helt was coincidently expressed in all the progenitor domains for mesencephalic GABAergic neurons. In the mesencephalon of Helt-deficient embryos, GABAergic neurons were mostly absent and glutamatergic neurons emerged instead. Conversely, ectopically expressed Helt suppressed glutamatergic formation and induced GABAergic neurogenesis. However, the Helt mutants showed normal progenitor domain formation. In consequence, postmitotic expression of the homeodomain factor Nkx2.2, which was specifically expressed by GABAergic populations in wild-type embryos, was maintained despite the transmitter phenotype conversion from GABAergic to glutamatergic in the Helt mutants, suggesting that Helt is not involved in neuronal identity specification. Furthermore, we identified proneural genes Ngn1 and Ngn2, which were selectively expressed in glutamatergic progenitors in the developing mesencephalon and had the ability to confer the glutamatergic fate, as downstream target genes of Helt. These results suggest that Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic fate, at least in part, by repressing Ngn (Neurog) genes and that basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor networks involving Helt and Ngns are commonly used in the mesencephalon for determination of the GABAergic versus glutamatergic transmitter phenotype.},
	Address = {KAN Research Institute Inc., KobeMI R\&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.},
	Author = {Nakatani, Tomoya and Minaki, Yasuko and Kumai, Minoru and Ono, Yuichi},
	Crdt = {2007/07/06 09:00},
	Da = {20070711},
	Date = {2007 Aug},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20070928},
	Dep = {20070704},
	Edat = {2007/07/06 09:00},
	Issn = {0950-1991 (Print)},
	Jid = {8701744},
	Journal = {Development},
	Jt = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Language = {eng},
	Mh = {Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/*genetics/*physiology; Cell Differentiation/genetics; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism; Mesencephalon/cytology/*embryology/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Models, Biological; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/physiology; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism; Organ Specificity/genetics; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*physiology; Stem Cells/cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2007/09/29 09:00},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {15},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {2783--2793},
	Phst = {2007/07/04 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {dev.02870},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {17611227},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article},
	Rn = {0 (Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors); 0 (Helt protein, mouse); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Neurog2 protein, mouse); 0 (Repressor Proteins); 182238-50-2 (Neurog1 protein, mouse); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); 56-86-0 (Glutamic Acid)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nakatani_Development2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02870}}

@article{Tsunekawa:2005,
	Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is a layered structure in the midbrain and is particularly rich in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The present investigation aimed to determine whether the development of GABAergic neurons in the SC is common to that of the neocortex in which they are produced in a distinct area called the ganglionic eminence and are transported by tangential migration. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mouse was used in which a GFP gene was introduced into the gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67 and all GABAergic neurons were fluorescent. At embryonic day (E) 11-14, GFP-positive cells increased strikingly. They were spindle-shaped with processes at both poles and oriented radially between the ventricular and pial surface, together with other GFP-negative cells. After the cutting of the embryonic SC, GFP-positive cells accumulated on one side of the injury as expected from their radial but not tangential migration. In the living slice preparations GFP-positive cells migrated radially during the observation. These results indicate that tangential migration of GABAergic neurons as observed in the neocortex is not applicable and that radial migration from the underlying ventricular zone is predominant in the SC. At E12-13, bundles of commissural GFP-positive fibers which appeared to originate outside the SC were distributed at the superficial layer. These superficial fibers were no longer observed at the later stages.},
	Address = {Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. tsunekaw@brain.riken.jp},
	Author = {Tsunekawa, Naoko and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Obata, Kunihiko},
	Crdt = {2005/02/16 09:00},
	Da = {20050215},
	Date = {2005 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050509},
	Dep = {20050107},
	Edat = {2005/02/16 09:00},
	Issn = {0168-0102 (Print)},
	Jid = {8500749},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Jt = {Neuroscience research},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Amino Acids/metabolism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count/methods; Cell Growth Processes/physiology; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry/methods; Isoenzymes/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways/growth \& development/metabolism; Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism; Neurons/*metabolism/physiology; Pregnancy; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/enzymology/growth \& development; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2005/05/10 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {243--251},
	Phst = {2004/08/04 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2004/11/19 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2004/11/24 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2005/01/07 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0168-0102(04)00299-8},
	Pl = {Ireland},
	pmid = {15710488},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; In Vitro; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Amino Acids); 0 (Bearded protein, Drosophila); 0 (DNA-Binding Proteins); 0 (Drosophila Proteins); 0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Neurofilament Proteins); 0 (dolaisoleucine); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Development of GABAergic neurons from the ventricular zone in the superior colliculus of the mouse},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Tsunekawa_NeurosciRes2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2004.11.011}}

@article{Chandrasekaran:2009,
	Abstract = {Gradients of molecular factors pattern the developing retina and superior colliculus (SC) and guide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to their appropriate central target perinatally. During and subsequent to this period, spontaneous waves of action potentials sweep across the retina, providing an instructive topographic signal based on the correlations of firing patterns of neighbouring RGCs. How these activity-independent and activity-dependent factors interact during retinotopic map formation remains unclear. A typical phenotype of mutant mice lacking genes for one or more RGC axon guidance molecules is the presence of topographically inappropriate projections or 'ectopic spots'. Here, we examine mice that lack functional bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs) in the retina. Retinal BMP controls the graded expression of RGC axon guidance molecules, resulting in some dorsal RGCs projecting ectopically to locations in the SC that normally receive input from ventral retina. We examine the consequences of this anatomical phenotype in vivo by studying the receptive field (RF) properties of neurons in the superficial SC. We observe a mixture of physiological phenotypes in BMPR mutant mice; notably we find some neurons with ectopic RFs displaced in elevation, corresponding to the observed anatomical defect. However, in a result not necessarily congruent with the presence of focal ectopic projections, some neurons have split, enlarged and patchy/distorted RFs. These results are consistent with the effects of spontaneous retinal waves acting upon a disrupted molecular template, and they place significant limits on the form of an activity-dependent learning rule for the development of retinocollicular projections.},
	Address = {Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.},
	Author = {Chandrasekaran, Anand R and Furuta, Yas and Crair, Michael C},
	Crdt = {2009/01/21 09:00},
	Da = {20090302},
	Date = {2009 Mar 1},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Dep = {20090119},
	Edat = {2009/01/21 09:00},
	Gr = {P30 EY000785/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY015788/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 MH062639/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1469-7793 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {0266262},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Jt = {The Journal of physiology},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Language = {eng},
	Mhda = {2009/01/21 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {Pt 5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {953--963},
	Phst = {2009/01/19 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2008.160952},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {19153163},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {In-Process},
	Title = {Consequences of axon guidance defects on the development of retinotopic receptive fields in the mouse colliculus},
	Volume = {587},
	Year = {2009},
	url = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JPhysiol2009.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160952}}

@article{Norgren:1998,
	Abstract = {Determining the connections of neural systems is critical for determining how they function. In this review, we focus on the use of HSV-1 and HSV-2 as transneuronal tracers. Using HSV to examine neural circuits is technically simple. HSV is injected into the area of interest, and after several days, the animals are perfused and processed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies to HSV proteins. Variables which influence HSV infection include species of host, age of host, titre of virus, strain of virus and phenotype of infected cell. The choice of strain of HSV is critically important. Several strains of HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been utilized for purposes of transneuronal tract-tracing. HSV has been used successfully to study neuronal circuitry in a variety of different neuroanatomical systems including the somatosensory, olfactory, visual, motor, autonomic and limbic systems.},
	Address = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA.},
	Author = {Norgren, R B Jr and Lehman, M N},
	Crdt = {1998/11/11 03:02},
	Da = {19990126},
	Date = {1998 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Dcom = {19990126},
	Edat = {1998/11/11 03:02},
	Issn = {0149-7634 (Print)},
	Jid = {7806090},
	Journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
	Jt = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20051116},
	Mh = {Animals; Central Nervous System/cytology/physiology/*virology; Humans; Nerve Net/physiology/*virology; Neural Pathways/cytology/physiology/virology; Neurons/cytology/physiology/*virology; Neurophysiology/methods; Simplexvirus/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2001/03/28 10:01},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {695--708},
	Pii = {S0149763498000086},
	Pl = {UNITED STATES},
	pmid = {9809305},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Review},
	Rf = {167},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Herpes simplex virus as a transneuronal tracer},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Norgren_NeurosciBiobehavRev1998.pdf}}

@article{Razak:2003,
	Abstract = {Neonatal brain injury triggers compensatory processes that can be adaptive or detrimental, but little is known about the mechanisms of compensation or how they might affect the response properties of neurons within the injured region. We have studied this issue in a rodent model. Partial ablation of the hamster superior colliculus (SC) at birth results in a compressed but complete visual field map in the remaining SC and a compensatory conservation of receptive field (RF) size and stimulus velocity and size tuning. The circuit underlying stimulus tuning in this system or its preservation after brain lesions is not known. Our previous work has shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are necessary for the development and conservation of RF size after partial SC ablation. In this study, we examined whether NMDA receptor function is also necessary for the development and conservation of stimulus velocity and size tuning. We found that velocity and size tuning were unaffected by chronic postnatal blockade of NMDA receptors and the resulting increases in RF size. Thus NMDA receptors in the SC are not necessary for the development of stimulus velocity and size tuning or in the compensatory maintenance of these properties following brain damage. These results suggest that stimulus velocity and size tuning may arise in the retina or from NMDA receptor-independent circuitry intrinsic to SC. The lack of conflict between NMDA receptor activity-dependent and -independent processes may allow conservation of some RF properties while others change during injury-induced or evolutionary changes in afferent/target convergence.},
	Address = {Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.},
	Author = {Razak, Khaleel A and Huang, Lihua and Pallas, Sarah L},
	Crdt = {2003/03/04 04:00},
	Da = {20030704},
	Date = {2003 Jul},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20030912},
	Dep = {20030115},
	Edat = {2003/03/04 04:00},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/*pharmacology; Animals; Brain Injuries/physiopathology; Cricetinae; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/*pharmacology; Mesocricetus; *Neurons/drug effects/metabolism; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists \& inhibitors; Superior Colliculi/*drug effects/*physiopathology/surgery; Visual Fields; Visual Perception},
	Mhda = {2003/09/13 05:00},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {110--119},
	Phst = {2003/01/15 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {01029.2002},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {12611963},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {NMDA receptor blockade in the superior colliculus increases receptive field size without altering velocity and size tuning},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01029.2002}}

@article{Razak:2006,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the superficial layers of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) exhibit distinct tuning properties for visual stimuli, but, unlike neurons in the geniculocortical visual pathway, most respond best to visual stimuli that are smaller than the classical receptive field (RF). The mechanism underlying this size selectivity may depend on the number and pattern of feedforward retinal inputs and/or the balance between inhibition and excitation within the RF. We have previously shown that chronic blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R), which increases the convergence of retinal afferents onto SC neurons, does not alter size selectivity in the SC. This suggests that the number of retinal inputs does not determine size selectivity. Here we show, using single unit extracellular recordings from the SC of normal hamsters, that size selectivity in neurons selective for small stimulus size is correlated with the strength of inhibition within the RF. We also show that dark rearing causes concomitant reductions in both inhibition and size selectivity. In addition, dark rearing increases the percentage of neurons non-selective for stimulus size. Finally, we show that chronic blockade of NMDA-R, a procedure that does not alter size tuning, also does not change the strength of inhibition within the RF. Taken together, these results argue that inhibition within the RF underlies selectivity for small stimulus size and that inhibition must be intact for size tuning to be preserved after developmental manipulations of activity. In addition, these results suggest that regulation of the balance between excitation and inhibition within the RF does not require NMDA-R activity but does depend on visual experience. These results suggest that developmental experience influences neural response properties through an alteration of inhibitory circuitry.},
	Address = {Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.},
	Author = {Razak, Khaleel A and Pallas, Sarah L},
	Crdt = {2006/10/06 09:00},
	Da = {20061005},
	Date = {2006 Sep-Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061212},
	Edat = {2006/10/06 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-12696/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0952-5238 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809466},
	Journal = {Vis Neurosci},
	Jt = {Visual neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology; Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Animals; Cricetinae; Dark Adaptation/*physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Mesocricetus; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Size Perception/*physiology; Superior Colliculi/*cytology; Visual Fields/drug effects/*physiology; Visual Pathways/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/12/13 09:00},
	Month = {Sep-Oct},
	Number = {5},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {741--748},
	Phst = {2006/03/14 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/03/30 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0952523806230062},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {17020630},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists); 76726-92-6 (2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Dark rearing reveals the mechanism underlying stimulus size tuning of superior colliculus neurons},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Razak_VisNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952523806230062}}

@article{Guimera:2006a,
	Abstract = {The mouse Mgn protein (Helt) is structurally related to the neurogenic Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split [h/E(spl)] proteins, but its unique structural properties distinguish it from other members of the family. Mgn expression shows a spatiotemporal correlation with GABAergic markers in several brain regions. We report here that homozygous Mgn-null mice die between the second and the fifth postnatal week of age, and show a complete depletion of Gad65 and Gad67 expression in the superior colliculus and a reduction in the inferior colliculus. Other brain regions, as well as other neural systems, are not affected. The progenitor GABAergic cells appear to be generated in right numbers but fail to become GABAergic neurons. The phenotype of the mice is consistent with reduced GABAergic activity. Thus, our in vivo study provides evidence that Mgn is the key regulator of GABAergic neurons, controlling their specification in the dorsal midbrain. Another conclusion from our results is that the function of Mgn shows a previously unrecognized role for h/E(spl)-related transcription factors in the dorsal midbrain GABAergic cell differentiation. Vertebrate h/E(spl)-related genes can no longer be regarded solely as a factors that confer generic neurogenic properties, but as key components for the subtype-neuronal identity in the mammalian CNS.},
	Address = {GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 35/8006, Ingolstadter Landstrasse, 1, Neuherberg, Germany. guimera@gsf.de},
	Author = {Guimera, Jordi and Weisenhorn, Daniela Vogt and Wurst, Wolfgang},
	Crdt = {2006/09/14 09:00},
	Da = {20060913},
	Date = {2006 Oct},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061128},
	Edat = {2006/09/14 09:00},
	Issn = {0950-1991 (Print)},
	Jid = {8701744},
	Journal = {Development},
	Jt = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/analysis/genetics/*metabolism; Biological Markers/analysis/metabolism; *Cell Differentiation/genetics; Genes, Lethal; Glutamate Decarboxylase/analysis/*metabolism; Homozygote; Isoenzymes/analysis/*metabolism; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Neurons/chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Phenotype; Repressor Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*growth \& development/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/12/09 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {19},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3847--3857},
	Pii = {133/19/3847},
	Pl = {England},
	pmid = {16968817},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Rn = {0 (Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors); 0 (Biological Markers); 0 (Helt protein, mouse); 0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Repressor Proteins); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 2)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Megane/Heslike is required for normal GABAergic differentiation in the mouse superior colliculus},
	Volume = {133},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Guimera_Development2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02557}}

@article{Carrasco:2005,
	Abstract = {Sensory deprivation is thought to have an adverse effect on visual development and to prolong the critical period for plasticity. Once the animal reaches adulthood, however, synaptic connectivity is understood to be largely stable. We reported previously that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade in the superior colliculus of the Syrian hamster prevents refinement of receptive fields (RFs) in normal or compressed retinotopic projections, resulting in target neurons with enlarged RFs but normal stimulus tuning. Here we asked whether visually driven activity is necessary for refinement or maintenance of retinotopic maps or if spontaneous activity is sufficient. Animals were deprived of light either in adulthood only or from birth until the time of recording. We found that dark rearing from birth to 2 mo of age had no effect on the timing and extent of RF refinement as assessed with single unit extracellular recordings. Visual deprivation in adulthood also had no effect. Continuous dark rearing from birth into adulthood, however, resulted in a progressive loss of refinement, resulting in enlarged, asymmetric receptive fields and altered surround suppression in adulthood. Thus unlike in visual cortex, early visually driven activity is not necessary for refinement of receptive fields during development, but is required to maintain refined visual projections in adulthood. Because the map can refine normally in the dark, these results argue against a deprivation-induced delay in critical period closure, and suggest instead that early visual deprivation leaves target neurons more vulnerable to deprivation that continues after refinement.},
	Address = {Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave., Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.},
	Author = {Carrasco, M M and Razak, K A and Pallas, S L},
	Crdt = {2005/05/27 09:00},
	Da = {20050817},
	Date = {2005 Sep},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20051011},
	Dep = {20050525},
	Edat = {2005/05/27 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-12696/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; *Brain Mapping; Cricetinae; Darkness; Electrodes; Neurons/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Superior Colliculi/*cytology/physiology; Visual Fields/*physiology; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/10/12 09:00},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {1962--1970},
	Phst = {2005/05/25 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {00166.2005},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15917326},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Visual experience is necessary for maintenance but not development of receptive fields in superior colliculus},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Carrasco_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2005}}

@article{Razak:2005,
	Abstract = {Superior colliculus (SC)-mediated control of visuomotor behavior depends on neuronal selectivity for stimulus velocity. However, the mechanism responsible for velocity tuning in SC neurons is unclear. It was shown in a previous study of anesthetized, decorticate hamsters that the number and distribution of feed-forward retinal inputs are not critical for velocity tuning. Here the alternate hypothesis that inhibition from the surround determines velocity tuning of SC neurons was tested. Surround inhibition was present in 65% (43/66) of SC neurons recorded in the superficial gray layer. Neurons within this group that were selective for slowly moving stimuli exhibited spatially asymmetric surround inhibition, and their velocity tuning arose by preferential suppression of responses to rapidly moving stimuli. In the other 35% (23/66) of SC neurons recorded, surround inhibition was weak or absent and did not play a role in velocity tuning. Most neurons with surround inhibition were nonselective for the duration of stationary flashed stimuli, whereas neurons without surround inhibition were selective for stimulus duration. The majority of neurons that preferred intermediate or rapidly moving stimuli exhibited spatially symmetric surround inhibition. In these neurons, occluding the surround reduced velocity selectivity by enhancing responses to slowly moving stimuli. Based on these data, a model is proposed suggesting spatiotemporal interactions between inhibition and excitation that could underlie velocity tuning.},
	Address = {Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave., Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.},
	Author = {Razak, Khaleel A and Pallas, Sarah L},
	Crdt = {2005/08/05 09:00},
	Da = {20051013},
	Date = {2005 Nov},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20051202},
	Dep = {20050803},
	Edat = {2005/08/05 09:00},
	Gr = {EY-12696/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY012696-01A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY012696-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY012696-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0022-3077 (Print)},
	Jid = {0375404},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Jt = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081120},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/*physiology; Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Animals; Cricetinae; Evoked Potentials, Visual/*physiology; Mesocricetus; Motion Perception/*physiology; Nerve Net/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neurons/*physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Superior Colliculi/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/12/13 09:00},
	Mid = {NIHMS12318},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {5},
	Oid = {NLM: NIHMS12318; NLM: PMC1752200},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {3573--3589},
	Phst = {2005/08/03 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {00816.2004},
	Pl = {United States},
	Pmc = {PMC1752200},
	pmid = {16079191},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Neural mechanisms of stimulus velocity tuning in the superior colliculus},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00816.2004}}

@article{Pallas:2006,
	Address = {Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. spallas@gsu.edu},
	Author = {Pallas, Sarah L and Wenner, Peter and Gonzalez-Islas, Carlos and Fagiolini, Michela and Razak, Khaleel A and Kim, Gunsoo and Sanes, Dan and Roerig, Birgit},
	Crdt = {2006/10/13 09:00},
	Da = {20061012},
	Date = {2006 Oct 11},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:16:15 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20061108},
	Edat = {2006/10/13 09:00},
	Gr = {DC006864/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; DC05202/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; DC4199/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States; EY12696/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; EY12702/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; NS046510/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071114},
	Mh = {Animals; Humans; Nerve Net/*growth \& development; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Synaptic Transmission/physiology},
	Mhda = {2006/11/10 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {41},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {10358--10361},
	Pii = {26/41/10358},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {17035517},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review},
	Rf = {50},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Developmental plasticity of inhibitory circuitry},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Pallas_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3516-06.2006}}

@article{Wayman:2006,
	Abstract = {Members of the Wnt signaling family are important mediators of numerous developmental events, including activity-dependent dendrite development, but the pathways regulating expression and secretion of Wnt in response to neuronal activity are poorly defined. Here, we identify an NMDA receptor-mediated, Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway that couples neuronal activity to dendritic arborization through enhanced Wnt synthesis and secretion. Activity-dependent dendritic outgrowth and branching in cultured hippocampal neurons and slices is mediated through activation by CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) of the membrane-associated gamma isoform of CaMKI. Downstream effectors of CaMKI include the MAP-kinase pathway of Ras/MEK/ERK and the transcription factor CREB. A serial analysis of chromatin occupancy screen identified Wnt-2 as an activity-dependent CREB-responsive gene. Neuronal activity enhances CREB-dependent transcription of Wnt-2, and expression of Wnt-2 stimulates dendritic arborization. This novel signaling pathway contributes to dynamic remodeling of the dendritic architecture in response to neuronal activity during development.},
	Address = {Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.},
	Author = {Wayman, Gary A and Impey, Soren and Marks, Daniel and Saneyoshi, Takeo and Grant, Wilmon F and Derkach, Victor and Soderling, Thomas R},
	Cin = {Neuron. 2006 Jun 15;50(6):813-5. PMID: 16772162},
	Crdt = {2006/06/15 09:00},
	Da = {20060614},
	Date = {2006 Jun 15},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:12:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20060725},
	Edat = {2006/06/15 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 GM041292/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {0896-6273 (Print)},
	Jid = {8809320},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Jt = {Neuron},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20071115},
	Mh = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism/physiology; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics/*physiology; Dendrites/enzymology/genetics/*physiology; Enzyme Activation/physiology; Hippocampus/cytology/enzymology/metabolism/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics; Wnt2 Protein/genetics/*metabolism},
	Mhda = {2006/07/26 09:00},
	Month = {Jun},
	Number = {6},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {897--909},
	Phst = {2005/10/13 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2006/04/11 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2006/05/02 {$[$}accepted{$]$}},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00374-6},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {16772171},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Rn = {0 (Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein); 0 (Wnt2 Protein); EC 2.7.11.17 (Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1); EC 2.7.11.17 (Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases); EC 2.7.11.17 (Camk1 protein, rat); EC 2.7.11.17 (Pnck protein, rat)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Activity-dependent dendritic arborization mediated by CaM-kinase I activation and enhanced CREB-dependent transcription of Wnt-2},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Wayman_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.008}}

@article{Chattopadhyaya:2004,
	Abstract = {The neocortical GABAergic network consists of diverse interneuron cell types that display distinct physiological properties and target their innervations to subcellular compartments of principal neurons. Inhibition directed toward the soma and proximal dendrites is crucial in regulating the output of pyramidal neurons, but the development of perisomatic innervation is poorly understood because of the lack of specific synaptic markers. In the primary visual cortex, for example, it is unknown whether, and to what extent, the formation and maturation of perisomatic synapses are intrinsic to cortical circuits or are regulated by sensory experience. Using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice that label a defined class of perisomatic synapses with green fluorescent protein, here we show that perisomatic innervation developed during a protracted postnatal period after eye opening. Maturation of perisomatic innervation was significantly retarded by visual deprivation during the third, but not the fifth, postnatal week, implicating an important role for sensory input. To examine the role of cortical intrinsic mechanisms, we developed a method to visualize perisomatic synapses from single basket interneurons in cortical organotypic cultures. Characteristic perisomatic synapses formed through a stereotyped process, involving the extension of distinct terminal branches and proliferation of perisomatic boutons. Neuronal spiking in organotypic cultures was necessary for the proliferation of boutons and the extension, but not the maintenance, of terminal branches. Together, our results suggest that although the formation of perisomatic synapses is intrinsic to the cortex, visual experience can influence the maturation and pattern of perisomatic innervation during a postnatal critical period by modulating the level of neural activity within cortical circuits.},
	Address = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Author = {Chattopadhyaya, Bidisha and Di Cristo, Graziella and Higashiyama, Hiroyuki and Knott, Graham W and Kuhlman, Sandra J and Welker, Egbert and Huang, Z Josh},
	Crdt = {2004/10/29 09:00},
	Da = {20041028},
	Date = {2004 Oct 27},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 23:12:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050519},
	Edat = {2004/10/29 09:00},
	Gr = {R01 EY13564-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic)},
	Jid = {8102140},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Jt = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Action Potentials/physiology; Animals; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; DNA Repair; Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics; Interneurons/*physiology; Isoenzymes/genetics; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology; Pyramidal Cells/physiology; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Sensory Deprivation/physiology; Synapses/*physiology; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; Time Factors; Tissue Culture Techniques; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/*growth \& development/*physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/05/20 09:00},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {43},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {9598--9611},
	Pii = {24/43/9598},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15509747},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Isoenzymes); 0 (Recombinant Fusion Proteins); 147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin); 56-12-2 (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid); EC 4.1.1.15 (Glutamate Decarboxylase); EC 4.1.1.15 (glutamate decarboxylase 1)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Experience and activity-dependent maturation of perisomatic GABAergic innervation in primary visual cortex during a postnatal critical period},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1851-04.2004}}



@article{Tagawa:2005,
	Abstract = {The precise period when experience shapes neural circuits in the mouse visual system is unknown. We used Arc induction to monitor the functional pattern of ipsilateral eye representation in cortex during normal development and after visual deprivation. After monocular deprivation during the critical period, Arc induction reflects ocular dominance (OD) shifts within the binocular zone. Arc induction also reports faithfully expected OD shifts in cat. Shifts towards the open eye and weakening of the deprived eye were seen in layer 4 after the critical period ends and also before it begins. These shifts include an unexpected spatial expansion of Arc induction into the monocular zone. However, this plasticity is not present in adult layer 6. Thus, functionally assessed OD can be altered in cortex by ocular imbalances substantially earlier and far later than expected.},
	Address = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Author = {Tagawa, Yoshiaki and Kanold, Patrick O and Majdan, Marta and Shatz, Carla J},
	Crdt = {2005/02/22 09:00},
	Da = {20050304},
	Date = {2005 Mar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 22:56:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Dcom = {20050509},
	Dep = {20050220},
	Edat = {2005/02/22 09:00},
	Gr = {F32 EY1352/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States; R01 EY02858/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States},
	Issn = {1097-6256 (Print)},
	Jid = {9809671},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Jt = {Nature neuroscience},
	Language = {eng},
	Lr = {20081121},
	Mh = {Age Factors; Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; *Critical Period (Psychology); Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Densitometry/methods; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology; Enzyme Induction/physiology/radiation effects; Eye Enucleation/methods; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology/radiation effects; In Situ Hybridization/methods; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Proline/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; Tritium/metabolism; Vision, Ocular/*physiology; Visual Cortex/growth \& development/*physiology; Visual Pathways/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology},
	Mhda = {2005/05/10 09:00},
	Month = {Mar},
	Number = {3},
	Own = {NLM},
	Pages = {380--388},
	Phst = {2004/12/14 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2005/01/27 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2005/02/20 {$[$}aheadofprint{$]$}},
	Pii = {nn1410},
	Pl = {United States},
	pmid = {15723060},
	Pst = {ppublish},
	Pt = {Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Rn = {0 (Anesthetics, Local); 0 (Cytoskeletal Proteins); 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins); 0 (Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos); 0 (RNA, Messenger); 0 (activity regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein); 10028-17-8 (Tritium); 147-85-3 (Proline); 4368-28-9 (Tetrodotoxin)},
	Sb = {IM},
	Status = {MEDLINE},
	Title = {Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Tagawa_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1410}}







@book{Abeles:1991,
	Abstract = {90002035 M. Abeles. ill. ; 24 cm. Includes index.},
	Author = {Abeles, Moshe},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Isbn = {0521374766},
	Keywords = {Neural Transmission.;Cerebral Cortex physiology.;Neural networks (Computer science);Cerebral Cortex anatomy &histology.;M QP363.3 .A24 1991 612.8/25;Neural circuitry.;Cerebral cortex Computer simulation.},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Corticonics : neural circuits of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {9B4FB550-A5C0-4BD6-9F3C-8E16237C6164},
	Year = {1991}}




@article{Adelsberger:2005,
	Abstract = {Using a new optical fiber-based approach, we demonstrate the presence of recurrent Ca(2+) transients in cortical neurons of non-anesthetized newborn mice in vivo. These Ca(2+) waves reflect the correlated activity of thousands of cells and were detected only in resting, but not in moving pups. Our results suggest that Ca(2+)-dependent cortical maturation occurs predominantly during the intermittent sleep-like resting periods that are characteristic for the first days of postnatal life.},
	Author = {Adelsberger, Helmuth and Garaschuk, Olga and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Aniline Compounds;Fluoresceins;Calcium;Fiber Optics;21 Calcium imaging;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Rest;Neurons;Photons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Cortical oscillations;Oscillometry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Physiologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Pettenkoferstr. 12, 80336 M{\"u}nchen, Germany.},
	Pages = {988-90},
	Pii = {nn1502},
	Pubmed = {16007081},
	Title = {Cortical calcium waves in resting newborn mice},
	Uuid = {7199FDC7-D93B-41F3-AEDB-1C78450B2D89},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005b.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005c.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-5 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005d.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1502}}

@article{Adkins-Muir:2003,
	Abstract = {This study assessed the behavioral and dendritic structural effects of combining subdural motor cortical electrical stimulation with motor skills training following unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions in adult male rats. Rats were pre-operatively trained on a skilled forelimb reaching task, the Montoya staircase test, and then received endothelin-1 induced ischemic lesions of the sensorimotor cortex. Ten to 14 days later, electrodes were implanted over the peri-lesion cortical surface. Rats subsequently began 10 days of rehabilitative training on the reaching task in 1 of 3 conditions: 1. 50 Hz stimulation during training, 2. 250 Hz stimulation during training or 3. no stimulation. No significant difference in performance was found between the 250 Hz and no stimulation groups. The 50 Hz stimulation group had significantly greater rates of improvement with the impaired forelimb in comparison to 250 Hz and no stimulation groups combined. Fifty Hz stimulated animals also had a significant increase in the surface density of dendritic processes immunoreactive for the cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, in the peri-lesion cortex compared to the other groups. These results support the efficacy of combining rehabilitative training with cortical electrical stimulation to improve functional outcome and cortical neuronal structural plasticity following sensorimotor cortical damage.},
	Author = {Adkins-Muir, DeAnna L. and Jones, Theresa A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0161-6412},
	Journal = {Neurol Res},
	Keywords = {Disease Models, Animal;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Corpus Striatum;Recovery of Function;Male;Motor Skills;Brain Ischemia;Cerebral Cortex;Immunohistochemistry;Animals;Sensory Thresholds;Rats, Long-Evans;Forelimb;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Cell Count;Electric Stimulation;Analysis of Variance;Behavior, Animal;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Dendrites;21 Epilepsy;Neuronal Plasticity;Comparative Study;Electrodes;Body Weight;Endothelin-1;Rats;Staining and Labeling;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {23031747},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7905298},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA.},
	Pages = {780-8},
	Pubmed = {14669519},
	Title = {Cortical electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitative training: enhanced functional recovery and dendritic plasticity following focal cortical ischemia in rats},
	Uuid = {36683C8D-BBF0-44B1-A4E1-1769C11AB666},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Aggoun-Aouaoui:1996,
	Abstract = {In kittens ranging in age between postnatal day (P) 5 and P150, callosal axons originating near the 17/18 border were anterogradely labelled with biocytin and reconstructed from serial sections. At the end of the first postnatal week most of the axons begin to invade the cortex near the 17/18 border with multiple branches; some axons already span the grey matter up to layer 1. Branches tend to grow into the grey matter in loose bundles </=100 microm in diameter, separated by empty spaces of comparable width. In the following weeks additional branches are produced in the grey matter; this appears to blur the initial bundled distribution, although by the end of the first postnatal month the branches are distributed in discrete patches similar to the adult terminal columns. Although a few boutons (presumably synaptic boutons) are found in the white matter/subplate region at earlier ages, they appear in the grey matter from P12 onwards. Their number per axon increases with age, reaching adult values about the end of the first month. Subsequently the number of boutons continues to increase and remains above adult values at P50, P65 and P80; it then decreases, reaching adult levels by P150. During the first month boutons tend to be more numerous in the infragranular layers, but then the trend reverses in favour of the supragranular layers. In most cases, the distribution of boutons spares layer IV partially or completely. From the onset boutons are distributed in radial columns whose diameter increases with age. They maintain selective laminar and columnar distributions through the period of rapid and exuberant increase. These distributions do not appear to be sharpened further by the reduction in the number of boutons to adult levels. On the whole, callosal terminal arbors differentiate through stages of exuberant, albeit progressively constrained, growth involving both progressive and regressive events. Comparisons with previous work suggest that visual activity might finely shape the arbor, from the onset of synaptogenesis onwards.},
	Author = {Aggoun-Aouaoui, D. and Kiper, D. C. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Axons;Synapses;Cats;Nerve Endings;Not relevant;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Visual Pathways;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {96325555},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Universite de Lausanne, 9 rue du Bugnon, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1132-48},
	Pubmed = {8752583},
	Title = {Growth of callosal terminal arbors in primary visual areas of the cat},
	Uuid = {4FDC2A10-4D8A-4615-AA9C-7D5E6720E619},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Aggoun-Zouaoui:1994,
	Abstract = {In kittens, callosal axons originating either from medial area 17 (transient axons) or near the 17/18 border (mostly permanent axons) were labelled with anterogradely transported biocytin; they were reconstructed by computer from serial sections, and their morphologies compared at different ages. During the first and second postnatal weeks both sets of axons branched profusely in the white matter of the lateral gyrus and the number of branches increased with age. The most common type of axon ending was the growth cone; others may have been collapsing growth cones, branches in the process of elimination or early synaptic boutons. Axons from medial area 17 distributed over a broad territory, including the 17/18 border where callosal axons terminate in the adult cat, but without aiming specifically at any one area. The majority of axons and their branches terminated in the white matter or at the bottom of layer VI; exceptionally they extended further into the cortex. Most of the axons originating near the 17/18 border were different from those described above, and the difference increased with age. Although they also terminated profusely in the white matter of the lateral gyrus, most of the branches terminated near the contralateral 17/18 border; they frequently entered the grey matter up to the superficial layers and branched into it. During the third week, axons from medial area 17 were rarely found to extend beyond the corpus callosum, probably because they were in the process of being eliminated. In contrast, axons originating near the 17/18 border had increased their number of branches in the grey matter. In conclusion, during the first and second postnatal weeks axons grew and differentiated according to their origin, and this anticipated whether they would be maintained or eliminated. Neurotrophic signals, possibly from the white matter or the subplate, and growth-inhibiting signals from area 17 may be involved in this process.},
	Author = {Aggoun-Zouaoui, D. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum;Aging;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Cats;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;Lysine;11 Glia;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Axons},
	Medline = {95219133},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1846-63},
	Pubmed = {7704296},
	Title = {Juvenile visual callosal axons in kittens display origin- and fate-related morphology and distribution of arbors},
	Uuid = {3B515EFA-DE9B-4D7F-BF7A-D8530FD4E302},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1994}}


@article{Agmon:1992,
	Abstract = {We used a thalamocortical slice preparation to record both spike trains and synaptically evoked responses from neurons of mouse barrel cortex. Cells were classified as regular spiking (RS), intrinsically bursting (IB), or fast spiking (FS) according to their temporal firing patterns when injected with current. RS cells were further separated into two subtypes, RS1 and RS2 cells, the latter encountered only in the infragranular layers. Synaptic responses were elicited by focal electrical stimuli in the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus (VB) while holding the cells at different membrane potentials. Postsynaptic potentials were classified as excitatory (EPSPs) or inhibitory (IPSPs), and their latencies were measured from the onset of the extracellularly recorded fiber volley in layer IV. EPSPs fell into three groups, according to latency. Those in the early cluster had latencies shorter than 1 msec and were coincident with the postsynaptic layer IV population response; they were considered monosynaptic. A second group, with latencies between 1.3 and 2.5 msec, were coincident with all IPSPs and were classified as disynaptic. The rest had latencies longer than 5 msec and were considered polysynaptic. The synaptic order of a cell was correlated with its laminar position and its electrophysiological class. Specifically, monosynaptic responses were restricted to infragranular RS cells and to FS cells, while disynaptic EPSPs were found in supragranular RS cells and in IB cells. Disynaptic IPSPs were found in both deep and superficial layers; in the deep layers they nearly always followed monosynaptic EPSPs, while in the superficial layers they were mostly found in isolation. We conclude that the intrinsic spiking characteristics of a neuron are an important determinant of its position in the cortical circuit and may have a substantial role in determining its response properties. 0270-6474 Journal Article},
	Author = {Agmon, A. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Synapses/*physiology;Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology;Action Potentials;Mice, Inbred C57BL;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Evoked Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Mice;Thalamus/*physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.},
	Pages = {319-29},
	Pubmed = {1729440},
	Title = {Correlation between intrinsic firing patterns and thalamocortical synaptic responses of neurons in mouse barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {06F930E3-DF63-43DA-8BF7-911B97174AF7},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1729440}}

@article{Agmon:1991,
	Abstract = {We have developed a novel slice preparation of the mouse somatosensory forebrain. This preparation is unique in including both the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus and the sensorimotor "barrel" cortex in a 400-microns-thick slice with the functional connectivity between them preserved, and in allowing direct visualization of the various components of the barrel system in unstained living tissue. Thalamocortical connectivity was demonstrated by recording the laminar profile of cortical field potentials evoked electrically from the ventrobasal nucleus. Current-source density analysis of this profile showed that the largest and earliest sinks were coextensive with the two known sites of thalamocortical terminals, layer IV and the junction of layers V and VI. The sink in layer IV could be dissociated experimentally into a small, early sink of presynaptic origin (most probably a presynaptic spike volley in the thalamocortical terminals) and a later, larger sink generated postsynaptically. By mapping the subcortical stimulation sites that elicited a response at different layer IV recording sites we concluded that the thalamus-to-cortex projection preserves the general dorsoventral relationship of the afferents. Intracellularly recorded responses elicited by thalamic stimulation included (but were not limited to) monosynaptic excitatory and disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The thalamus-to-cortex connections were also mapped with the axonal fluorescent tracer dioctadecyl-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. The thalamo-cortical slice is a very suitable system for studying the physiology and pharmacology of the thalamocortical synapse and for exploring the synaptic circuitry of the somatosensory cortex.},
	Author = {Agmon, A. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;Cations, Divalent;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Parietal Lobe;Female;in vitro ;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Thalamus;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.},
	Pages = {365-79},
	Pii = {0306-4522(91)90333-J},
	Pubmed = {1870696},
	Title = {Thalamocortical responses of mouse somatosensory (barrel) cortex in vitro},
	Uuid = {C8850664-BA19-449C-AC84-63698F782B5F},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1991}}


@article{Aguado:2002,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neuronal activity is essential to neural development. Until recently, neurons were believed to be the only excitable cells to display spontaneous activity. However, cultured astrocytes and, more recently, astrocytes in situ are now known to exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ transients. Here we used Ca2+ imaging of astrocytes from transgenic mice for the simultaneous monitoring of [Ca2+]i changes in large numbers of astrocytes. We found that spontaneous activity is a common property of most brain astrocytes that is lost in response to a lesion. These spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations require extracellular and intracellular Ca2+. Moreover, network analysis revealed that most astrocytes formed correlated networks of dozens of these cells, which were synchronous with both astrocytes and neurons. We found that decreasing spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients in neurons by TTX does not alter the number of active astrocytes, although it impairs their synchronous network activity. Conversely, bicuculline-induced epileptic patterns of [Ca2+]i transients in neurons cause an increase in the number of active astrocytes and in their network synchrony. Furthermore, activation of non-NMDA and NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors is required to correlate astrocytic networks. These results show that spontaneous activity in astrocytes and neurons is patterned into correlated neuronal/astrocytic networks in which neuronal activity regulates the network properties of astrocytes. This network activity may be essential for neural development and synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Aguado, Fernando and Espinosa-Parrilla, Juan F. and Carmona, Mar{\'\i}a A. and Soriano, Eduardo},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Calcium Channel Blockers;Receptors, Glutamate;Calcium Signaling;Astrocytes;Animals;Synaptic Transmission;Brain;Monte Carlo Method;Extracellular Space;Hippocampus;Mice, Transgenic;Biological Clocks;Intracellular Fluid;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Chelating Agents;Nerve Net;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;Tetrodotoxin;21 Calcium imaging;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescent Proteins;Models, Neurological;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {21},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Biology and Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain. aguado\@medicina.ub.es},
	Pages = {9430-44},
	Pii = {22/21/9430},
	Pubmed = {12417668},
	Title = {Neuronal activity regulates correlated network properties of spontaneous calcium transients in astrocytes in situ},
	Uuid = {D5671FE6-0F20-4DFF-A5FD-06E064219FF9},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Aguado_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}




@article{Agulhon:2007,
	Abstract = {Glial Ca(2+) excitability plays a key role in reciprocal neuron-glia communication. In the retina, neuron-glia signalling is expected to be maximal in the dark, but the glial Ca(2+) signal characteristics under such conditions have not been evaluated. To address this question, we used bioluminescence imaging to monitor spontaneous Ca(2+) changes under dark conditions selectively in M{\"u}ller cells, the principal retinal glial cells. By combining this imaging approach with network analysis, we demonstrate that activity in M{\"u}ller cells is organized in networks of coactive cells, involving 2-16 cells located distantly and/or in clusters. We also report that spontaneous activity of small networks (2-6 M{\"u}ller cells) repeat over time, sometimes in the same sequential order, revealing specific temporal dynamics. In addition, we show that networks of coactive glial cells are inhibited by TTX, indicating that ganglion and/or amacrine neuronal cells probably regulate M{\"u}ller cell network properties. These results represent the first demonstration that spontaneous activity in adult M{\"u}ller cells is patterned into correlated networks that display repeated sequences of coactivations over time. Furthermore, our bioluminescence technique provides a novel tool to study the dynamic characteristics of glial Ca(2+) events in the retina under dark conditions, which should greatly facilitate future investigations of retinal dark-adaptive processes.},
	Author = {Agulhon, Cendra and Platel, Jean-Claude C. and Kolomiets, Bogdan and Forster, Val{\'e}rie and Picaud, Serge and Brocard, Jacques and Faure, Philippe and Brulet, Philippe},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 3},
	Organization = {Unit{\'e} d'Embryologie Mol{\'e}culaire, CNRS URA 257, France. cendra\_agulhon\@med.unc.edu},
	Pages = {945-58},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2007.135715},
	Pubmed = {17627996},
	Title = {Bioluminescent imaging of Ca2+ activity reveals spatiotemporal dynamics in glial networks of dark-adapted mouse retina},
	Uuid = {61C109B3-13E8-4E60-BC37-02D5A3ED0EFE},
	Volume = {583},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135715}}



@article{Ahmari:2002,
	Abstract = {To understand brain development, we must learn how synapse formation shapes functional neural circuits. At the heart of this process lies the nascent synapse--an enigmatic structure spanning the developmental gap between initial cell-cell contact and the mature synapse. New experimental techniques are beginning to illuminate the processes involved in synaptogenesis, but much remains to be learned, including simply how to recognize the synapse in its nascent form. 0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Ahmari, S. E. and Smith, S. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {F abstr;10 Development;Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure;Immunohistochemistry;Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism;Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism;Central Nervous System/cytology/*physiology;Animals;Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism;Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, Room B100, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. sahmari\@stanford.edu},
	Pages = {333-6},
	Pubmed = {11988164},
	Title = {Knowing a nascent synapse when you see it},
	Uuid = {7F4588C5-3FC8-4956-98F6-69500B74A99C},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11988164%20Polaris:Users:ackman:Desktop:citmgr_endnote}}







@article{Akerman:2007,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of the role of GABA signaling in circuit development is rapidly expanding. Here, we review three recent refinements in our understanding of the diverse roles that GABA plays at different stages of neural circuit formation. First, we discuss recent evidence that depolarizing GABA plays at least a permissive role in promoting both excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis in developing neurons (including newly generated neurons in the adult). Next, we discuss recent evidence that GABAergic circuits sculpt the temporal and spatial aspects of synaptic integration. Consequently, early developmental events affecting the establishment of GABAergic circuits will control subsequent activity-dependent refinements of information processing and circuit function. In the third section, we review recent evidence of molecular mechanisms by which GABAergic signaling plays a role in the regulation of the balance between GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in developing circuits. Throughout the review, we concentrate on the effects of the signaling by GABA(A) receptors, as told from the point of view of the GABA-responsive cells, and do not discuss mechanisms that govern GABA release or activity of GABAergic neurons per se.},
	Author = {Akerman, Colin J. and Cline, Hollis T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Receptors, GABA-A;Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Neural Pathways;Signal Transduction;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Nerve Net;Animals;Glutamic Acid;Humans;review;Neurons},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QT.},
	Pages = {382-9},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(07)00131-2},
	Pubmed = {17590449},
	Title = {Refining the roles of GABAergic signaling during neural circuit formation},
	Uuid = {772C3C68-B7E4-43CE-92E0-47A4D7A7FD43},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Akerman_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.002}}


@article{Albeanu:2008,
	Abstract = {New developments in fluorophores as well as in detection methods have fueled the rapid growth of optical imaging in the life sciences. Commercial widefield microscopes generally use arc lamps, excitation/emission filters and shutters for fluorescence imaging. These components can be expensive, difficult to maintain and preclude stable illumination. Here, we describe methods to construct inexpensive and easy-to-use light sources for optical microscopy using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We also provide examples of its applicability to biological fluorescence imaging.},
	Author = {Albeanu, Dinu F. and Soucy, Edward and Sato, Tomokazu F. and Meister, Markus and Murthy, Venkatesh N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Light;Cost-Benefit Analysis;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microscopy},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e2146},
	Pmc = {PMC2361193},
	Pubmed = {18478056},
	Title = {LED arrays as cost effective and efficient light sources for widefield microscopy},
	Uuid = {72B449F3-2A89-4356-A600-974D0A93E048},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Albeanu_PLoSONE2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002146}}


@article{Albowitz:1993,
	Abstract = {The spread of epileptiform potentials in guinea pig neocortical slices was investigated by use of voltage sensitive dyes and a fast optical recording technique. Epileptiform activity was induced in a perfusion medium containing 10-20 microM bicuculline-methiodide and by single pulse stimulation of layer I or the white matter. The location of minimal and maximal amplitudes, the shape of the potentials at specific sites and the velocity of spread were independent from the specific stimulation site. The expression of epileptiform activity appeared to depend on specific, possibly geometrical, properties of the tissue.},
	Author = {Albowitz, B. and Kuhnt, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Guinea Pigs;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Electrophysiology;Coloring Agents;Animals;Histocytochemistry;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {94177475},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G{\"o}ttingen, Germany.},
	Pages = {329-33},
	Pii = {0006-8993(93)91553-5},
	Pubmed = {8131062},
	Title = {Spread of epileptiform potentials in the neocortical slice: recordings with voltage-sensitive dyes},
	Uuid = {E8CC4CD5-CF8C-41ED-B52E-C86540DF2734},
	Volume = {631},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Albowitz:1998,
	Abstract = {The spatio-temporal distribution of epileptiform activity was investigated in slices from human temporal neocortex resected during epilepsy surgery. Activity was recorded by use of a voltage-sensitive dye and an optical recording system. Epileptiform activity was induced with 10 microM bicuculline and electrical stimulation of layer I. In 10 slices from six patients investigated, epileptiform activity spread across most of the slice. Largest amplitudes were located in layer II/III. Epileptiform activity was characterized by long-lasting potentials with slow rising phases and a low velocity of spread in the horizontal direction (0.044 m/s). This spatio-temporal pattern of epileptiform activity in human slices was similar to that found previously in neocortical slices from guinea pigs with bicuculline. In four of nine human slices investigated under control bath conditions (in non-epileptogenic medium), the spatio-temporal activity patterns were similar to those of guinea pigs in non-epileptogenic medium. In the remaining five human slices, however, the spread in the horizontal direction was significantly larger (4188 microm) in non-epileptogenic medium than that found in slices from guinea pigs (2171 microm). Activity in human slices showing such 'wide spread' in control bath conditions occasionally had characteristic features of epileptiform activity. Further work will have to clarify whether these epileptiform features reflect intrinsic epileptiform properties in human tissue slices.},
	Author = {Albowitz, B. and Kuhnt, U. and K{\"o}hling, R. and L{\"u}cke, A. and Straub, H. and Speckmann, E. J. and Tuxhorn, I. and Wolf, P. and Pannek, H. and Oppel, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Guinea Pigs;Neocortex;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Brain Mapping;Coloring Agents;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {98432490},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Abteilung Neurobiologie, Max Planck Institut f{\"u}r Biophys. Chem., G{\"o}ttingen, Germany. Birgit.Albowitz\@dlr.de},
	Pages = {224-32},
	Pubmed = {9761323},
	Title = {Spatio-temporal distribution of epileptiform activity in slices from human neocortex: recordings with voltage-sensitive dyes},
	Uuid = {146EEE7A-83E0-4902-BB53-1169CDAF3526},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Albowitz:1995,
	Abstract = {The spread of epileptiform activity was monitored in guinea-pig neocortical slices by the use of a voltage-sensitive dye (RH795) and a fast optical recording technique. Epileptiform activity induced by bicuculline methiodide (10-20 microM) and single-pulse stimulation spread from the stimulation site in layer I or in the white matter across most of the slice. Different lesions were made in the slice in order to specify the neuronal connections used for spread in the horizontal direction. In the slice, intracortical connections are necessary for the spread of epileptiform activity, as shown by vertical cuts through all cortical layers but sparing the white matter. Horizontal connections were interrupted by cuts parallel to the axis of pyramidal neurons through either supragranular or infragranular layers. Vertical connections were interrupted by cuts perpendicular to the axis of pyramidal neurons separating supragranular and infragranular layers. Spread of epileptiform activity in the horizontal direction was not hindered by horizontal cuts. Vertical cuts through infragranular layers also did not hinder the spread of epileptiform activity. In contrast, vertical cuts through supragranular layers either abolished completely (nine slices) or delayed significantly (ten slices) the spread of epileptiform activity. The mean delay at the supragranular lesion was 44 ms in layer III and 30 ms in layer V; at the infragranular lesion the mean delay was 2 ms in layer III and 6 ms in layer V. Also, with horizontal cuts, in three out of five slices the velocity of spread was significantly lower in infragranular as compared to supragranular layers. It is concluded that both supra- and infragranular layers if isolated possess the ability to initiate and propagate epileptiform activity independently. However, in the intact slice the influence of the supragranular networks on initiation and propagation of epileptiform activity appears to dominate.},
	Author = {Albowitz, B. and Kuhnt, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electric Stimulation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Guinea Pigs;Neural Pathways;Denervation;Electrophysiology;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Styrenes;Optics},
	Medline = {96073235},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G{\"o}ttingen, Germany.},
	Pages = {1273-84},
	Pubmed = {7582100},
	Title = {Epileptiform activity in the guinea-pig neocortical slice spreads preferentially along supragranular layers--recordings with voltage-sensitive dyes},
	Uuid = {D36B7897-891D-4C49-840F-286742DE10B7},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Albowitz:1997,
	Abstract = {Calcium ions are known to play an important role in epileptogenesis. Although there is clear evidence for increased neuronal calcium influx during epileptiform potentials, direct measurements of the corresponding intracellular calcium transients are rare and the origin of calcium influx is not known. Therefore the spatial and temporal distribution of intracellular calcium transients during epileptiform activity in guinea pig hippocampal slices was monitored with the use of the indicator Calcium-Green and a fast optical recording method. Two models of epilepsy (bicuculline and low Mg2+) were compared. In both models, single epileptiform events were evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals in CA1 or of stratum pyramidale in area CA3. Intracellular calcium transients during epileptiform activity were approximately 5 times larger than during control stimulation. Calcium transients during epileptiform activity were present across at least the entire CA1 area, whereas presynaptic calcium transients from stimulated fibers were only seen at a distance up to 1 mm from the stimulation site. DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), a specific antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, abolished low-Mg2+ epileptiform activity and reduced bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity; it reduced calcium transients following stimulation of CA1 by only 29\%(bicuculline) and 38\%(low Mg2+). For comparison, calcium transients during control stimulation were 78\%(bicuculline) and 69\%(low Mg2+) smaller than epileptiform calcium transients. At a distance from the stimulation site, calcium transients and their NMDA-receptor-dependent components were largest in stratum pyramidale in the bicuculline model and in stratum oriens in the low-Mg2+ model. In both models, minimal onset latencies of calcium influx shifted with increasing distance to the stimulation electrode from stratum radiatum to stratum oriens. APV reduced the extent of spread of calcium transients in the low-Mg2+ model. In the bicuculline model, the spatial extent of spread of epileptiform calcium transients was not affected by application of APV; however, the mean velocity of spread was reduced from 0.20 to 0.12 m/s. In conclusion, the large size of calcium transients and of their NMDA-receptor-dependent components in stratum pyramidale or stratum oriens as well as shortest onset latencies of calcium transients at these sites suggest an important role of cell somata, basal dendrites, and possibly local circuit excitatory interactions for the generation and spread of epileptiform activity.},
	Author = {Albowitz, B. and K{\"o}nig, P. and Kuhnt, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Micromanipulation;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Synapses;In Vitro;Animals;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Bicuculline;Magnesium Deficiency;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Guinea Pigs},
	Medline = {97171343},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Neurobiological Laboratories, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G{\"o}ttingen, Germany.},
	Pages = {491-501},
	Pubmed = {9120590},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal distribution of intracellular calcium transients during epileptiform activity in guinea pig hippocampal slices},
	Uuid = {EDEDFF4D-1F79-44C4-B81D-DEF53B94EC63},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1997}}



@article{Albright:2007,
	Abstract = {The growth-associated protein, GAP-43, is an axonally localized neuronal protein with high expression in the developing brain and in regenerating neurites. Mice that lack GAP-43 (GAP-43 -/-) fail to form a whisker-related barrel map. In this study, we use GAP-43 -/- mice to examine GAP-43 synaptic function in the context of thalamocortical synapse development and cortical barrel map formation. Examination of thalamocortical synaptic currents in an acute brain slice preparation and in autaptic thalamic neurons reveals that GAP-43 -/- synapses have larger alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents than controls despite similar AMPAR function and normal probability of vesicular release. Interestingly, GAP-43 -/- synapses are less sensitive to blockade by a competitive glutamate receptor antagonist, suggesting higher levels of neurotransmitter in the cleft during synaptic transmission. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from GAP-43 -/- thalamocortical synapses reveal a reduced fiber response, and anatomical analysis shows reduced thalamic innervation of barrel cortex in GAP-43 -/- mice. Despite this fact synaptic responses in the field EPSPs are similar in GAP-43 -/- mice and wild-type littermate controls, and the ratio of AMPAR-mediated to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated currents (AMPAR:NMDAR ratio) is larger than normal. This suggests that GAP-43 -/- mice form fewer thalamocortical synapses in layer IV because of decreased anatomical innervation of the cortex, but the remaining contacts are individually stronger possibly due to increased neurotransmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft. Together, these results indicate that in addition to its well known role in axonal pathfinding GAP-43 plays a functional role in regulating neurotransmitter release.},
	Author = {Albright, Michael J. and Weston, Matthew C. and Inan, Melis and Rosenmund, Christian and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;in vitro;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.},
	Pages = {1610-25},
	Pii = {00219.2007},
	Pubmed = {17581849},
	Title = {Increased thalamocortical synaptic response and decreased layer IV innervation in GAP-43 knockout mice},
	Uuid = {5BAD0905-BB9B-4C17-966A-AAD9FE65743E},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00219.2007}}






@article{Alefeld:1998,
	Abstract = {Multiple extracellular recording electrodes were used to study the intra- and interhemispheric spread of stimulus-evoked epileptiform responses in adult mouse neocortical slices. Bath application of 20 microM bicuculline methiodide induced epileptiform activity that propagated at approximately 0.08 m/s over several millimeters in rostro-caudal and medio-lateral direction within the ipsilateral hemisphere and across the corpus callosum to the contralateral hemisphere. A vertical incision from layer II to subcortical regions did not prevent the spread to remote cortical regions, indicating that layer I plays a major role in the lateral propagation of epileptiform activity. The intra- and interhemispheric spread was not influenced by application of an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, but blocked by an antagonist acting at the (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor. The potential role of potassium channel activation in controlling the generation or spread of epileptiform activity was tested by applying the potassium channel opener cromakalim and the serotonin type 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist (+/-)-8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) to the disinhibited slices. Whereas cromakalim reduced the neuronal excitability and blocked all epileptiform responses, 8-OH-DAPT did not affect the activity pattern. Our results suggest that propagating epileptiform activity in disinhibited neocortical structures is predominantly mediated by activation of AMPA receptors and controllable by activation of a voltage-dependent potassium current.},
	Author = {Alefeld, M. and Sutor, B. and Luhmann, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electric Stimulation;Mice;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Anticonvulsants;Serotonin Antagonists;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, AMPA;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;In Vitro;Animals;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Cerebral Cortex;Microelectrodes;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {98417597},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of D{\"u}sseldorf, D{\"u}sseldorf, D-40001, Germany.},
	Pages = {113-22},
	Pii = {S0014488698968376},
	Pubmed = {9743572},
	Title = {Pattern and pharmacology of propagating epileptiform activity in mouse cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {B6613555-40B8-4A61-BAB7-6CB919EC3C58},
	Volume = {153},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Alexanian:2001,
	Abstract = {These are the first studies to demonstrate that adult rat corticospinal tract (CST) neurons, which were identified by retrograde neuronal labeling, retain regenerative and proliferative potential. To determine if adult CST neurons undergo cell division, we tested if these retrogradely labeled cells synthesize DNA by adding BrdU to the cultures 24 h prior to fixation of the cells. The result shows that adult corticospinal tract neurons are capable of DNA synthesis, and our total cell counts with labeled cells counts further suggest that these cells undergo cell division.},
	Author = {Alexanian, A. R. and Nornes, H. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Cell Survival;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Rats;DNA;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Neurites;Kinetics;Time Factors;Pyramidal Tracts;Nerve Regeneration;Axonal Transport;Male;Neurons;Cell Division;Immunohistochemistry;Bromodeoxyuridine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21369603},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.},
	Pages = {277-82},
	Pii = {S0014488601977052},
	Pubmed = {11476593},
	Title = {Proliferation and regeneration of retrogradely labeled adult rat corticospinal neurons in culture},
	Uuid = {5D82C2EE-3327-427B-B4AB-1C877CD67B23},
	Volume = {170},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2001.7705}}

@article{Allen:1999,
	Abstract = {Malformations of cortical development are increasingly recognized as causes of mental retardation and epilepsy. However, little is known about the molecular and biochemical signals that control the proliferation, migration, and organization of the cells involved in normal cerebral cortical development. Analysis of genes required for cortical development will help elucidate the pathogenesis of some epilepsies. In humans, two striking examples of abnormal cortical development, with varying degrees of epilepsy and mental retardation, are 'double cortex' and lissencephaly. Double cortex (DC), also known as subcortical band heterotopia, shows an abnormal band of neurons in the white matter underlying a relatively normal cortex. In pedigrees, DC often occurs in females, whereas affected males show more severe lissencephaly (XLIS), i.e. an abnormally thick cortex with decreased or absent surface convolutions. We and others have identified a novel brain specific gene, doublecortin, that is mutated in Double Cortex/X-linked lissencephaly (DC/XLIS) patients. Although the cellular function of doublecortin (DCX) is unknown, sequence analysis reveals a cytoplasmic protein with potential MAP kinase phosphorylation sites, as well as a site that is likely to be phosphorylated by c-Abl, suggesting that doublecortin functions as an intracellular signaling molecule critical for the migration of developing neurons. Interestingly, the scrambler mouse mutant demonstrates abnormal lamination with some similarity to lissencephaly and reflects a mutation in the murine homolog of the Drosophila disabled gene, mdab1, which binds c-Abl. Although a direct interaction between doublecortin and mDab1 has not been demonstrated, it is plausible that these two proteins may be part of a common signaling pathway. Therefore, abnormalities in signal transduction may be an underlying mechanism for the neuronal migration defects in DC/XLIS and the scrambler mouse, but further research is necessary to determine how such abnormalities give rise to cortical malformations and epilepsy.},
	Author = {Allen, K. M. and Walsh, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Signal Transduction;Animals;Humans;Mice, Mutant Strains;21 Epilepsy;review;Female;Epilepsy;Mutation;Cell Movement;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99443185},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {143-54},
	Pubmed = {10515162},
	Title = {Genes that regulate neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {60015DC8-FAAA-47C8-BFDE-607144847E6E},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1999}}



@article{Alonso:2001,
	Abstract = {Hundreds of thalamic axons ramify within a column of cat visual cortex; yet each layer 4 neuron receives input from only a fraction of them. We have examined the specificity of these connections by recording simultaneously from layer 4 simple cells and cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus with spatially overlapping receptive fields (n = 221 cell pairs). Because of the precise retinotopic organization of visual cortex, the geniculate axons and simple-cell dendrites of these cell pairs should have overlapped within layer 4. Nevertheless, monosynaptic connections were identified in only 33\%of all cases, as estimated by cross-correlation analysis. The visual responses of monosynaptically connected geniculate cells and simple cells were closely related. The probability of connection was greatest when a geniculate center overlapped a strong simple-cell subregion of the same sign (ON or OFF) near the center of the subregion. This probability was further increased when the time courses of the visual responses were similar. In addition, the connections were strongest when the simple-cell subregion and the geniculate center were matched in position, sign, and size. The rules of connectivity between geniculate afferents and simple cells resemble those found for retinal afferents to geniculate cells. The connections along the retinogeniculocortical pathway, therefore, show a precision that goes beyond simple retinotopy to include many other response properties, such as receptive-field sign, timing, subregion strength, and size. This specificity in wiring emphasizes the need for developmental mechanisms (presumably correlation-based) that can select among afferents that differ only slightly in their response properties.},
	Author = {Alonso, J. M. and Usrey, W. M. and Reid, R. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Photic Stimulation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Visual Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Geniculate Bodies;Synaptic Transmission;Reaction Time;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. alonso\@uconnvm.uconn.edu},
	Pages = {4002-15},
	Pii = {21/11/4002},
	Pubmed = {11356887},
	Title = {Rules of connectivity between geniculate cells and simple cells in cat primary visual cortex},
	Uuid = {FB7AEF4E-52D6-4D3D-9BD5-62D29FBA260D},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Alonso_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}


@article{Altman:1963,
	Author = {Altman, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Anat. Rec.},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;10 Development;10 Hippocampus;A-1},
	Pages = {573-591},
	Title = {Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats},
	Uuid = {20AF0C48-CD32-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {145},
	Year = {1963}}

@article{Altman:1965,
	Abstract = {0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Altman, J. and Das, G. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Cell Differentiation;10 Development;Testosterone/metabolism;Rats;10 Hippocampus;Autoradiography;A abstr;In Vitro;Hippocampus/*cytology/*growth &development;Animals, Newborn;Tritium;Animals},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {319-35},
	Pubmed = {5861717},
	Title = {Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats},
	Uuid = {20AF1206-CD32-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {1965},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5861717}}

@article{Altman:1966,
	Author = {Altman, J. and Das, G. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:16 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Cerebellar Cortex;Limbic System;Rats;Medulla Oblongata;Geniculate Bodies;Cell Division;Hippocampus;Animals, Newborn;Spinal Cord;Animals;Cerebral Ventricles;Cerebral Cortex;Cochlear Nerve;Neurons},
	Medline = {66141976},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {337-89},
	Pubmed = {5937257},
	Title = {Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. I. A longitudinal investigation of the kinetics, migration and transformation of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine in neonate rats, with special reference to postnatal neurogenesis in some brain regions},
	Uuid = {FBEC20D7-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {1966},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901260302}}

@article{Altman:1969,
	Author = {Altman, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Basal Ganglia/growth &development;Rats;Thymidine;Ependyma/anatomy &histology/growth &development;Neurons/growth &development;Animal;Cerebral Ventricles/anatomy &histology/*growth &development;Corpus Callosum/growth &development;Time Factors;Limbic System/*growth &development;*Cell Movement;01 Adult neurogenesis general;A-1b;Methods;Neuroglia/growth &development;Brain/anatomy &histology/growth &development;Cerebral Cortex/growth &development;Tritium;Autoradiography},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {433-57.},
	Title = {Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {20AF1015-CD32-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {137},
	Year = {1969},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=5361244}}

@article{Altman:1990,
	Abstract = {Methacrylate-embedded sections and short-survival thymidine radiograms of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were examined in perinatal and postnatal rats in order to trace the site of origin and migration of the precursors of granule cells and study the morphogenesis of the granular layer. The densely packed, spindle-shaped cells of the secondary dentate matrix (a derivative of the primary dentate neuroepithelium) stream in a subpial position towards the granular layer of the internal dentate limb during the perinatal and early postnatal periods. By an accretionary process, the crest of the granular layer forms on day E21 and on the subsequent days the granular layer of the internal dentate limb expands progressively in a lateral direction. Granule cells differentiation, as judged by the transformation of polymorph, darkly staining small cells into rounder, lightly staining larger granule cells, follows the same gradient from the external dentate limb to the internal dentate limb. The secondary dentate matrix is in a process of dissolution by day P5. This matrix is the source of what will later become the outer shell of the granular layer composed of early generated granule cells. The thicker inner shell of the granular layer, formed during the infantile and juvenile periods, derives from an intrinsic, tertiary germinal matrix. On day E22, the dentate migration of the secondary dentate matrix becomes partitioned into two components: a) the subpial component of extradentate origin, referred to in this context as the first dentate migration, and b) the second dentate migration. The latter is distributed in the basal polymorph layer throughout the entire dentate gyrus and is henceforth recognized as the tertiary dentate matrix. The tertiary dentate matrix is prominent between days P3 and P10. It is postulated that the great increase in granule cell population during the infantile period is principally due to cells derived from this intrinsic matrix of the dentate gyrus. Between days P20 and P30 the tertiary dentate matrix disappears in the basal polymorph layer and henceforth proliferative cells become largely confined to the subgranular zone at the base of the granular layer. The subgranular zone is the source of granule cells produced during the juvenile and adult periods.},
	Author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Gestational Age;Cell Differentiation;Thymidine;Rats;Hippocampus;Autoradiography;Cell Division;Tritium;Morphogenesis;Animals;Cell Movement;Rats, Inbred Strains},
	Medline = {91086547},
	Month = {11},
	Multicitationkey = {b},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Notes = {Altman and Bayer 1990b},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
	Pages = {365-81},
	Pubmed = {2262596},
	Title = {Migration and distribution of two populations of hippocampal granule cell precursors during the perinatal and postnatal periods},
	Uuid = {4AFD248A-667B-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010304}}

@article{Altman:1990a,
	Abstract = {In radiograms of rat embryos that received a single dose of [3H]thymidine between days E16 and E20 and were killed 24 hours after the injection, the heavily labeled cells (those that ceased to multiply soon after the injection) form a horizontal layer in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus, called the inferior band. The fate of these heavily labeled cells was traced in radiograms of the dorsal hippocampus in embryos that received [3H]thymidine on day E18 and were killed at different intervals thereafter. Two hours after injection the labeled proliferative cells are located in the Ammonic neuroepithelium. The heavily labeled cells that leave the neuroepithelium and aggregate in the inferior band 1 day after the injection become progressively displaced toward the stratum pyramidale 2-3 days later, and penetrate the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region on the 4th day. In the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region, farther removed from the Ammonic neuroepithelium, the heavily labeled cells are still sojourning in the intermediate zone 4 days after labeling. Observations in methacrylate sections suggest that two morphogenetic features of the developing hippocampus may contribute to the long sojourn of young pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone: the way in which the stratum pyramidale forms and the way in which the alveolar channels develop. The stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region forms before that of the CA3 region, which is the reverse of the neurogenetic gradient in the production of pyramidal cells. We hypothesize that this is so because the pyramidal cells destined to settle in the CA3 region, which will be contacted by granule cells axons (the mossy fibers), have to await the formation of the granular layer on days E21-E22. Concordant with this is the observation that the hippocampal intermediate zone, which contains the sojourning young pyramidal cells, greatly enlarges between days E16 and E20, then suddenly diminishes and disappears by day E22. The other factor that may contribute to the prolonged sojourn of pyramidal cells, specifically those destined to settle in the CA1 region, is the pattern of alveolar channel development. This transient extracellular matrix begins to form several days after the onset of pyramidal cell neurogenesis, grows in a direction opposite to the settling of pyramidal cells in the stratum pyramidale, and does not reach the subicular end of Ammon's horn until day E21.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Gestational Age;10 Development;Hippocampus;10 Hippocampus;Autoradiography;Rats;Comparative Study;Pyramidal Tracts;Tritium;Morphogenesis;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains;Cerebral Cortex},
	Medline = {91086546},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
	Pages = {343-64},
	Pubmed = {2262595},
	Title = {Prolonged sojourn of developing pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus and their settling in the stratum pyramidale},
	Uuid = {09B26CE0-212F-49E4-920F-12C6B941EA86},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010303}}

@article{Altman:1990b,
	Abstract = {This study deals with the site of origin, migration, and settling of the principal cell constituents of the rat hippocampus during the embryonic period. The results indicate that the hippocampal neuroepithelium consists of three morphogenetically discrete components--the Ammonic neuroepithelium, the primary dentate neuroepithelium, and the fimbrial glioepithelium--and that these are discrete sources of the large neurons of Ammon's horn, the smaller granular neurons of the dentate gyrus, and the glial cells of the fimbria. The putative Ammonic neuroepithelium is marked in short-survival thymidine radiograms by a high level of proliferative activity and evidence of interkinetic nuclear migration from day E16 until day E19. On days E16 and E17 a diffuse band of unlabeled cells forms outside the Ammonic neuroepithelium. These postmitotic cells are considered to be stratum radiatum and stratum oriens neurons, which are produced in large numbers as early as day E15. A cell-dense layer, the incipient stratum pyramidale, begins to form on day E18 and spindle-shaped cells can be traced to it from the Ammonic neuroepithelium. This migratory band increases in size for several days, then declines, and finally disappears by day E22. It is inferred that this migration contains the pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn that are produced mostly on days E17 through E20. The putative primary dentate neuroepithelium is distinguished from the Ammonic neuroepithelium during the early phases of embryonic development by its location, shape, and cellular dynamics. It is located around a ventricular indentation, the dentate notch, contains fewer mitotic cells near the lumen of the ventricle than the Ammonic neuroepithelium, and shows a different labeling pattern both in short-survival and sequential-survival thymidine radiograms. By day E18, the reduced primary dentate neuroepithelium is surrounded by an aggregate of proliferative cells; this is the secondary dentate matrix. On the subsequent days spindle-shaped cells that have retained their proliferative capacity migrate from the progressively receding secondary dentate matrix to the dentate gyrus itself. The latter, representing a tertiary germinal matrix, becomes highly active during the perinatal period. The putative fimbrial glioepithelium is situated between the primary dentate neuroepithelium and the tip of the hippocampal rudiment. Observations in methacrylate sections and thymidine radiograms suggest that the cells of this germinal matrix, unlike typical neuroepithelial cells, do not undergo interkinetic nuclear migration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Gestational Age;Rats;Epithelium;Hippocampus;Epithelial Cells;Autoradiography;Tritium;DNA Replication;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains;Neurons},
	Medline = {91086545},
	Month = {11},
	Multicitationkey = {a},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Notes = {Altman and Bayer 1990a},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
	Pages = {325-42},
	Pubmed = {2262594},
	Title = {Mosaic organization of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and the multiple germinal sources of dentate granule cells},
	Uuid = {4AFD1BCC-667B-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010302}}

@article{Alvarez:2007,
	Abstract = {In excitatory neurons, most glutamatergic synapses are made on the heads of dendritic spines, each of which houses the postsynaptic terminal of a single glutamatergic synapse. We review recent studies demonstrating in vivo that spines are motile and plastic structures whose morphology and lifespan are influenced, even in adult animals, by changes in sensory input. However, most spines that appear in adult animals are transient, and the addition of stable spines and synapses is rare. In vitro studies have shown that patterns of neuronal activity known to induce synaptic plasticity can also trigger changes in spine morphology. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that the plastic changes of spine morphology reflect the dynamic state of its associated synapse and are responsible to some extent for neuronal circuitry remodeling. Nevertheless, morphological changes are not required for all forms of synaptic plasticity, and whether changes in the spine shape and size significantly impact synaptic signals is unclear. Expected online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience Volume 30 is June 16, 2007. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pub\_dates.asp for revised estimates.},
	Author = {Alvarez, and Sabatini,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0147-006X},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7804039},
	Organization = {Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 valvarez\@hms.harvard.edu.},
	Pubmed = {17280523},
	Title = {Anatomical and Physiological Plasticity of Dendritic Spines},
	Uuid = {D6A0C8E2-17BA-48A9-8935-F9AC03B13D6F},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Alvarez_AnnuRevNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094222}}



@article{An:2004,
	Abstract = {Neurons communicate with one another through the release of molecules from synaptic vesicles and large dense core granules through the process of exocytosis. During exocytosis, molecules are released to the extracellular space through a fusion pore, which can either dilate, resulting in full fusion, or close, resulting in incomplete exocytosis, often referred to as 'kiss and run' exocytosis. Recently, there has been much interest in the regulation of this process in both neurons and neuroendocrine cells. There has been much recent work that addresses the existence of incomplete exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, as well as recent work probing the molecular components and modulation of the fusion pore.},
	Author = {An, Seong and Zenisek, David},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Synaptic Vesicles;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Central Nervous System;Secretory Vesicles;Exocytosis;Membrane Fusion;Presynaptic Terminals;Synaptic Transmission;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Humans;Neurosecretory Systems;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sterling Hall of Medicine, B-147, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Pages = {522-30},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(04)00122-9},
	Pubmed = {15464884},
	Title = {Regulation of exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells},
	Uuid = {ADF1D4B7-043E-4818-9FE9-EA1A6EA3259C},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/An_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.008}}

@article{Andermann:2006,
	Abstract = {Most mammals possess high-resolution visual perception, with primary visual cortices containing fine-scale, inter-related feature representations (for example, orientation and ocular dominance). Rats lack precise vision, but their vibrissa sensory system provides a precise tactile modality, including vibrissa-related 'barrel' columns in primary somatosensory cortex. Here, we examined the subcolumnar organization of direction preference and somatotopy using a new omni-directional, multi-vibrissa stimulator. We discovered a direction map that was systematically linked to somatotopy, such that neurons were tuned for motion toward their preferred surround vibrissa. This sub-barrel column direction map demonstrated an emergent refinement from layer IV to layer II/III. These data suggest that joint processing of multiple sensory features is a common property of high-resolution sensory systems.},
	Author = {Andermann, Mark L. and Moore, Christopher I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Vibrissae;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Brain Mapping;Models, Anatomic;Animals;Male;Motion Perception;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Harvard Program in Biophysics, Medical School Campus, Building C-2 Room 122, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {543-51},
	Pii = {nn1671},
	Pubmed = {16547511},
	Title = {A somatotopic map of vibrissa motion direction within a barrel column},
	Uuid = {02A0F3CF-4E63-49BA-BB4F-AC3CEFA3697E},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Andermann_NatNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1671}}

@article{Andermann:2004,
	Abstract = {The array of vibrissae on a rat's face is the first stage of a high-resolution tactile sensing system. Recently, it was discovered that vibrissae (whiskers) resonate when stimulated at specific frequencies, generating several-fold increases in motion amplitude. We investigated the neural correlates of vibrissa resonance in trigeminal ganglion and primary somatosensory cortex (SI) neurons (regular and fast spiking units) by presenting low-amplitude, high-frequency vibrissa stimulation. We found that somatosensory neurons showed band-pass tuning and enhanced sensitivity to small amplitude stimuli, reflecting the resonance amplification of vibrissa motion. Further, a putative somatotopic map of frequency selectivity was observed in SI, with isofrequency columns extending along the representations of arcs of vibrissae, in agreement with the gradient in vibrissa resonance across the vibrissa pad. These findings suggest several parallels between frequency processing in the vibrissa system and the auditory system and have important implications for detection and discrimination of tactile information.},
	Author = {Andermann, Mark L. and Ritt, Jason and Neimark, Maria A. and Moore, Christopher I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Trigeminal Ganglion;Vibrissae;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Action Potentials;Rats;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Male;Reaction Time;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.},
	Pages = {451-63},
	Pii = {S0896627304001989},
	Pubmed = {15134641},
	Title = {Neural correlates of vibrissa resonance; band-pass and somatotopic representation of high-frequency stimuli},
	Uuid = {D1267E16-90BE-4F37-9169-9C817EA7EA82},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2004.pdf}}


@article{Anderson:1999,
	Abstract = {Herein we review the evidence that neocortical projection neurons and interneurons are derived from distinct regions within the telencephalon. While neocortical projection neurons are derived from the ventricular zone of the neocortex, neocortical interneurons appear to be derived from the germinal zone of the basal ganglia. These interneurons follow a tangential migratory pathway from the ganglionic eminences to the cortex. Interneurons of the olfactory bulb follow a distinct tangential migration from the basal ganglia. The Dlx homeobox genes, which are essential for basal ganglia differentiation, are also required for the development of neocortical and olfactory bulb interneurons. Furthermore, evidence is presented that retroviral- mediated expression of DLX2 in neocortical cells can induce GABAergic interneuron differentiation.},
	Author = {Anderson, S. and Mione, M. and Yun, K. and Rubenstein, J. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Mutagenesis/physiology;H;DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics;Cells, Cultured;Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Cell Movement/*physiology;Gene Expression Regulation, Viral;Phenotype;Animal;GABA/genetics;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;Retroviridae;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Neocortex/*cytology/*growth &development;Retroviridae Infections;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Division/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;Antisense Elements (Genetics);Cell Differentiation/physiology;12 Interneuron development;Interneurons/chemistry/*cytology},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0984, USA.},
	Pages = {646-54.},
	Title = {Differential origins of neocortical projection and local circuit neurons: role of Dlx genes in neocortical interneuronogenesis},
	Uuid = {5FB2B45E-FAA8-4D5F-9B98-9E731106FF96},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10498283}}









@article{Ang:2006,
	Abstract = {Epilepsy affects 1-2\%of the population, with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) the most common variant in adults. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated hippocampal involvement in the seizures underlying TLE. However, identification of specific functional deficits in hippocampal circuits associated with possible roles in seizure generation remains controversial. Significant attention has focused on anatomic and cellular alterations in the dentate gyrus. The dentate gyrus is a primary gateway regulating cortical input to the hippocampus and, thus, a possible contributor to the aberrant cortical-hippocampal interactions underlying the seizures of TLE. Alternate cortical pathways innervating the hippocampus might also contribute to seizure initiation. Despite this potential importance in TLE, these pathways have received little study. Using simultaneous voltage-sensitive dye imaging and patch-clamp recordings in slices from animals with epilepsy, we assessed the relative degree of synaptic excitation activated by multiple cortical inputs to the hippocampus. Surprisingly, dentate gyrus-mediated regulation of the relay of cortical input to the hippocampus is unchanged in epileptic animals, and input via the Schaffer collaterals is actually decreased despite reduction in Schaffer-evoked inhibition. In contrast, a normally weak direct cortical input to area CA1 of hippocampus, the temporoammonic pathway, exhibits a TLE-associated transformation from a spatially restricted, highly regulated pathway to an excitatory projection with >10-fold increased effectiveness. This dysregulated temporoammonic pathway is critically positioned to mediate generation and/or propagation of seizure activity in the hippocampus.},
	Author = {Ang, Chyze W. and Carlson, Gregory C. and Coulter, Douglas A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Pilocarpine;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;Muscarinic Agonists;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Epilepsy;Axons;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Organ Culture Techniques;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Disease Models, Animal;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Dentate Gyrus;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Convulsants;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {46},
	Organization = {Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.},
	Pages = {11850-6},
	Pii = {26/46/11850},
	Pubmed = {17108158},
	Title = {Massive and specific dysregulation of direct cortical input to the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy},
	Uuid = {0ECDA66A-892D-45A3-BC1F-F59DAC504175},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2354-06.2006}}



	Abstract = {This monograph reviews the literature and presents experimental data on the intracerebral presentation of antigen(s) to the immune system as a consequence of neuronal cell death. "Which cells are the antigen presenting cells (APC) of the brain?" is the main question of this book. The immune surveillance of the CNS occurs through specialized resident cells, which present (auto)antigen(s) to the immune system and thus initiate an (auto)immune response. There are four established prerequisites necessary to identify resident APC of the brain. First, the APC must be capable to phagocytose dead neurons. Second, in order to be recognized by T lymphocytes, these neuronophages must express Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) cells II glycoproteins on their surface. Third, in order to present (auto)antigen, the MHC class II-positive neuronophages must also be able to contact T lymphocytes. Fourth, in order to exert a stimulatory effect on T lymphocytes, the APC should be able to produce the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-128 Mb). Three main tools were used to identify and characterize the APC of the brain. First, a lesion model was employed that yields a slowly progressing neuronal cell loss without disruption of the blood-brain barrier. This model consisted of resection of 10 mm of the facial nerve, which caused a slowly occurring neuronal death so that one year after resection the amount of facial neurons was about 44\%of the control value. Second, neuronophages were labeled in vivo in situ via phagocytosis of the permanent fluorescent marker Fluoro-Gold (FG) from decaying pre-loaded facial motoneurons. Third, the FG-labeled neuronophages were immunocytochemically characterized with the new method "immunoquenching of fluorescence". Sections of the brainstem containing FG-labeled, i.e. fluorescent, neuronophages were incubated with a variety of primary antibodies, followed by avidin-HRP and DAB-nickel as a dark brown reaction product for bright-field microscopy. In the fluorescent mode this DAB reaction product selectively quenches the fluorescence of all immunopositive cells, i.e. only those neuronophages that do not bind to the primary antibody remain fluorescent. Combining FG-labeling of neuronophages with immunoquenching, a population of small round fluorescent cells was discovered, localized in the immediate vicinity of the motoneurons long after the neuronofugal migration of microglia. As the fluorescence of these cells was not quenched after a triple immunostaining with anti-neuronal-specific enolase, anti-GFAP and OX-42 (quenching all fluorescence from neurons, astroglia, and microglia), they seem to represent a new, immunologically unidentified neuronophage. Following this triple immunostaining, a broad panel of antibodies was tested to stain, quench fluorescence, and thus immunotype these enigmatic phagocytes. Only the monoclonal antibody ED2, the classical marker for perivascular cells, specifically stained the small round neuronophages. Although the perivascular cells are in the vicinity of the basal lamina of the cerebral vasculature, they must not be confused with the pericytes, which are not able to perform phagocytosis. In contrast, the perivascular cells are macrophages-ED2 recognizes an established macrophage membrane antigen. In addition, after neuronal injury a subset of the perivascular cells starts to synthesize MHC class II glycoproteins and IL-1 beta. Hence this population of cells seems to possess the complete machinery required for antigen presentation: They are macrophages, upregulate MHC class II molecules and IL-1 beta, and due to their anatomical location, have access to circulating T lymphocytes. What was still lacking, however, was a direct proof of neuronophagia. Our experiments provided this proof. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)},
	Author = {Angelov, D. N. and Walther, M. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Neiss, W. F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0301-5556},
	Journal = {Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Facial Nerve;Blood-Brain Barrier;11 Glia;Cerebrovascular Circulation;Animals;Brain;review},
	Medline = {99033513},
	Nlm_Id = {0407712},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Anatomie der Universit{\"a}t zu K{\"o}ln, Germany.},
	Pages = {1-87},
	Pubmed = {9816725},
	Title = {The cerebral perivascular cells},
	Uuid = {D241189A-3E70-4A33-9C7E-0EAEA9CA4CC1},
	Volume = {147},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Angevine:1961,
	Author = {Angevine, J. B. and Sidman, R. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {A, F abstr},
	Pages = {766-768},
	Title = {Autoradiographic study of cell migration during histogenesis of cerebral cortex in the mouse},
	Uuid = {2A0FC100-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {192},
	Year = {1961}}


@article{Antimoni:1980,
	Abstract = {Effect of the modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on the experimentally evoked epileptiform activity of the brain structures was studied. The effect of MEMF of 2-30 hz was shown to induce suppression of the brain epileptiform activity in 41\%of the experiments. The epileptiform activity was markedly decreased in 23\%and potentiated in 10\%of the experiments, while in 25\%of the experiments the MEMF effect did not essentially change the pattern of the evoked epileptiform brain activity.},
	Author = {Antimoni, G. D. and Salamov, R. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0365-9615},
	Journal = {Biull Eksp Biol Med},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Female;Electromagnetics;English Abstract;Seizures;Evoked Potentials;Acoustic Stimulation;Reaction Time;Animals;Electromagnetic Fields;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain;Male},
	Medline = {80175731},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0370627},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {145-8},
	Pubmed = {7370408},
	Title = {[Action of a modulated electromagnetic field on experimentally induced epileptiform brain activity in rats]},
	Uuid = {52096B70-B7BB-4BCA-A4C4-6BB0F6D1E081},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {1980}}



@article{Antonini:1998,
	Abstract = {To investigate the possible anatomical basis for the functional recovery of visual cortical responses after reverse monocular deprivation, we have studied the morphology of single geniculocortical afferents to area 17. In kittens reverse-sutured for 10 d after an initial week of monocular deprivation, single-unit and intrinsic signal optical recordings confirmed that the effects of the initial deprivation were largely reversed. Responses through the originally nondeprived (OND) eye were drastically diminished, but remained much more selective for orientation than after an initial monocular deprivation (Crair et al., 1997). Responses through the originally deprived (OD) eye recovered completely. Geniculocortical afferent arbors in layer IV of area 17 were filled by iontophoresis of Phaseolus lectin into lamina A of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and were serially reconstructed. Arbors serving both the OD and the OND eye were analyzed. The plastic changes of both OD and OND arbors were evaluated by comparison with arbors reconstructed in normal animals and in animals studied after an equivalent initial period of deprivation (Antonini and Stryker, 1996). These analyses demonstrate that closure of the OND eye caused a substantial shrinkage of the arbors serving that eye. Moreover, reopening the OD eye induced regrowth only in some arbors, whereas others appeared to be largely unaffected and continued to have the characteristics of deprived arbors. Quantitatively, the initial and the second deprivation caused similar proportional changes in total arbor length and numbers of branches, whereas several other features were more severely affected by the initial deprivation.},
	Author = {Antonini, A. and Gillespie, D. C. and Crair, M. C. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-27 11:35:53 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Sutures;Visual Pathways;Sensory Deprivation;Neurons, Afferent;Vision, Monocular;Axons;Critical Period (Psychology);Dendrites;Nerve Regeneration;Cell Size;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Cats;Geniculate Bodies;Phytohemagglutinins; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {9896-909},
	Pubmed = {9822746},
	Title = {Morphology of single geniculocortical afferents and functional recovery of the visual cortex after reverse monocular deprivation in the kitten},
	Uuid = {32EB0FC4-6F63-4549-A13B-E89CE108FB3D},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}


@article{Aoki:2007,
	Abstract = {Although context-dependent spike synchronization among populations of neurons has been experimentally observed, its functional role remains controversial. In this modeling study, we demonstrate that in a network of spiking neurons organized according to spike-timing-dependent plasticity, an increase in the degree of synchrony of a uniform input can cause transitions between memorized activity patterns in the order presented during learning. Furthermore, context-dependent transitions from a single pattern to multiple patterns can be induced under appropriate learning conditions. These findings suggest one possible functional role of neuronal synchrony in controlling the flow of information by altering the dynamics of the network.},
	Author = {Aoki, Takaaki and Aoyagi, Toshio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0899-7667},
	Journal = {Neural Comput},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Memory;Learning;Reaction Time;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9426182},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. aoki\@acs.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {2720-38},
	Pubmed = {17716009},
	Title = {Synchrony-induced switching behavior of spike pattern attractors created by spike-timing-dependent plasticity},
	Uuid = {9C607E0B-DCF3-470B-BB96-29198879EF69},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2007.19.10.2720}}

@article{Aram:1988,
	Abstract = {A simple slice chamber was designed to achieve easy manipulations of temperature, ionic composition and drug concentrations. Spontaneous and evoked extracellular potentials could be recorded with glass microelectrodes from 500 micron thick slices of rat frontal neocortex. In the absence of magnesium ions in the superfusing medium or in the presence of convulsant agents, epileptiform activity was seen. The amplitude of this activity was greatest in layer II/III, each burst consisting of a long-lasting negative potential on the decay phase of which were superimposed many afterpotentials. There were multiple foci from which spontaneous epileptiform bursts spread to other ipsi- and contralateral parts of the cortex via both the grey and white matter. Although such bursts were observed between 23 and 37 degrees C, optimal recording of discrete epileptiform activity was achieved at 29 +/- 1 degrees C. Decreasing extracellular calcium or increasing extracellular concentrations of potassium enhanced burst discharges. Proconvulsant agents initiated both interictal and ictal epileptiform events. This, together with the reduction of epileptiform activity by standard anticonvulsant drugs such as carbamazepine and phenobarbitone suggested that this in vitro model may be useful for studying the pharmacology of epileptogenesis and for developing new therapeutic strategies for epilepsy.},
	Author = {Aram, J. A. and Lodge, D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Inbred Strains;Calcium;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Magnesium;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Convulsants;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Corpus Callosum;Anticonvulsants},
	Medline = {88215605},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Royal Veterinary College, London, U.K.},
	Pages = {211-24},
	Pubmed = {3367658},
	Title = {Validation of a neocortical slice preparation for the study of epileptiform activity},
	Uuid = {601346DA-E66D-403A-972F-69A954E55EBC},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Araneda:2002,
	Abstract = {Dendrodendritic inhibition between mitral and granule cells in the olfactory bulb is thought to play an important role in olfactory discrimination. In this issue of Neuron, explore the propagation of action potentials along the secondary dendrites of mitral cells and their modulation by dendrodendritic inhibition. 0896-6273 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Araneda, R. C. and Firestein, S. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Olfactory Bulb/physiology;Human;Dendrites/physiology;Synapses/physiology;I pdf;Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology;Animals;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Action Potentials/*physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {5-6},
	Title = {Action potentials that go the distance},
	Uuid = {7310DD25-8DC8-4037-8F53-4A15D6CF23E2},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Araneda_Neuron2002.pdf}}


@article{Araya:2006,
	Abstract = {In mammalian cortex, most excitatory inputs occur on dendritic spines, avoiding dendritic shafts. Although spines biochemically isolate inputs, nonspiny neurons can also implement biochemical compartmentalization; so, it is possible that spines have an additional function. We have recently shown that the spine neck can filter membrane potentials going into and out of the spine. To investigate the potential function of this electrical filtering, we used two-photon uncaging of glutamate and compared the integration of electrical signals in spines vs. dendritic shafts from basal dendrites of mouse layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Uncaging potentials onto spines summed linearly, whereas potentials on dendritic shafts reduced each other's effect. Linear integration of spines was maintained regardless of the amplitude of the response, distance between spines (as close as < 2 microm), distance of the spines to the soma, dendritic diameter, or spine neck length. Our findings indicate that spines serve as electrical isolators to prevent input interaction, and thus generate a linear arithmetic of excitatory inputs. Linear integration could be an essential feature of cortical and other spine-laden circuits.},
	Author = {Araya, Roberto and Eisenthal, Kenneth B. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {49},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {18799-804},
	Pii = {0609225103},
	Pubmed = {17132736},
	Title = {Dendritic spines linearize the summation of excitatory potentials},
	Uuid = {2BE4898C-6767-414F-BEFF-1668652AF0B3},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609225103}}

@article{Ardid:2007,
	Abstract = {Selective attention is a fundamental cognitive function that uses top-down signals to orient and prioritize information processing in the brain. Single-cell recordings from behaving monkeys have revealed a number of attention-induced effects on sensory neurons, and have given rise to contrasting viewpoints about the neural underpinning of attentive processing. Moreover, there is evidence that attentional signals originate from the prefrontoparietal working memory network, but precisely how a source area of attention interacts with a sensory system remains unclear. To address these questions, we investigated a biophysically based network model of spiking neurons composed of a reciprocally connected loop of two (sensory and working memory) networks. We found that a wide variety of physiological phenomena induced by selective attention arise naturally in such a system. In particular, our work demonstrates a neural circuit that instantiates the "feature-similarity gain modulation principle," according to which the attentional gain effect on sensory neuronal responses is a graded function of the difference between the attended feature and the preferred feature of the neuron, independent of the stimulus. Furthermore, our model identifies key circuit mechanisms that underlie feature-similarity gain modulation, multiplicative scaling of tuning curve, and biased competition, and provide specific testable predictions. These results offer a synthetic account of the diverse attentional effects, suggesting a canonical neural circuit for feature-based attentional processing in the cortex.},
	Author = {Ardid, Salva and Wang, Xiao-Jing J. and Compte, Albert},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neocortex;Attention;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern{\'a}ndez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient{\'\i}ficas, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.},
	Pages = {8486-95},
	Pii = {27/32/8486},
	Pubmed = {17687026},
	Title = {An integrated microcircuit model of attentional processing in the neocortex},
	Uuid = {D6195EFE-B1EC-4188-8B8D-FEC2085EFD9C},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1145-07.2007}}

@article{Arenkiel:2007,
	Abstract = {Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-gated, cation-selective ion channel isolated from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice that express a ChR2-YFP fusion protein in the CNS for in vivo activation and mapping of neural circuits. Using focal illumination of the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb, we demonstrate a highly reproducible, light-dependent activation of neurons and precise control of firing frequency in vivo. To test the feasibility of mapping neural circuits, we exploited the circuitry formed between the olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex in anesthetized mice. In the olfactory bulb, individual mitral cells fired action potentials in response to light, and their firing rate was not influenced by costimulated glomeruli. However, in piriform cortex, the activity of target neurons increased as larger areas of the bulb were illuminated to recruit additional glomeruli. These results support a model of olfactory processing that is dependent upon mitral cell convergence and integration onto cortical cells. More broadly, these findings demonstrate a system for precise manipulation of neural activity in the intact mammalian brain with light and illustrate the use of ChR2 mice in exploring functional connectivity of complex neural circuits in vivo.},
	Author = {Arenkiel, Benjamin R. and Peca, Joao and Davison, Ian G. and Feliciano, Catia and Deisseroth, Karl and Augustine, George J. and Ehlers, Michael D. and Feng, Guoping},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {23 Technique; optogenetics; frontiers review},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {205-18},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00183-3},
	Pubmed = {17442243},
	Title = {In vivo light-induced activation of neural circuitry in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2},
	Uuid = {0C9D8491-68F8-4B2C-88D0-FEC28F6E7A2A},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Arenkiel_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Arenkiel_Neuron2007a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.005}}



@article{Arlotta:2005,
	Abstract = {Within the vertebrate nervous system, the presence of many different lineages of neurons and glia complicates the molecular characterization of single neuronal populations. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and development of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN), we purified CSMN at distinct stages of development in vivo and compared their gene expression to two other pure populations of cortical projection neurons: callosal projection neurons and corticotectal projection neurons. We found genes that are potentially instructive for CSMN development, as well as genes that are excluded from CSMN and are restricted to other populations of neurons, even within the same cortical layer. Loss-of-function experiments in null mutant mice for Ctip2 (also known as Bcl11b), one of the newly characterized genes, demonstrate that it plays a critical role in the development of CSMN axonal projections to the spinal cord in vivo, confirming that we identified central genetic determinants of the CSMN population.},
	Author = {Arlotta, Paola and Molyneaux, Bradley J. and Chen, Jinhui and Inoue, Jun and Kominami, Ryo and Macklis, Jeffrey D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Transcription Factors;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;ras Proteins;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Nerve Growth Factors;Motor Cortex;Pyramidal Tracts;Gene Expression Profiling;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Mice, Knockout;Superior Colliculus;Motor Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Growth Cones;Corpus Callosum;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {MGH-HMS Center for Nervous System Repair, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.},
	Pages = {207-21},
	Pii = {S0896627304008530},
	Pubmed = {15664173},
	Title = {Neuronal subtype-specific genes that control corticospinal motor neuron development in vivo},
	Uuid = {C85FDC18-DF78-46F9-A3AC-B7D8285ECE75},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Arlotta_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.036}}



@article{Arnold:1991,
	Abstract = {The cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex was examined in the brains of six patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and in 16 controls. All six brains of schizophrenic patients showed abnormalities of the rostral and intermediate portions of the entorhinal cortex. The abnormalities included aberrant invaginations of the surface, disruption of cortical layers, heterotopic displacement of neurons, and paucity of neurons in superficial layers. These changes suggest disturbed development. Because the entorhinal cortex is pivotal for neural systems that mediate corticohippocampal interactions, early disruption of its structure could lead to important neuropsychological changes during development and in adult life and could contribute to the symptomatology of schizophrenia.},
	Author = {Arnold, S. E. and Hyman, B. T. and Van Hoesen, G. W. and Damasio, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-990X},
	Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Humans;Middle Aged;Neural Pathways;Psychosurgery;Schizophrenia;Female;Cell Count;Hippocampus;Male;Aged;10 genetics malformation;Neurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Adult;Cerebral Cortex;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Limbic System},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0372435},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City.},
	Pages = {625-32},
	Pubmed = {2069493},
	Title = {Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia},
	Uuid = {CDDF4F64-6CD2-4A5B-9075-2AC17A5E179A},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {1991}}


@article{Aronov:2003,
	Abstract = {Spike train metrics quantify the notion of dissimilarity, or distance, between spike trains and between multineuronal responses (J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 1310, Network 8 (1997) 127). We present a new algorithm for the implementation of a metric based on the timing of individual spikes and on their neurons of origin. This algorithm surpasses the earlier approach in speed by a factor that grows exponentially with the number of neurons, substantially extending the applicability of metric space methods to the study of coding in larger neuronal populations.},
	Author = {Aronov, Dmitriy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Algorithms;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Metric System},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1002 Fairchild, Mail Code 2436, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. da2006\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {175-9},
	Pii = {S0165027003000062},
	Pubmed = {12706847},
	Title = {Fast algorithm for the metric-space analysis of simultaneous responses of multiple single neurons},
	Uuid = {3FC6C3B1-EBBD-46BC-9DB7-5F5BCA9DA718},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Aronov_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}}


@article{Arsiero:2007,
	Abstract = {The role of irregular cortical firing in neuronal computation is still debated, and it is unclear how signals carried by fluctuating synaptic potentials are decoded by downstream neurons. We examined in vitro frequency versus current (f-I) relationships of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using fluctuating stimuli. Studies in the somatosensory cortex show that L5 neurons become insensitive to input fluctuations as input mean increases and that their f-I response becomes linear. In contrast, our results show that mPFC L5 pyramidal neurons retain an increased sensitivity to input fluctuations, whereas their sensitivity to the input mean diminishes to near zero. This implies that the discharge properties of L5 mPFC neurons are well suited to encode input fluctuations rather than input mean in their firing rates, with important consequences for information processing and stability of persistent activity at the network level.},
	Author = {Arsiero, Maura and L{\"u}scher, Hans-Rudolf R. and Lundstrom, Brian Nils and Giugliano, Michele},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Prefrontal Cortex;Rats;Rats, Wistar;21 Circuit structure-function;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Nerve Net;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {3274-84},
	Pii = {27/12/3274},
	Pubmed = {17376988},
	Title = {The impact of input fluctuations on the frequency-current relationships of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex},
	Uuid = {F52D59ED-541F-4EF1-A327-D1AA953A106E},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4937-06.2007}}





@book{Asanuma:1989,
	Abstract = {88043160 Hiroshi Asanuma. ill. ; 24 cm .},
	Author = {Asanuma, Hiroshi},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Isbn = {0881675415},
	Keywords = {M QP383.15 .A83 1989 599/.018;Motor cortex Physiology.},
	Publisher = {Raven Press},
	Title = {The motor cortex},
	Uuid = {FF91280D-951C-4828-82FF-F4D719F65D32},
	Year = {1989}}









@article{Assal:1993,
	Abstract = {Transient axons reaching the medialmost part of area 17 were demonstrated with anterogradely transported biocytin injected in the dorsal part of the lateral gyrus in kittens during the first and second postnatal weeks. The axons decreased in number during the third postnatal week and were only exceptionally found thereafter. Computer-aided reconstructions from serial sections demonstrated axons with different degrees of complexity. The most complex ones were found at postnatal days 7-9 and were characterized by multiple branches terminating with growth cones in the white matter. Characteristically, endings of axons that entered the cortex remained confined to the infragranular layers V and VI. A few axons entered the supragranular layers. Transient axons terminated with different endings, which may indicate different stages of maturation. A few, possibly permanent, axons were still found in the medial part of area 17 at the end of the first, and during the second postnatal months; they arborized widely in the infragranular layers, and modestly or not at all supragranularly.},
	Author = {Assal, F. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Cats;Time Factors;Not relevant;Lysine;11 Glia;Medical Illustration;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Axons},
	Medline = {94003947},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {290-303},
	Pubmed = {8400807},
	Title = {Transient intra-areal axons in developing cat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {0C6212F8-CF51-4565-8361-FA947C31ACA4},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Atasoy:2008,
	Author = {Atasoy, Deniz and Aponte, Yexica and Su, Helen Hong and Sternson, Scott M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Gene Expression Regulation;Humans;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Transfection;Rhodopsin;Dependovirus;Diagnostic Imaging;Cell Line, Transformed;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Mice, Transgenic;Green Fluorescent Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Nerve Net;Membrane Potentials;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Arcuate Nucleus;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {28},
	Organization = {Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA.},
	Pages = {7025-30},
	Pii = {28/28/7025},
	Pubmed = {18614669},
	Title = {A FLEX switch targets Channelrhodopsin-2 to multiple cell types for imaging and long-range circuit mapping},
	Uuid = {8C0E2A74-601B-4527-8FE3-F6450218BA52},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Atasoy_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1954-08.2008}}


@article{Au:2006,
	Author = {Au, Edmund and Fishell, Gord},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Flow Cytometry;Adult;Cell Proliferation;DNA;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;news},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1086-8},
	Pii = {nn0906-1086},
	Pubmed = {16936768},
	Title = {Adult cortical neurogenesis: nuanced, negligible or nonexistent?},
	Uuid = {4AB50BD3-84F8-4F42-9DF4-24C33D4187F4},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0906-1086}}

@article{Avoli:1987,
	Abstract = {Seizure-like discharges were observed in slices of human epileptogenic neocortex maintained in vitro when [Mg2+]o was lowered near to zero. This type of epileptiform activity: (1) could occur spontaneously or following extracellular focal stimuli; (2) resembled the electrographic pattern associated with tonic-clonic seizures; (3) was accompanied by increases in [K+]o (maximally 6.2 mM from a baseline of 3.25 mM) and decreases in [Ca2+]o (maximally 0.23 mM from a baseline of 1.8 mM). Application of the selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, suppressed in a reversible manner both spontaneous and stimulus-induced seizure-like discharges, suggesting that NMDA-activated conductances are important for the genesis of prolonged epileptiform discharges generated by human epileptogenic neocortical slices.},
	Author = {Avoli, M. and Louvel, J. and Pumain, R. and Olivier, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Gyrus Cinguli;Epilepsies, Partial;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Magnesium;in vitro;10 genetics malformation;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;Humans;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {199-203},
	Pubmed = {3040183},
	Title = {Seizure-like discharges induced by lowering [Mg2+]o in the human epileptogenic neocortex maintained in vitro},
	Uuid = {7886D4E9-E192-46DA-9F44-12B3AEE7FA17},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {1987}}

@article{Avoli:1987a,
	Abstract = {Intracellular recordings from hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 subfield of the 'in vitro' slice in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 5-50 microM) revealed a long-lasting (up to 1.5 s) depolarizing potential which occurred either spontaneously or following orthodromic stimulation. This potential was: capable of blocking both direct and synaptic activation of the cell; sensitive to bath application of low concentrations of bicuculline methiodide; and associated to an extracellular current sink in the dendrites as suggested by the extracellular field potentials recorded at different levels along an axis perpendicular to the stratum pyramidale. It is concluded that the long-lasting depolarizing potential evoked by 4-AP is caused by the activation of GABA receptors localized in the dendritic region of the CA1 subfield.},
	Author = {Avoli, M. and Perreault, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;4-Aminopyridine;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Rats;in vitro;Evoked Potentials;10 genetics malformation;Aminopyridines;Animals;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {191-5},
	Pii = {0006-8993(87)90671-8},
	Pubmed = {3028566},
	Title = {A GABAergic depolarizing potential in the hippocampus disclosed by the convulsant 4-aminopyridine},
	Uuid = {746545A3-2FCE-4599-BE18-124878149B7F},
	Volume = {400},
	Year = {1987}}

@article{Avoli:1991,
	Abstract = {In this review we summarize a number of technical and methodological approaches that have been used in our laboratory to study human brain slices maintained in vitro. The findings obtained in the course of these studies appear to be relevant in establishing the mechanisms that underlie physiological phenomena of the human brain such as synaptic plasticity or responses to neuroactive drugs. Moreover, these data are important for understanding certain fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy. In this respect, however, we caution that the mechanisms that apply to different forms of clinical epilepsy might be difficult to find given the variability present in the pathogenesis of human epilepsy.},
	Author = {Avoli, M. and Hwa, G. G. and Kostopoulos, G. and Olivier, A. and Villemure, J. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0317-1671},
	Journal = {Can J Neurol Sci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;In Vitro;Electrophysiology;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {92136245},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0415227},
	Number = {4 Suppl},
	Organization = {Montreal Neurological Institute, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {636-9},
	Pubmed = {1777884},
	Title = {Electrophysiological analysis of human neocortex in vitro: experimental techniques and methodological approaches},
	Uuid = {ACF89C77-4A1A-4FF3-95C3-25A8559419EF},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Avoli:2003,
	Abstract = {Taylor's focal cortical dysplasia corresponds to a localized disruption of the normal cortical lamination with an excess of large, aberrant cells. Sustained epileptic discharges originate from the dysplastic neocortex and this tissue retains sufficient connectivity for expressing seizure abnormalities. In this brief review, we summarize the findings obtained by analyzing surgically-resected human tissue with focal cortical dysplasia that was maintained in vitro in a brain slice preparation. These data have been compared with those obtained from human cortex with normal structural organization; such tissue was available from patients undergoing surgery for a variety of neurological disorders, most often for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. These studies have shown that: (i). slices obtained from focal cortical dysplastic tissue have an intrinsic ability to generate ictal-like epileptiform events when challenged with the convulsant drug 4-aminopyridine; (ii). 4-aminopyridine-induced ictal discharges are not seen in neocortical slices obtained from neocortical samples with no or minimal structural lesion; (iii). these ictal discharges are caused by the activation of excitatory amino acid receptors, and in particular those of the N-methyl-D aspartate type; (iv). focal cortical dysplastic tissue also generates synchronous potentials that are mainly contributed by GABA(A) receptor-mediated conductances.},
	Author = {Avoli, Massimo and Louvel, Jacques and Mattia, Donatella and Olivier, Andre and Esposito, Vincenzo and Pumain, Rene and D'Antuono, Margherita},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1294-9361},
	Journal = {Epileptic Disord},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;10 Development;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;4-Aminopyridine;Receptors, AMPA;10 genetics malformation;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Medline = {22982194},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {100891853},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, H3A 2B4, Canada. massimo.avoli\@mcgill.ca},
	Pages = {S45-50},
	Pubmed = {14617420},
	Title = {Epileptiform synchronization in the human dysplastic cortex},
	Uuid = {826EC9F8-95FD-409C-A522-75C5C59EB2A8},
	Volume = {5 Suppl 2},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Avoli:1996,
	Abstract = {The availability of neocortical tissue obtained during brain surgery has allowed for detailed studies of the membrane and synaptic properties of neurons maintained in vitro in a slice preparation. Many of the findings obtained in these studies are summarized here. The majority of the basic electrophysiological properties appear to be similar when human and rodent neurons are compared. However, some notable exceptions regarding specific membrane properties have been reported. Since the majority of the material used in these studies is obtained from epileptic patients, several neuroscientists have tried to determine whether this tissue retains any sign of epileptogenicity when analyzed in vitro. Abnormal synaptic activity was only seen in a fraction of neurons near identified anatomical foci, including tumors, or within neocortical areas that displayed abnormal electrographic activity in situ. This cellular activity included both the presence of all-or-none and graded synaptic bursts. Epileptiform activity comparable to that seen in rodent tissue has been obtained in vitro using several pharmacological procedures including the disinhibition and the Mg(2+)-free model. In conclusion, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of the human neocortex obtained during surgery have so far been unsuccessful in isolating any definite cellular mechanism that may account for the expression of the epileptiform activity in situ. Nevertheless, these studies have provided valuable information on the cellular and synaptic properties of human neocortex under normal conditions, and following experimental procedures capable of increasing neuronal excitability.},
	Author = {Avoli, M. and Williamson, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0301-0082},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Electrophysiology;Cells, Cultured;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Neurons},
	Medline = {96405778},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0370121},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {519-54},
	Pii = {030100829500050X},
	Pubmed = {8809907},
	Title = {Functional and pharmacological properties of human neocortical neurons maintained in vitro},
	Uuid = {4C03AF28-D20A-454E-A80D-1947CF2764E9},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {1996}}









@article{Babb:1998,
	Abstract = {Developmental disorders of neuronal migrations in the human brain are referred to as 'cortical dysplasia', and current knowledge of cortical dysplasia is limited to varied pathologic descriptions which lack specific investigations of glutamate receptor mechanisms. In this study, immunocytochemistry was used to study the expressions of glutamate receptor subunit proteins for NMDAR2A/B, NMDAR1 and AMPA Glu-R2/3 in human brain resected for intractable epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia. Seventeen patients were studied with batch-matched glutamate subunit reagents on adjacent 30-microm sections. The most striking microscopic abnormalities identified in cresylecht violet stains were cortical dyslaminations, disoriented neurons, and unexpectedly, very dark Nissl body staining of those dysplastic neurons. NMDAR2A/B intensely labeled dysplastic neurons, showing staining in both the cell bodies and dendritic profiles. However, non-dysplastic neurons were not immunoreactive to NMDAR2A/B. Dysplastic neurons were also labeled by antibodies selective to NMDAR1. Both dysplastic neurons and non-dysplastic neurons were immunoreactive to AMPA GluR2/3. Our results suggest that the epileptic hyperexcitability of dysplastic cortical regions may result, at least in part, from the heteromeric coassembly and expressions of NMDAR2A/B subunits with selectively expressed NMDAR1 splice variants in dysplastic neurons. AMPA receptors are probably also essential but not sufficient to explain the 'epileptic' properties of these dysplastic neurons. A longer, detailed report of some of these findings have been previously published (Ying et al., 1998. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57, 47-62).},
	Author = {Babb, T. L. and Ying, Z. and Hadam, J. and Penrod, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Receptors, Glutamate;Child, Preschool;Humans;Middle Aged;Variation (Genetics);Alternative Splicing;Brain;Child;Epilepsy;Receptors, AMPA;Aged;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Adult;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Adolescent},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA. babbt\@cesmtp.ccf.org},
	Pages = {24-33},
	Pii = {S0920-1211(98)00037-0},
	Pubmed = {9761306},
	Title = {Glutamate receptor mechanisms in human epileptic dysplastic cortex},
	Uuid = {E2FDD3AD-F596-4A5D-9B7B-F711CB7FEB6A},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Babb_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}}

@article{Badea:2001,
	Abstract = {Epileptic discharges propagate through apparently normal circuits, although it is still unclear how this recruitment takes place. To understand the role of different classes of neurons in neocortical epilepsy, we have developed a novel imaging assay that detects which neurons participate in epileptiform discharges. Using calcium imaging of neuronal populations during bicuculline-induced spontaneous epileptiform events in slices from juvenile mouse somatosensory cortex, we find that fast calcium transients correlate with epileptiform field potentials and intracellular depolarizing shifts and can be used as an optical signature that a given neuron has participated in an epileptiform event. Our results demonstrate a novel method to characterize epileptiform events with single-cell resolution. In addition, our data are consistent with an important role for layer 5 in generating neocortical seizures and indicate that subgroups of neurons are particularly prone to epileptiform recruitment.},
	Author = {Badea, T. and Goldberg, J. and Mao, B. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3034},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Fura-2;Electrophysiology;Animals;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Reaction Time;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Bicuculline;21 Calcium imaging;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Convulsants;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Intracellular Membranes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21359630},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0213640},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {215-27},
	Pii = {10.1002/neu.1052},
	Pubmed = {11466708},
	Title = {Calcium imaging of epileptiform events with single-cell resolution},
	Uuid = {673CEEBA-0145-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Badea_JNeurobiol2001.pdf}}



@article{Bahrey:2003,
	Abstract = {We measured dye coupling, electrical coupling, and voltage-gated currents using whole-cell voltage clamp in slices of mouse sensorimotor cortex at embryonic day 14 (E14). As in rat ventricular zone (VZ), cells of the VZ were extensively dye coupled, often in clusters of >100 cells. In mouse VZ, however, cells were much less electrically coupled, making measurement of voltage-gated currents more accurate. All VZ cells expressed delayed K(+) currents (I(K)), and 30\%, including morphologically identified radial glia, also expressed inward Na(+) currents (I(Na)). This fraction is consistent with I(Na) expression being an early event following cell cycle exit. Intermediate zone (IZ) cells also expressed I(K) and I(Na). Na(+) current amplitude distributions indicated three populations of IZ cells: those without I(Na), those with I(Na) similar in amplitude to VZ cells, and those with I(Na) being almost 10 times larger than in VZ cells. Cells of the cortical plate (CP) expressed both I(K) and I(Na), with I(Na) being almost 10-fold larger than in VZ cells. No cell in any zone expressed detectable hyperpolarization-activated currents. Our data suggest that the distribution and density of I(Na) may be related to early events of cell cycle exit and migration.},
	Author = {Bahrey, Heidi L. Picken and Moody, William J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Embryo;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Ion Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Female;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Fluorescent Dyes;Neocortex;21 Circuit structure-function;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Pregnancy;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {239-51},
	Pubmed = {12571114},
	Title = {Voltage-gated currents, dye and electrical coupling in the embryonic mouse neocortex},
	Uuid = {7B344526-7A5A-4275-9EB1-A7B60ACC018B},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003}}


@article{Bailey:1999,
	Abstract = {Olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli have long been considered functional units in the processing of odor information. Recently, it has been shown that axons from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same odorant receptor gene converge onto two or a few topographically fixed glomeruli in the OB. The interactions between ORN axons, mitral/tufted cell dendrites, juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, and glial cells during the development of glomeruli is of great importance in light of this receptor gene glomerular topography in the primary olfactory projection. To explore the development of mammalian olfactory glomeruli, we investigated the relationships among radial glia (RG), astrocytes, ORNs, JG cells, mitral/tufted cell dendrites, and olfactory Schwann cells throughout embryonic and early postnatal development. Our results indicate that glomeruli are formed through an invariant sequence of cellular events: (1) pioneering ORN axons contact the rostral telencephalon at approximately E11-14, which coincides with the onset of morphologic changes in telencephalic RG; (2) at E15-16, RG branch and begin to form two plexuses, one located in the subventricular layer and the other superficial to the presumptive mitral cell layer; (3) at E17-18, ORN axons accumulate in a dense band superficial to the outer radial glia plexus; (4) at E19-20, processes from RG and astrocytes begin to ramify to form glial tufts, or glial glomeruli. Coincident with the formation of these glial glomeruli, ORN axons intermingle with the glial processes and form proto-glomeruli; (5) at E21 to P0, JG cells begin to migrate into position surrounding glomeruli, (6) and at P4, the apical tuft of mitral cells becomes restricted to a single glomerulus. Interestingly, glomerular development also occurs in a distinct rostral to caudal gradient. That is, glomeruli in the rostral OB develop earlier than those in the caudal OB, but the sequence of cellular events at any point in the bulb is invariant. These results demonstrate that glomeruli are formed in a specific spatiotemporal sequence beginning with ORN axon-glia contacts, then JG cell arrival, and finally mitral cell apical dendrite restriction.},
	Author = {Bailey, M. S. and Puche, A. C. and Shipley, M. T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Embryo;I;Microtubule-Associated Proteins/analysis;Vimentin/analysis;Rats;GAP-43 Protein/analysis;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis;Animal;Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*cytology/*metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*metabolism;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Astrocytes/*cytology/*metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, The University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.},
	Pages = {423-48.},
	Title = {Development of the olfactory bulb: evidence for glia-neuron interactions in glomerular formation},
	Uuid = {8A8A71C7-A124-4459-B771-1A0C2A00EC05},
	Volume = {415},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10570454}}

@article{Bakal:2007,
	Abstract = {Although classical genetic and biochemical approaches have identified hundreds of proteins that function in the dynamic remodeling of cell shape in response to upstream signals, there is currently little systems-level understanding of the organization and composition of signaling networks that regulate cell morphology. We have developed quantitative morphological profiling methods to systematically investigate the role of individual genes in the regulation of cell morphology in a fast, robust, and cost-efficient manner. We analyzed a compendium of quantitative morphological signatures and described the existence of local signaling networks that act to regulate cell protrusion, adhesion, and tension.},
	Author = {Bakal, Chris and Aach, John and Church, George and Perrimon, Norbert},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Phenotype;Cell Line;Metabolic Networks and Pathways;Signal Transduction;RNA Interference;Cell Shape;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Drosophila;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Animals;Cell Movement;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5832},
	Organization = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {1753-6},
	Pii = {316/5832/1753},
	Pubmed = {17588932},
	Title = {Quantitative morphological signatures define local signaling networks regulating cell morphology},
	Uuid = {84F51BD1-5383-42B8-950A-A49BBB4E62BB},
	Volume = {316},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Bakal_Science2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1140324}}

@article{Baker:1988,
	Abstract = {Peripheral deafferentation of the mouse main olfactory bulb following intranasal irrigation with ZnSO4 produced profound decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and immunoreactivity in intrinsic dopamine neurons normally localized to the juxtaglomerular region of the bulb. In contrast, only modest alterations in GABA-immunoreactivity and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity were observed in the same region. In fact, when GAD activity was expressed per mg tissue, a reflection of enzyme concentration, no changes in activity were observed 3 weeks postlesion and only relatively modest decreases in specific activity were found following long survival times (4 months). When the data were expressed per bulb, as an indication of the total amount of enzyme present, GAD activity and bulb weight exhibited similar reductions. Olfactory marker protein levels, determined as an indication of the completeness of the deafferentation, were at or below the limits of detection in all lesioned mice. These data indicate that afferent regulation of transmitter expression in the juxtaglomerular neurons of the olfactory system is phenotype specific.},
	Author = {Baker, H. and Towle, A. C. and Margolis, F. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Animals;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Glutamate Decarboxylase;Zinc;Female;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Olfactory Marker Protein;Immunohistochemistry;Sulfates;Olfactory Bulb;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Afferent Pathways;Male;Mice;Dopamine;Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase;Zinc Sulfate},
	Medline = {88294657},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.},
	Pages = {69-80},
	Pii = {0006-8993(88)91545-4},
	Pubmed = {2900047},
	Title = {Differential afferent regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the mouse main olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {FBEC1304-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {450},
	Year = {1988}}



@article{Bal:2000,
	Abstract = {Thalamic circuits have an intrinsic capacity to generate state-dependent oscillations of different frequency and degrees of synchrony, but little is known of how synchronized oscillation is controlled in the intact brain or what function it may serve. The influence of cortical feedback was examined using slice preparations of the visual thalamus and computational models. Cortical feedback was mimicked by stimulating corticothalamic axons, triggered by the activity of relay neurons. This artificially coupled network had the capacity to self-organize and to generate qualitatively different rhythmical activities according to the strength of corticothalamic feedback stimuli. Weak feedback (one to three shocks at 100-150 Hz) phase-locked the spontaneous spindle oscillations (6-10 Hz) in geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei. However, strong feedback (four to eight shocks at 100-150 Hz) led to a more synchronized oscillation, slower in frequency (2-4 Hz) and dependent on GABA(B) receptors. This increase in synchrony was essentially attributable to a redistribution of the timing of action potential generation in lateral geniculate nucleus cells, resulting in an increased output of relay cells toward the cortex. Corticothalamic feedback is thus capable of inducing highly synchronous slow oscillations in physiologically intact thalamic circuits. This modulation may have implications for a better understanding of the descending control of thalamic nuclei by the cortex, and the genesis of pathological rhythmical activity, such as absence seizures.},
	Author = {Bal, T. and Debay, D. and Destexhe, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Animals;Ferrets;Neural Networks (Computer);Feedback;Visual Pathways;Axons;in vitro ;Reaction Time;Receptors, AMPA;Biological Clocks;Receptors, GABA-B;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Computer Simulation;Receptors, GABA-A;Action Potentials;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Antagonists;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Stimulation, Chemical;Geniculate Bodies;Models, Neurological;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Unit{\'e} de Neurosciences Int{\'e}gratives et Computationnelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit{\'e} Propre de Recherche 2191, Institut de Neurobiologie A. Fessard, 91 198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Thierry.Bal\@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr},
	Pages = {7478-88},
	Pubmed = {11007907},
	Title = {Cortical feedback controls the frequency and synchrony of oscillations in the visual thalamus},
	Uuid = {05CE1563-3CB6-4EAC-A199-A8CAA51C76DB},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}







@article{Bansal:2000,
	Abstract = {Before phototransduction, spontaneous activity in the developing mammalian retina is required for the appropriate patterning of retinothalamic connections, and there is growing evidence that this activity influences the development of circuits within the retina itself. We demonstrate here that the neural substrate that generates waves in the mouse retina develops through three distinct stages. First, between embryonic day 16 and birth [postnatal day 0 (P0)], we observed both large, propagating waves inhibited by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists and small clusters of cells displaying nonpropagating, correlated calcium increases that were independent of nAChR activation. Second, between P0 and P11, we observed only larger propagating waves that were abolished by toxins specific to alpha3 and beta2 subunit-containing nAChRs. Third, between P11 and P14 (eye opening) we observed propagating activity that was abolished by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. The time course of this developmental shift was dramatically altered in retinas from mice lacking the beta2 nAChR subunit or the beta2 and beta4 subunits. These retinas exhibited a novel circuit at P0, no spontaneous correlated activity between P1 and P8, and the premature induction at P8 of an ionotropic glutamate receptor-based circuit. Retinas from postnatal mice lacking the alpha3 nAChR subunit exhibited spontaneous, correlated activity patterns that were similar to those observed in embryonic wild-type mice. In alpha3-/- and beta2-/- mice, the development and distribution of cholinergic neurons and processes and the density of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the gross segregation of their dendrites into ON and OFF sublaminae were normal. However, the refinement of individual RGC dendrites is delayed. These results indicate that retinal waves mediated by nAChRs are involved in, but not required for, the development of neural circuits that define the ON and OFF sublamina of the inner plexiform layer.},
	Author = {Bansal, A. and Singer, J. H. and Hwang, B. J. and Xu, W. and Beaudet, A. and Feller, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-31 18:57:07 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Fluorescent Dyes;Cell Differentiation;Protein Subunits;Animals;in vitro;Receptors, Glutamate;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;in vitro ;Reaction Time;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Biological Clocks;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Choline O-Acetyltransferase;Calcium;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Nicotinic Antagonists;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Mice;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Nicotinic;Retinal Ganglion Cells; retinal waves; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Synapse Formation and Function Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.},
	Pages = {7672-81},
	Pii = {20/20/7672},
	Pubmed = {11027228},
	Title = {Mice lacking specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits exhibit dramatically altered spontaneous activity patterns and reveal a limited role for retinal waves in forming ON and OFF circuits in the inner retina},
	Uuid = {A9B23576-4C32-4166-A52E-23A59C724AE0},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Bansal_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Baraban:1995,
	Abstract = {Prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) injection disrupts cell migration in developing rats. We investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from young MAMac-treated animals (postnatal days 25-35). In vitro intracellular recordings from CA1 cells in MAMac-treated tissue revealed resting membrane potential (mean, -61.5 +/- 1.5 mV), action potential amplitude (mean, 69 +/- 3.1 mV), action potential duration (mean, 2.1 +/- 0.2 ms), input resistance (mean, 51.5 +/- 3.6 M omega) and time constant (mean, 33.2 +/- 1.2 ms) similar to those of CA1 cells from control tissue. However, MAMac-treated tissue could be distinguished as having a higher percentage of cells (62\%vs. 10\%) which fire a burst of action potentials in response to suprathreshold current injection. The synaptic responses of CA1 cells in MAMac-treated and control tissue were comparable. The CA1 field response to stimulation was also comparable at all stimulus intensities tested (50-1500 microA). Elevation of extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o) from 3 mM to 6 mM resulted in epileptiform discharge activity in response to stratum radiatum stimulation in all MAMac-treated slices (10/10) but in only one-third of controls (3/9). Spontaneous epileptiform discharges were also observed in the majority (8/13) of MAMac-treated slices bathed in 6 mM KCl but in no controls. These data suggest that MAMac treatment during fetal development not only disrupts normal anatomical organization but also leads to alterations in electrophysiological features of the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell region. As such, the MAMac model may provide insights into early onset seizure syndromes associated with developmental abnormalities.},
	Author = {Baraban, S. C. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Animals;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Cell Movement;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Microcephaly;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Pyramidal Cells;Potassium Chloride;Male;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {96274902},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {145-56},
	Pii = {0920121195000453},
	Pubmed = {8777901},
	Title = {Electrophysiology of CA1 pyramidal neurons in an animal model of neuronal migration disorders: prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment},
	Uuid = {CD72D2E1-0156-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1995.pdf}}

@article{Baraban:1996,
	Abstract = {Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) is a potent teratogenic agent which can produce ectopic cell placement in developing rat brains. In the present study, we evaluated (i) whether prenatal exposure to MAMac results in a lowered seizure threshold to flurothyl and (ii) if there is a correlation between the number of ectopic cells in MAMac-exposed hippocampus and flurothyl-induced seizure latency. In 60 day old (P60) rats exposed to MAMac in utero, the latencies to myoclonic jerk (173 +/- 2.3 s) and forelimb clonus (215 +/- 4.6 s) were significantly shorter than those of controls (200 +/- 6.9 s and 238 +/- 8.8 s, respectively). MAMac also increased the proportion of flurothyl-treated rats that progressed from bilateral forelimb clonus to generalized tonic-clonic seizures (control: 33\%; MAMac: 91\%). Shorter seizure latencies were associated with an increased number of ectopic pyramidal cells in region CA1/CA2. These results suggest seizure susceptibility is enhanced in an animal model (MAMac) characterized by abnormal neuronal migration.},
	Author = {Baraban, S. C. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:35:04 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Pregnancy;Animals;Rats;Seizures;Myoclonus;Female;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Male;Teratogens;10 genetics malformation;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic;Convulsants;Mice;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Flurothyl},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery/Physiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. bara\@tt.washington.edu},
	Pages = {189-94},
	Pii = {0920121195000941},
	Pubmed = {8739122},
	Title = {Flurothyl seizure susceptibility in rats following prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment},
	Uuid = {3FEB1774-8A61-42D0-9384-AE2B40D97887},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}}

@article{Baraban:2000,
	Abstract = {Cortical disorganization represents one of the major clinical findings in many children with medically intractable epilepsy. To study the relationship between seizure propensity and abnormal cortical structure, we have begun to characterize an animal model exhibiting aberrant neuronal clusters (heterotopia) and disruption of cortical lamination. In this model, exposing rats in utero to the DNA methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM; embryonic day 15) disrupts the sequence of normal brain development. In MAM-exposed rats, cells in hippocampal heterotopia exhibit neuronal morphology and do not stain with immunohistochemical markers for glia. In hippocampal slices from MAM-exposed animals, extracellular field recordings within heterotopia suggest that these dysplastic cell clusters make synaptic connections locally (i.e. within the CA1 hippocampal subregion) and also make aberrant synaptic contact with neocortical cells. Slice perfusion with bicuculline or 4-aminopyridine leads to epileptiform activity in dysplastic cell clusters that can occur independent of input from CA3. Taken together, our findings suggest that neurons within regions of abnormal hippocampal organization are capable of independent epileptiform activity generation, and can project abnormal discharge to a broad area of neocortex, as well as hippocampus.},
	Author = {Baraban, S. C. and Wenzel, H. J. and Hochman, D. W. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Brain Diseases;Bicuculline;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Convulsants;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;4-Aminopyridine;Choristoma;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20221047},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. baraban\@itsa.ucsf.edu},
	Pages = {87-102},
	Pii = {S0920121199001047},
	Pubmed = {10759297},
	Title = {Characterization of heterotopic cell clusters in the hippocampus of rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol in utero},
	Uuid = {C0B26BF7-F1F2-48EB-903C-19B689F2551F},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Baraban:1997,
	Abstract = {A variety of neurological complications has been reported in infants exposed to cocaine during gestation. In the present study, intrinsic cell properties of hippocampal neurons from CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were measured and compared in tissue from neonatal rats exposed to saline or cocaine in utero. Synaptic properties of the CA1 pyramidal cell region were analyzed at postnatal day (P) 20 with the use of extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. In vitro intracellular recordings (n = 223) obtained at P10, P15 and P20 in tissue from cocaine- and saline-exposed animals revealed no differences in standard cell properties such as resting membrane potential, input resistance, time constant, and action potential amplitude or duration. Hippocampal slices from cocaine-exposed animals exhibited a marked reduction of spike frequency adaptation for all three types of principal hippocampal neurons (e.g., CA1, CA3, and granule cells). The amplitudes of afterhyperpolarizations following a spike train were also decreased in CA1 and CA3 cells in tissue from cocaine-exposed animals. Extracellular and intracellular recordings in the CA1 pyramidal cell region at P20 were obtained to assess and compare synaptic function in tissue from cocaine- and saline-exposed animals. In hippocampal slices from cocaine-exposed animals, synaptic responses in the CA1 region were characterized by multiple population spike activity and reduced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The reduction in fast inhibitory postsynaptic potential conductance was not associated with a change in reversal potential. These results suggest that gestational cocaine exposure induces significant changes in intrinsic and synaptic electrophysiological properties of hippocampal neurons in the developing animal. The cell and synaptic features are consistent with an increase in hippocampal excitability, which may contribute to the neurobehavioral deficits and epileptogenic predisposition reported in this infant population. As such, this in utero drug exposure model may provide a useful system in which to elucidate and study the basic cellular mechanisms underlying neurological complications associated with maternal cocaine abuse.},
	Author = {Baraban, S. C. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Narcotics;Pregnancy;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Extracellular Space;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cocaine;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {97171309},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {126-36},
	Pubmed = {9120553},
	Title = {Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the developing hippocampus: intrinsic and synaptic physiology},
	Uuid = {61DA9708-B85C-4D26-AB6C-35150D37143D},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Baraban_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}}




@article{Barkovich:1994,
	Abstract = {The "band heterotopia" or "double cortex" is a brain anomaly that is presumed to result from a premature arrest of neuronal migration. Patients with this anomaly are reported to have a variable clinical course that has been, heretofore, unpredictable. The clinical records and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of 27 patients with band heterotopia were retrospectively reviewed in an attempt to determine whether imaging findings are useful in predicting clinical outcome of affected patients. Statistical analyses revealed the following correlations: (1) severity of T2 prolongation in the brain with motor delay (p = 0.03); (2) degree of ventricular enlargement with the age of seizure onset (p = 0.04), and with development and intelligence (p = 0.04); (3) severity of pachygyria with the age of seizure onset (p = 0.01), seizure type (p = 0.03), and an abnormal neurologic examination (p = 0.002); (4) parietal involvement with delayed speech development (p = 0.05); (5) occipital involvement with age of seizure onset (p = 0.006); (6) age of seizure onset with development and intelligence (p = 0.03) and with an abnormal neurologic examination (p = 0.04); and (7) severity of the pachygyria and thickness of band with development of symptomatic generalized epilepsy (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (p = 0.002 and p = 0.01, respectively).},
	Author = {Barkovich, A. J. and Guerrini, R. and Battaglia, G. and Kalifa, G. and N'Guyen, T. and Parmeggiani, A. and Santucci, M. and Giovanardi-Rossi, P. and Granata, T. and D'Incerti, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Language Development Disorders;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Motor Activity;Child, Preschool;Humans;Female;Epilepsy;Infant;Child;Brain Diseases;Male;Intelligence;Developmental Disabilities;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Cortex;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628.},
	Pages = {609-17},
	Pubmed = {7524438},
	Title = {Band heterotopia: correlation of outcome with magnetic resonance imaging parameters},
	Uuid = {D3C3EBD5-AB59-46EC-9FDC-EB9961248BA9},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410360409}}

@article{Barkovich:1996,
	Abstract = {Neuroimaging is playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of patients with malformations of cerebral cortical development. In this review, the authors address optimal neuroimaging of cortical malformations using x-ray computed tomography, single-photon-emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Initially, the authors discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the various imaging techniques. This is followed by a discussion of the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of several different imaging manifestations of focal malformations of cortical development, including polymicrogyria, focal subcortical heterotopia, schizencephaly, focally thickened gyri, focally irregular gyri, hemimegalencephaly, and transmural dysplasia. The authors intend that, after reading this review, the reader will have a better understanding of the optimal neuroimaging techniques for evaluating these malformations and their many neuroimaging appearances.},
	Author = {Barkovich, A. J. and Kuzniecky, R. I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0736-0258},
	Journal = {J Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Tomography, X-Ray Computed;10 genetics malformation;Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon;Humans;Tomography, Emission-Computed;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8506708},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0628, USA.},
	Pages = {481-94},
	Pubmed = {8978620},
	Title = {Neuroimaging of focal malformations of cortical development},
	Uuid = {28B43954-CB21-4A9B-AD33-DDFB8330646D},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Barkovich:1996a,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the cerebral cortex are being recognized more frequently as a cause of epilepsy, developmental delay, neurological deficits, and mental retardation. Nonetheless, a standard nomenclature and classification system of these malformations, based upon state-of-the art knowledge derived from genetics, embryology, imaging, and pathology, has not been devised. In this manuscript, we propose such a classification system. Moreover, we have constructed the system such that both the framework and the classifications themselves are flexible and can be adapted as our knowledge of the embryology, genetics, imaging, and pathology of these disorders advances. We believe that the use of this classification system will help both clinicians and researchers to understand and think about these disorders and their causes better. In turn, we hope that this improved understanding will lead to further refinements in classification, to advances in our knowledge and, ultimately, to improvements in therapy.},
	Author = {Barkovich, A. J. and Kuzniecky, R. I. and Dobyns, W. B. and Jackson, G. D. and Becker, L. E. and Evrard, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0174-304X},
	Journal = {Neuropediatrics},
	Keywords = {Prognosis;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Chromosome Aberrations;10 Development;Infant;Chromosome Disorders;Diagnostic Imaging;10 genetics malformation;Congenital Abnormalities;Brain Damage, Chronic;Terminology as Topic;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Infant, Newborn},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8101187},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, USA.},
	Pages = {59-63},
	Pubmed = {8737819},
	Title = {A classification scheme for malformations of cortical development},
	Uuid = {6AFFA85D-FFCD-46AB-A84D-9DB7102B46F7},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Barkovich:1989,
	Abstract = {Five patients with a continuous band of heterotopic neurons between the lateral ventricles and the cerebral cortex are described. All patients presented with intractable seizures and moderate-to-severe developmental delay. The identification of this anomaly is difficult because of its symmetry and the minimal abnormality of the gyral pattern of the cortex. The possible embryogenesis of the anomaly is discussed. The identification of these band heterotopias is important because of the intractable nature of the seizure disorder and the poor prognosis for the patient.},
	Author = {Barkovich, A. J. and Jackson, D. E. and Boyer, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0033-8419},
	Journal = {Radiology},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Humans;Seizures;comparative study;Female;Child;Cell Movement;Tomography, X-Ray Computed;Brain Neoplasms;Male;Cerebral Ventricles;Developmental Disabilities;10 genetics malformation;Neurons;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0401260},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Radiology, Letterman Army Medical Center, Presidio of San Francisco.},
	Pages = {455-8},
	Pubmed = {2468173},
	Title = {Band heterotopias: a newly recognized neuronal migration anomaly},
	Uuid = {287C38FC-1597-4F27-8B3F-A8EB4F19C69A},
	Volume = {171},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Barkovich:1992,
	Abstract = {Magnetic resonance (MR) images and clinical records of 20 patients with gray matter heterotopias were retrospectively reviewed to correlate MR characteristics of the heterotopias with clinical findings. On the basis of the MR images, patients were divided into three groups: those with subependymal heterotopias (eight patients), focal subcortical gray matter heterotopias (six patients), and diffuse subcortical heterotopias (six patients). Patients with subependymal heterotopias had a significantly higher prevalence of normal development than patients in the other two groups (P = .02). When all patients with gray matter heterotopias were considered, patients with thick heterotopias and those with overlying cortical gyral anomalies, which correlated with one another, had a significantly higher prevalence of developmental delay (P = .002). Patients with thick focal gray matter heterotopias had a substantially increased prevalence of motor dysfunction. In three cases, gray matter heterotopias were associated with infoldings of dysplastic cortex containing blood vessels or cerebrospinal fluid. If not properly analyzed, these anomalies can be mistaken for vascular or cystic tumors.},
	Author = {Barkovich, A. J. and Kjos, B. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0033-8419},
	Journal = {Radiology},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Child, Preschool;Humans;Seizures;Middle Aged;Paralysis;Brain;Child;Infant;Brain Neoplasms;Speech;Neurologic Examination;Intelligence;10 genetics malformation;Retrospective Studies;Cognition;Adult;Psychomotor Performance;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Adolescent},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0401260},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628.},
	Pages = {493-9},
	Pubmed = {1732969},
	Title = {Gray matter heterotopias: MR characteristics and correlation with developmental and neurologic manifestations},
	Uuid = {76311E45-AFDE-452F-BE73-F07D9E52B530},
	Volume = {182},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Barna:2000,
	Abstract = {The effect of GYKI-52466 (1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine), a selective antagonist of AMPA receptor was investigated on the generation and manifestation of 4-aminopyridine-induced cortical epileptiform activity. In vivo experiments were carried out on pentobarbital-anaesthetised adult rats. Ictal epileptiform activity was induced by local application of 4-aminopyridine (4-Ap) to the surface of somatosensory cortex. In one group of animals, GYKI 52466 was administered intraperitoneally before 4-Ap application, in another group, the already active primary focus was treated locally by GYKI 52466. Different parameters of epileptic activity were measured and compared in GYKI 52466-treated and control animals. The results demonstrate that GYKI 52466 exerts anticonvulsive effects on both the induction and the expression of epileptiform activity, by delaying the onset of the first ictal event, decreasing the numbers and duration of ictal periods, as well as the amplitudes of epileptiform discharges both in the primary and mirror foci. However, seizure propagation to other cortical areas seemed to be facilitated. The anticonvulsive effect of GYKI 52466 was stronger in pretreatment than in treatment of ongoing epileptiform activity. As a conclusion, it is supposed that AMPA receptors are probably more dominant in the induction of epileptiform activity than in the maintenance of it, mainly through the activation of corticothalamo-cortical networks. It is also supposed that the cortical inhibition which blocks the propagation of epileptiform process might be activated mainly through non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.},
	Author = {Barna, B. and Sz{\'a}sz, A. and Vil{\'a}gi, I. and Szente, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0361-9230},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Keywords = {Anti-Anxiety Agents;Anticonvulsants;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Time Factors;Male;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;4-Aminopyridine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Benzodiazepines;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20181444},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7605818},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Comparative Physiology, J{\'o}zsef Attila University, Szged, Hungary.},
	Pages = {241-8},
	Pii = {S0361923099002245},
	Pubmed = {10718516},
	Title = {Anticonvulsive effect of AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 on 4-aminopyridine-induced cortical ictal activity in rat},
	Uuid = {AF62FE40-367E-4C62-AE5E-B96C8E871253},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Barnea:2004,
	Author = {Barnea, G. and O'Donnell, S. and Mancia, F. and Sun, X. and Nemes, A. and Mendelsohn, M. and Axel, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:41 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Olfactory Mucosa;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;Dendrites;Immunoblotting;Immunohistochemistry;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Olfactory Bulb;Gene Targeting;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice;Receptors, Odorant;Axons},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5676},
	Organization = {Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {1468},
	Pii = {304/5676/1468},
	Pubmed = {15178793},
	Title = {Odorant receptors on axon termini in the brain},
	Uuid = {2897EA0B-7456-4997-A3D9-BC5236579D49},
	Volume = {304},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Barnea_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096146}}






@article{Barth:1991,
	Abstract = {This review directly addresses the appropriateness of the dipole model as a physical representation of neocortical sources produced by evoked and spontaneous epileptiform activity in neocortex. Three dimensional electrical measurements of cellular currents in rat sensory neocortex are compared to the extracranial magnetic fields these currents produce. Comparisons are performed for the direct cortical response (DCR) evoked by electrical stimulation of the cortical surface, and for evoked and spontaneous interictal and ictal discharge of the penicillin focus in the same animal preparation. Our data support the hypothesis that evoked and epileptiform magnetic fields result from intradendritic currents oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface. Furthermore, magnetic fields can be detected from epileptic foci smaller than 3 x 3 mm2. This work provides an empirical foundation for physical models with which to interpret noninvasive neuromagnetic recordings of epileptic discharge in human focal seizure disorders. The dipole approximation appears to be appropriate for the interpretation of magnetic field phenomena in neocortex.},
	Author = {Barth, D. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-0267},
	Journal = {Brain Topogr},
	Keywords = {Magnetoencephalography;Epilepsies, Partial;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Brain Mapping;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {92172674},
	Nlm_Id = {8903034},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.},
	Pages = {85-93},
	Pubmed = {1793692},
	Title = {Empirical comparison of the MEG and EEG: animal models of the direct cortical response and epileptiform activity in neocortex},
	Uuid = {F0241DFD-A8ED-4775-9F66-A05614474BBA},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Barth:1993,
	Abstract = {In this review, we present animal studies that evaluate the appropriateness of the dipole model as a physical representation of neocortical sources produced by evoked and spontaneous epileptiform activity in neocortex. Three-dimensional electrical measurements of cellular currents in rat sensory neocortex are compared to associated extracranial magnetic fields. Comparisons are performed for the direct cortical response evoked by electrical stimulation of the cortical surface, and for evoked and spontaneous interictal and ictal discharge of the penicillin focus in the same animal preparation. These data support the hypothesis that evoked and epileptiform magnetic fields result from intradendritic currents oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface. Furthermore, magnetic fields can be detected from epileptic foci smaller than 3 x 3 mm2. Results from animal studies are then used as an empirical foundation for physical models with which to interpret noninvasive neuromagnetic recordings of epileptic discharge in human focal seizure disorders. Examples are presented in which the spatial and temporal distribution of extracranial magnetic fields produced by interictal events in humans may be adequately represented by multiple dipolar sources.},
	Author = {Barth, D. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0736-0258},
	Journal = {J Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Magnetoencephalography;Electroencephalography;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {93210163},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8506708},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.},
	Pages = {99-107},
	Pubmed = {8458999},
	Title = {The neurophysiological basis of epileptiform magnetic fields and localization of neocortical sources},
	Uuid = {BD5909DA-35E1-4842-A1F0-1AC0E4219738},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Barton:2002,
	Abstract = {Three reports on mammalian brain evolution analyse the same comparative data on brain component volumes but come to partially conflicting conclusions. Clark et al. conclude from their analysis of volumetric brain proportions ("cerebro-types") that cerebellum size is invariant across mammalian taxonomic groups, the neocortex and cerebellum do not co-vary in size (in contradiction to ref. 1), and cerebrotype-based measures identify directional changes in brain architecture. Here I provide evidence that calls each of these conclusions into question. The failure of the cerebrotype measure to identify species differences in brain architecture that are independent of gross brain size undermines the proposal by Clark et al. that it could be useful for detecting evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic relationships. 0028-0836 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Barton, R. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Cerebellum/anatomy &histology;Models, Neurological;Mammals;*Brain/anatomy &histology;Neocortex/anatomy &histology;N;*Evolution;Animals;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {6868},
	Organization = {Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, UK. r.a.barton\@durham.ac.uk},
	Pages = {134-5},
	Pubmed = {11805823},
	Title = {How did brains evolve?},
	Uuid = {9AAAB17C-72BB-4A4A-B8D0-015004CF3D67},
	Volume = {415},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11805823}}

@article{Basarsky:1998,
	Abstract = {Spreading depression (SD) was analyzed in hippocampal and neocortical brain slices by imaging intrinsic optical signals in combination with either simultaneous electrophysiological recordings or imaging of intracellular calcium dynamics. The goal was to determine the roles of intracellular calcium (Ca2+int) waves in the generation and propagation of SD. Imaging of intrinsic optical signals in the hippocampus showed that ouabain consistently induced SD, which characteristically started in the CA1 region, propagated at 15-35 micrometer/sec, and traversed across the hippocampal fissure to the dentate gyrus. In the dendritic regions of both CA1 and the dentate gyrus, SD caused a transient increase in light transmittance, characterized by both a rapid onset and a rapid recovery. In contrast, in the cell body regions the transmittance increase was prolonged. Simultaneous imaging of intracellular calcium and intrinsic optical signals revealed that a slow Ca2+int increase preceded any change in transmittance. Additionally, a wave of increased Ca2+int typically propagated many seconds ahead of the change in transmittance. These calcium increases were also observed in individual astrocytes injected with calcium orange, indicating that Ca2+int waves were normally associated with SD. However, when hippocampal slices were incubated in calcium-free/EGTA external solutions, SD was still observed, although Ca2+int waves were completely abolished. Under these conditions SD had a comparable peak increase in transmittance but a slower onset and a faster recovery. These results demonstrate that although there are calcium dynamics associated with SD, these increases are not necessary for the initiation or propagation of spreading depression.},
	Author = {Basarsky, T. A. and Duffy, S. N. and Andrew, R. D. and MacVicar, B. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Ouabain;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Enzyme Inhibitors;21 Neurophysiology;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Hippocampus;Astrocytes;Rats;Calcium;Neocortex;Organ Culture Techniques;Animals;Brain Chemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Optics;Spreading Cortical Depression},
	Medline = {98409769},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1.},
	Pages = {7189-99},
	Pubmed = {9736642},
	Title = {Imaging spreading depression and associated intracellular calcium waves in brain slices},
	Uuid = {E6DCEEA0-F3CD-4C5A-AFC3-3A721248374F},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Bassett:2006,
	Abstract = {Brain function depends on adaptive self-organization of large-scale neural assemblies, but little is known about quantitative network parameters governing these processes in humans. Here, we describe the topology and synchronizability of frequency-specific brain functional networks using wavelet decomposition of magnetoencephalographic time series, followed by construction and analysis of undirected graphs. Magnetoencephalographic data were acquired from 22 subjects, half of whom performed a finger-tapping task, whereas the other half were studied at rest. We found that brain functional networks were characterized by small-world properties at all six wavelet scales considered, corresponding approximately to classical delta (low and high), , alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Global topological parameters (path length, clustering) were conserved across scales, most consistently in the frequency range 2-37 Hz, implying a scale-invariant or fractal small-world organization. Dynamical analysis showed that networks were located close to the threshold of order/disorder transition in all frequency bands. The highest-frequency gamma network had greater synchronizability, greater clustering of connections, and shorter path length than networks in the scaling regime of (lower) frequencies. Behavioral state did not strongly influence global topology or synchronizability; however, motor task performance was associated with emergence of long-range connections in both beta and gamma networks. Long-range connectivity, e.g., between frontal and parietal cortex, at high frequencies during a motor task may facilitate sensorimotor binding. Human brain functional networks demonstrate a fractal small-world architecture that supports critical dynamics and task-related spatial reconfiguration while preserving global topological parameters.},
	Author = {Bassett, Danielle S. and Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas and Achard, Sophie and Duke, Thomas and Bullmore, Edward},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {51},
	Organization = {*Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {19518-23},
	Pii = {0606005103},
	Pubmed = {17159150},
	Title = {From the Cover: Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal small-world human brain functional networks},
	Uuid = {1C74D926-DD10-4B6A-88EB-D9DF52272823},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606005103}}

@article{Bast:2007,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate differences between EEG and MEG analysis of early somatosensory evoked activity in patients with focal epilepsies in localizing eloquent areas of the somatosensory cortex. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (12 male, 13 female; age 4-25 years, mean 11.7 years) were included. Syndromes were classified as symptomatic in 17, idiopathic in 2 and cryptogenic in 6 cases. 10 patients presented with malformations of cortical development (MCD). 122 channel MEG and simultaneous 33-channel EEG were recorded during tactile stimulation of the thumb (sampling rate 769 Hz, band-pass 0.3-260 Hz). Forty-four hemispheres were analyzed. Hemispheres were classified as type I: normal (15), II: central structural lesion (16), III: no lesion, but central epileptic discharges (ED, 8), IV: lesion or ED outside the central region (5). Analysis of both sides including one normal and one type II or III hemisphere was possible in 15 patients. Recordings were repeated in 18 hemispheres overall. Averaged data segments were filtered (10-250 Hz) and analyzed off-line with BESA. Latencies and amplitudes of N20 and P30 were analyzed. A regional source was fitted for localizing S1 by MRI co-registration. Orientation of EEG N20 was calculated from a single dipole model. RESULTS: EEG and MEG lead to comparable good results in all normal hemispheres. Only EEG detected N20/P30 in 3 hemispheres of types II/III while MEG showed no signal. N20 dipoles had a more radial orientation in these cases. MEG added information in one hemisphere, when EEG source analysis of a clear N20 was not possible because of a low signal-to-noise ratio. Overall N20 dipoles had a more radial orientation in type II when compared to type I hemispheres (p=0.01). Further N20/P30 parameters (amplitudes, latencies, localization related to central sulcus) showed no significant differences between affected and normal hemispheres. Early somatosensory evoked activity was preserved within the visible lesion in 5 of the 10 patients with MCD. CONCLUSIONS: MEG should be combined with EEG when analyzing tactile evoked activities in hemispheres with a central structural lesion or ED focus. SIGNIFICANCE: At time, MEG analysis is frequently applied without simultaneous EEG. Our results clearly show that EEG may be superior under specific circumstances and combination is necessary when analyzing activity from anatomically altered cortex.},
	Author = {Bast, T. and Wright, T. and Boor, R. and Harting, I. and Feneberg, R. and Rupp, A. and Hoechstetter, K. and Rating, D. and Baumg{\"a}rtner, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1388-2457},
	Journal = {Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Touch;Magnetoencephalography;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Child, Preschool;Humans;Female;Child;Physical Stimulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;evaluation studies;Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {100883319},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, INF 150, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Thomas\_Bast\@med.uni-heidelberg.de},
	Pages = {1721-35},
	Pii = {S1388-2457(07)00196-4},
	Pubmed = {17572142},
	Title = {Combined EEG and MEG analysis of early somatosensory evoked activity in children and adolescents with focal epilepsies},
	Uuid = {5E2042F4-E453-48D0-8A3E-3ACA4A2C4A4F},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.03.037}}




@article{Bathellier:2006,
	Abstract = {Optical imaging techniques offer powerful solutions to capture brain networks processing in animals, especially when activity is distributed in functionally distinct spatial domains. Despite the progress in imaging techniques, the standard analysis procedures and statistical assessments for this type of data are still limited. In this paper, we perform two in vivo non-invasive optical recording techniques in the mouse olfactory bulb, using a genetically expressed activity reporter fluorescent protein (synaptopHfluorin) and intrinsic signals of the brain. For both imaging techniques, we show that the odour-triggered signals can be accurately parameterized using linear models. Fitting the models allows us to extract odour specific signals with a reduced level of noise compared to standard methods. In addition, the models serve to evaluate statistical significance, using a wavelet-based framework that exploits spatial correlation at different scales. We propose an extension of this framework to extract activation patterns at specific wavelet scales. This method is especially interesting to detect the odour inputs that segregate on the olfactory bulb in small spherical structures called glomeruli. Interestingly, with proper selection of wavelet scales, we can isolate significantly activated glomeruli and thus determine the odour map in an automated manner. Comparison against manual detection of glomeruli shows the high accuracy of the proposed method. Therefore, beyond the advantageous alternative to the existing treatments of optical imaging signals in general, our framework propose an interesting procedure to dissect brain activation patterns on multiple scales with statistical control.},
	Author = {Bathellier, and Van De Ville, and Blu, and Unser, and Carleton,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1053-8119},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9215515},
	Organization = {Flavour Perception Group, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne, (EPFL), CH-1015, Switzerland; Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne, (EPFL), CH-1015, Switzerland.},
	Pii = {S1053-8119(06)01074-3},
	Pubmed = {17185002},
	Title = {Wavelet-based multi-resolution statistics for optical imaging signals: Application to automated detection of odour activated glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {4D975E73-5A51-4F23-A2AD-7BDD026C3BD0},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.038}}


@article{Battaglia:1997,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: We studied 17 patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) to further investigate the electroclinical pictures and semiology of the associated seizures. METHODS: PNH was diagnosed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patients' clinical and familial histories were carefully analyzed, and their electroclinical features and course of epilepsy followed for periods ranging from 10 months to 22 years. The electroclinical data were compared with those of previously reported PNH cases. RESULTS: The patients were subdivided into those with bilateral (7) and unilateral (10) PNH. The former were mainly characterized by structural abnormalities in the posterior cerebral fossa and multiple seizure types; the latter were characterized by the paratrigonal location of the malformation and, frequently, by elementary seizures with a visual or auditory onset. Focal seizures were drug resistant in most cases. The interictal EEG abnormalities were always focal and consistent with the location of the PNH. A previously unreported photic driving of posterior background activity was observed in all patients and was always consistent with the PNH location. CONCLUSIONS: Our present findings and previously reported data show that bilateral and unilateral PNH cases are different in their morphological and electroclinical features and may be determined by different etiologies. The female predominance, frequent familial occurrence, and positive family history for epilepsy suggest that genetic factors may be involved in the genesis of bilateral and symmetrical PNH, whereas the presence of prenatal risk factors and its location in the watershed paratrigonal area suggest that vascular mechanisms may determine unilateral PNH.},
	Author = {Battaglia, G. and Granata, T. and Farina, L. and D'Incerti, L. and Franceschetti, S. and Avanzini, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Humans;Middle Aged;Age of Onset;Functional Laterality;Brain;Female;Epilepsy;Sex Factors;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Neurologic Examination;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.},
	Pages = {1173-82},
	Pubmed = {9579917},
	Title = {Periventricular nodular heterotopia: epileptogenic findings},
	Uuid = {15539F3B-CFCA-4FA7-96DD-D899120B7C3E},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Battaglia_Epilepsia1997.pdf}}

@article{Battaglia:1996,
	Abstract = {Despite the increasing number of patients affected by neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) recently diagnosed in vivo by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), few detailed data on the correlation between the neuroradiological and the anatomical features in the single NMD case are available. The present paper reports a combined cytoarchitectural and immunocytochemical analysis, by means of antisera recognizing specific neuronal and glial markers, of three MRI diagnosed NMD patients surgically treated for the relief of intractable seizures. The first case was a giant subcortical nodular heterotopia of morphologically normal neurons lacking any type of cortical lamination. The second case was a layered polymicrogyria with an abnormal amount of ectopic neurons in the underlying white matter. The third case was a focal cortical dysplasia characterized by a dramatic disruption of the normal cortical layering associated with marked cytological abnormalities. The present data demonstrate that the macroscopical and microscopical brain abnormalities can be markedly different in different NMD subtypes, and suggest that different anatomical substrates can underlie the intrinsic hyperexcitability of these brain malformations. The relevance of further prospective clinico-morphological studies for a better understanding of the mechanisms determining the development of these brain malformations is underlined.},
	Author = {Battaglia, G. and Arcelli, P. and Granata, T. and Selvaggio, M. and Andermann, F. and Dubeau, F. and Olivier, A. and Tampieri, D. and Villemure, J. G. and Avoli, M. and Avanzini, G. and Spreafico, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neuroglia;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Female;Immunohistochemistry;21 Epilepsy;Choristoma;Humans;Male;Immune Sera;Neurons;case reports},
	Medline = {97138662},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.},
	Pages = {49-58},
	Pii = {S0920121196000393},
	Pubmed = {8985686},
	Title = {Neuronal migration disorders and epilepsy: a morphological analysis of three surgically treated patients},
	Uuid = {1FAFEC44-D5B2-40E6-9DDD-CD156D2C0A66},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1996}}


@article{Baude:2007,
	Abstract = {Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons synchronize cortical neurons through gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) synapses. Three types of PV-containing interneurons populate stratum pyramidale of the hippocampal CA1 area: basket cells targeting somata and proximal dendrites, axoaxonic cells innervating axon initial segments, and bistratified cells targeting the dendrites of pyramidal cells. We tested whether this axonal specialization is accompanied by a differential expression of molecules involved in neuronal signaling. Immunofluorescence evaluation of interneurons labeled by neurobiotin in vivo shows that axoaxonic cells express significantly less GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit in the plasma membrane than basket and bistratified cells. Electron microscopic immunogold labeling reveals that this subunit contributes heavily to extrasynaptic receptors providing a substrate for tonic inhibition. Results from additional immunofluorescence experiments were consistent with the finding that only bistratified cells express the neuropeptide somatostatin. From the molecular profiles, we estimate that basket, bistratified, and axoaxonic cells represent about 60\%, 25\%, and 15\%, respectively, of PV-containing cells in CA1 stratum pyramidale. In addition, all 3 interneuron classes form connexin36-immunopositive dendrodendritic gap junctions. The differential expression of signaling molecules and the relative frequency of cells reflect the specialized temporal contribution of the 3 types of PV-positive interneurons to GABA release in the network.},
	Author = {Baude, Agn\`{e}s and Bleasdale, Catherine and Dalezios, Yannis and Somogyi, Peter and Klausberger, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Microscopy, Confocal;Fluorescent Antibody Technique;Axons;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Connexins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Pyramidal Tracts;Male;Receptors, GABA-A;Somatostatin;Peroxidase;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.},
	Pages = {2094-107},
	Pii = {bhl117},
	Pubmed = {17122364},
	Title = {Immunoreactivity for the GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit, somatostatin and Connexin36 distinguishes axoaxonic, basket, and bistratified interneurons of the rat hippocampus},
	Uuid = {FCEB5579-C5CB-41CB-BD65-87C732FE48AC},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Baude_CerebCortex2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl117}}





@article{Bavister:1988,
	Abstract = {Construction details are described for a minichamber device that maintains a localized atmosphere of carbon dioxide in air over the stage of an inverted microscope. This device is easily constructed from Plexiglas and its specifications can be adjusted to fit virtually any inverted microscope. A flow of warm, humidified carbon dioxide in air gas mixture can be directed over a petri dish or unsealed culture flask to maintain the pH of bicarbonate-CO2 buffered media. By this means, prolonged culture of cells directly on the microscope stage is made possible without occurrence of detrimental pH changes. If the microscope is fitted with an environmental control chamber to maintain temperature, cells can be maintained on the microscope stage for days, permitting frequent observation of cell growth and activity. Alternatively, continuous cine or video recordings can be made. For example, using this device, hamster and rhesus monkey embryos have been cultured for 2 to 5 d on an inverted microscope while continuous time- lapse recordings were made of cell division and differentiation and activity of cellular organelles.},
	Author = {Bavister, B. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {In Vitro Cell Dev Biol},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Atmosphere;Macaca mulatta/embryology;Time Factors;Cells, Cultured/*physiology;T abstr;Animal;Hamsters/embryology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;*Carbon Dioxide;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Ectogenesis;Microscopy/*instrumentation},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.},
	Pages = {759-63.},
	Title = {A minichamber device for maintaining a constant carbon dioxide in air atmosphere during prolonged culture of cells on the stage of an inverted microscope},
	Uuid = {616D7C57-00A7-4115-8415-5C3E81654C20},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=3137208}}






@article{Bechmann:2000,
	Abstract = {Entorhinal lesion leads to anterograde degeneration of perforant path fibers in their main hippocampal termination zones. Subsequently, remaining fibers sprout and form new synapses on the denervated dendrites. This degeneration and reorganization is accompanied by sequential changes in glial morphology and function. Within a few hours following the lesion, amoeboid microglia migrate into the zone of denervation. Some hours later, signs of activation can be seen on astrocytes in the zone of denervation, where both cell types proliferate and remain in an activated state for more than two weeks. These activated glial cells might be involved in lesion-induced plasticity in at least two ways: (1) by releasing cytokines and growth factors which regulate layer-specific sprouting and (2) by phagocytosis of axonal debris, because myelin sheaths act as obstacles for sprouting fibers in the central nervous system. Whereas direct evidence for the former is still missing, the latter was investigated using phagocytosis-dependent labeling techniques. Both microglial cells and astrocytes incorporate axonal debris. Phagocytosing microglial cells develop the immune phenotype of antigen-presenting cells, whereas astrocytes strongly express FasL (CD95L), which induces apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. Thus, the interaction of glial cells with immune cells might be another, previously underestimated, aspect of reorganization following entorhinal lesion.},
	Author = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:17 -0400},
	Issn = {0077-8923},
	Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
	Keywords = {Brain Diseases;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neuroglia;Hippocampus;Neuronal Plasticity;Human;Not relevant;11 Glia;review, tutorial;Humans;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Entorhinal Cortex;review},
	Medline = {20369528},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7506858},
	Organization = {Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Humboldt-University Hospital Charit{\'e}, Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {192-206},
	Pubmed = {10911875},
	Title = {Involvement of non-neuronal cells in entorhinal-hippocampal reorganization following lesions},
	Uuid = {BCB4B0B6-B62E-486B-8048-F318F2BD32EC},
	Volume = {911},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Bechmann_AnnNYAcadSci2000.pdf}}













@article{Beg:2006,
	Author = {Beg, Asim A. and Scheiffele, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Synapses;comment;Rats;Phosphorylation;Brain;Hippocampus;RNA Interference;Calcium;10 circuit formation;Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins;Myogenic Regulatory Factors;Dendrites;Neurons;Cerebellum;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5763},
	Organization = {Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ab2516\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {962-3},
	Pii = {311/5763/962},
	Pubmed = {16484483},
	Title = {Neuroscience. SUMO wrestles the synapse},
	Uuid = {01D56082-FD9D-40A8-8EFD-73D7490FB897},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124541}}


@article{Behr:1998,
	Abstract = {Extracellular recordings were performed in combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HC-EC) slices obtained from control and commissural kindled rats to investigate the propagation of epileptiform activity from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the hippocampus (HC) after chronic epilepsy. Lowering extracellular Mg2+ concentration in control slices induced epileptiform activity consisting of spontaneous epileptiform bursts in area CA3 and of electrographic seizures in the EC. In contrast, the CA3 region of HC-EC slices obtained from kindled rats displayed significantly longer lasting epileptiform bursts and electrographic seizures. The electrographic seizures that were absent in controls propagated from the EC because disconnecting the HC from the EC stopped their occurrence in the CA3, whereas epileptiform bursts persisted with an unaltered pattern and frequency. Thus the area CA3 is affected by kindling and contributes to the spread of epileptiform activity within the EC-HC complex. We developed a method to induce focal epileptiform activity in the EC by locally perfusing the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA) antagonist bicuculline (50 mM) in 10 mM KCl containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid. This method enabled us to investigate the propagation of epileptiform discharges from the disinhibited EC to the DG without affecting the DG with the epileptogenic medium. We show here that kindling facilitates the propagation of epileptiform activity through the DG. These data are consistent with the normal function of the DG as a filter limiting the spread of epileptiform activity within the HC-EC complex. This gating mechanism breaks down after chronic epilepsy induced by kindling.},
	Author = {Behr, J. and Lyson, K. J. and Mody, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Dentate Gyrus;Rats, Wistar;Kindling (Neurology);In Vitro;Chronic Disease;Evoked Potentials;Animals;Entorhinal Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;GABA Antagonists;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {98204950},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Reed Neurological Research Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA.},
	Pages = {1726-32},
	Pubmed = {9535942},
	Title = {Enhanced propagation of epileptiform activity through the kindled dentate gyrus},
	Uuid = {2E217B37-2A74-413A-96B2-E028EBC30BC2},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Beierlein:2002,
	Abstract = {Sensory information reaches the cortex via thalamocortical (TC) synapses in layer 4. Thalamic relay neurons that mediate information flow to cortex operate in two distinct modes, tonic and burst firing. Burst firing has been implicated in enhancing reliability of information flow between individual neurons. However, little is known about how local networks of neocortical neurons respond to different temporal patterns of TC activity. We studied cortical activity patterns evoked by stimulating TC afferents at different frequencies, using a combination of electrophysiology and calcium imaging in TC slices that allowed for the reconstruction of spatiotemporal activity with single-cell resolution. Stimulation of TC axons at low frequencies triggered action potentials in only a small number of layer 4 neurons. In contrast, brief high-frequency stimulus trains triggered widespread recurrent activity in populations of neurons in layer 4 and then spread into adjacent layers 2/3 and 5. Recurrent activity had a clear threshold, typically lasted 300 msec, and could be evoked repetitively at frequencies up to 0.5 Hz. Moreover, the spatial extent of recurrent activity was controlled by the TC pattern of activity. Recurrent activity triggered within the highly interconnected networks of layer 4 might act to selectively amplify and redistribute transient high-frequency TC inputs, filter out low-frequency inputs, and temporarily preserve a record of past sensory activity.},
	Author = {Beierlein, Michael and Fall, Christopher P. and Rinzel, John and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;in vitro ;Reaction Time;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;Thalamus;21 Neurophysiology;Sensory Thresholds;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. mbeierlein\@hms.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {9885-94},
	Pii = {22/22/9885},
	Pubmed = {12427845},
	Title = {Thalamocortical bursts trigger recurrent activity in neocortical networks: layer 4 as a frequency-dependent gate},
	Uuid = {624DFFAF-11EF-4932-8F7E-AB87490FF6F0},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Beierlein:2006,
	Abstract = {Neurons release endocannabinoids from their dendrites to trigger changes in the probability of transmitter release. Although such retrograde signaling has been described for principal neurons, such as hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), it has not been demonstrated for local interneurons. Here we tested whether inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellum, stellate cells (SCs) and basket cells, regulate the strength of parallel fiber (PF) synapses by releasing endocannabinoids. We found that depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is present in both SCs and basket cells. The properties of retrograde inhibition were examined more thoroughly for SCs. Both DSE and synaptically evoked suppression of excitation (SSE) triggered with brief PF bursts require elevations of postsynaptic calcium, are blocked by a type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) antagonist, and are absent in mice lacking the CB1R. SSE for SCs is similar to that described previously for PCs in that it is prevented by BAPTA and DAG lipase inhibitors in the recording pipette; however, unlike in PCs, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in SSE for SCs. Although SCs express CB1Rs postsynaptically, neither high-frequency firing of SCs nor PF bursts lead to autocrine suppression of subsequent SC activity. Instead, PF bursts decrease the amplitude of disynaptic inhibition in PCs by evoking endocannabinoid release that transiently reduces the ability of PF synapses to trigger spikes in SCs. Thus, local interneurons within the cerebellum can release endocannabinoids through metabotropic glutamate receptor- and NMDAR-dependent mechanisms and contribute to use-dependent modulation of circuit properties.},
	Author = {Beierlein, Michael and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Piperidines;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Calcium Chloride;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Egtazic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Endocannabinoids;Lipoprotein Lipase;Cerebellar Cortex;Action Potentials;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Pyrazoles;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {39},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {9935-43},
	Pii = {26/39/9935},
	Pubmed = {17005857},
	Title = {Local interneurons regulate synaptic strength by retrograde release of endocannabinoids},
	Uuid = {26900215-F5BC-4C85-89BC-7B61343F92F6},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0958-06.2006}}

@article{Beierlein:2006a,
	Abstract = {Changes in synaptic strength during ongoing activity are often mediated by neuromodulators. At the synapse between cerebellar granule cell parallel fibers (PFs) and Purkinje cells (PCs), brief bursts of stimuli can evoke endocannabinoid release from PCs and GABA release from interneurons that both inhibit transmission by activating presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors. Studies in several brain regions suggest that synaptic activity can also evoke calcium signals in astrocytes, thereby causing them to release a transmitter, which acts presynaptically to regulate neurotransmitter release. In the cerebellum, Bergmann glia cells (BGs) are intimately associated with PF synapses. However, the mechanisms leading to calcium signals in BGs under physiological conditions and the role of BGs in regulating ongoing synaptic transmission are poorly understood. We found that brief bursts of PF activity evoke calcium signals in BGs that are triggered by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and purinergic receptors and mediated by calcium release from IP3-sensitive internal stores. We found no evidence for modulation of release from PFs mediated by BGs, even when endocannabinoid- and GABA-mediated presynaptic modulation was prominent. Thus, despite the fact that PF activation can reliably evoke calcium transients within BGs, it appears that BGs do not regulate synaptic transmission on the time scale of seconds to tens of seconds. Instead, endocannabinoid release from PCs and GABA release from molecular layer interneurons provide the primary means of feedback that dynamically regulate release from PF synapses.},
	Author = {Beierlein, Michael and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Nerve Fibers;Neuroglia;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Presynaptic Terminals;Rats;in vitro ;Signal Transduction;Calcium;Cerebellum;Electrophysiology;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Animals;Receptors, Purinergic P2;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {26},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {6958-67},
	Pii = {26/26/6958},
	Pubmed = {16807325},
	Title = {Brief bursts of parallel fiber activity trigger calcium signals in bergmann glia},
	Uuid = {DDAC3052-7FAD-4806-BD99-7AF36C7A53B1},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0613-06.2006}}


@article{Belenkov:1969,
	Author = {Belenkov, N. Y. and Chirkov, V. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-4694},
	Journal = {Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electric Conductivity;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Neural Conduction;Silver;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {70035687},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0375035},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {698-9},
	Pubmed = {4187388},
	Title = {The role of electrical conductivity in the spread of epileptiform activity in the cortex},
	Uuid = {19C9075A-864A-4D9B-99DE-A3D0708690D1},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {1969}}


@article{Belluscio:2002,
	Abstract = {The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates thousands of odorants using many different receptors expressed by sensory neurons in the nasal epithelium. Axonal projections from these neurons to the main olfactory bulbs form reproducible patterns of glomeruli in two widely separated regions of each bulb, creating two mirror-symmetric maps of odorant receptor projections. To investigate whether odorant receptors organize neural circuitry in the olfactory bulb, we have examined a genetically modified mouse line, rI7 -->M71, in which a functionally characterized receptor, rI7, has been substituted into the M71 receptor locus. Here we show that despite their ectopic location the resulting glomeruli are responsive to known ligands of the rI7 receptor, attract postsynaptic innervation by mitral/tufted cell dendrites, and endow these cells with responses that are characteristic of the rI7 receptor. External tufted cells receiving input from rI7 -->M71 glomeruli form precise intrabulbar projections that link medial and lateral rI7 -->M71 glomeruli anatomically, thus providing a substrate for coordinating isofunctional glomeruli. We conclude that odorant receptor identity in epithelial neurons determines not only glomerular convergence and function, but also functional circuitry in the olfactory bulb. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Belluscio, L. and Lodovichi, C. and Feinstein, P. and Mombaerts, P. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:41 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Olfactory Pathways/*physiology;Neurons, Afferent/physiology;Ligands;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Receptors, Odorant/genetics/*physiology;Epithelium/metabolism;I pdf;Mice, Transgenic;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Olfactory Bulb/*physiology;Electrophysiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Mice},
	Number = {6904},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. belluscl\@ninds.nih.gov},
	Pages = {296-300},
	Title = {Odorant receptors instruct functional circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {1585344D-C2C8-4798-B681-A1FFCCD650F2},
	Volume = {419},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Belluscio_Nature2002.pdf}}




@article{Ben-Ari:2005,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The polarity of action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) changes from inhibition to excitation in the developing brain and in epilepsies. This review deals with recent observations concerning the mechanisms and clinical implications of the shift in GABA's activity from inhibition to excitation. RECENT FINDINGS: GABAergic synapses provide most transmitter-gated inhibition and are the targets of numerous clinically active agents, notably antiepileptic drugs. In a wide range of brain structures and species, GABAergic synapses are excitatory during maturation because of a higher concentration of intracellular chloride. These findings suggest that activation of GABA synapses will excite foetal neurones while inhibiting those of the mother. In epilepsies, recurrent seizures also lead to an accumulation of chloride and an excitatory action of GABA. These observations have major implications for clinical practice and research. They suggest that use of benzodiazepines by pregnant mothers may lead to deleterious consequences when they are taken during the period when GABA is the main excitatory transmitter. Because neuronal activity alters important cell functions, including migration and morphogenesis, aberrant excessive excitation may lead to profound deleterious consequences. SUMMARY: In several physiological and pathological conditions, activation of GABAergic synapses excites neurones instead of producing classical inhibition. This shift, which is due to an intracellular accumulation of chloride, has major consequences for both the operation of networks and the pathogenic effects of epilepsies. This is particularly important in the immature brain, where the excitatory actions of GABA are particularly prominent.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Holmes, Gregory L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1350-7540},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Humans;Brain Chemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;review},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9319162},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de le M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, INSERM, Parc scientifique de Luminy, Marseilles, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {141-5},
	Pii = {00019052-200504000-00011},
	Pubmed = {15791144},
	Title = {The multiple facets of gamma-aminobutyric acid dysfunction in epilepsy},
	Uuid = {9CBFC507-01E7-4295-89C1-9DD1974E5071},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2001,
	Abstract = {The events that follow epilepsy seizures are not restricted to the immediate period. A series of long-term alterations occurs, including synaptic rearrangements, which have an impact on the brain circuit's mode of operation. With models of temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures have been shown to generate long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy (epileptic long-term potentiation) because of removal of the magnesium block, activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and an increase in intracellular calcium. This novel form of synaptic plasticity provides a link between memory effects and pathologic processes. Additionally, high-affinity kainate autoradiography, Timm stain, intraventricular injection of kainic acid, and 3D reconstruction experiments clearly indicate that even brief seizures produce changes in synaptic efficacy, followed 2-3 weeks later by aberrant neosynapse formation. Several key steps have been identified in the cascade leading from transient hyperactivity episodes to long-lasting, quasi-permanent modification of the neuronal circuit organization. These include the activation of immediate-early genes, activation of growth factor genes within hours, alterations in glutamate receptors, glial hypertrophy, and cytoskeletal protein changes. The cascade is activated by the increase in intracellular calcium and leads to axonal growth and neosynapse formation, which in turn participates in the etiology of the syndrome by reducing the threshold for further seizures. In summary, study data imply that the mature epileptic circuit has unique features in comparison with those present before a seizure episode, including new receptors, ionic channels, and other proteins. It is therefore essential to develop novel strategies based on the unique mode of operation of the mature epileptic circuit, rather than on acute models of epilepsy.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Long-Term Potentiation;Animals;In Vitro;Humans;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Seizures;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;review;Hippocampus;Kainic Acid;Status Epilepticus;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Death},
	Medline = {21411621},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e (INMED), INSERM U29, Route de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {5-7},
	Pii = {epi01003},
	Pubmed = {11520314},
	Title = {Cell death and synaptic reorganizations produced by seizures},
	Uuid = {F6C37A9C-9E66-4D5D-A82C-0BD157BF38E9},
	Volume = {42 Suppl 3},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2006,
	Abstract = {The construction of the human brain with its 10(15) synapses follows a set of complex developmentally and environmentally regulated steps. A series of sequences have been described that are instrumental, in the sense that a failure of any one of them leads to dramatic, life-long consequences. Hence the importance of determining the sequential maturation of neurons, synapses and cortical maps. It is also important to determine how network-driven events become installed, as neuronal activity intervenes in all of these steps and modulates, for better or worse, the outcome. A fundamental consequence of these sequential events is that any disruption will have very different consequences depending on when it occurs, indeed, "when is as important as what". An obvious aspect of these general features is related to seizures. In fact, the developing brain has both a higher incidence of seizures in human and animal models, and experiences seizures that can produce long-lasting consequences that are also stage-dependent.This seminar and the series of slides presented are an introduction to these issues, summing up several studies made notably by INMED researchers during the last two decades (http://www.inmednet.com). It concentrates on four basic developmental rules: i) the generation by very immature neurons, of very large currents mediated by the activation of receptors in neurons that bear no synapses. This is due to the release of GABA that diffuses to distal sites and acts as a paracrine factor; ii) the excitatory/inhibitory shift of the actions of GABA during development because of a progressive reduction in the intracellular chloride concentration; iii) the sequential formation of GABAergic synapses and networks before glutamatergic ones, implying that, at an early stage, all the excitatory drive will be GABAergic; iv) the presence, at an early stage, of a unique, primitive pattern in all developing structures, this pattern disappears when most GABAergic synapses have shifted to their adult configuration.Several consequences of these sequences are described including: i) a control of neuronal migration by GABA-acting drugs, and the possibility that migration disorders are also generated by environmental factors that include the effects of GABA-acting agents; ii) If GABA excites immature neurons and inhibits adult one, then GABA-acting agents will also produce different effects on the mother and the embryo; iii) early brain oscillations are generated by the periphery and propagate centrally - notably to the sensory-motor cortex, suggesting that peripherally-generated movements may provide an important signal for the formation of cortical maps, in keeping with the importance of embryonic movements; iv) "seizures beget seizures" in the developing brain. This has now been shown in a triple chamber with the two intact hippocampi that we developed, and with which it has been possible to show that only recurrent seizures that include high frequency oscillations can transform the na{\"\i}ve, contralateral hippocampus to an epileptic one that seizes spontaneously. Most interestingly, at an early developmental stage, when GABA excites many neurons and the density of glutamatergic synapses is not sufficiently high, purely glutamatergic seizures cannot lead to long-term consequences, the additional excitatory drive provided by GABAergic synapses is needed. In other words, at that stage, blocking GABA synapses generates seizures, as in adults, but these do not lead to long-term consequences. The mechanisms that underlie these differences is due to the need for high frequency oscillations (> 80 Hz or so), and these can only be generated when GABA synapses are operative in the developing brain: GABA receptor antagonists are ictogenic, but not epileptogenic.To facilitate teaching purposes the paper is published together with supplemental data (as a PowerPoint presentation included in the accompanying DVD), thus allowing an overview of important developmental steps and their implications.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1294-9361},
	Journal = {Epileptic Disord},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Brain;Synapses;Glutamic Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Paracrine Communication;21 Epilepsy;Neurotransmitter Agents;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Humans;Cell Movement;Neurons;review},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {100891853},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {INMED/INSERM, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {91-102},
	Pubmed = {16793570},
	Title = {Basic developmental rules and their implications for epilepsy in the immature brain},
	Uuid = {9500E0E2-F928-44B4-BB63-9FEC89DECFCE},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Ben-Ari:1989,
	Abstract = {1. Intracellular recordings were made from rat CA3 hippocampal neurones in vitro during the first eighteen days of postnatal life. The cells had resting membrane potentials more negative than -51 mV, action potentials greater than 55 mV and membrane input resistances of 117 +/- 12 M omega. An unusual characteristic of these cells was the presence of spontaneous giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) which were observed during the first eight postnatal (P) days in over 85\%of neurones. They were less frequent between P9 and P12 (48\%) and disappeared after P12. 2. The GDPs were synchronously generated by a population of neurones; they reversed polarity at -27 mV when recorded with KCl-containing electrodes and at -51 mV with potassium acetate- or potassium methylsulphate-filled electrodes. 3. The GDPs were blocked by bath application of bicuculline (10 microM) or picrotoxin (100-200 microM). Exogenously applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 0.2-1 mM) induced at resting membrane potential a bicuculline-sensitive membrane depolarization which reversed polarity at -25 and -51 mV when recorded with KCl- or potassium methylsulphate-filled electrodes respectively. 4. The GDPs were reduced in frequency or blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP-7; 50 microM), D(-)2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP-5, 10-50 microM) and (+-)3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP, 10-50 microM) or NMDA channel blockers phencyclidine (2 microM) and ketamine (20 microM). 5. Stimulation of the hilus during the first week of life evoked a GDP followed by a hyperpolarization. The GDPs were generated by a population of synchronized neurones and reversed polarity at -27 mV with KCl-filled electrodes and at -52 mV with potassium acetate- or potassium methylsulphate-containing electrodes. 6. Bath application of bicuculline (1-10 microM) or picrotoxin (100-200 microM) reversibly blocked the evoked GDPs in the majority of cells. The NMDA receptor antagonists AP-5 (50 microM), AP-7 (50 microM) and CPP (30 microM) usually reduced the amplitude and the duration of the evoked GDPs. In neurones in which evoked GDPs were blocked by bicuculline, a NMDA-mediated component was revealed by increasing the strength or the frequency of stimulation. 7. During the second week of postnatal life, when spontaneous GDPs were extremely rare or absent, superfusion with bicuculline (10 microM) induced, as in adult slices, interictal discharges. These reversed polarity near 0 mV with KCl- or potassium acetate-containing electrodes and were reduced in amplitude and duration by AP-5 (50 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Y. and Cherubini, E. and Corradetti, R. and Gaiarsa, J. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Ketamine;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Amino Acids;Hippocampus;Piperazines;Rats, Inbred Strains;Phencyclidine;Bicuculline;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Picrotoxin;Membrane Potentials;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {90112082},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Unit{\'e} 29, INSERM, H\^{o}pital de Port-Royal, Paris, France.},
	Pages = {303-25},
	Pubmed = {2575165},
	Title = {Giant synaptic potentials in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurones},
	Uuid = {FBEC0E7C-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {416},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_JPhysiol1989.pdf}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2006a,
	Abstract = {Infants and children are at a high risk for seizures compared with adults. Although most seizures in children are benign and result in no long-term consequences, increasing experimental animal data strongly suggest that frequent or prolonged seizures in the developing brain result in long-lasting sequelae. Such seizures may intervene with developmental programmes and lead to inadequate construction of cortical networks rather than induction of neuronal cell loss. As a consequence, the deleterious actions of seizures are strongly age dependent: seizures have different effects on immature or migrating neurons endowed with few synapses and more developed neurons that express hundreds of functional synapses. This differential effect is even more important in human beings and subhuman primates who have an extended brain development period. Seizures also beget seizures during maturation and result in a replay of development programmes, which suggests that epileptogenesis recapitulates ontogenesis. Therefore, to understand seizures and their consequences in the developing brain, it is essential to determine how neuronal activity modulates the main steps of cortical formation. In this Review, we present basic developmental principles obtained from animal studies and examine the long-lasting consequences of epilepsy.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Holmes, Gregory L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1474-4422},
	Journal = {Lancet Neurol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Seizures;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Nerve Net;Humans;Animals;Brain;review;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {101139309},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurobiology of the Mediterranean Sea (INMED, INSERM and Universit{\'e} de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e), Marseilles, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {1055-63},
	Pii = {S1474-4422(06)70626-3},
	Pubmed = {17110286},
	Title = {Effects of seizures on developmental processes in the immature brain},
	Uuid = {ACD97E03-CC9B-48D7-9E7D-9736AD916B6A},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_LancetNeurol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70626-3}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2002,
	Abstract = {In the immature brain, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is excitatory, and GABA-releasing synapses are formed before glutamatergic contacts in a wide range of species and structures. GABA becomes inhibitory by the delayed expression of a chloride exporter, leading to a negative shift in the reversal potential for choride ions. I propose that this mechanism provides a solution to the problem of how to excite developing neurons to promote growth and synapse formation while avoiding the potentially toxic effects of a mismatch between GABA-mediated inhibition and glutamatergic excitation. As key elements of this cascade are activity dependent, the formation of inhibition adds an element of nurture to the construction of cortical networks.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Differentiation;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Chloride Channels;Receptors, GABA;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Humans;Glutamic Acid;review;Receptors, Glutamate},
	Medline = {22199621},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e (INMED), INSERM Unit 29, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {728-39},
	Pii = {nrn920},
	Pubmed = {12209121},
	Title = {Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture},
	Uuid = {FBEBE2E4-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn920}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2000,
	Abstract = {Studies using kainate, an excitatory amino acid extracted from a seaweed, have provided major contributions to the understanding of epileptogenesis. Here we review pioneering and more recent studies aimed at determining how kainate generates seizures and, in particular, how inhibition is altered during seizures. We focus on target and subunit-specific effects of kainate on hippocampal pyramidal neurons and interneurons that lead to an excitation of both types of neurons and thus to the parallel increase of glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous currents. We propose that kainate excites all its targets, the net consequence depending on the level of activity of the network.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Y. and Cossart, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Seizures/*chemically induced/physiopathology;E-15;Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism;Electric Conductivity;07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;GABA/metabolism;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/chemically induced;*Kainic Acid/pharmacology;Pyramidal Cells/metabolism;Synapses/physiology;Neural Inhibition;Animal;Receptors, Kainic Acid;*Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology;Disease Models, Animal;Glutamic Acid/metabolism},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {The INMED, INSERM U29, Parc scientifique de Luminy, BP 13, 13273, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {580-7.},
	Title = {Kainate, a double agent that generates seizures: two decades of progress},
	Uuid = {D0D76618-98AE-4185-98CF-829FDC00B23A},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11074268}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2001a,
	Abstract = {During development, when synapses start to be established, a primitive form of network-driven activity provides most of the synaptic activity. This pattern enables a high degree of synchrony in immature neurons in spite of the small number of functional synapses and could participate in activity-dependent growth and synapse formation. Relying on the giant depolarizing potentials that provide most of the synaptic activity in the developing hippocampus, this article reviews the common properties and generating mechanisms of these patterns, and particularly the role of the early depolarizing action of GABA(A) and glycine receptors and the sequential expression of GABA and glutamate synapses. Patterns similar to giant depolarizing potentials have been observed in a wide range of structures and species suggesting that there is a temporal template throughout evolution that constitutes an essential step in the formation of functional networks.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:42:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Receptors, GABA;Nerve Net;Humans;Animals;Brain;review;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists},
	Medline = {21256346},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, Avenue de Luminy, B.P. 13, 13273 Cedex 09, Marseille, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {353-60},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(00)01813-0},
	Pubmed = {11356508},
	Title = {Developing networks play a similar melody},
	Uuid = {883B30E6-9B1C-46FF-A65E-7183F8B55331},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2004,
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Spitzer, Nicholas C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurobiology;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;congresses;Animals;editorial;Brain;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {361},
	Pii = {S0166223604001614},
	Pubmed = {15219731},
	Title = {Nature and nurture in brain development},
	Uuid = {AF5B4AF7-D7E1-4F90-9379-7FEA482E8C76},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2004a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.007}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2004a,
	Abstract = {Despite a rather long migratory journey, interneurons are functional before vertically migrating pyramidal neurons and they constitute the source and target of the first functional synapses in the developing hippocampus. Interneuron-driven network patterns are already present in utero while principal cells are mostly quiescent. At that early stage, GABAergic synapses--which are formed before glutamatergic ones--are excitatory, suggesting that GABA is a pioneer, much like the neurons from which it is released. This review discusses this sequence of events, its functional significance and the role that interneurons might play in the construction of cortical networks.},
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khalilov, Ilgam and Represa, Alfonso and Gozlan, Henri},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Pyramidal Cells;Neural Pathways;Interneurons;Animals;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e (INMED), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, BP13, 13009 Marseille, France. ben-ari\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {422-7},
	Pii = {S0166223604001559},
	Pubmed = {15219742},
	Title = {Interneurons set the tune of developing networks},
	Uuid = {87228E2B-0847-482D-82B3-D22CF1BD032F},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.002}}

@article{Ben-Ari:2006b,
	Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;editorial;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM U29, 163 Route de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {347-8},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00119-6},
	Pubmed = {16806509},
	Title = {Fourth INMED/TINS conference: Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders},
	Uuid = {B0E445E1-9B9E-4D41-92BA-AB83DF728BC6},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.005}}


@article{Benardete:2002,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Cortical dysplasia (CD) is associated with epilepsy in both the pediatric and adult populations. The mechanism underlying seizures with cortical malformations is still poorly understood. To study the physiology of dysplastic cortex, we developed an experimental model of CD. METHODS: Pregnant rats were given intraperitoneal injections of carmustine (1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea; BCNU) on embryonic day 15 (E15). Cortical histology was examined in the resulting pups at P0, P28, and P60. In addition, evoked and spontaneous field potential recordings were obtained in cortical slices from adult control and BCNU-exposed rats. Finally, we used whole-cell recordings to compare physiologic properties of pyramidal neurons and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses in control and BCNU-treated animals. RESULTS: Features characteristic of CD were found in the offspring, including laminar disorganization, cytomegalic neurons, and neuronal heterotopias. Dysplastic cortex also contained abnormal clusters of Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells and disruption of radial glial fibers, as demonstrated with immunohistochemistry. Under conditions of partial GABAA-receptor blockade with 10 microM bicuculline methiodide (BMI), slices of dysplastic cortex demonstrated a significant increase in the number of spontaneous and evoked epileptiform discharges. Individual pyramidal neurons in dysplastic cortex were less sensitive to application of GABA compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: BCNU exposure in utero produces histologic alterations suggestive of CD in rat offspring. Dysplastic cortex from this model demonstrates features of hyperexcitability and decreased neuronal sensitivity to GABA. Such physiologic alterations may underlie the increased epileptogenicity of dysplastic cortex.},
	Author = {Benardete, Ethan A. and Kriegstein, Arnold R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Pregnancy;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Evoked Potentials;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Epilepsy;Pyramidal Cells;Carmustine;Disease Models, Animal;Bicuculline;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, GABA;Litter Size;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22188635},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; and Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {970-82},
	Pii = {epi40901},
	Pubmed = {12199722},
	Title = {Increased excitability and decreased sensitivity to GABA in an animal model of dysplastic cortex},
	Uuid = {8EF2545D-F1D8-4208-8E21-DB89DA262356},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Benavides-Piccione:2006,
	Abstract = {Neocortical circuits share anatomical and physiological similarities among different species and cortical areas. Because of this, a 'canonical' cortical microcircuit could form the functional unit of the neocortex and perform the same basic computation on different types of inputs. However, variations in pyramidal cell structure between different primate cortical areas exist, indicating that different cortical areas could be built out of different neuronal cell types. In the present study, we have investigated the dendritic architecture of 90 layer II/III pyramidal neurons located in different cortical regions along a rostrocaudal axis in the mouse neocortex, using, for the first time, a blind multidimensional analysis of over 150 morphological variables, rather than evaluating along single morphological parameters. These cortical regions included the secondary motor cortex (M2), the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), and the lateral secondary visual cortex and association temporal cortex (V2L/TeA). Confirming earlier primate studies, we find that basal dendritic morphologies are characteristically different between different cortical regions. In addition, we demonstrate that these differences are not related to the physical location of the neuron and cannot be easily explained assuming rostrocaudal gradients within the cortex. Our data suggest that each cortical region is built with specific neuronal components.},
	Author = {Benavides-Piccione, Ruth and Hamzei-Sichani, Farid and Ballesteros-Y{\'a}\~{n}ez, Inmaculada and Defelipe, Javier and Yuste, Rafael ?},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Calcium imaging;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain and.},
	Pages = {990-1001},
	Pii = {bhj041},
	Pubmed = {16195469},
	Title = {Dendritic Size of Pyramidal Neurons Differs among Mouse Cortical Regions},
	Uuid = {70CD2730-4693-4625-9B83-CB74A716E096},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj041}}

@article{Bender:2003,
	Abstract = {The excitatory feedforward projection from layer (L) 4 to L2/3 in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex exhibits precise, columnar topography that is critical for columnar processing of whisker inputs. Here, we characterize the development of axonal topography in this projection using single-cell reconstructions in S1 slices. In the mature projection [postnatal day (P) 14-26], axons of L4 cells extending into L2/3 were confined almost entirely to the home barrel column, consistent with previous results. At younger ages (P8-11), however, axonal topography was significantly less columnar, with a large proportion of branches innervating neighboring barrel columns representing adjacent whisker rows. Mature topography developed from this initial state by targeted axonal growth within the home column and by growth of barrel columns themselves. Raising rats with all or a subset of whiskers plucked from P8-9, manipulations that induce reorganization of functional whisker maps and synaptic depression at L4 to L2/3 synapses, did not alter normal anatomical development of L4 to L2/3 axons. Thus, development of this projection does not require normal sensory experience after P8, and deprivation-induced reorganization of whisker maps at this age is unlikely to involve physical remodeling of L4 to L2/3 axons.},
	Author = {Bender, Kevin J. and Rangel, Juliana and Feldman, Daniel E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Electric Stimulation;Rats, Long-Evans;Lysine;In Vitro;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;10 Structural plasticity;Animals;Beta;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Sensory Deprivation;Axons;Vibrissae;Dendrites;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;10 Spiny stellate;Action Potentials;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Somatosensory Cortex;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Age Factors;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {22871219},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {25},
	Organization = {Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0357, USA.},
	Pages = {8759-70},
	Pii = {23/25/8759},
	Pubmed = {14507976},
	Title = {Development of columnar topography in the excitatory layer 4 to layer 2/3 projection in rat barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {35AB084E-9D3F-42C8-B54F-4A00F9EAF1B9},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}




@article{Berbel:1993,
	Abstract = {Callosal connections were studied with tracers (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)) in normal rats and rats deprived of thyroid hormones with methimazole (Sigma) since embryonic day 14 and thyroidectomized at postnatal day 6. In hypothyroid rats, the auditory areas, in particular the primary auditory area, showed cytoarchitectonic changes including blurred lamination and decrease in the size of layer V pyramidal neurons. In control rats, callosally-projecting neurons were found between layers II and VI with a peak in layer III and upper layer IV. In hypothyroid rats, labelled neurons were found between layers IV and VI with two peaks corresponding to layer IV and upper layer V, and in upper layer VI. Quantitative analysis of radial distribution of callosally-projecting neurons confirmed their shift to infragranular layers in hypothyroid rats. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed a more continuous tangential distribution of callosally-projecting neurons in hypothyroid rats which may be due to the maintenance of a juvenile 'exuberant' pattern of projections. These changes in cortical connectivity may be relevant for understanding epilepsy and mental retardation associated with early hypothyroidism in humans and to clarify basic mechanisms of cortical development.},
	Author = {Berbel, P. and Guada\~{n}o-Ferraz, A. and Mart{\'\i}nez, M. and Quiles, J. A. and Balboa, R. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Wheat Germ Agglutinins;Hypothyroidism;Axonal Transport;Female;Methimazole;Rats;Not relevant;Rats, Wistar;11 Glia;Thyroidectomy;Auditory Pathways;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {94115576},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Departament d'Histologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat d'Alacant, Spain.},
	Pages = {1465-78},
	Pubmed = {7506971},
	Title = {Organization of auditory callosal connections in hypothyroid adult rats},
	Uuid = {BEADEFD2-1B46-4E2C-881A-B37C95181BBD},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Berbel:1988,
	Abstract = {Changes in the size and shape of the corpus callosum (CC)--and in number, size, and structure of callosal axons--between embryonic day 38 (E38) and postnatal day 150 (P150) were studied by light and electron microscope in 25 kittens. The development of the CC was divided into three phases: 1. Embryonic development (E38, 53, 58): At E38, only part of the body of the CC was formed. At E53 and E58, the CC was still very short, but its different parts (genu, body, and splenium) had formed. The cross-sectional callosal area (CCA) was 5.4 mm2 at E53 and 5.6 mm2 at E58. The CC contained 46.3 and 56.4 million axons at E53 and E58 respectively. Mean axon diameters were 0.26 micron at E53 and 0.27 micron at E58. 2. Early postnatal development (P4, 9, 15, 18, 21, 26): The CC at P4 was much longer than at E58 and still slightly elongated during this phase; CCA reached 8.55 mm2 at P4 and 8.88 mm2 at P26. There was a substantial axonal loss (66.8 million at P4 and 52.6 million at P26). From P15 onward, premyelinated and myelinated axons were seen. Mean axon diameter increased from 0.30 micron at P4 to 0.33 micron at P26. 3. Late postnatal development (P39, 57, 92, 107, 150). The CC grew dramatically in both length and thickness, the latter especially in the genu. CCA was 10.1 mm2 at P39 and 15.3 mm2 at P150. The number of axons still decreased (46.5 million at P39 and 31.9 million at P150). The growth of the CCA paralleled the increase of myelinated axons (0.5\%at P26 and 29.6\%at P150 and in the mean axon diameters (0.34 micron at P39 and 0.42 micron at P150). A number of axonal ultrastructural peculiarities (electron-dense bodies, large vacuoles, lamellated bodies, etc., including those mentioned below) were noticed; their frequency at different ages was estimated as the percent of total axons. Interestingly, accumulations of vesicles inside axons increased from 4.1\%at E53 to 8.9\%at P26, dropped to 0.2\%at P39, and remained below 1\%thereafter. Swollen mitochondria increased from 0.2\%at E53 to 0.9\%at P26 and dropped to 0.06\%(on the average) from P39 onward. Accumulations of vesicles and swollen mitochondria increased during the phase of rapid axonal elimination; thus, they may indicate axonal retraction and/or degeneration. Microglia-gitter cells and astrocytes showing signs of phagocytosis were found during the embryonic and early postnatal development and may be involved in axon elimination.},
	Author = {Berbel, P. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Embryo and Fetal Development;Corpus Callosum;Cats;Microscopy, Electron;Not relevant;Cell Count;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nerve Fibers, Myelinated;Animals;Axons},
	Medline = {89054473},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {132-56},
	Pubmed = {3192762},
	Title = {The development of the corpus callosum in cats: a light- and electron-microscopic study},
	Uuid = {E5D0AC39-1A39-483D-BA0A-5BEF0F0C6C31},
	Volume = {276},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Bergeron:1969,
	Author = {Bergeron, R. T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0567-8056},
	Journal = {Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh)},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Pneumoencephalography;Cerebral Ventriculography;Autopsy;Pregnancy;Humans;Abnormalities;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Brain},
	Medline = {70163597},
	Nlm_Id = {0370367},
	Pages = {135-9},
	Pubmed = {5309644},
	Title = {Radiographic demonstration of cortical heterotopia},
	Uuid = {9A0CA96B-18C9-4D97-B729-02E1B42C4CF3},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1969}}





@article{Berry:1965,
	Abstract = {0021-8782 Journal Article},
	Author = {Berry, M. and Rogers, A. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {J Anat},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Fetus;Female;Rats;Autoradiography;Microscopy, Phase-Contrast;In Vitro;A,F abstr;Pregnancy;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/*embryology;Tritium;Animals;Male;Microscopy},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {691-709},
	Pubmed = {5325778},
	Title = {The migration of neuroblasts in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {2A0FC626-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {1965},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5325778}}





@article{Beshel:2007,
	Abstract = {Fast oscillations in neural assemblies have been proposed as a mechanism to facilitate stimulus representation in a variety of sensory systems across animal species. In the olfactory system, intervention studies suggest that oscillations in the gamma frequency range play a role in fine odor discrimination. However, there is still no direct evidence that such oscillations are intrinsically altered in intact systems to aid in stimulus disambiguation. Here we show that gamma oscillatory power in the rat olfactory bulb during a two-alternative choice task is modulated in the intact system according to task demands with dramatic increases in gamma power during discrimination of molecularly similar odorants in contrast to dissimilar odorants. This elevation in power evolves over the course of criterion performance, is specific to the gamma frequency band (65-85 Hz), and is independent of changes in the theta or beta frequency band range. Furthermore, these high amplitude gamma oscillations are restricted to the olfactory bulb, such that concurrent piriform cortex recordings show no evidence of enhanced gamma power during these high-amplitude events. Our results display no modulation in the power of beta oscillations (15-28 Hz) shown previously to increase with odor learning in a Go/No-go task, and we suggest that the oscillatory profile of the olfactory system may be influenced by both odor discrimination demands and task type. The results reported here indicate that enhancement of local gamma power may reflect a switch in the dynamics of the system to a strategy that optimizes stimulus resolution when input signals are ambiguous.},
	Author = {Beshel, Jennifer and Kopell, Nancy and Kay, Leslie M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Odors;Electroencephalography;Olfactory Pathways;Biological Clocks;21 Neurophysiology;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Discrimination Learning;Rats;Smell;Psychomotor Performance;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Olfactory Bulb;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {31},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.},
	Pages = {8358-65},
	Pii = {27/31/8358},
	Pubmed = {17670982},
	Title = {Olfactory bulb gamma oscillations are enhanced with task demands},
	Uuid = {DDD06710-1E27-4EA9-9DA9-3AB51BC916A1},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1199-07.2007}}


@article{Belanger:1997,
	Abstract = {In the embryonic CNS, preformed pathways precede the growth of axonal fasciculi [Katz M. J. and Lasek R. J. (1980) Cell Motil. 1, 141-157; Katz M. J. et al. (1980) Neuroscience 5, 821-833]. What are the developmental events that lead to the elaboration of these preformed pathways? To answer this question, we investigated the organization of the primitive neural tube and more particularly the arrangement of the early-generated cells using [3H]thymidine autoradiography or bromodeoxyuridine. Our data suggest that the position of early-generated cells might be involved in the setting of such pathways. In the brain stem of E12(0) (12 days and 0 h) and E12(15) rat embryos, the first-generated cells were organized into three longitudinal columns associated with glycoconjugate-rich extracellular spaces in the adjacent primitive marginal layer. Also, axons traced with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were contiguous to the early-generated cellular columns and represented the primordium of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the lateral longitudinal tract and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. Our results show a correlation between the organization of early-generated cells, likely neurons, and the pattern of extracellular spaces in the marginal layer where axons grow. It has been reported in the literature that neurons produce elements of the extracellular matrix such as growth-modulating molecules or space-creating molecules. We therefore suggest that the position of early-generated neurons could be involved in the elaboration of a template for the setting of some major longitudinal tracts during embryonic development of the brainstem.},
	Author = {B{\'e}langer, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Stem;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Female;Carbocyanines;Neural Pathways;Rats;Fluorescent Dyes;Pregnancy;Histocytochemistry;Animals;Antimetabolites;Bromodeoxyuridine;Neurons;Axons},
	Medline = {97280779},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Universit{\'e} Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, H\^{o}pital del'Enfant-J{\'e}sus, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada.},
	Pages = {259-70},
	Pii = {S0306452296004848},
	Pubmed = {9135106},
	Title = {The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem},
	Uuid = {FD3759D4-0620-464D-8050-1B2803BE2ACC},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Bhandawat:2005,
	Abstract = {Signaling by heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) drives numerous cellular processes. The number of G protein molecules activated by a single membrane receptor is a determinant of signal amplification, although in most cases this parameter remains unknown. In retinal rod photoreceptors, a long-lived photoisomerized rhodopsin molecule activates many G protein molecules (transducins), yielding substantial amplification and a large elementary (single-photon) response, before rhodopsin activity is terminated. Here we report that the elementary response in olfactory transduction is extremely small. A ligand-bound odorant receptor has a low probability of activating even one G protein molecule because the odorant dwell-time is very brief. Thus, signal amplification in olfactory transduction appears fundamentally different from that of phototransduction.},
	Author = {Bhandawat, Vikas and Reisert, Johannes and Yau, King-Wai W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Signal Transduction;Rana pipiens;Animals;In Vitro;Cell Separation;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Phosphorylation;Cyclohexanols;Kinetics;Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins;Calcium;Odors;Smell;Monoterpenes;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Acetophenones;Receptors, Odorant;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Adenylate Cyclase;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Ligands;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5730},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. vbhanda\@mail.jhmi.edu},
	Pages = {1931-4},
	Pii = {308/5730/1931},
	Pubmed = {15976304},
	Title = {Elementary response of olfactory receptor neurons to odorants},
	Uuid = {528CEC99-177D-4360-9CBB-6DDD45312C76},
	Volume = {308},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1109886}}











@article{Binzegger:2004,
	Abstract = {We developed a quantitative description of the circuits formed in cat area 17 by estimating the "weight" of the projections between different neuronal types. To achieve this, we made three-dimensional reconstructions of 39 single neurons and thalamic afferents labeled with horseradish peroxidase during intracellular recordings in vivo. These neurons served as representatives of the different types and provided the morphometrical data about the laminar distribution of the dendritic trees and synaptic boutons and the number of synapses formed by a given type of neuron. Extensive searches of the literature provided the estimates of numbers of the different neuronal types and their distribution across the cortical layers. Applying the simplification that synapses between different cell types are made in proportion to the boutons and dendrites that those cell types contribute to the neuropil in a given layer, we were able to estimate the probable source and number of synapses made between neurons in the six layers. The predicted synaptic maps were quantitatively close to the estimates derived from the experimental electron microscopic studies for the case of the main sources of excitatory and inhibitory input to the spiny stellate cells, which form a major target of layer 4 afferents. The map of the whole cortical circuit shows that there are very few "strong" but many "weak" excitatory projections, each of which may involve only a few percentage of the total complement of excitatory synapses of a single neuron.},
	Author = {Binzegger, Tom and Douglas, Rodney J. and Martin, Kevan A. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Synapses;Thalamic Nuclei;Neural Pathways;Afferent Pathways;Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Cell Count;Axons;Pyramidal Cells;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Cats;Models, Neurological;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {39},
	Organization = {Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Z{\"u}rich, and Eidgen{\"o}ssische Technische Hochschule Z{\"u}rich, CH-8057 Z{\"u}rich, Switzerland. tom.binzegger\@ncl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {8441-53},
	Pii = {24/39/8441},
	Pubmed = {15456817},
	Title = {A quantitative map of the circuit of cat primary visual cortex},
	Uuid = {850C41FA-F384-4AE7-9484-DCAC3003EAED},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Binzegger_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1400-04.2004}}


@article{Bishop:2002,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is organized into subdivisions referred to as areas that are distinguished from one another by differences in architecture, axonal connections, and function. The transcription factors EMX1, EMX2, and PAX6 have been proposed to regulate arealization. Emx1 and Emx2 are expressed by progenitor cells in a low rostrolateral to high caudomedial gradient across the embryonic neocortex, and Pax6 is expressed in a high rostrolateral to low caudomedial gradient. Recent evidence has suggested that EMX2 and PAX6 have a role in the genetic regulation of arealization. Here we use a panel of seven genes (Cad6, Cad8, Id2, RZRbeta, p75, EphA7, and ephrin-A5) representative of a broad range of proteins as complementary markers of positional identity to obtain a more thorough assessment of the suggested roles for EMX2 and PAX6 in arealization, and in addition to assess the proposed but untested role for EMX1 in arealization. Orderly changes in the size and positioning of domains of marker expression in Emx2 and Pax6 mutants strongly imply that rostrolateral areas (motor and somatosensory) are expanded, whereas caudomedial areas (visual) are reduced in Emx2 mutants and that opposite effects occur in Pax6 mutants, consistent with their opposing gradients of expression. In contrast, patterns of marker expression, as well as the distribution of area-specific thalamocortical projections, appear normal in Emx1 mutants, indicating that they do not exhibit changes in arealization. This lack of a defined role for EMX1 in arealization is supported by our finding of similar shifts in patterns of marker expression in Emx1; Emx2 double mutants as in Emx2 mutants. Thus, our findings indicate that EMX2 and PAX6 regulate, in opposing manners, arealization of the neocortex and impart positional identity to cortical cells, whereas EMX1 appears not to have a role in this process. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Bishop, K. M. and Rubenstein, J. L. and O'Leary, D. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Neocortex/anatomy &histology/*embryology/*metabolism;Cadherins/genetics/metabolism;Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/metabolism;Animals;Mice, Mutant Strains;Repressor Proteins/metabolism;Ephrin-A5;*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism;DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism;F pdf;Receptors, Melatonin;In Situ Hybridization;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Morphogenesis;Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism;Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/metabolism;Mice;RNA, Messenger/metabolism;Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Eye Proteins/metabolism},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {7627-38},
	Pubmed = {12196586},
	Title = {Distinct actions of Emx1, Emx2, and Pax6 in regulating the specification of areas in the developing neocortex},
	Uuid = {FFDFD207-7BA6-4E68-A251-CD5B065C839F},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12196586}}









@article{Blanton:1989,
	Abstract = {We describe methods for obtaining stable, whole-cell recordings from neurons in brain hemispheres from turtles and in brain slices from rats and turtles. Synaptic currents and membrane properties of central neurons can be studied in voltage and current clamp in cells maintained within their endogenous synaptic circuits. The methods described here are compatible with unmodified dissecting microscopes and recording chambers, and with brain slices of standard thickness (400-500 microns).},
	Author = {Blanton, M. G. and Lo Turco, J. J. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;10 Development;Comparative Study;Cerebral Cortex/*physiology;Mammals/*physiology;Rats;In Vitro;Turtles/*physiology;Animal;F;Evoked Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Rats, Inbred Strains},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305- 5300.},
	Pages = {203-10.},
	Title = {Whole cell recording from neurons in slices of reptilian and mammalian cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {8FDA386E-7B7B-41E7-B2B8-20720BC5041E},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Blanton_JNeurosciMethods1989.pdf}}



@article{Bloodgood:2007,
	Abstract = {Recent studies have revealed that Ca(2+) signals evoked by action potentials or by synaptic activity within individual dendritic spines are regulated at multiple levels. Ca(2+) influx through glutamate receptors and voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels located on spines depends on the channel subunit composition, the activity of kinases and phosphatases, the local membrane potential and past patterns of activity. Furthermore, sources of spine Ca(2+) interact nonlinearly such that activation of one Ca(2+) channel can enhance or depress the activity of others. These studies have revealed that each spine is a complex and partitioned Ca(2+) signaling domain capable of autonomously regulating the electrical and biochemical consequences of synaptic activity.},
	Author = {Bloodgood, and Sabatini,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(07)00057-8},
	Pubmed = {17451936},
	Title = {Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {F548687F-C1EC-4B78-B3BE-19CC8AF01A1A},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Bloodgood_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.003}}

@article{Bloodgood:2007a,
	Abstract = {The roles of voltage-sensitive sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) channels located on dendrites and spines in regulating synaptic signals are largely unknown. Here we use 2-photon glutamate uncaging to stimulate individual spines while monitoring uncaging-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (uEPSPs) and Ca transients. We find that, in CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute mouse hippocampal slices, CaV(2.3) voltage-sensitive Ca channels (VSCCs) are found selectively on spines and act locally to dampen uncaging-evoked Ca transients and somatic potentials. These effects are mediated by a regulatory loop that requires opening of CaV(2.3) channels, voltage-gated Na channels, small conductance Ca-activated potassium (SK) channels, and NMDA receptors. Ca influx through CaV(2.3) VSCCs selectively activates SK channels, revealing the presence of functional Ca microdomains within the spine. Our results suggest that synaptic strength can be modulated by mechanisms that regulate voltage-gated conductances within the spine but do not alter the properties or numbers of synaptic glutamate receptors.},
	Author = {Bloodgood, Brenda L. and Sabatini, Bernardo L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels;Sodium Channels;Dendritic Spines;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium;Calcium Channels, R-Type;Temperature;Protein Structure, Tertiary;21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;Cation Transport Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Ion Channel Gating;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {249-60},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)01022-1},
	Pubmed = {17224406},
	Title = {Nonlinear regulation of unitary synaptic signals by CaV(2.3) voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {27D2740D-9B86-43C1-89EB-D43E591FA61E},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Bloodgood_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.017}}

@article{Bloodgood:2005,
	Abstract = {In mammalian excitatory neurons, dendritic spines are separated from dendrites by thin necks. Diffusion across the neck limits the chemical and electrical isolation of each spine. We found that spine/dendrite diffusional coupling is heterogeneous and uncovered a class of diffusionally isolated spines. The barrier to diffusion posed by the neck and the number of diffusionally isolated spines is bidirectionally regulated by neuronal activity. Furthermore, coincident synaptic activation and postsynaptic action potentials rapidly restrict diffusion across the neck. The regulation of diffusional coupling provides a possible mechanism for determining the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials and the accumulation of plasticity-inducing molecules within the spine head.},
	Author = {Bloodgood, Brenda L. and Sabatini, Bernardo L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Fluorescence;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Transfection;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Dendritic Spines;Cytoplasm;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Receptors, AMPA;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Organ Culture Techniques;Dendrites;Receptors, GABA-A;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Viscosity;Diffusion;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5749},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {866-9},
	Pii = {310/5749/866},
	Pubmed = {16272125},
	Title = {Neuronal activity regulates diffusion across the neck of dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {B54E291F-C612-4F25-9D32-6C350F0A2561},
	Volume = {310},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Bloodgood_Science2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114816}}









@article{Bond:2002,
	Abstract = {One of the most notable trends in mammalian evolution is the massive increase in size of the cerebral cortex, especially in primates. Humans with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) show a small but otherwise grossly normal cerebral cortex associated with mild to moderate mental retardation. Genes linked to this condition offer potential insights into the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. Here we show that the most common cause of MCPH is homozygous mutation of ASPM, the human ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster abnormal spindle gene (asp), which is essential for normal mitotic spindle function in embryonic neuroblasts. The mouse gene Aspm is expressed specifically in the primary sites of prenatal cerebral cortical neurogenesis. Notably, the predicted ASPM proteins encode systematically larger numbers of repeated 'IQ' domains between flies, mice and humans, with the predominant difference between Aspm and ASPM being a single large insertion coding for IQ domains. Our results and evolutionary considerations suggest that brain size is controlled in part through modulation of mitotic spindle activity in neuronal progenitor cells.},
	Author = {Bond, Jacquelyn and Roberts, Emma and Mochida, Ganesh H. and Hampshire, Daniel J. and Scott, Sheila and Askham, Jonathan M. and Springell, Kelly and Mahadevan, Meera and Crow, Yanick J. and Markham, Alexander F. and Walsh, Christopher A. and Woods, C. Geoffrey},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1061-4036},
	Journal = {Nat Genet},
	Keywords = {Sequence Analysis, DNA;10 Development;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Humans;Female;Microcephaly;Anthropometry;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Blotting, Northern;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Pedigree;Codon, Nonsense;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Drosophila Proteins},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9216904},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.},
	Pages = {316-20},
	Pii = {ng995},
	Pubmed = {12355089},
	Title = {ASPM is a major determinant of cerebral cortical size},
	Uuid = {F9974529-C060-48CF-852E-667253772176},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng995}}










@article{Boulanger:2004,
	Author = {Boulanger, Lisa M. and Shatz, Carla J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Major Histocompatibility Complex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Central Nervous System;Neuronal Plasticity;Signal Transduction;Antigens, Surface;14 Immune;Gene Expression;Humans;Animals;Nervous System Diseases;review;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pacific Hall 1212A, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, USA. lboulanger\@ucsd.edu},
	Pages = {521-31},
	Pii = {nrn1428},
	Pubmed = {15208694},
	Title = {Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease},
	Uuid = {09A522B5-B622-44D0-A425-E25D4C38969D},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Boulanger_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1428}}

@article{Bourgeois:1994,
	Abstract = {Since the turn of the century, the prefrontal association areas of the cerebral cortex have been thought to be among the last regions of the cortical mantle to develop. We have examined the course of synaptogenesis in the macaque prefrontal cortex by quantitative electron microscopic analysis in 25 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from embryonic day 47 (E47) to 20 years of age. A series of overlapping electron micrographs spanning the whole cortical thickness in each animal provided data on the number, the proportion, and the density of synapses per unit area (NA) and per unit volume (NV) of neuropil. The tempo and kinetics of synapse formation in prefrontal cortex closely resemble those described for sensory and motor areas, particularly during the stages of synapse acquisition and overproduction (Rakic et al., 1986). In young embryos, we describe a precortical phase (E47- E78), when synapses are found only above and below, but not within, the cortical plate. Following that, there is an early cortical phase, from E78 to E104, during which synapses accumulate within the cortical plate, initially exclusively on dendritic shafts. The next rapid phase of synaptogenesis begins at 2 months before birth and ends approximately at 2 months after birth, culminating with a mean density of 750 million synapses per cubic micrometer. This accumulation is largely accounted for by a selective increase in axospine synapses in the supragranular layers. The period of explosive synaptic density is followed by a protracted plateau stage that lasts from 2 months to 3 years of age when synaptic density remains relatively constant. The final period of decline, from 3 years through over 20 years of age, is marked by a slight but statistically significant decline in synaptic density. Concurrent recruitment of synapses with that of sensory and motor areas supports the concept that the initial establishment of cortical circuitry is governed by general mechanisms common to all areas, independent of their specific functional domain. The finding that synaptic density is relatively stable from early adolescence through puberty (the plateau period) is indicative of the importance, in primates, of a consistent and high synaptic density during the formative years when learning experiences are most intense.},
	Author = {Bourgeois, J. P. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Prefrontal Cortex/embryology/*growth &development/ultrastructure;Synapses/*physiology;Female;Microscopy, Electron;Macaca mulatta;Dendrites/physiology;Aging/physiology;Animal;Pregnancy;F;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Male},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Departement des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.},
	Pages = {78-96.},
	Title = {Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys},
	Uuid = {BD68D4F7-1CC6-4F6E-B07F-C017550DBA38},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8180493}}



@article{Bragin:1999,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Properties of oscillations with frequencies >100 Hz were studied in kainic acid (KA)-treated rats and compared with those recorded in normal and kindled rats as well as in patients with epilepsy to determine differences associated with epilepsy. METHODS: Prolonged in vivo wideband recordings of electrical activity were made in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) of (a) normal rats, (b) kindled rats, (c) rats having chronic recurrent spontaneous seizures after intrahippocampal KA injections, and (d) patients with epilepsy undergoing depth electrode evaluation in preparation for surgical treatment. RESULTS: Intermittent oscillatory activity ranging from 100 to 200 Hz in frequency and 50-150 ms in duration was recorded in CA1 and EC of all three animal groups, and in epileptic human hippocampus and EC. This activity had the same characteristics in all groups, resembled previously observed "ripples" described by Buzs{\'a}ki et al., and appeared to represent field potentials of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) on principal cells. Unexpectedly, higher frequency intermittent oscillatory activity ranging from 200 to 500 Hz and 10-100 ms in duration was encountered only in KA-treated rats and patients with epilepsy. These oscillations, termed fast ripples (FRs), were found only adjacent to the epileptogenic lesion in hippocampus, EC, and dentate gyrus, and appeared to represent field potential population spikes. Their local origin was indicated by correspondence with the negative phase of burst discharges of putative pyramidal cells. CONCLUSIONS: The persistence of normal-appearing ripples in epileptic brain support the view that inhibitory processes are preserved. FRs appear to be field potentials reflecting hyper-synchronous bursting of excitatory neurons and provide an opportunity to study the role of this pathophysiologic phenomenon in epilepsy and seizure initiation. Furthermore, if FR activity is unique to brain areas capable of generating spontaneous seizures, its identification could be a powerful functional indicator of the epileptic region in patients evaluated for surgical treatment.},
	Author = {Bragin, A. and Engel, J. and Wilson, C. L. and Fried, I. and Mathern, G. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Animals;Humans;Rats;Seizures;Functional Laterality;Entorhinal Cortex;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Kainic Acid;Male;Action Potentials;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Gap junctions;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Interneurons;Microelectrodes;Electroencephalography;Electrodes, Implanted;Kindling, Neurologic},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Reed Neurological Research Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA.},
	Pages = {127-37},
	Pubmed = {9952257},
	Title = {Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex high-frequency oscillations (100--500 Hz) in human epileptic brain and in kainic acid--treated rats with chronic seizures},
	Uuid = {E9EF4A1B-54A6-41F3-8E05-EDE25F13189B},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Bragin_Epilepsia1999.pdf}}

@article{Bragin:2002,
	Abstract = {Aperiodic high-frequency oscillations (>100 Hz) reflect a short-term synchronization of neuronal electrical activity. It has been shown in the epileptic brain that spontaneous oscillations in the frequency range of 250-600 Hz reflect action potential population bursts of synchronously discharging neuronal clusters. These oscillations occur in the early stages of epileptogenesis in areas adjacent to the brain lesion and may trigger the formation of seizure-generating neuronal networks. We studied the extent of the area generating oscillations in the frequency range of 250-600 Hz [fast ripples (FRs)] in intrahippocampal kainic acid-treated rats with spontaneous seizures, by analyzing voltage versus depth profiles of FRs in hippocampal and parahippocampal areas in freely moving animals and by spatial mapping in hippocampal slice preparations in vitro. The strength of inhibition was compared in areas with and without FRs using a paired-pulse paradigm. The extent of the areas generating FRs did not exceed 1 mm(3). The areas generating FRs became broader after the application of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. Paired-pulse fast inhibition at 15-30 msec intervals was similar in areas generating FRs and areas not generating FRs. Our data illustrate that hypothesized clusters of highly interconnected neurons are capable of overcoming interneuron feedback inhibition, resulting in generation of epileptiform bursts, eventually leading to seizure activity.},
	Author = {Bragin, Anatol and Mody, Istvan and Wilson, Charles L. and Engel, Jerome},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Feedback;Brain;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Perforant Pathway;Hippocampus;Biological Clocks;Kainic Acid;Chronic Disease;Reaction Time;Entorhinal Cortex;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Action Potentials;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Dentate Gyrus;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Neural Inhibition;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA. abragin\@ucla.edu},
	Pages = {2012-21},
	Pii = {22/5/2012},
	Pubmed = {11880532},
	Title = {Local generation of fast ripples in epileptic brain},
	Uuid = {1826D7CE-B5A1-40D8-AAD5-ED4F5D3926FD},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Bragin:2004,
	Abstract = {The normal processes of learning and memory as well as the pathological progress of various neurological diseases may result in changes in gene expression in small, local populations of neurons in any given brain area, leading to the occurrence of specific patterns of electrical activity without easily detectable changes in the morphology of this brain area. One way of identifying these changes might be the comparison of gene expression of areas which generate and areas which do not generate specific patterns of electrical activity. A method for microbiopsy of limited (0.5-1.0 mm3) tissue samples from electrophysiologically identified areas of neurons generating epileptiform activity in the rat brain is described. Here we demonstrate that total RNA isolated from individual microbiopsy samples might be successfully used for microarray based gene expression analysis of any discretely localized neuronal group which can be identified electrophysiologically, including neurons in cortical columns, cell assemblies or other functional units.},
	Author = {Bragin, Anatol and Karsten, Stanislav L. and Almajano, Joyel and Wilson, Charles L. and Geschwind, Daniel H. and Engel, Jerome},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;RNA;Rats;Comparative Study;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Brain;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Kainic Acid;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Biopsy;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Laterality;Polymerase Chain Reaction;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Seizure Disorder Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA. abragin\@ucla.edu},
	Pages = {49-55},
	Pii = {S0165027003003121},
	Pubmed = {14757344},
	Title = {Large-scale microarray gene expression analysis in discrete electrophysiologically identified neuronal clusters},
	Uuid = {2FDB5A3F-8231-488F-B08D-EB5F2E544AFF},
	Volume = {133},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosciMethods2004.pdf}}






@article{Brecht:2007,
	Abstract = {Neural networks of the rodent barrel cortex are particularly tractable for developing a quantitative understanding of response transformations in a cortical column. A column in barrel cortex consists of approximately 10 compartments. Two thalamic input pathways, a sensory lemniscal one and sensorimotor paralemniscal one, are transformed to approximately 7 population outputs, each with distinct spatiotemporal response characteristics. Granular and supragranular layers are sites of segregated processing in lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways, whereas infragranular layers are sites of intracolumnar, lemniscal/paralemniscal integration. Individual thalamocortical connections are relatively weak, and a considerable fraction of thalamocortical afferents contributes to each sensory response. Intracortically, relatively few but strong synaptic connections contribute to sensory responses, and responses are rapidly terminated by inhibition. Overall cortical population activity is very low. Whiskers mediate a wide range of behaviors and many natural tactile behaviors occur very rapidly. Vibrissal object recognition can be size invariant and motion invariant and is based on the tactile 'Gestaltwahrnehmung' of shape.},
	Author = {Brecht, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13 House 6, 10115 Berlin, Germany. michael.brecht\@bccn-berlin.de},
	Pages = {408-16},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(07)00091-8},
	Pubmed = {17702566},
	Title = {Barrel cortex and whisker-mediated behaviors},
	Uuid = {4B33F412-7F3A-4F7F-8DC9-86D6B38F82BA},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Brecht_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.008}}

@article{Brenowitz:2003,
	Abstract = {Many types of neurons release endocannabinoids from their dendrites in response to elevation of intracellular calcium levels. Endocannabinoids then activate presynaptic cannabinoid receptors, thereby inhibiting neurotransmitter release for tens of seconds. A crucial step in understanding the physiological role of this retrograde signaling is to determine its sensitivity to elevations of postsynaptic calcium. Here we determine and compare the calcium dependence of endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde inhibition at three types of synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells. Previous studies have shown that Purkinje cell depolarization results in endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde inhibition of synapses received from climbing fibers, granule cell parallel fibers, and inhibitory interneurons. Using several calcium indicators with a range of affinities, we performed a series of in situ and in vitro calibrations to quantify calcium levels in Purkinje cells. We found that postsynaptic calcium levels of approximately 15 microM are required for half-maximal retrograde inhibition at all of these synapses. In contrast, previous studies had suggested that endocannabinoid release could occur with slight elevations of calcium above resting levels, which implies that inhibition should be widespread and continuously modulated by subtle changes in intracellular calcium levels. However, our results indicate that such small changes in intracellular calcium are not sufficient to evoke endocannabinoid release. Instead, because of its high requirement for calcium, retrograde inhibition mediated by calcium-dependent endocannabinoid release from Purkinje cells will occur under more restricted conditions and with greater spatial localization than previously appreciated.},
	Author = {Brenowitz, Stephan D. and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Synapses;Calcium Signaling;Rats;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;Endocannabinoids;Calcium;Fatty Acids, Unsaturated;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebellum;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {15},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {6373-84},
	Pii = {23/15/6373},
	Pubmed = {12867523},
	Title = {Calcium dependence of retrograde inhibition by endocannabinoids at synapses onto Purkinje cells},
	Uuid = {B7A412DC-315E-403F-980B-8E368F034562},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Brenowitz:2006,
	Abstract = {Endocannabinoids can act as retrograde messengers that allow postsynaptic cells to regulate the strength of their synaptic inputs. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) release endocannabinoids through two mechanisms. Synaptic activation evokes local endocannabinoid release that relies on a pathway that involves the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 and phospholipase-C (PLC). In contrast, depolarization evokes endocannabinoid release from the entire dendritic arbor. This leads to depolarization-induced suppression of inhibitory (DSI) and excitatory (DSE) synapses by a mechanism that does not involve mGluR1 or PLC. This latter mechanism of endocannabinoid release has only been observed under artificial conditions that transiently elevate postsynaptic calcium to >5 microm. Here, we tested the possibility that this mechanism could lead to retrograde inhibition in response to more realistic calcium signals. At both climbing fiber and inhibitory synapses onto PCs, we found that prolonging the elevation of calcium significantly lowered the peak calcium required to evoke PLC-independent endocannabinoid release. This suggests that the mechanism of endocannabinoid release involved in DSI and DSE is likely to evoke endocannabinoid release in response to physiologically relevant levels of calcium. When dendritic calcium was elevated to 0.4-1 microm for 15 s or more, endocannabinoid release from PCs selectively suppressed inhibitory synapses. This suggests that inhibitory synapses are more sensitive to prolonged calcium increases. Thus, in contrast to localized retrograde inhibition evoked by synaptic activation, modest but sustained calcium elevation could globally suppress inhibitory synapses onto PCs.},
	Author = {Brenowitz, Stephan D. and Best, Aaron R. and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Synapses;Animals;Rats;Enzyme Inhibitors;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;comparative study ;Endocannabinoids;Calcium;Time Factors;Dendrites;Quinoxalines;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Cerebellum;Pyrazoles;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Piperidines},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {25},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {6841-50},
	Pii = {26/25/6841},
	Pubmed = {16793891},
	Title = {Sustained elevation of dendritic calcium evokes widespread endocannabinoid release and suppression of synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells},
	Uuid = {D826445C-925C-4E5A-BD73-839C5A7B749F},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1280-06.2006}}

@article{Bressoud:1999,
	Abstract = {The corpus callosum interconnects both corresponding (homotopic) and noncorresponding (heterotopic) cortical sites of the two hemispheres. We have studied the axons that establish heterotopic connections from visual areas 17 and 18 (E axons) by using anterogradely transported biocytin and three-dimensional serial reconstructions in adult cats and in kittens. Their site of termination distinguished four types of axons. Type EI ends near the border between areas 19/21a or 7, and type EII near the PMLS/PLLS border (posteromedial and posterolateral lateral suprasylvian areas). Type EIII and EIV terminate the first near the PMLS/PLLS and PMLS/21a borders, and the second near the PMLS/PLLS and 19/21a or 7 borders. Taking into account the previously studied homotopic axons (O axons; Houzel et al. [1994] Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:898-917), it can be concluded that areas 17 and 18 are interhemispherically connected by at least five types of axons, three of which (O, EI, and EII) terminate near one areal border, the other two (types EIII and EIV), near two areal borders. All types terminate near representations of the vertical meridian of the visual field. The different types of axons can be identified already during the first postnatal week; at this age, unlike in the adult, they originate not only near the 17/18 border, but also, transiently, in area 17. This suggests that the developing cortex contains sets of neurons destined to send their axon to different targets; however, the axons grow beyond their sites of adult termination. Indeed, exuberant growth takes place at the stage of axonal elongation, and at subsequent stages of axonal differentiation, i.e., during subcortical branching, intracortical branching and synaptogenesis. The growth is progressively more constrained in its topographic distribution and the axons are subsequently reshaped by regressive events.},
	Author = {Bressoud, R. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Visual Cortex;Cats;Anatomy, Artistic;Not relevant;Growth Cones;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;Animals;Axons},
	Medline = {99198993},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {87-108},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990329)406:1<87::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-S},
	Pubmed = {10100894},
	Title = {Typology, early differentiation, and exuberant growth of a set of cortical axons},
	Uuid = {DFE00AC9-39CD-4B59-A6D6-0F84F05204F1},
	Volume = {406},
	Year = {1999}}





@article{Briggman:2006,
	Abstract = {By using multi-electrode arrays or optical imaging, investigators can now record from many individual neurons in various parts of nervous systems simultaneously while an animal performs sensory, motor or cognitive tasks. Given the large multidimensional datasets that are now routinely generated, it is often not obvious how to find meaningful results within the data. The analysis of neuronal-population recordings typically involves two steps: the extraction of relevant dynamics from neural data, and then use of the dynamics to classify and discriminate features of a stimulus or behavior. We focus on the application of techniques that emphasize interactions among the recorded neurons rather than using just the correlations between individual neurons and a perception or a behavior. An understanding of modern analysis techniques is crucially important for researchers interested in the co-varying activity among populations of neurons or even brain regions.},
	Author = {Briggman, Kevin L. and Abarbanel, Henry D. I. and Kristan, William B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Nonlinear Dynamics;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;Movement;21 Neurophysiology;Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neural Pathways;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Synaptic Transmission;Cognition;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Neurons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomedical Optics, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.},
	Pages = {135-44},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(06)00039-0},
	Pubmed = {16564165},
	Title = {From crawling to cognition: analyzing the dynamical interactions among populations of neurons},
	Uuid = {121F087E-DC46-4F94-8413-3F9B9FD6EA51},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.014}}

@article{Briggman:2005,
	Abstract = {We investigated decision-making in the leech nervous system by stimulating identical sensory inputs that sometimes elicit crawling and other times swimming. Neuronal populations were monitored with voltage-sensitive dyes after each stimulus. By quantifying the discrimination time of each neuron, we found single neurons that discriminate before the two behaviors are evident. We used principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to find populations of neurons that discriminated earlier than any single neuron. The analysis highlighted the neuron cell 208. Hyperpolarizing cell 208 during a stimulus biases the leech to swim; depolarizing it biases the leech to crawl or to delay swimming.},
	Author = {Briggman, K. L. and Abarbanel, H. D. I. and Kristan, W. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Coloring Agents;Swimming;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Leeches;Principal Component Analysis;Locomotion;Analysis of Variance;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Decision Making;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Ganglia, Invertebrate;Discriminant Analysis;Motor Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Interneurons;Microelectrodes;Central Nervous System;Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5711},
	Organization = {Division of Biological Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA.},
	Pages = {896-901},
	Pii = {307/5711/896},
	Pubmed = {15705844},
	Title = {Optical imaging of neuronal populations during decision-making},
	Uuid = {B06A78D3-2356-4480-BEB4-87968BDF97A8},
	Volume = {307},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1103736}}









@article{Brody:1998,
	Abstract = {Slow covariations in neuronal resting potentials can lead to artefactually fast cross-correlations in their spike trains. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3345-3351, 1998. A model of two lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells, which interact only through slow (tens of seconds) covariations in their resting membrane potentials, is used here to investigate the effect of such covariations on cross-correlograms taken during stimulus-driven conditions. Despite the slow timescale of the interactions, the model generates cross-correlograms with peak widths in the range of 25-200 ms. These bear a striking resemblance to those reported in studies of LGN cells by Sillito et al., which were taken at the time as evidence of a fast spike timing synchronization interaction; the model highlights the possibility that those correlogram peaks may have been caused by a mechanism other than spike synchronization. Slow resting potential covariations are suggested instead as the dominant generating mechanism. How can a slow interaction generate covariogram peaks with a width 100-1,000 times thinner than its timescale? Broad peaks caused by slow interactions are modulated by the cells' poststimulus time histograms (PSTHs). When the PSTHs have thin peaks (e.g., tens of milliseconds), the cross-correlogram peaks generated by slow interactions will also be thin; such peaks are easily misinterpretable as being caused by fast interactions. Although this point is explored here in the context of LGN recordings, it is a general point and applies elsewhere. When cross-correlogram peak widths are of the same order of magnitude as PSTH peak widths, experiments designed to reveal short-timescale interactions must be interpreted with the issue of possible contributions from slower interactions in mind.},
	Author = {Brody, C. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Synapses;21 Epilepsy;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Geniculate Bodies;Models, Neurological;Calcium Channels;Electrophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Instituto de Fisiolog{\'\i}a Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico, C.P. 04510 M{\'e}xico D.F., Mexico.},
	Pages = {3345-51},
	Pubmed = {9862930},
	Title = {Slow covariations in neuronal resting potentials can lead to artefactually fast cross-correlations in their spike trains},
	Uuid = {EECB50A3-E1FC-471D-B50F-42AFE0BF0AE5},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Brody_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}}


@article{Brooks-Kayal:2001,
	Abstract = {Profound alterations in the function of GABA occur over the course of postnatal development. Changes in GABA(A) receptor expression are thought to contribute to these differences in GABAergic function, but how subunit changes correlate with receptor function in individual developing neurons has not been defined precisely. In the current study, we correlate expression of 14 different GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs with changes in the pharmacological properties of the receptor in individual hippocampal dentate granule cells over the course of postnatal development in rat. We demonstrate significant developmental differences in GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA expression, including greater than two-fold lower expression of alpha1-, alpha4- and gamma2- subunit mRNAs and 10-fold higher expression of alpha5-mRNA in immature compared with adult neurons. These differences correlate both with regional changes in subunit protein level and with alterations in GABA(A) receptor function in immature dentate granule cells, including two-fold higher blockade by zinc and three-fold lower augmentation by type-I benzodiazepine site modulators. Further, we find an inverse correlation between changes in GABA(A) receptor zinc sensitivity and abundance of vesicular zinc in dentate gyrus during postnatal development. These findings suggest that developmental differences in subunit expression contribute to alterations in GABA(A) receptor function during postnatal development.},
	Author = {Brooks-Kayal, A. R. and Shumate, M. D. and Jin, H. and Rikhter, T. Y. and Kelly, M. E. and Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurochem},
	Keywords = {RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Rats;Sedatives, Nonbarbiturate/pharmacology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Animal;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology;Dentate Gyrus/cytology/*growth &development/metabolism;Dyes;Zinc/pharmacology;I-4;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Blotting, Western;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Pyridines/pharmacology;Neurons/metabolism;Receptors, GABA-A/*biosynthesis},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Pediatric Regional Epilepsy Program and Joseph Stokes Research Institute of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kayal\@email.chop.edu},
	Pages = {1266-78.},
	Title = {gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subunit expression predicts functional changes in hippocampal dentate granule cells during postnatal development},
	Uuid = {CA95C309-EAC9-4969-9C8E-00562D176A91},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11389177%20http://www.jneurochem.org/cgi/content/full/77/5/1266%20http://www.jneurochem.org/cgi/content/abstract/77/5/1266}}

@article{Brooks-Kayal:1998,
	Abstract = {Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most prevalent seizure disorder in adults. Compromised inhibitory neurotransmitter function in the hippocampus contributes to the hyperexcitability generating this condition, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Combining patch-clamp recording and single-cell mRNA amplification (aRNA) techniques in single dentate granule cells, we demonstrate that expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs is substantially altered in neurons from epileptic rats. These changes in gene expression precede epilepsy onset by weeks and correlate with profound alterations in receptor function, indicating that aberrant GABA(A) receptor expression and function has an essential role in the process of epileptogenesis.},
	Author = {Brooks-Kayal, A. R. and Shumate, M. D. and Jin, H. and Rikhter, T. Y. and Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1078-8956},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Keywords = {Pilocarpine;Electric Conductivity;Gene Expression Regulation;Animals;Rats;Seizures;Cell Separation;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;RNA, Messenger;Receptors, GABA-A;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Histocytochemistry;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Dentate Gyrus;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {98442693},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9502015},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Joseph Stokes Research Institute of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA. kayal\@email.chop.edu},
	Pages = {1166-72},
	Pubmed = {9771750},
	Title = {Selective changes in single cell GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and function in temporal lobe epilepsy},
	Uuid = {330B7AF4-45FA-4A7D-AAAD-1C13A6760012},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2661}}



@article{Brown:2003,
	Abstract = {Many types of neurons can release endocannabinoids that act as retrograde signals to inhibit neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. Little is known, however, about the properties or role of such inhibition under physiological conditions. Here we report that brief bursts of presynaptic activity evoked endocannabinoid release, which strongly inhibited parallel fiber-to-Purkinje cell synapses in rat cerebellar slices. This retrograde inhibition was triggered by activation of either postsynaptic metabotropic or ionotropic glutamate receptors and was restricted to synapses activated with high-frequency bursts. Thus, endocannabinoids allow neurons to inhibit specific synaptic inputs in response to a burst, thereby dynamically fine-tuning the properties of synaptic integration.},
	Author = {Brown, Solange P. and Brenowitz, Stephan D. and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Calcium Channel Blockers;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Presynaptic Terminals;Calcium Signaling;Rats;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Naphthalenes;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, AMPA;Endocannabinoids;Organ Culture Techniques;Morpholines;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;Pyrazoles;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Neural Inhibition;Piperidines},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {1048-57},
	Pii = {nn1126},
	Pubmed = {14502290},
	Title = {Brief presynaptic bursts evoke synapse-specific retrograde inhibition mediated by endogenous cannabinoids},
	Uuid = {7489BB90-A365-45FB-95D0-BE3517FE1BF9},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1126}}

@article{Brown:2004,
	Abstract = {Multiple electrodes are now a standard tool in neuroscience research that make it possible to study the simultaneous activity of several neurons in a given brain region or across different regions. The data from multi-electrode studies present important analysis challenges that must be resolved for optimal use of these neurophysiological measurements to answer questions about how the brain works. Here we review statistical methods for the analysis of multiple neural spike-train data and discuss future challenges for methodology research.},
	Author = {Brown, Emery N. and Kass, Robert E. and Mitra, Partha P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Statistics;Models, Neurological;Time Factors;Brain Mapping;Electrophysiology;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Art},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Statistics Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA. brown\@neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {456-61},
	Pii = {nn1228},
	Pubmed = {15114358},
	Title = {Multiple neural spike train data analysis: state-of-the-art and future challenges},
	Uuid = {39CB4BA5-0B02-48A7-98C8-4FEDD753ABE8},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1228}}


@article{Brumberg:2003,
	Abstract = {Layer VI is the origin of the massive feedback connection from the cortex to the thalamus, yet its complement of cell types and their connections is poorly understood. The physiological and morphological properties of corticofugal neurons of layer VI of mouse primary visual cortex were investigated in slices loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator fura-2AM. To identify corticofugal neurons, electrical stimulation of the white matter (WM) was done in conjunction with calcium imaging to detect neurons that responded with changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in response to the stimulation. Subsequent whole cell recordings confirmed that they discharged antidromic action potentials after WM stimulation. Antidromically activated neurons were more excitable and had different spiking properties than neighboring nonantidromic neurons, although both groups had similar input resistances. Furthermore, antidromic neurons possessed narrower action potentials and smaller afterhyperpolarizations. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstructions indicated that antidromically activated neurons had a distinct morphology with longer apical dendrites and fewer nonprimary dendrites than nonantidromic cells. To identify the antidromic neurons, rhodamine microspheres were injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and allowed to retrogradely transport back to the somata of the layer VI cortico-geniculate neurons. Physiological and anatomical analysis indicated that most antidromic neurons were likely to be cortico-geniculate neurons. Our results show that cortico-thalamic neurons represent a specific functional and morphological class of layer VI neurons.},
	Author = {Brumberg, Joshua C. and Hamzei-Sichani, Farid and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Rhodamines;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Synapses;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Neural Pathways;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;in vitro ;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;Male;21 Calcium imaging;Microspheres;Thalamus;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. joshua\_brumberg\@qc.edu},
	Pages = {2854-67},
	Pii = {89/5/2854},
	Pubmed = {12740416},
	Title = {Morphological and physiological characterization of layer VI corticofugal neurons of mouse primary visual cortex},
	Uuid = {FF9130F1-F47E-4C83-9D49-C2278C522B6A},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01051.2002}}


@article{Brunelli:1996,
	Author = {Brunelli, S. and Faiella, A. and Capra, V. and Nigro, V. and Simeone, A. and Cama, A. and Boncinelli, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1061-4036},
	Journal = {Nat Genet},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Transcription Factors;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Humans;Base Sequence;Brain;Female;Homeodomain Proteins;Tomography, X-Ray Computed;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Brain Diseases;Point Mutation;Male;DNA Primers;10 genetics malformation;Genes, Homeobox;Pedigree;Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Molecular Sequence Data;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9216904},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {DIBIT, Istituto Scientifico HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy.},
	Pages = {94-6},
	Pubmed = {8528262},
	Title = {Germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2 in patients with severe schizencephaly},
	Uuid = {98D61E40-7680-4E3B-96BC-3746145630DA},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0196-94}}




@article{Bucci:1999,
	Abstract = {The thalamic connectivity and basal forebrain cholinergic input to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of Long-Evans rats was examined using combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical methods. As in previous studies, the PPC could be distinguished by its input from the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal, and posterior nuclei of the thalamus, but not the lateral geniculate nucleus or ventrobasal complex. These nuclei were also observed to receive reciprocal projections from the ipsilateral PPC. Cholinergic neurons innervating the PPC were primarily localized to the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis region. The implications of these data for possible functions of the cholinergic input to PPC are discussed.},
	Author = {Bucci, D. J. and Conley, M. and Gallagher, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4965},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Molecular Probes;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Thalamic Nuclei;Rats, Long-Evans;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neural Pathways;Choline O-Acetyltransferase;Parietal Lobe;Prosencephalon;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99253381},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9100935},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.},
	Pages = {941-5},
	Pubmed = {10321464},
	Title = {Thalamic and basal forebrain cholinergic connections of the rat posterior parietal cortex},
	Uuid = {17331C21-62CB-4F24-BFF7-51A4FAAC526B},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Buchkremer-Ratzmann:1998,
	Abstract = {Seizures are one of the most frequent complications after cerebral ischemia in patients. Up to now it is unknown which mechanisms are responsible for this. As shown previously photothrombotic infarction in rat neocortex leads to a sweeping suppression of GABAergic inhibition. In this study we investigated whether and to what extent epileptiform discharges can be observed in this ischemia model. In neocortical slices from lesioned animals we did not find spontaneous epileptic activity or paroxysmal depolarisation shifts. However, ipsi- and contralateral to a photothrombotic lesion the frequency of double and multiple discharges was markedly increased when compared to unlesioned controls. Surprisingly, neither the drug lubeluzole which was has been shown to prevent the GABAergic disinhibition observed after photothrombotic lesioning of rat neocortex, nor the prevention of spreading depressions by the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 during lesion induction significantly affected the frequency of epileptiform discharges. This indicates that the epileptiform discharges are probably caused by functional alterations of glutamatergic receptors.},
	Author = {Buchkremer-Ratzmann, I. and August, M. and Hagemann, G. and Witte, O. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-510X},
	Journal = {J Neurol Sci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis;In Vitro;Electrophysiology;Rats;Animals;Dizocilpine Maleate;21 Epilepsy;Neuroprotective Agents;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Reaction Time;Rats, Wistar;Thiazoles;Cerebral Infarction;Male;21 Neurophysiology;Light;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Piperidines},
	Medline = {98248261},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0375403},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t, D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {133-7},
	Pii = {S0022510X98000343},
	Pubmed = {9588847},
	Title = {Epileptiform discharges to extracellular stimuli in rat neocortical slices after photothrombotic infarction},
	Uuid = {6DAD6465-F67A-4AE4-B2A2-6FCAFAC70510},
	Volume = {156},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Buck:2000,
	Author = {Buck, L. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Odors;I;Smell/*physiology;Protein Structure, Tertiary;Gene Expression/physiology;Receptors, Odorant/*chemistry/*genetics;Mammals;Animal;Pheromones/*chemistry/*physiology;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Neurobiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. lbuck\@hms.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {611-8.},
	Title = {The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals},
	Uuid = {B5C0C278-DD53-4442-8AA7-0805D73A0F3F},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10761927}}

@article{Buck:2004,
	Author = {Buck, Linda B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Odorant;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Smell;History, 20th Century;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Autobiography;historical article;Molecular Biology;comment;biography;Mice;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Humans;History, 21st Century},
	Medline = {23227458},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {2 Suppl},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. lbuck\@fhcrc.org},
	Pages = {S117-9, 1 p following S119},
	Pubmed = {15055598},
	Title = {The search for odorant receptors},
	Uuid = {D085A76C-6FB8-4AB1-90F6-597460534F70},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {2004}}


@article{Buehlmann:2008,
	Abstract = {Extensive theoretical and experimental work on the neuronal correlates of visual attention raises two hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms. The first hypothesis, named biased competition, originates from experimental single-cell recordings that have shown that attention upmodulates the firing rates of the neurons encoding the attended features and downregulates the firing rates of the neurons encoding the unattended features. Furthermore, attentional modulation of firing rates increases along the visual pathway. The other, newer hypothesis assigns synchronization a crucial role in the attentional process. It stems from experiments that have shown that attention modulates gamma-frequency synchronization. In this paper, we study the coexistence of the two phenomena using a theoretical framework. We find that the two effects can vary independently of each other and across layers. Therefore, the two phenomena are not concomitant. However, we show that there is an advantage in the processing of information if rate modulation is accompanied by gamma modulation, namely that reaction times are shorter, implying behavioral relevance for gamma synchronization.},
	Author = {Buehlmann, Andres and Deco, Gustavo},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Bias (Epidemiology);Attention;Photic Stimulation;Animals;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Cortical Synchronization;Visual Perception;Visual Pathways;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Visual Fields;Action Potentials;Haplorhini;N-Methylaspartate;Neurons;Inhibition (Psychology);24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Spectrum Analysis;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {30},
	Organization = {Computational Neuroscience, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. andres.buhlmann\@upf.edu},
	Pages = {7679-86},
	Pii = {28/30/7679},
	Pubmed = {18650344},
	Title = {The neuronal basis of attention: rate versus synchronization modulation},
	Uuid = {4D5BBE08-C462-46D7-AD20-4B3425BF6B33},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Buehlmann_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5640-07.2008}}

@article{Buffelli:2003,
	Abstract = {Synaptic activity drives synaptic rearrangement in the vertebrate nervous system; indeed, this appears to be a main way in which experience shapes neural connectivity. One rearrangement that occurs in many parts of the nervous system during early postnatal life is a competitive process called 'synapse elimination'. At the neuromuscular junction, where synapse elimination has been analysed in detail, muscle fibres are initially innervated by multiple axons, then all but one are withdrawn and the 'winner' enlarges. In support of the idea that synapse elimination is activity dependent, it is slowed or speeded when total neuromuscular activity is decreased or increased, respectively. However, most hypotheses about synaptic rearrangement postulate that change depends less on total activity than on the relative activity of the competitors. Intuitively, it seems that the input best able to excite its postsynaptic target would be most likely to win the competition, but some theories and results make other predictions. Here we use a genetic method to selectively inhibit neurotransmission from one of two inputs to a single target cell. We show that more powerful inputs are strongly favoured competitors during synapse elimination.},
	Author = {Buffelli, Mario and Burgess, Robert W. and Feng, Guoping and Lobe, Corrinne G. and Lichtman, Jeff W. and Sanes, Joshua R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Animals;Synapses;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Axons;Mice, Transgenic;Gene Deletion;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Choline O-Acetyltransferase;10 circuit formation;Neuromuscular Junction;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Muscle, Skeletal;21 Activity-development;Motor Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological;Transgenes},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6947},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {430-4},
	Pii = {nature01844},
	Pubmed = {12879071},
	Title = {Genetic evidence that relative synaptic efficacy biases the outcome of synaptic competition},
	Uuid = {2899ED06-52BC-4828-9F4F-DB0726D95264},
	Volume = {424},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Buffelli_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01844}}


@article{Bureau:2004,
	Abstract = {Sensory cortex is ordered into columns, each tuned to a subset of peripheral stimuli. To identify the principles underlying the construction of columnar architecture, we monitored the development of circuits in the rat barrel cortex, using laser-scanning photostimulation analysis of synaptic connectivity, reconstructions of axonal arbors, and in vivo whole-cell recording. Circuits impinging onto layer 2/3 neurons from layers 4 and 2/3 developed in a monotonic, precise progression, with little evidence for transient hyperinnervation at the level of cortical columns. Consistent with this, synaptic currents measured in layer 2/3 neurons at PND 8, just after these neurons ceased to migrate, revealed already spatially well-tuned receptive fields.},
	Author = {Bureau, Ingrid and Shepherd, Gordon M. G. and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Vibrissae;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Reaction Time;Nerve Net;10 Development;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Age Factors;comparative study ;In Vitro;Electric Stimulation;Brain Mapping;Synapses;21 Circuit structure-function;Dendrites;Neocortex;Membrane Potentials;Axons;Comparative Study;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Lasers;Action Potentials;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;in vitro},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {789-801},
	Pii = {S0896627304002910},
	Pubmed = {15182718},
	Title = {Precise development of functional and anatomical columns in the neocortex},
	Uuid = {617F37D0-6584-4BFA-9964-E8D87CF24805},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Bureau_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.002}}

@article{Bureau:2006,
	Abstract = {Primary sensory cortical areas receive information through multiple thalamic channels. In the rodent whisker system, lemniscal and paralemniscal thalamocortical projections, from the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and posterior medial nucleus (POm) respectively, carry distinct types of sensory information to cortex. Little is known about how these separate streams of activity are parsed and integrated within the neocortical microcircuit. We used quantitative laser scanning photostimulation to probe the organization of functional thalamocortical and ascending intracortical projections in the mouse barrel cortex. To map the thalamocortical projections, we recorded from neocortical excitatory neurons while stimulating VPM or POm. Neurons in layers (L)4, L5, and L6A received dense input from thalamus (L4, L5B, and L6A from VPM; and L5A from POm), whereas L2/3 neurons rarely received thalamic input. We further mapped the lemniscal and paralemniscal circuits from L4 and L5A to L2/3. Lemniscal L4 neurons targeted L3 within a column. Paralemniscal L5A neurons targeted a superficial band (thickness, 60 mum) of neurons immediately below L1, defining a functionally distinct L2 in the mouse barrel cortex. L2 neurons received input from lemniscal L3 cells and paralemniscal L5A cells spread over multiple columns. Our data indicate that lemniscal and paralemniscal information is segregated into interdigitated cortical layers.},
	Author = {Bureau, Ingrid and von Saint Paul, Francisca and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {Vibrissae;Microtomy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Brain Mapping;Afferent Pathways;Animals;Mice;Neurons, Afferent;Somatosensory Cortex;Thalamus},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e382},
	Pii = {06-PLBI-RA-0726R2},
	Pubmed = {17121453},
	Title = {Interdigitated paralemniscal and lemniscal pathways in the mouse barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {B86CF62E-3250-4F05-978A-20C5604EA168},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Bureau_PLoSBiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040382}}








@article{Butler:1994,
	Abstract = {The large body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that the dorsal cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge of non-mammalian (non-synapsid) amniotes form the dorsal pallium and are homologous as a set of specified populations of cells to respective sets of cells in mammalian isocortex is reviewed. Several recently taken positions that oppose this hypothesis are examined and found to lack a solid foundation. A cladistic analysis of multiple features of the dorsal pallium in amniotes was carried out in order to obtain a morphotype for the common ancestral stock of all living amniotes, i.e., a captorhinomorph amniote. A previous cladistic analysis of the dorsal thalamus (Butler, A.B., The evolution of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, including mammals: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis, Brain Res. Rev., 19 (1994) 29-65; this issue, previous article) found that two fundamental divisions of the dorsal thalamus can be recognized--termed the lemnothalamus in reference to predominant lemniscal sensory input and the collothalamus in reference to predominant input from the midbrain roof. These two divisions are both elaborated in amniotes in that their volume is increased and their nuclei are laterally migrated in comparison with anamniotes. The present cladistic analysis found that two corresponding, fundamental divisions of the dorsal pallium were present in captorhinomorph amniotes and were expanded relative to their condition in anamniotes. Both the lemnothalamic medial pallial division and the collothalamic lateral pallial division were subsequently further markedly expanded in the synapsid line leading to mammals, along with correlated expansions of the lemnothalamus and collothalamus. Only the collothalamic lateral pallial division--along with the collothalamus--was subsequently further markedly expanded in the non-synapsid amniote line that gave rise to diapsid reptiles, birds and turtles. In the synapsid line leading to mammals, an increase in the degree of radial organization of both divisions of the dorsal pallium also occurred, resulting in an 'outside-in'migration pattern during development. The lemnothalamic medial division of the dorsal pallium has two parts. The medial part forms the subicular, cingulate, prefrontal, sensorimotor, and related cortices in mammals and the medial part of the dorsal cortex in non-synapsid amniotes. The lateral part forms striate cortex in mammals and the lateral part of dorsal cortex (or pallial thickening or visual Wulst) in non-synapsid amniotes. Specific fields within the collothalamic lateral division of the dorsal pallium form the extrastriate, auditory, secondary somatosensory, and related cortices in mammals and the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and related areas of the dorsal ventricular ridge in non-synapsid amniotes. 0165-0173 Journal Article Review Review, Academic},
	Author = {Butler, A. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology;*Phylogeny;Telencephalon/*anatomy &histology;*Evolution;N;Vertebrates/*anatomy &histology;Animals;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Ivory Tower Neurobiology Institute, Arlington, VA 22207.},
	Pages = {66-101},
	Pubmed = {8167660},
	Title = {The evolution of the dorsal pallium in the telencephalon of amniotes: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis},
	Uuid = {6854D7BE-6A31-4575-9A1F-DD6B82B043DF},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8167660}}

@article{Butler:1994a,
	Abstract = {The evolution of the dorsal thalamus in various vertebrate lineages of jawed vertebrates has been an enigma, partly due to two prevalent misconceptions: the belief that the multitude of nuclei in the dorsal thalamus of mammals could be meaningfully compared neither with the relatively few nuclei in the dorsal thalamus of anamniotes nor with the intermediate number of dorsal thalamic nuclei of other amniotes and a definition of the dorsal thalamus that too narrowly focused on the features of the dorsal thalamus of mammals. The cladistic analysis carried out here allows us to recognize which features are plesiomorphic and which apomorphic for the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates and to then reconstruct the major changes that have occurred in the dorsal thalamus over evolution. Embryological data examined in the context of Von Baerian theory (embryos of later-descendant species resemble the embryos of earlier-descendant species to the point of their divergence) supports a new 'Dual Elaboration Hypothesis'of dorsal thalamic evolution generated from this cladistic analysis. From the morphotype for an early stage in the embryological development of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, the divergent, sequential stages of the development of the dorsal thalamus are derived for each major radiation and compared. The new hypothesis holds that the dorsal thalamus comprises two basic divisions--the collothalamus and the lemnothalamus--that receive their predominant input from the midbrain roof and (plesiomorphically) from lemniscal pathways, including the optic tract, respectively. Where present, the collothalamic, midbrain-sensory relay nuclei are homologous to each other in all vertebrate radiations as discrete nuclei. Within the lemnothalamus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mammals and the dorsal lateral optic nucleus of non-synapsid amniotes (diapsid reptiles, birds and turtles) are homologous as discrete nuclei; most or all of the ventral nuclear group of mammals is homologous as a field to the lemniscal somatosensory relay and motor feedback nuclei of non-synapsid amniotes; the anterior, intralaminar and medial nuclear groups of mammals are collectively homologous as a field to both the dorsomedial and dorsolateral (including perirotundal) nuclei of non-synapsid amniotes; the anterior, intralaminar, medial and ventral nuclear groups and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mammals are collectively homologous as a field to the nucleus anterior of anamniotes, as are their homologues in non-synapsid amniotes. In the captorhinomorph ancestors of extant land vertebrates, both divisions of the dorsal thalamus were elaborated to some extent due to an increase in proliferation and lateral migration of neurons during development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 0165-0173 Journal Article Review Review, Academic},
	Author = {Butler, A. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
	Keywords = {*Phylogeny;Vertebrates/*anatomy &histology/embryology;Mammals/*anatomy &histology/embryology;Thalamic Nuclei/*anatomy &histology/embryology;N;*Evolution;Animals;Jaw;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Ivory Tower Neurobiology Institute, Arlington, VA 22207.},
	Pages = {29-65},
	Pubmed = {8167659},
	Title = {The evolution of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, including mammals: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis},
	Uuid = {83FB4D15-BB3F-443E-B9DD-AAB8714D571E},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8167659}}

@article{Butler:1999,
	Abstract = {0166-2236 Congresses},
	Author = {Butler, A. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mammals/*physiology;Evolution, Molecular;Neocortex/*physiology;N;*Evolution;Animals;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and the Dept of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.},
	Pages = {332-4},
	Pubmed = {10465725},
	Title = {Whence and whither cortex?},
	Uuid = {D95E9A0D-28E2-4166-8D07-AB7E2F17D22A},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10465725}}




@article{Butt:2005,
	Abstract = {Interneurons of the cerebral cortex represent a heterogeneous population of cells with important roles in network function. At present, little is known about how these neurons are specified in the developing telencephalon. To explore whether this diversity is established in the early progenitor populations, we conducted in utero fate-mapping of the mouse medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE, respectively), from which most cortical interneurons arise. Mature interneuron subtypes were assessed by electrophysiological and immunological analysis, as well as by morphological reconstruction. At E13.5, the MGE gives rise to fast-spiking (FS) interneurons, whereas the CGE generates predominantly regular-spiking interneurons (RSNP). Later at E15.5, the CGE produces RSNP classes distinct from those generated from the E13.5 CGE. Thus, we provide evidence that the spatial and temporal origin of interneuron precursors in the developing telencephalic eminences predicts the intrinsic physiological properties of mature interneurons.},
	Author = {Butt, Simon J. B. and Fuccillo, Marc and Nery, Susana and Noctor, Steven and Kriegstein, Arnold and Corbin, Joshua G. and Fishell, Gord},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:18 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cell Aging;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Stem Cell Transplantation;Cell Movement;Telencephalon;Embryonic Development;Reaction Time;Embryo;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;Interneurons;Immunohistochemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Stem Cells;12 Interneuron development},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {591-604},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00934-7},
	Pubmed = {16301176},
	Title = {The temporal and spatial origins of cortical interneurons predict their physiological subtype},
	Uuid = {6EBB1436-6EF1-4BDC-8407-1D7C80E03A7B},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Butt_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.034}}




@article{Buzsaki:1996,
	Abstract = {In gross anatomical terms, the hippocampal archicortex can be conceived as an "appendage'of the large neocortex. In contrast to neocortical areas, the main output targets of the hippocampus are the same as its main inputs (i.e., the entorhinal cortex). Highly processed information about the external world (the content) reaches the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex, whereas information about the "internal world'(the context) is conveyed by the subcortical inputs. Removal of the context makes the content illegible, as demonstrated by the observation that the behavioral impairment following surgical removal of hippocampopetal subcortical inputs is as devastating as removing the hippocampus itself. From its strategic anatomical position and input-output connections, it may be suggested that the main function of the hippocampal formation is to modify its inputs by feeding back a processed "reafferent copy'to the neocortex. I hypothesize that neocortico-hippocampal transfer of information and the modification process in neocortical circuitries by the hippocampal output take place in a temporally discontinuous manner and might be delayed by minutes, hours, or days. Acquisition of information may happen very fast during the activated state of the hippocampus associated with theta/gamma oscillations. Intrahippocampal consolidation and the hippocampal-neocortical transfer of the stored representations, on the other hand, is protracted and carried by discrete quanta of cooperative neuronal bursts during slow wave sleep. 1047-3211 Journal Article Review Review, Academic},
	Author = {Buzsaki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology;Hippocampus/*anatomy &histology;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Neural Pathways/*anatomy &histology},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {81-92},
	Pubmed = {8670641},
	Title = {The hippocampo-neocortical dialogue},
	Uuid = {B1D3B6AE-833E-469D-9C2E-B0AF4B5FC117},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8670641}}

@article{Buzsaki:2001,
	Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, two laboratories (Deans et al. and Hormuzdi et al.) find that cortical gamma oscillation in vitro is impaired in the Cx36 knockout mouse. What are the implications? 0896-6273 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Buzsaki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Mice, Knockout;Brain/*physiology;Connexins/deficiency/genetics/*physiology;Pyramidal Cells/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/*physiology;Synapses/physiology;Spinal Cord/physiology;M;Animals;Mice;Nerve Net/*physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {342-4},
	Pubmed = {11516391},
	Title = {Electrical wiring of the oscillating brain},
	Uuid = {ED8AC2CA-AC62-446B-ABDF-620940B24508},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11516391}}

@article{Buzsaki:2004,
	Abstract = {How does the brain orchestrate perceptions, thoughts and actions from the spiking activity of its neurons? Early single-neuron recording research treated spike pattern variability as noise that needed to be averaged out to reveal the brain's representation of invariant input. Another view is that variability of spikes is centrally coordinated and that this brain-generated ensemble pattern in cortical structures is itself a potential source of cognition. Large-scale recordings from neuronal ensembles now offer the opportunity to test these competing theoretical frameworks. Currently, wire and micro-machined silicon electrode arrays can record from large numbers of neurons and monitor local neural circuits at work. Achieving the full potential of massively parallel neuronal recordings, however, will require further development of the neuron-electrode interface, automated and efficient spike-sorting algorithms for effective isolation and identification of single neurons, and new mathematical insights for the analysis of network properties.},
	Author = {Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Nerve Net;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Electrophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Microelectrodes;extracellular;Electrophysiology;in vivo},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. buzsaki\@axon.rutgers.edu},
	Pages = {446-51},
	Pii = {nn1233},
	Pubmed = {15114356},
	Title = {Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles},
	Uuid = {D7D4CB8C-1DAA-4F69-BAD8-78896C6B7506},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Buzsáki_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1233}}

@article{Buzsaki:2004a,
	Abstract = {Clocks tick, bridges and skyscrapers vibrate, neuronal networks oscillate. Are neuronal oscillations an inevitable by-product, similar to bridge vibrations, or an essential part of the brain's design? Mammalian cortical neurons form behavior-dependent oscillating networks of various sizes, which span five orders of magnitude in frequency. These oscillations are phylogenetically preserved, suggesting that they are functionally relevant. Recent findings indicate that network oscillations bias input selection, temporally link neurons into assemblies, and facilitate synaptic plasticity, mechanisms that cooperatively support temporal representation and long-term consolidation of information.},
	Author = {Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Draguhn, Andreas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Humans;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Brain;review;Biological Clocks;Nerve Net;Learning;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5679},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. buzsaki\@axon.rutgers.edu},
	Pages = {1926-9},
	Pii = {304/5679/1926},
	Pubmed = {15218136},
	Title = {Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks},
	Uuid = {6DAF4739-E74A-4363-B423-AE894567956F},
	Volume = {304},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Buzsáki_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099745}}

@article{Bystron:2006,
	Abstract = {We describe a distinctive, widespread population of neurons situated beneath the pial surface of the human embryonic forebrain even before complete closure of the neural tube. These 'predecessor' cells include the first neurons seen in the primordium of the cerebral cortex, before the onset of local neurogenesis. Morphological analysis, combined with the study of centrosome location, regional transcription factors and patterns of mitosis and neurogenesis, indicates that predecessor cells invade the cortical primordium by tangential migration from the subpallium. These neurons, described here for the first time, precede all other known cell types of the developing cortex.},
	Author = {Bystron, Irina and Rakic, Pasko and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n and Blakemore, Colin},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Differentiation;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Fetus;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Comparative Study;Stem Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Gene Expression;Body Patterning;Humans;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Transcription Factors},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX13PT, UK. irina.bystron\@physiol.ox.ac.uk},
	Pages = {880-6},
	Pii = {nn1726},
	Pubmed = {16783367},
	Title = {The first neurons of the human cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {1D3B526D-9F97-4B4B-96AC-0A2236DC827D},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1726}}


@article{Cadetti:2001,
	Abstract = {Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were carried out in visually identified periglomerular and external tufted cells of rat olfactory bulb. Most of the neurones showed a slowly developing hyperpolarisation- activated current with a threshold generally positive to resting potential and with a strongly voltage-dependent activation time constant. The current, identified as Ih, was sodium- and potassium- sensitive, suppressed by external caesium, and insensitive to barium. Under current-clamp conditions, perfusion with caesium induced a 10 mV hyperpolarisation and a marked reduction of the rate of low-frequency oscillations induced experimentally. It is concluded that most of the cells in the rat glomerular layer present a distinct h-current, which is tonically active at rest and which may contribute to the oscillatory behaviour of the bulbar network.},
	Author = {Cadetti, L. and Belluzzi, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Fisiologia e Biofisica, and Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Universita di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.},
	Pages = {3117-20.},
	Title = {Hyperpolarisation-activated current in glomerular cells of the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {0924DAA2-9357-4FF2-A87C-E0DB75D1F7A0},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11568648}}


@article{Calcagnotto:2002,
	Abstract = {Children with brain malformations often exhibit an intractable form of epilepsy. Although alterations in cellular physiology and abnormal histology associated with brain malformations has been studied extensively, synaptic function in malformed brain regions remains poorly understood. We used an animal model, rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in utero, featuring loss of lamination and distinct nodular heterotopia to examine inhibitory synaptic function in the malformed brain. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated an enhanced susceptibility to seizure activity and neuronal hyperexcitability in these animals. Here we demonstrate that inhibitory synaptic function is enhanced in rats exposed to MAM in utero. Using in vitro hippocampal slices and whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from visualized neurons, we observed a dramatic prolongation of GABAergic IPSCs onto heterotopic neurons. Spontaneous IPSC decay time constants were increased by 195\%and evoked IPSC decay time constants by 220\%compared with age-matched control CA1 pyramidal cells; no change in IPSC amplitude or rise time was observed. GABA transport inhibitors (tiagabine and NO-711) prolonged evoked IPSC decay kinetics of control CA1 pyramidal cells (or normotopic cells) but had no effect on heterotopic neurons. Immunohistochemical staining for GABA transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-3) revealed a low level of expression in heterotopic cell regions, suggesting a reduced ability for GABA reuptake at these synapses. Together, our data demonstrate that GABA-mediated synaptic function at heterotopic synapses is altered and suggests that inhibitory systems are enhanced in the malformed brain.},
	Author = {Calcagnotto, Maria Elisa and Paredes, Mercedes F. and Baraban, Scott C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:41 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Male;Organic Anion Transporters;Animals;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;In Vitro;Pregnancy;Synapses;21 Epilepsy;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Carrier Proteins;Nervous System Malformations;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Membrane Proteins;Membrane Transport Proteins;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;Choristoma},
	Medline = {22184315},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery and The Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {7596-605},
	Pii = {22/17/7596},
	Pubmed = {12196583},
	Title = {Heterotopic neurons with altered inhibitory synaptic function in an animal model of malformation-associated epilepsy},
	Uuid = {A9FEC1D3-6230-4FB6-AA51-22810514DDC5},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Calcagnotto:2005,
	Abstract = {Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common and important cause of medically intractable epilepsy. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in several animal models, compromised neuronal inhibition, mediated by GABA, contributes to seizure genesis. Although reduction in GABAergic interneuron density has been reported in FCD tissue samples, there is little available information on the resulting physiological changes in synaptic inhibition and the potential contribution of these changes to epileptogenesis in the dysplastic human brain. Using visualized whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified neurons in tissue slices obtained from patients with FCD, we demonstrate that GABAA-receptor-mediated inhibition is substantially altered in regions of dysplasia. These alterations include a significant reduction in IPSC frequency and a potentially compensatory decrease in transporter-mediated GABA reuptake function; the latter is marked by a significant increase in the decay-time constant for evoked and spontaneous IPSCs and a lack of effect of the GABA transport-inhibitor 1-[2([(diphenylmethylene)imino]oxy)ethyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride on IPSC kinetics. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a scattering of GABAergic interneurons across dysplastic cortex and striking reductions in GABA transporter expression. Together, these results suggest that profound alterations in GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition play an essential role in the process of epileptogenesis in patients with FCD.},
	Author = {Calcagnotto, Maria Elisa and Paredes, Mercedes F. and Tihan, Tarik and Barbaro, Nicholas M. and Baraban, Scott C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Synapses;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Adolescent;Adult;Comparative Study;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neural Inhibition;Neocortex;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Synaptic Transmission;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {42},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {9649-57},
	Pii = {25/42/9649},
	Pubmed = {16237169},
	Title = {Dysfunction of synaptic inhibition in epilepsy associated with focal cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {C0C494E7-3162-408C-A346-16B0A19255F9},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2687-05.2005}}


@article{Callaway:2002,
	Abstract = {Recent technological advances have enabled the use of different optical methods to activate neurons, including 'caged' glutamate, photoactivation of genetically engineered cascades, and direct two-photon excitation. The ability to use light as a stimulation tool provides, in principle, a non-invasive method for the temporally and spatially precise activation of any neuron or any part of a neuron. When combined with two-photon excitation, excellent spatial control can be achieved even in complex and highly scattering preparations, such as living nervous tissue. Different methods that have been developed in the last several decades have been used to probe neuronal sensitivity, mimic synaptic input, and elucidate patterns of neural connectivity.},
	Author = {Callaway, Edward M. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Glutamates;Photic Stimulation;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Calcium imaging;Brain Mapping;Animals;Light;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Medline = {22252824},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. callaway\@salk.edu},
	Pages = {587-92},
	Pii = {S0959438802003641},
	Pubmed = {12367640},
	Title = {Stimulating neurons with light},
	Uuid = {4A2D5368-AB38-4818-A318-E9AA3EA45E31},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Callaway_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Callaway:1998,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated that axonal arbors specific for the four main cortical layers - 2/3, 4, 5, and 6 - develop precisely from the outset using activity-independent cues. In macaque primary visual cortex (V1), layer 2/3 is subdivided into layers named 2/3A, 3B, 4A, and 4B, and layer 4 is subdivided into 4Calpha and 4Cbeta. Individual neurons in V1 of mature macaques have axonal arbors that are highly specific for these sublayers. We have studied the prenatal development of laminar and sublaminar specificity of local circuits in macaque V1. Two-hundred thirty-eight neurons were labeled intracellularly in living brain slices prepared from V1 of five prenatal macaque monkeys aged 100 to 145 d postconception (E100-E145). Axonal and dendritic arbors of labeled neurons were reconstructed to assess their relationships to the cortical layers. We find that developing spiny neurons in layers 2-4B and layer 5 specifically target superficial and deep layers without forming "incorrect" branches in layer 4C. Similarly, layer 6 pyramidal neurons that target layer 4C do not form "incorrect" branches in layer 5. These results indicate that specific projections to the main cortical layers develop with a high degree of selectivity, as in other species. However, the development of sublayer-specific projections was not always precise from the outset. Unlike postnatal animals, axons of some prenatal layer 4Cbeta spiny neurons branch in layer 4B. At similar ages, many pyramidal neurons in the upper half of layer 6 have axonal branches in layer 4Calpha as well as 4Cbeta; these projections are specific for 4Cbeta in more mature animals. Also, there is similar "exuberance" in axonal arbors of other layer 6 cell types. Transient projections were also observed in the subplate and to the white matter for cells from all layers, except 4Cbeta. These observations indicate that at least some sublayer-specific projections emerge by elimination of exuberant axonal branches and suggest that they may use activity-dependent mechanisms to identify "correct" target layers. Such cues could be provided by laminar differences in the patterns of spontaneous prenatal activity in the retino-geniculo-cortical network.},
	Author = {Callaway, E. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cell Aging;10 Development;Animals;10 Structural plasticity;Beta;Macaca radiata;Synaptic Transmission;Embryo and Fetal Development;Axons;Macaca;Visual Pathways;Pyramidal Cells;Embryo;10 Spiny stellate;Neurons;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Visual Cortex;Macaca nemestrina},
	Medline = {98122905},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {1505-27},
	Pubmed = {9454858},
	Title = {Prenatal development of layer-specific local circuits in primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey},
	Uuid = {A1B1C3C4-446E-47F2-A39C-72DA60CEC8A9},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Callaway_JNeurosci1998.pdf}}











@article{Caminiti:1999,
	Abstract = {The ipsilateral association connections of the cortex of the dorsal part of the rostral bank of the parieto-occipital sulcus and of the adjoining posterior part of the superior parietal lobule were studied by using different retrograde fluorescent tracers. Fluoro-Ruby, Fast blue and Diamidino yellow were injected into visual area V6A, and dorso-caudal (PMdc, F2) and dorso-rostral (PMdr, F7) premotor cortex, respectively. The parietal area of injection had been previously characterized physiologically in behaving monkeys, through a variety of oculomotor and visuomanual tasks. Area V6A is mainly linked by reciprocal projections to parietal areas 7m, MIP (medial intraparietal) and PEa, and, to a lesser extent, to frontal areas PMdr (rostral dorsal premotor cortex, F7) and PMdc (F2). All these areas project to that part of the dorsocaudal premotor cortex that has a direct access to primary motor cortex. V6A is also connected to area F5 and, to a lesser extent, to 7a, ventral (VIP) and lateral (LIP) intraparietal areas. This pattern of association connections may explain the presence of visually-related and eye-position signals in premotor cortex, as well as the influence of information concerning arm position and movement direction on V6A neural activity. Area V6A emerges as a potential 'early' node of the distributed network underlying visually-guided reaching. In this network, reciprocal association connections probably impose, through re-entrant signalling, a recursive property to the operations leading to the composition of eye and hand motor commands.},
	Author = {Caminiti, R. and Genovesio, A. and Marconi, B. and Mayer, A. B. and Onorati, P. and Ferraina, S. and Mitsuda, T. and Giannetti, S. and Squatrito, S. and Maioli, M. G. and Molinari, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Oculomotor Muscles;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Movement;Macaca mulatta;Motor Cortex;Space Perception;Neural Pathways;Occipital Lobe;Parietal Lobe;Histocytochemistry;Brain Mapping;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Hand Strength;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99440155},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Istituto di Fisiologia umana, Universit\`{a} di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. caminitir\@axrma.uniroma1.it},
	Pages = {3339-45},
	Pii = {ejn801},
	Pubmed = {10510199},
	Title = {Early coding of reaching: frontal and parietal association connections of parieto-occipital cortex},
	Uuid = {96515AAE-E939-4602-B434-C841B139F8F1},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Caminiti:1979,
	Abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the first (SI) or second (SII) somatosensory areas of 21 adult cats. The radial and tangential (normal and parallel to the pial surface, respectively) distribution and morphology of the callosal neurons were studied. HRP injections were combined with single unit recording in the contralateral cortex in order to determine which part of the somatosensory periphery is represented within the regions containing callosal neurons, the callosal (efferent) zones, in SI and SII. The callosal zone of SI extends over the trunk and part of the forepaw representation. In the forepaw and hindlimb representations callosal neurons projecting only to the contralateral SII are found, while in the trunk representation callosal neurons projecting to contralateral SI or SII are found. The callosal zone in SII extends widely throughout the forepaw representation in this area and projects to the contralateral SII but not to SI. In both SI and SII the callosal neurons are mainly located in layer III. A few of them are also found in layer VI. They are very rare in other layers. Callosal neurons in layer III are mostly pyramidal but exceptionally stellate; in layer VI they are pyramidal, triangular, and occasionally stellate. These data indicate that transformations of the cortical somatosensory maps are achieved in the message sent through the corpus callosum. These transformations are i) determined by the extent and location of the callosal zones and perhaps by the distribution of callosal neurons within them, ii) different in different areas, iii) different in a same area, according to the cortical targets to which they are conveyed. The existence of callosal connections originated from areas of distal forepaw representation supplies a possible anatomical substrate for those types of intermanual transfer of tactile learning which depend upon the integrity of the corpus callosum.},
	Author = {Caminiti, R. and Innocenti, G. M. and Manzoni, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Dominance, Cerebral;Electric Stimulation;Hindlimb;Axonal Transport;Cats;Efferent Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Evoked Potentials;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Forelimb;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;Somatosensory Cortex;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {79169608},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {295-314},
	Pubmed = {86455},
	Title = {The anatomical substrate of callosal messages from SI and SII in the cat},
	Uuid = {5E061307-30FA-4A92-B88F-BB70E46E3ECF},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Caminiti:1981,
	Abstract = {The distribution of S1 (first somatosensory area) and S2 (second somatosensory area) neurons projecting to the contralateral S2 was studied with horseradish peroxidase in normal adult cats and in cats aged between 129 and 248 days in which the injected S2 area had been deprived of some of its input by an earlier lesion (on postnatal days 3 to 30; day of birth = day 1) of ipsilateral S1, alone or combined with a lesion of contralateral S2. In animals with S1 lesions, as in the normal controls, labeled neurons were selectively distributed to the regions of the trunk representation and to parts of the forelimb and hindlimb representations; however, the normally acallosal region in the forepaw representation contained scattered labeled neurons in three of the four animals whose S1 had been lesioned during the first postnatal week. In these animals, the distribution of labeled neurons in the contralateral S2 was apparently normal. Furthermore, the additional lesion of this area during the first postnatal week (one animal) did not increase the degree of filling-in of the normally acallosal parts of S1. The partial filling-in of the acallosal parts of S1 is probably due to the preservation to adulthood of some of the callosal neurons which are present in these regions during the early postnatal life. Possibly, these neurons did not disappear (or lose their callosal axons) because the neonatal lesion (i) allowed their successful competition for terminal space in contralateral S2 or (ii) induced a reorganization of the peripheral input to this area.},
	Author = {Caminiti, R. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Computers;Aging;Laterality;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Afferent Pathways;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {81164888},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {53-62},
	Pubmed = {7215510},
	Title = {The postnatal development of somatosensory callosal connections after partial lesions of somatosensory areas},
	Uuid = {3CDA37AB-3D39-4E61-938A-AAEC45F821D2},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1981}}


@article{Campbell:2005,
	Abstract = {Sodium-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporters regulate synaptic glutamate levels to maintain low ambient levels of glutamate and prevent excitotoxicity. Most studies using pharmacological inhibition of glutamate transport to examine the involvement of glutamate transporters in regulating synaptic activity have examined small synaptic currents. Using in vitro brain slices, we investigated the effects of uptake inhibition on two types of epileptiform activity, bicuculline-induced paroxysmal activity, and epileptiform responses in the freeze-lesion epilepsy model. In layer II/III pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex, inhibiting uptake with low concentrations of DL-threo-ss-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) (20 or 30 microM) prolonged bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity. At higher concentrations, TBOA (150 or 300 microM) caused a transient enhancement of epileptiform discharges that was followed by a decrease. In the freeze-lesion model, inhibiting uptake also increased the amplitude and response area of evoked activity. The prolongation of epileptiform activity exhibited by the inhibition of glutamate uptake (TBOA 20 or 30 microM) is attributed to an increase in the level of glutamate extracellularly during uptake blockade, resulting in sustained activation of glutamate receptors. The decrease in epileptiform activity at higher TBOA concentration could be due to glutamate receptor desensitization or loss of excitability due to a depolarization block. The present results suggest that decreases in glutamate uptake can be proconvulsant in the two models of epilepsy examined.},
	Author = {Campbell, Susan and Hablitz, John J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Glutamate;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Animals;Prefrontal Cortex;In Vitro;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Aspartic Acid;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Disease Models, Animal;Amino Acid Transport System X-AG;Bicuculline;Glutamates;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Freezing;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.},
	Pages = {129-33},
	Pii = {EPI01020},
	Pubmed = {15987267},
	Title = {Modification of epileptiform discharges in neocortical neurons following glutamate uptake inhibition},
	Uuid = {56A0358A-F987-4F39-A3DE-D1678AC6FA13},
	Volume = {46 Suppl 5},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.01020.x}}


@article{Campbell:2006,
	Abstract = {There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to autism and an intense interest in discovering heritable risk factors that disrupt gene function. Based on neurobiological findings and location within a chromosome 7q31 autism candidate gene region, we analyzed the gene encoding the pleiotropic MET receptor tyrosine kinase in a family based study of autism including 1,231 cases. MET signaling participates in neocortical and cerebellar growth and maturation, immune function, and gastrointestinal repair, consistent with reported medical complications in some children with autism. Here, we show genetic association (P = 0.0005) of a common C allele in the promoter region of the MET gene in 204 autism families. The allelic association at this MET variant was confirmed in a replication sample of 539 autism families (P = 0.001) and in the combined sample (P = 0.000005). Multiplex families, in which more than one child has autism, exhibited the strongest allelic association (P = 0.000007). In case-control analyses, the autism diagnosis relative risk was 2.27 (95\%confidence interval: 1.41-3.65; P = 0.0006) for the CC genotype and 1.67 (95\%confidence interval: 1.11-2.49; P = 0.012) for the CG genotype compared with the GG genotype. Functional assays showed that the C allele results in a 2-fold decrease in MET promoter activity and altered binding of specific transcription factor complexes. These data implicate reduced MET gene expression in autism susceptibility, providing evidence of a previously undescribed pathophysiological basis for this behaviorally and medically complex disorder.},
	Author = {Campbell, Daniel B. and Sutcliffe, James S. and Ebert, Philip J. and Militerni, Roberto and Bravaccio, Carmela and Trillo, Simona and Elia, Maurizio and Schneider, Cindy and Melmed, Raun and Sacco, Roberto and Persico, Antonio M. and Levitt, Pat},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Transcription Factors;Receptors, Growth Factor;Humans;Base Sequence;Variation (Genetics);DNA;Female;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Genetic Predisposition to Disease;Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide;Case-Control Studies;Alleles;Autistic Disorder;Genotype;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Linkage Disequilibrium;Promoter Regions (Genetics);24 Pubmed search results 2008;Chromosome Mapping;Proto-Oncogene Proteins;Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {45},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.},
	Pages = {16834-9},
	Pii = {0605296103},
	Pubmed = {17053076},
	Title = {A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism},
	Uuid = {E148E125-B406-4E94-834E-302DDE3A3C40},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605296103}}

@article{Campos-Castello:1999,
	Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: A wide range of conditions are due to alterations in neurone migration (ANM). Mental retardation, motor disorders and epilepsy are seen in all these disorders. Anomalies included with the ANM are those produced at the time of neuronal migration in the phase prior to neurone proliferation and during the time following cortical organization. All these have a common characteristic, namely an anomalous cerebral cortex (cerebral dysplasias). DEVELOPMENT: There is a high incidence of epilepsy in ANM (60\%), appearing early (10\%neonatal, 42\%before 1 year old). The frequency of crises increases with age. Extended and diffused generalized forms presents as epileptic encephalopathies (Ohtahara, West, Lennox-Gastaut), whilst focal forms are seen as simple motor, partial crises, complex and secondarily generalized crises with a tendency to status epilepticus and also to continuous partial epilepsy. In diffuse, extensive forms, the EEG is characterized by large amplitude theta-delta rhythm activity (specific) with the presence of rapid activity (15-25 Hz) and of large amplitude (150-300 microV) which may also be found in other processes. In localized forms the recordings vary: localized discharges with/without crises, multifocal discharges in more than two lobes with a defined critical area, positive discharges, ipsilateral spike-and-wave complexes associated with focal discharges or with normal recordings. We review different types of ANM: in the phase of proliferation (hemimegalencephalia), the agyria-paquigyria complex; in phase of migration: type I lissencephalias (Miller-Dieker), layered heterotopias (double cortex), type II (cobblestone) lissencephalias and neuronal heterotopias, and in the phase of organization of the cortex: polymicrogyria and the esquissencephalias I and II. CONCLUSIONS: The functional prognosis in ANM depends on the control of the crises rather than on the extent of the lesion. Surgical treatment leads to 42\%good or excellent results.},
	Author = {Campos-Castell{\'o}, J. and L{\'o}pez-Lafuente, A. and Ram{\'\i}rez-Segura, R. and Mart{\'\i}nez-Hern{\'a}ndez, C. and de Santos-Moreno, M. T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0210-0010},
	Journal = {Rev Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;English Abstract;Humans;Brain;Cell Movement;review;Neurons},
	Medline = {20240949},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7706841},
	Organization = {Servicio de Neurolog{\'\i}a Pedi{\'a}trica, Hospital Cl{\'\i}nico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Espa\~{n}a.},
	Pages = {S14-9},
	Pubmed = {10778481},
	Title = {[Epileptic signs in alterations of neuronal migration]},
	Uuid = {06B0DCFF-0528-4A4D-91A6-0BC086BE453D},
	Volume = {28 Suppl 1},
	Year = {1999}}


@article{Cancedda:2007,
	Abstract = {GABA exerts excitatory actions on embryonic and neonatal cortical neurons, but the in vivo function of this GABA excitation is essentially unknown. Using in utero electroporation, we eliminated the excitatory action of GABA in a subpopulation of rat ventricular progenitors and cortical neurons derived from these progenitors by premature expression of the Cl- transporter KCC2, as confirmed by the changes in the reversal potential of GABA-induced currents and the resting membrane potential after GABA(A) receptor blockade. We found that radial migration to layer II/III of the somatosensory cortex of neurons derived from the transfected progenitors was not significantly affected, but their morphological maturation was markedly impaired. Furthermore, reducing neuronal excitability of cortical neurons in vivo by overexpressing an inward-rectifying K+ channel, which lowered the resting membrane potential, mimicked the effect of premature KCC2 expression. Thus, membrane depolarization caused by early GABA excitation is critical for morphological maturation of neonatal cortical neurons in vivo.},
	Author = {Cancedda, Laura and Fiumelli, Hubert and Chen, Karen and Poo, Mu-ming M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 Development;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.},
	Pages = {5224-35},
	Pii = {27/19/5224},
	Pubmed = {17494709},
	Title = {Excitatory GABA action is essential for morphological maturation of cortical neurons in vivo},
	Uuid = {069C2760-2679-43F1-9D75-0FA39D79D01D},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cancedda_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5169-06.2007}}

@article{Canepari:2000,
	Abstract = {In the rat hippocampus, during the first postnatal week, network activity is characterized by GABA-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) associated with calcium signals that are readily blocked when the GABAA antagonist bicuculline is applied to the bath. Towards the end of the first postnatal week, in concomitance with the shift of GABA responses from the depolarizing to the hyperpolarizing direction, functional glutamatergic connections start appearing. At this developmental stage, application of bicuculline blocks GABAA-mediated inhibition and induces the appearance of interictal epileptiform discharges. In the present experiments, we have used a high spatio-temporal resolution imaging system to compare, on a time scale of tens of ms, the onset and propagation of fast calcium transients generated within a GABAergic or glutamatergic network. We found that, during the first postnatal week, calcium signals associated to evoked GDPs arise from the activation of a local circuitry of neurons spanning the stratum radiatum and the pyramidal layer. Similar activation patterns were elicited by focal application of GABA in the presence of kynurenic acid, a broad spectrum ionotropic glutamatergic antagonist, and were blocked by bicuculline. During the second postnatal week, in the presence of bicuculline, calcium signals associated with interictal discharges evoked by stimulation of glutamatergic fibres propagated along the well-defined three-synaptic pathway from the dentate gyrus to the CA1 hippocampal area.},
	Author = {Canepari, M. and Mammano, F. and Kachalsky, S. G. and Rahamimoff, R. and Cherubini, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0143-4160},
	Journal = {Cell Calcium},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Fluorescent Dyes;Fluorescence;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Aniline Compounds;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Egtazic Acid;Patch-Clamp Techniques;in vitro ;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;comparative study ;Bicuculline;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;21 Calcium imaging;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Antagonists;Xanthenes;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8006226},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INFM Unit, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.},
	Pages = {25-33},
	Pii = {S0143-4160(99)90086-6},
	Pubmed = {10726208},
	Title = {GABA- and glutamate-mediated network activity in the hippocampus of neonatal and juvenile rats revealed by fast calcium imaging},
	Uuid = {0C21BC94-9A0E-4C4A-BCD6-F321062EF5B9},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Canepari_CellCalcium2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ceca.1999.0086}}

@article{Cang:2005,
	Abstract = {The visual cortex is organized into retinotopic maps that preserve an orderly representation of the visual world, achieved by topographically precise inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus. We show here that geniculocortical mapping is imprecise when the waves of spontaneous activity in the retina during the first postnatal week are disrupted genetically. This anatomical mapping defect is present by postnatal day 8 and has functional consequences, as revealed by optical imaging and microelectrode recording in adults. Pharmacological disruption of these retinal waves during the first week phenocopies the mapping defect, confirming both the site and the timing of the disruption in neural activity responsible for the defect. Analysis shows that the geniculocortical miswiring is not a trivial or necessary consequence of the retinogeniculate defect. Our findings demonstrate that disrupting early spontaneous activity in the eye alters thalamic connections to the cortex.},
	Author = {Cang, Jianhua and Renter{\'\i}a, Ren{\'e} C. and Kaneko, Megumi and Liu, Xiaorong and Copenhagen, David R. and Stryker, Michael P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 20:36:03 +0000},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Retina;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic;Synaptic Transmission;Neurons, Afferent;Nicotinic Agonists;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Visual Fields;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Pyridines;Animals, Newborn;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Geniculate Bodies;Receptors, Nicotinic;Brain Mapping; retinal wave paper; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {797-809},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00782-8},
	Pubmed = {16337917},
	Title = {Development of precise maps in visual cortex requires patterned spontaneous activity in the retina},
	Uuid = {20E8EE91-0A98-44F3-93AB-3693A003874F},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.015}}

@article{Cang:2005a,
	Abstract = {Ephrin-As and their receptors, EphAs, are expressed in the developing cortex where they may act to organize thalamic inputs. Here, we map the visual cortex (V1) in mice deficient for ephrin-A2, -A3, and -A5 functionally, using intrinsic signal optical imaging and microelectrode recording, and structurally, by anatomical tracing of thalamocortical projections. V1 is shifted medially, rotated, and compressed and its internal organization is degraded. Expressing ephrin-A5 ectopically by in utero electroporation in the lateral cortex shifts the map of V1 medially, and expression within V1 disrupts its internal organization. These findings indicate that interactions between gradients of EphA/ephrin-A in the cortex guide map formation, but that factors other than redundant ephrin-As are responsible for the remnant map. Together with earlier work on the retinogeniculate map, the current findings show that the same molecular interactions may operate at successive stages of the visual pathway to organize maps.},
	Author = {Cang, Jianhua and Kaneko, Megumi and Yamada, Jena and Woods, Georgia and Stryker, Michael P. and Feldheim, David A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-19 11:17:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Aging;Embryonic Development;Retina;Mice, Knockout;Ligands;Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ephrin-A5;Ephrin-A2;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals, Newborn;Brain Mapping;Animals;Ephrin-A3;Mice;Synaptic Transmission;Thalamus},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {577-89},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00935-9},
	Pubmed = {16301175},
	Title = {Ephrin-As guide the formation of functional maps in the visual cortex},
	Uuid = {FDC52C06-57DD-4770-B06B-DA02F1DD89F5},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.026}}

@article{Cang:2008,
	Abstract = {The topographic representation of visual space is preserved from retina to thalamus to cortex. We have previously shown that precise mapping of thalamocortical projections requires both molecular cues and structured retinal activity. To probe the interaction between these two mechanisms, we studied mice deficient in both ephrin-As and retinal waves. Functional and anatomical cortical maps in these mice were nearly abolished along the nasotemporal (azimuth) axis of the visual space. Both the structure of single-cell receptive fields and large-scale topography were severely distorted. These results demonstrate that ephrin-As and structured neuronal activity are two distinct pathways that mediate map formation in the visual cortex and together account almost completely for the formation of the azimuth map. Despite the dramatic disruption of azimuthal topography, the dorsoventral (elevation) map was relatively normal, indicating that the two axes of the cortical map are organized by separate mechanisms.},
	Author = {Cang, Jianhua and Niell, Cristopher M. and Liu, Xiaorong and Pfeiffenberger, Cory and Feldheim, David A. and Stryker, Michael P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development;Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Mice, Knockout;Mice, Inbred C57BL;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Brain Mapping;Animals;Ephrins;Mice;Visual Fields;Visual Pathways},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {511-23},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00028-7},
	pmid = {18304481},
	Title = {Selective disruption of one Cartesian axis of cortical maps and receptive fields by deficiency in ephrin-As and structured activity},
	Uuid = {99B7B73B-118F-485E-A0EB-4F16ADF49DC6},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Cang_Neuron2008.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.025}}


@article{Cao:2003,
	Abstract = {As seizures in infants and children often originate from the neocortex, neocortical epilepsy models may be appropriate for studying epileptiform activity and seizure-induced injury in the developing nervous system. However, the characterization of epileptiform activity or seizure-induced injury in cultured developing cortical neurons has seldom been reported. Therefore, We attempted to establish a cultured developing cortical neuronal epilepsy model, and to study the subsequent effect on neurons. Cultures were exposed to Mg(2+)-free media for 3 h, and then returned to regular media. Using whole-cell patch-clamp intracellular recording techniques, we found that spontaneously recurrent epileptiform discharges for at least 72 h could be induced after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment. Neuron morphology following Mg(2+)-free treatment demonstrated no prominent alterations. At different time points (6, 24 and 72 h) after Mg(2+)-free treatment, neuronal viability, identified by trypan blue staining and LDH activity, and apoptosis, measured by flow cytometry, showed modest but non-significant (P>0.05) changes compared with the age-matched control group after various culture periods (6 and 17 days) in vitro. Mitochondrial metabolic activity, measured by MTT assay, significantly decreased by 15\%at 6 h after Mg(2+)-free treatment (P<0.05) in neurons cultured for 6 days, and at 24 h showed a 29\%decrease in neurons cultured for 17 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, brief Mg(2+)-free treatment constitutes a cultured developing cortical neuron 'seizure' model, and can induce transient mitochondrial dysfunction without cell loss.},
	Author = {Cao, Hai-Yan Y. and Jiang, Yu-Wu W. and Liu, Zhen-Wei W. and Wu, Xi-Ru R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;Apoptosis;Mitochondria;Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Wistar;Embryo;Magnesium;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Animal;Culture Media;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22580810},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1, Xi'anmen Dajie, Beijing 100034, PR China.},
	Pages = {1-6},
	Pii = {S0165380603000051},
	Pubmed = {12694939},
	Title = {Effect of recurrent epileptiform discharges induced by magnesium-free treatment on developing cortical neurons in vitro},
	Uuid = {29E5F274-5100-45E7-BEF1-D3E8BDBC4F52},
	Volume = {142},
	Year = {2003}}






@article{Caric:1997,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex forms by the orderly migration and subsequent differentiation of neuronal precursors generated in the proliferative ventricular zone. We studied the role of the transcription factor Pax-6, which is expressed in the ventricular zone, in cortical development. Embryos homozygous for a mutation of Pax-6 (Small eye; Sey) had abnormalities suggesting defective migration of late-born cortical precursors. When late-born Sey/Sey precursors were transplanted into wild-type embryonic rat cortex, they showed similar integrative, migrational and differentiative abilities to those of transplanted wild-type mouse precursors. These results suggest that postmitotic cortical cells do not need Pax-6 to acquire the capacity to migrate and differentiate, but that Pax-6 generates a cortical environment that permits later-born precursors to express their full developmental potential. 0950-1991 Journal Article},
	Author = {Caric, D. and Gooday, D. and Hill, R. E. and McConnell, S. K. and Price, D. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex;Pregnancy;DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology;Animals;10 Development;Tubulin/analysis;Rats;Cell Movement/*physiology;Eye Abnormalities;Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis;Female;Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology;F pdf;Point Mutation/physiology;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;RNA, Messenger/analysis;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex/chemistry/*cytology/*embryology;Cell Transplantation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Telencephalon/chemistry/cytology/embryology;Mice;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/analysis;*Homeodomain Proteins;Neuroglia/cytology},
	Number = {24},
	Organization = {MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.},
	Pages = {5087-96},
	Pubmed = {9362466},
	Title = {Determination of the migratory capacity of embryonic cortical cells lacking the transcription factor Pax-6},
	Uuid = {0E7E510C-0881-4F06-98E7-42B16FCA3AC1},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9362466}}















@article{Carter:2007,
	Abstract = {Recurrent excitation is believed to underlie persistent neural activity observed in the prefrontal cortex and elsewhere during working memory. However, other positive and negative feedback mechanisms, operating on disparate timescales, may also play significant roles in determining the behavior of a working memory circuit. In this study, we examined dynamical interactions of multiple feedback mechanisms in a biophysically based neural model of spatial working memory. In such continuous attractor networks, a self-sustained activity pattern tends to drift randomly, resulting in a decreased accuracy of memory over time. Moreover, attractor states become unstable when spike-frequency adaptation reduces the excitability of persistently firing pyramidal neurons. Here, we show that a slow activity-dependent local disinhibition, namely cannabinoid-dependent depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), can counteract these destabilizing effects, rendering working memory function more robust. In addition, the slow DSI effect gives rise to trial-to-trial correlations of memory-guided behavioral responses. On the other hand, computer simulations revealed that a global cannabinoid agonist (mimicking the effect of drug intake) yields the opposite effect. Thus, this work suggests a circuit scenario according to which endogenous DSI is beneficial for, whereas an exogenous drug such as marijuana is detrimental to, working memory and possibly other prefrontal functions.},
	Author = {Carter, Eugene and Wang, Xiao-Jing J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Data Interpretation, Statistical;Memory, Short-Term;Neural Networks (Computer);Space Perception;Models, Neurological;Feedback;Prefrontal Cortex;Pyramidal Cells;Algorithms;Cues;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Cannabinoids;Calcium Signaling;Calcium Channels;Computer Simulation;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {i16-26},
	Pii = {17/suppl_1/i16},
	Pubmed = {17725998},
	Title = {Cannabinoid-mediated disinhibition and working memory: dynamical interplay of multiple feedback mechanisms in a continuous attractor model of prefrontal cortex},
	Uuid = {AF284BE5-7F4D-400C-B50A-DFEFDBCCB75A},
	Volume = {17 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Carter_CerebCortex2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm103}}

@article{Carter:2002,
	Abstract = {Many small synaptic inputs or one large input are needed to influence principal cell firing, whereas individual quanta exert little influence. However, the role of a quantum may be greater for small interneurons with high input resistances. Using dynamic clamp recordings, we found that individual quanta strongly influence rat cerebellar stellate cell firing. When the frequency of synaptic inputs was low, the timing of recent spikes regulated the influence of excitatory quanta. In contrast, when input frequency was high, spike timing was less important than interactions with other inputs. Inhibitory quanta rapidly terminated firing, whereas small numbers of coincident excitatory quanta reliably and rapidly triggered firing. Our results suggest that stellate cells achieve temporal precision through coincidence detection and disynaptic inhibition, despite their high resistances and long membrane time constants. Thus, we propose that small interneurons can process synaptic inputs in a fundamentally different way from principal cells.},
	Author = {Carter, Adam G. and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Electric Stimulation;Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Synaptic Vesicles;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Reaction Time;Cerebellar Cortex;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Potassium Channels;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Antagonists;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {1309-18},
	Pii = {nn970},
	Pubmed = {12411959},
	Title = {Quantal events shape cerebellar interneuron firing},
	Uuid = {A8542972-A04C-429B-9930-EA137BDC3BE8},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Carter_NatNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn970}}

@article{Carter:2004,
	Abstract = {Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in vivo undergo large membrane depolarizations known as state transitions. Calcium (Ca) entry into MSNs triggers diverse downstream cellular processes. However, little is known about Ca signals in MSN dendrites and spines and how state transitions influence these signals. Here, we develop a novel approach, combining 2-photon Ca imaging and 2-photon glutamate uncaging, to examine how voltage-sensitive Ca channels (VSCCs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to Ca signals in MSNs. We find that upstate transitions switch the VSCCs available in dendrites and spines, decreasing T-type while enhancing L-type channels. Moreover, these transitions change the dominant synaptic Ca source from Ca-permeable AMPA receptors to NMDA receptors. Finally, pairing bAPs with synaptic inputs generates additional synaptic Ca signals due to enhanced Ca influx through NMDA receptors. By altering the sources, amplitude, and kinetics of spine Ca signals, state transitions may gate synaptic plasticity and gene expression in MSNs.},
	Author = {Carter, Adam G. and Sabatini, Bernardo L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Calcium Channel Blockers;Electric Stimulation;Calcium Signaling;Synapses;Corpus Striatum;Rats;Animals;Microscopy, Confocal;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Dendritic Spines;in vitro ;Drug Combinations;comparative study ;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Glutamates;Magnesium;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {483-93},
	Pii = {S0896627304006725},
	Pubmed = {15504328},
	Title = {State-dependent calcium signaling in dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons},
	Uuid = {06E91BE0-F5A4-4F7F-ACF4-E8A1C41F4A92},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Carter_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.013}}


@article{Castro:2001,
	Abstract = {Human cortical malformations often result in severe forms of epilepsy. Although the morphological properties of cells within these malformations are well characterized, very little is known about the function of these cells. In rats, prenatal methylazoxymethanol (MAM) exposure produces distinct nodules of disorganized pyramidal-like neurons (e.g., nodular heterotopia) and loss of lamination in cortical and hippocampal structures. Hippocampal nodular heterotopias are prone to hyperexcitability and may contribute to the increased seizure susceptibility observed in these animals. Here we demonstrate that heterotopic pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus fail to express a potassium channel subunit corresponding to the fast, transient A-type current. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis revealed markedly reduced expression of Kv4.2 (A-type) channel subunits in heterotopic cell regions of the hippocampus of MAM-exposed rats. Patch-clamp recordings from visualized heterotopic neurons indicated a lack of fast, transient (I(A))-type potassium current and hyperexcitable firing. A-type currents were observed on normotopic pyramidal neurons in MAM-exposed rats and on interneurons, CA1 pyramidal neurons, and cortical layer V-VI pyramidal neurons in saline-treated control rats. Changes in A-current were not associated with an alteration in the function or expression of delayed, rectifier (Kv2.1) potassium channels on heterotopic cells. We conclude that heterotopic neurons lack functional A-type Kv4.2 potassium channels and that this abnormality could contribute to the increased excitability and decreased seizure thresholds associated with brain malformations in MAM-exposed rats.},
	Author = {Castro, P. A. and Cooper, E. C. and Lowenstein, D. H. and Baraban, S. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Shab Potassium Channels;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;In Vitro;Potassium;Pregnancy;RNA, Messenger;In Situ Hybridization;Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels;21 Epilepsy;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;Shal Potassium Channels;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Pyramidal Cells;Action Potentials;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Female;Potassium Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated;Somatosensory Cortex;4-Aminopyridine;Choristoma;Tetraethylammonium;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21408159},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, The Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {6626-34},
	Pii = {21/17/6626},
	Pubmed = {11517252},
	Title = {Hippocampal heterotopia lack functional Kv4.2 potassium channels in the methylazoxymethanol model of cortical malformations and epilepsy},
	Uuid = {EBA2A917-91DF-450C-ABAA-D30E6671A98B},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Castro:2002,
	Abstract = {Cortical malformations resulting from aberrant brain development can be associated with mental retardation, dyslexia, and intractable forms of epilepsy. Despite emerging interest in the pathology and etiology of cortical malformations, little is known about the phenotype of cells within these lesions. In utero exposure to the DNA methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) during a critical stage in neurodevelopment results in animals with distinct clusters of displaced neurons in hippocampus, i.e. nodular heterotopia. Here we examined the molecular and electrophysiological properties of cells within hippocampal heterotopia using rats exposed to MAM during gestation. Molecular analysis revealed that heterotopic cells do not express mRNA markers normally found in hippocampal pyramidal cells or dentate granule cells (SCIP, Math-2, Prox-1, neuropilin-2). In contrast, Id-2 mRNA, normally abundant in Layer II-III supragranular neocortical neurons but not in CA1 pyramidal neurons, was prominently expressed in hippocampal heterotopia. Current-clamp analysis of the firing properties of heterotopic neurons revealed a striking similarity with supragranular cortical neurons. In particular, both cells were characterized by small hyperpolarizing 'sag' potentials, high input resistance values, slow spike-train afterhyperpolarizations, and the absence of a depolarizing afterpotential. Normotopic CA1 pyramidal neurons (e.g. pyramidal cells with normal lamination adjacent to a heterotopia) in the MAM brain exhibited molecular and electrophysiological properties that were nearly identical to those of age-matched CA1 pyramidal neurons from control rats.We conclude that neuronal heterotopiae in the hippocampus of MAM-exposed rats are comprised of neurons with a Layer II-III supragranular cortex phenotype. The MAM model, therefore, may serve as a useful tool in examination of the factors influencing aberrant brain development and epilepsy.},
	Author = {Castro, P. A. and Pleasure, S. J. and Baraban, S. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Transcription Factors;Animals;Rats;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Homeodomain Proteins;Female;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Neuropilin-2;RNA, Messenger;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Hippocampus;Brain Diseases;Octamer Transcription Factor-6;Cell Movement;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Gene Expression;Choristoma;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22267563},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0520, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {961-72},
	Pii = {S0306452202002968},
	Pubmed = {12379251},
	Title = {Hippocampal heterotopia with molecular and electrophysiological properties of neocortical neurons},
	Uuid = {E236F22F-D38E-4895-887A-89A27A49E4AC},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Castro_Neuroscience2002.pdf}}




@article{Catsicas:1986,
	Abstract = {Central nervous system structures containing neurons labeled by the fluorescent tracers Fast blue (FB), Diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) and Rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres (RLM) were processed with the Golgi method. The goal was to improve the visualization of the fluorescent labeled neurons and to allow their ultrastructural examination. While the fluorescence of FB and RITC is greatly attenuated by the Golgi method, RLM and DY are still visible in Golgi-impregnated neurons. However, it is usually necessary to remove the silver precipitate by gold-toning.},
	Author = {Catsicas, S. and Berbel, P. J. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;Rhodamines;Cats;Microscopy, Electron;Chick Embryo;Not relevant;Fluorescent Dyes;11 Glia;Fixatives;Animals;Microspheres;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Amidines;Neurons},
	Medline = {87088404},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {325-32},
	Pubmed = {2432364},
	Title = {A combination of Golgi impregnation and fluorescent retrograde labeling},
	Uuid = {A099D44A-1A82-4CA4-8DFC-5F2A69ACF8FB},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Cattani:2007,
	Abstract = {Cell-surface glutamate transporters are essential for the proper function of early cortical networks because their dysfunction induces seizures in the newborn rat in vivo. We have now analyzed the consequences of their inhibition by dl-TBOA on the activity of the developing CA1 rat hippocampal network in vitro. dl-TBOA generated a pattern of recurrent depolarization with an onset and decay of several seconds' duration in interneurons and pyramidal cells. These slow network oscillations (SNOs) were mostly mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pyramidal cells and by GABA and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in interneurons. However, in both cell types SNOs were blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists, suggesting that their generation requires a glutamatergic drive. Moreover, in interneurons, SNOs were still generated after the blockade of NMDA-mediated synaptic currents with MK-801, suggesting that SNOs are expressed by the activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Long-lasting bath application of glutamate or NMDA failed to induce SNOs, indicating that they are generated by periodic but not sustained activation of NMDA receptors. In addition, SNOs were observed in interneurons recorded in slices with or without the strata pyramidale and oriens, suggesting that the glutamatergic drive may originate from the radiatum and pyramidale strata. We propose that in the absence of an efficient transport of glutamate, the transmitter diffuses in the extracellular space to activate extrasynaptic NMDA receptors preferentially present on interneurons that in turn activate other interneurons and pyramidal cells. This periodic neuronal coactivation may contribute to the generation of seizures when glutamate transport dysfunction is present.},
	Author = {Cattani, Adriano Augusto and Bonfardin, Val{\'e}rie Delphine and Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM U29, Universit{\'e} de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille cedex 09, France. anik\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr).},
	Pages = {2324-36},
	Pii = {00378.2007},
	Pubmed = {17634340},
	Title = {Generation of slow network oscillations in the developing rat hippocampus after blockade of glutamate uptake},
	Uuid = {2DA79670-8A30-4D9A-B729-71923AA68909},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00378.2007}}

@article{Caviness:2003,
	Abstract = {The neurons of the neocortex are generated over a 6 day neuronogenetic interval that comprises 11 cell cycles. During these 11 cell cycles, the length of cell cycle increases and the proportion of cells that exits (Q) versus re-enters (P) the cell cycle changes systematically. At the same time, the fate of the neurons produced at each of the 11 cell cycles appears to be specified at least in terms of their laminar destination. As a first step towards determining the causal interrelationships of the proliferative process with the process of laminar specification, we present a two-pronged approach. This consists of (i) a mathematical model that integrates the output of the proliferative process with the laminar fate of the output and predicts the effects of induced changes in Q and P during the neuronogenetic interval on the developing and mature cortex and (ii) an experimental system that allows the manipulation of Q and P in vivo. Here we show that the predictions of the model and the results of the experiments agree. The results indicate that events affecting the output of the proliferative population affect both the number of neurons produced and their specification with regard to their laminar fate. 22648197 1047-3211 Evaluation Studies Journal Article Validation Studies},
	Author = {Caviness, V. S. and Goto, T. and Tarui, T. and Takahashi, T. and Bhide, P. G. and Nowakowski, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {10 Development;*Models, Neurological;Tissue Culture;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Comparative Study;Cell Cycle/physiology;Animal;Neocortex/cytology/*embryology/*physiology;Microfilament Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism;Computer Simulation;Cell Division/physiology;Mice, Knockout;Epithelium/embryology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology;Mice;F;Neurons/classification/cytology/*physiology},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.},
	Pages = {592-8},
	Pubmed = {12764033},
	Title = {Cell output, cell cycle duration and neuronal specification: a model of integrated mechanisms of the neocortical proliferative process},
	Uuid = {2C6DB246-B9F3-481D-B71C-E356B5C52798},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12764033}}

@article{Caviness:1973,
	Abstract = {0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Caviness, V. S. and Sidman, R. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Cell Differentiation;*Neurons;Autoradiography;A,F abstr;Hippocampus/pathology;Animals;Mice;Cerebral Cortex/*pathology;Movement Disorders/genetics/*pathology},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {141-51},
	Pubmed = {4700506},
	Title = {Time of origin or corresponding cell classes in the cerebral cortex of normal and reeler mutant mice: an autoradiographic analysis},
	Uuid = {786EA724-BCC9-472F-97A5-28C0F42E27CC},
	Volume = {148},
	Year = {1973},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4700506}}

@article{Caviness:1976,
	Abstract = {In the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse, there is inversion in the normal relative positions of polymorphic and pyramidal cells and of large with respect to medium-sized and small pyramidal cells. Granule cells are concentrated at a near-normal mid-cortical level in the mutant. As in the normal animal, and despite cell malposition in reeler, the principal tangential fiber system lies in the zone of polymorphic cells. Large fiber fascicles, known from experimental studies to be principally thalamo-cortical afferents, enter the tangential fiber system in the polymorphic cell zone of both reeler and normal neocortex. In the mutant these fascicles must traverse the full width of the cortex to reach this fiber system in its superficial location. In both normal and mutant animals single fibers, again principally thalamo-cortical afferents, pass from the principal tangertial fiber system to ramify in a fiber feltwork in the zone of granule cells. In the mutant these descend whereas in the normal animal they ascend. Also, as in the normal mouse, single fibers pass radially between all levels of the mutant cortex and the central white matter. Regional variations in the character, the pattern of distribution and the relative prominence of homologous cell and fiber elements are closely parallel in reeler and normal. This suggests that cell differentiation and the tangenital organization of reeler neocortex are normal despite cell malposition in the mutant.},
	Author = {Caviness, V. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Mutation;Nerve Fibers;10 Development;Female;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {435-47},
	Pubmed = {1002868},
	Title = {Patterns of cell and fiber distribution in the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse},
	Uuid = {DB13884A-C874-4276-B21C-4D21E40FDD39},
	Volume = {170},
	Year = {1976},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901700404}}

@article{Caviness:1976a,
	Abstract = {The tangential organization of the callosal system of interhemispheric connections, as judged by the distribution of axon terminals as well as by the distribution of cells of origin of callosal axons, is normal in the reeler mutant mouse. As in the normal animal connections between the two cerebral hemispheres are homotopic. In the reeler, as in the normal animal, medium-sized pyramidal cells are, numerically speaking, the principal cells of origin of the callosal system. These lie superficially in the cortex of the normal animal but deep within the cortex of reeler. Callosal terminals are most densely concentrated at the cortical level of the small and medium-sized pyramids in both reeler and normal animals. It is probable, therefore, that the same classes of neurons are interconnected by the callosal system in the normal and reeler mouse despite malposition of neurons in reeler. The patterns of intracortical distribution of terminals of callosal axons is evidently governed by the positions of their target cells.},
	Author = {Caviness, V. S. and Yorke, C. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Mice;Mutation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 Development;Nerve Degeneration;Axonal Transport;Female;Neural Pathways;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Horseradish Peroxidase;Cerebral Cortex;Male;Corpus Callosum},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {449-59},
	Pubmed = {63471},
	Title = {Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the reeler mutant mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods},
	Uuid = {FAFAF299-9CB1-4C5A-8193-1C969C67EA39},
	Volume = {170},
	Year = {1976},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901700405}}

@article{Caviness:1995,
	Abstract = {The number of neurons in the neocortex is the product of the size of the preneuronogenetic founder population, that is, the number of proliferative cells that are present at the onset of neuronogenesis, and neuronogenetic amplification occurring as neurons are being produced. The amount of neuronogenetic amplification is determined by changes in the output fraction, Q, from 0 to 1, over a fixed number of cell cycles. Greater neuronogenetic amplification would occur across species if the number of cell cycles during which Q <0.5 increased. Since neither the length of the cell cycle nor the length of the neuronogenetic interval, that is, time per se, influence neuron number directly, it is speculated that changes in these parameters are essential to neuronal diversity. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Caviness, V. S. and Takahashi, T. and Nowakowski, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Human;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology/growth &development/physiology;N;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;*Evolution;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Dept of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.},
	Pages = {379-83},
	Pubmed = {7482802},
	Title = {Numbers, time and neocortical neuronogenesis: a general developmental and evolutionary model},
	Uuid = {AC343C45-CC45-4FC6-9F32-BA585E9EEA15},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7482802}}






@article{Cepko:1999,
	Abstract = {A fundamental issue concerning development of the vertebrate retina is the relative contributions of extrinsic and intrinsic cues to the determination of cell fate. Recent findings suggest that retinal progenitors go through a series of changes in intrinsic properties that control their competence to make different cell types and that extrinsic cues influence the ratios of the cell types that they produce. Recent studies of the role of the basic helix-loop-helix genes in retinal development have indicated that they can regulate competence and/or other aspects of cell fate determination.},
	Author = {Cepko, C. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Retina;10 Development;21 Neurophysiology;Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs;Rats;Chick Embryo;Stem Cells;Embryonic Induction;21 Activity-development;Photoreceptors, Vertebrate;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Genetics Howard Hughes Medical Institute Harvard Medical School 200 Longwood Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA.},
	Pages = {37-46},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(99)80005-1},
	Pubmed = {10072376},
	Title = {The roles of intrinsic and extrinsic cues and bHLH genes in the determination of retinal cell fates},
	Uuid = {F2A9DB1A-26FB-44D1-9458-A79A05E830BD},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Cepko_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Cepko:2001,
	Author = {Cepko, C. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:43 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Human;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Molecular Biology;review, tutorial;DNA, Complementary;Animals;Brain;Central Nervous System Diseases;review;Cell Lineage},
	Medline = {21547538},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. cepko\@genetics.med.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {1159-60},
	Pii = {nn1101-1159},
	Pubmed = {11687824},
	Title = {Tackling the brain's genetic complexity},
	Uuid = {44DF9009-2AD8-44B0-A718-71048E6706BA},
	Volume = {4 Suppl},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Cepko_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1159}}







@article{Chandrasekaran:2005,
	Abstract = {Although it is widely accepted that molecular mechanisms play an important role in the initial establishment of retinotopic maps, it has also long been argued that activity-dependent factors act in concert with molecular mechanisms to refine topographic maps. Evidence of a role for retinal activity in retinotopic map refinement in mammals is limited, and nothing is known about the effect of spontaneous retinal activity on the development of receptive fields in the superior colliculus. Using anatomical and physiological methods with two genetically manipulated mouse models and pharmacological interventions in wild-type mice, we show that spontaneous retinal waves instruct retinotopic map refinement in the superior colliculus of the mouse. Activity-dependent mechanisms may play a preferential role in the mapping of the nasal-temporal axis of the retina onto the colliculus, because refinement is particularly impaired along this axis in mutants without retinal waves. Interfering with both axon guidance cues and activity-dependent cues in the same animal has a dramatic cumulative effect. These experiments demonstrate how axon guidance cues and activity-dependent factors combine to instruct retinotopic map development.},
	Author = {Chandrasekaran, Anand R. and Plas, Daniel T. and Gonzalez, Ernesto and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retinal Ganglion Cells;Retina;Animals;Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic;Mice, Mutant Strains;Phenotype;Superior Colliculi;Visual Pathways;Axons;Nicotinic Agonists;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Visual Fields;Pyridines;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Nicotinic;Brain Mapping; 21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {29},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {6929-38},
	Pii = {25/29/6929},
	Pubmed = {16033903},
	Title = {Evidence for an instructive role of retinal activity in retinotopic map refinement in the superior colliculus of the mouse},
	Uuid = {105BFB51-D724-4C76-A051-CB959A9BACF2},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1470-05.2005}}

@article{Chandrasekaran:2007,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous retinal waves during development are thought to provide an instructive signal for precise retinotopic mapping by correlating the activity of neighboring retinal ganglion cells. In mutant mice (beta2-/-) that lack correlated waves, retinocollicular map refinement is impaired. In vivo recordings reveal that neurons in the superior colliculus of beta2-/- mice have large receptive fields and low peak visual responses, resulting in a conservation of total integrated response. We find that this "response homeostasis" is maintained on a cell-by-cell basis, and argue that it does not depend on regulation from the visual cortex during adulthood. Instead, in vitro recordings show that homeostasis arises from the conservation of total synaptic input from the retina, and that it is maintained via different mechanisms over development. In the absence of correlated retinal waves, beta2-/- neurons sample a larger number of weaker retinal inputs relative to controls after the first postnatal week. Once retinal waves are restored, developmental learning rules and homeostasis drive refinement so that fewer, stronger synapses are retained, as in wild-type mice, but from a larger retinal area. Homeostasis in neurons has been shown previously to regulate the gain of synaptic transmission in response to perturbations of activity. Our results suggest that during the development of sensory maps, a unique consequence of homeostatic mechanisms is the precise shaping of neuronal receptive fields in conjunction with activity-dependent competition.},
	Author = {Chandrasekaran, Anand R. and Shah, Ruchir D. and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:02:17 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Animals;Synapses;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Superior Colliculi;Visual Pathways;Models, Biological;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Homeostasis;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Animals, Newborn;N-Methylaspartate;Mice, Knockout;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Receptors, Nicotinic;Brain Mapping; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {1746-55},
	Pii = {27/7/1746},
	Pubmed = {17301182},
	Title = {Developmental homeostasis of mouse retinocollicular synapses},
	Uuid = {61BC485C-E54A-4A8B-A820-B9798DC318B8},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4383-06.2007}}



@article{Chang:2000a,
	Abstract = {Injection of biocytin provides an effective method for labeling axonal projections. Several difficulties arise when this technique is employed in fetal or early postnatal animals in vivo, including limited access to injection sites and extended post-injection survival periods. To circumvent these problems, we adapted the technique of extracellular biocytin injection for use in explanted brain hemispheres of developing mice. Briefly, entire brain hemispheres from perinatal mice (E16-P9) were removed and placed in oxygenated aCSF in a brain slice recording chamber. Following visually guided injection of biocytin (2\%) into the prelimbic cortex, the brains were then incubated in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for varying periods of time and then immersion-fixed in 4\%paraformaldehyde and 0.5\%glutaraldehyde. The next day, the brains were sectioned and processed for biocytin histochemistry using the avidin-biotin-complex method. We examined the method of injection, electrode type, time of injection, and post- injection incubation period. We found that in E16-P9 animals iontophoresis of biocytin using 8- to 12-megaohm patch clamp electrodes for a duration of 10 min provides optimal axonal labeling. Post- injection incubation times of four or more hours are sufficient for labeling fine caliber collaterals as well as axon bundles that reach distances over 3 mm. In vitro injection of biocytin into explanted brain hemispheres provides a quick and easy method for tract tracing in developing brains.},
	Author = {Chang, S. L. and LoTurco, J. J. and Nisenbaum, L. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Microelectrodes;10 Development;Limbic System/anatomy &histology/enzymology/growth &development;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/enzymology/growth &development;Immunohistochemistry;Brain/enzymology/*growth &development;Animals, Newborn/*physiology;Animal;F;Axons/enzymology;Injections;Lysine/administration &dosage/*analogs &derivatives;Mice;Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism;Neural Pathways/anatomy &histology/enzymology/growth &development},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Rd., U-156, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {1-6.},
	Title = {In vitro biocytin injection into perinatal mouse brain: a method for tract tracing in developing tissue},
	Uuid = {3B841E04-1C9A-49BE-B9A0-BCDACCA3978E},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10771069}}





@article{Chapman:1989,
	Abstract = {A unilateral occipital excision was performed on 14 fetal lambs at about the 70th day of gestation, and the brains were examined postnatally for gross morphological and histologic changes. Three operated brains revealed a posterior shift of the principal transverse sulcus in the ipsilateral hemisphere. This sulcus is remote from the area of excision, which was usually represented by a cystic cavity. Histologic examination showed that the dorsal lateral geniculate body was reduced in size in all but three of the operated brains. In two brains with the changed gyral pattern there was also a reduction in the size of the white fiber tracts of the frontal lobe. No evidence of neural regeneration was found in any of the brains. The implications of these findings from the point of view of possible neurosurgical intervention in the fetus are considered.},
	Author = {Chapman, S. A. and Bannister, C. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0090-3019},
	Journal = {Surg Neurol},
	Keywords = {Fetus;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Occipital Lobe;Sheep;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {89317809},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0367070},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Manchester, England.},
	Pages = {98-104},
	Pubmed = {2749462},
	Title = {Effect of excision of occipital lobe tissue on about the 70th day of gestation on the growth and development of the sheep's brain},
	Uuid = {5A9664D0-9EEF-4435-ABD8-F51D06B0DF13},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1989}}


@article{Chatt:1984,
	Abstract = {Clinically, phenytoin is thought to be useful in controlling seizure activity by preventing it's spread from the focus to neighboring tissue. Experimentally, it has been suggested that phenytoin's principal action is no longer polysynaptic pathways with primary foci affected less than surrounding tissue. In this study, we present data confirming these basic experimental conclusions in foci induced in striate neocortical layer 4 of the cat. By using discrete penicillin microinjections strategically placed into this most penicillin-sensitive neocortical layer and recording simultaneously from several layers, we have been able to expand upon these conclusions by identifying this differential action at the interlaminar level. Epileptiform activity recorded from superficial laminae bordering layer 4, and into which layer 4's primary projections terminate, is suppressed preferentially by phenytoin. These superficial layers are also those that project into neighboring areas of the cat visual cortex. It would appear, then, that phenytoin begins protecting the cortex from seizure spread at the first synaptic termination into which this layer 4 primary focus projects. A discussion of the basic mechanisms of action that may be responsible for these results is also presented.},
	Author = {Chatt, A. B. and Ebersole, J. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Penicillins;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Phenytoin;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {84179911},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {394-400},
	Pubmed = {6713200},
	Title = {Phenytoin preferentially suppresses epileptiform activity in the superficial cortical layers of the cat},
	Uuid = {DA74EF9E-EBBA-4B46-B9B5-006B55BB9573},
	Volume = {295},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{Chatt:1988,
	Abstract = {Simultaneous recordings from three laminae within the cat visual cortex following differential intralaminar injections of strychnine (i) confirmed that low strychnine concentrations (5 mM) induce interictal-like epileptiform abnormalities (late responses) only when injected into superficial layers 2 and 3, (ii) revealed that these abnormalities are generated locally within these layers, and (iii) showed that they remain local phenomena by not spreading vertically into other cortical layers. Higher strychnine concentrations (20 mM), however, (iv) obscured these laminar differences by increasing layer 4 sensitivity to this agent in addition to the maximally sensitive superficial layers, and further (v) revealed nonlocal, vertically propagating, interictal-like abnormalities (late responses) following layer 4 injections which are preceded by an increase in thalamocortically mediated activity within this layer (enhanced physiologic responses). When penicillin was used as the convulsant, propagated interictal-like responses (late responses) induced in any layer were always preceded by a thalamocortically mediated response from layer 4 (enhanced physiologic responses); a condition clearly unlike the 5 mM but similar to the 20 mM strychnine foci observed in this study. These results suggest that convulsant action upon the thalamocortical circuitry of layer 4 is essential for the development of propagating as opposed to local epileptiform activity. Further, these results may also help explain why some cortical seizure disorders remain localized (focal) whereas others secondarily generalize to distal brain sites (i.e., complex partial seizures of extratemporal origin).},
	Author = {Chatt, A. B. and Ebersole, J. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Penicillins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Comparative Study;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Strychnine;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Electrophysiology;Thalamus;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {88196274},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
	Pages = {365-80},
	Pubmed = {3360075},
	Title = {Comparisons between strychnine and penicillin epileptogenesis suggest that propagating epileptiform abnormalities require the potentiation of thalamocortical circuitry in neocortical layer 4},
	Uuid = {DB6837F1-7BBE-4F34-B4F8-05A297DCB89B},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Chattopadhyaya:2007,
	Abstract = {The development of GABAergic inhibitory circuits is shaped by neural activity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of GABA in regulating GABAergic innervation in the adolescent brain, when GABA is mainly known as an inhibitory transmitter. Conditional knockdown of the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme GAD67 in basket interneurons in adolescent visual cortex resulted in cell autonomous deficits in axon branching, perisomatic synapse formation around pyramidal neurons, and complexity of the innervation fields; the same manipulation had little influence on the subsequent maintenance of perisomatic synapses. These effects of GABA deficiency were rescued by suppressing GABA reuptake and by GABA receptor agonists. Germline knockdown of GAD67 but not GAD65 showed similar deficits, suggesting a specific role of GAD67 in the maturation of perisomatic innervation. Since intracellular GABA levels are modulated by neuronal activity, our results implicate GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis in activity-dependent regulation of inhibitory innervation patterns.},
	Author = {Chattopadhyaya, Bidisha and Di Cristo, Graziella and Wu, Cai Zhi and Knott, Graham and Kuhlman, Sandra and Fu, Yu and Palmiter, Richard D. and Huang, Z. Josh},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Signal Transduction;Animals;Synapses;Transfection;Phosphopyruvate Hydratase;Visual Pathways;Axons;Mice, Transgenic;Green Fluorescent Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Organ Culture Techniques;Glutamate Decarboxylase;21 Neurophysiology;Parvalbumins;Neurons;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Isoenzymes;Neural Inhibition;Visual Cortex;in vitro},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {889-903},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00372-8},
	Pubmed = {17582330},
	Title = {GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis and signaling regulate inhibitory synaptic innervation in the visual cortex},
	Uuid = {16A706C8-471D-4B25-8044-D423714A45ED},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.015}}



@article{Chen:2006a,
	Abstract = {Alternative splicing of Dscam generates an enormous molecular diversity with maximally 38,016 different receptors. Whether this large diversity is required in vivo is currently unclear. We examined the role of Dscam in neuron-target recognition of single mechanosensory neurons, which connect with different target cells through multiple axonal branches. Analysis of Dscam null neurons demonstrated an essential role of Dscam for growth and directed extension of axon branches. Expression of randomly chosen single isoforms could not rescue connectivity but did restore basic axonal extension and rudimentary branching. Moreover, two Dscam alleles were generated that each reduced the maximally possible Dscam diversity to 22,176 isoforms. Reduction of Dscam diversity resulted in specific connectivity defects of mechanosensory neurons. Furthermore, the observed allele-specific phenotypes suggest functional differences among isoforms. Our findings provide evidence that a very large number of structurally unique receptor isoforms is required to ensure fidelity and precision of neuronal connectivity.},
	Author = {Chen, Brian E. and Kondo, Masahiro and Garnier, Am{\'e}lie and Watson, Fiona L. and P{\"u}ettmann-Holgado, Roland and Lamar, David R. and Schmucker, Dietmar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Differentiation;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Variation (Genetics);Neural Pathways;Alternative Splicing;Receptors, Cell Surface;Phenotype;Nervous System;Mutation;Neurons, Afferent;Mechanoreceptors;10 circuit formation;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Protein Structure, Tertiary;Drosophila melanogaster;Genotype;Protein Isoforms;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Growth Cones;Drosophila Proteins},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {607-20},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(06)00445-4},
	Pubmed = {16678102},
	Title = {The molecular diversity of Dscam is functionally required for neuronal wiring specificity in Drosophila},
	Uuid = {59E3D3A6-39B7-4CF7-B08E-CCE7CC93BD2B},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Chen_Cell2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.034}}


@article{Chen:2003,
	Abstract = {Mutations in MeCP2, which encodes a protein that has been proposed to function as a global transcriptional repressor, are the cause of Rett syndrome (RT T), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. Although the selective inactivation of MeCP2 in neurons is sufficient to confer a Rett-like phenotype in mice, the specific functions of MeCP2 in postmitotic neurons are not known. We find that MeCP2 binds selectively to BDNF promoter III and functions to repress expression of the BDNF gene. Membrane depolarization triggers the calcium-dependent phosphorylation and release of MeCP2 from BDNF promoter III, thereby facilitating transcription. These studies indicate that MeCP2 plays a key role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation and suggest that the deregulation of this process may underlie the pathology of RT T.},
	Author = {Chen, Wen G. and Chang, Qiang and Lin, Yingxi and Meissner, Alexander and West, Anne E. and Griffith, Eric C. and Jaenisch, Rudolf and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Gene Silencing;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Transcription, Genetic;Methylation;CpG Islands;Rett Syndrome;Promoter Regions (Genetics);Histones;Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Potassium Chloride;DNA-Binding Proteins;Gene Expression Regulation;Cell Membrane;Calcium;Cloning, Molecular;Rats;Repressor Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Knockout;DNA Methylation;Phosphorylation;Neurons;Mice;Precipitin Tests},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5646},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {885-9},
	Pii = {302/5646/885},
	Pubmed = {14593183},
	Title = {Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2},
	Uuid = {F957E10E-5CA4-4705-AF9A-3C144BFFC6C4},
	Volume = {302},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Chen_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1086446}}





@article{Chenn:1995,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are generated from progenitor cells near the lumen of the neural tube. Time-lapse microscopy of dividing cells in slices of developing cerebral cortex reveals that cleavage orientation predicts the fates of daughter cells. Vertical cleavages produce behaviorally and morphologically identical daughters that resemble precursor cells; these symmetric divisions may serve to expand or maintain the progenitor pool. In contrast, horizontally dividing cells produce basal daughters that behave like young migratory neurons and apical daughters that remain within the proliferative zone. Notch1 immunoreactivity is distributed asymmetrically in mitotic cells, with Notch1 inherited selectively by the basal (neuronal) daughter of horizontal divisions. These results provide cellular and molecular evidence that cortical neurons are generated from asymmetric divisions. 95393475 0092-8674 Journal Article},
	Author = {Chenn, A. and McConnell, S. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism;Neurons/cytology/metabolism;10 Development;Immunohistochemistry;Time Factors;Cell Division;Ferrets;Animal;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;F;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/*metabolism;Cell Polarity;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {631-41},
	Pubmed = {7664342},
	Title = {Cleavage orientation and the asymmetric inheritance of Notch1 immunoreactivity in mammalian neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {1BBA55CA-7A69-407F-8633-A5566034CE26},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7664342}}


@article{Chenn:2002,
	Abstract = {Transgenic mice expressing a stabilized beta-catenin in neural precursors develop enlarged brains with increased cerebral cortical surface area and folds resembling sulci and gyri of higher mammals. Brains from transgenic animals have enlarged lateral ventricles lined with neuroepithelial precursor cells, reflecting an expansion of the precursor population. Compared with wild-type precursors, a greater proportion of transgenic precursors reenter the cell cycle after mitosis. These results show that beta-catenin can function in the decision of precursors to proliferate or differentiate during mammalian neuronal development and suggest that beta-catenin can regulate cerebral cortical size by controlling the generation of neural precursor cells. 1095-9203 Journal Article},
	Author = {Chenn, A. and Walsh, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Apoptosis;Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism/*physiology;Mitosis;*Cell Cycle;Antibodies, Monoclonal;10 Development;Animals;Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism;*Trans-Activators;*Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins;Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Signal Transduction;Cell Count;Brain/anatomy &histology/embryology;Cell Division;In Situ Hybridization;Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism;Epithelium/embryology;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/*embryology/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neurons/cytology/metabolism/*physiology;Ki-67 Antigen/genetics/metabolism;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics/metabolism;F pdf;DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism;Mice;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice, Transgenic},
	Number = {5580},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {365-9},
	Pubmed = {12130776},
	Title = {Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors},
	Uuid = {72779634-C4B4-4F81-92DE-5E84F2E749A9},
	Volume = {297},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12130776}}


@article{Chesler:1992,
	Abstract = {Although the requirement for a strict regulation of pH in the brain is frequently emphasized, recent studies indicate that neuronal activity gives rise to significant changes in intracellular and extracellular pH. Given the sensitivity of many ion channels to hydrogen ions, this modulation of local pH might influence brain function, particularly where pH shifts are sufficiently large and rapid. Studies using pH-sensitive microelectrodes have demonstrated marked cellular and regional variability of activity-dependent pH shifts, and have begun to uncover several of their underlying mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that regional and subcellular pH dynamics are governed by the respective localization of glial cells, ligand-gated ion channels, and extracellular and intracellular carbonic anhydrase.},
	Author = {Chesler, M. and Kaila, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;11 Glia;Animals;Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;Humans;Neurons;review},
	Medline = {93069538},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Dept of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.},
	Pages = {396-402},
	Pii = {0166-2236(92)90191-A},
	Pubmed = {1279865},
	Title = {Modulation of pH by neuronal activity},
	Uuid = {E2ED6E40-EE2E-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Chevaleyre:2002,
	Abstract = {Developing oxytocin and vasopressin (OT/AVP) supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons positively autocontrol their electrical activity via dendritic release of their respective peptide. The effects of this autocontrol are maximum during the second postnatal week (PW2), when the dendritic arbor transiently increases and glutamatergic postsynaptic potentials appear. Here, we studied the role and interaction of dendritic OT/AVP release and glutamate release in dendritic plasticity and synaptogenesis in SON. In vivo treatment with the peptides antagonists or with an NMDA antagonist suppressed the transient increase in dendritic arbor of SON neurons at the beginning of PW2. Incubation of acute slices with these compounds decreased the dendritic arbor on a short time scale (3-8 hr) in slices of postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9 rats. Conversely, application of OT/AVP or NMDA increased dendritic branches in slices of P3-P6 rats. Their effects were inhibited by blockade of electrical activity, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. They were also interdependent because both OT/AVP and NMDA (but not AMPA) receptor activation were required for increasing the dendritic arbor. Part of this interdependence probably results from a retrograde action of the peptides facilitating glutamate release. Finally, blocking OT/AVP receptors by in vivo treatment with the peptides antagonists during development decreased spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity recorded in young adults. These results show that an interplay between postsynaptic dendritic peptide release and presynaptic glutamate release is involved in the transient increase in dendritic arbor of SON neurons and indicate that OT/AVP are required for normal synaptogenesis of glutamatergic inputs in SON.},
	Author = {Chevaleyre, V. and Moos, F. C. and Desarmenien, M. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology;In Vitro;I;Synaptic Transmission/drug effects;Rats;Neurons/drug effects/metabolism;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology;Oxytocin/antagonists &inhibitors/pharmacology;Morpholines/pharmacology;Animal;Microinjections;Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists &inhibitors/metabolism;Supraoptic Nucleus/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure;Calcium/metabolism;Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure;Pyrrolidines/pharmacology;Argipressin/antagonists &inhibitors/pharmacology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects/*physiology;Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology;Indoles/pharmacology;Synapses/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure;Spiro Compounds/pharmacology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5101, Biologie des Neurones Endocrines, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.},
	Pages = {265-73.},
	Title = {Interplay between presynaptic and postsynaptic activities is required for dendritic plasticity and synaptogenesis in the supraoptic nucleus},
	Uuid = {A17B1A16-68DD-4EE1-9985-E2D84EA8EE01},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11756510%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/265%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/265}}

@article{Chevassus-Au-Louis:1999b,
	Abstract = {Prenatal treatment with methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in rats generates animals with a diffuse cortical malformation associated with hyperexcitability. These alterations are reminiscent of the cortical malformations associated with epilepsy in children. We hypothesised that one of the mechanisms supporting hyperexcitability in MAM rats could be the presence of abnormal cortical connections in the malformed cortex. Using a variety of anatomical techniques, we provide evidences for three types of such abnormal connections: (i) tangential bundles of corticocortical fibres in and below the neocortical molecular layer; (ii) partial deafferentation of neocortical heterotopias by afferent cortical fibres whatever their location; (iii) exuberant innervation of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells by mossy fibres that form ectopic mossy boutons on their basal dendrites. We conclude that these abnormal intrinsic cortical connections may support the propagation of paroxymal activity in the neocortex of MAM-treated rats. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel},
	Author = {Chevassus-Au-Louis, N. and Jorquera, I. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Represa, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0378-5866},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Teratogens;10 Development;Female;Hippocampus;Neural Pathways;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Neocortex;Abnormalities, Drug-Induced;Pregnancy;10 genetics malformation;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Embryo, Mammalian},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7809375},
	Number = {3-5},
	Organization = {Inserm U29, H\^{o}pital de Port-Royal, Paris, France.},
	Pages = {385-92},
	Pii = {dne21385},
	Pubmed = {10575262},
	Title = {Abnormal connections in the malformed cortex of rats with prenatal treatment with methylazoxymethanol may support hyperexcitability},
	Uuid = {16663AA0-9429-4FA2-8EB4-F851702D8C79},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Chevassus-Au-Louis:1998a,
	Abstract = {Migration disorders cause neurons to differentiate in an abnormal heterotopic position. Although significant insights have been gained into the etiology of these disorders, very little is known about the anatomy of heterotopias. We have studied heterotopic masses arising in the hippocampal CA1 region after prenatal treatment with methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in rats. Heterotopic cells were phenotypically similar to neocortical supragranular neurons and exhibited the same temporal profile of migration and neurogenesis. However, they did not express molecules characteristic of CA1 neurons such as the limbic-associated membrane protein. Horseradish peroxidase injections in heterotopia demonstrated labeled fibers not only in the neocortex and white matter but also in the CA1 stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum. To study the pathophysiological consequences of this connectivity, we compared the effects of neocortical and limbic seizures on the expression of Fos protein and on cell death in MAM animals. After metrazol-induced seizures, Fos-positive cells were present in CA1 heterotopias, the only hippocampal region to be activated with the neocortex. By contrast, kainic acid-induced seizures caused a prominent delayed cell death in limbic regions and in CA1 heterotopias. Together, these results suggest that neocortical heterotopias in the CA1 region are integrated in both the hippocampal and neocortical circuitry.},
	Author = {Chevassus-Au-Louis, N. and Rafiki, A. and Jorquera, I. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Represa, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Pregnancy;Animals;Rats;Mitosis;Neocortex;Female;Cell Movement;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;research support, non-u.s. gov't;In Situ Hybridization;Animals, Newborn;10 genetics malformation;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Neurons;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Bromodeoxyuridine;Choristoma;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {INSERM Unit{\'e} 29, Universit{\'e} Paris 5 Ren{\'e} Descartes, France. chevassus\@cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {520-36},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980518)394:4<520::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-3},
	Pubmed = {9590559},
	Title = {Neocortex in the hippocampus: an anatomical and functional study of CA1 heterotopias after prenatal treatment with methylazoxymethanol in rats},
	Uuid = {0326F3A7-89A4-4121-AC5B-4B40820AEC63},
	Volume = {394},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Chevassus-Au-Louis:1998,
	Abstract = {Neuronal migration disorders have been involved in various pathologies, including epilepsy, but the properties of the neural networks underlying disorders have not been determined. In the present study, patch clamp recordings were made from intrahippocampal heterotopic as well as from neocortical and hippocampal neurons from brain slices of rats with prenatally methylazoxymethanol-induced cortical malformation. We report that heterotopic neurons have morphometrical parameters and cellular properties of neocortical supragranular neurons and are integrated in both neocortical and hippocampal networks. Thus, stimulation of the white matter induces both antidromic and orthodromic response in heterotopic and neocortical neurons. Stimulation of hippocampal afferents evokes a monosynaptic response in the majority of heterotopic neurons and a polysynaptic all-or-none epileptiform burst in the presence of bicuculline to block gamma-aminobutyric acid type A inhibition. Furthermore, hippocampal paroxysmal activity generated by bath application of bicuculline can spread directly to the neocortex via the heterotopia in methylazoxymethanol-treated but not in naive rats. We conclude that heterotopias form a functional bridge between the limbic system and the neocortex, providing a substrate for pathological conditions.},
	Author = {Chevassus-Au-Louis, N. and Congar, P. and Represa, A. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Ga{\"\i}arsa, J. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Pregnancy;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Female;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cell Movement;Hippocampus;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Teratogens;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;10 genetics malformation;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98374340},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, Universit{\'e} Paris 5 Ren{\'e} Descartes, 123 Boulevard de Port Royal, 75 674 Paris cedex 14, France. chevassus\@cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {10263-8},
	Pubmed = {9707635},
	Title = {Neuronal migration disorders: heterotopic neocortical neurons in CA1 provide a bridge between the hippocampus and the neocortex},
	Uuid = {5E9DC354-015B-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Chevassus-Au-Louis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}}

@article{Chevassus-au-Louis:1999c,
	Abstract = {During the development of the neocortex, neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation occur in two separate locations. Thus neurons have to migrate through the future white matter. Arrested or excessive migration leads neurons to differentiate in a heterotopic position. Such neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) occur sporadically in normal development but are markedly increased as a consequence of genetic defects or after exposure to toxic drugs during the period of migration. Anatomofunctional studies in rodents with NMDs have revealed that heterotopic neurons form essentially normal afferent and efferent connections, which has been interpreted as evidence that the connection pattern of cortical neurons is specified prior to migration. In addition, recent data show that heterotopic neurons can be contacted by environmental, that is local, fibres that normally never innervate the neocortex. This dual connectivity leads heterotopias to form bridges between their environmental and original network. Such an abnormal pattern of connectivity could contribute to the pathophysiology of disorders associated with NMDs such as epilepsy.},
	Author = {Chevassus-au-Louis, N. and Represa, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1420-682X},
	Journal = {Cell Mol Life Sci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Diseases;10 Development;Choristoma;Neocortex;10 genetics malformation;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9705402},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {INSERM U29, Paris, France. chevassus\@cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {1206-15},
	Pubmed = {10487203},
	Title = {The right neuron at the wrong place: biology of heterotopic neurons in cortical neuronal migration disorders, with special reference to associated pathologies},
	Uuid = {96A92A93-ABCA-469A-BFDC-02980E7B4244},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Chevassus-au-Louis:1999,
	Abstract = {In the last decade, the recognition of the high frequency of cortical malformations among patients with epilepsy especially children, has led to a renewed interest in the study of the pathophysiology of cortical development. This field has also been spurred by the recent development of several experimental genetic and non-genetic, primarily rodent, models of cortical malformations. Epileptiform activity in these animals can appear as spontaneous seizure activity in vivo, in vitro hyperexcitability, or reduced seizure susceptibility in vitro and in vivo. In the neonatal freeze lesion model, that mimics human microgyria, hyperexcitability is caused by a reorganization of the network in the borders of the malformation. In the prenatal methylazoxymethanol model, that causes a diffuse cortical malformation, hyperexcitability is associated with alteration of firing properties of discrete neuronal subpopulations together with the formation of bridges between normally unconnected structures. In agreement with clinical evidence, these experimental data suggest that cortical malformations can both form epileptogenic foci and alter brain development in a manner that causes a diffuse hyperexcitability of the cortical network.},
	Author = {Chevassus-au-Louis, N. and Baraban, S. C. and Ga{\"\i}arsa, J. L. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Humans;Rats;Neural Pathways;Mitosis;Neural Conduction;21 Epilepsy;review;Epilepsy;Mutation;Hippocampus;Abnormalities, Drug-Induced;Disease Models, Animal;Teratogens;Nervous System Malformations;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rats, Mutant Strains},
	Medline = {99329997},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {INSERM U29, Paris, France.},
	Pages = {811-21},
	Pubmed = {10403203},
	Title = {Cortical malformations and epilepsy: new insights from animal models},
	Uuid = {8F7B0C48-015B-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Chevassus-au-Louis_Epilepsia1999.pdf}}

@article{Chevassus-au-Louis:1999a,
	Abstract = {Cortical heterotopia is defined as the misplacement of a group of neurons displaced to a precise localization in the neocortex and results from perturbed migration along the glial guide, either because of glial destruction or molecular anomalies. Heterotopic neurons are rarely dispersed but are rather grouped in nodules or bands. Heterotopic masses may lie in an ependymal or subcortical localization depending on whether they result from lack of migration or an arrested migration. Heterotopias can also occur in intra-cortical or extra-cortical localizations. The cause of heterotopia remains to be elucidated. Two genes situated on chromosome X have been implicated but non-genetic forms attributable to antenatal ischemia or toxic aggression during fetal development have also been observed. The presence of heterotopia is usually associated with epilepsy and sometimes with mental retardation. Seizures may be initiated within the heterotopic region then propagate via long projections to the neocortex which may also be malformed.},
	Author = {Chevassus-au-Louis, N. and Robain, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0035-3787},
	Journal = {Rev Neurol (Paris)},
	Keywords = {Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10;Epilepsy;Cerebral Cortex;Brain Diseases;Neurons, Efferent;Chromosome Aberrations;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Chromosome Disorders;English Abstract;Choristoma;Neurons, Afferent;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Disease Models, Animal;review},
	Medline = {99193810},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {2984779R},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INSERM U29, Universit{\'e} Paris V Ren{\'e} Descartes, Paris.},
	Pages = {51-8},
	Pii = {MDOI-RN-01-1999-155-1-0035-3787-101019-ART38},
	Pubmed = {10093850},
	Title = {[Cortical heterotopias: animal models and human disease]},
	Uuid = {1770AA54-A00E-4256-8CF8-7A1532300CF6},
	Volume = {155},
	Year = {1999}}



@article{Chih:2006,
	Abstract = {Formation of synapses requires specific cellular interactions that organize pre- and postsynaptic compartments. The neuroligin-neurexin complex mediates heterophilic adhesion and can trigger assembly of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in cultured hippocampal neurons. Both neuroligins and neurexins are encoded by multiple genes. Alternative splicing generates large numbers of isoforms, which may engage in selective axo-dendritic interactions. We explored whether alternative splicing of the postsynaptic neuroligins modifies their activity toward glutamatergic and GABAergic axons. We find that small extracellular splice insertions restrict the function of neuroligin-1 and -2 to glutamatergic and GABAergic contacts and alter interaction with presynaptic neurexins. The neuroligin isoforms associated with GABAergic contacts bind to neurexin-1alpha and a subset of neurexin-1betas. In turn, these neurexin isoforms induce GABAergic but not glutamatergic postsynaptic differentiation. Our findings suggest that alternative splicing plays a central role in regulating selective extracellular interactions through the neuroligin-neurexin complex at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.},
	Author = {Chih, Ben and Gollan, Leora and Scheiffele, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Glycoproteins;Animals;Synapses;Cells, Cultured;Rats;comparative study;Alternative Splicing;Cercopithecus aethiops;COS Cells;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neuropeptides;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians & Surgeons, P&S 11-511, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {171-8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00458-2},
	Pubmed = {16846852},
	Title = {Alternative splicing controls selective trans-synaptic interactions of the neuroligin-neurexin complex},
	Uuid = {A755CC2E-203C-48C4-84B4-92A78062591F},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.005}}









@article{Chow:2000,
	Abstract = {We analyze the existence and stability of phase-locked states of neurons coupled electrically with gap junctions. We show that spike shape and size, along with driving current (which affects network frequency), play a large role in which phase-locked modes exist and are stable. Our theory makes predictions about biophysical models using spikes of different shapes, and we present simulations to confirm the predictions. We also analyze a large system of all-to-all coupled neurons and show that the splay-phase state can exist only for a certain range of frequencies.},
	Author = {Chow, C. C. and Kopell, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0899-7667},
	Journal = {Neural Comput},
	Keywords = {Synapses;20 Networks;Gap Junctions;Electric Conductivity;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Models, Neurological;Computer Simulation;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Interneurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9426182},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.},
	Pages = {1643-78},
	Pubmed = {10935921},
	Title = {Dynamics of spiking neurons with electrical coupling},
	Uuid = {DEAE86BA-5E13-4662-8E41-499E5BFCA5AE},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Chow_NeuralComput2000.pdf}}

@article{Chrobak:1998,
	Abstract = {How do ensembles of neurons distributed across the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices effectively interact? In the awake-behaving rat, specific subpopulations of hippocampal and entorhinal neurons become entrained into two prominent fast-frequency rhythms (gamma [40-100 Hz], and 200 Hz). These fast rhythms are coupled to slower synchronizing potentials (theta and sharp wave, respectively), are correlated to macroscopic behavioral states, and to some extent are anatomically distinct. These population dynamics allow distributed populations of neurons across the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices to discharge together in time on the order of tens of milliseconds, and thus allow interconnected domains of a distributed neural network to become transiently entraining into synchronized, fast-frequency, population ensembles. We believe that these transient population dynamics allow interconnected domains to "effectively communicate"and modify their synaptic connectivity. 0149-7634 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Chrobak, J. J. and Buzsaki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Theta Rhythm;Behavior, Animal/physiology;Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology;Human;Rats;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Behavior;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Entorhinal Cortex/cytology/*physiology},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {303-10},
	Pubmed = {9579320},
	Title = {Operational dynamics in the hippocampal-entorhinal axis},
	Uuid = {EF1D475A-1BD4-4050-B87A-179DA6B22F2F},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9579320}}

@article{Chuang:2007,
	Abstract = {Gap junctions are widespread in immature neuronal circuits, but their functional significance is poorly understood. We show here that a transient network formed by the innexin gap-junction protein NSY-5 coordinates left-right asymmetry in the developing nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans. nsy-5 is required for the left and right AWC olfactory neurons to establish stochastic, asymmetric patterns of gene expression during embryogenesis. nsy-5-dependent gap junctions in the embryo transiently connect the AWC cell bodies with those of numerous other neurons. Both AWCs and several other classes of nsy-5-expressing neurons participate in signaling that coordinates left-right AWC asymmetry. The right AWC can respond to nsy-5 directly, but the left AWC requires nsy-5 function in multiple cells of the network. NSY-5 forms hemichannels and intercellular gap-junction channels in Xenopus oocytes, consistent with a combination of cell-intrinsic and network functions. These results provide insight into gap-junction activity in developing circuits.},
	Author = {Chuang, Chiou-Fen F. and Vanhoven, Miri K. and Fetter, Richard D. and Verselis, Vytas K. and Bargmann, Cornelia I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-30 19:05:45 +0000},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008; mirror symmetry; patterning; Gap Junctions; gene},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {787-99},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(07)00451-5},
	Pubmed = {17512411},
	Title = {An Innexin-Dependent Cell Network Establishes Left-Right Neuronal Asymmetry in C. elegans},
	Uuid = {61DBB00B-304D-42C7-9712-9B9038F8D11D},
	Volume = {129},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Chuang_Cell2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.052}}

@article{Chudotvorova:2005,
	Abstract = {The development of GABAergic synapses is associated with an excitatory to inhibitory shift of the actions of GABA because of a reduction of [Cl-]i. This is due to a delayed postnatal expression of the K+ -Cl- cotransporter KCC2, which has low levels at birth and peaks during the first few postnatal weeks. Whether the expression of the cotransporter and the excitatory to inhibitory shift have other consequences on the operation of GABA(A) receptors and synapses is not yet known. We have now expressed KCC2 in immature neurones at an early developmental stage and determined the consequences on the formation of GABA and glutamate synapses. We report that early expression of the cotransporter selectively enhances GABAergic synapses: there is a significant increase of the density of GABA(A) receptors and synapses and an increase of the frequency of GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents. The density of glutamate synapses and frequency of AMPA miniature postsynaptic currents are not affected. We conclude that the expression of KCC2 and the reduction of [Cl-]i play a critical role in the construction of GABAergic networks that extends beyond the excitatory to inhibitory shift of the actions of GABA.},
	Author = {Chudotvorova, Ilona and Ivanov, Anton and Rama, Sylvain and H{\"u}bner, Christian A. and Pellegrino, Christophe and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Medina, Igor},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Hippocampus;Recombinant Proteins;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cells, Cultured;Symporters;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Tissue Culture Techniques;Neurons},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 3},
	Organization = {INMED/INSERM Unite 29, 163 Route de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {671-9},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2005.089821},
	Pubmed = {15961425},
	Title = {Early expression of KCC2 in rat hippocampal cultures augments expression of functional GABA synapses},
	Uuid = {DC035323-3DB2-4679-9E5B-9AB3E0B18142},
	Volume = {566},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089821}}


@article{Churchill:2004,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Topographic reorganization of central maps following peripheral nerve injury has been well characterized. Despite extensive documentation of these physiological changes, the underlying anatomical correlates have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we used Golgi impregnation and light microscopy to assess dendritic morphology following denervation of the glabrous hand surface in adult primates. RESULTS: After survival durations that permit complete physiologically-defined reorganization, we find a systematic change in the dendritic arborization pattern of both layer II/III pyramidal and layer IV spiny stellate cells in the contralateral hand region of area 3b, compared to unaffected cortical areas. In general, our analyses indicate a progressive expansion of distal regions of the dendritic arbor with no appreciable changes proximally. This pattern of distal dendritic elaboration occurs for both basilar and apical dendrites. CONCLUSIONS: These observations are consistent with the notion that latent inputs gain expression in reorganized cortex after nerve injury via their influence through contacts with more distally located termination sites.},
	Author = {Churchill, James D. and Tharp, Jason A. and Wellman, Cara L. and Sengelaub, Dale R. and Garraghty, Preston E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-2202},
	Journal = {BMC Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;11 Glia;10 Structural plasticity;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {100966986},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA. churchj\@slu.edu <churchj\@slu.edu>},
	Pages = {43},
	Pii = {1471-2202-5-43},
	Pubmed = {15533258},
	Title = {Morphological correlates of injury-induced reorganization in primate somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {15E6B9EF-0927-4FAE-AD91-444456C0CD6C},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Churchill_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-43}}



@article{Cina:2007,
	Abstract = {During embryonic development, young neurons migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate of the cerebral cortex. Disturbances in this neuronal migration have been associated with numerous diseases such as mental retardation, double cortex, Down syndrome, and epilepsy. One possible cause of these neuropathologies is an aberration in normal gap junctional communication. At least 20 connexin (Cx) genes encode gap junction proteins in mice and humans. A proper understanding of the role of specific connexins in the developing brain requires the characterization of their spatial and temporal pattern of expression. In the current study we performed all the experiments on mouse developing cortex at embryonic days (E) 14, 16, and 18, timepoints that are highly active with regard to cortical development. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we found that among the family of gap junction proteins, Cx26, Cx36, Cx37, Cx43, and Cx45 were expressed in the developing cortex of mice, Cx30 and Cx32 were absent, while Cx40 was expressed at a very low level. Our results demonstrate that Cx26 and Cx37 were evenly distributed in the cortical layers of developing brain, while Cx36 and Cx43 were more abundant in the ventricular zone and cortical plate. Cx45 distribution appeared to be more abundant at E18 compared to the other timepoints (E14 and E16). Thus, the present study provides identification and the distribution pattern for Cxs associated with cortical development during normal neuronal migration.},
	Author = {Cina, Cima and Bechberger, John F. and Ozog, Mark A. and Naus, Christian C. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Neurons;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Tissue Distribution;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Neocortex;Gene Expression Profiling;21 Gap junctions;Animals;Cell Movement;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Connexins;Mice},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.},
	Pages = {298-313},
	Pubmed = {17640036},
	Title = {Expression of connexins in embryonic mouse neocortical development},
	Uuid = {B3980DC4-D251-48E0-BC45-F5114892128D},
	Volume = {504},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21426}}

@article{Cirelli:2006,
	Abstract = {Long-term sleep deprivation in rats produces dramatic physiological changes including increase in energy expenditure, decrease in body weight, and death after 2-3 weeks. Despite several studies, the sleep deprivation syndrome remains largely unexplained. Here, to elucidate how prolonged sleep loss affects brain cells we used microarrays and screened the expression of > 26 000 transcripts in the cerebral cortex. Rats were sleep deprived using the disk-over-water method for 1 week. Seventy-five transcripts showed increased expression in these animals relative to controls that had been spontaneously awake or sleep deprived for a few hours. Most of them were induced as a result of chronic sleep loss and not non-specific effects of the disk stimulation. They include transcripts coding for several immunoglobulins, stress response proteins (macrophage inhibitor factor-related protein 14, heat-shock protein 27, alpha-B-crystallin), minoxidil sulfotransferase, globins and cortistatin. Twenty-eight transcripts decreased their expression in long-term sleep-deprived rats. Sixteen of them were specifically decreased as a result of chronic sleep loss, including those coding for type I procollagen and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase. We also compared sleeping rats to short-term and long-term sleep-deprived rats, and found that acute and chronic sleep loss led to some differences at the molecular level. Several plasticity-related genes were strongly induced after acute sleep deprivation only, and several glial genes were down-regulated in both sleep deprivation conditions, but to a different extent. These findings suggest that sustained sleep loss may trigger a generalized inflammatory and stress response in the brain.},
	Author = {Cirelli, Chiara and Faraguna, Ugo and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3042},
	Journal = {J Neurochem},
	Keywords = {Electroencephalography;Behavior, Animal;21 Neurophysiology;Sleep Deprivation;Rats;Wakefulness;Gene Expression Regulation;Time Factors;Gene Expression;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Rats, Inbred WKY;Animals;Brain;Male;Microarray Analysis;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {2985190R},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA. ccirelli\@wisc.edu},
	Pages = {1632-45},
	Pii = {JNC4058},
	Pubmed = {16923172},
	Title = {Changes in brain gene expression after long-term sleep deprivation},
	Uuid = {8036B6CD-B3C8-49E9-A2A6-9A06DB31A7B9},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04058.x}}

@article{Cirelli:2005,
	Abstract = {Sleep intensity is regulated by the duration of previous wakefulness, suggesting that waking results in the progressive accumulation of sleep need (Borbely and Achermann, 2000). In mammals, sleep intensity is reflected by slow-wave activity (SWA) in the nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalogram, which increases in proportion to the time spent awake. However, the mechanisms responsible for the increase of NREM SWA after wakefulness remain unclear. According to a recent hypothesis (Tononi and Cirelli, 2003), the increase in SWA occurs because during wakefulness, many cortical circuits undergo synaptic potentiation, as evidenced by the widespread induction of long-term potentiation (LTP)-related genes in the brain of awake animals. A direct prediction of this hypothesis is that manipulations interfering with the induction of LTP-related genes should result in a blunted SWA response. Here, we examined SWA response in rats in which cortical norepinephrine (NA) was depleted, a manipulation that greatly reduces the induction of LTP-related genes during wakefulness (Cirelli and Tononi, 2004). We found that the homeostatic response of the lower-range SWA was markedly and specifically reduced after NA depletion. These data suggest that the wake-dependent accumulation of sleep need is causally related to cellular changes dependent on NA release, such as the induction of LTP-related genes, and support the hypothesis that sleep SWA homeostasis may be related to synaptic potentiation during wakefulness.},
	Author = {Cirelli, Chiara and Huber, Reto and Gopalakrishnan, Anupama and Southard, Teresa L. and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Sleep Disorders;Wakefulness;Dopamine;Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors;Animals;Rats;comparative study;Locus Coeruleus;Norepinephrine;Brain;Homeostasis;Sleep Stages;Rats, Inbred WKY;Behavior, Animal;Time Factors;Analysis of Variance;Male;Brain Chemistry;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Fluoxetine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Drug Interactions;Benzylamines;Electroencephalography;Serotonin;Spectrum Analysis},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA. ccirelli\@wisc.edu},
	Pages = {4503-11},
	Pii = {25/18/4503},
	Pubmed = {15872097},
	Title = {Locus ceruleus control of slow-wave homeostasis},
	Uuid = {8DA33894-2A46-4182-9C7C-2638791AF4EE},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4845-04.2005}}

@article{Cirelli:2005a,
	Abstract = {Most of us sleep 7-8 h per night, and if we are deprived of sleep our performance suffers greatly; however, a few do well with just 3-4 h of sleep-a trait that seems to run in families. Determining which genes underlie this phenotype could shed light on the mechanisms and functions of sleep. To do so, we performed mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, because flies also sleep for many hours and, when sleep deprived, show sleep rebound and performance impairments. By screening 9,000 mutant lines, we found minisleep (mns), a line that sleeps for one-third of the wild-type amount. We show that mns flies perform normally in a number of tasks, have preserved sleep homeostasis, but are not impaired by sleep deprivation. We then show that mns flies carry a point mutation in a conserved domain of the Shaker gene. Moreover, after crossing out genetic modifiers accumulated over many generations, other Shaker alleles also become short sleepers and fail to complement the mns phenotype. Finally, we show that short-sleeping Shaker flies have a reduced lifespan. Shaker, which encodes a voltage-dependent potassium channel controlling membrane repolarization and transmitter release, may thus regulate sleep need or efficiency.},
	Author = {Cirelli, Chiara and Bushey, Daniel and Hill, Sean and Huber, Reto and Kreber, Robert and Ganetzky, Barry and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:19 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Protein Structure, Tertiary;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Circadian Rhythm;Drosophila melanogaster;Male;Genetic Complementation Test;Light;Mammals;Animals;Darkness;Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels;Phenotype;X Chromosome;Molecular Sequence Data;Drosophila Proteins;Homeostasis;Sleep;Motor Activity;Behavior, Animal;Crosses, Genetic;Longevity;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Sleep Deprivation;Amino Acid Sequence;Point Mutation;Time Factors;Female;Potassium Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Genes, Recessive;Humans;Conserved Sequence},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7037},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Blvd, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.},
	Pages = {1087-92},
	Pii = {nature03486},
	Pubmed = {15858564},
	Title = {Reduced sleep in Drosophila Shaker mutants},
	Uuid = {F12C3AC1-E95D-448B-AC61-B4F635DE4F1E},
	Volume = {434},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03486}}

@article{Clancy:1999,
	Abstract = {Theories of information processing and plasticity in mammalian cortex often rely on knowledge of intracortical networks studied in rodent cortex. Accordingly, the contribution of all cells involved in this circuitry is potentially significant, including connections from a subset of neurons that persist from the developmental subplate, called subgriseal neurons in the present study. Ascending corticocortical connections from subgriseal neurons were identified by using in vivo transport of fluorescent retrograde tracers from discrete applications confined to cortical layer I (approximately 1 mm2) or from injections placed into superficial cortical layers. Applications restricted to cortical layer I can be identified by a subsequent retrograde labeling pattern that includes neurons in layers II/III and V but not those in layer IV. In contrast, when retrograde tracer is deposited in layers II/III, layer IV cells are also labeled. By using this identification technique in juvenile and adult rats, widespread interareal projections to superficial layers, including unequivocal connections to cortical layer I, were found to originate from a tangential band of neurons directly below the conventionally identified gray matter (i.e., subgriseal) and from a smaller number of cells in the white matter (WM) proper. Subgriseal and WM neurons were labeled below application and injection sites in somatosensory, auditory, visual, motor, frontal, and adjacent areas at distances of more than 4 mm. However, the subgriseal-to-superficial pathway was not sensitive to nonfluorescent retrograde tracers including horseradish peroxidase. Because neurons in the deeper cortical layers can be strongly influenced through input to their apical dendritic extensions in cortical layer I, the widespread connections described in the present study indicate that the ascending subgriseal projections should be considered in models of mature cortical function.},
	Author = {Clancy, B. and Cauller, L. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Visual Cortex;Cerebral Cortex;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axonal Transport;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Motor Cortex;In Vitro;Horseradish Peroxidase;Male;Animals;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99228083},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. bec8\@cornell.edu},
	Pages = {275-86},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990503)407:2<275::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-0},
	Pubmed = {10213095},
	Title = {Widespread projections from subgriseal neurons (layer VII) to layer I in adult rat cortex},
	Uuid = {47A8028D-5949-4A3D-A00C-A5B37BCF850A},
	Volume = {407},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Clarke:1990,
	Abstract = {The kitten's auditory cortex (including the first and second auditory fields AI and AII) is known to send transient axons to either ipsi- or contralateral visual areas 17 and 18. By the end of the first postnatal month the transitory axons, but not their neurons of origin, are eliminated. Here we investigated where these neurons project after the elimination of the transitory axon. Eighteen kittens received early (postnatal day (pd) 2 - 5) injections of long lasting retrograde fluorescent traces in visual areas 17 and 18 and late (pd 35 - 64) injections of other retrograde fluorescent tracers in either hemisphere, mostly in areas known to receive projections from AI and AII in the adult cat. The middle ectosylvian gyrus was analysed for double-labelled neurons in the region corresponding approximately to AI and AII. Late injections in the contralateral (to the analysed AI, AII) hemisphere including all of the known auditory areas, as well as some visual and 'association' areas, did not relabel neurons which had had transient projections to either ipsi- or contralateral visual areas 17 - 18. Thus, AI and AII neurons after eliminating their transient juvenile projections to visual areas 17 and 18 do not project to the other hemisphere. In contrast, relabelling was obtained with late injections in several locations in the ipsilateral hemisphere; it was expressed as per cent of the population labelled by the early injections. Few neurons (0 - 2.5\%) were relabelled by large injections in the caudal part of the posterior ectosylvian gyrus and the adjacent posterior suprasylvian sulcus (areas DP, P, VP). Multiple injections in the middle ectosylvian gyrus relabelled a considerably larger percentage of neurons (13\%). Single small injections in the middle ectosylvian gyrus (areas AI, AII), the caudal part of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus and the rostral part of the posterior ectosylvian gyrus relabelled 3.1 - 7.0\%of neurons. These neurons were generally near (<2.0 mm) the outer border of the late injection sites. Neurons with transient projections to ipsi- or contralateral visual areas 17 and 18 were relabelled in similar proportions by late injections at any given location. Thus, AI or AII neurons which send a transitory axon to ipsi- or contralateral visual areas 17 and 18 are most likely to form short permanent cortical connections. In that respect, they are similar to medial area 17 neurons that form transitory callosal axons and short permanent axons to ipsilateral visual areas 17 and 18.},
	Author = {Clarke, and Innocenti,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Not relevant;11 Glia},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {227-242},
	Pii = {ejn_02030227},
	Pubmed = {12106050},
	Title = {Auditory Neurons with Transitory Axons to Visual Areas Form Short Permanent Projections},
	Uuid = {E2BE8D9E-9EFB-44ED-BB9D-76573DC9CDEE},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Clarke:1986,
	Abstract = {In the adult cat injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers near the border between areas 17 and 18 and extending to the underlying white matter label neurons in restricted parts of nine other ipsilateral visual areas. A very similar, restricted distribution of retrograde labeling is found in newborn kittens when injections near the 17/18 border are confined to the cortical gray matter. When, however, the neonatal 17/18 border injection reaches the underlying white matter, more visual areas and numerous nonvisual areas become labeled, each of them over nearly its whole tangential extent. Labeled nonvisual areas include the primary and secondary auditory areas, the auditory areas of the posterior ectosylvian gyrus, areas 7 and 5, the cingulate gyrus, and the primary and secondary somatosensory areas. The widespread labeling in kittens was not due to larger or differently placed injections, since the distribution and extent of retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus were similar at all ages. The transitory projections from the auditory and somatosensory areas are not reciprocated by a projection from areas 17 or 18. In kittens injected around the end of the first postnatal month the distribution of labeled association neurons is similar to that found in the adult; i.e., many of the juvenile projections have been eliminated. Only a few of the transitory axons to areas 17 and 18 enter the gray matter; the others remain confined to the white matter. Some of these axons were anterogradely labeled with rhodamine-B-iso-thiocyanate from the auditory cortex; they show bulbous endings, some of which are probably growth cones. Retrograde double-labeling experiments showed that, in the newborn, some neurons on the lateral sulcus have at least two long collaterals, one running rostrally, the other caudally; such branching is not observed in adults. In conclusion, areas 17/18 receive at birth from a large, continuous territory including areas, or parts of areas, which will later eliminate these projections. Most of the transitory projections do not appear to enter the cortex to any great extent. The major reshaping of association projections occurs before the end of the first postnatal month. The development of association projections resembles that of callosal projections.},
	Author = {Clarke, S. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Cats;Not relevant;Fluorescent Dyes;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals},
	Medline = {87009169},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-22},
	Pubmed = {3760253},
	Title = {Organization of immature intrahemispheric connections},
	Uuid = {D923097F-0C00-42F2-89B9-FDF0501FD1E2},
	Volume = {251},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Clarke:1989,
	Abstract = {The sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC) is currently controversial, possibly because of difficulties in morphometric analysis. We have reinvestigated the issue by using morphometric techniques specially designed to yield objective measurements of CC size and shape. The development of the CC was studied with similar techniques in order to investigate whether its final shape and size might be influenced by axonal elimination, as could be expected from previous animal studies. We have measured the CCs of 32 men and 26 women; 27 male and 19 female CCs were from brain tissue, the others were from magnetic resonance imaging graphs. Women tended to have 1) a smaller cross-sectional callosal area (CCA); 2) a larger fraction of CCA in the posterior fifth of the CC; 3) more slender CCs; and 4) more bulbous splenia. These differences could not be detected by simple inspection but were demonstrated by measurement and statistical analysis. However, CCA was correlated with the other sexually dimorphic parameters, and the sex-related differences in the latter became nonsignificant when variations in CCA were factored out or when male and female populations with similar CCA were compared. In addition, we analyzed CCs of 16 male and 16 female fetuses and of 13 male and 15 female infants and children. This sample ranged in age between 20 weeks of gestation and 14 years but covered in detail the period up to 14 months after birth. CCA increased throughout the latter period but decreased slightly between about 33 weeks of gestation and the beginning of the second postnatal mouth. This decrease coincided with thinning of the CC and a marked increase in bulbosity of the splenium. No sexual dimorphism could be demonstrated until the beginning of the postnatal period. In the age group between birth (at term) and the 14th month, CCA was, as in the adult, larger in males. Unlike in the adults, the CC was longer in males and the bulbosity index was the same in the two sexes. Axonal elimination may play a role in the perinatal pause in CCA growth and in the concomitant changes in callosal shape.},
	Author = {Clarke, S. and Kraftsik, R. and Van der Loos, H. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Fetus;Human;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Child, Preschool;Aging;Middle Aged;Embryo and Fetal Development;Female;Infant;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Aged;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Sex Characteristics;Adult;Infant, Newborn;Gestational Age;Corpus Callosum;Adolescent},
	Medline = {89175582},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {213-30},
	Pubmed = {2925893},
	Title = {Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: is there sexual dimorphism?},
	Uuid = {A1D29E42-C087-4494-A4CB-23D8A51D1ACB},
	Volume = {280},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Clauset:2008,
	Abstract = {Networks have in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool for describing and quantifying complex systems in many branches of science. Recent studies suggest that networks often exhibit hierarchical organization, in which vertices divide into groups that further subdivide into groups of groups, and so forth over multiple scales. In many cases the groups are found to correspond to known functional units, such as ecological niches in food webs, modules in biochemical networks (protein interaction networks, metabolic networks or genetic regulatory networks) or communities in social networks. Here we present a general technique for inferring hierarchical structure from network data and show that the existence of hierarchy can simultaneously explain and quantitatively reproduce many commonly observed topological properties of networks, such as right-skewed degree distributions, high clustering coefficients and short path lengths. We further show that knowledge of hierarchical structure can be used to predict missing connections in partly known networks with high accuracy, and for more general network structures than competing techniques. Taken together, our results suggest that hierarchy is a central organizing principle of complex networks, capable of offering insight into many network phenomena.},
	Author = {Clauset, Aaron and Moore, Cristopher and Newman, M. E. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Probability;Protein Binding;Food Chain;Biosynthetic Pathways;Algorithms;Metabolic Networks and Pathways;Sensitivity and Specificity;Gene Regulatory Networks;Social Behavior;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7191},
	Organization = {Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. aaronc\@santafe.edu},
	Pages = {98-101},
	Pii = {nature06830},
	Pubmed = {18451861},
	Title = {Hierarchical structure and the prediction of missing links in networks},
	Uuid = {6E3FF1F2-09D0-45C9-9AE4-2612A1526690},
	Volume = {453},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Clauset_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06830}}








@article{Colacitti:1998,
	Abstract = {We are currently investigating various treatments which could determine, in the rat brain, structural abnormalities mimicking those reported in human brain dysgeneses. We can induce the formation of neuronal heterotopia in the progeny of rats by means of a double injection of the cytotoxic agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) on embryonic day 15. We have now investigated the anatomical connections of these heterotopia by means of anterograde and retrograde tract tracing techniques. The induced heterotopia along the border of the lateral ventricles shared common anatomical features with the periventricular nodules in human periventricular or subcortical nodular heterotopia (PNH). The tract tracing data demonstrated the existence of reciprocal connections between the neuronal heterotopia and the ipsilateral and contralateral cortical areas, and the presence of abnormal cortico-hippocampal and cortico-cortical connections. On the basis of the connectivity patterns, it may be speculated that some cells in the heterotopia could be neurons originally committed to the cortex, that were interrupted in their migration by the MAM treatment. Given the common morphological features seen in human PNH and MAM-induced brain heterotopia, the anatomical and developmental analysis of MAM-treated rats may shed light on the mechanisms by which human brain dysgeneses develop in human patients.},
	Author = {Colacitti, C. and Sancini, G. and Franceschetti, S. and Cattabeni, F. and Avanzini, G. and Spreafico, R. and Di Luca, M. and Battaglia, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Pregnancy;Animals;Humans;Rats;Functional Laterality;Neocortex;Female;Brain;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;Teratogens;Brain Diseases;Axonal Transport;10 genetics malformation;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Laterality;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Gestational Age;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98432475},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.},
	Pages = {49-62},
	Pii = {S0920-1211(98)00039-4},
	Pubmed = {9761308},
	Title = {Altered connections between neocortical and heterotopic areas in methylazoxymethanol-treated rat},
	Uuid = {B2F06771-7461-4660-B6D5-E47DED8AF90A},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Colacitti_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}}


@article{Colgin:2006,
	Author = {Colgin, Laura L. and Moser, Edvard I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {comment;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7084},
	Pages = {615-7},
	Pii = {440615a},
	Pubmed = {16572155},
	Title = {Neuroscience: rewinding the memory record},
	Uuid = {8503960B-F62C-4BF8-9634-7A6AC91413A6},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/440615a}}

@article{Collard:2004,
	Author = {Collard, John G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {02 Adult neurogenesis migration;10 Development;Cell Cycle Proteins;Tumor Suppressor Proteins;Human;rhoA GTP-Binding Protein;Cell Division;Neoplasms;Animals;Cell Movement;news},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6984},
	Pages = {705-8},
	Pii = {428705a},
	Pubmed = {15085115},
	Title = {Cancer: Kip moving},
	Uuid = {9FAC1314-FF4E-4C6E-AAE2-BCBC3267F136},
	Volume = {428},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Collard_Nature2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428705a}}

@article{Colom:2006,
	Abstract = {A series of experiments was carried out testing the hypothesis that the septal region decreases the hippocampal susceptibility to hyperexcitability states through theta rhythm generation. Medial septal neurons were simultaneously recorded with hippocampal field potentials to investigate the septo-hippocampal function in the pilocarpine model of chronic epilepsy. The theta rhythm from chronically epileptic rats had lower amplitude (20\%less) and higher frequency than controls (from 3.38 to 4.25 Hz), suggesting that both generator and pacemaker structures are affected during the epileptic process. At the cellular level, the group of rhythmically bursting firing medial septal neurons, in the epileptic animals, significantly and chronically increased their firing rates in relation to controls (from 13.86 to 29.14 spikes/s). Peristimulus histograms performed around hippocampal sharp waves showed that all high-frequency firing neurons, including rhythmically bursting neurons and most slow firing neurons, decreased firing rates immediately after hippocampal epileptic discharges. Thus inhibitory hippocampo-septal influences prevail during hippocampal epileptic discharges. The occurrence of epileptic discharges was reduced 86-97\%of the number observed during spontaneous theta and theta induced by sensory (tail pinch) or chemical stimulation (carbachol), suggesting that the presence of the theta state regardless of how it was produced was responsible for the reduction in epileptic discharge frequency. The understanding of the theta rhythm "anti-epileptic" effect at the cellular and molecular levels may result in novel therapeutic approaches dedicated to protect the brain against abnormal excitability states.},
	Author = {Colom, Luis V. and Garc{\'\i}a-Hern{\'a}ndez, Antonio and Casta\~{n}eda, Maria T. and Perez-Cordova, Miriam G. and Garrido-Sanabria, Emilio R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Pilocarpine;Animals;Feasibility Studies;Rats;Theta Rhythm;Neural Pathways;Septum of Brain;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Biological Clocks;Chronic Disease;Action Potentials;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;21 Neurophysiology;Drug Delivery Systems;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Anticonvulsants},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biomedical Studies, The University of Texas at Brownsville/Texas Southmost College, USA. luis.colom\@utb.edu},
	Pages = {3645-53},
	Pii = {00040.2006},
	Pubmed = {16554504},
	Title = {Septo-hippocampal networks in chronically epileptic rats: potential antiepileptic effects of theta rhythm generation},
	Uuid = {189A606F-4943-4F1B-9EA0-5820F9B20F0E},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00040.2006}}



@article{Colonnese:2006,
	Abstract = {During a short perinatal interval, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function is essential to a process in which spontaneous retinal waves focus retinal axon arbors in the superficial layers of the rodent superior colliculus (sSC). Here we provide evidence that this NMDAR-dependent axonal refinement occurs through elimination of uncorrelated retinal synapses arising from disparate loci, rather than stabilization of topographically appropriate inputs. The density of synaptic release sites within fluorescently labeled retinal terminals was counted in double-labeling experiments using confocal microscopy and antibodies against synaptophysin or synapsin-1. Chronic NMDAR blockade from birth increased retinal axon synapse density at postnatal days (P) 6, 8, and 10, suggesting that NMDAR currents reduce synapse density during the refinement period. With assay at P14, after focal arborization has been established, the effect disappeared. Conversely, chronic NMDA treatment, known to induce functional synaptic depression in the sSC, decreased retinocollicular synapse density at P14, but not earlier, during the refinement period (P8). Thus during the development of retinocollicular topographic order, there is a period when NMDAR activity predominantly eliminates retinal axon synapses. We were able to extend this period by using retinal lesions to reduce synaptic density in a defined zone. Synapse density on intact retinocollicular axons sprouting into this zone was increased by NMDAR blockade, even when examined at P14. Thus, the period of NMDAR-dependent synaptic destabilization is terminated by a factor related to the density and refinement of retinal arbors.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T. and Constantine-Paton, Martha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Retina;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Visual Pathways;Synaptophysin;Axons;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;comparative study ;Statistics, Nonparametric;Superior Colliculus;21 Neurophysiology;Synapsins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA. mcolonne\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {738-51},
	Pubmed = {16374812},
	Title = {Developmental period for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synapse elimination correlated with visuotopic map refinement},
	Uuid = {316232C7-5465-4373-912A-519987B20126},
	Volume = {494},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20841}}

@article{Colonnese:2003,
	Abstract = {The activity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR) regulates the composition of excitatory synapses and mediates multiple forms of synaptic and structural plasticity. In the superficial superior colliculus (sSC) of the rat, NR activity is essential for the full refinement of retinotopy during development. We have examined the NR's role in synaptic development by chronically treating the sSC from birth with the competitive antagonist (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) released by the slow-release polymer Elvax. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were used to characterize excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSCs) in slices from postnatal day (P)12-20 sSC. Chronic NR blockade reduced the ratio of AMPA/kainate receptor (AMPAR) to NR peak current amplitudes of both spontaneous (s)EPSCs and evoked EPSCs. Spontaneous NR current amplitude was increased following treatment, while spontaneous AMPAR currents were identical to those of controls, indicating that the ratio change was due to an increased NR current. Comparison of sEPSC frequency, AMPAR current rectification, and quantitative Western blots indicated that the characteristics of AMPARs at the synapse are normal following AP5 treatment. In the sSC, NR currents show a rapid decrease in decay time on P11 and previous studies in slices indicate this change results from a NR-mediated activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Consistent with this in vitro finding, the down-regulation failed to occur in sSC chronically treated with AP5 in vivo. Together the present data show that NR function is necessary for subsequent NR current regulation in vivo, but it is not essential for the developmental expression of normal AMPAR currents.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T. and Shi, Jian and Constantine-Paton, Martha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Animals;Synapses;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Rats;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Brain;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Female;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, AMPA;Calcium;Kainic Acid;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Adaptation, Physiological;Age Factors;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {57-68},
	Pubmed = {12522159},
	Title = {Chronic NMDA receptor blockade from birth delays the maturation of NMDA currents, but does not affect AMPA/kainate currents},
	Uuid = {4D30F64E-38ED-4946-91BF-A5CA0A9E383C},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00049.2002}}

@article{Colonnese:2001,
	Abstract = {We have investigated the role of the NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) in the genesis and regulation of structural plasticity during synaptogenesis in the visual layers of the rat superior colliculus (sSC). In this neuropil, three projections compete for synaptic space during development. By fluorescently labeling the projections of both eyes and imaging them with confocal microscopy, we can quantify the sprouting of the ipsilateral retinal projection that follows removal of a portion of the contralateral retinal and/or corticocollicular projection. Using these techniques we have studied the effects of NMDAR blockade under different levels of competition. NMDARs were chronically blocked from birth [postnatal day 0 (P0)] by suspending the competitive antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid in the slow release plastic Elvax, a slab of which was implanted over the sSC. Such treatment alone does not impair the normal segregation of the retinal projections. However, if sprouting of the ipsilateral projection is initiated with a small contralateral retinal lesion at P6, this sprouting can be further increased by blocking NMDARs from birth. Sprouting of the ipsilateral retinal projection is also induced by retinal lesions made at P10/P11, but NMDAR blockade does not augment the sprouting induced by this later lesion. However, when combined with simultaneous ablation of the ipsilateral visual cortex, P10/P11 lesions show increased sprouting after NMDAR blockade. These data indicate that P0 NMDAR blockade does not eliminate synaptic competition in the sSC. Instead, early elimination of NMDAR function appears to facilitate sprouting that is gated in a stepwise manner by the other visual afferents.},
	Author = {Colonnese, M. T. and Constantine-Paton, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Drug Implants;Retina;Animals;Fluorescent Dyes;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Visual Pathways;Cell Count;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Axons;Animals, Newborn;Superior Colliculus;21 Neurophysiology;Scotoma;Occipital Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Cerebral Decortication;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Pages = {1557-68},
	Pii = {21/5/1557},
	Pubmed = {11222646},
	Title = {Chronic NMDA receptor blockade from birth increases the sprouting capacity of ipsilateral retinocollicular axons without disrupting their early segregation},
	Uuid = {0E21198C-91D2-441F-8D92-3435B8915193},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Colonnese:2005,
	Abstract = {NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in the structural maintenance and functional strength of synapses. The causal relationship between these anatomical and functional roles is poorly defined. Using quantitative confocal microscopy, synaptic vesicle immunoreactivity, and differential label of retinal projections, we measured axon volume and synapse density along ipsilateral retinal axons (ipsi axons) sprouting into the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus (sSC) deafferented by a contralateral retinal lesion (a scotoma) 8 d earlier. When retinal lesions were made at postnatal day 6 (P6), glutamatergic synaptic currents on neurons within the scotoma were significantly reduced. Both ipsi axon sprouting and synapse density were increased by chronic d-AP-5 antagonism of NMDARs. Conversely, ipsi axon sprouting and synapse density were reduced by chronic exposure to the agonist, NMDA, known to functionally depress glutamate transmission in this system. After P11 lesions, however, NMDAR blockade had no effect on sprouting or synapse density. Developmental changes in NMDAR current kinetics could not account for this difference in the structural effects of NMDAR function. Also, synaptic current frequencies within the scotoma were not affected after the P11 lesions. The corticocollicular projection matures during the P11 survival interval and, as indicated by previous work, it is a source of competition for synaptic space and probably of maintained activity in the older sSC. Thus, our results suggest that during early development, NMDAR currents predominantly destabilize nascent synapses. As the neuropil matures, however, competition for synaptic space suppresses axon sprouting and synapse formation regardless of NMDAR function.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T. and Zhao, Jian-Ping P. and Constantine-Paton, Martha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Retina;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Microscopy, Confocal;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Visual Pathways;Receptors, AMPA;Axons;Depression, Chemical;Time Factors;Nerve Regeneration;Single-Blind Method;Receptors, GABA-A;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Superior Colliculus;Scotoma;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. mcolonne\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {1291-303},
	Pii = {25/5/1291},
	Pubmed = {15689567},
	Title = {NMDA receptor currents suppress synapse formation on sprouting axons in vivo},
	Uuid = {38700E5F-801F-4A86-9560-36E9A212CFC6},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4063-04.2005}}

@article{Colonnese:2008,
	Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable method for probing postnatal circuit refinement and plasticity. However, its use during early development has been hindered by uncertainty as to the nature of neurovascular coupling in young individuals. Here we used somatosensory stimulation in rats to determine age-related parameters of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal from its apparent inception on postnatal day 13 to adulthood. By comparing fMRI measurements with electrophysiological recordings, we determined that the regional BOLD response in these animals undergoes a systematic decline in latency and growth in amplitude over this period. We found no evidence of negative BOLD at any age. Maturation of hemodynamic responses correlated with age-dependent increases in susceptibility to inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. With knowledge of the infant BOLD response characteristics, we showed that interhemispheric and higher-order cortical stimulus responses are enhanced during the first several weeks after birth.},
	Author = {Colonnese, Matthew T. and Phillips, Marnie A. and Constantine-Paton, Martha and Kaila, Kai and Jasanoff, Alan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 150 Albany St., NW14-2213, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {72-9},
	Pii = {nn2017},
	Pubmed = {18037883},
	Title = {Development of hemodynamic responses and functional connectivity in rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {B61F6E14-0EA6-48A5-9142-94BEACFFD3F2},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Colonnese_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2017}}



@article{Compte:2003,
	Abstract = {Slow oscillatory activity (<1 Hz) is observed in vivo in the cortex during slow-wave sleep or under anesthesia and in vitro when the bath solution is chosen to more closely mimic cerebrospinal fluid. Here we present a biophysical network model for the slow oscillations observed in vitro that reproduces the single neuron behaviors and collective network firing patterns in control as well as under pharmacological manipulations. The membrane potential of a neuron oscillates slowly (at <1 Hz) between a down state and an up state; the up state is maintained by strong recurrent excitation balanced by inhibition, and the transition to the down state is due to a slow adaptation current (Na(+)-dependent K(+) current). Consistent with in vivo data, the input resistance of a model neuron, on average, is the largest at the end of the down state and the smallest during the initial phase of the up state. An activity wave is initiated by spontaneous spike discharges in a minority of neurons, and propagates across the network at a speed of 3-8 mm/s in control and 20-50 mm/s with inhibition block. Our work suggests that long-range excitatory patchy connections contribute significantly to this wave propagation. Finally, we show with this model that various known physiological effects of neuromodulation can switch the network to tonic firing, thus simulating a transition to the waking state.},
	Author = {Compte, Albert and Sanchez-Vives, Maria V. and McCormick, David A. and Wang, Xiao-Jing J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Neural Networks (Computer);Algorithms;Neural Conduction;Anesthesia;Kinetics;Pyramidal Cells;Ion Channels;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Sleep;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA. acompte\@umh.es},
	Pages = {2707-25},
	Pii = {00845.2002},
	Pubmed = {12612051},
	Title = {Cellular and network mechanisms of slow oscillatory activity (<1 Hz) and wave propagations in a cortical network model},
	Uuid = {6E72A135-84ED-4D23-91C8-2B24580512E2},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Compte_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00845.2002}}


@article{Condes-Lara:2003,
	Abstract = {Interfascicular neurons (IFNs) of the anterior commissure (AC) include short-axon and projection types which receive inputs from commissural collaterals. Therefore, it was proposed that IFNs may play a role in processing nerve impulses arising from the forebrain and delivered by these collaterals [Brain Res. 931 (2002) 81-91]. To determine possible inputs from the forebrain to IFNs we performed extracellular recordings of 25 neurons from anesthetized adult rats. Short-latency evoked potentials in IFNs were elicited by electrical stimulation of the anterior olfactory, posterior amygdaloid nuclei (PA), and medial frontal cortex. The IFN responses showed three distinct patterns, namely, a single action potential (AP) followed by what appear to be spontaneous discharge; a burst of high-frequency APs, and a single AP followed by a period devoid of APs. The latter response which was elicited by stimulation of the PA, may be explained by an intervening inhibitory interneuron, perhaps GABAergic in nature. Finally, IFNs seem not to project back to any of these three forebrain areas, as we failed to demonstrate antidromic activation.},
	Author = {Cond{\'e}s-Lara, Miguel and Paz, Carlos and Jim{\'e}nez, Javier Rodr{\'\i}guez and Mart{\'\i}nez, Gema and Mart{\'\i}nez-Lorenzana, Guadalupe and Larriva-Sahd, Jorge},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Olfactory Pathways;Septal Nuclei;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Action Potentials;Rats;Neural Pathways;Electrophysiology;Amygdala;Animals;Oligodendroglia;Male;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {22796348},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Developmental Biology and Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurobiolog{\'\i}a, Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico, Campus UNAM-UAQ, Juriquilla, Apartado Postal 1-1141, Zona Centro, CP 76001 Quer{\'e}taro, Qro, Mexico.},
	Pages = {288-92},
	Pii = {S0006899303030543},
	Pubmed = {12915264},
	Title = {Electrophysiological responses of interfascicular neurons of the rat anterior commissure to activation from the anterior olfactory nucleus, medial frontal cortex, and posterior nucleus of the amygdala},
	Uuid = {CDC3AEC8-9CAB-4B21-9B71-2F0EDFBA2F99},
	Volume = {982},
	Year = {2003}}


@article{Connors:2004,
	Abstract = {Many neurons in the mammalian central nervous system communicate through electrical synapses, defined here as gap junction-mediated connections. Electrical synapses are reciprocal pathways for ionic current and small organic molecules. They are often strong enough to mediate close synchronization of subthreshold and spiking activity among clusters of neurons. The most thoroughly studied electrical synapses occur between excitatory projection neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus and between inhibitory interneurons of the neocortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. All these synapses require the gap junction protein connexin36 (Cx36) for robust electrical coupling. Cx36 appears to interconnect neurons exclusively, and it is expressed widely along the mammalian neuraxis, implying that there are undiscovered electrical synapses throughout the central nervous system. Some central neurons may be electrically coupled by other connexin types or by pannexins, a newly described family of gap junction proteins. Electrical synapses are a ubiquitous yet underappreciated feature of neural circuits in the mammalian brain.},
	Author = {Connors, Barry W. and Long, Michael A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0147-006X},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Humans;Rats;Neural Pathways;Brain;review;Cell Communication;Mammals;Connexins;Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Nlm_Id = {7804039},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. BWC\@Brown.edu},
	Pages = {393-418},
	Pubmed = {15217338},
	Title = {Electrical synapses in the mammalian brain},
	Uuid = {BF9D7BE9-ABB8-48A0-9647-1D7ECB6BCF79},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Connors_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131128}}

@article{Connors:1996,
	Abstract = {Neurons generate diverse firing patterns to perform a range of specialized tasks. Experiments show that many features of these firing patterns arise from distinctive membrane properties, but theoretical work predicts that differences in neuronal morphology are also important.},
	Author = {Connors, B. W. and Regehr, W. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0960-9822},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9107782},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {1560-2},
	Pii = {S0960-9822(02)70771-9},
	Pubmed = {8994812},
	Title = {Neuronal firing: does function follow form?},
	Uuid = {D7AAB44E-FD8D-4492-A1E3-E06661EA9866},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Connors:1983,
	Abstract = {We have estimated the prevalence of coupling between neurons of the rat neocortex during postnatal development. Single intracellular injections of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH resulted in dye coupling among 70\%of neurons from 1 to 4 days of age. Dye coupling dropped to 30 to 40\%by 10 to 18 days and occurred in 20\%of injected adult neurons. The number of neurons per dye-coupled aggregate also decreased. Whereas three to seven coupled neurons were common in cortex of 1 to 4 days, aggregates of more than two neurons were exceptionally rare in adults. The frequency of dye coupling did not vary systematically with cortical depth at any age. When chemical synaptic activity was blocked, most 4-day neurons exhibited short latency antidromically evoked depolarizations which were relatively insensitive to repetitive activation and membrane polarization. These depolarizations may represent electrotonically conducted spikes from coupled neurons. No such potentials were found in adult neurons. The results suggest that neuronal coupling is extensive in immature rat neocortex, but that coupling declines at a time just before the numbers of chemical synapses increase most rapidly.},
	Author = {Connors, B. W. and Benardo, L. S. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Aging;Animals;10 Development;Axonal Transport;Rats;Fluorescent Dyes;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Manganese;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Isoquinolines;Rats, Inbred Strains;Neurons;Cerebral Cortex},
	Medline = {83163356},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {773-82},
	Pubmed = {6187902},
	Title = {Coupling between neurons of the developing rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {E941EEF8-9C71-4E87-838F-000A68214528},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1983},
	url = {papers/Connors_JNeurosci1983.pdf}}

@article{Connors:1984,
	Abstract = {Among neocortical astrocytes and neurons, intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH into single cells will often label multiple adjacent cells. It is possible that this intercellular dye movement occurs through gap junctions, which in several systems are sensitive to cytoplasmic acidification. In the present study we tested the effect of increased CO2 levels, a treatment expected to decrease intracellular pH (pHi), on the prevalence of glial and neuronal dye coupling in neocortical slices. When CO2 levels were raised to 40\%or 50\%, dye coupling among astrocytes was completely abolished. Under the same conditions, the prevalence of dye coupling among neocortical neurons of adult guinea pigs was significantly reduced to 18.7\%, compared to the control level of 32.3\%. Dye coupling among immature rat neocortical neurons, which normally occurs at relatively high rates, was not measurably affected by CO2 levels up to 50\%. The results suggest that coupling between cortical glia is very sensitive to cytoplasmic acidification. The relative insensitivity of neuronal coupling to CO2 may indicate either that the conductance of neuronal gap junctions is only weakly affected by pHi or that neuron-to-neuron dye passage occurs via other types of intercytoplasmic pathways.},
	Author = {Connors, B. W. and Benardo, L. S. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Male;Neurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neuroglia;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Guinea Pigs;in vitro ;Rats;Fluorescent Dyes;21 Gap junctions;Animals;Isoquinolines;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Carbon Dioxide;Cerebral Cortex},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1324-30},
	Pubmed = {6427421},
	Title = {Carbon dioxide sensitivity of dye coupling among glia and neurons of the neocortex},
	Uuid = {B14DC48F-C284-460A-9652-8D4DBA8DCEEE},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{Connors:1986,
	Abstract = {The electrophysiological properties of neurons in the three-layered dorsal cortex of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, have been studied in vitro. Intracellular recordings suggested two distinct classes of neuronal behavior. Cell labeling with either Lucifer Yellow or horseradish peroxidase revealed that these behaviors correlated with the two morphological classes of cortical neurons: pyramidal cells and stellate cells. Examination of Golgi-stained neurons of dorsal cortex did not uncover any other obvious classes. Pyramidal cells had their somata in the cell layer, and extended several densely spined apical dendrites through the molecular layer to the pia. They also had spiny basilar dendrites directed through the subcellular layer toward the ependymal border. Physiologically, pyramidal cells had relatively prolonged action potentials that showed marked frequency adaptation during a sustained suprathreshold current pulse. Their most striking characteristic was a tendency to fire two discrete sizes of action potential, one small (mean = 34 mV) and of relatively low threshold, the other large (mean = 76 mV) and of higher threshold. We hypothesize that at least some small spikes arise from distal dendritic sites, whereas large spikes are somatically generated. Both spikes were tetrodotoxin-sensitive, although calcium-dependent electrogenesis occurred when potassium channels were blocked. In contrast to pyramidal cells, the somata of stellate cells were found in the molecular and subcellular zones. Their dendrites tended to be horizontally oriented and spine-free. Stellate cells had relatively brief action potentials, each of which was followed by a large but short-lasting undershoot of membrane potential. Stellate cells showed little or no spike frequency adaptation. Spike amplitudes were always relatively uniform and large (mean = 73 mV). Thus, in the dorsal cortex of turtles, the pyramidal cells, which are projection neurons, and stellate cells, which are local GABAergic inhibitory neurons, have distinctly different membrane characteristics. The physiological properties of the two types of turtle cortical neurons are very similar to their counterparts in cortical structures of the mammalian telencephalon.},
	Author = {Connors, B. W. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Golgi Apparatus;Electrophysiology;Animals;Tetrodotoxin;Pyramidal Tracts;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Turtles;Action Potentials;Histocytochemistry;21 Neurophysiology;Stellate Ganglion;Membrane Potentials;Isoquinolines;Neurons;Horseradish Peroxidase;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {86114191},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {164-77},
	Pubmed = {3944618},
	Title = {Cellular physiology of the turtle visual cortex: distinctive properties of pyramidal and stellate neurons},
	Uuid = {2DCA25B3-523B-4687-9132-A01E2047C383},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Connors:1990,
	Abstract = {Neurons of the neocortex differ dramatically in the patterns of action potentials they generate in response to current steps. Regular-spiking cells adapt strongly during maintained stimuli, whereas fast-spiking cells can sustain very high firing frequencies with little or no adaptation. Intrinsically bursting cells generate clusters of spikes (bursts), either singly or repetitively. These physiological distinctions have morphological correlates. RS and IB cells can be either pyramidal neurons or spiny stellate cells, and thus constitute the excitatory cells of the cortex. FS cells are smooth or sparsely spiny non-pyramidal cells, and are likely to be GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The different firing properties of neurons in neocortex contribute significantly to its network behavior. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Connors, B. W. and Gutnick, M. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Cerebral Cortex/*physiology;Neural Inhibition;M;Evoked Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.},
	Pages = {99-104},
	Pubmed = {1691879},
	Title = {Intrinsic firing patterns of diverse neocortical neurons},
	Uuid = {C1A83AC6-B196-4D4D-979D-B6851D51CAF7},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1691879}}





@article{Corbin:2001,
	Abstract = {During development of the mammalian telencephalon, cells migrate via diverse pathways to reach their final destinations. In the developing neocortex, projection neurons are generated from cells that migrate radially from the underlying ventricular zone. In contrast, subsets of cells that populate the ventral piriform cortex and olfactory bulb reach these sites by migrating long distances. Additionally, it has been recently established that cells migrate tangentially from the ventral ganglionic eminences to the developing cortex. These tangentially migrating cells are a significant source of cortical interneurons and possibly other cell types such as oligodendrocytes. Here we summarize the known routes of migration in the developing telencephalon, with a particular focus on tangential migration. We also review recent genetic and transplantation studies that have given greater insight into the understanding of these processes and the molecular cues that may guide these migrating cells.},
	Author = {Corbin, J. G. and Nery, S. and Fishell, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:44 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Cell Differentiation;10 Development;Telencephalon;Neuroglia;Human;Mammals;Stem Cells;review, tutorial;Body Patterning;Animals;Cell Movement;Nerve Growth Factors;review},
	Medline = {21547541},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {1177-82},
	Pii = {nn749},
	Pubmed = {11687827},
	Title = {Telencephalic cells take a tangent: non-radial migration in the mammalian forebrain},
	Uuid = {8E9AB044-3C79-49ED-8F62-DD73C98375B9},
	Volume = {4 Suppl},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Corbin_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn749}}


@article{Cordery:1999,
	Abstract = {We are interested in similarities and conserved mechanisms in early development of the reptilian and mammalian thalamocortical connections. We set out to analyse connectivity in embryonic turtle brains (Pseudemys scripta elegans, between stages 17 and 25), by using carbocyanine dye tracing. From the earliest stages studied, labelling from dorsal and ventral thalamus revealed backlabelled cells among developing thalamic fibres within the lateral forebrain bundle and striatum, which had similar morphology to backlabelled internal capsule cells in embryonic rat (Molnar and Cordery, 1999). However, thalamic crystal placements did not label cells in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) at any stage examined. Crystal placements into both dorsal and lateral cortex labelled cells in the DVR and, reciprocally, DVR crystal placements labelled cells in the dorsal and lateral cortices. Retrograde labelling revealed that thalamic fibres arrive in the DVR and dorsal cortex by stage 19. The DVR received projections from the nucleus rotundus and the dorsal cortex exclusively from the perirotundal complex (including lateral geniculate nucleus). Thalamic fibres show this remarkable degree of specificity from the earliest stage we could examine with selective retrograde labelling (stage 19). Our study demonstrates that axons of similar cells are among the first to reach dorsal and ventral thalamus in mammals and reptiles. Our connectional analysis in turtle suggests that some cells of the mammalian primitive internal capsule are homologous to a cell group within the reptilian lateral forebrain bundle and striatum and that diverse vertebrate brains might use a highly conserved pattern of early thalamocortical development. 0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Cordery, P. and Molnar, Z.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {*Brain Mapping;Corpus Striatum/physiology;Species Specificity;Neural Pathways/physiology;Fluorescent Dyes;Crystallization;Turtles/embryology/*physiology;Hypothalamus/physiology;Prosencephalon/physiology;N;Embryo, Nonmammalian/growth &development/*physiology;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex/embryology/*physiology;19 Neocortical evolution;Thalamus/embryology/*physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {26-54},
	Pubmed = {10464368},
	Title = {Embryonic development of connections in turtle pallium},
	Uuid = {8AC2FF84-5DE4-4774-AC22-A38D99826360},
	Volume = {413},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10464368}}

@article{Corlew:2004,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients were measured in the mouse neocortex from embryonic day 16 (E16) to postnatal day 6 (P6). On the day of birth (P0), cortical neurones generated widespread, highly synchronous [Ca2+]i transients over large areas. On average, 52\%of neurones participated in these transients, and in 20\%of slices, an average of 80\%participated. These transients were blocked by TTX and nifedipine, indicating that they resulted from Ca2+ influx during electrical activity, and occurred at a mean frequency of 0.91 min(-1). The occurrence of this activity was highly centred at P0: at E16 and P2 an average of only 15\%and 24\%of neurones, respectively, participated in synchronous transients, and they occurred at much lower frequencies at both E16 and P2 than at P0. The overall frequency of [Ca2+]i transients in individual cells did not change between E16 and P2, just the degree of their synchronicity. The onset of this spontaneous, synchronous activity correlated with a large increase in Na+ current density that occurred just before P0, and its cessation with a large decrease in resting resistance that occurred just after P2. This widespread, synchronous activity may serve a variety of functions in the neonatal nervous system.},
	Author = {Corlew, Rebekah and Bosma, Martha M. and Moody, William J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:08:34 +0000},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Osmolar Concentration;Aging;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Reaction Time;Embryonic Development;Calcium;Embryo;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;21 Cortical oscillations;Intracellular Membranes;Tetraethylammonium;Spontaneous activity;21 Activity-development;Neocortex;calcium imaging;optical physiology;optical imaging;in vitro;Mice; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 2},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.},
	Pages = {377-90},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2004.071621},
	Pubmed = {15297578},
	Title = {Spontaneous, synchronous electrical activity in neonatal mouse cortical neurones},
	Uuid = {9BEDDF05-C5DE-4D06-82F3-6A1767021255},
	Volume = {560},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Corlew_JPhysiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071621}}

@article{Cossart:2005,
	Abstract = {Studies relating spontaneous network activities to cognitive processes and/or brain disorders constitute a recently expanding field of investigation. They are mostly based either on cellular recordings--usually performed in pharmacologically induced oscillations in brain slices--or on multi-cellular recordings using tetrodes or multiple electrodes. However, these research strategies cannot link the electrical recordings with morphological characterization of the neurons. The progress made in imaging techniques allows for the first time to have simultaneously a dynamic and global characterization of network activity and to determine the single-cell properties of the unitary microcircuits involved in this activity.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa and Ikegaya, Yuji and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0143-4160},
	Journal = {Cell Calcium},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neural Pathways;21 Calcium imaging;Calcium;Sodium;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8006226},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, BP.13, 13273 Marseille, Cedex 9, France.},
	Pages = {451-7},
	Pii = {S0143-4160(05)00030-8},
	Pubmed = {15820393},
	Title = {Calcium imaging of cortical networks dynamics},
	Uuid = {AAD63EAA-0144-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Cossart_CellCalcium2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2005.01.013}}

@article{Cossart:2006,
	Abstract = {GABAergic interneurons play diverse and important roles in controlling neuronal network dynamics. They are characterized by an extreme heterogeneity morphologically, neurochemically, and physiologically, but a functionally relevant classification is still lacking. Present taxonomy is essentially based on their postsynaptic targets, but a physiological counterpart to this classification has not yet been determined. Using a quantitative analysis based on multidimensional clustering of morphological and physiological variables, we now demonstrate a strong correlation between the kinetics of glutamate and GABA miniature synaptic currents received by CA1 hippocampal interneurons and the laminar distribution of their axons: neurons that project to the same layer(s) receive synaptic inputs with similar kinetics distributions. In contrast, the kinetics distributions of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic events received by a given interneuron do not depend upon its somatic location or dendritic arborization. Although the mechanisms responsible for this unexpected observation are still unclear, our results suggest that interneurons may be programmed to receive synaptic currents with specific temporal dynamics depending on their targets and the local networks in which they operate.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa and Petanjek, Zdravko and Dumitriu, Dani and Hirsch, June C. and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Esclapez, Monique and Bernard, Christophe},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1050-9631},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Epilepsy;Neurotransmitter Agents;Reaction Time;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Organ Culture Techniques;Axons;Time Factors;Dendrites;Receptors, GABA-A;Nerve Net;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Shape;GABA Antagonists;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Nlm_Id = {9108167},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, Parc scientifique de Luminy, B.P 13, 13673 Marseille, C{\'e}dex 9, France.},
	Pages = {408-20},
	Pubmed = {16435315},
	Title = {Interneurons targeting similar layers receive synaptic inputs with similar kinetics},
	Uuid = {DDED4491-6F1B-4C33-9045-DF9EEAD5B9A6},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20169}}

@article{Cossart:2001,
	Abstract = {Impaired inhibition is thought to be important in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common form of epilepsy in adult patients. We report that, in experimental TLE, spontaneous GABAergic inhibition was increased in the soma but reduced in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The former resulted from the hyperactivity of somatic projecting interneurons, whereas the latter was probably due to the degeneration of a subpopulation of dendritic projecting interneurons. A deficit in dendritic inhibition could reduce seizure threshold, whereas enhanced somatic inhibition would prevent the continuous occurrence of epileptiform activity.},
	Author = {Cossart, R. and Dinocourt, C. and Hirsch, J. C. and Merchan-Perez, A. and De Felipe, J. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Esclapez, M. and Bernard, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Muscarinic Agonists;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Kainic Acid;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent;RNA, Messenger;Dendrites;Action Potentials;Somatostatin;Glutamate Decarboxylase;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Isoenzymes;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {20577665},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM Unit{\'e} 29, Avenue de Luminy, B.P. 13, 13 273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {52-62},
	Pubmed = {11135645},
	Title = {Dendritic but not somatic GABAergic inhibition is decreased in experimental epilepsy},
	Uuid = {3FFE9306-DC5B-43FC-BCF9-9557B07A28E4},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Cossart_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/82900}}

@article{Cossart:2003,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex receives input from lower brain regions, and its function is traditionally considered to be processing that input through successive stages to reach an appropriate output. However, the cortical circuit contains many interconnections, including those feeding back from higher centres, and is continuously active even in the absence of sensory inputs. Such spontaneous firing has a structure that reflects the coordinated activity of specific groups of neurons. Moreover, the membrane potential of cortical neurons fluctuates spontaneously between a resting (DOWN) and a depolarized (UP) state, which may also be coordinated. The elevated firing rate in the UP state follows sensory stimulation and provides a substrate for persistent activity, a network state that might mediate working memory. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we reconstructed the dynamics of spontaneous activity of up to 1,400 neurons in slices of mouse visual cortex. Here we report the occurrence of synchronized UP state transitions ('cortical flashes') that occur in spatially organized ensembles involving small numbers of neurons. Because of their stereotyped spatiotemporal dynamics, we conclude that network UP states are circuit attractors--emergent features of feedback neural networks that could implement memory states or solutions to computational problems.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa and Aronov, Dmitriy and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Calcium Signaling;In Vitro;Animals;Memory;Neocortex;Monte Carlo Method;Kinetics;Mice, Inbred C57BL;21 Calcium imaging;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Photons;Mice;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22633897},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6937},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. rcossart\@biology.columbia.edu},
	Pages = {283-8},
	Pii = {nature01614},
	Pubmed = {12748641},
	Title = {Attractor dynamics of network UP states in the neocortex},
	Uuid = {38D2900D-8F6D-492C-823D-EEA24F5F3BD5},
	Volume = {423},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Cossart_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01614}}

@article{Cossart:2001a,
	Abstract = {We report that kainate receptors are present on presynaptic GABAergic terminals contacting interneurons and that their activation increases GABA release. Application of kainate increased the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded in CA1 interneurons. Local applications of glutamate but not of AMPA or NMDA also increased GABA quantal release. Application of kainate as well as synaptically released glutamate reduced the number of failures of GABAergic neurotransmission between interneurons. Thus, activation of presynaptic kainate receptors increases the probability of GABA release at interneuron-interneuron synapses. Glutamate may selectively control the communication between interneurons by increasing their mutual inhibition.},
	Author = {Cossart, R. and Tyzio, R. and Dinocourt, C. and Esclapez, M. and Hirsch, J. C. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Bernard, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Receptors, Presynaptic;21 Neurophysiology;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;Hippocampus;Signal Transduction;Rats, Wistar;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Kainic Acid;Interneurons;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Glutamic Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {21134730},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, Parc scientifique de Luminy, B.P. 13, 13273, Marseille, France},
	Pages = {497-508},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00221-5},
	Pubmed = {11239438},
	Title = {Presynaptic kainate receptors that enhance the release of GABA on CA1 hippocampal interneurons},
	Uuid = {72ABE966-222D-4224-9E90-ECC749B058CD},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Cossart:2002,
	Abstract = {The relative contribution of kainate receptors to ongoing glutamatergic activity is at present unknown. We report the presence of spontaneous, miniature, and minimal stimulation-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that are mediated solely by kainate receptors (EPSC(kainate)) or by both AMPA and kainate receptors (EPSC(AMPA/kainate)). EPSC(kainate) and EPSC(AMPA/kainate) are selectively enriched in CA1 interneurons and mossy fibers synapses of CA3 pyramidal neurons, respectively. In CA1 interneurons, the decay time constant of EPSC(kainate) (circa 10 ms) is comparable to values obtained in heterologous expression systems. In both hippocampal neurons, the quantal release of glutamate generates kainate receptor-mediated EPSCs that provide as much as half of the total glutamatergic current. Kainate receptors are, therefore, key players of the ongoing glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa and Epsztein, J{\'e}r\^{o}me and Tyzio, Roman and Becq, H{\'e}l\`{e}ne and Hirsch, June and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Cr{\'e}pel, Val{\'e}rie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Electric Stimulation;Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;Synaptic Vesicles;Kinetics;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Receptors, AMPA;Organ Culture Techniques;Male;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Sodium Channel Blockers;GABA Antagonists;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dynorphins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22120386},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM U.29 and Universit{\'e} de La M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Parc scientifique de Luminy, BP 13, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France.},
	Pages = {147-59},
	Pii = {S0896627302007535},
	Pubmed = {12123615},
	Title = {Quantal release of glutamate generates pure kainate and mixed AMPA/kainate EPSCs in hippocampal neurons},
	Uuid = {0ED55826-4824-4E04-BD4A-DB06DA25C42C},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Cossart:2005a,
	Abstract = {Because blocking GABAergic neurotransmission in control tissue generates seizures and because GABA boosters control epilepsy in many patients, studies on epilepsies have been dominated by the axiom that seizures are generated by a failure of GABA-mediated inhibition. However, GABAergic interneurons and synapses are heterogeneous and have many roles that go beyond the straightforward concept of "inhibition of the target". Operation of such a diversified system cannot be ascribed to a single mechanism. In epileptic tissue, GABAergic networks undergo complex rewiring at the anatomical, physiological and functional levels; GABAergic synapses are still operative but show unique features, including excitatory effects. Therefore, inhibition is not a uniform notion and the concept of "failure" of inhibition in epilepsies must be reassessed. Seizures are not generated in a normal circuit in which GABA-mediated inhibition is simply impaired, but in a profoundly rewired network in which several properties of GABA function are altered. This review is part of the TINS Interneuron Diversity series.},
	Author = {Cossart, Rosa and Bernard, Christophe and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Synapses;Somatostatin;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Signal Transduction;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Interneurons;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM, 163 Route de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {108-15},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(04)00367-4},
	Pubmed = {15667934},
	Title = {Multiple facets of GABAergic neurons and synapses: multiple fates of GABA signalling in epilepsies},
	Uuid = {EF0BDA8C-22B4-46FD-A141-F12DEEC15DC0},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Cossart_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.011}}

@article{Cotrina:1998,
	Abstract = {Gap junctions are highly conductive channels that allow the direct transfer of intracellular messengers such as Ca2+ and inositol triphosphate (IP3) between interconnected cells. In brain, astrocytes are coupled extensively by gap junctions. We found here that gap junctions among astrocytes in acutely prepared brain slices as well as in culture remained open during ischemic conditions. Uncoupling first occurred after the terminal loss of plasma membrane integrity. Gap junctions therefore may link ischemic astrocytes in an evolving infarct with the surroundings. The free exchange of intracellular messengers between dying and potentially viable astrocytes might contribute to secondary expansion of ischemic lesions. 0270-6474 Journal Article},
	Author = {Cotrina, M. L. and Kang, J. and Lin, J. H. and Bueno, E. and Hansen, T. W. and He, L. and Liu, Y. and Nedergaard, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;Organ Culture;06 Adult neurogenesis injury induced;Male;Astrocytes/cytology/*physiology;Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/cytology;Animals;Cells, Cultured;D abstr;Protons;Ionophores/pharmacology;Thapsigargin/pharmacology;Gap Junctions/drug effects/immunology/*metabolism;Hippocampus/blood supply/cytology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Cell Membrane/metabolism;Isoquinolines/pharmacokinetics;Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacokinetics;Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology;Rats;Female;Cell Survival/physiology;Brain Ischemia/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Second Messenger Systems/physiology;Apoptosis/physiology;Phosphorylation;Cerebral Infarction/metabolism;Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.},
	Pages = {2520-37},
	Pubmed = {9502812},
	Title = {Astrocytic gap junctions remain open during ischemic conditions},
	Uuid = {7BB9BEE6-3DB4-46FA-AD84-221329D9ED1D},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9502812}}


@article{Coull:1999,
	Abstract = {Noradrenaline is implicated in the modulation of attention and arousal, but the neuroanatomical basis of this effect in humans is unknown. A previous functional neuroimaging study failed to find clear effects of clonidine (alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist) on activity of brain regions implicated in attention. Therefore, we now investigate whether clonidine affects the functional integration of a neuroanatomical attentional network, by modulating connectivity between brain regions rather than activity within discrete regions. Following infusion of either clonidine or placebo, positron emission tomography measurements of brain activity were collected in 13 normal subjects while they were either resting or performing an attentional task. Effective connectivity analysis showed that during rest, clonidine decreased the functional strength of connections both from frontal cortex to thalamus and in pathways to and from visual cortex. Conversely, during the attentional task, functional integration generally increased, with changes being centered on parietal cortex (increased connectivity from locus coeruleus to parietal cortex and from parietal cortex to thalamus and frontal cortex). A drug-induced increase in the modulatory effects of frontal cortex on projections from locus coeruleus to parietal cortex was also observed. Collectively, these results highlight cognitively dissociable effects of clonidine on interactions among functionally integrated brain regions and implicate the noradrenergic system in mediating the functional integration of attentional brain systems. The context-sensitive nature of the changes are consistent with observations that noradrenergic drugs have differential effects on brain processes depending on subjects' underlying arousal levels. More generally, the results illustrate the dynamic plasticity of cognitive brain systems following neurochemical challenge.},
	Author = {Coull, J. T. and B{\"u}chel, C. and Friston, K. J. and Frith, C. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1053-8119},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Keywords = {Nerve Net;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Adolescent;Adult;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Attention;Norepinephrine;Behavior;Locus Coeruleus;Humans;Male;Thalamus;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {20070571},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9215515},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. j.coull\@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {705-15},
	Pii = {S105381199990513X},
	Pubmed = {10600416},
	Title = {Noradrenergically mediated plasticity in a human attentional neuronal network},
	Uuid = {3FD2B8CF-A550-4B6F-9289-31188CA96411},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1999.0513}}

@article{Coulter:2000,
	Abstract = {Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with circuit rearrangements within the hippocampus. Mossy fibers sprout and pathologically innervate the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, providing a recurrent excitatory pathway not present in the control brain. In addition to releasing glutamate, these recurrent collaterals also release zinc, which can accumulate in high concentrations in the extracellular space. Accompanying these dentate gyrus circuit rearrangements are alterations in the subunit expression patterns and pharmacology of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in dentate granule cells. In normal, control granule cells, GABAA receptors are zinc insensitive as a result of high levels of expression of the alpha1 subunit in these cells. In epileptic brain, expression of alpha1 subunits decreases and expression of alpha4 and delta subunits increases, leading to the assembly of GABAA receptors that are exquisitely zinc sensitive. This temporal and spatial association of the expression of zinc-sensitive GABAA receptors and the emergence of a zinc-delivery system unique to the epileptic hippocampus has led to the formulation of an hypothesis that suggests that zinc release during repetitive activation of the dentate gyrus may lead to a catastrophic failure of inhibition under conditions mediating seizure initiation. This could contribute to the limbic hyperexcitability characteristic of temporal lobe epilepsy.},
	Author = {Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Zinc;Models, Neurological;Dentate Gyrus;Disease Models, Animal;Humans;Animals;review;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Medline = {20452157},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.},
	Pages = {S96-9},
	Pubmed = {10999528},
	Title = {Mossy fiber zinc and temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological association with altered "epileptic" gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in dentate granule cells},
	Uuid = {CCFB0B4A-E223-4605-BFD6-D6006895C4F4},
	Volume = {41 Suppl 6},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Coulter:2002,
	Author = {Coulter,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1535-7597},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Curr},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {101135954},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {194-195},
	Pubmed = {15309116},
	Title = {Sprouted Mossy Fibers Form Primarily Excitatory Connections},
	Uuid = {CD086B2E-B022-4AC7-8E7C-8AA4CF0D5995},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1535-7597.2002.00073.x}}

@article{Coulter:2004,
	Author = {Coulter, Douglas A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1535-7597},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Curr},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Nlm_Id = {101135954},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {250-3},
	Pubmed = {16059517},
	Title = {Functional consequences of hilar mossy cell loss in temporal lobe epilepsy: proepileptic or antiepileptic?},
	Uuid = {938F5A30-4CDF-491B-BFF4-D92F2D2B587E},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.46012.x}}

@article{Covolan:2000,
	Abstract = {Dentate granule cells are generally considered to be relatively resistant to excitotoxicity and have been associated with robust synaptogenesis after neuronal damage. Synaptic reorganization of dentate granule cell axons, the mossy fibers, has been suggested to be relevant for hyperexcitability in human temporal lobe epilepsy and animal models. A recent hypothesis suggested that mossy-fiber sprouting is dependent on newly formed dentate granule cells. However, we recently demonstrated that cycloheximide (CHX) can block the mossy- fiber sprouting that would otherwise be induced by different epileptogenic agents and does not interfere with epileptogenesis in those models. Here, we investigated cell damage and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of pilocarpine- or kainate-treated animals with or without coadministration of CHX. Dentate granule cells were highly vulnerable to pilocarpine induced-status epilepticus (SE), but were hardly damaged by kainate-induced SE. CHX pretreatment markedly reduced the number of injured neurons after pilocarpine-induced SE. Induction of SE dramatically increased the mitotic rate of KA- and KA + CHX- treated animals. Induction of SE in animals injected with pilocarpine alone led to 2-7-fold increases in the mitotic rate of dentate granule cells as compared to 5- and 30-fold increases for pilocarpine + CHX animals. We suggest that such increased mitotic rates might be associated with a protection of a vulnerable precursor cell population that would otherwise degenerate after pilocarpine-induced SE. We further suggest that mossy-fiber sprouting and neurogenesis of granule cells are not necessarily linked to one another. Using Smart Source Parsing},
	Author = {Covolan, L. and Ribeiro, L. T. and Longo, B. M. and Mello, L. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Keywords = {Status Epilepticus/chemically induced/*pathology;Pilocarpine;Rats;Muscarinic Agonists;Cycloheximide/pharmacology;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/chemistry/*pathology;Animal;Bromodeoxyuridine/analysis;Rats, Wistar;Kainic Acid;Male;Staining and Labeling;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;06 Adult neurogenesis injury induced;Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology;Antimetabolites/analysis;D-9;Mitosis/drug effects},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
	Pages = {169-80},
	Title = {Cell damage and neurogenesis in the dentate granule cell layer of adult rats after pilocarpine- or kainate-induced status epilepticus},
	Uuid = {2E76A045-F6E3-49F6-9E77-8184FF3E9F40},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10791839}}

@article{Cowan:1994,
	Abstract = {1. Spontaneous fluctuations of membrane potential, patterns of spontaneous firing, dendritic branching patterns, and intracortical and striatal axonal arborizations were compared for two types of corticostriatal neurons in the medial agranular cortex of urethan-anesthetized rats: 1) pyramidal tract (PT) cells identified by antidromic activation from the medullary pyramid and 2) crossed corticostriatal (CST) neurons identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral neostriatum. The ipsilateral corticostriatal projections of intracellularly stained PT neurons as well as contralateral corticostriatal neurons were confirmed after labeling by intracellular injection of biocytin. 2. All well-stained PT neurons had intracortical and intrastriatal collaterals. The more common type (6 of 8) was a large, deep layer V neuron that had an extensive intracortical axon arborization but a limited axon arborization in the neostriatum. The less common type of PT neuron (2 of 8) was a medium-sized, superficial layer V neuron that had a limited intracortical axon arborization but a larger and more dense intrastriatal axonal arborization. Both subclasses of PT neurons had anatomic and physiological properties associated with slow PT cells in cats and monkeys and conduction velocities < 10 m/s. All of the PT cells but one were regular spiking cells. The exception cell fired intrinsic bursts. 3. Intracellularly stained CST neurons were located in the superficial half of layer V and the deep part of layer III. Their layer I apical dendrites were few and sparsely branched. Their axons gave rise to an extensive arbor of local axon collaterals that distributed in the region of the parent neuron, frequently extending throughout the more superficial layers, including layer I. Axon collaterals were also traced to the corpus callosum, as expected from their contralateral projections, and they contributed axon collaterals to the ipsilateral neostriatum. In the neostriatum, these axons formed extended arborizations sparsely occupying a large volume of striatal tissue. All CST neurons were regular spiking cells. 4. Both types of cells displayed spontaneous membrane fluctuations consisting of a polarized state (-60 to -90 mV) that was interrupted by 0.1- to 3.0-s periods of depolarization (-55 to -45 mV) accompanied by action potentials. The membrane potential was relatively constant in each state, and transitions between the depolarized and hyperpolarized states were sometimes periodic with a frequency of 0.3-1.5 Hz. A much faster (30-45 Hz) subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential was observed only in the depolarized state and triggered action potentials that locked to the depolarizing peaks of this rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Cowan, R. L. and Wilson, C. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Lysine;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Axons;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Pyramidal Cells;Male;Dendrites;Action Potentials;Histocytochemistry;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Neostriatum;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.},
	Pages = {17-32},
	Pubmed = {8158226},
	Title = {Spontaneous firing patterns and axonal projections of single corticostriatal neurons in the rat medial agranular cortex},
	Uuid = {79528774-AC06-4F43-B557-E9F0221F4EA8},
	Volume = {71},
	Year = {1994}}





@article{Crair:1999,
	Abstract = {Experimental studies over the past year have shown that neural activity has a range of effects on the development of neural pathways. Although activity appears unimportant for establishing many aspects of the gross morphology and topology of the brain, there are many cases where the presence of neural activity is essential for the formation of a mature system of neural connections; in some instances, the pattern of neural activity actually orchestrates the final arrangement of neural connections.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Eye;Superior Colliculi;Mice, Knockout;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Embryonic Induction;Ferrets;Amphibia;Animals;Brain;review;Mice; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience Program in Developmental Biology Room S-603 Baylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza Houston Texas 77030 USA. mikec\@sensor.bcm.tmc.edu},
	Pages = {88-93},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(99)80011-7},
	Pubmed = {10072369},
	Title = {Neuronal activity during development: permissive or instructive?},
	Uuid = {08791AE4-66B5-400B-A375-A0D7DBE64F45},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Crair_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Crair:2001,
	Abstract = {Previous anatomic studies of the geniculocortical projection showed that ocular dominance columns emerge by 3 weeks of age in cat visual cortex, but recent optical imaging experiments have revealed a pattern of physiologic eye dominance by the end of the second week of life. We used two methods to search for an anatomic correlate of this early functional ocular dominance pattern. First, retrograde labeling of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) inputs to areas of cortex preferentially activated by one eye showed that the geniculocortical projection was already partially segregated by eye at postnatal day 14 (P14). Second, transneuronal label of geniculocortical afferents in flattened sections of cortex after a tracer injection into one eye showed a periodic pattern at P14 but not at P7. In the classic model for the development of ocular dominance columns, initially overlapping geniculocortical afferents segregate by means of an activity-dependent competitive process. Our data are consistent with this model but suggest that ocular dominance column formation begins between P7 and P14, approximately a week earlier than previously believed. The functional and anatomic data also reveal an early developmental bias toward contralateral eye afferents. This initial developmental bias is not consistent with a strictly Hebbian model for geniculocortical afferent segregation. The emergence of ocular dominance columns before the onset of the critical period for visual deprivation also suggests that the mechanisms for ocular dominance column formation may be partially distinct from those mediating plasticity later in life.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C. and Horton, J. C. and Antonini, A. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 20:17:35 +0000},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Visual Cortex;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cats;Functional Laterality;Geniculate Bodies;Animals, Newborn;Ocular Physiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {235-49},
	Pii = {10.1002/1096-9861(20010205)430:2<235::AID-CNE1028>3.0.CO;2-P},
	Pubmed = {11135259},
	Title = {Emergence of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex by 2 weeks of age},
	Uuid = {3FA6C0D1-139A-49B2-A4E6-AAAE4240C5E3},
	Volume = {430},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Crair_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}}

@article{Crair:1997,
	Abstract = {In the primary visual cortex of monkey and cat, ocular dominance and orientation are represented continuously and simultaneously, so that most neighboring neurons respond optimally to visual stimulation of the same eye and orientation. Maps of stimulus orientation are punctuated by singularities referred to as "pinwheel centers," around which all orientations are represented. Given that the orientation map is mostly continuous, orientation singularities are a mathematical necessity unless the map consists of perfectly parallel rows, and there is no evidence that the singularities play a role in normal function or development. We report here that in cats there is a strong tendency for peaks of ocular dominance to lie on the pinwheel center singularities of the orientation map. This relationship predicts but is not predicted by the tendencies, previously reported, for pinwheels to lie near the center lines of ocular dominance bands and for iso-orientation bands to cross ocular dominance boundaries at right angles. The coincidence of ocular dominance peaks with orientation singularities is likely to reflect a strong underlying functional link between the two visual cortical maps.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C. and Ruthazer, E. S. and Gillespie, D. C. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-27 11:35:53 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Pattern Recognition, Visual;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Orientation;Cats;Brain Mapping;Motion Perception;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Cerebral; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {3381-5},
	Pubmed = {9212282},
	Title = {Ocular dominance peaks at pinwheel center singularities of the orientation map in cat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {3C1CD2D6-0E92-494F-A016-4E36374E4599},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Crair_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}}

@article{Crair:1995,
	Abstract = {In mammalian development, the refinement of topographical projections from the thalamus to the cortex is thought to arise through an activity-dependent process in which thalamic axons compete for cortical targets. In support of this view, if activity is altered during a critical period in early development, normal connectivity is disrupted. It has been proposed that synaptic connections are strengthened during development by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity, and a likely mechanism for this process would be N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). However, the evidence that LTP is involved in normal development remains inconclusive. We have examined LTP in the thalamocortical synapses that form whisker barrels in rat somatosensory cortex (S1). We report here that the period during which LTP can be induced matches closely the critical period during which the barrels can be modified by sensory perturbations. Moreover, the loss of susceptibility to LTP with age is accompanied by a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. These findings provide compelling evidence that LTP is important for the development of cortical circuitry.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C. and Malenka, R. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Long-Term Potentiation;Female;Rats;in vitro;Pregnancy;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Neurons, Afferent;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Somatosensory Cortex;Thalamus; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6529},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {325-8},
	Pubmed = {7753197},
	Title = {A critical period for long-term potentiation at thalamocortical synapses},
	Uuid = {BC1AA26E-212E-4C4A-A391-E2A41AA8971F},
	Volume = {375},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Crair_Nature1995.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375325a0}}

@article{Crair:1997a,
	Abstract = {The significance of functional maps for cortical plasticity was investigated by imaging of intrinsic optical signals together with single-unit recording in kittens. After even a brief period of monocular deprivation during the height of the critical period, only isolated patches of visual cortex continued to respond strongly to the closed eye. These deprived-eye patches were located on the pinwheel center singularities of the orientation map and consisted of neurons that were poorly selective for stimulus orientation. Neurons in regions surrounding the deprived-eye patches responded only weakly to the deprived eye but were well tuned for the same stimulus orientation that optimally excited them when presented to the open, nondeprived eye. The coincidence of deprived-eye patches with pinwheel center singularities, and the selective loss of orientation tuning within the deprived-eye patches, indicate that the orientation and ocular dominance maps are functionally linked and provide compelling evidence that pinwheel center singularities are important for cortical plasticity.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C. and Ruthazer, E. S. and Gillespie, D. C. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-05 11:56:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;Cats;Eye Movements;Brain Mapping;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Vision, Monocular; 21 Activity-development;development;intrinsic signal;Sensory Deprivation;activity manipulation;function;topographic map},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {307-18},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(00)80941-1},
	Pubmed = {9292721},
	Title = {Relationship between the ocular dominance and orientation maps in visual cortex of monocularly deprived cats},
	Uuid = {F3E6746D-EE0B-4E5A-8633-32FDBBB0EA25},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Crair_Neuron1997.pdf}}

@article{Crair:1998,
	Abstract = {The role of experience in the development of the cerebral cortex has long been controversial. Patterned visual experience in the cat begins when the eyes open about a week after birth. Cortical maps for orientation and ocular dominance in the primary visual cortex of cats were found to be present by 2 weeks. Early pattern vision appeared unimportant because these cortical maps developed identically until nearly 3 weeks of age, whether or not the eyes were open. The na{\"\i}ve maps were powerfully dominated by the contralateral eye, and experience was needed for responses to the other eye to become strong, a process unlikely to be strictly Hebbian. With continued visual deprivation, responses to both eyes deteriorated, with a time course parallel to the well-known critical period of cortical plasticity. The basic structure of cortical maps is therefore innate, but experience is essential for specific features of these maps, as well as for maintaining the responsiveness and selectivity of cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Crair, M. C. and Gillespie, D. C. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cats;Vision;Brain Mapping;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Vision, Monocular; 21 Activity-development; retinal wave paper; optical physiology; optical imaging; intrinsic signal; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5350},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {566-70},
	Pubmed = {9438851},
	Title = {The role of visual experience in the development of columns in cat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {021F83BD-0445-4BE1-8BF8-CA7C89CA60B1},
	Volume = {279},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Crair_Science1998.pdf}}


@article{Crandall:2007,
	Abstract = {GABA neurons of the cerebral cortex and other telencephalic structures are produced in the basal forebrain and migrate to their final destinations during the embryonic period. The embryonic basal forebrain is enriched in dopamine and its receptors, creating a favorable environment for dopamine to influence GABA neuron migration. However, whether dopamine receptor activation can influence GABA neuron migration is not known. We show that dopamine D1 receptor activation promotes and D2 receptor activation decreases GABA neuron migration from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences to the cerebral cortex in slice preparations of embryonic mouse forebrain. Slice preparations from D1 or D2 receptor knock-out mouse embryos confirm the findings. In addition, D1 receptor electroporation into cells of the basal forebrain and pharmacological activation of the receptor promote migration of the electroporated cells to the cerebral cortex. Analysis of GABA neuron numbers in the cerebral wall of the dopamine receptor knock-out mouse embryos further confirmed the effects of dopamine receptor activation on GABA neuron migration. Finally, dopamine receptor activation mobilizes striatal neuronal cytoskeleton in a manner consistent with the effects on neuronal migration. These data show that impairing the physiological balance between D1 and D2 receptors can alter GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. The intimate relationship between dopamine and GABA neuron development revealed here may offer novel insights into developmental disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit or autism, and fetal cocaine exposure, all of which are associated with dopamine and GABA imbalance.},
	Author = {Crandall, James E. and McCarthy, Deirdre M. and Araki, Kiyomi Y. and Sims, John R. and Ren, Jia-Qian Q. and Bhide, Pradeep G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {02 Adult neurogenesis migration;10 Development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Waltham, Massachusetts 02452, USA.},
	Pages = {3813-22},
	Pii = {27/14/3813},
	Pubmed = {17409246},
	Title = {Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {BF35D4FF-8CC0-4C79-89F5-7B06F7BDFE33},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5124-06.2007}}





@article{Crespo:2001,
	Abstract = {Combining pre-embedding parvalbumin immunostaining and post-embedding immunogold detection of GABA in the olfactory bulb, we investigated whether the parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons of the external plexiform layer exclusively innervate principal cells, or whether they also establish inhibitory synapses upon GABAergic local neurons such as granule cells. Our results demonstrate that the parvalbumin-containing cells do not contact GABAergic interneurons in the neuropil of the external plexiform layer. On the contrary, their postsynaptic elements were always non-GABAergic principal cells. Although classically it has been accepted that the interneurons of the external plexiform layer could exert a disinhibitory action upon principal cells, via inhibition of GABAergic granule cells, we conclude that they exert a feedback inhibitory action directly and exclusively upon principal cells.},
	Author = {Crespo, C. and Blasco-Ibanez, J. M. and Marques-Mari, A. I. and Martinez-Guijarro, F. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Departamento de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100, Burjasot, Spain.},
	Pages = {2553-6.},
	Title = {Parvalbumin-containing interneurons do not innervate granule cells in the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {D155E51D-EF1E-4DFB-AD9B-6FA3A4BF4858},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11496147}}

@article{Crepel:2007,
	Abstract = {Correlated neuronal activity is instrumental in the formation of networks, but its emergence during maturation is poorly understood. We have used multibeam two-photon calcium microscopy combined with targeted electrophysiological recordings in order to determine the development of population coherence from embryonic to postnatal stages in the hippocampus. At embryonic stages (E16-E19), synchronized activity is absent, and neurons are intrinsically active and generate L-type channel-mediated calcium spikes. At birth, small cell assemblies coupled by gap junctions spontaneously generate synchronous nonsynaptic calcium plateaus associated to recurrent burst discharges. The emergence of coherent calcium plateaus at birth is controlled by oxytocin, a maternal hormone initiating labour, and progressively shut down a few days later by the synapse-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) that synchronize the entire network. Therefore, in the developing hippocampus, delivery is an important signal that triggers the first coherent activity pattern, which is silenced by the emergence of synaptic transmission.},
	Author = {Cr{\'e}pel, Val{\'e}rie and Aronov, Dmitriy and Jorquera, Isabel and Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Cossart, Rosa},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Calcium imaging;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM, U29, Universit{\'e} de La M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Parc scientifique de Luminy, BP 13, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {105-20},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00203-6},
	Pubmed = {17408581},
	Title = {A parturition-associated nonsynaptic coherent activity pattern in the developing hippocampus},
	Uuid = {D912D599-FFAF-47C6-A418-C533C10426F3},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Crépel_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.007}}

@article{Crepel:1998,
	Author = {Cr{\'e}pel, V. and Congar, P. and Aniksztejn, L. and Gozlan, H. and Hammond, C. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0079-6123},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Brain Ischemia;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Long-Term Potentiation;Neuronal Plasticity;Calcium;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {99131175},
	Nlm_Id = {0376441},
	Organization = {INSERM U 29, Paris, France. crepel\@u29.cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {273-85},
	Pubmed = {9932383},
	Title = {Synaptic plasticity in ischemia: role of NMDA receptors},
	Uuid = {7B4129C1-D5E6-421D-BF05-50D0D8D5361D},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Crighel:1965,
	Author = {Crighel, E. and Kreindler, A. and Sotirescu, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electric Stimulation;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Electrophysiology;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {66032236},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {116-27},
	Pubmed = {5838159},
	Title = {The onset mechanism of the epileptiform afterdischarge at neocortical level},
	Uuid = {93989C11-2B5A-4755-8337-AC968640CC5B},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1965}}

@article{Crino:2001,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Focal cortical dysplasia is characterized by disorganized cortical lamination, dysplastic and heterotopic neurons, and an association with epilepsy. The contribution that dysplastic and heterotopic neurons make to epileptogenesis in focal cortical dysplasia is unknown and the phenotype of these cells may be distinct. The authors hypothesized that the expression of genes encoding glutamatergic (glutamate [GluR] and N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptors [NR]) and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA(A)R) subunits is distinct in dysplastic and heterotopic neurons and that changes in receptor gene expression could be defined in a cell-specific pattern. METHODS: Single immunohistochemically labeled dysplastic and heterotopic neurons were microdissected from human focal cortical dysplasia specimens obtained during epilepsy surgery. Pyramidal neurons were microdissected from postmortem control cortex and from temporal cortex without dysplasia resected during temporal lobectomy. Poly (A) messenger RNA (mRNA) from single neurons was amplified, radiolabeled, and used to probe complementary DNA (cDNA) arrays containing GluR(1-6), NR(1A,1B), NR(2A-D), and GABA(A)Ralpha(1-6), and -Rbeta(1-3) subunit cDNAS: The relative hybridization intensities of each mRNA-cDNA hybrid were quantified by phosphorimaging. RESULTS: GluR, NR, and GABA(A)R subunit mRNA expression did not differ between control neurons and nondysplastic epilepsy specimens. Expression of GluR(4), NR(2B), and NR(2C) subunit mRNA was increased, and NR(2A) and GABA(A)Rbeta(1) subunit mRNA was decreased in dysplastic compared with pyramidal and heterotopic neurons. In contrast, GABA(A)Ralpha(1), -Ralpha(2), and -Rbeta(2) as well as GluR(1) mRNA levels were reduced in both dysplastic and heterotopic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Differential expression of GluR, NR, and GABA(A)R mRNA in dysplastic and heterotopic neurons demonstrates cell specific gene transcription changes in focal cortical dysplasia. These results suggest that dysplastic and heterotopic neurons may be pharmacologically distinct and make differential contributions epileptogenesis in focal cortical dysplasia.},
	Author = {Crino, P. B. and Duhaime, A. C. and Baltuch, G. and White, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Receptors, Glutamate;Humans;Middle Aged;Female;RNA, Messenger;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Brain Diseases;Dissection;Male;Receptors, GABA-A;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Adolescent},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. crinop\@mail.med.upenn.edu},
	Pages = {906-13},
	Pubmed = {11294928},
	Title = {Differential expression of glutamate and GABA-A receptor subunit mRNA in cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {63E9FFF8-53EA-46FC-AF7B-E57491D654D8},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2001}}




@article{Cruikshank:2007,
	Abstract = {The thalamus provides fundamental input to the neocortex. This input activates inhibitory interneurons more strongly than excitatory neurons, triggering powerful feedforward inhibition. We studied the mechanisms of this selective neuronal activation using a mouse somatosensory thalamocortical preparation. Notably, the greater responsiveness of inhibitory interneurons was not caused by their distinctive intrinsic properties but was instead produced by synaptic mechanisms. Axons from the thalamus made stronger and more frequent excitatory connections onto inhibitory interneurons than onto excitatory cells. Furthermore, circuit dynamics allowed feedforward inhibition to suppress responses in excitatory cells more effectively than in interneurons. Thalamocortical excitatory currents rose quickly in interneurons, allowing them to fire action potentials before significant feedforward inhibition emerged. In contrast, thalamocortical excitatory currents rose slowly in excitatory cells, overlapping with feedforward inhibitory currents that suppress action potentials. These results demonstrate the importance of selective synaptic targeting and precise timing in the initial stages of neocortical processing.},
	Author = {Cruikshank, Scott J. and Lewis, Timothy J. and Connors, Barry W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;21 Circuit structure-function;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology & Medicine, Box G-LN, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {462-8},
	Pii = {nn1861},
	Pubmed = {17334362},
	Title = {Synaptic basis for intense thalamocortical activation of feedforward inhibitory cells in neocortex},
	Uuid = {9A1B7549-5A2E-4349-92D8-AB5150B19398},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cruikshank_NatNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1861}}



@article{Cudmore:2004,
	Abstract = {Neuronal excitability has a large impact on network behavior, and plasticity in intrinsic excitability could serve as an important information storage mechanism. Here we ask whether postsynaptic excitability of layer V pyramidal neurons from primary visual cortex can be rapidly regulated by activity. Whole cell current-clamp recordings were obtained from visual cortical slices, and intrinsic excitability was measured by recording the firing response to small depolarizing test pulses. Inducing neurons to fire at high-frequency (30-40 Hz) in bursts for 5 min in the presence of synaptic blockers increased the firing rate evoked by the test pulse. This long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE) lasted for as long as we held the recording (>60 min). LTP-IE was accompanied by a leftward shift in the entire frequency versus current (F-I) curve and a decrease in threshold current and voltage. Passive neuronal properties were unaffected by the induction protocol, indicating that LTP-IE occurred through modification in voltage-gated conductances. Reducing extracellular calcium during the induction protocol, or buffering intracellular calcium with bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, prevented LTP-IE. Finally, blocking protein kinase A (PKA) activation prevented, whereas pharmacological activation of PKA both mimicked and occluded, LTP-IE. This suggests that LTP-IE occurs through postsynaptic calcium influx and subsequent activation of PKA. Activity-dependent plasticity in intrinsic excitability could greatly expand the computational power of individual neurons.},
	Author = {Cudmore, Robert H. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Long-Term Potentiation;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;in vitro ;Rats;Egtazic Acid;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals, Newborn;Animals;comparative study ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {341-8},
	Pii = {01059.2003},
	Pubmed = {14973317},
	Title = {Long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability in LV visual cortical neurons},
	Uuid = {86938987-03EE-4BC9-89F6-C9F6E536141D},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Cudmore_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01059.2003}}




@article{Cumming:2007,
	Abstract = {Error bars commonly appear in figures in publications, but experimental biologists are often unsure how they should be used and interpreted. In this article we illustrate some basic features of error bars and explain how they can help communicate data and assist correct interpretation. Error bars may show confidence intervals, standard errors, standard deviations, or other quantities. Different types of error bars give quite different information, and so figure legends must make clear what error bars represent. We suggest eight simple rules to assist with effective use and interpretation of error bars.},
	Author = {Cumming, Geoff and Fidler, Fiona and Vaux, David L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9525},
	Journal = {J Cell Biol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;23 Technique},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0375356},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {School of Psychological Science and 2Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086. g.cumming\@latrobe.edu.au},
	Pages = {7-11},
	Pii = {jcb.200611141},
	Pubmed = {17420288},
	Title = {Error bars in experimental biology},
	Uuid = {38B5F7B4-962A-4786-895E-FBDC19CD9F0E},
	Volume = {177},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Cumming_JCellBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200611141}}





@article{DAgostino:2002,
	Abstract = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or double cortex syndrome is a neuronal migration disorder, which occurs very rarely in males: to date, at least 110 females but only 11 in males have been reported. The syndrome is usually associated with mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) (Xq22.3-q23) gene, and much less frequently in the LIS1 (17p13.3) gene. To determine whether the phenotypic spectrum, the genetic basis and genotype-phenotype correlations of SBH in males are similar to those in females, we compared the clinical, imaging and molecular features in 30 personally evaluated males and 60 previously reported females with SBH. Based on the MRI findings, we defined the following band subtypes: partial, involving one or two cerebral lobes; intermediate, involving two lobes and a portion of a third; diffuse, with substantial involvement of three or more lobes; and pachygyria-SBH, in which posterior SBH merges with anterior pachygyria. Karyo typing and mutation analysis of DCX and/or LIS1 were performed in 23 and 24 patients, respectively. The range of clinical phenotypes in males with SBH greatly overlapped that in females. MRI studies revealed that some anatomical subtypes of SBH, such as partial and intermediate posterior, pachygyria-SBH and diffuse bands with posterior predominance, were more frequently or exclusively present in males. Conversely, classical diffuse SBH and diffuse bands with anterior predominance were more frequent in females. Males had either mild or the most severe band subtypes, and these correlated with the over-representation of normal/borderline intelligence and severe mental retardation, respectively. Conversely, females who had predominantly diffuse bands exhibited mostly mild or moderate mental retardation. Seven patients (29\%) had missense mutations in DCX; in four, these were germline mutations, whereas in three there was evidence for somatic mosaicism. A germline missense mutation of LIS1 and a partial trisomy of chromosome 9p were identified in one patient (4\%) each. One male each had a possible pathogenic intronic base change in both DCX and LIS1 genes. Our study shows that SBH in males is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome, mostly occurring sporadically. The clinical spectrum is similar to that of females with SBH. However, the greater cognitive and neuroradiological heterogeneity and the small number of mutations identified to date in the coding sequences of the DCX and LIS1 genes in males differ from the findings in females. This suggests other genetic mechanisms such as mutations in the non-coding regions of the DCX or LIS1 genes, gonadal or somatic mosaicism, and finally mutations of other genes.},
	Author = {D'Agostino, Maria Daniela and Bernasconi, Andrea and Das, Soma and Bastos, Alexandre and Valerio, Rosa M. and Palmini, Andr{\'e} and Costa da Costa, Jaderson and Scheffer, Ingrid E. and Berkovic, Samuel and Guerrini, Renzo and Dravet, Charlotte and Ono, Jiro and Gigli, GianLuigi and Federico, Antonio and Booth, Fran and Bernardi, Bruno and Volpi, Lilia and Tassinari, Carlo Alberto and Guggenheim, Mary Anne and Ledbetter, David H. and Gleeson, Joseph G. and Lopes-Cendes, Iscia and Vossler, David G. and Malaspina, Elisabetta and Franzoni, Emilio and Sartori, Roberto J. and Mitchell, Michael H. and Mercho, Suha and Dubeau, Fran\c{c}ois and Andermann, Frederick and Dobyns, William B. and Andermann, Eva},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8950},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Microtubule-Associated Proteins;10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Pregnancy;Child, Preschool;Humans;comparative study;Phenotype;1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase;Female;Mutation;Infant;Child;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Cell Movement;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Neuropeptides;Nervous System Malformations;10 genetics malformation;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Sex Characteristics;Adult;Genotype;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Adolescent},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Number = {Pt 11},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {2507-22},
	Pubmed = {12390976},
	Title = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) in males: clinical, imaging and genetic findings in comparison with females},
	Uuid = {7F4AF764-DB6D-4647-A71F-04BFCD0BD1F0},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/D'Agostino_Brain2002.pdf}}




@article{Dallison:2003,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have shown that when the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is removed at 7-10 days of age there is a spontaneous filling of the lesion cavity and a nearly complete restitution of behaviour. In the current study animals received mPFC lesions on postnatal day 10 and on day 160 the tissue occupying the mPFC region was again removed. Behavioural performance on the Morris water task was compared to animals with either only day 10 mPFC lesions or only day 160 mPFC lesions. Rats with the combined day 10 and day 160 lesions or day 160 lesions were severely impaired at the task whereas the rats with only day 10 lesions showed complete recovery. An analysis of dendritic arborization in pyramidal neurons adjacent to the lesion showed increased dendritic arborization in the basilar fields in both the P10 groups but this was not associated with functional recovery in the animals with the two mPFC lesions. It thus appears that the tissue that filled in the mPFC lesions on day 10 was functional.},
	Author = {Dallison, Agnes and Kolb, Bryan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-4328},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Long-Evans;Prefrontal Cortex;Silver Staining;Animals;Aging;Rats;Comparative Study;Recovery of Function;Female;Sex Factors;Behavior, Animal;Time Factors;Dendrites;Male;Animals, Newborn;Escape Reaction;Organ Size;Maze Learning;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Swimming},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8004872},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4.},
	Pages = {57-63},
	Pii = {S0166432803003371},
	Pubmed = {14643459},
	Title = {Recovery from infant medial frontal cortical lesions in rats is reversed by cortical lesions in adulthood},
	Uuid = {3DB831B1-15B4-4D07-A1E3-575146A8824C},
	Volume = {146},
	Year = {2003}}



@article{Dammerman:2000,
	Abstract = {Layer 1 of the developing rodent somatosensory cortex contains a dense, transient GABAergic fiber plexus. Axons arising from the zona incerta (ZI) of the ventral thalamus contribute to this plexus, as do axons of intrinsic GABAergic cells of layer 1. The function of this early-appearing fiber plexus is not known, but these fibers are positioned to contact the apical dendrites of most postmigratory neurons. Here we show that electrical stimulation of layer 1 results in a GABA(A)-mediated postsynaptic current (PSC) in pyramidal neurons. Gramicidin perforated patch recording demonstrates that the GABAergic layer 1 synapse is excitatory and can trigger action potentials in cortical neurons. In contrast to electrical stimulation, activation of intrinsic layer 1 neurons with a glutamate agonist fails to produce PSCs in pyramidal cells. In addition, responses can be evoked by stimulation of layer 1 at relatively large distances from the recording site. These findings are consistent with a contribution of the widely projecting incertocortical pathway, the only described GABAergic projection to neonatal cortex. Recording of identified neonatal incertocortical neurons reveals a population of active cells that exhibit high frequencies of spontaneous action potentials and are capable of robustly activating neonatal cortical neurons. Because the fiber plexus is confined to layer 1, this pathway provides a spatially restricted excitatory GABAergic innervation of the distal apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons during the peak period of cortical synaptogenesis.},
	Author = {Dammerman, R. S. and Flint, A. C. and Noctor, S. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Rhodamines;Animals;Fluorescent Dyes;Synapses;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Rats;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Quinoxalines;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20359585},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {428-34},
	Pubmed = {10899216},
	Title = {An excitatory GABAergic plexus in developing neocortical layer 1},
	Uuid = {68DAA0F1-9D1B-4C15-8092-EAF1B2F29A2F},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2000}}


@article{Dani:2005,
	Abstract = {Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a devastating neurological disorder that is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. Mecp2-mutant mice have been used as a model system to study the disease mechanism. Our previous work has suggested that MeCP2 malfunction in neurons is the primary cause of RTT in the mouse. However, the neurophysiological consequences of MeCP2 malfunction remain obscure. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in cortical slices, we show that spontaneous activity of pyramidal neurons is reduced in Mecp2-mutant mice. This decrease is not caused by a change in the intrinsic properties of the recorded neurons. Instead, the balance between cortical excitation and inhibition is shifted to favor inhibition over excitation. Moreover, analysis of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs)/inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in the Mecp2-mutant cortex reveals a reduction in mEPSC amplitudes, without significant change in the average mIPSC amplitude or frequency. These findings provide the first detailed electrophysiological analysis of Mecp2-mutant mice and provide a framework for understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and tools for studying the underlying disease mechanisms.},
	Author = {Dani, Vardhan S. and Chang, Qiang and Maffei, Arianna and Turrigiano, Gina G. and Jaenisch, Rudolf and Nelson, Sacha B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone;Electrophysiology;Animals;DNA-Binding Proteins;Humans;Mice, Mutant Strains;Synaptic Transmission;Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2;Female;Mutation;in vitro ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Disease Models, Animal;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Repressor Proteins;Rett Syndrome},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {35},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, MS 008, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {12560-5},
	Pii = {0506071102},
	Pubmed = {16116096},
	Title = {Reduced cortical activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in a mouse model of Rett syndrome},
	Uuid = {2C45B220-14C8-44DE-ACC1-88E4FF80893A},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Dani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506071102}}


@article{Das:2003,
	Abstract = {Two-photon excitation microscopy was used to reconstruct cell divisions in living zebrafish embryonic retinas. Contrary to proposed models for vertebrate asymmetric divisions, no apico-basal cell divisions take place in the zebrafish retina during the generation of postmitotic neurons. However, a surprising shift in the orientation of cell division from central-peripheral to circumferential occurs within the plane of the ventricular surface. In the sonic you (syu) and lakritz (lak) mutants, the shift from central-peripheral to circumferential divisions is absent or delayed, correlating with the delay in neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis in these mutants. The reconstructions here show that mitotic cells always remain in contact with the opposite basal surface by means of a thin basal process that can be inherited asymmetrically. 22487150 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Das, T. and Payer, B. and Cayouette, M. and Harris, W. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics;Mutation;Zebrafish;10 Development;Cell Division/physiology;Rats;Time Factors;Retina/*cytology/*embryology;Fluorescent Dyes;Luminescent Proteins/genetics;Microscopy, Video;F;Mitosis;Animal;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons/*cytology;Stem Cells/cytology},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {597-609},
	Pubmed = {12597858},
	Title = {In vivo time-lapse imaging of cell divisions during neurogenesis in the developing zebrafish retina},
	Uuid = {823894E7-231B-4479-B765-8BC9CDAAA145},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12597858}}







@article{Daw:2007,
	Abstract = {Feedforward inhibitory GABAergic transmission is critical for mature cortical circuit function; in the neonate, however, GABA is depolarizing and believed to have a different role. Here we show that the GABAA receptor-mediated conductance is depolarizing in excitatory (stellate) cells in neonatal (postnatal day [P]3-5) layer IV barrel cortex, but GABAergic transmission at this age is not engaged by thalamocortical input in the feedforward circuit and has no detectable circuit function. However, recruitment occurs at P6-7 as a result of coordinated increases in thalamic drive to fast-spiking interneurons, fast-spiking interneuron-stellate cell connectivity and hyperpolarization of the GABAA receptor-mediated response. Thus, GABAergic circuits are not engaged by thalamocortical input in the neonate, but are poised for a remarkably coordinated development of feedforward inhibition at the end of the first postnatal week, which has profound effects on circuit function at this critical time in development.},
	Author = {Daw, Michael I. and Ashby, Michael C. and Isaac, John T. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., intramural;21 Circuit structure-function;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Medical Research Council Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.},
	Pages = {453-61},
	Pii = {nn1866},
	Pubmed = {17351636},
	Title = {Coordinated developmental recruitment of latent fast spiking interneurons in layer IV barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {9DB275A5-4BC8-4F0D-9DF8-CF94F679EA56},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1866}}








@article{De-Paola:2006,
	Abstract = {We imaged axons in layer (L) 1 of the mouse barrel cortex in vivo. Axons from thalamus and L2/3/5, or L6 pyramidal cells were identified based on their distinct morphologies. Their branching patterns and sizes were stable over times of months. However, axonal branches and boutons displayed cell type-specific rearrangements. Structural plasticity in thalamocortical afferents was mostly due to elongation and retraction of branches (range, 1-150 microm over 4 days; approximately 5\%of total axonal length), while the majority of boutons persisted for up to 9 months (persistence over 1 month approximately 85\%). In contrast, L6 axon terminaux boutons were highly plastic (persistence over 1 month approximately 40 \%), and other intracortical axon boutons showed intermediate levels of plasticity. Retrospective electron microscopy revealed that new boutons make synapses. Our data suggest that structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons contributes to the remodeling of specific functional circuits.},
	Author = {De Paola, Vincenzo and Holtmaat, Anthony and Knott, Graham and Song, Sen and Wilbrecht, Linda and Caroni, Pico and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {plasticity;structural remodeling;Structure-Activity Relationship;imaging;in vivo;Optics;microscopy;Multiphoton;neocortex;axons;Synapses},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {861-75},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00134-6},
	Pubmed = {16543134},
	Title = {Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex},
	Uuid = {72A25FBA-1DF2-4B0A-859D-8E3731DF2C7F},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/DePaola_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.017}}






@article{Deisseroth:2006,
	Abstract = {Emerging technologies from optics, genetics, and bioengineering are being combined for studies of intact neural circuits. The rapid progression of such interdisciplinary "optogenetic" approaches has expanded capabilities for optical imaging and genetic targeting of specific cell types. Here we explore key recent advances that unite optical and genetic approaches, focusing on promising techniques that either allow novel studies of neural dynamics and behavior or provide fresh perspectives on classic model systems.},
	Author = {Deisseroth, Karl and Feng, Guoping and Majewska, Ania K. and Miesenb{\"o}ck, Gero and Ting, Alice and Schnitzer, Mark J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Optics;24 Pubmed search results 2008;23 Technique;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Neural Pathways;21 Calcium imaging;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Gene Targeting;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Nerve Net},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {41},
	Organization = {Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. deissero\@stanford.edu},
	Pages = {10380-6},
	Pii = {26/41/10380},
	Pubmed = {17035522},
	Title = {Next-generation optical technologies for illuminating genetically targeted brain circuits},
	Uuid = {ACB2BE32-5F98-43E9-B39D-19217939DB03},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Deisseroth_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006}}




@article{Demarque:2004,
	Abstract = {Glutamate transporters are operative at an early developmental stage well before synapse formation, but their functional significance has not been determined. We now report that blockade of glutamate transporters in the immature neocortex generates recurrent NMDA receptor-mediated currents associated with synchronous oscillations of [Ca2+]i in the entire neuronal population. Intracerebroventricular injections of the blocker to pups generate seizures that are prevented by coinjections of NMDA receptor blockers. Therefore, the early expression of glutamate transporters plays a central role to prevent the activation by local glutamate concentrations of NMDA receptors and the generation of seizures that may alter the construction of cortical networks. A dysfunction of glutamate transporters may be a central event in early infancy epilepsy syndromes.},
	Author = {Demarque, Michael and Villeneuve, Nathalie and Manent, Jean-Bernard B. and Becq, H{\'e}l\`{e}ne and Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Calcium Signaling;Animals;Rats;Seizures;Glutamic Acid;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Aspartic Acid;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Amino Acid Transport System X-AG;Rats, Wistar;Biological Clocks;Animals, Newborn;N-Methylaspartate;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e/Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {3289-94},
	Pii = {24/13/3289},
	Pubmed = {15056708},
	Title = {Glutamate transporters prevent the generation of seizures in the developing rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {4B2D3113-9F3B-43E4-98BB-08CA5D162AAB},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5338-03.2004}}


@article{Demir:1998,
	Abstract = {The piriform cortex is a temporal lobe structure with a very high seizure susceptibility. To investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of epileptiform activity, slices of piriform cortex were examined by imaging electrical activity with a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye. Discharge activity was studied for different sites of stimulation and different planes of slicing along the anterior-posterior axis. Epileptiform behavior was elicited either by disinhibition with a gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor antagonist or by induction with a transient period of spontaneous bursting in low-chloride medium. Control activity recorded with fluorescent dye had the same pharmacological and temporal characteristics as control activity reported previously with microelectrodes. Simultaneous optical and extracellular microelectrode recordings of epileptiform discharges showed the same duration, latency, and all-or-none character as described previously with microelectrodes. Under all conditions examined, threshold electrical stimulation applied throughout the piriform cortex evoked all-or-none epileptiform discharges originating in a site that included the endopiriform nucleus, a previously identified site of discharge onset. In induced slices, but not disinhibited slices, the site of onset also included layer VI of the adjoining agranular insular cortex and perirhinal cortex, in slices from anterior and posterior piriform cortex, respectively. These locations had not been identified previously as sites of discharge onset. Thus like the endopiriform nucleus, the deep agranular insular cortex and perirhinal cortex have a very low seizure threshold. Additional subtle differences were noted between the induced and disinhibited models of epileptogenesis. Velocity was determined for discharges after onset, as they propagated outward to the overlying piriform cortex. Propagation in other directions was examined as well. In most cases, velocities were below that for action potential conduction, suggesting that recurrent excitation and/or ephaptic interactions play a role in discharge propagation. Future investigations of the cellular and organizational properties of regions identified in this study should help clarify the neurobiological basis of high seizure susceptibility.},
	Author = {Demir, R. and Haberly, L. B. and Jackson, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Brain Mapping;Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Fluorometry;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Pyridinium Compounds;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99036911},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison Wisconsin 53706, USA.},
	Pages = {2727-42},
	Pubmed = {9819277},
	Title = {Voltage imaging of epileptiform activity in slices from rat piriform cortex: onset and propagation},
	Uuid = {212DADD0-05E6-4A73-869E-052818F464FF},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Demir_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}}

@article{Demir:2000,
	Abstract = {The deep piriform region has an unusually high seizure susceptibility. Voltage imaging previously located the sites of epileptiform discharge onset in slices of rat piriform cortex and revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of development of two types of electrical activity during the latent period prior to discharge onset. A ramplike depolarization (onset activity) appears at the site of discharge onset. Onset activity is preceded by a sustained low-amplitude depolarization (plateau activity) at another site, which shows little if any overlap with the site of onset. Because synaptic blockade at either of these two sites blocks discharges, it was proposed that both forms of latent period activity are necessary for the generation of epileptiform discharges and that the onset and plateau sites work together in the amplification of electrical activity. The capacity for amplification was examined here by studying subthreshold responses in slices of piriform cortex using two different in vitro models of epilepsy. Under some conditions electrically evoked responses showed a nonlinear dependence on stimulus current, suggesting amplification by strong polysynaptic excitatory responses. The sites of plateau and onset activity were mapped for different in vitro models of epilepsy and different sites of stimulation. These experiments showed that the site of plateau activity expanded into deep layers of neighboring neocortex in parallel with expansions of the onset site into neocortex. These results provide further evidence that interactions between the sites of onset and plateau activity play an important role in the initiation of epileptiform discharges. The site of plateau activity showed little variation with different stimulation sites in the piriform cortex, but when stimulation was applied in the endopiriform nucleus (in the sites of onset of plateau activity), plateau activity had a lower amplitude and became distributed over a much wider area. These results indicate that in the initiation of epileptiform discharges, the location of the circuit that generates plateau activity is not rigidly defined but can exhibit flexibility.},
	Author = {Demir, R. and Haberly, L. B. and Jackson, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Linear Models;Epilepsy;Electric Stimulation;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;In Vitro;Brain Mapping;Reaction Time;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Nonlinear Dynamics;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {20134678},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.},
	Pages = {1088-98},
	Pubmed = {10669520},
	Title = {Characteristics of plateau activity during the latent period prior to epileptiform discharges in slices from rat piriform cortex},
	Uuid = {DCA49210-3B9E-4664-AD19-BA91A2E9D4AD},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {2000}}



@article{Denk:1996,
	Abstract = {Recent advances in optical imaging technology have enabled the measurement of Ca2+ dynamics in individual synaptic spines with high time resolution. Results from work using this new technology have confirmed the view that individual synaptic spines can act as functional chemical compartments with independent dynamics of second-messenger concentration. In particular, the ability of Ca2+ to directly mediate Hebbian coincidence detection has been confirmed.},
	Author = {Denk, W. and Yuste, R. and Svoboda, K. and Tank, D. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Dendrites;Technology, Medical;21 Neurophysiology;21 Calcium imaging;Calcium Channels;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Electrophysiology;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Animals;Optics;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {96391869},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, 700 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA.},
	Pages = {372-8},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(96)80122-X},
	Pubmed = {8794079},
	Title = {Imaging calcium dynamics in dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {5EDF194F-F7C5-4F97-9D69-8399A61FDFDD},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996}}



@article{Desai:2000,
	Abstract = {During early stages of cerebral cortical development, progenitor cells in the ventricular zone are multipotent, producing neurons of many layers over successive cell divisions. The laminar fate of their progeny depends on environmental cues to which the cells respond prior to mitosis. By the end of neurogenesis, however, progenitors are lineally committed to producing upper-layer neurons. Here we assess the laminar fate potential of progenitors at a middle stage of cortical development. The progenitors of layer 4 neurons were first transplanted into older brains in which layer 2/3 was being generated. The transplanted neurons adopted a laminar fate appropriate for the new environment (layer 2/3), revealing that layer 4 progenitors are multipotent. Mid-stage progenitors were then transplanted into a younger environment, in which layer 6 neurons were being generated. The transplanted neurons bypassed layer 6, revealing that layer 4 progenitors have a restricted fate potential and are incompetent to respond to environmental cues that trigger layer 6 production. Instead, the transplanted cells migrated to layer 4, the position typical of their origin, and also to layer 5, a position appropriate for neither the host nor the donor environment. Because layer 5 neurogenesis is complete by the stage that progenitors were removed for transplantation, restrictions in laminar fate potential must lag behind the final production of a cortical layer. These results suggest that a combination of intrinsic and environmental cues controls the competence of cortical progenitor cells to produce neurons of different layers.},
	Author = {Desai, A. R. and McConnell, S. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0950-1991},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Perfusion;10 Development;Cell Transplantation;Phenotype;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Stem Cells;Time Factors;Ferrets;Nervous System;Animals;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Cell Lineage},
	Medline = {20311354},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8701744},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. suemcc\@stanford.edu},
	Pages = {2863-72},
	Pubmed = {10851131},
	Title = {Progressive restriction in fate potential by neural progenitors during cerebral cortical development},
	Uuid = {177F6EE5-5817-400E-B83D-531365CD6E12},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Desai_Development2000.pdf}}

@article{Desai:2002,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity and refinement of central circuits are not yet fully understood. A non-Hebbian form of synaptic plasticity, which scales synaptic strengths up or down to stabilize firing rates, has recently been discovered in cultured neuronal networks. Here we demonstrate the existence of a similar mechanism in the intact rodent visual cortex. The frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in principal neurons increased steeply between post-natal days 12 and 23. There was a concomitant decrease in mEPSC amplitude, which was prevented by rearing rats in complete darkness from 12 days of age. In addition, as little as two days of monocular deprivation scaled up mEPSC amplitude in a layer- and age-dependent manner. These data indicate that mEPSC amplitudes can be globally scaled up or down as a function of development and sensory experience, and suggest that synaptic scaling may be involved in the activity-dependent refinement of cortical connectivity.},
	Author = {Desai, Niraj S. and Cudmore, Robert H. and Nelson, Sacha B. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;in vitro;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Sensory Deprivation;in vitro ;Darkness;Receptors, AMPA;Tetrodotoxin;Critical Period (Psychology);Receptors, GABA-A;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Visual Cortex;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, MS 008, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {783-9},
	Pii = {nn878},
	Pubmed = {12080341},
	Title = {Critical periods for experience-dependent synaptic scaling in visual cortex},
	Uuid = {7E3AFD59-B696-47EB-8F10-2E56726FEC45},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Desai_NatNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn878}}

@article{Destexhe:2006,
	Abstract = {Neuronal networks in vivo are characterized by considerable spontaneous activity, which is highly complex and intrinsically generated by a combination of single-cell electrophysiological properties and recurrent circuits. As seen, for example, during waking compared with being asleep or under anesthesia, neuronal responsiveness differs, concomitant with the pattern of spontaneous brain activity. This pattern, which defines the state of the network, has a dramatic influence on how local networks are engaged by inputs and, therefore, on how information is represented. We review here experimental and theoretical evidence of the decisive role played by stochastic network states in sensory responsiveness with emphasis on activated states such as waking. From single cells to networks, experiments and computational models have addressed the relation between neuronal responsiveness and the complex spatiotemporal patterns of network activity. The understanding of the relation between network state dynamics and information representation is a major challenge that will require developing, in conjunction, specific experimental paradigms and theoretical frameworks.},
	Author = {Destexhe, Alain and Contreras, Diego},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Attention;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;Neural Networks (Computer);Humans;review;Neocortex;Anesthesia;Sleep;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Computer Simulation;Nerve Net;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological;Stochastic Processes},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5796},
	Organization = {Integrative and Computational Neuroscience Unit (UNIC), CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France. Destexhe\@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr},
	Pages = {85-90},
	Pii = {314/5796/85},
	Pubmed = {17023650},
	Title = {Neuronal computations with stochastic network states},
	Uuid = {11EB670A-046C-436B-9E9E-387B57A6E405},
	Volume = {314},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127241}}

@article{Dittgen:2004,
	Abstract = {It is becoming increasingly clear that single cortical neurons encode complex and behaviorally relevant signals, but efficient means to study gene functions in small networks and single neurons in vivo are still lacking. Here, we establish a method for genetic manipulation and subsequent phenotypic analysis of individual cortical neurons in vivo. First, lentiviral vectors are used for neuron-specific gene delivery from alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II or Synapsin I promoters, optionally in combination with gene knockdown by means of U6 promoter-driven expression of short-interfering RNAs. Second, the phenotypic analysis at the level of single cortical cells is carried out by using two-photon microscopy-based techniques: high-resolution two-photon time-lapse imaging is used to monitor structural dynamics of dendritic spines and axonal projections, whereas cellular response properties are analyzed electrophysiologically by two-photon microscopy directed whole-cell recordings. This approach is ideally suited for analysis of gene functions in individual neurons in the intact brain.},
	Author = {Dittgen, Tanjew and Nimmerjahn, Axel and Komai, Shoji and Licznerski, Pawel and Waters, Jack and Margrie, Troy W. and Helmchen, Fritjof and Denk, Winfried and Brecht, Michael and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:20 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;RNA, Small Nuclear;Phenotype;Recombinant Proteins;Lentivirus;15 Retrovirus mechanism;23 Technique;Hippocampus;Mice, Inbred C57BL;RNA, Small Interfering;Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Genetic Vectors;Synapsins;Neurons;Photons;Mice;Microscopy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Promoter Regions (Genetics);Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {52},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {18206-11},
	Pii = {0407976101},
	Pubmed = {15608064},
	Title = {Lentivirus-based genetic manipulations of cortical neurons and their optical and electrophysiological monitoring in vivo},
	Uuid = {5F8B1ED4-07ED-4677-BFF0-3FBE364A6B6F},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Dittgen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407976101}}
















@article{Dombeck:2007,
	Abstract = {We report a technique for two-photon fluorescence imaging with cellular resolution in awake, behaving mice with minimal motion artifact. The apparatus combines an upright, table-mounted two-photon microscope with a spherical treadmill consisting of a large, air-supported Styrofoam ball. Mice, with implanted cranial windows, are head restrained under the objective while their limbs rest on the ball's upper surface. Following adaptation to head restraint, mice maneuver on the spherical treadmill as their heads remain motionless. Image sequences demonstrate that running-associated brain motion is limited to approximately 2-5 microm. In addition, motion is predominantly in the focal plane, with little out-of-plane motion, making the application of a custom-designed Hidden-Markov-Model-based motion correction algorithm useful for postprocessing. Behaviorally correlated calcium transients from large neuronal and astrocytic populations were routinely measured, with an estimated motion-induced false positive error rate of <5\%.},
	Author = {Dombeck, Daniel A. and Khabbaz, Anton N. and Collman, Forrest and Adelman, Thomas L. and Tank, David W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008; 21 Calcium imaging;behavior;23 Technique;optogenetics},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular Biology, Carl Icahn Labs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.},
	Pages = {43-57},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00614-9},
	Pubmed = {17920014},
	Title = {Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice},
	Uuid = {3173C3FF-EE16-4634-973A-72864DED1FFD},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Dombeck_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Dombeck_Neuron2007.mov},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.003}}




@article{Doron:2000,
	Abstract = {Auditory information from the posterior thalamus reaches the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) by way of two pathways: a direct thalamo-amygdala projection and a polysynaptic thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection. However, the quantitative extent of thalamic neurons that project to the LA or to the auditory association cortex (AAC) is not known. Furthermore, the extent and topographical distribution of bifurcating cells that project to both LA and AAC are also unknown. Therefore, separate tracers were injected into LA and either into all of AAC or within discrete regions of AAC, such as temporal areas TE3 or perirhinal cortex (PRh), and quantitative analyses were performed on labeling within the subregions of the auditory thalamus in rats. Following LA injections, retrogradely labeled cells were most numerous in the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN; 48.0\%of all labeled thalamic cells), whereas labeled cells following injections of the entire AAC were most numerous in the dorsal division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGd; 32.9\%of all labeled thalamic cells). Following AAC injections localized to only TE3, the MGd again had the majority of labeled cells (35.9\%), whereas following AAC injections localized to PRh, the PIN had the most labeled cells (32.8\%). Double-labeled cells were found in all the thalamic regions studied and were most commonly observed in the PIN (43.7\%of all double-labeled cells following injections into LA and throughout the AAC). The percentage of double-labeled cells as a proportion of either LA-projecting or AAC-projecting cells varied among the thalamic nuclei studied, ranging from 2.9\%up to 42.4\%. The topographic distribution of double-labeled cells in the thalamic nuclei resembled that of single-labeled cells following LA injections more than single-labeled cells following AAC injection. These findings suggest that double-labeled cells contribute substantially to many of the direct thalamo-amygdala and indirect thalamo-AAC-amygdala projections. Among other functions, these bifurcating cells may help regulate the processing of input to the LA arriving from these two pathways to allow for certain types of plasticity in the LA during fear conditioning.},
	Author = {Doron, N. N. and Ledoux, J. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Auditory Cortex;Conditioning (Psychology);Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Posterior Thalamic Nuclei;Rats;Neural Pathways;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Count;Fear;Amygdala;Injections;Male;Animals;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {20413206},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {W.M. Keck Laboratories of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.},
	Pages = {257-74},
	Pii = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000918)425:2<257::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Y},
	Pubmed = {10954844},
	Title = {Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the rat},
	Uuid = {520646BE-FA56-4682-B04C-C24AB0529219},
	Volume = {425},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Dorus:2004,
	Abstract = {Human evolution is characterized by a dramatic increase in brain size and complexity. To probe its genetic basis, we examined the evolution of genes involved in diverse aspects of nervous system biology. We found that these genes display significantly higher rates of protein evolution in primates than in rodents. Importantly, this trend is most pronounced for the subset of genes implicated in nervous system development. Moreover, within primates, the acceleration of protein evolution is most prominent in the lineage leading from ancestral primates to humans. Thus, the remarkable phenotypic evolution of the human nervous system has a salient molecular correlate, i.e., accelerated evolution of the underlying genes, particularly those linked to nervous system development. In addition to uncovering broad evolutionary trends, our study also identified many candidate genes-most of which are implicated in regulating brain size and behavior-that might have played important roles in the evolution of the human brain.},
	Author = {Dorus, Steve and Vallender, Eric J. and Evans, Patrick D. and Anderson, Jeffrey R. and Gilbert, Sandra L. and Mahowald, Michael and Wyckoff, Gerald J. and Malcom, Christine M. and Lahn, Bruce T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {10 Development;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.},
	Pages = {1027-40},
	Pii = {S0092867404011432},
	Pubmed = {15620360},
	Title = {Accelerated Evolution of Nervous System Genes in the Origin of Homo sapiens},
	Uuid = {C211CCDA-AD83-42DB-A262-9B8DEE5B112C},
	Volume = {119},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.040}}





@article{Dragoi:2001,
	Abstract = {Cortical areas are generally assumed to be uniform in their capacity for adaptive changes or plasticity. Here we demonstrate, however, that neurons in the cat striate cortex (V1) show pronounced adaptation-induced short-term plasticity of orientation tuning primarily at specific foci. V1 neurons are clustered according to their orientation preference in iso-orientation domains that converge at singularities or pinwheel centres. Although neurons in pinwheel centres have similar orientation tuning and responses to those in iso-orientation domains, we find that they differ markedly in their capacity for adaptive changes. Adaptation with an oriented drifting grating stimulus alters responses of neurons located at and near pinwheel centres to a broad range of orientations, causing repulsive shifts in orientation preference and changes in response magnitude. In contrast, neurons located in iso-orientation domains show minimal changes in their tuning properties after adaptation. The anisotropy of adaptation-induced orientation plasticity is probably mediated by inhomogeneities in local intracortical interactions that are overlaid on the map of orientation preference in V1.},
	Author = {Dragoi, V. and Rivadulla, C. and Sur, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Electrophysiology;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6833},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. vdragoi\@ai.mit.edu},
	Pages = {80-6},
	Pii = {35075070},
	Pubmed = {11333981},
	Title = {Foci of orientation plasticity in visual cortex},
	Uuid = {B93A5B08-D0CA-4637-ADC0-29916ADBD186},
	Volume = {411},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35075070}}

@article{Draguhn:1998,
	Abstract = {Coherent oscillations, in which ensembles of neurons fire in a repeated and synchronous manner, are thought to be important in higher brain functions. In the hippocampus, these discharges are categorized according to their frequency as theta (4-10Hz), gamma (20-80 Hz) and high-frequency (approximately 200 Hz) discharges, and they occur in relation to different behavioural states. The synaptic bases of theta and gamma rhythms have been extensively studied but the cellular bases for high-frequency oscillations are not understood. Here we report that high-frequency network oscillations are present in rat brain slices in vitro, occurring as a brief series of repetitive population spikes at 150-200 Hz in all hippocampal principal cell layers. Moreover, this synchronous activity is not mediated through the more commonly studied modes of chemical synaptic transmission, but is in fact a result of direct electrotonic coupling of neurons, most likely through gap-junctional connections. Thus high-frequency oscillations synchronize the activity of electrically coupled subsets of principal neurons within the well-documented synaptic network of the hippocampus.},
	Author = {Draguhn, A. and Traub, R. D. and Schmitz, D. and Jefferys, J. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:44 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Animals;Rats;Female;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Bicuculline;Male;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;GABA Antagonists;21 Gap junctions;Oscillometry;in vitro},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6689},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK. draguhn\@rz.charite.hu-berlin.de},
	Pages = {189-92},
	Pubmed = {9671303},
	Title = {Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro},
	Uuid = {7668D648-3BC8-442A-9FC6-15111DF1BDDF},
	Volume = {394},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Draguhn_Nature1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28184}}




@article{Du:1995,
	Abstract = {We recently described a pronounced neuronal loss in layer III of the entorhinal cortex (EC) in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (Du et al., 1993a). To explore the pathophysiology underlying this distinct neuropathology, we examined the EC in three established rat models of epilepsy using Nissl staining and parvalbumin immunohistochemistry. Adult male rats were either electrically stimulated in the ventral hippocampus for 90 min or injected with kainic acid or lithium/pilocarpine. Animals were observed for behavioral changes for up to 6 hr and were killed 24 hr or 4 weeks after the experimental treatments. At 24 hr, all animals that had exhibited a bout of acute status epilepticus showed a consistent pattern of neuronal loss in the EC in Nissl-stained sections. Neurodegeneration was most pronounced in layer III of the medial Ec at all dorsoventral levels. A few surviving neurons were frequently present in the lesioned area. An identical pattern of nerve cell loss was also seen in the EC of rats killed 4 weeks following the treatments. This lesion was completely prevented by an injection of diazepam and pentobarbital, given 1 hr after kainic acid administration. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a relative resistance of parvalbumin-positive neurons in layer III of the medial EC. Taken together, these experiments indicate that prolonged seizures cause a preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial EC and that this lesion may be related to a pathological elevation of intracellular calcium ion concentrations.},
	Author = {Du, F. and Eid, T. and Lothman, E. W. and Kohler, C. and Schwarcz, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Pilocarpine;Electric Stimulation;Rats;07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;Status Epilepticus/chemically induced/etiology/pathology;E-4;Animal;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Kainic Acid;Behavior, Animal;Lithium;Male;Neurons/*pathology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Entorhinal Cortex/*pathology;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Death;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*pathology},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21228, USA.},
	Pages = {6301-13.},
	Title = {Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy},
	Uuid = {978F444F-4110-44CB-BFFE-8CEF3676A4E3},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=7472396}}





@article{Duch:2004,
	Abstract = {Insect metamorphosis is a compelling example for dendritic and synaptic remodeling as larval and adult behaviors place distinct demands on the CNS. During the metamorphosis of the moth, Manduca sexta, many larval motoneurons are remodeled to serve a new function in the adult. During late larval life, steroid hormones trigger axonal and dendritic regression as well as larval synapse elimination. These regressive events are accompanied by stereotypical changes in motor behavior during the so-called wandering stages. Both normally occurring changes in dendritic shape and in motor output have previously been analyzed quantitatively for the individually identified motoneuron MN5. This study tested whether activity affected steroid-induced dendritic regression and synapse disassembly in MN5 by means of chronically implanted extracellular electrodes. Stimulating MN5 in vivo in intact, normally developing animals during a developmental period when it usually shows no activity significantly slowed the regression of high-order dendrites. Both physiological and anatomical analysis demonstrated that reduced dendritic regression was accompanied by a significant reduction in larval synapse disassembly. Therefore, steroid-induced alterations of dendritic shape and synaptic connectivity are modified by activity-dependent mechanisms. This interaction might be a common mechanism for rapid adjustments of rigid, inflexible, hormonal programs.},
	Author = {Duch, Carsten and Mentel, Tim},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;10 Structural plasticity;Beta},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {44},
	Organization = {Institute of Biology and Neurobiology, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {9826-37},
	Pii = {24/44/9826},
	Pubmed = {15525767},
	Title = {Activity Affects Dendritic Shape and Synapse Elimination during Steroid Controlled Dendritic Retraction in Manduca sexta},
	Uuid = {31A302DE-E130-430A-9CF2-D6C9BBF8A88E},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3189-04.2004}}

@article{Duchaine:2001,
	Abstract = {The human brain is a set of computational machines, each of which was designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors. These machines are adaptive specializations: systems equipped with design features that are organized such that they solve an ancestral problem reliably, economically and efficiently. The search for functionally specialized computational adaptations has now begun in earnest. A host of specialized systems have recently been found, including ones designed for sexual motivation, social inference, judgment under uncertainty and conditioning, as well as content-rich systems for visual recognition and knowledge acquisition.},
	Author = {Duchaine, B. and Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Visual Perception;21 Neurophysiology;Adaptation, Psychological;Recognition (Psychology);Motivation;Evolution;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. duchaine\@psych.ucsb.edu},
	Pages = {225-30},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(00)00201-4},
	Pubmed = {11301244},
	Title = {Evolutionary psychology and the brain},
	Uuid = {307D1B27-DDB5-40A5-9F7D-5BB2D438FA9B},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Duchaine_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Duchaine:2006,
	Abstract = {Developmental prosopagnosia is characterized by severely impaired face recognition. Individuals with this disorder, which often runs in families, have no history of brain damage and intact early visual processing systems. Recent research has also demonstrated that many developmental prosopagnosics have normal or relatively good object recognition, indicating that their impairments are not the result of deficits to a unitary visual recognition mechanism. To investigate the nature of the impaired mechanisms, extensive testing was done on an individual with especially pure face processing deficits. The results ruled out all extant explanations of prosopagnosia except one that proposed that faces are recognized by a content-specific face processing mechanism. fMRI and MEG studies show that there are a variety of neural profiles in developmental prosopagnosia, which is consistent with behavioral studies demonstrating that it is a heterogeneous disorder.},
	Author = {Duchaine, Bradley C. and Nakayama, Ken},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Magnetoencephalography;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Pattern Recognition, Visual;21 Neurophysiology;Developmental Disabilities;Face;Memory;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Child;Humans;Brain;Prosopagnosia;review;Social Behavior},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. b.duchaine\@ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {166-73},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(06)00028-6},
	Pubmed = {16563738},
	Title = {Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing},
	Uuid = {0D27C226-6E5D-4436-A9DB-83596EB1B2BD},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.003}}

@article{Duchaine:2004,
	Abstract = {A central question in cognitive neuroscience is whether mechanisms exist that are specialized for particular domains. One of the most commonly cited examples of a domain-specific competence is the human ability to recognize upright faces. However, according to a widely discussed alternative hypothesis, face recognition is instead performed by mechanisms specialized for processing any object class for which an individual has expertise. Faces, according to this domain-general hypothesis, are just one example of an expert class. Nonface object expertise has been intensively investigated using a training procedure involving an artificial stimulus class known as greebles. A key prediction of this hypothesis is that individuals with face recognition impairments will also have impairments with other categories that control subjects have expertise with. Our results show that a man with severe prosopagnosia performed normally throughout the standard greeble training procedure. These findings indicate that face recognition and greeble recognition rely on separate mechanisms.},
	Author = {Duchaine, Bradley C. and Dingle, Kerry and Butterworth, Edward and Nakayama, Ken},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Grants; ideas;Photic Stimulation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Form Perception;Middle Aged;Learning;Reaction Time;Humans;comparative study ;Male;Prosopagnosia;case reports;neurological disorder;21 Circuit structure-function},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Vision Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. brad\@wjh.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {469-73},
	Pii = {S0896627304004921},
	Pubmed = {15312646},
	Title = {Normal greeble learning in a severe case of developmental prosopagnosia},
	Uuid = {A8C703FC-9CD0-4D55-9333-61350AE7012B},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Duchaine_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.006}}

@article{Ducret:2007,
	Abstract = {The maturation and operation of neural networks are known to depend on modulatory neurons. However, whether similar mechanisms may control both adult and developmental plasticity remains poorly investigated. To examine this issue, we have used the lobster stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) to investigate the ontogeny and role of GABAergic modulatory neurons projecting to small pattern generating networks. Using immunocytochemistry, we found that modulatory input neurons to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) express GABA only after metamorphosis, a time that coincides with the developmental switch from a single to multiple pattern generating networks within the STNS. We demonstrate that blocking GABA synthesis with 3-mercapto-propionic acid within the adult modulatory neurons results in the reconfiguration of the distinct STG networks into a single network that generates a unified embryonic-like motor pattern. Using dye-coupling experiments, we also found that gap-junctional coupling is greater in embryos and GABA-deprived adults exhibiting the unified motor pattern compared with control adults. Furthermore, GABA was found to diminish directly the extent and strength of electrical coupling within adult STG networks. Together, these observations suggest the acquisition of a GABAergic phenotype by modulatory neurons after metamorphosis may induce the reconfiguration of the single embryonic network into multiple adult networks by directly decreasing electrical coupling. The findings also suggest that adult neural networks retain the ability to express typical embryonic characteristics, indicating that network ontogeny can be reversed and that changes in electrical coupling during development may allow the segregation of multiple distinct functional networks from a single large embryonic network.},
	Author = {Ducret, Eric and Le Feuvre, Yves and Meyrand, Pierre and F{\'e}nelon, Val{\'e}rie S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des R{\'e}seaux, Universit{\'e} Bordeaux I and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit{\'e} Mixte de Recherche 5816, 33405 Talence, France.},
	Pages = {3626-38},
	Pii = {27/14/3626},
	Pubmed = {17409227},
	Title = {Removal of GABA within adult modulatory systems alters electrical coupling and allows expression of an embryonic-like network},
	Uuid = {88C9B0F4-AF02-4D6C-AFA1-E9C843E17952},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ducret_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4406-06.2007}}


@article{Duemani-Reddy:2008,
	Abstract = {The dynamic ability of neuronal dendrites to shape and integrate synaptic responses is the hallmark of information processing in the brain. Effectively studying this phenomenon requires concurrent measurements at multiple sites on live neurons. Substantial progress has been made by optical imaging systems that combine confocal and multiphoton microscopy with inertia-free laser scanning. However, all of the systems developed so far restrict fast imaging to two dimensions. This severely limits the extent to which neurons can be studied, as they represent complex three-dimensional structures. Here we present a new imaging system that utilizes a unique arrangement of acousto-optic deflectors to steer a focused, ultra-fast laser beam to arbitrary locations in three-dimensional space without moving the objective lens. As we demonstrate, this highly versatile random-access multiphoton microscope supports functional imaging of complex three-dimensional cellular structures such as neuronal dendrites or neural populations at acquisition rates on the order of tens of kilohertz.},
	Author = {Duemani Reddy, Gaddum and Kelleher, Keith and Fink, Rudy and Saggau, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:35:08 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Microscopy, Confocal;Dendrites;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Rats;technical report;in vitro;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Suite 116 Keck Hall, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.},
	Pages = {713-20},
	Pii = {nn.2116},
	Pubmed = {18432198},
	Title = {Three-dimensional random access multiphoton microscopy for functional imaging of neuronal activity},
	Uuid = {BE63200D-7857-4718-8F5A-703BE2502368},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/DuemaniReddy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2116}}

@article{Dufour:2003,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms generating precise connections between specific thalamic nuclei and cortical areas remain poorly understood. Using axon tracing analysis of ephrin/Eph mutant mice, we provide in vivo evidence that Eph receptors in the thalamus and ephrins in the cortex control intra-areal topographic mapping of thalamocortical (TC) axons. In addition, we show that the same ephrin/Eph genes unexpectedly control the inter-areal specificity of TC projections through the early topographic sorting of TC axons in an intermediate target, the ventral telencephalon. Our results constitute the first identification of guidance cues involved in inter-areal specificity of TC projections and demonstrate that the same set of mapping labels is used differentially for the generation of topographic specificity of TC projections between and within individual cortical areas.},
	Author = {Dufour, Audrey and Seibt, Julie and Passante, Lara and Depaepe, Vanessa and Ciossek, Thomas and Fris{\'e}n, Jonas and Kullander, Klas and Flanagan, John G. and Polleux, Franck and Vanderhaeghen, Pierre},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Ephrin-A4;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Ligands;Ephrin-A5;Female;Neural Pathways;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Receptor, EphA5;Mice, Transgenic;Brain Mapping;comment;Animals;Mice;Cerebral Cortex;Receptor, EphA4;Thalamus},
	Medline = {22778824},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {IRIBHM, University of Brussels (U.L.B.), 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.},
	Pages = {453-65},
	Pii = {S0896627303004409},
	Pubmed = {12895420},
	Title = {Area specificity and topography of thalamocortical projections are controlled by ephrin/Eph genes},
	Uuid = {7D26F2ED-7E38-4693-B045-8ED77E966F42},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Dufour_Neuron2003.pdf}}



@article{Dulla:2005,
	Abstract = {In addition to affecting respiration and vascular tone, deviations from normal CO(2) alter pH, consciousness, and seizure propensity. Outside the brainstem, however, the mechanisms by which CO(2) levels modify neuronal function are unknown. In the hippocampal slice preparation, increasing CO(2), and thus decreasing pH, increased the extracellular concentration of the endogenous neuromodulator adenosine and inhibited excitatory synaptic transmission. These effects involve adenosine A(1) and ATP receptors and depend on decreased extracellular pH. In contrast, decreasing CO(2) levels reduced extracellular adenosine concentration and increased neuronal excitability via adenosine A(1) receptors, ATP receptors, and ecto-ATPase. Based on these studies, we propose that CO(2)-induced changes in neuronal function arise from a pH-dependent modulation of adenosine and ATP levels. These findings demonstrate a mechanism for the bidirectional effects of CO(2) on neuronal excitability in the forebrain.},
	Author = {Dulla, Chris G. and Dobelis, Peter and Pearson, Tim and Frenguelli, Bruno G. and Staley, Kevin J. and Masino, Susan A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;Receptors, Purinergic P2;Acids;Epilepsy;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Up-Regulation;Adenosine Triphosphatases;Receptor, Adenosine A1;Animals;Adenosine Triphosphate;Hippocampus;Synaptic Transmission;Extracellular Fluid;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Organ Culture Techniques;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Membrane Potentials;Adenosine;21 Activity-development;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Carbon Dioxide;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Hypercapnia;Hypocapnia;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Program, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {1011-23},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00950-5},
	Pubmed = {16364904},
	Title = {Adenosine and ATP link PCO2 to cortical excitability via pH},
	Uuid = {C00F1394-F406-4BD1-9F99-24DDF77D0044},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Dulla_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.009}}


@article{Dunnett:1987,
	Abstract = {The capacity of dopamine (DA)-rich embryonic grafts to influence performance in a skilled motor task has been assessed. In two separate experiments, unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of forebrain DA systems induced a neglect of the contralateral limb and an almost total preference for use of the ipsilateral limb when reaching through the bars of a cage for food pellets. If the food paw was restrained, either by a bracelet or by injection of a local anaesthetic, the lesioned rats would continue to make many reaching attempts with the contralateral paw, but on the great majority of these attempts they were unsuccessful in grasping or retrieving food. DA-rich grafts, reinnervating the denervated caudate-putamen, provided no detectable benefit to the lesioned rats, neither in reducing the ipsilateral bias in their side preference, nor in increasing their success when constrained to reaching with the contralateral limb. This failure to benefit from the grafts is not due to the grafts themselves not being viable, since the same rats showed substantial compensation of whole body motor asymmetries in spontaneous and drug-induced rotation, and a reduction of asymmetry in a battery of neurological tests of sensorimotor function. The results are discussed in terms of the degree of anatomical integration of the grafts into the host neural circuitry, and the neural organization necessary for the performance of different classes of behavior. 0006-8993 Journal Article},
	Author = {Dunnett, S. B. and Whishaw, I. Q. and Rogers, D. C. and Jones, G. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:52 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Motor Skills/drug effects/*physiology;Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*physiology;Animals;Rats;Forelimb/physiology;Substantia Nigra/drug effects/physiology;Female;Rats, Inbred Strains;Apomorphine/pharmacology;17 Transplant Regeneration;Dopamine/metabolism/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Methamphetamine/pharmacology;L abstr;Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects/physiology;Mesencephalon/cytology/embryology/*transplantation;Laterality/physiology;Hydroxydopamines/diagnostic use;Oxidopamine},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {63-78},
	Pubmed = {3113665},
	Title = {Dopamine-rich grafts ameliorate whole body motor asymmetry and sensory neglect but not independent limb use in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions},
	Uuid = {7501B4BA-EC80-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {415},
	Year = {1987},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3113665}}

@article{Dupont:2006,
	Abstract = {The immature cerebral cortex self-organizes into local neuronal clusters long before it is activated by patterned sensory inputs. In the cortical anlage of newborn mammals, neurons coassemble through electrical or chemical synapses either spontaneously or by activation of transmitter-gated receptors. The neuronal network and the cellular mechanisms underlying this cortical self-organization process during early development are not completely understood. Here we show in an intact in vitro preparation of the immature mouse cerebral cortex that neurons are functionally coupled in local clusters by means of propagating network oscillations in the beta frequency range. In the newborn mouse, this activity requires an intact subplate and is strongly synchronized within a cortical column by gap junctions. With the developmental disappearance of the subplate at the end of the first postnatal week, activation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors in the immature cortical network is essential to generate this columnar activity pattern. Our findings show that during a brief developmental period the cortical network switches from a subplate-driven, gap-junction-coupled syncytium to a synaptic network acting through NMDA receptors to generate synchronized oscillatory activity, which may function as an early functional template for the development of the cortical columnar architecture.},
	Author = {Dupont, Erwan and Hanganu, Ileana L. and Kilb, Werner and Hirsch, Silke and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 17:16:42 +0000},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Gap Junctions;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Carbachol;Mice;Neurons;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; in vitro},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7072},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.},
	Pages = {79-83},
	Pii = {nature04264},
	Pubmed = {16327778},
	Title = {Rapid developmental switch in the mechanisms driving early cortical columnar networks},
	Uuid = {6AD30279-AC78-48EA-B100-95C574CFA3F4},
	Volume = {439},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Dupont_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04264}}







@article{Dzhala:2003,
	Abstract = {In the developing rat hippocampus, ictal epileptiform activity can be elicited easily in vitro during the first three postnatal weeks. Changes in neuronal ion transport during this time cause the effects of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)-R) activation to shift gradually from strongly depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. It is not known whether the depolarizing effects of GABA and the propensity for ictal activity are causally linked. A key question is whether the GABA-mediated depolarization is excitatory, which we defined operationally as being sufficient to trigger action potentials. We assessed the effect of endogenous GABA on ictal activity and neuronal firing rate in hippocampal slices from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. In extracellular recordings, there was a strong correlation between the postnatal age at which GABA(A)-R antagonists decreased action potential frequency (P23) and the age at which ictal activity could be induced by elevated potassium (P23). In addition, there was a strong correlation between the fraction of slices in which ictal activity was induced by elevated potassium concentrations and the fractional decrease in action potential firing when GABA(A)-Rs were blocked in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Finally, ictal activity induced by elevated potassium was blocked by the GABA(A)-R antagonists bicuculline and SR-95531 (gabazine) and increased in frequency and duration by GABA(A)-R agonists isoguvacine and muscimol. Thus, the propensity of the developing hippocampus for ictal activity is highly correlated with the effect of GABA on action potential probability and reversed by GABA(A) antagonists, indicating that GABA-mediated excitation is causally linked to ictal activity in this developmental window.},
	Author = {Dzhala, Volodymyr I. and Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {GABA Agonists;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Aging;Rats;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Epilepsy;in vitro ;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Male;Potassium;Action Potentials;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;in vitro},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {1840-6},
	Pii = {23/5/1840},
	Pubmed = {12629188},
	Title = {Excitatory actions of endogenously released GABA contribute to initiation of ictal epileptiform activity in the developing hippocampus},
	Uuid = {B9679963-353E-4B94-9477-5FA8B105D336},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Dzhala:2003a,
	Abstract = {The transition from brief bursts of synchronous population activity characteristic of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) to more prolonged epochs of population activity characteristic of seizures (ictal-like activity) was recorded in juvenile rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices and hippocampal slices using multiple-site extracellular electrodes. Epileptiform activity was elicited by either increased extracellular potassium or 4-AP. IEDs originated in the CA3 a-b region and spread bidirectionally into CA1 and CA3c dentate gyrus. The transition from IEDs to ictal-like sustained epileptiform activity was reliably preceded by (1) increase in IED propagation velocity, (2) increase in IED secondary afterdischarges and their reverberation between CA3a and CA3c, and (3) shift in the IED initiation area from CA3 a-b to CA3c. Ictal-like sustained network oscillations (10-20 Hz) originated in CA3c and spread to CA1. The pattern of hippocampal ictal-like activity was unaffected by removal of the entorhinal cortex. These findings indicate that interictal and ictal activity can originate in the same neural network, and that the transition from interictal to ictal-like-sustained activity is preceded by predictable alterations in the origin and spread of IEDs. These findings elucidate new targets for investigating the proximate causes, prediction, and treatment of seizures.},
	Author = {Dzhala, Volodymyr I. and Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Epilepsy;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Action Potentials;Dentate Gyrus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Seizures;Hippocampus;Nerve Net;Animals;Cells, Cultured;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Entorhinal Cortex;Male},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {21},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {7873-80},
	Pii = {23/21/7873},
	Pubmed = {12944517},
	Title = {Transition from interictal to ictal activity in limbic networks in vitro},
	Uuid = {43CD73B8-9105-40A9-BD99-7D9A962677AE},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}}

@article{Dzhala:2004,
	Abstract = {Hippocampal fast ripples (FRs) have been associated with seizure onset in both human and experimental epilepsy. To characterize the mechanisms underlying FR oscillations (200-600 Hz), we studied activity of single neurons and neuronal networks in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. The correlation between the action potentials of bursting pyramidal cells and local field potential oscillations suggests that synchronous onset of action potential bursts and similar intrinsic firing patterns among local neurons are both necessary conditions for FR oscillations. Increasing the fidelity of individual pyramidal cell spike train timing by blocking accommodation dramatically increased FR amplitude, whereas blockade of potassium conductances decreased the fidelity of action potential timing in individual pyramidal cell action potential bursts and decreased FR amplitude. Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors desynchronized onset of action potential bursts in individual pyramidal cells and abolished fast ripples. Thus, synchronous burst onset mediated by recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission and similar intrinsic spike timing mechanisms in neighboring pyramidal cells are necessary conditions for FR oscillations within the hippocampal network.},
	Author = {Dzhala, Volodymyr I. and Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Cells, Cultured;Rats;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Periodicity;Kinetics;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Male;Quinoxalines;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {40},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {8896-906},
	Pii = {24/40/8896},
	Pubmed = {15470156},
	Title = {Mechanisms of fast ripples in the hippocampus},
	Uuid = {B944E9FC-8B8C-4F21-B8B7-AC047494CE25},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3112-04.2004}}

@article{Dzhala:2005,
	Abstract = {During development, activation of Cl(-)-permeable GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)-R) excites neurons as a result of elevated intracellular Cl(-) levels and a depolarized Cl(-) equilibrium potential (E(Cl)). GABA becomes inhibitory as net outward neuronal transport of Cl(-) develops in a caudal-rostral progression. In line with this caudal-rostral developmental pattern, GABAergic anticonvulsant compounds inhibit motor manifestations of neonatal seizures but not cortical seizure activity. The Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) facilitates the accumulation of Cl(-) in neurons. The NKCC1 blocker bumetanide shifted E(Cl) negative in immature neurons, suppressed epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices in vitro and attenuated electrographic seizures in neonatal rats in vivo. Bumetanide had no effect in the presence of the GABA(A)-R antagonist bicuculline, nor in brain slices from NKCC1-knockout mice. NKCC1 expression level versus expression of the Cl(-)-extruding transporter (KCC2) in human and rat cortex showed that Cl(-) transport in perinatal human cortex is as immature as in the rat. Our results provide evidence that NKCC1 facilitates seizures in the developing brain and indicate that bumetanide should be useful in the treatment of neonatal seizures.},
	Author = {Dzhala, Volodymyr I. and Talos, Delia M. and Sdrulla, Dan A. and Brumback, Audrey C. and Mathews, Gregory C. and Benke, Timothy A. and Delpire, Eric and Jensen, Frances E. and Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1078-8956},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Bumetanide;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Rats;Seizures;Phenobarbital;comparative study;Humans;Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters;21 Epilepsy;Infant;Hippocampus;Kainic Acid;comparative study ;research support, non-u.s. gov't;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Diuretics;Membrane Potentials;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Electroencephalography;Anticonvulsants},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9502015},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {1205-13},
	Pii = {nm1301},
	Pubmed = {16227993},
	Title = {NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain},
	Uuid = {6062B065-82F2-457E-A2F4-100054FEF7E2},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Dzhala_NatMed2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1301}}



@article{Easter:1985,
	Abstract = {The generation of specific patterns of neuronal connections has usually been regarded as a central problem in neurobiology. The prevailing view for many years has been that these connections are established by complementary recognition molecules on the pre- and postsynaptic cells (the chemoaffinity theory). Experimental results obtained in the past decade, however, indicate that the view that axon guidance and synaptogenesis proceed according to restrictive chemical markers is too narrow. Although a more rigid plan may prevail in some invertebrates, the formation of specific connections in vertebrates also involves competition between axon terminals, trophic feedback between pre- and postsynaptic cells, and modification of connections by functional activity. 0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Easter, S. S. and Purves, D. and Rakic, P. and Spitzer, N. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-13 20:49:20 +0000},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Invertebrates/anatomy &histology;*Models, Neurological;Ganglia, Autonomic/anatomy &histology/growth &development;Cell Communication;Nervous System/*anatomy &histology;Synapses/anatomy &histology/physiology;N;Neurons/*anatomy &histology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Vertebrates/anatomy &histology;Axons/anatomy &histology/physiology;19 Neocortical evolution; Activity-development; Structure-Activity Relationship;development; review literature},
	Number = {4725},
	Pages = {507-11},
	Pubmed = {4048944},
	Title = {The changing view of neural specificity},
	Uuid = {E3E3CDE2-02B6-4823-9EBC-A7AB53461B6F},
	Volume = {230},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Easter_Science1985.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4048944}}


@article{Eckenhoff:1984,
	Abstract = {The cytoarchitectonic organization of the dentate gyrus was analyzed in the rhesus monkey at various embryonic (E) and postnatal (P) ages with the rapid Golgi method, transmission electron microscopy (EM), and immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). From the earliest ages (stage I, E38-E83), immature granule cells were arranged radially along elongated fibers that extend from the ventricular zone to the pial surface. The glial nature of these radial fibers was confirmed by the presence of GFAP antigen in their cytoplasm detected clearly by E70. EM analysis at this age showed that granule cells situated within the dentate plate, as well as many neurons still migrating from the ventricular zone, were closely apposed to fascicles of radial glial fibers. The radial organization of the dentate plate was even more evident during stage II (E83-E165). Thus, in E97 and E125 specimens, radially oriented immunoreactive glial processes emerged from somas situated either in the ventricular or subgranular zones, penetrated between columns of neurons in the granular layer, branched upon entering the molecular layer, and finally terminated at the pial surface. Palisades of glial processes delineated ontogenetic radial units which consisted of stacks of granule cell bodies in different stages of maturation. In a given radial unit, more mature cells were located superficially (closer to the pial surface) and less mature cells were located at progressively deeper levels. This radial organization of the dentate gyrus was maintained during stage III (P0-P60) and stage IV (2 months-adult). Furthermore, the number of GFAP-positive proliferating cells in the subgranular zone increased from 1 to 5 months. In the mature brain, the radial organization of the dentate gyrus was less apparent although many glial fibers still penetrated the granule cell layer. The present results indicate that the developing dentate gyrus in primates consists of a series of ontogenetic radial units that resemble those described in the fetal neocortex (Rakic, '72). They further suggest that the development and maintenance of this radial columnar organization may be imposed by the orientation of glial scaffolding during development.},
	Author = {Eckenhoff, M. F. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Neuroglia;Golgi Apparatus;Macaca mulatta;Hippocampus;Female;Astrocytes;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Division;Microscopy, Electron;Pregnancy;Animals;Macaca;Neurons},
	Medline = {84162788},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-21},
	Pubmed = {6707248},
	Title = {Radial organization of the hippocampal dentate gyrus: a Golgi, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical analysis in the developing rhesus monkey},
	Uuid = {5E8631FE-698C-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {223},
	Year = {1984},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902230102}}

@article{Eckenhoff:1988,
	Abstract = {The nature of proliferative cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal region and the fate of their progeny was analyzed by 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) autoradiography combined with immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels in 18 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from late gestation to 17 years. Our analysis indicates that, during the last quarter of gestation and the first 3 postnatal months, the SGZ produces both glial and neuronal cells. These 2 major classes of cells originate from the 2 precursor lines and, following their mitotic division, migrate to the granular layer. During the juvenile period (4-6 months of age), neuronal production tapers off and most postmitotic cells remaining within the SGZ differentiate into glial elements. In postpubertal animals (3 years and older), the 3H-TdR-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus belong to several non-neuronal classes. The largest group was immunoreactive to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at both the light and electron microscopic levels, indicating their astrocytic nature. The remaining 3H-TdR-labeled, GFAP-negative cells had ultra-structural characteristics of either microglia, oligodendroglia, or their progenitory stem cells. Therefore, there is a continuing addition and/or turnover of the glial cells in the dentate gyrus of sexually mature monkeys, but, in contrast to the massive neurogenesis reported in adult rodents, the production of new neurons could not be detected after puberty. The significance of a stable population of neurons in the hippocampal formation of mature primates is discussed in relation to its possible function in memory.},
	Author = {Eckenhoff, M. F. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Aging;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein;Macaca mulatta;Immunohistochemistry;Hippocampus;Microscopy, Electron;Autoradiography;Cell Division;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Macaca},
	Medline = {88316375},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Section of Neuroanatomy, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
	Pages = {2729-47},
	Pubmed = {3411351},
	Title = {Nature and fate of proliferative cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during the life span of the rhesus monkey},
	Uuid = {AD8AEC66-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1988}}











@article{Ehlers:2007,
	Abstract = {Dendrites and axons exhibit different morphologies and patterns of growth. This difference in neuronal structure is controlled by evolutionarily conserved directed trafficking through the secretory pathway.},
	Author = {Ehlers, Michael D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Dendrites;Central Nervous System;21 Neurophysiology;Golgi Apparatus;Neurosecretion;Protein Transport;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Cell Enlargement;Endoplasmic Reticulum;Signal Transduction;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ehlers\@neuro.duke.edu},
	Pages = {686-9},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00621-6},
	Pubmed = {17785176},
	Title = {Secrets of the secretory pathway in dendrite growth},
	Uuid = {748DFF65-3050-4119-8EAF-C2FC9E686517},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ehlers_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.009}}





@article{Eilers:2001,
	Abstract = {1. Cellular responses to GABA(A) receptor activation were studied in developing cerebellar Purkinje neurones (PNs) in brain slices obtained from 2- to 22-day-old rats. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of fura-2-loaded cells and perforated-patch recordings were used to monitor intracellular Ca2+ transients and to estimate the reversal potential of GABA-induced currents, respectively. 2. During the 1st postnatal week, focal application of GABA or the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol evoked transient increases in [Ca2+]i in immature PNs. These Ca2+ transients were reversibly abolished by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline and by Ni2+, a blocker of voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. 3. Perforated-patch recordings were used to measure the reversal potential of GABA-evoked currents (E(GABA)) at different stages of development. It was found that E(GABA) was about -44 mV at postnatal day 3 (P3), it shifted to gradually more negative values during the 1st week and finally equilibrated at -87 mV at around the end of the 2nd postnatal week. This transition was well described by a sigmoidal function. The largest change in E(GABA) was -7 mV x day(-1), which occurred at around P6. 4. The transition in GABA-mediated signalling occurs during a period in which striking changes in PN morphology and synaptic connectivity are known to take place. Since such changes were shown to be Ca2+ dependent, we propose that GABA-evoked Ca2+ signalling is one of the critical determinants for the normal development of cerebellar PNs.},
	Author = {Eilers, J. and Plant, T. D. and Marandi, N. and Konnerth, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Purkinje Cells;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Nickel;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Bicuculline;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;GABA Antagonists;Cerebellum;Anti-Bacterial Agents;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Gramicidin;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21486753},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 2},
	Organization = {Abteilung Neurophysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Hirnforschung, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany. eilers\@mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de},
	Pages = {429-37},
	Pii = {PHY_12525},
	Pubmed = {11600678},
	Title = {GABA-mediated Ca2+ signalling in developing rat cerebellar Purkinje neurones},
	Uuid = {5661E981-27D4-4629-802D-E84B2F2CBC5C},
	Volume = {536},
	Year = {2001}}








@article{Eljaschewitsch:2006,
	Abstract = {Endocannabinoids are released after brain injury and believed to attenuate neuronal damage by binding to CB(1) receptors and protecting against excitotoxicity. Such excitotoxic brain lesions initially result in primary destruction of brain parenchyma, which attracts macrophages and microglia. These inflammatory cells release toxic cytokines and free radicals, resulting in secondary neuronal damage. In this study, we show that the endocannabinoid system is highly activated during CNS inflammation and that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) protects neurons from inflammatory damage by CB(1/2) receptor-mediated rapid induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in microglial cells associated with histone H3 phoshorylation of the mkp-1 gene sequence. As a result, AEA-induced rapid MKP-1 expression switches off MAPK signal transduction in microglial cells activated by stimulation of pattern recognition receptors. The release of AEA in injured CNS tissue might therefore represent a new mechanism of neuro-immune communication during CNS injury, which controls and limits immune response after primary CNS damage.},
	Author = {Eljaschewitsch, Eva and Witting, Anke and Mawrin, Christian and Lee, Thomas and Schmidt, Peter M. and Wolf, Susanne and Hoertnagl, Heide and Raine, Cedric S. and Schneider-Stock, Regine and Nitsch, Robert and Ullrich, Oliver},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;11 Glia},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.},
	Pages = {67-79},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)01008-1},
	Pubmed = {16387640},
	Title = {The Endocannabinoid Anandamide Protects Neurons during CNS Inflammation by Induction of MKP-1 in Microglial Cells},
	Uuid = {AC0F123B-3A45-4B66-A202-48619007A505},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.027}}








@article{Englund:2005,
	Abstract = {The developing neocortex contains two types of progenitor cells for glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons. The first type, radial glia, produce neurons and glia, divide at the ventricular surface, and express Pax6, a homeodomain transcription factor. The second type, intermediate progenitor cells, are derived from radial glia, produce only neurons, and divide away from the ventricular surface. Here we show that the transition from radial glia to intermediate progenitor cell is associated with upregulation of Tbr2, a T-domain transcription factor, and downregulation of Pax6. Accordingly, Tbr2 expression in progenitor compartments (the subventricular zone and ventricular zone) rises and falls with cortical plate neurogenesis. The subsequent transition from intermediate progenitor cell to postmitotic neuron is marked by downregulation of Tbr2 and upregulation of Tbr1, another T-domain transcription factor. These findings delineate the transcription factor sequence Pax6 -->Tbr2 -->Tbr1 in the differentiation of radial glia -->intermediate progenitor cell -->postmitotic projection neuron. This transcription factor sequence is modified in preplate neurons, in which Tbr2 is transiently coexpressed with Tbr1, and in the direct differentiation pathway from radial glia -->postmitotic projection neuron, in which Tbr2 is expressed briefly or not at all.},
	Author = {Englund, Chris and Fink, Andy and Lau, Charmaine and Pham, Diane and Daza, Ray A. M. and Bulfone, Alessandro and Kowalczyk, Tom and Hevner, Robert F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7470, USA.},
	Pages = {247-51},
	Pii = {25/1/247},
	Pubmed = {15634788},
	Title = {Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 are expressed sequentially by radial glia, intermediate progenitor cells, and postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex},
	Uuid = {AF9AEC55-9FB5-4623-A051-4B6958946A99},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Englund_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2899-04.2005}}






@article{Epsztein:2005,
	Abstract = {Glutamatergic mossy fibers of the hippocampus sprout in temporal lobe epilepsy and establish aberrant synapses on granule cells from which they originate. There is currently no evidence for the activation of kainate receptors (KARs) at recurrent mossy fiber synapses in epileptic animals, despite their important role at control mossy fiber synapses. We report that KARs are involved in ongoing glutamatergic transmission in granule cells from chronic epileptic but not control animals. KARs provide a substantial component of glutamatergic activity, because they support half of the non-NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory drive in these cells. KAR-mediated EPSC(KA)s are selectively generated by recurrent mossy fiber inputs and have a slower kinetics than EPSC(AMPA). Therefore, in addition to axonal rewiring, sprouting of mossy fibers induces a shift in the nature of glutamatergic transmission in granule cells that may contribute to the physiopathology of the dentate gyrus in epileptic animals.},
	Author = {Epsztein, J{\'e}r\^{o}me and Represa, Alfonso and Jorquera, Isabel and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Cr{\'e}pel, Val{\'e}rie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Rats;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Status Epilepticus;Quinoxalines;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Kainic Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {36},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, Unit{\'e} 29, Universit{\'e} de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {8229-39},
	Pii = {25/36/8229},
	Pubmed = {16148230},
	Title = {Recurrent mossy fibers establish aberrant kainate receptor-operated synapses on granule cells from epileptic rats},
	Uuid = {27654F2A-379C-41D1-8D91-AF84C558D3FE},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-05.2005}}

@article{Epsztein:2006,
	Abstract = {Ischemic strokes are often associated with late-onset epilepsy, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the hippocampus, which is one of the regions most sensitive to ischemic challenge, global ischemia induces a complete loss of CA1 pyramidal neurons, whereas the resistant CA3 pyramidal neurons display a long-term hyperexcitability several months after the insult. The mechanisms of this long-term hyperexcitability remain unknown despite its clinical implication. Using chronic in vivo EEG recordings and in vitro field recordings in slices, we now report spontaneous interictal epileptiform discharges in the CA3 area of the hippocampus from post-ischemic rats several months after the insult. Whole-cell recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons, revealed a permanent reduction in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature GABAergic IPSCs and a parallel increase in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. Global ischemia also induced a dramatic loss of GABAergic interneurons and terminals together with an increase in glutamatergic terminals in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. Altogether, our results show a morpho-functional reorganization in the CA3 network several months after global ischemia, resulting in a net shift in the excitatory-inhibitory balance toward excitation that may constitute a substrate for the generation of epileptiform discharges in the post-ischemic hippocampus.},
	Author = {Epsztein, J{\'e}r\^{o}me and Milh, Mathieu and Bihi, Rachid Id and Jorquera, Isabel and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Represa, Alfonso and Cr{\'e}pel, Val{\'e}rie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Nerve Endings;Rats;In Vitro;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Male;21 Neurophysiology;Reperfusion Injury;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {26},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, and Universit{\'e} de La M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {7082-92},
	Pii = {26/26/7082},
	Pubmed = {16807337},
	Title = {Ongoing epileptiform activity in the post-ischemic hippocampus is associated with a permanent shift of the excitatory-inhibitory synaptic balance in CA3 pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {A102FC91-4D10-4CA5-B26E-03E2EE9FE548},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1666-06.2006}}

@article{Erchova:2002,
	Abstract = {Experiments were carried out to learn about changes in sensory cortical processing associated with different levels of anaesthesia. Traditionally this question has been addressed by studying single neurons. Because state changes are likely to influence the relationships between neurons, the present experiments were undertaken to investigate the spatial and temporal firing patterns distributed across cortex. Using 5 x 5 or 10 x 10 microelectrode arrays, spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity of multineuron clusters was recorded from rat somatosensory 'barrel' cortex (the whisker representation) during a light surgical stage of urethane anaesthesia, and after two supplemental doses of urethane which led to intermediate and deep levels of anaesthesia. At all depths of anaesthesia, spontaneously occurring action potentials at a single electrode tended to be clustered into 'bursts.' With increasing anaesthetic depth, bursts became more prominent and rhythmic, and increasingly synchronized between cortical barrel-columns. Burst frequency decreased and fewer spikes occurred outside bursts, leading to a decrease in the overall spontaneous firing rate. The cortical territory engaged by individual whiskers contracted with increasing depth of anaesthesia, leading to the spatial segregation of whisker representations. At all stages of anaesthesia, whisker stimulation produced the maximal cortical response when delivered close to burst onset. These observations show that ongoing spontaneous activity modulates sensory response properties and makes peripheral tactile information accessible to a cortical territory whose size is determined by the phase of burst cycle. The possible significance of the cyclic cortical responsiveness encountered during urethane anaesthesia to cortical processing in awake rats is considered.},
	Author = {Erchova, Irina A. and Lebedev, Mikhail A. and Diamond, Mathew E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Anesthetics;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Animals;Touch;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Cortical Synchronization;Afferent Pathways;Synaptic Transmission;Periodicity;Vibrissae;Rats, Wistar;Biological Clocks;Male;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Beirut, 9, 34014 Trieste, Italy.},
	Pages = {744-52},
	Pubmed = {11886439},
	Title = {Somatosensory cortical neuronal population activity across states of anaesthesia},
	Uuid = {3E0963E9-16B4-4442-A329-24D0F9C882CE},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Erdi:1997,
	Abstract = {Dynamics of single cells, small networks and large cell populations are the subject of investigation. The generation and propagation of action potentials in the two major cell types of the olfactory bulb, i.e. in the mitral and granule cells, are simulated by multi-compartmental modeling techniques. The specific effects of the individual ionic currents, the propagation of the signals through the compartments, and dynamic phenomena occurring in small networks (such as synchronized oscillation due to excitatory and inhibitory coupling) have been demonstrated. A statistical model is given to describe the electrical activity patterns of large neural populations. The model is applied for describing the CA3 region of the hippocampus by incorporating some basic electrophysiological properties of hippocampal pyramidal and inhibitory neurons. Population activities as well as underlying single cell voltages are simulated during population bursts in the model of disinhibited hippocampal CA3 slice. Using Smart Source Parsing},
	Author = {Erdi, P. and Aradi, I. and Grobler, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Biosystems},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/physiology;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Neurons/*physiology;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Hippocampus/*cytology/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Periodicity;BB abstr},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Biophysics, KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. erdi\@rmki.kfki.hu},
	Pages = {45-53},
	Title = {Rhythmogenesis in single cells and population models: olfactory bulb and hippocampus},
	Uuid = {47626208-ABAD-4EF6-B6D1-EF5F04093635},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8971195}}








@article{Ewald:2008,
	Abstract = {NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are important for neuronal development and circuit formation. The NMDAR subunits NR2A and NR2B are biophysically distinct and differentially expressed during development but their individual contribution to structural plasticity is unknown. Here we test whether NR2A and NR2B subunits have specific functions in the morphological development of tectal neurons in living Xenopus tadpoles. We use exogenous subunit expression and endogenous subunit knockdown to shift synaptic NMDAR composition toward NR2A or NR2B, as shown electrophysiologically. We analyzed the dendritic arbor structure and found evidence for both overlapping and distinct functions of NR2A and NR2B in dendritic development. Control neurons develop regions of high local branch density in their dendritic arbor, which may be important for processing topographically organized inputs. Exogenous expression of either NR2A or NR2B decreases local branch clusters, indicating a requirement for both subunits in dendritic arbor development. Knockdown of endogenous NR2A reduces local branch clusters, whereas knockdown of NR2B has no effect on branch clustering. Analysis of the underlying branch dynamics shows that exogenous NR2B-expressing neurons are more dynamic than control or exogenous NR2A-expressing neurons, demonstrating subunit-specific regulation of branch dynamics. Visual experience-dependent increases in dendritic arbor growth rate seen in control neurons are blocked in both exogenous NR2A- and NR2B-expressing neurons. These experiments indicate that NR2A and NR2B have subunit-specific properties in dendritic arbor development, but also overlapping functions, indicating a requirement for both subunits in neuronal development.},
	Author = {Ewald, Rebecca C. and Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall R. and Aizenman, Carlos D. and Cline, Hollis T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;10 circuit formation;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Xenopus laevis;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Watson School of Biological Sciences and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {850-61},
	Pii = {28/4/850},
	Pubmed = {18216193},
	Title = {Roles of NR2A and NR2B in the development of dendritic arbor morphology in vivo},
	Uuid = {370B0E5F-05A0-4074-914B-E5D5325C3E2B},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Ewald_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5078-07.2008}}

@article{Eytan:2006,
	Abstract = {Cognitive processes depend on synchronization and propagation of electrical activity within and between neuronal assemblies. In vivo measurements show that the size of individual assemblies depends on their function and varies considerably, but the timescale of assembly activation is in the range of 0.1-0.2 s and is primarily independent of assembly size. Here we use an in vitro experimental model of cortical assemblies to characterize the process underlying the timescale of synchronization, its relationship to the effective topology of connectivity within an assembly, and its impact on propagation of activity within and between assemblies. We show that the basic mode of assembly activation, "network spike," is a threshold-governed, synchronized population event of 0.1-0.2 s duration and follows the logistics of neuronal recruitment in an effectively scale-free connected network. Accordingly, the sequence of neuronal activation within a network spike is nonrandom and hierarchical; a small subset of neurons is consistently recruited tens of milliseconds before others. Theory predicts that scale-free topology allows for synchronization time that does not increase markedly with network size; our experiments with networks of different densities support this prediction. The activity of early-to-fire neurons reliably forecasts an upcoming network spike and provides means for expedited propagation between assemblies. We demonstrate this capacity by observing the dynamics of two artificially coupled assemblies in vitro, using neuronal activity of one as a trigger for electrical stimulation of the other.},
	Author = {Eytan, Danny and Marom, Shimon},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Nerve Net;Neurons;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Recruitment, Neurophysiological;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Rats;Time Factors;Biophysics;Cortical Synchronization;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Cerebral Cortex;Differential Threshold;Microelectrodes},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.},
	Pages = {8465-76},
	Pii = {26/33/8465},
	Pubmed = {16914671},
	Title = {Dynamics and effective topology underlying synchronization in networks of cortical neurons},
	Uuid = {DB4DF5EA-9602-49CD-A8BB-8EBCCBB9F7ED},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1627-06.2006}}



@article{Fagiolini:2004,
	Abstract = {Weak inhibition within visual cortex early in life prevents experience-dependent plasticity. Loss of responsiveness to an eye deprived of vision can be initiated prematurely by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated transmission with benzodiazepines. Here, we use a mouse "knockin" mutation to alpha subunits that renders individual GABA type A (GABA(A)) receptors insensitive to diazepam to show that a particular inhibitory network controls expression of the critical period. Only alpha1-containing circuits were found to drive cortical plasticity, whereas alpha2-enriched connections separately regulated neuronal firing. This dissociation carries implications for models of brain development and the safe design of benzodiazepines for use in infants.},
	Author = {Fagiolini, Michela and Fritschy, Jean-Marc M. and L{\"o}w, Karin and M{\"o}hler, Hanns and Rudolph, Uwe and Hensch, Takao K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Diazepam;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Protein Subunits;Animals;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Mutation;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Vision;Pyridines;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Ocular;Models, Neurological;Neural Inhibition;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5664},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan.},
	Pages = {1681-3},
	Pii = {303/5664/1681},
	Pubmed = {15017002},
	Title = {Specific GABAA circuits for visual cortical plasticity},
	Uuid = {026648A0-F59F-46A8-98A9-51A82EC4D9B7},
	Volume = {303},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Fagiolini_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091032}}

@article{Fahrner:2006,
	Abstract = {Granule cell dispersion (GCD) in the dentate gyrus is a frequent feature of Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) which is often associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). It has been hypothesized that GCD may be caused by an abnormal migration of newly born granule cells. To test this hypothesis, we used markers of proliferation and neurogenesis and immunocytochemical methods as well as quantitative Western blot and real-time RT-PCR analyses in surgically resected hippocampi from TLE patients and controls. Below the age of 1 year, Ki-67-immunopositive nuclei were detected in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, but not in the dentate of TLE patients independent of age. The expression of the proliferation marker minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (mcm2) and of doublecortin (DCX) decreased significantly with age in controls and in TLE patients, but the expression of both proteins was independent of the degree of AHS and GCD. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed these findings at the level of gene expression. In contrast, immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin as well as Golgi staining revealed a radially aligned glial network in the region of GCD. GFAP-positive fiber length significantly increased with the severity of GCD. These results indicate that epileptic activity does not stimulate neurogenesis in the human dentate gyrus and that GCD probably does not result from a malpositioning of newly generated granule cells, but rather from an abnormal migration of mature granule cells along a radial glial scaffold.},
	Author = {Fahrner, and Kann, and Flubacher, and Heinrich, and Freiman, and Zentner, and Frotscher, and Haas,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Organization = {Experimental Epilepsy Group, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strae 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.},
	Pii = {S0014-4886(06)00483-3},
	Pubmed = {17049346},
	Title = {Granule cell dispersion is not accompanied by enhanced neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy patients},
	Uuid = {981E1E17-1CD7-48D0-830A-BD2DC364FE7C},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.023}}


@article{Fair:2007,
	Abstract = {Human attentional control is unrivaled. We recently proposed that adults depend on distinct frontoparietal and cinguloopercular networks for adaptive online task control versus more stable set control, respectively. During development, both experience-dependent evoked activity and spontaneous waves of synchronized cortical activity are thought to support the formation and maintenance of neural networks. Such mechanisms may encourage tighter "integration" of some regions into networks over time while "segregating" other sets of regions into separate networks. Here we use resting state functional connectivity MRI, which measures correlations in spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations between brain regions to compare previously identified control networks between children and adults. We find that development of the proposed adult control networks involves both segregation (i.e., decreased short-range connections) and integration (i.e., increased long-range connections) of the brain regions that comprise them. Delay/disruption in the developmental processes of segregation and integration may play a role in disorders of control, such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette's syndrome.},
	Author = {Fair, Damien A. and Dosenbach, Nico U. F. and Church, Jessica A. and Cohen, Alexander L. and Brahmbhatt, Shefali and Miezin, Francis M. and Barch, Deanna M. and Raichle, Marcus E. and Petersen, Steven E. and Schlaggar, Bradley L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Oxygen;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adolescent;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Cerebellum;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Child;Humans;Nerve Net;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Departments of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. damien.fair\@wustl.edu},
	Pages = {13507-12},
	Pii = {0705843104},
	Pubmed = {17679691},
	Title = {Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration},
	Uuid = {18F75C20-4036-45AF-81FD-ECB8AA60D039},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705843104}}




@article{Farrell:1992,
	Abstract = {Despite the use of hemispherectomy in the treatment of medically refractory seizures since the early 1950's, few studies published have documented neuropathologic findings in the resected specimens. This report describes the neuropathologic findings in 38 children who underwent either hemispherectomy or multilobar cortical resection as treatment for medically intractable epilepsy between 1986 and 1990. Examination of the resected specimens revealed a variety of abnormalities which fell into four broad categories. Malformations or hamartomatous lesions were the dominant finding in 15 patients, whereas encephalomalacic lesions were the most prominent abnormality in 16; chronic pathogen-free encephalitits (Rasmussen's encephalitis) was present in 3 and an additional 3 children had Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome. There were no gross or microscopic abnormalities in 1 patient. This report provides the first comprehensive description of the pathologic findings in a series of children with refractory epilepsy of varying types treated by hemispherectomy-multilobar resection.},
	Author = {Farrell, M. A. and DeRosa, M. J. and Curran, J. G. and Secor, D. L. and Cornford, M. E. and Comair, Y. G. and Peacock, W. J. and Shields, W. D. and Vinters, H. V.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0001-6322},
	Journal = {Acta Neuropathol},
	Keywords = {Sturge-Weber Syndrome;10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Child, Preschool;Encephalitis;Humans;Hamartoma;Child;Epilepsy;Infant;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Brain Neoplasms;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Encephalomalacia;Hypoxia, Brain;10 genetics malformation;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Brain Ischemia;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
	Nlm_Id = {0412041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, UCLA Medical Center 90024.},
	Pages = {246-59},
	Pubmed = {1557956},
	Title = {Neuropathologic findings in cortical resections (including hemispherectomies) performed for the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy},
	Uuid = {111BA2D2-86AD-44C3-9711-582E6CC9613A},
	Volume = {83},
	Year = {1992}}









@article{Feller:1996,
	Abstract = {Highly correlated neural activity in the form of spontaneous waves of action potentials is present in the developing retina weeks before vision. Optical imaging revealed that these waves consist of spatially restricted domains of activity that form a mosaic pattern over the entire retinal ganglion cell layer. Whole-cell recordings indicate that wave generation requires synaptic activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on ganglion cells. The only cholinergic cells in these immature retinas are a uniformly distributed bistratified population of amacrine cells, as assessed by antibodies to choline acetyltransferase. The results indicate that the major source of synaptic input to retinal ganglion cells is a system of cholinergic amacrine cells, whose activity is required for wave propagation in the developing retina.},
	Author = {Feller, M. B. and Wellis, D. P. and Stellwagen, D. and Werblin, F. S. and Shatz, C. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Retina;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;Ferrets;Bungarotoxins;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyridazines;Choline O-Acetyltransferase;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium;Acetylcholine;Tubocurarine;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Nicotinic Antagonists;GABA Antagonists;Cadmium;Curare;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Receptors, Nicotinic;in vitro; retinal wave paper},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5265},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA. marla\@violet.berkeley.edu},
	Pages = {1182-7},
	Pubmed = {8638165},
	Title = {Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves},
	Uuid = {6D588E9D-C1A9-404D-92E2-676BB1014EF0},
	Volume = {272},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Feller_Science1996.pdf}}

@article{Fellin:2006,
	Abstract = {The release of glutamate from astrocytes activates synchronous slow inward currents (SICs) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which are mediated by the NMDA receptor and represent a nonsynaptic mechanism to promote the synchronization of neuronal activity. Two recent studies demonstrate that SICs generate neuronal paroxysmal depolarizations resembling those typical of interictal epileptiform activity and proposed that there could be an astrocytic basis of epilepsy (Kang et al., 2005; Tian et al., 2005). We tested this hypothesis using two in vitro models of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices. Removal of extracellular Mg2+ and application of picrotoxin or perfusion with 0.5 mM Mg2+ and 8.5 mM K+-containing saline result mainly in neuronal ictal- and interictal-like epileptiform activity, respectively. Although both models trigger epileptiform activity, astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations were increased only after slice perfusion with 0 mM Mg2+ and picrotoxin. The activation of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling correlates with an increased frequency of SICs, and, when paired neurons were within 100 microm of one another with synchronous neuronal Ca2+ elevations, the generation of synchronous neuronal depolarizations and action potential discharges. TTX blocked both ictal- and interictal-like epileptiform activity without affecting SICs or SIC-mediated neuronal synchronization. In contrast, NMDA receptor antagonists, which block SICs, did not prevent the generation of either ictal- or interictal-like events. Based on this clear-cut pharmacology, our data demonstrate that nonsynaptic glutamate release from astrocytes is not necessary for the generation of epileptiform activity in vitro, although we cannot exclude the possibility that it may modulate the strength of the ictal (seizure)-like event.},
	Author = {Fellin, Tommaso and Gomez-Gonzalo, Marta and Gobbo, Sara and Carmignoto, Giorgio and Haydon, Philip G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Biological Clocks;Cell Communication;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Astrocytes;Hippocampus;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Pyramidal Cells;Animals;Cells, Cultured;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Glutamic Acid;Mice},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {36},
	Organization = {Silvio Conte Center for Integration at the Tripartite Synapse, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.},
	Pages = {9312-22},
	Pii = {26/36/9312},
	Pubmed = {16957087},
	Title = {Astrocytic glutamate is not necessary for the generation of epileptiform neuronal activity in hippocampal slices},
	Uuid = {9E30BE97-7C14-4138-BCD4-9387A66924C3},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Fellin_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2836-06.2006}}

@article{Fellin:2004,
	Abstract = {Fast excitatory neurotransmission is mediated by activation of synaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors. In hippocampal slices, we report that stimulation of Schaffer collaterals evokes in CA1 neurons delayed inward currents with slow kinetics, in addition to fast excitatory postsynaptic currents. Similar slow events also occur spontaneously, can still be observed when neuronal activity and synaptic glutamate release are blocked, and are found to be mediated by glutamate released from astrocytes acting preferentially on extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. The slow currents can be triggered by stimuli that evoke Ca2+ oscillations in astrocytes, including photolysis of caged Ca2+ in single astrocytes. As revealed by paired recording and Ca2+ imaging, a striking feature of this NMDA receptor response is that it occurs synchronously in multiple CA1 neurons. Our results reveal a distinct mechanism for neuronal excitation and synchrony and highlight a functional link between astrocytic glutamate and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors.},
	Author = {Fellin, Tommaso and Pascual, Olivier and Gobbo, Sara and Pozzan, Tullio and Haydon, Philip G. and Carmignoto, Giorgio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Electric Stimulation;Astrocytes;Synapses;Calcium Signaling;Rats;Neural Pathways;Animals;Feedback;Cortical Synchronization;Glutamic Acid;Cell Communication;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;research support, non-u.s. gov't;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Universit\`{a} di Padova, viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Italy.},
	Pages = {729-43},
	Pii = {S0896627304004994},
	Pubmed = {15339653},
	Title = {Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors},
	Uuid = {9BD284C0-0F1A-4DE5-A0D2-1654C3EDA242},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.011}}

@article{Fellous:2004,
	Abstract = {When a cortical neuron is repeatedly injected with the same fluctuating current stimulus (frozen noise) the timing of the spikes is highly precise from trial to trial and the spike pattern appears to be unique. We show here that the same repeated stimulus can produce more than one reliable temporal pattern of spikes. A new method is introduced to find these patterns in raw multitrial data and is tested on surrogate data sets. Using it, multiple coexisting spike patterns were discovered in pyramidal cells recorded from rat prefrontal cortex in vitro, in data obtained in vivo from the middle temporal area of the monkey (Buracas et al., 1998) and from the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (Reinagel and Reid, 2002). The spike patterns lasted from a few tens of milliseconds in vitro to several seconds in vivo. We conclude that the prestimulus history of a neuron may influence the precise timing of the spikes in response to a stimulus over a wide range of time scales.},
	Author = {Fellous, Jean-Marc M. and Tiesinga, Paul H. E. and Thomas, Peter J. and Sejnowski, Terrence J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Photic Stimulation;Prefrontal Cortex;Animals;Rats;Algorithms;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Cluster Analysis;Pyramidal Cells;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Macaca mulatta;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Fixation, Ocular;Electrodes, Implanted;Geniculate Bodies},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. fellous\@salk.edu},
	Pages = {2989-3001},
	Pii = {24/12/2989},
	Pubmed = {15044538},
	Title = {Discovering spike patterns in neuronal responses},
	Uuid = {D9F71A83-02FA-4991-B738-CE23711E3741},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Fellous_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4649-03.2004}}




@article{Ferezou:2002,
	Abstract = {Neocortical neurons expressing the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R) were characterized in rat acute slices by using patch-clamp recordings combined with single-cell RT-PCR and histochemical labeling. The 5-HT3A receptor subunit was expressed selectively in a subset of GABAergic interneurons coexpressing cholecystokinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The 5-HT3B subunit was never detected, indicating that 5-HT3Rs expressed by neocortical interneurons did not contain this subunit. In 5-HT3A-expressing VIP/CCK interneurons, serotonin induced fast membrane potential depolarizations by activating an inward current that was blocked by the selective 5-HT3R antagonist tropisetron. Furthermore, we observed close appositions between serotonergic fibers and the dendrites and somata of 5-HT3R-expressing neurons, suggestive of possible synaptic contacts. Indeed, in interneurons exhibiting rapid excitation by serotonin, local electrical stimulations evoked fast EPSCs of large amplitude that were blocked by tropisetron. Finally, 5-HT3R-expressing neurons were also excited by a nicotinic agonist, indicating that serotonergic and cholinergic fast synaptic transmission could converge onto VIP/CCK interneurons. Our results establish a clear correlation between the presence of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit in neocortical VIP/CCK GABAergic interneurons, its functional expression, and its synaptic activation by serotonergic afferent fibers from the brainstem raphe nuclei. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Ferezou, I. and Cauli, B. and Hill, E. L. and Rossier, J. and Hamel, E. and Lambolez, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism;Interneurons/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism;Protein Subunits;Animals;Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology;In Vitro;Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology;Rats;Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/*metabolism;T pdf;Serotonin/*metabolism/pharmacology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;23 Technique;Rats, Wistar;Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology;Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology;Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3;Neurons, Afferent/cytology/metabolism;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neocortex/cytology/metabolism;Cholecystokinin/*metabolism;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/physiology;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversite Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chime Industrielles de la ville de Paris, 75005 Paris, France.},
	Pages = {7389-97},
	Title = {5-HT3 receptors mediate serotonergic fast synaptic excitation of neocortical vasoactive intestinal peptide/cholecystokinin interneurons},
	Uuid = {FDDB3FF2-59DC-43C8-9121-DBC13209714F},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Ferezou_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Fernandez:1998,
	Abstract = {Homologies between vertebrate forebrain subdivisions are still uncertain. In particular the identification of homologs of the mammalian neocortex or the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of birds and reptiles is still a matter of dispute. To get insight about the organization of the primordia of the main telencephalic subdivisions along the anteroposterior axis of the neural tube, a fate map of the dorsal prosencephalon was obtained in avian chimeras at the 8- to 9-somite stage. At this stage, the primordia of the pallium, DVR and striatum were located on the dorsal aspect of the prosencephalon and ordered caudorostrally along the longitudinal axis of the brain. Expression of homeobox-containing genes of the Emx, Dlx and Pax families were used as markers of anteroposterior developmental subdivisions of the forebrain in mouse, chick, turtle and frog. Their expression domains delineated three main telencephalic subdivisions in all species at the onset of neurogenesis: the pallial, intermediate and striatal neuroepithelial domains. The fate of the intermediate subdivisions diverged, however, between species at later stages of development. Homologies between forebrain subdivisions are proposed based on the conservation and divergence of these gene expression patterns. 0950-1991 Journal Article},
	Author = {Fernandez, A. S. and Pieau, C. and Reperant, J. and Boncinelli, E. and Wassef, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Sequence Analysis, DNA;Tissue Distribution;Cloning, Molecular;Animals;Tissue Transplantation;Comparative Study;Telencephalon/*embryology;Models, Biological;Species Specificity;Time Factors;N;19 Neocortical evolution;Xenopus laevis;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Chick Embryo;Turtles;*Genes, Homeobox;Homeodomain Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics;DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis;Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis;Mice;Vertebrates/embryology;Coturnix;Gene Expression},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {CNRS URA 1414, Equipe Regionalisation Nerveuse, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46, rue d'Ulm 75230 PARIS Cedex 05 France.},
	Pages = {2099-111},
	Pubmed = {9570774},
	Title = {Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three molecularly distinct domains in the telencephalon of mouse, chick, turtle and frog embryos: implications for the evolution of telencephalic subdivisions in amniotes},
	Uuid = {723A02B4-D47A-43C6-8ECF-9AA15DE6681B},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9570774}}

@article{Fernandez:1998a,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: One hypothesis proposes that a pre-existing alteration of medial temporal lobe structures contributes to febrile convulsions and subsequent hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and antecedent febrile convulsions. It is possible that such a structural alteration does not always lead to convulsions and may also be present in clinically unaffected relatives. METHODS: We tested this hypothesis by MRI investigation of 23 members of two families, of whom 13 had experienced febrile convulsions and 10 had not. One member of each family with febrile convulsions subsequently developed TLE. We compared the right/left ratios of hippocampal volumes (RHV) with 23 age- and sex-matched controls. Additionally, two independent raters assessed hippocampal signal intensity and pattern in T2- and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. RESULTS: Both TLE patients showed left HS. All subjects with febrile convulsions who did not develop epilepsy and six clinically unaffected relatives also showed asymmetric RHV (>3 standard deviation) but a normal hippocampal signal intensity. In all of these subjects, the left hippocampus was smaller. Visual inspection of these smaller hippocampi revealed blurred internal pattern or flat hippocampal bodies or both in one family and smaller hippocampal heads in the other. The pattern of HS in TLE patients showed a structural correlation with the abnormalities seen in their relatives. One subject with febrile convulsions had additional subcortical heterotopias. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a subtle, pre-existing hippocampal malformation that may facilitate febrile convulsions and contribute to the development of subsequent HS.},
	Author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, G. and Effenberger, O. and Vinz, B. and Steinlein, O. and Elger, C. E. and D{\"o}hring, W. and Heinze, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {Seizures, Febrile;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Adolescent;Adult;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Hippocampus;Family Health;Female;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Middle Aged;Child;Male;Humans;Pedigree;Sclerosis},
	Medline = {98226022},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.},
	Pages = {909-17},
	Pubmed = {9566371},
	Title = {Hippocampal malformation as a cause of familial febrile convulsions and subsequent hippocampal sclerosis},
	Uuid = {AD8B279D-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Ferrarelli:2007,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: High-density EEG during sleep represents a powerful new tool to reveal potential abnormalities in rhythm-generating mechanisms while avoiding confounding factors associated with waking activities. As a first step in this direction, the authors employed high-density EEG to explore whether sleep rhythms differ between schizophrenia subjects, healthy individuals, and a psychiatric control group with a history of depression. METHOD: Healthy comparison subjects (N=17), medicated schizophrenia patients (N=18), and subjects with a history of depression (N=15) were recruited. Subjects were recorded during the first sleep episode of the night with a 256-electrode high-density EEG. Recordings were analyzed for changes in EEG power spectra, power topography, and sleep-specific cortical oscillations. RESULTS: The authors found that the schizophrenia group had a significant reduction in centroparietal EEG power, from 13.75 to 15.00 Hz, in relation to both the comparison and depression groups. No significant difference in EEG power between the comparison and depression groups was identified. The authors also found a decrease in sleep spindle number, amplitude, duration, and integrated spindle activity in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, integrated spindle activity had an effect size corresponding to 93.0\%or 90.2\%separation of the schizophrenia from the comparison or depression group. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep spindles are generated by the thalamic reticular nucleus in conjunction with specific thalamic nuclei and are modulated by corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections. The deficit in sleep spindles in schizophrenia subjects may reflect dysfunction in thalamic-reticular and thalamocortical mechanisms and could represent a biological marker of illness.},
	Author = {Ferrarelli, Fabio and Huber, Reto and Peterson, Michael J. and Massimini, Marcello and Murphy, Michael and Riedner, Brady A. and Watson, Adam and Bria, Pietro and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0002-953X},
	Journal = {Am J Psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Adolescent;Humans;Middle Aged;Depressive Disorder;Neural Pathways;Diagnosis, Differential;comparative study;Parietal Lobe;Female;Schizophrenia;Sleep Stages;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Sleep;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;Reticular Formation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biological Markers;Electroencephalography;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0370512},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA.},
	Pages = {483-92},
	Pii = {164/3/483},
	Pubmed = {17329474},
	Title = {Reduced sleep spindle activity in schizophrenia patients},
	Uuid = {7ADA1D26-82FF-48E2-9D56-E0F5F4620F90},
	Volume = {164},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.483}}










@article{Finlay:1995,
	Abstract = {Analysis of data collected on 131 species of primates, bats, and insectivores showed that the sizes of brain components, from medulla to forebrain, are highly predictable from absolute brain size by a nonlinear function. The order of neurogenesis was found to be highly conserved across a wide range of mammals and to correlate with the relative enlargement of structures as brain size increases, with disproportionately large growth occurring in late-generated structures. Because the order of neurogenesis is conserved, the most likely brain alteration resulting from selection for any behavioral ability may be a coordinated enlargement of the entire nonolfactory brain. 0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Finlay, B. L. and Darlington, R. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Human;Animals;Regression Analysis;Neurons/*cytology;Databases, Factual;Models, Statistical;Brain/*anatomy &histology/cytology/growth &development;*Evolution;Species Specificity;N;19 Neocortical evolution;Analysis of Variance;Adaptation, Physiological;Mammals/*anatomy &histology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Division;Primates/anatomy &histology;Insectivora/anatomy &histology;Models, Neurological;Chiroptera/anatomy &histology},
	Number = {5217},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.},
	Pages = {1578-84},
	Pubmed = {7777856},
	Title = {Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains},
	Uuid = {084E7463-9632-477B-804E-BF517324291A},
	Volume = {268},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7777856}}

@article{Firestein:2005,
	Author = {Firestein, Stuart},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Olfactory Pathways;Smell;History, 20th Century;Nobel Prize;Neurosciences;historical article;Gene Expression Profiling;biography;Animals;History, 21st Century;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Humans;Receptors, Odorant},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. stuart\@biology.columbia.edu},
	Pages = {333-8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00053-X},
	Pubmed = {15694319},
	Title = {A nobel nose: the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine},
	Uuid = {B5FFFD0A-8512-4B84-84C2-DDB1B6B25B4F},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Firestein_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.021}}





@article{Fishell:2005,
	Author = {Fishell, Gord and Kriegstein, Arnold},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {The Skirball Developmental Genetics Program and, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. fishell\@saturn.med.nyu.edu},
	Pages = {361-2},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00352-1},
	Pubmed = {15882631},
	Title = {Cortical development: new concepts},
	Uuid = {3278ABDA-A484-4942-86F5-186DBB1E5490},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.016}}

@article{Fishell:2008,
	Abstract = {The precise stereotypic projections of pyramidal neurons within the six-layered cortex of mammals are key in allowing this structure to attain its high level of function. Recent studies have provided the first indications that postmitotic transcription factors are required for the formation and maintenance of both corticofugal and intracortical pyramidal cell populations. Here, we discuss these new findings in the context of our present understanding of cortical cell specification.},
	Author = {Fishell, Gord and Hanashima, Carina},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Smilow Neuroscience Program, 5th Floor Smilow Research Building, New York University School of Medicine, 522 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {333-8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00079-2},
	Pubmed = {18255026},
	Title = {Pyramidal neurons grow up and change their mind},
	Uuid = {D971E3CE-525F-4098-8855-4BB8DAFD9825},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.018}}

@article{Flames:2005,
	Abstract = {GABAergic interneurons are critical components of cortical circuits. However, understanding their function has become extremely challenging because they constitute one of the most diverse groups of cells in the central nervous system. Indeed, cortical GABAergic interneurons are heterogeneous in so many different ways--morphology, molecular profiling, electrical properties--that even attempts to discern what parameters should be used to identify cortical interneuron subtypes have failed to generate broad consensus among experts in the field. The extent to which cortical interneuron diversity emerges during development is largely unknown, but it is likely that insights on how this process takes place may help us understand their role as integrative and synchronizing elements in cortical function. Here, we review recent data on how the large variety of distinct classes of cortical interneurons may arise during development.},
	Author = {Flames, Nuria and Mar{\'\i}n, Oscar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC and Universidad Miguel Hern{\'a}ndez, Campus de San Juan, 03550 San Joan d'Alacant, Spain.},
	Pages = {377-81},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00356-9},
	Pubmed = {15882635},
	Title = {Developmental mechanisms underlying the generation of cortical interneuron diversity},
	Uuid = {997B3426-7D66-48E3-9559-ACD475A4BD63},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Flames_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.020}}



@article{Flavell:2006,
	Abstract = {In the mammalian nervous system, neuronal activity regulates the strength and number of synapses formed. The genetic program that coordinates this process is poorly understood. We show that myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors suppressed excitatory synapse number in a neuronal activity- and calcineurin-dependent manner as hippocampal neurons formed synapses. In response to increased neuronal activity, calcium influx into neurons induced the activation of the calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, which dephosphorylated and activated MEF2. When activated, MEF2 promoted the transcription of a set of genes, including arc and synGAP, that restrict synapse number. These findings define an activity-dependent transcriptional program that may control synapse number during development.},
	Author = {Flavell, Steven W. and Cowan, Christopher W. and Kim, Tae-Kyung K. and Greer, Paul L. and Lin, Yingxi and Paradis, Suzanne and Griffith, Eric C. and Hu, Linda S. and Chen, Chinfei and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;GTPase-Activating Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cytoskeletal Proteins;10 Development;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Transcription, Genetic;Myogenic Regulatory Factors;Rats, Long-Evans;Hippocampus;Synaptic Transmission;Transfection;Calcineurin;Synapses;Dendrites;Mutation;Gene Expression Regulation;21 Activity-development;Calcium;Rats;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Glutamic Acid;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Phosphorylation;Neurons;Nerve Tissue Proteins;RNA Interference;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5763},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Program, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {1008-12},
	Pii = {311/5763/1008},
	Pubmed = {16484497},
	Title = {Activity-dependent regulation of MEF2 transcription factors suppresses excitatory synapse number},
	Uuid = {4DC7499F-7DED-47EF-942D-9F58617829C9},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Flavell_Science2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1122511}}


@article{Fleck:2000,
	Abstract = {Human cortical heterotopia and neuronal migration disorders result in epilepsy; however, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate severe neuronal dysplasia and heterotopia throughout the granule cell and pyramidal cell layers of mice containing a heterozygous deletion of Lis1, a mouse model of human 17p13.3-linked lissencephaly. Birth-dating analysis using bromodeoxyuridine revealed that neurons in Lis1+/- murine hippocampus are born at the appropriate time but fail in migration to form a defined cell layer. Heterotopic pyramidal neurons in Lis1+/- mice were stunted and possessed fewer dendritic branches, whereas dentate granule cells were hypertrophic and formed spiny basilar dendrites from which the principal axon emerged. Both somatostatin- and parvalbumin-containing inhibitory neurons were heterotopic and displaced into both stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. Mechanisms of synaptic transmission were severely disrupted, revealing hyperexcitability at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses and depression of mossy fiber-CA3 transmission. In addition, the dynamic range of frequency-dependent facilitation of Lis1+/- mossy fiber transmission was less than that of wild type. Consequently, Lis1+/- hippocampi are prone to interictal electrographic seizure activity in an elevated [K(+)](o) model of epilepsy. In Lis1+/- hippocampus, intense interictal bursting was observed on elevation of extracellular potassium to 6.5 mM, a condition that resulted in only minimal bursting in wild type. These anatomical and physiological hippocampal defects may provide a neuronal basis for seizures associated with lissencephaly.},
	Author = {Fleck, M. W. and Hirotsune, S. and Gambello, M. J. and Phillips-Tansey, E. and Suares, G. and Mervis, R. F. and Wynshaw-Boris, A. and McBain, C. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Golgi Apparatus;Animals;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Humans;1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase;Epilepsy;Cell Movement;Hippocampus;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Disease Models, Animal;Somatostatin;10 genetics malformation;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Parvalbumins;Nervous System Malformations;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Bromodeoxyuridine;Choristoma},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.},
	Pages = {2439-50},
	Pubmed = {10729324},
	Title = {Hippocampal abnormalities and enhanced excitability in a murine model of human lissencephaly},
	Uuid = {7147A201-3A24-4282-8F92-C0B95C86EAAA},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Fleck_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Flint:1999,
	Abstract = {Oscillations in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) occur spontaneously in immature neurons of the developing cerebral cortex. Here, we show that developing murine cortical neurons exhibit calcium oscillations in response to direct activation of the mGluR5 subtype of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). In contrast, other manipulations that elicit [Ca(2+)](i) increases produce simple, nonoscillatory changes. Furthermore, we find that spontaneous oscillatory [Ca(2+)](i) activity is blocked by antagonists of group I mGluRs, suggesting a specific role for mGluR activation in the promotion of oscillatory [Ca(2+)](i) dynamics in immature cortical neurons. The oscillatory pattern of [Ca(2+)](i) increases produced by mGluR activation might play a role in the regulation of gene expression and the control of developmental events.},
	Author = {Flint, A. C. and Dammerman, R. S. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Animals;Lysine;Glutamic Acid;Neuroprotective Agents;Cycloleucine;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Neocortex;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Time Factors;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;N-Methylaspartate;Neuroglia;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Protein Isoforms;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99449822},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {21},
	Organization = {Center for Neurobiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {12144-9},
	Pubmed = {10518590},
	Title = {Endogenous activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in neocortical development causes neuronal calcium oscillations},
	Uuid = {605B3347-27DE-4F3B-A485-112871850C94},
	Volume = {96},
	Year = {1999}}






@article{Foffani:2007,
	Abstract = {Ripples are sharp-wave-associated field oscillations (100-300 Hz) recorded in the hippocampus during behavioral immobility and slow-wave sleep. In epileptic rats and humans, a different and faster oscillation (200-600 Hz), termed fast ripples, has been described. However, the basic mechanisms are unknown. Here, we propose that fast ripples emerge from a disorganized ripple pattern caused by unreliable firing in the epileptic hippocampus. Enhanced synaptic activity is responsible for the irregular bursting of CA3 pyramidal cells due to large membrane potential fluctuations. Lower field interactions and a reduced spike-timing reliability concur with decreased spatial synchronization and the emergence of fast ripples. Reducing synaptically driven membrane potential fluctuations improves both spike-timing reliability and spatial synchronization and restores ripples in the epileptic hippocampus. Conversely, a lower spike-timing reliability, with reduced potassium currents, is associated with ripple shuffling in normal hippocampus. Therefore, fast ripples may reflect a pathological desynchronization of the normal ripple pattern.},
	Author = {Foffani, Guglielmo and Uzcategui, Yoryani G. and Gal, Beatriz and Menendez de la Prida, Liset},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Pilocarpine;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;Muscarinic Agonists;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Lithium Carbonate;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fourier Analysis;Immunohistochemistry;Data Interpretation, Statistical},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Fundaci{\'o}n del Hospital Nacional de Parapl{\'e}jicos para la Investigaci{\'o}n y la Integraci{\'o}n, SESCAM, Toledo 45071, Spain.},
	Pages = {930-41},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00587-9},
	Pubmed = {17880896},
	Title = {Reduced spike-timing reliability correlates with the emergence of fast ripples in the rat epileptic hippocampus},
	Uuid = {7EE68563-8D46-4C32-8B80-DC2DFC45AFEC},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Foffani_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.040}}

@article{Fontanini:2006,
	Abstract = {Over the past few years, it has become clear that oscillatory dynamics of cortical networks are closely involved in sensory coding, attention, memory and sleep. Although most experimental and theoretical studies have focused on the neocortex, we believe that progress in understanding cortical oscillations can be advanced by also considering the olfactory system--which shares many basic properties with the neocortex and shows similar oscillatory patterns. Besides offering the advantage of a greater experimental tractability, the olfactory cortex might prove to be instrumental in uncovering general functional principles of neocortical oscillations, by virtue of the potentially important role of olfaction during neocortical evolution. In this article, we illustrate how such an evolution-based comparative approach can provide novel insights into neocortical slow-wave sleep oscillations and their relationship to respiration.},
	Author = {Fontanini, Alfredo and Bower, James M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electroencephalography;Olfactory Pathways;Biological Clocks;21 Neurophysiology;Neocortex;Brain Mapping;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Volen National Center for Complex Systems and Department of Psychology, MS 013, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02493, USA. alfredof\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {429-37},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00142-1},
	Pubmed = {16842864},
	Title = {Slow-waves in the olfactory system: an olfactory perspective on cortical rhythms},
	Uuid = {CDDFFB56-A88E-43E7-BCF5-5A297DA45851},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Fontanini_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.013}}



@article{Foster:2006,
	Abstract = {The hippocampus has long been known to be involved in spatial navigational learning in rodents, and in memory for events in rodents, primates and humans. A unifying property of both navigation and event memory is a requirement for dealing with temporally sequenced information. Reactivation of temporally sequenced memories for previous behavioural experiences has been reported in sleep in rats. Here we report that sequential replay occurs in the rat hippocampus during awake periods immediately after spatial experience. This replay has a unique form, in which recent episodes of spatial experience are replayed in a temporally reversed order. This replay is suggestive of a role in the evaluation of event sequences in the manner of reinforcement learning models. We propose that such replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory.},
	Author = {Foster, David J. and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Wakefulness;Action Potentials;Models, Neurological;Hippocampus;Rest;Space Perception;Memory;Running;Rats;Behavior;Electrophysiology;Animals;Learning;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7084},
	Organization = {Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 46-5223, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. djfoster\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {680-3},
	Pii = {nature04587},
	Pubmed = {16474382},
	Title = {Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state},
	Uuid = {3121AFF9-D65E-48E4-B786-4EDB7F16274D},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Foster_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04587}}




@article{Fox:2007,
	Abstract = {The resting brain is not silent, but exhibits organized fluctuations in neuronal activity even in the absence of tasks or stimuli. This intrinsic brain activity persists during task performance and contributes to variability in evoked brain responses. What is unknown is if this intrinsic activity also contributes to variability in behavior. In the current fMRI study, we identify a relationship between human brain activity in the left somatomotor cortex and spontaneous trial-to-trial variability in button press force. We then demonstrate that 74\%of this brain-behavior relationship is attributable to ongoing fluctuations in intrinsic activity similar to those observed during resting fixation. In addition to establishing a functional and behavioral significance of intrinsic brain activity, these results lend new insight into the origins of variability in human behavior.},
	Author = {Fox, Michael D. and Snyder, Abraham Z. and Vincent, Justin L. and Raichle, Marcus E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. foxm\@npg.wustl.edu},
	Pages = {171-84},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00666-6},
	Pubmed = {17920023},
	Title = {Intrinsic fluctuations within cortical systems account for intertrial variability in human behavior},
	Uuid = {C751ECC3-FE59-46EC-A786-89469F2DF9FD},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Fox_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.023}}

@article{Fox:1996,
	Abstract = {The segregation of thalamocortical inputs into eye-specific stripes in the developing cat or monkey visual cortex is prevented by manipulations that perturb or abolish neural activity in the visual pathway. Such findings show that proper development of the functional organization of visual cortex is dependent on normal patterns of neural activity. The generalisation of this conclusion to other sensory cortices has been questioned by findings that the segregation of thalamocortical afferents into a somatotopic barrel pattern in developing rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is not prevented by activity blockade. We show that a temporary block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in rat S1 during the critical period for barrel development disrupts the topographic refinement of thalamocortical connectivity and columnar organization. These effects are evident well after the blockade is ineffective and thus may be permanent. Our findings show that neural activity and specifically the activation of postsynaptic cortical neurons has a prominent role in establishing the primary sensory map in S1, as well as the topographic organization of higher order synaptic connections.},
	Author = {Fox, K. and Schlaggar, B. L. and Glazewski, S. and O'Leary, D. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Rats;Afferent Pathways;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;comparative study ;Reference Values;Vibrissae;Animals, Newborn;Thalamus;Haplorhini;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.},
	Pages = {5584-9},
	Pubmed = {8643619},
	Title = {Glutamate receptor blockade at cortical synapses disrupts development of thalamocortical and columnar organization in somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {628D3576-32EC-4F10-BB07-7117AB502515},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Fox:2002,
	Abstract = {1095-9203 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Fox, K. and Caterson, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {G;Human;Dendrites/physiology;Animals;*Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;Proteochondroitin Sulfates/*metabolism;Visual Cortex/*physiology;Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism/physiology;Synapses/physiology;11 Glia;Vision;Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism;Astrocytes/physiology/transplantation;Chondroitin ABC Lyase/*metabolism;Hyaluronic Acid;Dominance, Ocular;Neurites/physiology},
	Number = {5596},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Research Group and the Connective Tissue Biology Labs, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK. foxkd\@cardiff.ac.uk},
	Pages = {1187-9},
	Title = {Neuroscience. Freeing the bain from the perineuronal net},
	Uuid = {78108B0B-1345-4553-A186-3B17512F0467},
	Volume = {298},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Fox_Science2002.pdf}}





@article{Franchi:2000,
	Abstract = {This study examined the ability of adult rat motor cortex to reorganize its relationship with the somatic musculature following the severing and regeneration of a motor nerve. For this purpose experiments were performed on ten male albino rats where the facial nerve on one side was severed, sutured and allowed to regenerate for 6 months. Cortical motor output organization was assessed by mapping the vibrissal movement area extension and thresholds evoked by intracortical electrical stimulation in anesthetized rats. In all ten animals, the cortical output pattern of the motor cortex contralateral to the normal side was compared with that contralateral to the reinnervated side. After facial nerve reinnervation, the most notable differences in primary motor cortex (M1) output organization in the hemispheres contralateral to the reinnervated side were: (a) the area from which vibrissa movements could be evoked at low thresholds was smaller (mean 1.2+/-0.38 mm, range 0.75-1.75 mm), decreasing to 64.2\%below those in hemispheres contralateral to the normal side (mean 3.4+/-0.52 mm, range 2.5-4 mm). The reorganized vibrissa area consisted of contiguous or discontinuous points shrunken to the medialmost portion of normal M1 vibrissal representation. (b) There was a clear medial extension of the forelimb representation, and a more modest lateral expansion of eye representation, into the vibrissa territory. The mean threshold required to evoke vibrissa movements was significantly higher in the hemispheres contralateral to the reinnervated side than in the other hemispheres (normal 23.9+/-9.7 microA vs reinnervated 37.8+/-11.9 microA; P< or =0.0001; t-test). The stimulation currents required to evoke other types of body movements were similar in the normal and reinnervated sides. Similar results were observed in all rats. In conclusion, these results indicate that motor nerve reinnervation is sufficient to produce long-lasting changes at a higher motor cortical level. This supports the notion that central supranuclear mechanisms may also be involved in the disorder of facial movements observed after facial nerve reinnervation.},
	Author = {Franchi, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Movement;Animals;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Face;Denervation;Forelimb;Vibrissae;Rats, Inbred Strains;Motor Cortex;Male;Nerve Regeneration;Eye Movements;Electromyography;Sensory Thresholds;Laterality;Hindlimb;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Facial Nerve;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {20220919},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Universit\`{a} di Ferrara, Italy. fhg\@dns.unife.it},
	Pages = {33-43},
	Pubmed = {10759169},
	Title = {Reorganization of vibrissal motor representation following severing and repair of the facial nerve in adult rats},
	Uuid = {0E62F53F-F591-478C-ABD8-67F8F644934F},
	Volume = {131},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Francione:1994,
	Abstract = {Magnetic resonance imaging allows the identification of heterotopic gray matter (HGM) in medically intractable partial epilepsies. The relationships between HGM and the epileptogenic zone remain, however, unclear. In a case of a temporo-parietal epilepsy studied by stereo-EEG, interictal and ictal electrical activity of a temporal HGM were recorded, showing: (1) an intralesional electrical activity, (2) the possible presence of asynchronous spikes, and (3) an early but never initial, or isolated, involvement during ictal discharges. This suggests that the presurgical and surgical management of HGM must be guided, as for other lesions, by the coherence existing between ictal clinical and electrical features, and anatomical data.},
	Author = {Francione, S. and Kahane, P. and Tassi, L. and Hoffmann, D. and Durisotti, C. and Pasquier, B. and Munari, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-4694},
	Journal = {Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Prognosis;Epilepsies, Partial;Electroencephalography;10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Adult;Female;Choristoma;10 genetics malformation;Humans;Brain;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;case reports},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0375035},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosciences, CHU Grenoble, France.},
	Pages = {284-90},
	Pubmed = {7512909},
	Title = {Stereo-EEG of interictal and ictal electrical activity of a histologically proved heterotopic gray matter associated with partial epilepsy},
	Uuid = {22F3CDA9-ABAF-4E68-959F-41040DA34451},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Francis:2006,
	Abstract = {Epilepsy and mental retardation, originally of unknown cause, are now known to result from many defects including cortical malformations, neuronal circuitry disorders and perturbations of neuronal communication and synapse function. Genetic approaches in combination with MRI and related imaging techniques continually allow a re-evaluation and better classification of these disorders. Here we review our current understanding of some of the primary defects involved, with insight from recent molecular biology advances, the study of mouse models and the results of neuropathology analyses. Through these studies the molecular determinants involved in the control of neuron number, neuronal migration, generation of cortical laminations and convolutions, integrity of the basement membrane at the pial surface, and the establishment of neuronal circuitry are being elucidated. We have attempted to integrate these results with the available data concerning, in particular, human brain development, and to emphasize the limitations in some cases of extrapolating from rodent models. Taking such species differences into account is clearly critical for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these disorders.},
	Author = {Francis, Fiona and Meyer, Gundela and Fallet-Bianco, Catherine and Moreno, Sarah and Kappeler, Caroline and Socorro, Alfredo Cabrera and Tuy, Fran\c{c}oise Phan Dinh and Beldjord, Cherif and Chelly, Jamel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:21 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Humans;21 Epilepsy;review;Mutation;History, 20th Century;historical article;History, 16th Century;History, 21st Century;Cell Proliferation;Brain Diseases;History, Ancient;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;History, 17th Century;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Institut Cochin, D{\'e}partement de G{\'e}n{\'e}tique et D{\'e}veloppement, Paris, F-75014 France. francis\@cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {877-93},
	Pii = {EJN4649},
	Pubmed = {16519653},
	Title = {Human disorders of cortical development: from past to present},
	Uuid = {89424AD1-005D-4F5D-BD06-991A0BFB085D},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Francis_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04649.x}}



@article{Frank:2001,
	Abstract = {During a critical period of brain development, occluding the vision of one eye causes a rapid remodeling of the visual cortex and its inputs. Sleep has been linked to other processes thought to depend on synaptic remodeling, but a role for sleep in this form of cortical plasticity has not been demonstrated. We found that sleep enhanced the effects of a preceding period of monocular deprivation on visual cortical responses, but wakefulness in complete darkness did not do so. The enhancement of plasticity by sleep was at least as great as that produced by an equal amount of additional deprivation. These findings demonstrate that sleep and sleep loss modify experience-dependent cortical plasticity in vivo. They suggest that sleep in early life may play a crucial role in brain development.},
	Author = {Frank, M. G. and Issa, N. P. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;Animals;Sleep, REM;Neuronal Plasticity;Blindness;Visual Pathways;Female;Male;Sleep;Action Potentials;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Electroencephalography;Cats},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {W. M. Keck Foundation Center, for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {275-87},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00279-3},
	Pubmed = {11343661},
	Title = {Sleep enhances plasticity in the developing visual cortex},
	Uuid = {D044E070-9077-42BE-8622-B8F092A837FB},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Frank_Neuron2001.pdf}}


@article{Fransson:2007,
	Abstract = {In the absence of any overt task performance, it has been shown that spontaneous, intrinsic brain activity is expressed as systemwide, resting-state networks in the adult brain. However, the route to adult patterns of resting-state activity through neuronal development in the human brain is currently unknown. Therefore, we used functional MRI to map patterns of resting-state activity in infants during sleep. We found five unique resting-states networks in the infant brain that encompassed the primary visual cortex, bilateral sensorimotor areas, bilateral auditory cortex, a network including the precuneus area, lateral parietal cortex, and the cerebellum as well as an anterior network that incorporated the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that resting-state networks driven by spontaneous signal fluctuations are present already in the infant brain. The potential link between the emergence of behavior and patterns of resting-state activity in the infant brain is discussed.},
	Author = {Fransson, and Ski{\"o}ld, and Horsch, and Nordell, and Blennow, and Lagercrantz, and Aden,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2014-09-22 21:00:19 +0000},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; human; infant; fmri; connectivity; default mode network; mirror symmetry; neuron},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {39},
	Organization = {Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Neonatal Research Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;},
	Pages = {15531--15536},
	Pii = {0704380104},
	Pubmed = {17878310},
	Title = {Resting-state networks in the infant brain},
	Uuid = {733337C2-D658-43A8-BB5F-F702AC5F85C2},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Fransson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704380104}}



@article{Frappe:2001,
	Abstract = {In a previous study we provided evidence that embryonic (E) day 16 frontal cortical cells grafted into the occipital cortex of newborn rats receive inputs from the ventrolateral (VL) and ventromedial (VM) thalamic nuclei which, normally, project to the frontal cortex (25). The present study was designed to examine further the conditions of development of the thalamic innervation of heterotopic neocortical grafts. We demonstrate that VL/VM axons do not provide transitory aberrant input to the occipital cortex either in intact newborn animals or in rats having received neonatal occipital lesion and subsequent graft of E16 occipital cells. These findings indicate, therefore, that the VL/VM projection to the graft does not result from the stabilization of an initial widespread cortical projection from these thalamic nuclei occurring either spontaneously or in response to the lesion and homotopic transplantation procedures. We also show that the VL/VM projection to frontal-to-occipital grafts develops within a few days posttransplantation and is maintained in adulthood. Finally, this study establishes that most VL/VM axons which enter the grafts are not collaterals of thalamofrontal axons. After having reached the cortex, they proceed caudally primarily within the infragranular layers. The findings of this and previous (25) in vivo studies for the first time provide evidence that developing thalamic axons have the capacity to respond to signals from grafts of E16 cortical cells and are capable of deviating their trajectory to establish contact with the grafts. Only those axons arising from thalamic nuclei appropriate for the cortical locus of origin of the grafted cells respond to the guidance signals. The mechanisms by which the thalamic axons find their way to the graft probably rely on cell-contact signaling and/or long-range attraction exerted by diffusible molecules.},
	Author = {Frapp{\'e}, I. and Gaillard, A. and Roger, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Frontal Lobe;Thalamic Nuclei;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Rats;Neural Pathways;Neocortex;Female;Axons;Rats, Wistar;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Male;Axonal Transport;Animals, Newborn;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Occipital Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Fibers;Gestational Age},
	Medline = {21257866},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, CNRS, UMR 6558, Universit{\'e} de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.},
	Pages = {264-75},
	Pii = {S0014488601976691},
	Pubmed = {11358441},
	Title = {Attraction exerted in vivo by grafts of embryonic neocortex on developing thalamic axons},
	Uuid = {D85F533A-F8D2-49B6-ADA7-920B1B7B641B},
	Volume = {169},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2001.7669}}

@article{Frappe:1999,
	Abstract = {A number of molecular and hodological experiments have provided evidence that there is an early commitment of neocortical neurons to express features unique to a certain cortical area. However, the findings of several transplantation experiments have indicated that late embryonic cortical tissue heterotopically grafted into the neocortex of newborn rats receives a set of thalamic projections appropriate for the host cortical locus within which it develops. To provide further information on the extent to which neocortical neurons are predetermined to develop area-specific systems of connections, in this study we have compared the pattern of thalamic afferents to grafts of embryonic day 16 occipital or frontal neocortex transplanted into the occipital cortex of newborn rats. Two months after grafting, a retrograde neurotracer (cholera toxin, subunit b) was injected into the grafts to precisely assess the number of cells in the visual- and/or motor-related nuclei of the host thalamus projecting to each category of transplants (occipital-to-occipital or frontal-to-occipital). Transplants of embryonic occipital cortex received significant input from several visual-related thalamic nuclei, i.e. the lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei, and no input from motor-related thalamic nuclei. However, only few labeled cells were found in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, which was systematically affected by a severe atrophy, probably in response to the lesion of the occipital cortex performed prior to the transplantation. By comparison, transplants of frontal origin received a substantial input from the ventrolateral and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, which normally project to the frontal cortex, but received a weak input from the lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei. Neocortical neurons grafted heterotopically into the neocortex of newborn hosts are not only able to contact cortical and subcortical targets appropriate for their embryonic site of origin, but are also susceptible to derive thalamic inputs closely related to their embryonic origin.},
	Author = {Frapp{\'e}, I. and Roger, M. and Gaillard, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Thalamic Nuclei;Rats;Female;Rats, Wistar;Atrophy;Occipital Lobe;Animals, Newborn;Synaptic Transmission;Transplantation, Heterotopic;Thalamus;Male;Animals;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99174941},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {UMR 6558, D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Facult{\'e} des Sciences, Universit{\'e} de Poitiers, France.},
	Pages = {409-21},
	Pii = {S0306452298003790},
	Pubmed = {10077323},
	Title = {Transplants of fetal frontal cortex grafted into the occipital cortex of newborn rats receive a substantial thalamic input from nuclei normally projecting to the frontal cortex},
	Uuid = {2F70812F-022F-46C8-B615-FF37D9313DA3},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {1999}}




@article{Frenkel:2004,
	Abstract = {We used a chronic recording method to document the kinetics of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity induced by temporary lid closure in young mice. We find that monocular deprivation (MD) induces two separate modifications: (1) rapid, deprivation-induced response depression and (2) delayed, deprivation-enabled, experience-dependent response potentiation. To gain insight into how altering retinal activity triggers these cortical responses, we compared the effects of MD by lid closure with monocular inactivation (MI) by intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin. We find that MI fails to induce deprived-eye response depression but promotes potentiation of responses driven by the normal eye. These effects of MI in juvenile mice closely resemble the effects of MD in adult mice. Understanding how MI and MD differentially affect activity in the visual system of young mice may provide key insight into how the critical period ends.},
	Author = {Frenkel, Mikhail Y. and Bear, Mark F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Vision, Monocular;Photic Stimulation;Sensory Deprivation;Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;comparative study;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Age Factors;Animals;Blindness;Dominance, Ocular;Mice},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {917-23},
	Pii = {S0896627304007950},
	Pubmed = {15603735},
	Title = {How monocular deprivation shifts ocular dominance in visual cortex of young mice},
	Uuid = {0F60362E-8143-417A-B2ED-A68BFB765C5D},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Frenkel_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.003}}




@article{Fried:2002,
	Abstract = {More chemicals can be smelled than there are olfactory receptors for them, necessitating a combinatorial representation by somewhat broadly tuned receptors. To understand the perception of odor quality and concentration, it is essential to establish the nature of the receptor repertoires that are activated by particular odorants at particular concentrations. We have taken advantage of the one-to-one correspondence of glomeruli and olfactory receptor molecules in the mouse olfactory bulb to analyze the tuning properties of a major receptor population by high resolution calcium imaging of odor responses selectively in the presynaptic compartment of glomeruli. We show that eighty different olfactory receptors projecting to the dorsal olfactory bulb respond to high concentrations of aldehydes with limited specificity. Varying ensembles of about 10 to 20 receptors encode any particular aldehyde at low stimulus concentrations with high specificity. Even normalized odor response patterns are markedly concentration dependent, caused by pronounced differences in affinity within the aldehyde receptor repertoire. Using Smart Source Parsing Feb},
	Author = {Fried, H. U. and Fuss, S. H. and Korsching, S. I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Organization = {Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zulpicher Strasse 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany.},
	Pages = {19},
	Title = {Selective imaging of presynaptic activity in the mouse olfactory bulb shows concentration and structure dependence of odor responses in identified glomeruli},
	Uuid = {201852AC-11D4-43AA-94C9-571D070DB07B},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11854464%20http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/052658399v1%20http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/052658399v1}}



@article{Fries:2008,
	Abstract = {Neuronal gamma-band synchronization is central for cognition. Respective studies in human subjects focused on a visually induced transient enhancement of broadband EEG power. In this issue of Neuron, Yuval-Greenberg et al. demonstrate that this EEG response is an artifact of microsaccades, raising the question of whether gamma-band synchronization can be assessed with EEG.},
	Author = {Fries, Pascal and Scheeringa, Ren{\'e} and Oostenveld, Robert},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Electroencephalography;Saccades;Evoked Potentials, Visual;comment;Cognition;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Artifacts},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands. pascal.fries\@fcdonders.ru.nl},
	Pages = {303-5},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00374-7},
	Pubmed = {18466741},
	Title = {Finding gamma},
	Uuid = {1BDA3E30-5472-4BF8-B0EE-CD33F71DE2C2},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Fries_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.020}}




@article{Fritschy:1994,
	Abstract = {The involvement of GABA in neuronal differentiation and maturation precedes its role as inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It was therefore investigated whether GABAA receptors mediating the actions of GABA in neonatal and adult brain can be distinguished by their molecular structure and cellular location. Immunohistochemistry with subunit-specific antibodies was employed to analyze changes in the distribution of GABAA-receptor subunits during postnatal development. In particular, subunit association patterns, as evidenced by colocalization of subunits within individual neurons, were analyzed by confocal laser microscopy. The subunits analyzed include the alpha 1- and alpha 2-subunits, which are associated with pharmacologically distinct GABAA-receptor subtypes, and the beta 2,3-subunits, which are a major constituent of GABAA receptors in both immature and adult rat brain. Each of these subunits exhibited age-dependent changes in their distribution, indicative of a differential maturation process. The alpha1-subunit immunoreactivity (-IR) was low at birth, restricted to a few areas, and increased dramatically during the first postnatal weeks. By contrast, the alpha 2-subunit-IR displayed a widespread distribution throughout the brain at birth, and disappeared from numerous areas soon after the appearance of the alpha 1-subunit. Double-immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the coexistence of both subunits in many individual neurons during a short time window, indicating that receptors containing the alpha 1-subunit gradually replace receptors containing the alpha 2-subunit in these cells. Staining for the beta 2,3-subunits was prominent and ubiquitous at every developmental age, indicating that these subunits are present in both neonatal and adult GABAA receptors. Indeed, double-immunofluorescence staining revealed an extensive colocalization of the alpha 2- and beta 2,3-subunits in neurons from neonatal rats, whereas the beta 2,3-subunits were associated with the alpha 1-subunit at later stages. Thus, the onset of alpha 1-subunit staining in maturing brain is indicative for the expression of a new, prevalent receptor subtype, presumably involved in synaptic inhibition. These findings demonstrate a switch in the subunit composition of GABAA receptors during postnatal development, suggesting the existence of molecularly distinct immature and adult forms of GABAA receptors in rat CNS.},
	Author = {Fritschy, J. M. and Paysan, J. and Enna, A. and Mohler, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Tissue Distribution;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, GABA/*metabolism/physiology;Immunohistochemistry;Rats;Animal;I-3;Neuroglia/metabolism;Aging/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals, Newborn/growth &development/*metabolism;Brain/cytology/*metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {5302-24.},
	Title = {Switch in the expression of rat GABAA-receptor subtypes during postnatal development: an immunohistochemical study},
	Uuid = {AA61B16B-29CF-4D55-A83D-10752D69E8DF},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8083738}}



@article{Frohlich:2006,
	Abstract = {Little is known about the dynamics and mechanisms of transitions between tonic firing and bursting in cortical networks. Here, we use a computational model of a neocortical circuit with extracellular potassium dynamics to show that activity-dependent modulation of intrinsic excitability can lead to sustained oscillations with slow transitions between two distinct firing modes: fast run (tonic spiking or fast bursts with few spikes) and slow bursting. These transitions are caused by a bistability with hysteresis in a pyramidal cell model. Balanced excitation and inhibition stabilizes a network of pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons in the bistable region and causes sustained periodic alternations between distinct oscillatory states. During spike-wave seizures, neocortical paroxysmal activity exhibits qualitatively similar slow transitions between fast run and bursting. We therefore predict that extracellular potassium dynamics can cause alternating episodes of fast and slow oscillatory states in both normal and epileptic neocortical networks.},
	Author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Flavio and Bazhenov, Maxim and Timofeev, Igor and Steriade, Mircea and Sejnowski, Terrence J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Electric Conductivity;Synapses;Animals;Humans;Neocortex;Reaction Time;Extracellular Fluid;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Potassium;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Models, Neurological;Oscillometry},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {6153-62},
	Pii = {26/23/6153},
	Pubmed = {16763023},
	Title = {Slow state transitions of sustained neural oscillations by activity-dependent modulation of intrinsic excitability},
	Uuid = {FDBE7B87-91A6-45C1-A772-5480CBD8AC81},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5509-05.2006}}

@article{Frohlich:2008,
	Abstract = {Slow periodic EEG discharges are common in CNS disorders. The pathophysiology of this aberrant rhythmic activity is poorly understood. We used a computational model of a neocortical network with a dynamic homeostatic scaling rule to show that loss of input (partial deafferentation) can trigger network reorganization that results in pathological periodic discharges. The decrease in average firing rate in the network by deafferentation was compensated by homeostatic synaptic scaling of recurrent excitation among pyramidal cells. Synaptic scaling succeeded in recovering the network target firing rate for all degrees of deafferentation (fraction of deafferented cells), but there was a critical degree of deafferentation for pathological network reorganization. For deafferentation degrees below this value, homeostatic upregulation of recurrent excitation had minimal effect on the macroscopic network dynamics. For deafferentation above this threshold, however, a slow periodic oscillation appeared, patterns of activity were less sparse, and bursting occurred in individual neurons. Also, comparison of spike-triggered afferent and recurrent excitatory conductances revealed that information transmission was strongly impaired. These results suggest that homeostatic plasticity can lead to secondary functional impairment in case of cortical disorders associated with cell loss.},
	Author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Flavio and Bazhenov, Maxim and Sejnowski, Terrence J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Encephalitis;Sodium Channels;Neuronal Plasticity;Humans;Homeostasis;Neurons, Afferent;Brain Diseases;Computer Simulation;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {1709-20},
	Pii = {28/7/1709},
	Pubmed = {18272691},
	Title = {Pathological effect of homeostatic synaptic scaling on network dynamics in diseases of the cortex},
	Uuid = {45640911-826C-428A-967D-7B9D343670E6},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4263-07.2008}}




@article{Fuerst:2008,
	Abstract = {To establish functional circuitry, retinal neurons occupy spatial domains by arborizing their processes, which requires the self-avoidance of neurites from an individual cell, and by spacing their cell bodies, which requires positioning the soma and establishing a zone within which other cells of the same type are excluded. The mosaic patterns of distinct cell types form independently and overlap. The cues that direct these processes in the vertebrate retina are not known. Here we show that some types of retinal amacrine cells from mice with a spontaneous mutation in Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), a gene encoding an immunoglobulin-superfamily member adhesion molecule, have defects in the arborization of processes and in the spacing of cell bodies. In the mutant retina, cells that would normally express Dscam have hyperfasciculated processes, preventing them from creating an orderly arbor. Also, their cell bodies are randomly distributed or pulled into clumps rather than being regularly spaced mosaics. Our results indicate that mouse DSCAM mediates isoneuronal self-avoidance for arborization and heteroneuronal self-avoidance within specific cell types to prevent fasciculation and to preserve mosaic spacing. These functions are analogous to those of Drosophila DSCAM (ref. 6) and DSCAM2 (ref. 7). DSCAM may function similarly in other regions of the mammalian nervous system, and this role may extend to other members of the mammalian Dscam gene family.},
	Author = {Fuerst, Peter G. and Koizumi, Amane and Masland, Richard H. and Burgess, Robert W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Retina;Neurites;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Gene Deletion;Amacrine Cells;10 circuit formation;RNA Stability;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Cell Movement;Mice;Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7177},
	Organization = {The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.},
	Pages = {470-4},
	Pii = {nature06514},
	Pubmed = {18216855},
	Title = {Neurite arborization and mosaic spacing in the mouse retina require DSCAM},
	Uuid = {103A59B9-5ABB-497D-9CB3-F5B3977D43C4},
	Volume = {451},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Fuerst_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06514}}


@article{Fuhrmann:2002,
	Abstract = {Spike-frequency adaptation in neocortical pyramidal neurons was examined using the whole cell patch-clamp technique and a phenomenological model of neuronal activity. Noisy current was injected to reproduce the irregular firing typically observed under in vivo conditions. The response was quantified by computing the poststimulus histogram (PSTH). To simulate the spiking activity of a pyramidal neuron, we considered an integrate-and-fire model to which an adaptation current was added. A simplified model for the mean firing rate of an adapting neuron under noisy conditions is also presented. The mean firing rate model provides a good fit to both experimental and simulation PSTHs and may therefore be used to study the response characteristics of adapting neurons to various input currents. The models enable identification of the relevant parameters of adaptation that determine the shape of the PSTH and allow the computation of the response to any change in injected current. The results suggest that spike frequency adaptation determines a preferred frequency of stimulation for which the phase delay of a neuron's activity relative to an oscillatory input is zero. Simulations show that the preferred frequency of single neurons dictates the frequency of emergent population rhythms in large networks of adapting neurons. Adaptation could therefore be one of the crucial factors in setting the frequency of population rhythms in the neocortex.},
	Author = {Fuhrmann, Galit and Markram, Henry and Tsodyks, Misha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Neocortex;Rats, Wistar;Electrophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Membrane Potentials;Periodicity;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Medline = {22153547},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {761-70},
	Pubmed = {12163528},
	Title = {Spike frequency adaptation and neocortical rhythms},
	Uuid = {2AA63A3D-2990-4655-B1A3-9E48AD7ABEBA},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {2002}}



@article{Fujisawa:2006,
	Abstract = {Fluctuations of membrane potential of cortical neurons, referred to here as internal states, are essential for brain function, but little is known about how these internal states emerge and are maintained, or what determines transitions between these states. We performed intracellular recordings from hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells ex vivo and found that neurons display multiple and hierarchical internal states, which are linked to cholinergic activity and are characterized by several power law structures in membrane potential dynamics. Multiple recordings from adjacent neurons revealed that the internal states were coherent between neurons, indicating that the internal state of any given cell in a local network could represent the network activity state. Repeated stimulation of single neurons led over time to transitions to different internal states in both the stimulated neuron and neighboring neurons. Thus, single-cell activation is sufficient to shift the state of the entire local network. As the states shift to more active levels, theta- and gamma-frequency components developed in the form of subthreshold oscillations. State transitions were associated with changes in membrane conductance but were not accompanied by a change in reversal potential. These data suggest that the recurrent network organizes the internal states of individual neurons into synchronization through network activity with balanced excitation and inhibition, and that this organization is discrete, heterogeneous and dynamic in nature. Thus, neuronal states reflect the 'phase' of an active network, a novel demonstration of the dynamics and flexibility of cortical microcircuitry.},
	Author = {Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi and Matsuki, Norio and Ikegaya, Yuji},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Algorithms;Muscarinic Agonists;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Organ Culture Techniques;Muscarinic Antagonists;Male;Computer Simulation;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Atropine;Membrane Potentials;Carbachol;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological;in vitro},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.},
	Pages = {639-54},
	Pii = {bhj010},
	Pubmed = {16093564},
	Title = {Single neurons can induce phase transitions of cortical recurrent networks with multiple internal States},
	Uuid = {429FDB0F-10E9-462F-8F2F-BA3DC7852629},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Fujisawa_CerebCortex2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj010}}


@article{Fukami:2003,
	Abstract = {Identification of the causes of productivity-species diversity relationships remains a central topic of ecological research. Different relations have been attributed to the influence of disturbance, consumers, niche specialization and spatial scale. One unexplored cause is the history of community assembly, the partly stochastic sequential arrival of species from a regional pool of potential community members. The sequence of species arrival can greatly affect community structure. If assembly sequence interacts with productivity to influence diversity, different sequences can contribute to variation in productivity-diversity relationships. Here we report a test of this hypothesis by assembling aquatic microbial communities at five productivity levels using four assembly sequences. About 30 generations after assembly, productivity-diversity relationships took various forms, including a positive, a hump-shaped, a U-shaped and a non-significant pattern, depending on assembly sequence. This variation resulted from idiosyncratic joint effects of assembly sequence, productivity and species identity on species abundances. We suggest that the history of community assembly should be added to the growing list of factors that influence productivity-biodiversity patterns.},
	Author = {Fukami, Tadashi and Morin, Peter J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Water Microbiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Population Dynamics;Algae;Bacterial Physiology;Stochastic Processes;Environment;Ecosystem;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fresh Water},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6947},
	Organization = {Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1610, USA. tfukami\@utk.edu},
	Pages = {423-6},
	Pii = {nature01785},
	Pubmed = {12879069},
	Title = {Productivity-biodiversity relationships depend on the history of community assembly},
	Uuid = {14358360-C71D-4C1B-B485-8B5A47AD9CB7},
	Volume = {424},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01785}}




@article{Fukumitsu:2006,
	Abstract = {Lamina formation in the developing cerebral cortex requires precisely regulated generation and migration of the cortical progenitor cells. To test the possible involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the formation of the cortical lamina, we investigated the effects of BDNF protein and anti-BDNF antibody separately administered into the telencephalic ventricular space of 13.5-d-old mouse embryos. BDNF altered the position, gene-expression properties, and projections of neurons otherwise destined for layer IV to those of neurons for the deeper layers, V and VI, of the cerebral cortex, whereas anti-BDNF antibody changed some of those of neurons of upper layers II/III. Additional analysis revealed that BDNF altered the laminar fate of neurons only if their parent progenitor cells were exposed to it at approximately S-phase and that it hastened the timing of the withdrawal of their daughter neurons from the ventricular proliferating pool by accelerating the completion of S-phase, downregulation of the Pax6 (paired box gene 6) expression, an essential transcription factor for generation of the upper layer neurons, and interkinetic nuclear migration of cortical progenitors in the ventricular zone. These observations suggest that BDNF participates in the processes forming the neuronal laminas in the developing cerebral cortex. BDNF can therefore be counted as one of the key extrinsic factors that regulate the laminar fate of cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Fukumitsu, Hidefumi and Ohtsuka, Masanari and Murai, Rina and Nakamura, Hiroyuki and Itoh, Kazuo and Furukawa, Shoei},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Differentiation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Female;Stem Cells;comparative study;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Injections, Intraventricular;Animals;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;Neurons},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {51},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.},
	Pages = {13218-30},
	Pii = {26/51/13218},
	Pubmed = {17182772},
	Title = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in determination of neuronal laminar fate in the developing mouse cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {821067B4-1F20-45D1-859A-7282C15E045B},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4251-06.2006}}




@article{Gabel:2001,
	Abstract = {Focal developmental abnormalities in neocortex, including ectopic collections of neurons in layer I (ectopias), have been associated with behavioral and neurological deficits. In this study, we used infrared differential interference contrast microscopy and whole cell patch-clamp to complete the first characterization of neurons within and surrounding neocortical ectopias. Current-clamp recordings revealed that neurons within ectopias display multiple types of action potential firing patterns, and biocytin labeling indicated that approximately 20\%of the cells in neocortical ectopias can be classified as nonpyramidal cells and the rest as atypically oriented pyramidal cells. All cells had spontaneous excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) postsynaptic currents. Exhibitory postsynaptic currents consisted of both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated and AMPA/kainate (A/K) receptor-mediated currents. The NMDA receptor-mediated component had decay time constants of 15.35 +/- 2.2 (SE) ms, while the A/K component had faster decay kinetics of 7.6 +/- 1.7 ms at -20 mV. GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic currents in ectopic cells reversed at potentials near the Cl- equilibrium potential and had decay kinetics of 16.65 +/- 1.3 ms at 0 mV. Furthermore we show that cells within ectopias receive direct excitatory and inhibitory input from adjacent normatopic cortex and can display a form of epileptiform activity.},
	Author = {Gabel, L. A. and LoTurco, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Glutamic Acid;Afferent Pathways;Neocortex;Mice, Inbred NZB;Epilepsy;Female;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Brain Diseases;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice, Inbred Strains;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Choristoma},
	Medline = {21104035},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {495-505},
	Pubmed = {11160488},
	Title = {Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of neurons within neocortical ectopias},
	Uuid = {DAF4B1A7-AFA3-4A48-AB70-B15823902584},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Gabel:2002,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasias are associated with both epilepsy and cognitive impairments in humans. Similarly, several animal models of cortical dysplasia show that dysplasia causes increased seizure susceptibility and behavioral deficits in vivo and increased levels of excitability in vitro. As most current animal models involve either global disruptions in cortical architecture or the induction of lesions, it is not yet clear whether small spontaneous neocortical malformations are also associated with increased excitability or seizure susceptibility. Small groups of displaced neurons in layer I of the neocortex, ectopias, have been identified in patients with cognitive impairments, and similar malformations occur sporadically in some inbred lines of mice where they are associated with behavioral and sensory-processing deficits. In a previous study, we characterized the physiology of cells within neocortical ectopias, in one of the inbred lines (NXSM-D/Ei) and showed that the presence of multiple ectopias is associated with the generation of spontaneous epileptiform activity in slices. In this study, we use extracellular recordings from brain slices to show that even single-layer I ectopias are associated with higher excitability. Specifically, slices that contain single ectopias display epileptiform activity at significantly lower concentrations of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline than do slices without ectopias (either from opposite hemispheres or animals without ectopias). Moreover, because removal of ectopias from slices does not restore normal excitability, enhanced excitability is not generated within the ectopia. Finally, we show that in vivo, mice with ectopias are more sensitive to the convulsant pentylenetetrazole than are mice without ectopias. Together these results suggest that alterations in cortical hemispheres containing focal layer I malformations increase cortical excitability and that even moderately small spontaneous cortical dysplasias are associated with increased excitability in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Gabel, Lisa A. and LoTurco, Joseph J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Disease Susceptibility;21 Epilepsy;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Inbred NZB;Female;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neocortex;Electrophysiology;Organ Culture Techniques;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {21972947},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {2471-9},
	Pubmed = {11976384},
	Title = {Layer I ectopias and increased excitability in murine neocortex},
	Uuid = {DC9DD259-53F8-4C5F-8D71-AD4E7CB39E86},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}}








@article{Galaburda:1985,
	Abstract = {We report the neuroanatomical findings in 4 consecutively studied brains of men with developmental dyslexia. The patients, who ranged in age between 14 and 32 years, were diagnosed as dyslexic during life. Nonrighthandedness and several autoimmune and atopic illnesses were present in the personal and family histories. All brains showed developmental anomalies of the cerebral cortex. These consisted of neuronal ectopias and architectonic dysplasias located mainly in perisylvian regions and affecting predominantly the left hemisphere. Furthermore, all brains showed a deviation from the standard pattern of cerebral asymmetry characterized by symmetry of the planum temporale. The neuroanatomical findings in these 4 patients are discussed with reference to developmental cortical anomalies, cerebral asymmetries, reorganization of the brain after early lesions, and the association between learning disorders, left handedness, and diseases of the immune system.},
	Author = {Galaburda, A. M. and Sherman, G. F. and Rosen, G. D. and Aboitiz, F. and Geschwind, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-09-25 12:31:24 +0000},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {Dominance, Cerebral;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adolescent;Dyslexia;Immune System Diseases;10 genetics malformation;Child;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Humans;Male;Cerebral Cortex;case reports; cerebral cortex; hemipshere; Grants; forelimb},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {222-33},
	Pubmed = {4037763},
	Title = {Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies},
	Uuid = {1803FFB4-36AB-4D78-B399-ACEC46A0830C},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/Galaburda_AnnNeurol1985.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410180210}}

@article{Galaburda:2006,
	Abstract = {All four genes thus far linked to developmental dyslexia participate in brain development, and abnormalities in brain development are increasingly reported in dyslexia. Comparable abnormalities induced in young rodent brains cause auditory and cognitive deficits, underscoring the potential relevance of these brain changes to dyslexia. Our perspective on dyslexia is that some of the brain changes cause phonological processing abnormalities as well as auditory processing abnormalities; the latter, we speculate, resolve in a proportion of individuals during development, but contribute early on to the phonological disorder in dyslexia. Thus, we propose a tentative pathway between a genetic effect, developmental brain changes, and perceptual and cognitive deficits associated with dyslexia.},
	Author = {Galaburda, Albert M. and LoTurco, Joseph and Ramus, Franck and Fitch, R. Holly and Rosen, Glenn D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cognition Disorders;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Models, Molecular;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Dyslexia;Behavior;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Humans;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. agalabur\@bidmc.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {1213-7},
	Pii = {nn1772},
	Pubmed = {17001339},
	Title = {From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia},
	Uuid = {2B06D6E0-6268-41A5-9D06-746A813891EB},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1772}}

@article{Galaburda:1993,
	Abstract = {This article reviews the known neuroanatomic and neuropathologic bases of developmental dyslexia in the context of some of the functional deficits exhibited by affected individuals. Observations from autopsy brains and experimental animal models disclose problems with cerebral asymmetry, focal developmental disorders affecting the cerebral cortex, and abnormalities in the magnocellular pathway of the visual system.},
	Author = {Galaburda, A. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0733-8619},
	Journal = {Neurol Clin},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Dyslexia;Animals;Brain;Cerebral Cortex;review;Humans},
	Medline = {93180712},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8219232},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.},
	Pages = {161-73},
	Pubmed = {8441368},
	Title = {Neuroanatomic basis of developmental dyslexia},
	Uuid = {516D1990-D0E3-44B2-A46B-B6F3358E66B7},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Galaburda:2003,
	Abstract = {This review of developmental disorders of vision focuses on only a few of the many disorders that disrupt visual development. Given the enormity of the human visual system in the primate brain and complexity of visual development, however, there are likely hundreds or thousands of types of disorders affecting high-level vision. The rapid progress seen in developmental dyslexia and WMS demonstrates the possibilities and difficulties inherent in researching such disorders, and the authors hope that similar progress will be made for congenital prosopagnosia and other disorders in the near future.},
	Author = {Galaburda, Albert M. and Duchaine, Bradley C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0733-8619},
	Journal = {Neurol Clin},
	Keywords = {Williams Syndrome;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Ischemia;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Visual Perception;21 Neurophysiology;Perceptual Disorders;Dyslexia;Developmental Disabilities;Child;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Humans;Brain;Nerve Net;review;Prosopagnosia},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8219232},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Behavioral Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. agalabur\@caregroup.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {687-707},
	Pubmed = {13677818},
	Title = {Developmental disorders of vision},
	Uuid = {724AB740-07B8-4CCE-8FBC-C2D462B14C13},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Galaburda_NeurolClin2003.pdf}}








@article{Gan:2003,
	Abstract = {Naturally occurring rearrangements of synaptic terminals are common in the nervous systems of young mammals, but little is known about their incidence in adults. Using transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in axons, we repeatedly imaged nerve terminals in the parasympathetic submandibular ganglion. We found that the pattern of synaptic branches underwent significant rearrangements over several weeks in young adult mice. In older mice, rearrangements were less common, and synaptic patterns on individual neurons were recognizable for many months to years. Axonal branches frequently retracted or extended on a time scale of minutes in young adult mice, but seldom in mature animals. These results provide direct evidence for a decrease in plasticity of interneuronal connections as animals make the transition from young adulthood to middle age. The long-term stability of synaptic patterns could provide a structural basis for the persistence of memory in the adult nervous system.},
	Author = {Gan, Wen-Biao B. and Kwon, Elaine and Feng, Guoping and Sanes, Joshua R. and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Aging;Ganglia, Autonomic;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Luminescent Proteins;Microscopy, Confocal;21 Neurophysiology;Synapses;Presynaptic Terminals;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Time Factors;Mice, Transgenic;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Bacterial Proteins},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Box 8108, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {956-60},
	Pii = {nn1115},
	Pubmed = {12925856},
	Title = {Synaptic dynamism measured over minutes to months: age-dependent decline in an autonomic ganglion},
	Uuid = {ED7DC53A-689E-4A2F-90B8-71C1A5EADFD9},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Gan_NatNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1115}}



@article{Garaschuk:1998,
	Abstract = {1. By applying fura-2-based fluorometric calcium imaging to neonatal rat hippocampal slices we identified a developmentally regulated spontaneous neuronal activity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The activity consisted of bursts of intracellular Ca2+ transients recurring synchronously at a slow rate of 0.4-2 min-1 in the entire population of pyramidal neurones and interneurones. 2. These early network oscillations (ENOs) were present during a restricted period of postnatal development. Thus, they were not detected at the day of birth (P0), at P1-P4 they consisted of bursts of large (up to 1.5 microM) Ca2+ transients, gradually transforming into regularly occurring, smaller Ca2+ transients during the subsequent week. Beyond P15-P16 no ENOs were detected. 3. The ENOs were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and by a reduction in temperature from 33-35 degrees C to 20-22 degrees C. By combining fluorometric imaging with whole-cell current-clamp recordings, we found that each ENO-related Ca2+ transient was associated with a high-frequency (up to 100 Hz) train of action potentials riding on a depolarizing wave. 4. Recordings in the voltage-clamp mode revealed barrages of synaptic currents that were strictly correlated with the ENO-associated Ca2+ transients in neighbouring pyramidal neurones. Perfusing the cells with an intracellular solution that allowed for a discrimination between GABAA and glutamate receptor-mediated currents showed that these barrages of synaptic currents were predominantly of GABAergic origin. 5. The ENOs were totally blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and they were also substantially reduced by the glutamatergic antagonists D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D, L-APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). 6. Synaptic stimulation and application of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol mimicked the spontaneous Ca2+ transients in pyramidal neurones. The efficacy of muscimol in evoking Ca2+ transients decreased during development in parallel with the gradual disappearance of the ENOs. 7. The developmental decrease in the amplitude of ENO-associated Ca2+ transients occurred in parallel with the transformation of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus from the immature GABAergic to the mature glutamatergic form. Thus, at the beginning of the first postnatal week single-shock synaptic stimulation produced Ca2+ transients that were completely blocked by bicuculline. At the end of the second postnatal week the same type of evoked synaptic stimulation produced a Ca2+ transient that was little affected by bicuculline but was abolished by the combined application of D,L-APV and CNQX. 8. These results demonstrate the presence of periodic and spontaneous Ca2+ transients in the majority of pyramidal cells and interneurones of the neonatal CA1 hippocampal network. These ENOs exhibit a highly region-specific developmental profile and may control the activity-dependent wiring of the synaptic connectivity during early postnatal development.},
	Author = {Garaschuk, O. and Hanse, E. and Konnerth, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Rats;in vitro ;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Temperature;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Oscillometry},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {I. Physiologisches Institut, Universitat des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany.},
	Pages = {219-36},
	Pubmed = {9490842},
	Title = {Developmental profile and synaptic origin of early network oscillations in the CA1 region of rat neonatal hippocampus},
	Uuid = {3E226CAE-42B6-4391-A741-3199DFBDC033},
	Volume = {507 ( Pt 1)},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Garaschuk_JPhysiol1998.pdf}}

@article{Garaschuk:2000,
	Abstract = {Two-photon imaging of large neuronal networks in cortical slices of newborn rats revealed synchronized oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These spontaneous Ca2+ waves usually started in the posterior cortex and propagated slowly (2.1 mm per second) toward its anterior end. Ca2+ waves were associated with field-potential changes and required activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors. Although GABAA receptors were not involved in wave initiation, the developmental transition of GABAergic transmission from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing (around postnatal day 7) stopped the oscillatory activity. Thus we identified a type of large-scale Ca2+ wave that may regulate long-distance wiring in the immature cortex.},
	Author = {Garaschuk, O. and Linn, J. and Eilers, J. and Konnerth, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:10:48 +0000},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Calcium Signaling;Electric Conductivity;In Vitro;Animals;Rats;in vitro ;Hippocampus;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Bicuculline;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Photons;GABA Antagonists;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;Receptors, GABA;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Activity-development;Neocortex;calcium imaging;Technique;in vitro;optical physiology;optical imaging;currOpinRvw},
	Medline = {20233997},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, Technische Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, 80802 M{\"u}nchen, Germany.},
	Pages = {452-9},
	Pubmed = {10769384},
	Title = {Large-scale oscillatory calcium waves in the immature cortex},
	Uuid = {6A47B021-AADE-4327-A2E0-EBE0B5B5993B},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Garaschuk_NatNeurosci2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/74823}}

@article{Garaschuk:2006,
	Abstract = {One of the challenges for modern neuroscience is to understand the rules of concerted neuronal function in vivo. This question can be addressed using noninvasive high-resolution imaging techniques like two-photon microscopy. This protocol describes a versatile approach for in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neural networks, stained with membrane-permeant fluorescent-indicator dyes. It is based on a targeted pressure ejection of the dye into the tissue of interest and can be used for a large spectrum of indicator dyes, including Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 acetoxymethyl ester and Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester. Through the use of dye mixtures and multicolor imaging, this technique allows the visualization of distinct neurons and glial cells up to 500 microm below the brain surface. It is suitable for staining the brain tissue of various different species (e.g., mouse, rat, cat and zebrafish) at all developmental stages. When combined with brain microendoscopy, it allows the monitoring of intracellular calcium signals in awake, behaving animals. The total time required to carry out the protocol, including dissection and cell staining, is approximately 2 h. Thereafter, imaging experiments might be performed for at least 6 h.},
	Author = {Garaschuk, Olga and Milos, Ruxandra-Iulia I. and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1750-2799},
	Journal = {Nat Protoc},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;Fluorescent Dyes;Microscopy;Fluorescence;Multiphoton;Nerve Net;Animals;Brain;Mice;calcium imaging;calcium sensor;optical physiology;optical imaging;Technique;},
	Nlm_Id = {101284307},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Pettenkoferstrasse 12, 80336 M{\"u}nchen, Germany.},
	Pages = {380-6},
	Pii = {nprot.2006.58},
	Pubmed = {17406260},
	Title = {Targeted bulk-loading of fluorescent indicators for two-photon brain imaging in vivo},
	Uuid = {A9A8FD99-5135-4A5F-87A5-537F39755064},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Garaschuk_NatProtoc2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.58}}




@article{Garel:2004,
	Abstract = {Topography of axonal projections has been generally thought to arise from positional information located within the projecting and targeted structures, independent of events along the path or within the axonal bundle. Recent evidence suggests that in the projection from the dorsal thalamus to the neocortex, initial rostrocaudal targeting of axons is regulated at the level of an intermediate target, the subcortical telencephalon. In this system, thalamic axons are spatially positioned within the subcortical telencephalon, partly via interactions between EphAs and ephrin-As, and this positioning apparently determines the rostrocaudal level of the neocortex that the axons will initially target.},
	Author = {Garel, Sonia and Rubenstein, John L. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Transcription Factors;Animals;Humans;Carrier Proteins;Mice, Mutant Strains;Neural Pathways;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Receptors, Eph Family;Homeodomain Proteins;Axons;review;10 circuit formation;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Growth Cones;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Models, Neurological;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {INSERM U368, Ecole Normale Sup{\'e}rieure- 46 rue d'Ulm 75230 Paris cedex 05, France.},
	Pages = {533-9},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(04)00206-1},
	Pubmed = {15331235},
	Title = {Intermediate targets in formation of topographic projections: inputs from the thalamocortical system},
	Uuid = {13F7AE16-DAB7-443D-9042-2B0BBBB472B9},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Garel_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.014}}



@article{Garnier:1997,
	Abstract = {The present study was designed to further investigate the effects of intrinsic or extrinsic influences on the development of the efferent connectivity of frontal neocortical neurons. The lateral or medial parts of the frontal neocortex of embryonic (E) day 16 fetuses were grafted into homo- (medial-to-medial) or heterotopic (lateral-to-medial) position in the medial part of the left frontal cortex of newborn hosts. Three to four months after grafting, a retrograde neurotracer was injected into the dorsomedial or ventrolateral quadrant of the left caudate-putamen (CPU). The ensuing retrograde labeling in the transplants was then compared to that found in an equivalent cortical area in control animals. Medial-to-medial transplants developed a striatal projection whose mediolateral organization conforms to that of the projection arising from the medial part of the intact frontal cortex. The mediolateral distribution of the projection arising from lateral-to-medial transplants was not fundamentally different from that originating from medial-to-medial transplants, a finding which stands in marked contrast with what was found recently [7] with medial-to-lateral transplants. These results indicate that inside the frontal cortex, different subregions are not totally interchangeable, at least in terms of development of efferent connectivity.},
	Author = {Garnier, C. and Arnault, P. and Roger, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0304-3940},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Keywords = {Neostriatum;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Rats;Female;Neural Pathways;Silver Staining;Rats, Wistar;Neocortex;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Neurons},
	Medline = {98049459},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7600130},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {CNRS, UMR 6558, D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, Facult{\'e} des Sciences, Poitiers, France.},
	Pages = {41-4},
	Pubmed = {9389591},
	Title = {Development of the striatal projection from embryonic neurons from the lateral or medial frontal cortex grafted homo- or heterotopically into the medial frontal cortex of newborn rats},
	Uuid = {46EF58E9-63F2-4CC0-B283-3D6E1DEAEC29},
	Volume = {235},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Gartside:1979,
	Author = {Gartside, I. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Cortical Synchronization;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {79218545},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Pages = {6P},
	Pubmed = {458698},
	Title = {A demonstration of the influence of electrocortical synchrony on the occurrence of epileptiform spiking in the anaesthetized rat [proceedings]},
	Uuid = {C2755C0E-951A-475C-ADF3-3D2C66CEBCBE},
	Volume = {289},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Gascon:2006,
	Abstract = {The initial formation and growth of dendrites is a critical step leading to the integration of newly generated neurons into postnatal functional networks. However, the cellular mechanisms and extracellular signals regulating this process remain mostly unknown. By directly observing newborn neurons derived from the subventricular zone in culture as well as in olfactory bulb slices, we show that ambient GABA acting through GABA(A) receptors is essential for the temporal stability of lamellipodial protrusions in dendritic growth cones but did not interfere with filopodia dynamics. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that ambient GABA is required for the proper initiation and elongation of dendrites by promoting the rapid stabilization of new dendritic segments after their extension. The effects of GABA on the initial formation of dendrites depend on depolarization and Ca2+ influx and are associated with a higher stability of microtubules. Together, our results indicate that ambient GABA is a key regulator of dendritic initiation in postnatally generated olfactory interneurons and offer a mechanism by which this neurotransmitter drives early dendritic growth.},
	Author = {Gascon, Eduardo and Dayer, Alexandre G. and Sauvain, Marc-Olivier O. and Potter, Gael and Jenny, Benoit and De Roo, Mathias and Zgraggen, Eloisa and Demaurex, Nicolas and Muller, Dominique and Kiss, Jozsef Z.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Rats;Pseudopodia;Growth Cones;comparative study;Animals, Newborn;Interneurons;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Olfactory Bulb;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {50},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {12956-66},
	Pii = {26/50/12956},
	Pubmed = {17167085},
	Title = {GABA regulates dendritic growth by stabilizing lamellipodia in newly generated interneurons of the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {FA791193-EE8C-4B44-8A84-33DCD5322841},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4508-06.2006}}


@book{Gazzaniga:1995,
	Abstract = {93040288 Michael S. Gazzaniga, editor-in-chief ; section editors, Emilio Bizzi ... [et al.]. ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm. "A Bradford book."},
	Author = {Gazzaniga, Michael S. and Bizzi, Emilio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Isbn = {0262071576},
	Keywords = {Cognition physiology.;Cognitive neuroscience.;M QP360.5 .C643 1995 153;Brain physiology.},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {The cognitive neurosciences},
	Uuid = {C8A9D979-32A5-4041-B209-89E762EB044A},
	Year = {1995}}


@article{Ge:2007,
	Abstract = {GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, activates synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, causing hyperpolarization of mature neurons. As in the embryonic nervous system, GABA depolarizes neural progenitors and immature neurons in the adult brain. Several recent studies have suggested that GABA has crucial roles in regulating different steps of adult neurogenesis, including proliferation of neural progenitors, migration and differentiation of neuroblasts, and synaptic integration of newborn neurons. Here, we review recent findings on how GABA regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We also discuss an emerging view that GABA serves as a key mediator of neuronal activity in setting the tempo of adult neurogenesis.},
	Author = {Ge, Shaoyu and Pradhan, Dennis A. and Ming, Guo-Li L. and Song, Hongjun},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute for Cell Engineering, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, BRB 735, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.},
	Pages = {1-8},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00263-3},
	Pubmed = {17116335},
	Title = {GABA sets the tempo for activity-dependent adult neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {AC58AB97-DBC3-4F1F-B1F5-4AD17370DED0},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.001}}



@article{Gerfen:1989,
	Abstract = {The basal ganglia, of which the striatum is the major component, process inputs from virtually all cerebral cortical areas to affect motor, emotional, and cognitive behaviors. Insights into how these seemingly disparate functions may be integrated have emerged from studies that have demonstrated that the mammalian striatum is composed of two compartments arranged as a mosaic, the patches and the matrix, which differ in their neurochemical and neuroanatomical properties. In this study, projections from prefrontal, cingulate, and motor cortical areas to the striatal compartments were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde axonal tracer in rats. Each cortical area projects to both the patches and the matrix of the striatum; however, deep layer V and layer VI corticostriatal neurons project principally to the patches, whereas superficial layer V and layer III and II corticostriatal neurons project principally to the matrix. The relative contribution of patch and matrix corticostriatal projections varies among the cortical areas examined such that allocortical areas provide a greater number of inputs to the patches than to the matrix, whereas the reverse obtains for neocortical areas. These results demonstrate that the compartmental organization of corticostriatal inputs is related to their laminar origin and secondarily to the cytoarchitectonic area of origin.},
	Author = {Gerfen, C. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Corpus Striatum;Phytohemagglutinins;21 Circuit structure-function;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {4928},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.},
	Pages = {385-8},
	Pubmed = {2799392},
	Title = {The neostriatal mosaic: striatal patch-matrix organization is related to cortical lamination},
	Uuid = {F2173F83-7790-46BF-B5B6-2626799EC2F4},
	Volume = {246},
	Year = {1989}}


@article{Germano:1998,
	Abstract = {Recent clinical and laboratory data suggest that there is a link between neuronal migration disorders (NMD) and increased seizure threshold. To characterize an animal model with features similar to human NMD and to assess seizure susceptibility, NMD were induced in the rat at the time of neuroblastic division (PG15) and three other gestational ages (PG 13, PG14, PG16) by transplacental exposure to methylaxozymethanol (MAM, 25 mg/kg). Offspring pups were monitored for spontaneous and electrographic seizures. At postnatal day 14, randomly selected rat pups were sacrificed for histological examination. In other MAM-exposed pups and controls, status epilepticus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of kainic acid. On histology, NMD were found in all PG 15 MAM-exposed rats, in comparison to 63\%of PG 13, 70\%of PG 14, 80\%of PG16. Histological features included cortical laminar disorganization, ectopic neurons in the subcortical white matter and in cortical layer I, persistent granular layer, marginal glioneuronal heterotopia, and discrete areas of neuronal ectopia in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. Based on the severity of the neuronal migration abnormalities, rats were divided into three categories: severe, moderate, and mild. Severe and moderate NMD were only found in the PG 15 MAM-exposed rats. EEG recording in rats with NMD did not disclose spontaneous seizures; however, rats with severe NMD had higher slow wave activity compared to controls (P < .05). MAM-exposed rats with severe NMD were more susceptible to kainic-induced seizures compared to controls (P < .05). In rats with severe NMD, kainic acid-induced status epilepticus produced hippocampal damage in the CA3/4 region. These results demonstrate that MAM-induced NMD have histological and electrographic characteristics similar to human NMD. The severity of neuronal abnormality depends on the time of transplacental exposure as the most severe NMD were found after exposure to MAM at the time of neuroblastic division. The degree of NMD positively correlates with seizure susceptibility, since only rats with severe NMD have decreased seizure threshold. The occurrence of status epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage in pups with severe NMD suggests that the severely compromised hippocampus is less resistant to seizure-induced injury than the normal developing brain.},
	Author = {Germano, I. M. and Sperber, E. F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0360-4012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Pregnancy;Animals;Rats;Seizures;Brain;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Cell Movement;Maternal-Fetal Exchange;Disease Models, Animal;Behavior, Animal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Body Weight;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Neurons;Organ Size;Litter Size;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Gestational Age;Electroencephalography;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {98173135},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7600111},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.},
	Pages = {473-88},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980215)51:4<473::AID-JNR7>3.0.CO;2-9},
	Pubmed = {9514201},
	Title = {Transplacentally induced neuronal migration disorders: an animal model for the study of the epilepsies},
	Uuid = {292D3A98-CA17-40CD-8FBB-2E972D4C4B3C},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Ghanem:2007,
	Abstract = {Distinct subtypes of cortical GABAergic interneurons provide inhibitory signals that are indispensable for neural network function. The Dlx homeobox genes have a central role in regulating their development and function. We have characterized the activity of three cis-regulatory sequences involved in forebrain expression of vertebrate Dlx genes: upstream regulatory element 2 (URE2), I12b, and I56i. The three regulatory elements display regional and temporal differences in their activities within the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), and caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) and label distinct populations of tangentially migrating neurons at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E13.5. We provide evidence that the dorsomedial and ventral MGE are distinct sources of tangentially migrating neurons during midgestation. In the adult cortex, URE2 and I12b/I56i are differentially expressed in parvalbumin-, calretinin-, neuropeptide Y-, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive interneurons; I12b and I56i were specifically active in somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide-, and calbindin-positive interneurons. These data suggest that interneuron subtypes use distinct combinations of Dlx1/Dlx2 enhancers from the time they are specified through adulthood.},
	Author = {Ghanem, No{\"e}l and Yu, Man and Long, Jason and Hatch, Gary and Rubenstein, John L. R. and Ekker, Marc},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 Development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;12 Interneuron development;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.},
	Pages = {5012-22},
	Pii = {27/19/5012},
	Pubmed = {17494687},
	Title = {Distinct cis-regulatory elements from the Dlx1/Dlx2 locus mark different progenitor cell populations in the ganglionic eminences and different subtypes of adult cortical interneurons},
	Uuid = {48D9C141-C7B8-4922-BAB8-5AC6EA05EF34},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ghanem_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4725-06.2007}}




@article{Ghosh:1995,
	Abstract = {To identify molecules that regulate the transition of dividing neuroblasts to terminally differentiated neurons in the CNS, conditions have been developed that allow the neuronal differentiation of cortical precursor cells to be examined in vitro. In these cultures, the proliferation of undifferentiated precursor cells is controlled by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The proliferative effects of bFGF do not preclude the action of signals that promote differentiation, since addition of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) antagonizes the proliferative effects of bFGF and enhances neuronal differentiation. In addition, blocking NT-3 function with neutralizing antibodies leads to a marked decrease in the number of differentiated neurons, without affecting the proliferation of cortical precursors or the survival of postmitotic cortical neurons. These observations suggest that bFGF and NT-3, by their distinct effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, are key regulators of neurogenesis in the CNS.},
	Author = {Ghosh, A. and Greenberg, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex/*cytology;Rats;Phosphorylation;Cell Communication/physiology;Signal Transduction/*physiology;Neurotrophin 3;Animal;Fibroblast Growth Factor, Basic/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Division/physiology;Nerve Growth Factors/*physiology;Cells, Cultured/cytology;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Immunohistochemistry;Neurons/cytology/metabolism;C-3},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {89-103.},
	Title = {Distinct roles for bFGF and NT-3 in the regulation of cortical neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {F9E00BD6-1D98-4391-9B4A-E6F02F564171},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=7619533}}





@article{Gibson:1999,
	Abstract = {Inhibitory interneurons are critical to sensory transformations, plasticity and synchronous activity in the neocortex. There are many types of inhibitory neurons, but their synaptic organization is poorly understood. Here we describe two functionally distinct inhibitory networks comprising either fast-spiking (FS) or low-threshold spiking (LTS) neurons. Paired-cell recordings showed that inhibitory neurons of the same type were strongly interconnected by electrical synapses, but electrical synapses between different inhibitory cell types were rare. The electrical synapses were strong enough to synchronize spikes in coupled interneurons. Inhibitory chemical synapses were also common between FS cells, and between FS and LTS cells, but LTS cells rarely inhibited one another. Thalamocortical synapses, which convey sensory information to the cortex, specifically and strongly excited only the FS cell network. The electrical and chemical synaptic connections of different types of inhibitory neurons are specific, and may allow each inhibitory network to function independently. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Gibson, J. R. and Beierlein, M. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Gap Junctions/physiology;Electrophysiology;Animals;In Vitro;Axons/physiology;Rats;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Thalamus/physiology;Synapses/physiology;M;Action Potentials;Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology;Synaptic Transmission/physiology;*Neural Inhibition;Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Interneurons/*physiology},
	Number = {6757},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {75-9},
	Pubmed = {10573419},
	Title = {Two networks of electrically coupled inhibitory neurons in neocortex},
	Uuid = {C1580028-52EB-4644-AC1A-0262FD895031},
	Volume = {402},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10573419}}


@article{Gilja:2007,
	Abstract = {The greater spatial coherence of local field potentials (LFPs) compared with that of spiking activity has been attributed to frequency-dependent propagation of signals through the cortical medium. However, in this issue of Neuron, Logothetis and colleagues show that signal propagation within cortex is largely unbiased across different frequencies, thus suggesting a more functional and interpretable basis of LFP coherence.},
	Author = {Gilja, Vikash and Moore, Tirin},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Axons;Perception;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neural Pathways;Evoked Potentials;comment;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;news},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {684-6},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00624-1},
	Pubmed = {17785175},
	Title = {Electrical signals propagate unbiased in cortex},
	Uuid = {B99F4800-81B6-45E7-8F77-EACE94B36A32},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Gilja_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.012}}




@article{Gitler:2004,
	Abstract = {The functions of synapsins were examined by characterizing the phenotype of mice in which all three synapsin genes were knocked out. Although these triple knock-out mice were viable and had normal brain anatomy, they exhibited a number of behavioral defects. Synaptic transmission was altered in cultured neurons from the hippocampus of knock-out mice. At excitatory synapses, loss of synapsins did not affect basal transmission evoked by single stimuli but caused a threefold increase in the rate of synaptic depression during trains of stimuli. This suggests that synapsins regulate the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles. This possibility was examined further by measuring synaptic vesicle density in living neurons transfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged synaptobrevin 2, a marker of synaptic vesicles. The relative amount of fluorescent synaptobrevin was substantially lower at synapses of knock-out neurons than of wild-type neurons. Electron microscopy also revealed a parallel reduction in the number of vesicles in the reserve pool of vesicles >150 nm away from the active zone at excitatory synapses. Thus, synapsins are required for maintaining vesicles in the reserve pool at excitatory synapses. In contrast, basal transmission at inhibitory synapses was reduced by loss of synapsins, but the kinetics of synaptic depression were unaffected. In these terminals, there was a mild reduction in the total number of synaptic vesicles, but this was not restricted to the reserve pool of vesicles. Thus, synapsins maintain the reserve pool of glutamatergic vesicles but regulate the size of the readily releasable pool of GABAergic vesicles.},
	Author = {Gitler, Daniel and Takagishi, Yoshiko and Feng, Jian and Ren, Yong and Rodriguiz, Ramona M. and Wetsel, William C. and Greengard, Paul and Augustine, George J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:39:47 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Phenotype;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Synaptic Vesicles;Neurotransmitter Agents;Brain;Hippocampus;comparative study ;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Learning;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Synapsins;Multigene Family;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {50},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {11368-80},
	Pii = {24/50/11368},
	Pubmed = {15601943},
	Title = {Different presynaptic roles of synapsins at excitatory and inhibitory synapses},
	Uuid = {3AD28327-A565-4C32-98BD-B5521BD9E157},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Gitler_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3795-04.2004}}








@article{Gloveli:2005,
	Abstract = {As a structure involved in learning and memory, the hippocampus functions as a network. The functional differentiation along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus is poorly demarcated in comparison with the transverse axis. Using patch clamp recordings in conjunction with post hoc anatomy, we have examined the pattern of connectivity and the functional differentiation along the long axis of the hippocampus. Here, we provide anatomical and physiological evidence that the prominent rhythmic network activities of the hippocampus, the behavior-specific gamma and theta oscillations, are seen predominantly along the transverse and longitudinal axes respectively. This orthogonal relationship is the result of the axonal field trajectories and the consequential interaction of the principal cells and major interneuron subtypes involved in generating each rhythm. Thus, the axonal arborization patterns of hippocampal inhibitory cells may represent a structural framework for the spatiotemporal distribution of activity observed within the hippocampus.},
	Author = {Gloveli, Tengis and Dugladze, Tamar and Rotstein, Horacio G. and Traub, Roger D. and Monyer, Hannah and Heinemann, Uwe and Whittington, Miles A. and Kopell, Nancy J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Theta Rhythm;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Interneurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Mice;Nerve Net;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {37},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, Charit{\'e}-Universit{\"a}tsmedizin Berlin, Tucholskystrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany. tengis.gloveli\@charite.de},
	Pages = {13295-300},
	Pii = {0506259102},
	Pubmed = {16141320},
	Title = {Orthogonal arrangement of rhythm-generating microcircuits in the hippocampus},
	Uuid = {B59C66E9-172F-4C45-AEAC-4EF9B14E11E0},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Gloveli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506259102}}

@article{Godukhin:2002,
	Abstract = {Repeated exposures of rat hippocampal slices to short episodes of hypoxia induce a sustained decrease in the threshold of the development of stimulus-evoked epileptiform discharges in CA1 pyramidal neurons. We have previously demonstrated that the K(+)(o)-induced hyperexcitability required functional L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels and NMDA-receptors, but was independent of AMPA/kainate-receptor activation. As hypoxia/ischaemia can lead to increased K(+)(o), the epileptiform activity observed after exposure to these challenges could also result from high K(+)(o). The purpose of this study was: (i) to determine whether ionotropic glutamate receptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels are involved in the development of epileptiform activity induced by repeated exposures of hippocampal slices to hypoxia; and (ii) to compare the properties of hypoxia- and high K(+)(o)-induced hyperexcitability. Population spike of presynaptic fibres with field excitatory postsynaptic potential from the stratum radiatum, and population spike of CA1 pyramidal neurons from the stratum pyramidale, were recorded simultaneously in the CA1 area of rat hippocampal slices in response to electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural fibres. Repeated, brief hypoxic episodes induced a sustained decrease in the threshold for development of evoked epileptiform discharges that was associated with long-term potentiation of the CA3-CA1 synapses, but without EPSP-spike potentiation (i.e. in contrast to high K(+)(o)-induced hyperexcitability). The selective antagonist of NMDA receptors, D-APV (25 microM), and the selective blocker of L-type Ca(2+) channels, nifedipine (10 microM) depressed the development of hypoxia-induced hyperexcitability. However, in contrast to high K(+)(o)-induced hyperexcitability, hypoxia-induced hyperexcitability was also blocked by the AMPA/kainite-receptor antagonist, CNQX (5 microM). The present findings confirm that repeated, brief episodes of hypoxia, like exposure to high extracellular K(+), can induce a pro-epileptic state in the CA1 neuronal network, but that the mechanisms leading to hyperexcitability are different for the two stimuli.},
	Author = {Godukhin, O. and Savin, A. and Kalemenev, S. and Levin, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3908},
	Journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Long-Term Potentiation;Animals;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;In Vitro;Rats;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Cell Hypoxia;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Male;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Calcium Channels, L-Type;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {21953708},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0236217},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. godukhim\@hotmail.com},
	Pages = {459-66},
	Pii = {S0028390802000059},
	Pubmed = {11955517},
	Title = {Neuronal hyperexcitability induced by repeated brief episodes of hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices: involvement of ionotropic glutamate receptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels},
	Uuid = {DB9F98AD-D25E-4FCD-89CF-34351C01E7B2},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2002}}



@article{Goffinet:2006,
	Abstract = {ABSTRACT: For a neurobiologist, the core of human nature is the human cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal areas, and the question what makes us human? translates into studies of the development and evolution of the human cerebral cortex, a clear oversimplification. In this comment, after pointing out this oversimplification, I would like to show that it is impossible to understand our cerebral cortex if we focus too narrowly on it. Like other organs, our cortex evolved from that in stem amniotes, and it still bears marks of that ancestry. More comparative studies of brain development are clearly needed if we want to understand our brain in its historical context. Similarly, comparative genomics is a superb tool to help us understand evolution, but again, studies should not be limited to mammals or to comparisons between human and chimpanzee, and more resources should be invested in investigation of many vertebrate phyla. Finally, the most widely used rodent models for studies of cortical development are of obvious interest but they cannot be considered models of a stem cortex from which the human type evolved. It remains of paramount importance to study cortical development directly in other species, particularly in primate models, and, whenever ethically justifiable, in human.},
	Author = {Goffinet,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1747-5333},
	Journal = {J Biomed Discov Collab},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {101258054},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {13},
	Pii = {1747-5333-1-13},
	Pubmed = {17132178},
	Title = {What makes us human ? A biased view from the perspective of comparative embryology and mouse genetics},
	Uuid = {CDFA26DE-8F9B-4A54-B091-B825252EE91E},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-5333-1-13}}

@article{Goffinet:1999,
	Abstract = {The expression of reelin mRNA and protein was studied during embryonic brain development in the lacertilian lizards L. viridis and L. galloti, by using radioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. At all stages studied, high reelin expression was consistently found in the olfactory bulb, in the lateral cortex, and in neurons of the marginal zone and subplate of medial and dorsal cortical sectors. In the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), reelin expression was confined to deeply located, large cells which were more abundant in the caudal than the rostral part of the DVR. In the diencephalon, the ventral lateral geniculate complex and the perirotundal were strongly positive, whereas other nuclei were mostly negative. High reelin signal was associated with some layers in the tectum, with the torus semicircularis, cerebellar granule cell layers, and the ventral horn of the spinal cord. A more moderate signal was detected in the septal nuclei, striatum, retina, habenular nuclei, preoptic and periventricular hypothalamic components, and in reticular nuclei of the mid- and hindbrain. The medial and dorsal cortical plate and Purkinje cells were reelin-negative but expressed disabled-1 (Dab1) mRNA. When they are compared with reelin expression during mammalian brain development, our data reveal an evolutionarily conserved canvas of reelin expression, as well as significant differences, particularly in developing cortical fields. The developing lizard cortex differs from that of turtles, birds, crocodiles, and mammals in that it displays heavy reelin expression not only in neurons of the marginal zone that might be homologous to mammalian Cajal-Retzius cells, but also in subplate neurons. This difference in the pattern of reelin expression suggests that the elaborate radial organization of the lacertilian cortical plate, somewhat reminiscent of its mammalian counterpart, results from evolutionary convergence. Our data lend support to the hypothesis that the reelin signaling pathway played a significant role during cortical evolution. 0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Goffinet, A. M. and Bar, I. and Bernier, B. and Trujillo, C. and Raynaud, A. and Meyer, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {In Situ Hybridization;Brain Chemistry/physiology;Immunohistochemistry;Brain Stem/*embryology;Prosencephalon/*embryology;Cell Division;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/*genetics;RNA, Messenger/analysis;Gene Expression;Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics;N;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Cerebellum/*embryology;Lizards/*embryology;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Unit, University of Namur School of Medicine, B-5000 Namur, Belgium. Andre.Goffinet\@fundp.ac.be},
	Pages = {533-50},
	Pubmed = {10531544},
	Title = {Reelin expression during embryonic brain development in lacertilian lizards},
	Uuid = {FDB17E9F-A3B3-4AF6-978A-B2B99453C7CB},
	Volume = {414},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10531544}}




@article{Goldberg:2003,
	Abstract = {GABAergic interneurones are essential in cortical processing, yet the functional properties of their dendrites are still poorly understood. In this first study, we combined two-photon calcium imaging with whole-cell recording and anatomical reconstructions to examine the calcium dynamics during action potential (AP) backpropagation in three types of V1 supragranular interneurones: parvalbumin-positive fast spikers (FS), calretinin-positive irregular spikers (IS), and adapting cells (AD). Somatically generated APs actively backpropagated into the dendritic tree and evoked instantaneous calcium accumulations. Although voltage-gated calcium channels were expressed throughout the dendritic arbor, calcium signals during backpropagation of both single APs and AP trains were restricted to proximal dendrites. This spatial control of AP backpropagation was mediated by Ia-type potassium currents and could be mitigated by by previous synaptic activity. Further, we observed supralinear summation of calcium signals in synaptically activated dendritic compartments. Together, these findings indicate that in interneurons, dendritic AP propagation is synaptically regulated. We propose that interneurones have a perisomatic and a distal dendritic functional compartment, with different integrative functions.},
	Author = {Goldberg, Jesse H. and Tamas, Gabor and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Animals;Electric Conductivity;Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neocortex;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Potassium Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. jhg24\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {49-65},
	Pii = {2003.042580},
	Pubmed = {12844506},
	Title = {Ca2+ imaging of mouse neocortical interneurone dendrites: Ia-type K+ channels control action potential backpropagation},
	Uuid = {AFFDB08C-D8C1-4FA9-9552-09D5E86B1322},
	Volume = {551},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Goldberg_JPhysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042580}}

@article{Goldberg:2003a,
	Abstract = {In this second study, we have combined two-photon calcium imaging with whole-cell recording and anatomic reconstructions to directly characterize synaptically evoked calcium signals in three types of mouse V1 supragranular interneurones: parvalbumin-positive fast spikers (FS), calretinin-positive irregular spikers (IS), and adapting cells (AD). We observed that subthreshold synaptic activation evoked calcium signals locally restricted to individual dendritic compartments. These signals were mediated by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in AD and IS cells, whereas in FS cells, calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) provided an additional and kinetically distinct influx. Furthermore, even a single, subthreshold synaptic activation evoked a larger dendritic calcium influx than backpropagating action potentials. Our results demonstrate that NMDARs dominate subthreshold calcium dynamics in interneurones and reveal the functional contribution of CP-AMPARs to a specific subclass of cortical interneurone. These data highlight different strategies in dendritic signal processing by distinct classes of interneurones.},
	Author = {Goldberg, Jesse H. and Yuste, Rafael and Tamas, Gabor},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Calcium Signaling;Synapses;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neocortex;in vitro ;Kinetics;Receptors, AMPA;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;Reaction Time;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Differential Threshold;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. jhg24\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {67-78},
	Pii = {2003.042598},
	Pubmed = {12844507},
	Title = {Ca2+ imaging of mouse neocortical interneurone dendrites: contribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptors to subthreshold Ca2+dynamics},
	Uuid = {D96F0408-4A59-4669-81ED-316C568FEBEC},
	Volume = {551},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042598}}

@article{Goldberg:2005,
	Abstract = {Dendrites of pyramidal neurons are complex, electrically active structures that can produce local and global Ca(2+) compartments. Recent studies indicate that dendrites of cortical GABAergic interneurons are also highly specialized, and that different subtypes vary in their morphology, in their intrinsic and synaptic conductances and in the Ca(2+) signals they generate. Because interneurons play a major role in oscillations, understanding their dendrites could offer key insights into rhythmogenesis. Different interneuron subtypes have different synaptic integration properties and generate differentially timed inhibition at distinct sites of the pyramidal neuraxis. In addition, interneuron dendrites generate diverse Ca(2+) signals that reflect this circuit function and probably also implement subclass-specific plasticity and homeostasis.},
	Author = {Goldberg, Jesse H. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Dendrites;Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, AMPA;21 Calcium imaging;Calcium;Interneurons;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. jhg24\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {158-67},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(05)00025-1},
	Pubmed = {15749170},
	Title = {Space matters: local and global dendritic Ca2+ compartmentalization in cortical interneurons},
	Uuid = {E982DB44-840B-435C-956C-64DA1E5FAFB5},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.005}}

@article{Goldin:2003,
	Abstract = {The roles of protein kinase C and the MAP-kinase extracellular receptor kinase in structural changes associated with long-term potentiation of network activity were examined in cultured hippocampal neurons. A brief exposure to a conditioning medium that favours activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor caused a rapid and specific increase in staining of neurons for the phosphorylated form of extracellular receptor kinase as well as of cyclic AMP response element binding protein. Exposure of the cultures to the conditioning medium was followed by a protein synthesis-dependent formation of novel dendritic spines. An extracellular receptor kinase antagonist PD98059 blocked the phosphorylated form of extracellular receptor kinase response and the formation of novel spines. A selective protein kinase C agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, caused activation of extracellular receptor kinase and formation of novel spines. The protein kinase C antagonist GF109203x blocked the phosphorylated form of extracellular receptor kinase response and the subsequent spine formation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Both the conditioning medium and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate caused a delayed increase in mean amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded in the hippocampal neurons. These results indicate that activation of extracellular receptor kinase mediates the effect of a conditioning protocol on the formation of dendritic spines. The formation of novel spines was associated with long-term increase in network activity and functional synaptic connectivity among the cultured neurons.},
	Author = {Goldin, Miri and Segal, Menahem},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Immunohistochemistry;Luminescent Proteins;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Protein Kinase C;comparative study ;Hippocampus;Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Transcription Factors;Transfection;Quinoxalines;Drug Interactions;Analysis of Variance;Activating Transcription Factor 1;Dendrites;Neuronal Plasticity;Culture Media, Conditioned;DNA-Binding Proteins;Enzyme Inhibitors;Time Factors;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Animals, Newborn;Cell Size;21 Neurophysiology;Valine;Mice;Neurons;Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases;in vitro ;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {2529-39},
	Pii = {2694},
	Pubmed = {12823460},
	Title = {Protein kinase C and ERK involvement in dendritic spine plasticity in cultured rodent hippocampal neurons},
	Uuid = {F098906F-C7DA-4DD5-B4CD-3985913812E2},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Goldin_EurJNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Goldin:2001,
	Abstract = {Despite widespread interest in dendritic spines, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for spine formation, retraction, or stabilization. We have now found that a brief exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to a conditioning medium that favors activation of the NMDA receptor produces long-term modification of their spontaneous network activity. The conditioning protocol enhances correlated activity of neurons in the culture, in a process requiring an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and is associated with both formation of novel dendritic spines and pruning of others. The novel spines are likely to be touched by a presynaptic terminal, labeled with FM4-64 dye, whereas the absence of such terminals increases the likelihood of spine pruning. These results indicate that long-term functional changes are correlated with morphological modifications of dendritic spines of neurons in a network.},
	Author = {Goldin, M. and Segal, M. and Avignone, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Synapses;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Egtazic Acid;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Culture Media, Conditioned;Hippocampus;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Pyridinium Compounds;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {186-93},
	Pii = {21/1/186},
	Pubmed = {11150335},
	Title = {Functional plasticity triggers formation and pruning of dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal networks},
	Uuid = {26E141CD-F80F-48EC-9B10-F9BB81963D9A},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Goldmakher:2000,
	Abstract = {The periglomerular (PG) cells of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) are GABAergic interneurons which receive input from the vomeronasal sensory neurons and form dendrodendritic synapses with each other and with mitral cells. Their electrophysiological properties have not been investigated. We have developed a novel method of isolating PG cells from the AOB, and used the whole-cell patch and gramicidin-perforated patch clamp techniques to measure their basic electrophysiological characteristics and their response to GABA. PG cells were found to be excitable neurons with voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) currents, though it was very difficult to get PG cells to fire an action potential. The voltage-gated Na(+) currents of PG cells activate at more positive potentials than those of typical CNS neurons. PG cells respond to GABA with currents in which GABA(A) receptors play a significant role. A subset ( approximately 40\%) of PG cells respond to GABA with currents which have unusually high reversal potentials, indicating that GABA may be excitatory to these neurons. This phenomenon cannot be explained entirely by elevation of intracellular chloride concentrations, and is dependent on the presence of extracellular sodium.},
	Author = {Goldmakher, G. V. and Moss, R. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Neurons/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology;Cell Separation;I;Rats;Potassium Channels/antagonists &inhibitors/physiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Animal;Sodium Channels/antagonists &inhibitors/physiology;GABA/*pharmacology;Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Sodium/*physiology;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/physiology;Tetraethylammonium/pharmacology;Receptors, GABA-A/physiology;Action Potentials/drug effects;Gramicidin},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 75235, Dallas, TX, USA. goldmakh2utsw.swmed.edu},
	Pages = {7-15.},
	Title = {A subset of periglomerular neurons in the rat accessory olfactory bulb may be excited by GABA through a Na(+)-dependent mechanism},
	Uuid = {65FBEB72-7F75-4C52-91AC-B33006F3B128},
	Volume = {871},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10882777}}









@article{Goldman-Rakic:1995,
	Abstract = {0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Goldman-Rakic, P. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Brain/*physiology;Memory/*physiology;Human;Models, Neurological;Models, Psychological;M;Brain Mapping;Animals;Prefrontal Cortex/physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
	Pages = {477-85},
	Pubmed = {7695894},
	Title = {Cellular basis of working memory},
	Uuid = {A67686F8-0364-47D9-BC0C-CFA6FF3552CC},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7695894}}







@article{Goodenough:1996,
	Abstract = {Cells in tissues share ions, second messengers, and small metabolites through clusters of intercellular channels called gap junctions. This type of intercellular communication permits coordinated cellular activity. Intercellular channels are formed from two oligomeric integral membrane protein assemblies, called connexons, which span two adjacent cells' plasma membranes and join in a narrow, extracellular "gap." Connexons are formed from connexins, a highly related multigene family consisting of at least 13 members. Since the cloning of the first connexin in 1986, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the complex molecular switches that control the formation and permeability of the intercellular channels. Analysis of the mechanisms of channel assembly has revealed the selectivity of inter-connexin interactions and uncovered novel characteristics of the channel permeability and gating behavior. Structure-function studies provide a molecular understanding of the significance of connexin diversity and demonstrate the unique regulation of connexins by tyrosine kinases and oncogenes.},
	Author = {Goodenough, D. A. and Goliger, J. A. and Paul, D. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0066-4154},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Biochem},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Structure-Activity Relationship;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Intracellular Membranes;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Connexins;Lipid Metabolism;review;Phosphorylation},
	Nlm_Id = {2985150R},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {475-502},
	Pubmed = {8811187},
	Title = {Connexins, connexons, and intercellular communication},
	Uuid = {3F9E9319-7C99-4910-A60F-5DCDE609DBE2},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Goodenough_AnnuRevBiochem1996.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.002355}}



@article{Gordon:1996,
	Author = {Gordon, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0012-1622},
	Journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Humans;Cell Movement;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Medline = {97070261},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0006761},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1053-7},
	Pubmed = {8913187},
	Title = {Epilepsy and disorders of neuronal migration. I: Introduction},
	Uuid = {639E4205-71F1-4D71-AD80-D74834231B92},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Gorji:2003,
	Abstract = {In vitro and in vivo brain slice techniques were used to examine phencyclidine (PCP) effects on the lateral propagation of epileptiform field potentials (EFP) across adjacent areas of rat frontal neocortex. Epileptiform activity was induced by perfusing slices with Mg 2+-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Simultaneous field potential recordings of EFP were obtained from four microelectrodes placed 2-3 mm apart across coronal slices in the third layer. PCP, applied focally between recording sites, blocked rapid propagation across treated areas and resulted in the emergence of spatially separate, independent pacemakers. The characteristics of paroxysmal depolarization shifts did not change significantly by the blockade of lateral propagation of EFP. The same asynchronized pattern of EFP conduction was observed after local application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphono-valeric acid. Local administration of haloperidol as well as NMDA before PCP application reversibly prevented appearance of multiple pacemakers. Focal application of dopamine produced an abnormal pattern of lateral conduction of EFP in 50 \%of tested slices. Pacemaker failure as an indicator of functional impairment of cortical integration is the proposed mechanism for developing of schizophrenia-like psychosis associated with epilepsy. Abbreviations. APV: DL-2-amino-5-phosphono-valeric acid EEG:electroencephalogram EFP:epileptiform field potentials NMDA:N-methyl-D-aspartate PCP:phencyclidine SLPE:Schizophrenialike psychosis associated with epilepsy},
	Author = {Gorji, A. and Scheller, D. and Speckmann, E-J J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0176-3679},
	Journal = {Pharmacopsychiatry},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Microelectrodes;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Magnesium;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Rats;Neural Conduction;In Vitro;Electrophysiology;Phencyclidine;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Convulsants;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists},
	Medline = {22690038},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8402938},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nster, 48149 M{\"u}nster, Germany. gorjial\@uni-muenster.de},
	Pages = {113-20},
	Pubmed = {12806569},
	Title = {The lateral spread of epileptiform discharges in rat neocortical slices: effect of focal phencyclidine application},
	Uuid = {8824DDDD-1492-40A1-9A9D-0F485C79BD99},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39986}}

@article{Gosse:2008,
	Abstract = {The retinotectal projection has long been studied experimentally and theoretically, as a model for the formation of topographic brain maps. Neighbouring retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project their axons to neighbouring positions in the optic tectum, thus re-establishing a continuous neural representation of visual space. Mapping along this axis requires chemorepellent signalling from tectal cells, expressing ephrin-A ligands, to retinal growth cones, expressing EphA receptors. High concentrations of ephrin A, increasing from anterior to posterior, prevent temporal axons from invading the posterior tectum. However, the force that drives nasal axons to extend past the anterior tectum and terminate in posterior regions remains to be identified. We tested whether axon-axon interactions, such as competition, are required for posterior tectum innervation. By transplanting blastomeres from a wild-type (WT) zebrafish into a lakritz (lak) mutant, which lacks all RGCs, we created chimaeras with eyes that contained single RGCs. These solitary RGCs often extended axons into the tectum, where they branched to form a terminal arbor. Here we show that the distal tips of these arbors were positioned at retinotopically appropriate positions, ruling out an essential role for competition in innervation of the ephrin-A-rich posterior tectum. However, solitary arbors were larger and more complex than under normal, crowded conditions, owing to a lack of pruning of proximal branches during refinement of the retinotectal projection. We conclude that dense innervation is not required for targeting of retinal axons within the zebrafish tectum but serves to restrict arbor size and shape.},
	Author = {Gosse, Nathan J. and Nevin, Linda M. and Baier, Herwig},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {DNA-Binding Proteins;Zebrafish;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Models, Neurological;Zebrafish Proteins;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;Superior Colliculi;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7189},
	Organization = {Program in Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Physiology, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2324, USA.},
	Pages = {892-5},
	Pii = {nature06816},
	Pubmed = {18368050},
	Title = {Retinotopic order in the absence of axon competition},
	Uuid = {93E8B78F-EABD-469C-8FEE-B36963424799},
	Volume = {452},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Gosse_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06816}}











@article{Gozlan:2003,
	Abstract = {In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, GABAergic synapses are established before glutamatergic synapses. GABAergic interneurons should therefore develop and acquire synapses at an earlier stage to provide the source for GABAergic synapses. We now report that this is indeed the case. At birth and in utero, when nearly all pyramidal neurons are not yet functional, most interneurons have already either GABAergic only or GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. At birth, the morphological maturation of interneurons parallels their individual functional responses. In addition, the formation of functional interneurons types appears to be a sequential process. Interneurons that innervate other interneurons acquire GABA(A) synapses before peridendritic interneurons, but also before perisomatic interneurons that are not yet functional at birth. Therefore, interneurons are the source and the targets of the first synapses formed in the developing circuit. Since GABA was shown to be excitatory in utero, interneurons provide all the excitatory drive at a time when the principal cells are silent. They could therefore play a central role in the formation of the cortical circuit at early developmental stages.},
	Author = {Gozlan, Henri and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Synapses;21 Epilepsy;Cell Differentiation;21 Neurophysiology;Comparative Study;Hippocampus;Neural Pathways;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Nerve Net;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Interneurons;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Medline = {22648209},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM U29, 163 route de Luminy, BP 13, 13273 Marseille cedex 9, France. gozlan\@inmed.univ.mrs.fr},
	Pages = {684-92},
	Pubmed = {12764045},
	Title = {Interneurons are the source and the targets of the first synapses formed in the rat developing hippocampal circuit},
	Uuid = {1032B05B-8991-4EB1-9BF5-76D64D453BC0},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Gotz:2005,
	Abstract = {The fascinating question of how the enormous diversity of neuronal and glial cells in the cerebral cortex is generated during development was recently discussed at a meeting on cortical development and stem cells in Greece. What emerged from this meeting is an equally fascinating answer, namely that precursor diversity at rather early stages of development anticipates later cell type diversity.},
	Author = {G{\"o}tz, Magdalena and Sommer, Lukas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0950-1991},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex;review;Mice;10 Development;Neuroglia;Cilia;Morphogenesis;Humans;Variation (Genetics);Animals;Neurons;Microvilli},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8701744},
	Number = {15},
	Organization = {GSF, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany. magdalena.goetz\@gsf.de},
	Pages = {3327-32},
	Pii = {132/15/3327},
	Pubmed = {16014512},
	Title = {Cortical development: the art of generating cell diversity},
	Uuid = {AB3CFE2C-1F1E-4BCA-B98C-14D3358734F0},
	Volume = {132},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Götz_Development2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01931}}

@article{Gotz:2006,
	Author = {G{\"o}tz, and Stricker,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Magdalena G{\"o}tz is at the Institute for Stem Cell Research, GSFNational Research Institute for Environment and Health, Ingolst{\"a}dter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and at the Department for Physiological Genomics, University of Munich, Schillerstr. 46, 80633 Munich, Germany. magdalena.goetz\@gsf.de.},
	Pages = {470-472},
	Pii = {nn0406-470},
	Pubmed = {16568104},
	Title = {Go with the flow: signaling from the ventricle directs neuroblast migration},
	Uuid = {999460AB-12E2-423E-8584-51DD45D851D6},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0406-470}}






















@article{Graf:2004,
	Abstract = {Formation of synaptic connections requires alignment of neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic dendrites opposite matching transmitter release sites on presynaptic axons. beta-neurexins and neuroligins form a trans-synaptic link at glutamate synapses. We show here that neurexin alone is sufficient to induce glutamate postsynaptic differentiation in contacting dendrites. Surprisingly, neurexin also induces GABA postsynaptic differentiation. Conversely, neuroligins induce presynaptic differentiation in both glutamate and GABA axons. Whereas neuroligins-1, -3, and -4 localize to glutamate postsynaptic sites, neuroligin-2 localizes primarily to GABA synapses. Direct aggregation of neuroligins reveals a linkage of neuroligin-2 to GABA and glutamate postsynaptic proteins, but the other neuroligins only to glutamate postsynaptic proteins. Furthermore, mislocalized expression of neuroligin-2 disperses postsynaptic proteins and disrupts synaptic transmission. Our findings indicate that the neurexin-neuroligin link is a core component mediating both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptogenesis, and differences in isoform localization and binding affinities may contribute to appropriate differentiation and specificity.},
	Author = {Graf, Ethan R. and Zhang, XueZhao and Jin, Shan-Xue X. and Linhoff, Michael W. and Craig, Ann Marie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Synapses;Coculture Techniques;Protein Binding;Dystroglycans;Rats;Humans;Glutamic Acid;Mutation;COS Cells;Hippocampus;10 circuit formation;Dendrites;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;Mice;Amino Acid Motifs;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {1013-26},
	Pii = {S0092867404011031},
	Pubmed = {15620359},
	Title = {Neurexins induce differentiation of GABA and glutamate postsynaptic specializations via neuroligins},
	Uuid = {2E4CF3BE-DE11-47C1-9F45-72544CEA73BA},
	Volume = {119},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Graf_Cell2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.035}}




@article{Gray:2006,
	Abstract = {Most excitatory synapses terminate on dendritic spines. Spines vary in size, and their volumes are proportional to the area of the postsynaptic density (PSD) and synaptic strength. PSD-95 is an abundant multi-domain postsynaptic scaffolding protein that clusters glutamate receptors and organizes the associated signaling complexes. PSD-95 is thought to determine the size and strength of synapses. Although spines and their synapses can persist for months in vivo, PSD-95 and other PSD proteins have shorter half-lives in vitro, on the order of hours. To probe the mechanisms underlying synapse stability, we measured the dynamics of synaptic PSD-95 clusters in vivo. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged PSD-95 tagged with GFP in layer 2/3 dendrites in the developing (postnatal day 10-21) barrel cortex. A subset of PSD-95 clusters was stable for days. Using two-photon photoactivation of PSD-95 tagged with photoactivatable GFP (paGFP), we measured the time over which PSD-95 molecules were retained in individual spines. Synaptic PSD-95 turned over rapidly (median retention times tau(r) is approximately 22-63 min from P10-P21) and exchanged with PSD-95 in neighboring spines by diffusion. PSDs therefore share a dynamic pool of PSD-95. Large PSDs in large spines captured more diffusing PSD-95 and also retained PSD-95 longer than small PSDs. Changes in the sizes of individual PSDs over days were associated with concomitant changes in PSD-95 retention times. Furthermore, retention times increased with developmental age (tau(r) is approximately 100 min at postnatal day 70) and decreased dramatically following sensory deprivation. Our data suggest that individual PSDs compete for PSD-95 and that the kinetic interactions between PSD molecules and PSDs are tuned to regulate PSD size.},
	Author = {Gray, Noah W. and Weimer, Robby M. and Bureau, Ingrid and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:22 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Tissue Distribution;Animals;Synapses;Protein Binding;Neocortex;Models, Biological;Female;Neurons, Afferent;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Embryo;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.},
	Pages = {e370},
	Pii = {06-PLBI-RA-1140R2},
	Pubmed = {17090216},
	Title = {Rapid redistribution of synaptic PSD-95 in the neocortex in vivo},
	Uuid = {9AA08CE5-2FFD-49AD-A449-D43F70B52439},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040370}}

@article{Graziadei:1979a,
	Abstract = {The neurogenetic process leading to the formation of primary sensory neurons persists into adult life in the olfactory epithelium of mammals. The morphological stages of maturation and ageing of this exceptional neuron have been described both at light and electron microscopical levels. For descriptive purposes the neural elements have been classified as: (1) basal cells proper, (2) globose basal cells, and (3) neurons. Intermediate stages, however, have been identified. Autoradiographic observations complement the morphological studies and provide a time sequence of the morphological stages leading to the mature neurons. A typical columnar arrangement of the sensory neurons has been described. Furthermore, active and quiescent zones have been recognized in the neuroepithelium. In the active zones the neurogenetic process is vigorous, and the zones are characterized by the presence of immature elements. However, in the quiescent zones there exists a population of mature elements while immature neurons are sparse.},
	Author = {Graziadei, P. P. and Graziadei, G. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurocytol},
	Keywords = {Axons/cytology;Cell Differentiation;Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure;Rats;Olfactory Mucosa/*cytology/innervation;Regeneration;Animal;Neurons/*cytology;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Cytoplasm/ultrastructure;Mitosis;I abstr;Mice;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Organoids/ultrastructure;Dendrites/cytology},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-18.},
	Title = {Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. I. Morphological aspects of differentiation and structural organization of the olfactory sensory neurons},
	Uuid = {B2E24AC4-594A-4984-9514-42698A180555},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1979},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=438867}}

@article{Graziadei:1979,
	Abstract = {This report describes the retrograde degeneration affecting olfactory sensory neurons of rats after severance of their axons and illustrates the reconstitution of new neurons originating from stem cells located at the base of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Degeneration of the mature, axotomized neurons, signalled by an increased electron density of their cytoplasmic matrix and by the appearance of lipofuscin-like granules, can be detected in the neuroepithelium as early as 24 h after surgery and becomes conspicuous between the second and the third day. Degenerating neurons can be observed in decreasing number up to the tenth post-operative day. They are removed by macrophages which invade the epithelium. The reconstitution of new neurons begins to occur after eight days, when the stem cells undergo vigorous mitotic activity and differentiate into neurons. The morphology of the reconstituted neurons has been described in detail at different stages of their maturation. After 30 days, the olfactory epithelium appears similar to controls. On the basis of both morphological (in rats) and autoradiographic ( in mice) observations, the basal cells have been recognized as stem cells of the olfactory neurons.},
	Author = {Graziadei, G. A. and Graziadei, P. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurocytol},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;*Nerve Degeneration;Rats;Vacuoles/ultrastructure;Olfactory Nerve/*cytology/physiology;Animal;Cytoplasm/ultrastructure;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;I abstr;Mitosis;Epithelium/cytology;*Nerve Regeneration;Male;Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {197-213.},
	Title = {Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. II. Degeneration and reconstitution of the olfactory sensory neurons after axotomy},
	Uuid = {6D5ED02A-03F6-48EB-B0E7-F0FF67A95B91},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1979},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=469573}}

@article{Graziadei:1986,
	Author = {Graziadei, P. P. and Monti Graziadei, G. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {I;Rats;Cerebral Cortex/transplantation;Microscopy, Electron;Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure;Animal;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Olfactory Bulb/*anatomy &histology/growth &development/ultrastructure;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Morphogenesis;Xenopus laevis;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Cerebellar Cortex/transplantation},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1025-35.},
	Title = {Principles of organization of the vertebrate olfactory glomerulus: an hypothesis},
	Uuid = {F1B99903-5A1B-4440-B939-CE4320A87C58},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1986},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=3822113}}

@article{Graziadei:1978,
	Abstract = {We removed the right olfactory bulb in neonatal mice, leaving the bulb on the left side intact as an internal control. At 5 days of survival time, we observed that the right cerebral hemisphere was displaced forward to occupy the region made vacant by removal of the bulb. The frontal cortex was, consequently, in close proximity to the lamina cribrosa. As a result of bulb ablation and severance of the fila olfactoria, the sensory perikarya underwent total retrograde degeneration, which peaked at 8 days. New neurons differentiated in the neuroepithelium from basal stem cells and, at 30 days of survival, mature sensory neurons were reconstituted. These new elements sent their axons through the lamina cribrosa to reach the protruding cerebral hemisphere, penetrating it and forming glomeruli-like structures directly in the host tissue. The "glomerulization"of the sensory fibers persisted and actually expanded between 60 and 120 days. The new glomeruli were organized intimately within the brain tissue, and large neurons of the cortex were observed to be in close proximity. Ultrastructural observations of the newly formed glomeruli demonstrated that typical sensory axon terminals profusely branched and synapsed with unidentified postsynaptic processes that penetrated the glomeruli from the surrounding cerebral tissue. 0027-8424 Journal Article},
	Author = {Graziadei, P. P. and Levine, R. R. and Graziadei, G. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Animals, Newborn;Cell Differentiation;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Time Factors;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Telencephalon/*physiology;I abstr;Olfactory Bulb/*physiology;Animals;*Nerve Regeneration;Mice;Axons/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {5230-4},
	Pubmed = {283428},
	Title = {Regeneration of olfactory axons and synapse formation in the forebrain after bulbectomy in neonatal mice},
	Uuid = {B4CF30B5-354C-4254-9D20-9A780D9852E0},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {1978},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=283428}}



@article{Greenberg:2008,
	Abstract = {It is unclear how the complex spatiotemporal organization of ongoing cortical neuronal activity recorded in anesthetized animals relates to the awake animal. We therefore used two-photon population calcium imaging in awake and subsequently anesthetized rats to follow action potential firing in populations of neurons across brain states, and examined how single neurons contributed to population activity. Firing rates and spike bursting in awake rats were higher, and pair-wise correlations were lower, compared with anesthetized rats. Anesthesia modulated population-wide synchronization and the relationship between firing rate and correlation. Overall, brain activity during wakefulness cannot be inferred using anesthesia.},
	Author = {Greenberg, David S. and Houweling, Arthur R. and Kerr, Jason N. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;Rhodamines;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Rats;Algorithms;Egtazic Acid;Diagnostic Imaging;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Anesthesia;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Statistics, Nonparametric;Neurons;Photons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Spectrum Analysis;Electroencephalography},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {749-51},
	Pii = {nn.2140},
	Pubmed = {18552841},
	Title = {Population imaging of ongoing neuronal activity in the visual cortex of awake rats},
	Uuid = {71F177E4-D403-4441-9EAF-39E5D84AD825},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008.wmv},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2140}}



@article{Grenier:2001,
	Abstract = {Field potentials from different neocortical areas and intracellular recordings from areas 5 and 7 in acutely prepared cats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia and during natural states of vigilance in chronic experiments, revealed the presence of fast oscillations (80-200 Hz), termed ripples. During anesthesia and slow-wave sleep, these oscillations were selectively related to the depth-negative (depolarizing) component of the field slow oscillation (0.5-1 Hz) and could be synchronized over ~10 mm. The dependence of ripples on neuronal depolarization was also shown by their increased amplitude in field potentials in parallel with progressively more depolarized values of the membrane potential of neurons. The origin of ripples was intracortical as they were also detected in small isolated slabs from the suprasylvian gyrus. Of all types of electrophysiologically identified neocortical neurons, fast-rhythmic-bursting and fast-spiking cells displayed the highest firing rates during ripples. Although linked with neuronal excitation, ripples also comprised an important inhibitory component. Indeed, when regular-spiking neurons were recorded with chloride-filled pipettes, their firing rates increased and their phase relation with ripples was modified. Thus besides excitatory connections, inhibitory processes probably play a major role in the generation of ripples. During natural states of vigilance, ripples were generally more prominent during the depolarizing component of the slow oscillation in slow-wave sleep than during the states of waking and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. The mechanisms of generation and synchronization, and the possible functions of neocortical ripples in plasticity processes are discussed.},
	Author = {Grenier, F. and Timofeev, I. and Steriade, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Anesthetics, Inhalation;Sleep, REM;Xylazine;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neocortex;Ketamine;Epilepsy;Anesthetics, Dissociative;Periodicity;Sleep;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Adrenergic alpha-Agonists;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Halothane;Arousal;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats;Electroencephalography},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Facult{\'e} de M{\'e}decine, Universit{\'e} Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada.},
	Pages = {1884-98},
	Pubmed = {11600648},
	Title = {Focal synchronization of ripples (80-200 Hz) in neocortex and their neuronal correlates},
	Uuid = {15B29D64-39B3-465B-B3F2-B49A1AD48CDE},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Griffith:2008,
	Author = {Griffith, Leslie C. and Rosbash, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The authors are at the Department of Biology, MS008, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA. griffith\@brandeis.edu or rosbash\@brandeis.edu.},
	Pages = {123-4},
	Pii = {nn0208-123},
	Pubmed = {18227792},
	Title = {Sleep: hitting the reset button},
	Uuid = {BFB10AC0-8106-445E-8C1E-FFF3DE39ECE8},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Griffith_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0208-123}}


@article{Grillner:2005,
	Abstract = {To understand the interface between global brain function and molecular neuroscience--that is, the microcircuit level--a major challenge. Such understanding is prerequisite if we are to account for neural function in cellular terms. Very few vertebrate microcircuits are yet understood because their analysis is demanding technically. In this review of the TINS Microcircuits Special Feature, we attempt to shed light on the problem by comparing the operation of four types of microcircuit, to identify common molecular and cellular components. Central pattern generator (CPG) networks underlying rhythmic movements and hippocampal microcircuits that generate gamma and theta rhythms are compared with the neocortical microcircuits used in cognitive tasks and a cerebellar network. The long-term goal is to identify the components of a molecular and synaptic tool kit for the design of different microcircuits.},
	Author = {Grillner, Sten and Markram, Henry and De Schutter, Erik and Silberberg, Gilad and LeBeau, Fiona E. N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Movement;21 Neurophysiology;Neural Networks (Computer);Hippocampus;Models, Neurological;Neural Pathways;Neocortex;21 Circuit structure-function;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Periodicity;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. sten.grillner\@neuro.ki.se},
	Pages = {525-33},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(05)00211-0},
	Pubmed = {16118022},
	Title = {Microcircuits in action--from CPGs to neocortex},
	Uuid = {4EB75DC2-72B7-454E-9EA7-558B9B2BB4A1},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Grillner_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.003}}


@article{Grinstein:2005,
	Abstract = {Synchronous firing peaks at levels greatly exceeding background activity have recently been reported in neocortical tissue. A small subset of neurons is dominant in a large fraction of the peaks. To investigate whether this striking behavior can emerge from a simple model, we constructed and studied a model neural network that uses a modified Hopfield-type dynamical rule. We find that networks having a power-law ("scale-free") node degree distribution readily generate extremely large synchronous firing peaks dominated by a small subset of nodes, whereas random (Erd{\"o}s-R{\'e}nyi) networks do not. This finding suggests that network topology may play an important role in determining the nature and magnitude of synchronous neural activity.},
	Author = {Grinstein, Geoffrey and Linsker, Ralph},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;Neural Networks (Computer);Stochastic Processes;Computer Simulation;comparative study;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {28},
	Organization = {IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road & Route 134, PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.},
	Pages = {9948-53},
	Pii = {0504127102},
	Pubmed = {15998732},
	Title = {Synchronous neural activity in scale-free network models versus random network models},
	Uuid = {9437DD75-5193-421F-8E35-6AB3E0823D01},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Grinstein_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504127102}}

@article{Grinvald:2005,
	Author = {Grinvald, Amiram},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Calcium;Diagnostic Imaging;21 Calcium imaging;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Humans;comment;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;23 Technique},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {40},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel. amiram.grinvald\@weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {14125-6},
	Pii = {0506755102},
	Pubmed = {16189023},
	Title = {Imaging input and output dynamics of neocortical networks in vivo: exciting times ahead},
	Uuid = {7DEB4EFB-C8BD-4EC7-8F30-BA9190646B3F},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Grinvald_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506755102}}






@article{Groc:2002,
	Abstract = {During development, neural activity has been proposed to promote neuronal growth. During the first postnatal week, the hippocampus is characterized by an oscillating neural network activity and a rapid neuronal growth. In the present study we tested in vivo, by injecting tetanus toxin into the hippocampus of P1 rats, whether this neural activity indeed promotes growth of pyramidal cells. We have previously shown that tetanus toxin injection leads to a strong reduction in the frequency of spontaneous GABA and glutamatergic synaptic currents, and to a complete blockade of the early neural network activity during the first postnatal week. Morphology of neurobiotin-filled CA1 pyramidal cells was analyzed at the end of the first postnatal week (P6-10). In activity-reduced neurons, the total length of basal dendritic tree was three times less than control. The number, but not the length, of basal dendritic branches was affected. The growth impairment was restricted to the basal dendrites. The apical dendrite, the axons, or the soma grew normally during activity deprivation. Thus, the in vivo neural activity in the neonate hippocampus seems to promote neuronal growth by initiating novel branches.},
	Author = {Groc, Laurent and Petanjek, Zdravko and Gustafsson, Bengt and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Hanse, Eric and Khazipov, Roustem},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Dendrites;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Modulators;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;Tetanus Toxin;Rats, Wistar;Neural Inhibition;Animals, Newborn;Synaptic Transmission;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Biotin;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {22341348},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, G{\"o}teborg University, G{\"o}teborg, Sweden. laurent.groc\@physiol.gu.se},
	Pages = {1931-8},
	Pii = {2264},
	Pubmed = {12453057},
	Title = {In vivo blockade of neural activity alters dendritic development of neonatal CA1 pyramidal cells},
	Uuid = {FBC9D4E4-9350-4E2C-AF29-34E771B03144},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2002}}




@article{Grove:1998,
	Abstract = {In the developing vertebrate CNS, members of the Wnt gene family are characteristically expressed at signaling centers that pattern adjacent parts of the neural tube. To identify candidate signaling centers in the telencephalon, we isolated Wnt gene fragments from cDNA derived from embryonic mouse telencephalon. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that one of the isolated Wnt genes, Wnt7a, is broadly expressed in the embryonic telencephalon. By contrast, three others, Wnt3a, 5a and a novel mouse Wnt gene, Wnt2b, are expressed only at the medial edge of the telencephalon, defining the hem of the cerebral cortex. The Wnt-rich cortical hem is a transient, neuron-containing, neuroepithelial structure that forms a boundary between the hippocampus and the telencephalic choroid plexus epithelium (CPe) throughout their embryonic development. Indicating a close developmental relationship between the cortical hem and the CPe, Wnt gene expression is upregulated in the cortical hem both before and just as the CPe begins to form, and persists until birth. In addition, although the cortical hem does not show features of differentiated CPe, such as expression of transthyretin mRNA, the CPe and cortical hem are linked by shared expression of members of the Bmp and Msx gene families. In the extra-toesJ (XtJ) mouse mutant, telencephalic CPe fails to develop. We show that Wnt gene expression is deficient at the cortical hem in XtJ/XtJ mice, but that the expression of other telencephalic developmental control genes, including Wnt7a, is maintained. The XtJ mutant carries a deletion in Gli3, a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila gene cubitus interruptus (ci), which encodes a transcriptional regulator of the Drosophila Wnt gene, wingless. Our observations indicate that Gli3 participates in Wnt gene regulation in the vertebrate telencephalon, and suggest that the loss of telencephalic choroid plexus in XtJ mice is due to defects in the cortical hem that include Wnt gene misregulation.},
	Author = {Grove, E. A. and Tole, S. and Limon, J. and Yip, L. and Ragsdale, C. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0950-1991},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Fibroblast Growth Factor 8;10 Development;Cell Differentiation;10 Hippocampus;Animals;DNA-Binding Proteins;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Transcription Factors;Proteins;Epithelium;Mutation;Telencephalon;Hippocampus;Wnt2 Protein;Wnt Proteins;Xenopus Proteins;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mesoderm;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Choroid Plexus;Morphogenesis;Fibroblast Growth Factors;Mice;Proto-Oncogene Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors;Repressor Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98252821},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8701744},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. egrove\@drugs.bsd.uchicago.edu},
	Pages = {2315-25},
	Pubmed = {9584130},
	Title = {The hem of the embryonic cerebral cortex is defined by the expression of multiple Wnt genes and is compromised in Gli3-deficient mice},
	Uuid = {F928B2D2-5DD5-4294-92FF-8A9117DCE926},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Grove:2004,
	Abstract = {Stem cell plasticity refers to the ability of adult stem cells to acquire mature phenotypes that are different from their tissue of origin. Adult bone marrow cells (BMCs) include two populations of bone marrow stem cells (BMCs): hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which give rise to all mature lineages of blood, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat. In this article, we review the literature that lends credibility to the theory that highly plastic BMCs have a role in maintenance and repair of nonhematopoietic tissue. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which this may occur. Also reviewed is the possibility that adult BMCs can change their gene expression profile after fusion with a mature cell, which has brought into question whether this stem cell plasticity is real.},
	Author = {Grove, Joanna E. and Bruscia, Emanuela and Krause, Diane S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1066-5099},
	Journal = {Stem Cells},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Transplantation, Heterologous;Hematopoietic Stem Cells;Bone Marrow Cells;08 Aberrant cell cycle;Stem Cells;22 Stem cells;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Stem Cell Transplantation},
	Nlm_Id = {9304532},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 8035, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA. joanna.grove\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {487-500},
	Pii = {22/4/487},
	Pubmed = {15277695},
	Title = {Plasticity of bone marrow-derived stem cells},
	Uuid = {A0CE026F-FBF0-47F7-BD9C-137A472EF73B},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Grove_StemCells2004.pdf}}


@article{Grubb:2008,
	Abstract = {The first synapse in olfaction undergoes considerable anatomical plasticity in both early postnatal development and adult neurogenesis, yet we know very little concerning its functional maturation at these times. Here, we used whole-cell recordings in olfactory bulb slices to describe olfactory nerve inputs to developing postnatal neurons and to maturing adult-born cells labeled with a GFP-encoding lentivirus. In both postnatal development and adult neurogenesis, the maturation of olfactory nerve synapses involved an increase in the relative contribution of AMPA over NMDA receptors, and a decrease in the contribution of NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit. These postsynaptic transformations, however, were not mirrored by presynaptic changes: in all cell groups, paired-pulse depression remained constant as olfactory nerve synapses matured. Although maturing cells may therefore offer, transiently, a functionally distinct connection for inputs from the nose, presynaptic function at the first olfactory connection remains remarkably constant in the face of considerable anatomical plasticity.},
	Author = {Grubb, Matthew S. and Nissant, Antoine and Murray, Kerren and Lledo, Pierre-Marie M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Cell Differentiation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Smell;Female;Neuronal Plasticity;Mice, Inbred C57BL;comparative study;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Male;Mice;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Perception and Memory Laboratory, Unit{\'e} de Recherche Associ{\'e}e 2182, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.},
	Pages = {2919-32},
	Pii = {28/11/2919},
	Pubmed = {18337423},
	Title = {Functional maturation of the first synapse in olfaction: development and adult neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {3072E13E-A7C3-41C3-9E93-9ADDE61476BE},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Grubb_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5550-07.2008}}

@article{Gu:1999,
	Abstract = {The objective was to determine if projections of single neurons to primary motor cortex preferentially terminate in several efferent zones that could form synergies for the execution of limb movements. Intracortical microstimulation was used to identify zones evoking hip flexion (HF), elbow flexion (EF), and both plantarflexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) about the ankle. Histological examination showed that the zones from which some movements were evoked extended beyond the agranular cortex into granular cortex. Fluorogold, Fast blue, and propridium iodide or rhodamine-labeled dextran were injected into three of these four efferent zones in each rat. There was a virtual absence of multiple-labeled cells despite having an intermingling of different-colored cells of which 15\%in frontal cortex were less than 1.2 mm away from a neighboring neuron that projected to a different efferent zone. This suggests that single neurons projecting to the motor cortex do not hard-wire specific synergies but rather project to single efferent zones in order to offer the greatest degree of freedom for the generation of movements. The distribution of ventral posterolateral and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus labeling depended on whether the injections were in granular or agranular cortex. Conversely, frontal cortex projections to motor efferent zones were made irrespective of their location in either granular or agranular cortex and thereby supporting their presumed role in the control of movements. Hindlimb motor cortex injections yielded retrograde labeling that extended into the more localised distribution of frontal cortex neurons retrogradely labeled from forelimb injections. This may allow hindlimb movements to be synchronized by forelimb movements during walking on challenging terrain.},
	Author = {Gu, X. and Staines, W. A. and Fortier, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Movement;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Rats;Motor Cortex;Extremities;Electromyography;Neural Pathways;Brain Mapping;Thalamus;Animals;Male;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99373218},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.},
	Pages = {175-87},
	Pii = {S0006899399015760},
	Pubmed = {10415372},
	Title = {Quantitative analyses of neurons projecting to primary motor cortex zones controlling limb movements in the rat},
	Uuid = {22AE4011-F923-4CDC-B483-3A66BEE88244},
	Volume = {835},
	Year = {1999}}


@article{Guadano-Ferraz:1990,
	Abstract = {In the corpus callosum of the cat, the heavy subunit of neurofilaments (NFH) can be demonstrated with the monoclonal antibody NE14, as early as P11, not at P3, and only in a few axons. At P18-19 and more markedly at P29, many more callosal axons have become positive to NE14 and this is similar to what is found in the adult. In contrast, callosal axons become positive to the neurofilament antibody SMI-32 only between P29 and P39 and remain positive in the adult. Treatment with alkaline phosphatase prevents axonal staining with NE14, but results in SMI-32 staining of a few callosal axons as early as P11, but not at P3. Between P11 and P19 the number of axons stained with SMI-32 after alkaline phosphatase treatment increases, in parallel with that of axons stained with NE14. Thus NE14 appears to recognize a phosphorylated form of NFH, while SMI-32 appears to recognize an epitope of NFH which is either masked by phosphate or inaccessible until between P29 and P39, unless the tissue is treated with alkaline phosphatase. These two forms of NFH appear towards the end of the period of massive developmental elimination of callosal axons. They are also synchronous with changes in the spacing of neurofilaments quantified in a separate ultrastructural study. These cytoskeletal changes may terminate the juvenile-labile state of callosal axons and allow further axial growth of the axon.},
	Author = {Guadano-Ferraz, A. and Riederer, B. M. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Embryo;Aging;Corpus Callosum;Cats;Neurofilament Proteins;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Alkaline Phosphatase;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Intermediate Filament Proteins;Macromolecular Systems;Axons},
	Medline = {91084996},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {244-56},
	Pubmed = {2124524},
	Title = {Developmental changes in the heavy subunit of neurofilaments in the corpus callosum of the cat},
	Uuid = {6C0482ED-114F-41AB-A0DA-4B29282B2723},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Guadano-Ferraz:1994,
	Abstract = {The development of axon number in the anterior commissure (AC) was analyzed in 39 normal and 37 hypothyroid rats using conventional electron microscopy. Hypothyroid rats underwent antithyroid treatment with methimazole from embryonic day (E) 14 onwards, followed in a fraction of the animals by thyroidectomy at postnatal day (P) 6. In normal rats, the midsagittal cross-sectional anterior commissure area (ACA) increased throughout their life; in hypothyroid rats, ACA was stationary from P4 onwards and at P174-180 it was reduced by 39\%relative to normal rats. In normal rats, the number of AC axons increased rapidly from 168,500 at E18 to, on average, 1,049,000 from P4 onwards. Similarly, in hypothyroid rats, the number of axons increased from 135,000 at E18 to, on average, 1,052,000 from P4 onwards. At all ages, the number of axons was similar in normal and hypothyroid rats. During development of the AC, the evolution of axon number observed in normal and hypothyroid rats is different from what was reported for other telencephalic commissures, including the AC of the monkey, where an important fraction of the axons are eliminated postnatally. Antithyroid treatment dissociated ACA from total number of AC axons.},
	Author = {Guada\~{n}o Ferraz, A. and Escobar del Rey, F. and Morreale de Escobar, G. and Innocenti, G. M. and Berbel, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Reference Values;Hypothyroidism;Rats;Not relevant;Rats, Wistar;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Male;Brain;Animals},
	Medline = {95112383},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Departament d'Histologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat d'Alacant, Spain.},
	Pages = {293-308},
	Pubmed = {7813049},
	Title = {The development of the anterior commissure in normal and hypothyroid rats},
	Uuid = {1CE34B0D-0D77-4694-A09D-B47E54284C40},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Guandalini:1998,
	Abstract = {This study investigated in the rat the corticocortical projections of the frontal eye field (FEF), which is located within the medial frontal cortex. The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats. Seven animals received a single iontophoretic injection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in an FEF site within the medial frontal cortex where intracortical microstimulation elicited eye movements. In these cases, anterogradely labeled fibers and terminal-like elements were found in both hemispheres. The densest labeling was seen in the injected hemisphere, where labeled fibers prevailed in the visual cortex and their laminar distribution differed between the primary and secondary visual cortices. Dense labeled fibers were also seen in the frontal and retrosplenial cortex, whereas a columnar arrangement of terminal-like elements was detected in a restricted part of area 1 of the somatosensory cortex. Contralaterally to the injection site, labeled fibers were distributed mainly in the homotopic region. In two animals, the tracer was injected in a site at the FEF border whose stimulation evoked eye and whisker movements. In these animals, a different distribution of labeling was observed with respect to the other rats in which the tracer was deposited within the FEF, and anterograde labeling was observed in areas 1 and 2 of the parietal cortex of both hemispheres; in addition, no labeling was observed in these cases in the primary visual cortex. These findings suggest that cortical sites confined within the rat FEF are implicated in the control of orienting and exploring behaviors in addition to the control of eye movement.},
	Author = {Guandalini, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0361-9230},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Iontophoresis;Rats;Eye Movements;Neural Pathways;Rats, Wistar;Phytohemagglutinins;Male;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99101905},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7605818},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Universit\`{a} di Ferrara, Italy. gnp\@dns.unife.it},
	Pages = {377-85},
	Pii = {S0361923098001221},
	Pubmed = {9886790},
	Title = {The corticocortical projections of the physiologically defined eye field in the rat medial frontal cortex},
	Uuid = {F4552008-091B-45D2-9035-528F2608352B},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {1998}}



@article{Guerrini:1999,
	Author = {Guerrini, R. and Andermann, E. and Avoli, M. and Dobyns, W. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0091-3952},
	Journal = {Adv Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 genetics malformation;Congenital Abnormalities;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {0367524},
	Organization = {Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.},
	Pages = {95-121},
	Pubmed = {10514808},
	Title = {Cortical dysplasias, genetics, and epileptogenesis},
	Uuid = {0DF9D7D7-8F79-4F63-83B9-9A5D7091B7DF},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Guerrini:2001,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the cerebral cortex are an important cause of developmental disabilities and epilepsy. Here we review those malformations for which a genetic basis has been elucidated or is suspected and the types of associated epilepsy. Schizencephaly (cleft brain) has a wide anatomo-clinical spectrum, including partial epilepsy in most patients. Familial occurrence is rare. Heterozygous mutations in the EMX2 gene were reported in 13 patients. X-linked bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH) consists of typical BPNH with epilepsy in females and prenatal lethality in males. About 88\%of patients have partial epilepsy. Filamin A mutations, all leading to a truncated protein, have been reported in three families and in sporadic patients. The most frequent forms of lissencephaly (agyria-pachygyria) are caused by mutations of LIS1. XLIS mutations cause classical lissencephaly in hemizygous males and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) in heterozygous females. The thickness of the heterotopic band and the degree of pachygyria correlate with the likelihood of developing Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Mutations of the coding region of XLIS were found in all reported pedigrees and in 38-91\%of sporadic female patients with SBH. With few exceptions, children with LIS1 mutations have isolated lissencephaly, with severe developmental delay and infantile spasms. Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia, accompanied by severe developmental delay, seizures, and hypotonia has been associated with mutations of the reelin gene. Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy is due to mutations of the fukutin gene and is accompanied by polymicrogyria. Febrile seizures and epilepsy with generalized tonic-convulsions appear in about 50\%of children but are usually not severe. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is caused by mutations in at least two genes, TSC1 and TSC2; 75\%of cases are sporadic; 60\%of patients have epilepsy, manifested in 50\%of them as infantile spasms. TSC1 mutations seem to cause a milder disease with fewer cortical tubers and lower frequency of seizures. Among several syndromes featuring polymicrogyria, bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria had familial occurrence on several occasions. Genetic heterogeneity is likely, including autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive inheritance, and association with 22q11.2 deletions. About 65\%of patients have severe epilepsy, often Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.},
	Author = {Guerrini, R. and Carrozzo, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0148-7299},
	Journal = {Am J Med Genet},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Chromosome Mapping;Microfilament Proteins;Tuberous Sclerosis;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Point Mutation;21 Epilepsy;Contractile Proteins;Muscular Dystrophies;Humans;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Cerebral Cortex;review;Cell Movement},
	Medline = {21462259},
	Nlm_Id = {7708900},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Pediatric Neurology, Institute of CHild Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College of London, UK. R.Guerrini\@ich.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {160-73},
	Pii = {10.1002/ajmg.1569},
	Pubmed = {11579436},
	Title = {Epilepsy and genetic malformations of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {E2205C53-D232-463A-8333-615FB3EECC17},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Guerrini_AmJMedGenet2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1569}}

@article{Guerrini:2005,
	Abstract = {We reviewed the epileptogenic cortical malformations for which a causative gene has been cloned or a linkage obtained. X-linked bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH) consists of typical BPNH with epilepsy in female patients and prenatal lethality in most males. About 90\%of patients have focal epilepsy. Filamin A mutations have been reported in all families and in approximately 20\%of sporadic patients. A rare recessive form of BPNH also has been reported. Most cases of lissencephaly-pachygyria are caused by mutations of LIS1 and XLIS genes. LIS1 mutations cause a more severe malformation posteriorly. Most children have isolated lissencephaly, with severe developmental delay and infantile spasms, but milder phenotypes have been recorded. XLIS usually causes anteriorly predominant lissencephaly in male patients and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) in female patients. Thickness of the band and severity of pachygyria correlate with the likelihood of developing Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Mutations of the coding region of XLIS are found in all reported pedigrees and in 50\%of sporadic female patients with SBH. Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia; accompanied by severe delay, hypotonia, and seizures, has been associated with mutations of the RELN gene. Schizencephaly has a wide anatomoclinical spectrum, including focal epilepsy in most patients. Familial occurrence is rare. Initial reports of heterozygous mutations in the EMX2 gene need confirmation. Among several syndromes featuring polymicrogyria, bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria shows genetic heterogeneity, including linkage to Xq28 in some pedigrees, autosomal recessive inheritance in others, and association with 22q11.2 deletion in some patients. About 65\%of patients have severe epilepsy, often Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Recessive bilateral frontal polymicrogyria has been linked to chromosome 16q12.2-21.},
	Author = {Guerrini, Renzo},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Genetic Screening;Child, Preschool;Humans;Age of Onset;Tuberous Sclerosis;review;Brain;Female;Epilepsy;Infant;Child;21 Epilepsy;Terminology;Male;Linkage (Genetics);Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Genetic Counseling;Cerebellum;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Adolescent},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Epilepsy, Neurophysiology and Neurogenetics Unit, Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa and Research Institute Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy. renzo.guerrini\@inpe.unipi.it},
	Pages = {32-7},
	Pii = {EPI461010},
	Pubmed = {15816977},
	Title = {Genetic malformations of the cerebral cortex and epilepsy},
	Uuid = {4B628DCD-8466-46C6-ACEB-C74ADDF00C63},
	Volume = {46 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.461010.x}}

@article{Guerrini:2003,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the cerebral cortex (MCC) are often associated with severe epilepsy and developmental delay. About 40\%of drug-resistant epilepsies are caused by MCC. Classification of MCC is based on embryological brain development, recognising forms that result from faulty neuronal proliferation, neuronal migration and cortical organisation. Hemimegalencephaly, an enlarged dysplastic hemisphere, can present as early onset severe epileptic encephalopathy or as partial epilepsy. In focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), MRI shows focal cortical thickening and simplified gyration. Patients have drug-resistant, often early onset epilepsy. Complete surgical ablation of FCD is accompanied by remission in up to 90\%of patients, but may be technically difficult. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a multisystemic disorder primarily involving the nervous system; 60\%of patients having epilepsy, with 50\%having infantile spasms. TS is caused by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes; 75\%of cases are sporadic. TSC1 mutations cause a milder disease. Bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH) consists of confluent and symmetric nodules of grey matter along the lateral ventricles. X-linked BPNH presents with epilepsy in females and prenatal lethality in most males. Most patients have partial epilepsy. Filamin A mutations have been reported in families and sporadic patients. Lissencephaly (LIS smooth brain) is a severe MCC characterised by absent or decreased convolutions. Classical LIS is quite rare and manifests with severe developmental delay, spastic quadriparesis and severe epilepsy. XLIS mutations cause classical lissencephaly in hemizygous males and subcortical band heterotopia in heterozygous females. Thickness of heterotopic band and degree of pachygyria correlate well with phenotype severity. Schizencephaly (cleft brain) has a wide anatomo-clinical spectrum, including partial epilepsy in most patients. Polymicrogyria (excessive number of small and prominent convolutions) has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from early onset epileptic encephalopathy to selective impairment of cognitive functions. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria may be familial. Patients present with faciopharingo-glosso-masticatory diplegia and epilepsy, which is severe in about 65\%of patients.},
	Author = {Guerrini, Renzo and Sicca, Federico and Parmeggiani, Lucio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1294-9361},
	Journal = {Epileptic Disord},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Brain Diseases;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;21 Neurophysiology;Abnormalities, Multiple;Gene Expression;Humans;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {22982191},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {100891853},
	Organization = {Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Calambrone, Italy. Renzo.Guerrini\@inpe.unipi.it},
	Pages = {S9-26},
	Pubmed = {14617417},
	Title = {Epilepsy and malformations of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {A644E46B-7A6B-4A20-BBFD-D7E3367A47D9},
	Volume = {5 Suppl 2},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Guerrini:2008,
	Abstract = {Genetic studies have identified several of the genes associated with malformations of cortical development which might disrupt each of the main stages of cell proliferation and specification, neuronal migration and late cortical organization. The largest malformation groups, focal cortical dysplasia, heterotopia and polymicrogyria, express different perturbations of these stages and carry a variable propensity for lacking activation, preservation or reorganization of cortical function and for atypical cortical organization. Some patients have obvious neurological impairment, whereas others show unexpected deficits that are detectable only by screening. Drug-resistant epilepsy is frequent but might be amenable to surgical treatment. However, the epileptogenic zone might include remote cortical and subcortical regions. Completeness of resection, a key factor for successful surgery, might be difficult, especially in proximity to eloquent cortex. Surgical planning should be based on assessments of structural imaging and of the major functions relevant to the area in question in any such patient.},
	Author = {Guerrini, Renzo and Dobyns, William B. and Barkovich, A. James},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;10 genetics malformation;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital A. Meyer, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy.},
	Pages = {154-62},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(08)00037-4},
	Pubmed = {18262290},
	Title = {Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options},
	Uuid = {B5C821A7-7ED3-41E4-9E61-34AD67ECDC07},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Guerrini_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.004}}



@article{Guimera:2006,
	Author = {Guimer\`{a}, Roger and Sales-Pardo, Marta},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1744-4292},
	Journal = {Mol Syst Biol},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;Metabolism;Evolution;Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Nlm_Id = {101235389},
	Pages = {42},
	Pii = {msb4100082},
	Pubmed = {16883355},
	Title = {Form follows function: the architecture of complex networks},
	Uuid = {43D35539-0B3E-4E81-B5BB-91293055E7A4},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Guimera_MolSystBiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb4100082}}

@article{Gulyas-Kovacs:2002,
	Abstract = {Rat neocortical slices express spontaneous epileptiform activity after incubation with GABA(A) receptor blocker bicuculline (BIC, 20 microM), with potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 50 microM) or in Mg(2+)-free medium (LMG). Various parameters of spontaneous and evoked epileptiform discharges and their pharmacological sensitivity were analysed using extracellular field potential recordings in this comparative in vitro study. All types of convulsant solution induced spontaneous epileptiform activity, however, the analysed parameters showed that characteristics of epileptiform discharges are rather different in the three models. The longest duration of discharges was recorded in LMG, while the highest frequency of spontaneous events was detected in 4-AP. The epileptiform field responses elicited by electrical stimulation appeared in an all-or-none manner in BIC. On the contrary, in 4-AP and in LMG the amplitude of the responses increased gradually with increasing stimulation intensities. The NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, 25 microM) abolished the LMG induced spontaneous epileptiform activity and significantly reduced the frequency of the epileptiform discharges in BIC and 4-AP. Blocking the AMPA type of glutamate transmission with 1-(aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466, 40 microM) rapidly abolished BIC-induced spontaneous epileptiform activity and caused a significant decrease in the frequency of 4-AP induced spontaneous epileptiform discharges. However, it had only a weak effect on the LMG-induced epileptiform activity. We conclude that the contribution of NMDA and AMPA types of glutamate receptors to the development and maintenance of epileptiform activity in cortical cell assemblies is different in the three models. There are significant alterations in contribution of NMDA and AMPA types of glutamate receptors to the above-mentioned processes in the different convulsants. In BIC the synchronisation is mainly due to the altered network properties, namely inhibition is reduced in the local circuits. Although inhibition is reduced in the local circuits, the AMPA receptor antagonist relatively easily blocked the synchronised excitation. In 4-AP, and especially in LMG, changes in the membrane characteristics of neurones play a crucial role in the increased excitability. In this case the AMPA antagonist was less effective.},
	Author = {Guly{\'a}s-Kov{\'a}cs, A. and D{\'o}czi, J. and Tarnawa, I. and D{\'e}t{\'a}ri, L. and Banczerowski-Pelyhe, I. and Vil{\'a}gi, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Anti-Anxiety Agents;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Receptors, AMPA;Male;Bicuculline;Magnesium Deficiency;Potassium Channel Blockers;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Convulsants;24 Pubmed search results 2008;4-Aminopyridine;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Benzodiazepines;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22122543},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, E{\"o}tv{\"o}s Lor{\'a}nd University, P{\'a}zm{\'a}ny P{\'e}ter s{\'e}t{\'a}ny 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.},
	Pages = {174-80},
	Pii = {S0006899302027518},
	Pubmed = {12126879},
	Title = {Comparison of spontaneous and evoked epileptiform activity in three in vitro epilepsy models},
	Uuid = {65CD5FDF-F46F-4B89-BDF3-FB15EDA94328},
	Volume = {945},
	Year = {2002}}





@article{Gupta:2000,
	Abstract = {A puzzling feature of the neocortex is the rich array of inhibitory interneurons. Multiple neuron recordings revealed numerous electrophysiological-anatomical subclasses of neocortical gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) interneurons and three types of GABAergic synapses. The type of synapse used by each interneuron to influence its neighbors follows three functional organizing principles. These principles suggest that inhibitory synapses could shape the impact of different interneurons according to their specific spatiotemporal patterns of activity and that GABAergic interneuron and synapse diversity may enable combinatorial inhibitory effects in the neocortex.},
	Author = {Gupta, A. and Wang, Y. and Markram, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Dendrites;Potassium;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20102820},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5451},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute for Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.},
	Pages = {273-8},
	Pii = {8184},
	Pubmed = {10634775},
	Title = {Organizing principles for a diversity of GABAergic interneurons and synapses in the neocortex},
	Uuid = {D285BBF4-18F9-4E42-B2BB-3A4F2BE23858},
	Volume = {287},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Gurden:2006,
	Abstract = {Functional imaging signals arise from metabolic and hemodynamic activity, but how these processes are related to the synaptic and electrical activity of neurons is not well understood. To provide insight into this issue, we used in vivo imaging and simultaneous local pharmacology to study how sensory-evoked neural activity leads to intrinsic optical signals (IOS) in the well-defined circuitry of the olfactory glomerulus. Odor-evoked IOS were tightly coupled to release of glutamate and were strongly modulated by activation of presynaptic dopamine and GABA-B receptors. Surprisingly, IOS were independent of postsynaptic transmission through ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors, but instead were inhibited when uptake by astrocytic glutamate transporters was blocked. These data suggest that presynaptic glutamate release and uptake by astrocytes form a critical pathway through which neural activity is linked to metabolic processing and hence to functional imaging signals.},
	Author = {Gurden, Hirac and Uchida, Naoshige and Mainen, Zachary F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Receptors, Glutamate;Dopamine;Presynaptic Terminals;Rats, Long-Evans;Astrocytes;Animals;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Communication;Cerebrovascular Circulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Receptors, GABA-B;Olfactory Bulb;Receptors, Dopamine;Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1;21 Neurophysiology;Light;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2;Energy Metabolism;Models, Neurological;Optics},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {335-45},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00587-3},
	Pubmed = {17046695},
	Title = {Sensory-evoked intrinsic optical signals in the olfactory bulb are coupled to glutamate release and uptake},
	Uuid = {2F535B87-E34E-4090-BBD8-DE389D4BE440},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.022}}



@article{Gutkin:2006,
	Author = {Gutkin, Boris and Ermentrout, G. Bard},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {comment;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7087},
	Pages = {999-1000},
	Pii = {440999a},
	Pubmed = {16625182},
	Title = {Neuroscience: spikes too kinky in the cortex?},
	Uuid = {641D5449-AF6A-4A31-B19C-B8BB748F9659},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Gutkin_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/440999a}}

@article{Gutnick:1983,
	Abstract = {Lucifer Yellow was injected intracellularly into neurons in slices of guinea pig visual cortex. Dye coupling incidence was significantly decreased in slices that were incubated in a high concentration of carbon dioxide. This effect was probably due to intracellular acidification, since exposure to impermeant acid was not effective. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that carbon dioxide interferes with dye coupling in neocortex through its known action as an uncoupler of electronic coupling through gap junctions.},
	Author = {Gutnick, M. J. and Lobel-Yaakov, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0304-3940},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Guinea Pigs;21 Gap junctions;Cell Aggregation;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Animals;Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;Carbon Dioxide;Intracellular Fluid;Isoquinolines},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7600130},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {197-200},
	Pii = {0304-3940(83)90406-8},
	Pubmed = {6420731},
	Title = {Carbon dioxide uncouples dye-coupled neuronal aggregates in neocortical slices},
	Uuid = {5CCD8C7E-211D-4FC8-87B3-E3C2A493E620},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Gutnick:1985,
	Abstract = {The fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH was intracellularly injected into neurons in slices of guinea-pig visual neocortex which had been prepared by sectioning either in a plane normal to the pial surface (radial slices) or in a plane parallel to the pial surface (tangential slices). In radial slices 44.3\%of the injections resulted in dye-coupling and the number of cells coupled to the impaled neuron per injection followed a Poisson distribution. In contrast dye-coupling was not observed in tangential slices. Incidence of dye-coupling in slices that had been sectioned in both the radial and tangential planes was the same as in intact radial slices, indicating that slicing in the radial plane induced the formation of pathways for dye movement between neurons. The results suggest that formation and/or strengthening of direct intercellular junctions between neocortical neurons may occur as a specific neuronal response to partial dendrotomy.},
	Author = {Gutnick, M. J. and Lobel-Yaakov, R. and Rimon, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Histological Techniques;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Guinea Pigs;Fluorescent Dyes;21 Gap junctions;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Animals;Isoquinolines;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {659-66},
	Pubmed = {3906427},
	Title = {Incidence of neuronal dye-coupling in neocortical slices depends on the plane of section},
	Uuid = {2878BEC0-B793-475B-801E-8A21036858B1},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{Haas:1996,
	Abstract = {Seizures cause a persistent enhancement in dentate synaptic inhibition concurrent with, and possibly compensatory for, seizure-induced hippocampal hyperexcitability. To study this phenomenon, we evoked status epilepticus in rats with systemic kainic acid (KA), and 2 weeks later assessed granule cell inhibition with paired-pulse stimulation of the perforant path (PP) in vitro. Controls demonstrated three components of paired-pulse inhibition: early inhibition (10-30 msec), intermediate facilitation (30-120 msec), and late inhibition (120 msec to 120 sec). After seizures, inhibition in all components was enhanced significantly. The GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline blocked only early enhanced inhibition, demonstrating that both GABA(A) and GABA(B) postsynaptic receptors contribute to seizure-induced enhanced inhibition. In controls, the GABA(B) antagonist CGP 35348 increased both GABA(A) and GABA(B) responses in granule cells, suggesting that CGP 35348 acts presynaptically, blocking receptors that suppress GABA release. In contrast, slices from KA-treated rats were markedly less sensitive to CGP 35348. To test the hypothesis that GABA(B) receptors regulating GABA release are downregulated after seizures, we measured paired-pulse suppression of recurrent IPSPs, or disinhibition, using mossy fiber stimuli. Early disinhibition (<200 msec) was reduced after seizures, whereas late disinhibition remained intact. CGP 35348 blocked the early component of disinhibition in controls and, to a lesser extent, reduced disinhibition in KA slices. However, paired monosynaptic IPSPs recorded intracellularly showed no difference in disinhibition between groups. Our findings indicate that seizure- induced enhancement in dentate inhibition is caused, at least in part, by reduced GABA(B) function in the polysynaptic recurrent inhibitory circuit, resulting in reduced disinhibition and heightened GABA release.},
	Author = {Haas, K. Z. and Sperber, E. F. and Moshe, S. L. and Stanton, P. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Dentate Gyrus/*physiopathology;Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology;Rats;07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;Synaptic Transmission;Animal;*Down-Regulation (Physiology);Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, GABA-B/*metabolism;Kainic Acid;Male;E-5;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;*Neural Inhibition;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Seizures/chemically induced/*physiopathology;GABA Antagonists/pharmacology;Receptors, GABA-A/antagonists &inhibitors/physiology;Status Epilepticus/chemically induced/physiopathology},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461-1602, USA.},
	Pages = {4250-60.},
	Title = {Kainic acid-induced seizures enhance dentate gyrus inhibition by downregulation of GABA(B) receptors},
	Uuid = {B208D28D-D1A7-4B2F-AAE4-F6BC743479BB},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8753886}}

@article{Haas:2002,
	Abstract = {The reelin signaling pathway plays a crucial role during the development of laminated structures in the mammalian brain. Reelin, which is synthesized and secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells in the marginal zone of the neocortex and hippocampus, is proposed to act as a stop signal for migrating neurons. Here we show that a decreased expression of reelin mRNA by hippocampal Cajal-Retzius cells correlates with the extent of migration defects in the dentate gyrus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These results suggest that reelin is required for normal neuronal lamination in humans, and that deficient reelin expression may be involved in migration defects associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.},
	Author = {Haas, Carola A. and Dudeck, Oliver and Kirsch, Matthias and Huszka, Csaba and Kann, Gunda and Pollak, Stefan and Zentner, Josef and Frotscher, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Adolescent;10 Development;10 Hippocampus;Child, Preschool;Humans;Middle Aged;Receptors, LDL;Female;Cell Count;Cell Movement;Hippocampus;Serine Endopeptidases;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;RNA, Messenger;Male;Receptors, Lipoprotein;In Situ Hybridization;Extracellular Matrix Proteins;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Neurons;Dentate Gyrus;Adult;Polymerase Chain Reaction;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22117883},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg, D-79001 Freiburg, Germany. Carola.Haas\@anat.uni-freiburg.de},
	Pages = {5797-802},
	Pii = {22/14/5797},
	Pubmed = {12122039},
	Title = {Role for reelin in the development of granule cell dispersion in temporal lobe epilepsy},
	Uuid = {8A6426D1-6970-4AB1-83E6-56F0CC4EE9F1},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026621}}

@article{Haas:2006,
	Abstract = {The size and shape of neuronal dendritic arbors affect the number and type of synaptic inputs, as well as the complexity and function of brain circuits. In the intact brain, dendritic arbor growth and the development of excitatory glutamatergic synapse are concurrent. Consequently, it has been difficult to resolve whether synaptic inputs drive dendritic arbor development. Here, we test the role of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmission in dendrite growth by expressing peptides corresponding to the intracellular C-terminal domains of AMPAR subunits GluR1 (GluR1Ct) and GluR2 (GluR2Ct) in optic tectal neurons of the Xenopus retinotectal system. These peptides significantly reduce AMPAR synaptic transmission in transfected neurons while leaving visual system circuitry intact. Daily in vivo imaging over 5 days revealed that GluR1Ct or GluR2Ct expression dramatically impaired dendrite growth, resulting in less complex arbors than controls. Time-lapse images collected at 2-h intervals over 6 h show that both GluR1Ct and GluR2Ct decrease branch lifetimes. Ultrastructural analysis indicates that synapses formed onto neurons expressing the GluRCt are less mature than synapses onto control neurons. These data suggest that the failure to form complex arbors is due to reduced stabilization of new synapses and dendritic branches. Although visual stimulation increases dendritic arbor growth rates in control tectal neurons, a weak postsynaptic response to visual experience in GluRCt-expressing cells leads to retraction of branches. These results indicate that AMPAR-mediated transmission underlies experience-dependent dendritic arbor growth by stabilizing branches, and support a competition-based model for dendrite growth.},
	Author = {Haas, Kurt and Li, Jianli and Cline, Hollis T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Glutamate;Synapses;Dendrites;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Protein Structure, Tertiary;Receptors, AMPA;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Time Factors;Electrophysiology;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Xenopus laevis;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Peptides},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {12127-31},
	Pii = {0602670103},
	Pubmed = {16882725},
	Title = {AMPA receptors regulate experience-dependent dendritic arbor growth in vivo},
	Uuid = {1F1109BC-1941-444D-B9ED-E48C60D95125},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602670103}}

@article{Hablitz:2000,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Identification of changes in neurotransmitter function in animal models of epilepsy provides a basis for rational drug development and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis. We investigated changes in the efficacy of the benzodiazepine type I agonist zolpidem and the polyamine site N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ifenprodil in a rat model of microgyria. METHODS: Neonatal freeze lesions were used to produce a microsulcus in the normally lissencephalic rat neocortex with anatomical similarities to human polymicrogyria. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from visually identified layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in acutely prepared brain slices from nonlesioned and lesioned rats. RESULTS: The effect of 20 nmol/L zolpidem on the decay time constant of inhibitory postsynaptic currents was significantly less in neurons from brain slices containing the freeze lesion. A higher concentration (100 nmol/L) of zolpidem was equally efficacious in lesioned and nonlesioned cortex. In lesioned cortex, the threshold for evoking epileptiform discharges was significantly increased in the presence of 10 micromol/L ifenprodil. This effect was significant in both intrinsic hyperexcitability and partial disinhibition with 2 micromol/L bicuculline in lesioned cortex. Ifenprodil had significantly less effect on the threshold of discharges evoked in control cortex in the partial disinhibition model. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased sensitivity of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors to 20 nmol/L zolpidem in the freeze-lesion model is consistent with a delayed or arrested maturation in this animal model. These data support a delay in the developmental switch from alpha2 to alpha1 subunits in gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors of neocortical pyramidal cells in lesioned cortex. The increased ifenprodil sensitivity of the threshold for evoking epileptiform discharges in both control and disinhibited slices containing the microsulcus is explained by a delay in the expression of the 2A (NR2A) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit. Delayed development may be a hallmark of this type of cortical dysplasia.},
	Author = {Hablitz, J. J. and DeFazio, R. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Epilepsy;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Epilepsy;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Pyridines;Neural Inhibition;Neocortex;Receptors, GABA;Piperidines;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Freezing;Disease Models, Animal},
	Medline = {20452154},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. hablitz\@nrc.uab.edu},
	Pages = {S82-5},
	Pubmed = {10999525},
	Title = {Altered receptor subunit expression in rat neocortical malformations},
	Uuid = {980D1525-278B-4EEF-8357-C6B311618008},
	Volume = {41 Suppl 6},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Hablitz:1998,
	Abstract = {A freezing probe was placed on the skull of postnatal day (PN) 1 rats to induce formation of a cerebrocortical microsulcus. Experimental studies were performed on PN days 21-24. At that time point, Nissl-stained sections revealed the presence of a microsulcus similar to that described in human dysplastic cortex. Immunocytochemical staining for parvalbumin, calretinin and calbindin indicated a significant decrease in the number of immunoreactive neurons within the microsulcus and non-significant decreases in regions adjacent to the microsulcus. Staining for the glial markers GFAP and vimentin was increased near the microsulcus. Using in vitro brain slices, recordings were made in cortex adjacent to the microsulcus. Epileptiform activity was observed in response to electrical stimulation near the microsulcus. Analysis of the voltage dependence of evoked epileptiform discharges suggested the presence of an inhibitory component. As previously observed in non-lesioned animals, bath application of 4-aminopyridine induced bicuculline-sensitive spontaneous burst discharges in the presence of excitatory amino acid antagonists. These results suggest that cortical freeze lesions associated with abnormal neuronal migration produce a chronic hyperexcitable state. The findings are consistent with a mechanism involving an alteration, not loss, of inhibition in this model.},
	Author = {Hablitz, J. J. and DeFazio, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Humans;Rats;Brain;Neocortex;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Freezing;Cerebral Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Laterality;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Medline = {98432477},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. hablitz\@nrc.uab.edu},
	Pages = {75-82},
	Pubmed = {9761310},
	Title = {Excitability changes in freeze-induced neocortical microgyria},
	Uuid = {5CAB00FD-4625-4266-A110-23330D08E00B},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Hack:2002,
	Abstract = {During development, Reelin acts on migrating neuronal precursors and controls correct cell positioning in the cortex and other brain structures by a hitherto unidentified mechanism. Here we show that in the postnatal mouse brain, Reelin acts as a detachment signal for chain-migrating interneuron precursors in the olfactory bulb. Neuronal precursors cultured in Matrigel detached from chains and migrated individually in the presence of exogenously added Reelin protein or Reelin-expressing brain tissues. Furthermore, we found that in reeler mutant mice, neuronal precursors accumulated in the olfactory bulb and remained in clusters, indicating that they did not change from tangential chain-migration to radial individual migration. Our data provide direct evidence that Reelin acts as a detachment signal, but not a stop or guidance cue. We propose that Reelin may have comparable functions during development.},
	Author = {Hack, Iris and Bancila, Mircea and Loulier, Karine and Carroll, Patrick and Cremer, Harold},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Cell Differentiation;Signal Transduction;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Coculture Techniques;Cell Movement;Mice, Transgenic;COS Cells;Serine Endopeptidases;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Prosencephalon;Extracellular Matrix Proteins;Animals, Newborn;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Lateral Ventricles;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22239857},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {NMDA/IBDM, CNRS/INSERM/Universit{\'e} M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.},
	Pages = {939-45},
	Pii = {nn923},
	Pubmed = {12244323},
	Title = {Reelin is a detachment signal in tangential chain-migration during postnatal neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {5EE0E97C-D26B-403D-AB22-CA66FB9D1FC9},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn923}}



@article{Hagemann:2000,
	Abstract = {Early postnatal injections of ibotenate into the rat neopallium induce cortical dysplasias mimicking human polymicrogyria which often goes along with seizure disorders. Under in vitro conditions these experimentally induced dysplasias cause widespread hyperexcitability. The underlying mechanisms are as yet not fully understood. Electrophysiologically there is clear evidence of widespread alterations of the excitatory system. Intracellular recordings also showed some changes of the inhibitory system but have concentrated on recordings from focal areas close to the microgyrus. We investigated the integrity of functional inhibition using a paired-pulse paradigm to map the whole ipsilateral hemisphere. In rat cortical slices double-pulses were applied in layer VI/white matter and field potentials recorded in layer II/III. The ratio of the field potential amplitude did not show significant alterations in the dysplasias or their surround as compared with control and sham-injected animals. This result was obtained with two different locations of the dysplasias, excluding a mere areal specific effect. Our results show that despite prominent hyperexcitability in the surround of ibotenate-induced cortical dysplasias the inhibitory network appears to be functionally intact.},
	Author = {Hagemann, G. and Redecker, C. and Witte, O. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Nerve Degeneration;Ibotenic Acid;Rats;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Neural Inhibition;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Disease Models, Animal;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {20359603},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. Georg.Hagemann\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {600-3},
	Pubmed = {10899234},
	Title = {Intact functional inhibition in the surround of experimentally induced focal cortical dysplasias in rats},
	Uuid = {60817FB2-3D1F-4966-9FB6-DD2E9F9C1D7D},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Hagemann:2003,
	Abstract = {Electrophysiological studies in humans and animal models have revealed an intrinsic epileptogenicity of cortical dysplasias which are a frequent cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. An imbalance of inhibition and excitation has been causative related. Receptor-binding studies in rodents demonstrated reduced binding to GABA and increased binding to glutamate receptors within cortical dysplasias and increments of AMPA- and kainate-receptor binding in its surround. Immunohistochemically a differential downregulation of GABA(A) receptor subunits could be demonstrated in widespread areas within and around dysplasias. As receptor binding critically depends on receptor subunit composition the observed changes in binding properties might be related to this. Here, we immunohistochemically analyzed the regional expression of four NMDA receptor subunits and two major AMPA- and kainate-receptor complexes in adult rats after neonatal freeze lesions. These lesions are characterized by a three- to four-layered cortex and a microsulcus which mimic human polymicrogyria. Using antibodies against NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2D, GluR2,3, and GluR5,6,7 receptor subunits we demonstrated a pronounced disturbance of cortical immunostaining pattern in the cortical malformation. These changes reflected the structural disorganization of the microgyrus with some distortion of the apical dendrites of paramicrogyral pyramidal cells, a decrease and disorganization of cells at the bottom of the microsulcus, and an inflection of apical dendrites toward the microsulcus. The neuronal staining pattern of large pyramidal cells in the neighborhood of the dysplasia did not differ for any subunit investigated. No remote or widespread changes of glutamate-receptor subunit distribution could be detected. The lack of gross and/or widespread alterations of glutamate-receptor subunit distribution in the surround of focal cortical dysplasia suggests the presence of other or additional mechanisms underlying the increased excitatory neurotransmitter binding and excitability in cortical malformations.},
	Author = {Hagemann, G. and Kluska, M. M. and Redecker, C. and Luhmann, H. J. and Witte, O. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Receptors, Glutamate;Protein Subunits;Animals;Binding Sites;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Receptors, AMPA;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Kainic Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Neural Inhibition;Binding, Competitive;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22542189},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740, Jena, Germany. hagemann\@med.uni-jena.de},
	Pages = {991-1002},
	Pii = {S0306452202009594},
	Pubmed = {12654351},
	Title = {Distribution of glutamate receptor subunits in experimentally induced cortical malformations},
	Uuid = {EF43AAA0-C1EB-48CF-BF8E-551A30A4C80B},
	Volume = {117},
	Year = {2003}}


@article{Hahnloser:2002,
	Abstract = {Sequences of motor activity are encoded in many vertebrate brains by complex spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity; however, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the generation of these pre-motor patterns are poorly understood. In songbirds, one prominent site of pre-motor activity is the forebrain robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), which generates stereotyped sequences of spike bursts during song and recapitulates these sequences during sleep. We show that the stereotyped sequences in RA are driven from nucleus HVC (high vocal centre), the principal pre-motor input to RA. Recordings of identified HVC neurons in sleeping and singing birds show that individual HVC neurons projecting onto RA neurons produce bursts sparsely, at a single, precise time during the RA sequence. These HVC neurons burst sequentially with respect to one another. We suggest that at each time in the RA sequence, the ensemble of active RA neurons is driven by a subpopulation of RA-projecting HVC neurons that is active only at that time. As a population, these HVC neurons may form an explicit representation of time in the sequence. Such a sparse representation, a temporal analogue of the 'grandmother cell' concept for object recognition, eliminates the problem of temporal interference during sequence generation and learning attributed to more distributed representations.},
	Author = {Hahnloser, Richard H. R. and Kozhevnikov, Alexay A. and Fee, Michale S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Songbirds;Vocalization, Animal;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Electrophysiology;Interneurons;Animals;Brain;Male;Neurons;Sleep},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6902},
	Organization = {Biological Computation Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA.},
	Pages = {65-70},
	Pii = {nature00974},
	Pubmed = {12214232},
	Title = {An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural sequences in a songbird},
	Uuid = {F5336DDE-D200-4E33-AD05-D6C6FE149785},
	Volume = {419},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Hahnloser_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00974}}

@article{Haider:1997,
	Abstract = {A novel methodology for labeling, isolation, and detection of nucleic acids is described. Nucleic acid isolation is based on in vivo or in vitro incorporation of BrU or BrdU to either RNA or DNA, respectively, followed by immunoprecipitation of the labeled nucleic acid utilizing anti-BrdU MoAb, which crossreacts with BrU, attached to solid particles. Filter-bound bromine-labeled DNA or RNA was detected by immunoblotting with anti-BrdU MoAb, by a combined Southern/Western or Northern/Western approach, respectively. This method was applied to isolate and detect rRNA and mRNA from human cells, plasmid DNA from bacterial cells, and in vitro synthesized DNA. Newly transcribed BrU-labeled mRNA was recovered from the immunoprecipitates and analyzed by RT-PCR to study phorbol ester-mediated regulation of interleukin 1 gene transcription in human leukemic HL-60 or lymphoma U937 cells. The plasmid DNAs were isolated by immunoprecipitation from transformed bacterial cultures that were grown in the presence of BrdU and were detected immunochemically on filters. Likewise, the products of RT-PCR and Klenow polymerase-catalyzed DNA synthesis in which dTTP was replaced with BrdUTP were detected by immunoblotting. Since the method allows one to selectively separate or detect nucleic acids only synthesized during a pulse of the precursor, it can uniquely be used to identify nascent gene transcripts or the transcripts synthesized within specific time windows, e.g., after induction of differentiation, carcinogenesis, or drug treatment, and distinguish such transcripts from preexisting ones. In addition, this approach offers a simple and inexpensive alternative for preparing labeled DNA as well as RNA probes for use in a variety of hybridization protocols. Due to the low toxicity of BrU and BrdU, this approach can be used in analysis of gene transcription or DNA replication in vivo.},
	Author = {Haider, S. R. and Juan, G. and Traganos, F. and Darzynkiewicz, Z.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4827},
	Journal = {Exp Cell Res},
	Keywords = {23 dNTPs-Brdu;DNA, Bacterial;Molecular Probe Techniques;RNA;Nucleic Acids;Humans;Sensitivity and Specificity;23 Technique;Uridine;Cross Reactions;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Antibody Specificity;Antibodies, Monoclonal;Tumor Cells, Cultured;Polymerase Chain Reaction;Deoxyuracil Nucleotides;24 Pubmed search results 2008;HL-60 Cells;Bromodeoxyuridine;Precipitin Tests;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {97405876},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0373226},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA. raza\_haider\@nymc.edu},
	Pages = {498-506},
	Pii = {S0014482797936442},
	Pubmed = {9260920},
	Title = {Immunoseparation and immunodetection of nucleic acids labeled with halogenated nucleotides},
	Uuid = {2D70F25F-8214-47DB-B095-FBB0412BE385},
	Volume = {234},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Haider_ExpCellRes1997.pdf}}

@article{Haider:2007,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous activity within local circuits affects the integrative properties of neurons and networks. We have previously shown that neocortical network activity exhibits a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials, and such activity has significant effects on synaptic transmission, action potential generation, and spike timing. However, whether such activity facilitates or reduces sensory responses has yet to be clearly determined. We examined this hypothesis in the primary visual cortex in vivo during slow oscillations in ketamine-xylazine anesthetized cats. We measured network activity (Up states) with extracellular recording, while simultaneously recording postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and action potentials in nearby cells. Stimulating the receptive field revealed that spiking responses of both simple and complex cells were significantly enhanced (>2-fold) during network activity, as were spiking responses to intracellular injection of varying amplitude artificial conductance stimuli. Visually evoked PSPs were not significantly different in amplitude during network activity or quiescence; instead, spontaneous depolarization caused by network activity brought these evoked PSPs closer to firing threshold. Further examination revealed that visual responsiveness was gradually enhanced by progressive membrane potential depolarization. These spontaneous depolarizations enhanced responsiveness to stimuli of varying contrasts, resulting in an upward (multiplicative) scaling of the contrast response function. Our results suggest that small increases in ongoing balanced network activity that result in depolarization may provide a rapid and generalized mechanism to control the responsiveness (gain) of cortical neurons, such as occurs during shifts in spatial attention.},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal and Duque, Alvaro and Hasenstaub, Andrea R. and Yu, Yuguo and McCormick, David A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Photic Stimulation;Animals;Nonlinear Dynamics;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Reaction Time;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Cats;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {4186-202},
	Pii = {01114.2006},
	Pubmed = {17409168},
	Title = {Enhancement of visual responsiveness by spontaneous local network activity in vivo},
	Uuid = {CA38D336-A8F2-4634-81D2-CD40646BC5B8},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Haider_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01114.2006}}

@article{Haider:2006,
	Abstract = {The recurrent excitatory and inhibitory connections between and within layers of the cerebral cortex are fundamental to the operation of local cortical circuits. Models of cortical function often assume that recurrent excitation and inhibition are balanced, and we recently demonstrated that spontaneous network activity in vitro contains a precise balance of excitation and inhibition; however, the existence of a balance between excitation and inhibition in the intact and spontaneously active cerebral cortex has not been directly tested. We examined this hypothesis in the prefrontal cortex in vivo, during the slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized ferrets. We measured persistent network activity (Up states) with extracellular multiple unit and local field potential recording, while simultaneously recording synaptic currents in nearby cells. We determined the reversal potential and conductance change over time during Up states and found that the body of Up state activity exhibited a steady reversal potential (-37 mV on average) for hundreds of milliseconds, even during substantial (21 nS on average) changes in membrane conductance. Furthermore, we found that both the initial and final segments of the Up state were characterized by significantly more depolarized reversal potentials and concomitant increases in excitatory conductance, compared with the stable middle portions of Up states. This ongoing temporal evolution between excitation and inhibition, which exhibits remarkable proportionality within and across neurons in active local networks, may allow for rapid transitions between relatively stable network states, permitting the modulation of neuronal responsiveness in a behaviorally relevant manner.},
	Author = {Haider, Bilal and Duque, Alvaro and Hasenstaub, Andrea R. and McCormick, David A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Ferrets;Cells, Cultured;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Biological Clocks;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Computer Simulation;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Models, Neurological;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {4535-45},
	Pii = {26/17/4535},
	Pubmed = {16641233},
	Title = {Neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition},
	Uuid = {DDEC45B7-F3D8-4622-8D15-6EB790B1CAFE},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5297-05.2006}}

@article{Hailer:1997,
	Abstract = {Entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL) leads to anterograde degeneration of perforant path axons and is known to induce a rapid and intense reaction of astrocytes and microglial cells in the deafferented dentate gyrus. Phagocytosis of degenerating axons involves the establishment and maintenance of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions by activated glial cells. It was thus our aim to investigate whether the process of axon phagocytosis is accompanied by the expression of adhesion molecules on activated microglial cells or reactive astrocytes, as such molecules mediate bot cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. We found that the integrin adhesion molecules leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1), very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and the ligand for LFA-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), were expressed on microglial cells accumulating in the outer molecular layer of the deafferented dentate gyrus. This upregulation of adhesion molecule expression on microglial cells showing morphological criteria of activation occurred rapidly following ECL, reached its peak at 3 days post lesion (dpl), and gradually returned to control levels after 9 dpl. Astrocytes were never labeled by antibodies directed against these adhesion molecules. Prelabeling of the perforant path with a fluorescent tracer and subsequent ECL led to phagocytosis of fluorescent-labeled axonal debris by cells that were located in the outer molecular layer and showed typical microglial morphology. Double-fluorescence labeling demonstrated that microglial cells engaged in the phagocytosis of axonal debris expressed LFA-1, VLA-4, and the LFA-1-ligand ICAM-1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that anterograde degeneration of perforant path axons results in adhesion molecule expression on activated microglial cells engaged in axon phagocytosis. The expression of such molecules could represent a mechanism that retains activated microglia in areas of axonal degeneration and perhaps enables the interaction of microglial cells with each other or with other immunocompetent cells.},
	Author = {Hailer, N. P. and Bechmann, I. and Heizmann, S. and Nitsch, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1050-9631},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Phagocytosis;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1;Rats;Integrins;Fluorescent Antibody Technique;Microglia;Female;Denervation;Axons;Rats, Wistar;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing;Dentate Gyrus;Integrin alpha4beta1;Cell Adhesion Molecules;Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1;Anti-Allergic Agents},
	Medline = {97372290},
	Nlm_Id = {9108167},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Humboldt University Hospital Charit{\'e}, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. hailer\@rz.charite.hu-berlin.de},
	Pages = {341-9},
	Pubmed = {9228530},
	Title = {Adhesion molecule expression on phagocytic microglial cells following anterograde degeneration of perforant path axons},
	Uuid = {CD4F76B1-7A61-4116-AD66-BD86A77C3C0E},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997}}











@article{Hamzei-Sichani:2007,
	Abstract = {Gap junctions have been postulated to exist between the axons of excitatory cortical neurons based on electrophysiological, modeling, and dye-coupling data. Here, we provide ultrastructural evidence for axoaxonic gap junctions in dentate granule cells. Using combined confocal laser scanning microscopy, thin-section transmission electron microscopy, and grid-mapped freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling, 10 close appositions revealing axoaxonic gap junctions ( approximately 30-70 nm in diameter) were found between pairs of mossy fiber axons ( approximately 100-200 nm in diameter) in the stratum lucidum of the CA3b field of the rat ventral hippocampus, and one axonal gap junction ( approximately 100 connexons) was found on a mossy fiber axon in the CA3c field of the rat dorsal hippocampus. Immunogold labeling with two sizes of gold beads revealed that connexin36 was present in that axonal gap junction. These ultrastructural data support computer modeling and in vitro electrophysiological data suggesting that axoaxonic gap junctions play an important role in the generation of very fast (>70 Hz) network oscillations and in the hypersynchronous electrical activity of epilepsy.},
	Author = {Hamzei-Sichani, Farid and Kamasawa, Naomi and Janssen, William G. M. and Yasumura, Thomas and Davidson, Kimberly G. V. and Hof, Patrick R. and Wearne, Susan L. and Stewart, Mark G. and Young, Steven R. and Whittington, Miles A. and Rash, John E. and Traub, Roger D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Gap Junctions;Microtomy;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Gold;Freeze Fracturing;Rats;21 Gap junctions;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Microscopy, Immunoelectron;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microscopy, Electron, Transmission},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {30},
	Organization = {Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. fh81\@alumni-mail.gs.columbia.edu},
	Pages = {12548-53},
	Pii = {0705281104},
	Pubmed = {17640909},
	Title = {Gap junctions on hippocampal mossy fiber axons demonstrated by thin-section electron microscopy and freeze fracture replica immunogold labeling},
	Uuid = {9BABEA0A-0DD2-4038-AA43-A2E978BFD4AA},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hamzei-Sichani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705281104}}

@article{Han:2007a,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience can reorganize cortical sensory representations in an epoch of early development. During this period, cortical sensory neurons may shift their response selectivity and become tuned to more frequently occurring stimuli. Although this enlarged cortical representation is believed to underlie improved sensory processing of the experienced stimuli, its precise perceptual consequences are still unknown. We show that rearing rats in a single-frequency tonal environment results in enlarged cortical representations of the frequencies near that of the experienced tone, but the animals are impaired in perceptual discrimination of the over-represented frequencies. By contrast, discrimination of the neighboring under-represented frequencies is substantially improved. Computational analysis indicated that the altered perceptual ability could be fully accounted for by the sound exposure-induced reorganization of cortical primary auditory representations. These results indicate that early experience shapes sensory perception. The same plasticity processes may be important in optimizing phonemic representations in humans.},
	Author = {Han, Yoon K. and K{\"o}ver, Hania and Insanally, Michele N. and Semerdjian, John H. and Bao, Shaowen},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 210X Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.},
	Pages = {1191-7},
	Pii = {nn1941},
	Pubmed = {17660815},
	Title = {Early experience impairs perceptual discrimination},
	Uuid = {BEACA69C-0AFB-4047-B869-1A397BD1A5F7},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1941}}

@article{Han:2007,
	Abstract = {Competition between neurons is necessary for refining neural circuits during development and may be important for selecting the neurons that participate in encoding memories in the adult brain. To examine neuronal competition during memory formation, we conducted experiments with mice in which we manipulated the function of CREB (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein) in subsets of neurons. Changes in CREB function influenced the probability that individual lateral amygdala neurons were recruited into a fear memory trace. Our results suggest a competitive model underlying memory formation, in which eligible neurons are selected to participate in amemorytrace as a function of their relative CREB activity at the time of learning.},
	Author = {Han, Jin-Hee H. and Kushner, Steven A. and Yiu, Adelaide P. and Cole, Christy J. and Matynia, Anna and Brown, Robert A. and Neve, Rachael L. and Guzowski, John F. and Silva, Alcino J. and Josselyn, Sheena A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Transcription, Genetic;10 Development;Animals;Fear;Memory;Conditioning (Psychology);Neuronal Plasticity;Amygdala;research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 circuit formation;Genetic Vectors;Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Cytoskeletal Proteins},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5823},
	Organization = {Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.},
	Pages = {457-60},
	Pii = {316/5823/457},
	Pubmed = {17446403},
	Title = {Neuronal competition and selection during memory formation},
	Uuid = {2D0F1D67-86C9-466E-B844-641536AC62E1},
	Volume = {316},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Han_Science2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1139438}}

@article{Hanashima:2006,
	Abstract = {Innervation of the neocortex by the thalamus is dependent on the precise coordination of spatial and temporal guidance cues. In this issue of Cell, work by L{\'o}pez-Bendito et al.(2006) reveals that tangentially migrating cells within the ventral telencephalon are essential for axonal navigation between the thalamus and the neocortex, a process apparently mediated by Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 short- and long-range signaling.},
	Author = {Hanashima, Carina and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n and Fishell, Gord},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neuregulin-1;Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor;21 Neurophysiology;Signal Transduction;comment;Animals;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;Thalamus;Axons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {24-7},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(06)00368-0},
	Pubmed = {16615886},
	Title = {Building bridges to the cortex},
	Uuid = {AE657FD6-B569-4FFA-A5C9-7AE3DA4BB6FF},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Hanashima_Cell2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.021}}

@article{Hanashima:2004,
	Abstract = {During mammalian cerebral corticogenesis, progenitor cells become progressively restricted in the types of neurons they can produce. The molecular mechanism that determines earlier versus later born neuron fate is unknown. We demonstrate here that the generation of the earliest born neurons, the Cajal-Retzius cells, is suppressed by the telencephalic transcription factor Foxg1. In Foxg1 null mutants, we observed an excess of Cajal-Retzius neuron production in the cortex. By conditionally inactivating Foxg1 in cortical progenitors that normally produce deep-layer cortical neurons, we demonstrate that Foxg1 is constitutively required to suppress Cajal-Retzius cell fate. Hence, the competence to generate the earliest born neurons during later cortical development is actively suppressed but not lost. 1095-9203 Journal Article},
	Author = {Hanashima, C. and Li, S. C. and Shen, L. and Lai, E. and Fishell, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {10 Development;F pdf},
	Number = {5654},
	Organization = {Developmental Genetics Program and the Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {56-9},
	Pubmed = {14704420},
	Title = {Foxg1 suppresses early cortical cell fate},
	Uuid = {1EF583E7-865C-47A7-9F87-D073DE1EE1E6},
	Volume = {303},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Hanashima_Science2004.pdf}}



@article{Hanganu:2001,
	Abstract = {Subplate neurons play an important role in early cortical development. To investigate whether these transient neurons receive synaptic inputs, we performed whole-cell recordings from visually identified and biocytin-labeled subplate cells in somatosensory cortical slices from postnatal day 0-3 rats. Subplate neurons had an average resting membrane potential of -55 mV and input resistance of approximately 1.1 G ohms. Suprathreshold current injection elicited in 67\%of the cells repetitive action potentials at 4-13 Hz and the remaining 33\%showed only one spike. Three classes of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) could be identified: (i) Fast sPSCs, with an average amplitude of 14 pA and a decay time of 6.3 ms, which showed a 95\%decrease in their frequency during (+/-)-gamma-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor blockade. Cyclothiazide caused a 3.5-fold increase in the decay time, indicating that fast sPSCs were mediated by AMPA receptors. (ii) Slow sPSCs, with 18 pA amplitude and 51.2 ms decay time were blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist CPP. (iii) Chloride-driven sPSCs, with 34.4 pA amplitude and 123 ms decay time that were blocked by the gamma-amino-butyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor antagonist gabazine. While tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX) blocked completely NMDA-mediated slow sPSCs, the frequency of AMPA- and GABA(A)-mediated sPSCs was reduced in TTX by 55 and 90\%, respectively. These results indicate that subplate neurons receive functional synaptic inputs mediated by AMPA, NMDA and GABA(A) receptors.},
	Author = {Hanganu, I. L. and Kilb, W. and Luhmann, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 17:14:28 +0000},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;in vitro ;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Tetrodotoxin;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Biotin;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; in vitro},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {400-10},
	Pubmed = {11313292},
	Title = {Spontaneous synaptic activity of subplate neurons in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {E26A62C6-483B-451A-8139-4E110AB7A3B7},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Hanganu_CerebCortex2001.pdf}}

@article{Hanganu:2004,
	Abstract = {The establishment of cortical synaptic circuits during early development requires the presence of subplate neurons (SPn's), a heterogeneous population of neurons capable to integrate and process synaptic information from the thalamus, cortical plate, and neighboring SPn's. An accumulation of cholinergic afferents and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been documentated in the subplate around birth. To assess the developmental role of the cholinergic innervation onto SPn's, we used whole cell patch-clamp recordings of visually identified and biocytin-labeled SPn's in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex. Functional nAChRs were present in 92\%of the investigated SPn's. Activation of postsynaptic nAChRs by local application of agonists elicited a brief membrane depolarization associated with a barrage of action potentials and large inward currents reversing around 0 mV. According to our pharmacological data, excitation of SPn's is mediated by alpha4beta2 receptors. In contrast, functional alpha7 nAChRs could not be identified on SPn's. Activation of nAChRs affected neither the spontaneous synaptic activity of SPn's nor the synaptic connections between thalamus and SPn's and within subplate. Nicotine, at concentrations reaching the developing brain by maternal smoking, induced a severe desensitization of nAChRs and an increase in the baseline noise. These results indicate that nAChR-mediated excitation of SPn's may stabilize the developing synaptic circuits and suggest the involvement of nAChRs located on SPn's in the fetal tobacco syndrome.},
	Author = {Hanganu, Ileana L. and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Nicotinic;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Nicotine;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;21 Activity-development;Rats, Wistar;in vitro ;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;comparative study ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Carbachol;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. hanganu\@uni-mainz.de},
	Pages = {189-98},
	Pii = {00010.2004},
	Pubmed = {14999055},
	Title = {Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on subplate neurons in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {6AB6B46B-9EA4-4777-B284-3D2690EF75AC},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00010.2004}}

@article{Hanganu:2002,
	Abstract = {Subplate neurons (SPn) play an important role in the formation of thalamocortical connections during early development and show glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous synaptic activity. We characterized these synaptic inputs by performing whole-cell recordings from SPn in somatosensory cortical slices of postnatal day 0-3 rats. At -70 mV, electrical stimulation of the thalamocortical afferents elicited in 68\%of the SPn a monosynaptic CNQX-sensitive postsynaptic current (PSC). These fast PSCs were mediated by AMPA receptors, because they were prolonged by cyclothiazide and blocked by GYKI 52466. On membrane depolarization, thalamocortical stimulation elicited in 50\%of the cells an additional slow monosynaptic component mediated by NMDA receptors. Stimulation of the cortical plate evoked in 72\%of SPn a monosynaptic AMPA receptor-mediated PSC with an additional NMDA component at depolarized membrane potentials and in 40\%of the investigated cells polysynaptic responses, depending on GABA(A) and NMDA receptors. Stimulation of the subplate elicited in 67\%of SPn a monosynaptic dual-component PSC mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors activated at -70 mV and in 12\%of SPn a monosynaptic single-component PSC mediated by AMPA receptors with an additional NMDA component activated at depolarized membrane potentials. A monosynaptic GABAergic response could be observed in 68\%of SPn after stimulation of the subplate. In gramicidin-perforated patch recordings, bath application of GABA caused membrane depolarization to -40 mV and elicited action potentials. These results demonstrate that SPn receive distinct functional synaptic inputs arising from the thalamus, cortical plate, and subplate, indicating that SPn are capable of integrating and processing information from cortical and subcortical regions.},
	Author = {Hanganu, Ileana L. and Kilb, Werner and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-28 17:16:09 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electric Stimulation;Lysine;Synapses;Animals;Rats;Afferent Pathways;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cell Membrane;in vitro ;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Receptors, GABA-A;Thalamus;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Activity-development;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; in vitro},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University D{\"u}sseldorf, D-40001 D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {7165-76},
	Pii = {22/16/7165},
	Pubmed = {12177212},
	Title = {Functional synaptic projections onto subplate neurons in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {32458FFD-2940-4855-A354-F69C74EC6D5F},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026716}}

@article{Hanganu:2006,
	Abstract = {During visual system development, the light-insensitive retina spontaneously generates waves of activity, which are transmitted to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The crucial question is whether retinal waves are further transmitted to the cortex and influence the early cortical patterns of activity. Using simultaneous recordings from the rat retina and visual cortex during the first postnatal week in vivo, we found that spontaneous retinal bursts are correlated with spindle bursts (intermittent network bursts associated with spindle-shape field oscillations) in the contralateral visual cortex (V1). V1 spindle bursts could be evoked by electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. Intraocular injection of forskolin, which augments retinal waves, increased the occurrence of V1 spindle bursts. Blocking propagation of retinal activity, or removal of the retina reduced the frequency, but did not completely eliminate the cortical spindle bursts. These results indicate that spontaneous retinal waves are transmitted to the visual cortex and trigger endogenous spindle bursts. We propose that the interaction between retinal waves and spindle bursts contributes to the development of visual pathways to the cortex.},
	Author = {Hanganu, Ileana L. and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-24 02:40:23 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Rats;Functional Laterality;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Visual Pathways;comparative study ;Tetrodotoxin;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Anesthetics, Local;Forskolin;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Cortical oscillations;Visual Cortex;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {25},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediteran{\'e}e, Universit{\'e} de la Mediteran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, 13273 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {6728-36},
	Pii = {26/25/6728},
	Pubmed = {16793880},
	Title = {Retinal waves trigger spindle bursts in the neonatal rat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {71C74001-527B-4E5B-A0B2-6ED03756FB93},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0752-06.2006}}






@article{Hanson:2004,
	Abstract = {Rhythmic spontaneous electrical activity occurs in many parts of the developing nervous system, where it plays essential roles in the refinement of neural connections. By blocking or slowing this bursting activity, via in ovo drug applications at precise developmental periods, we show that such activity is also required at much earlier stages for spinal motoneurons to accurately execute their first major dorsal-ventral pathfinding decision. Blockade or slowing of rhythmic bursting activity also prevents the normal expression patterns of EphA4 and polysialic acid on NCAM, which may contribute to the pathfinding errors observed. More prolonged (E2-5) blockade resulted in a downregulation of LIM homeodomain transcription factors, but since this occurred only after the pathfinding errors and alterations in guidance molecules, it cannot have contributed to them.},
	Author = {Hanson, M. Gartz and Landmesser, Lynn T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Homeodomain Proteins;Cell Membrane;Cell Movement;Nerve Growth Factors;Spinal Cord;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptor, EphA4;Action Potentials;Chick Embryo;Muscle, Skeletal;21 Neurophysiology;Sialic Acids;Down-Regulation;Receptors, Glycine;GABA Antagonists;Motor Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Growth Cones;Neural Inhibition;Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosciences, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.},
	Pages = {687-701},
	Pii = {S0896627304005239},
	Pubmed = {15339650},
	Title = {Normal patterns of spontaneous activity are required for correct motor axon guidance and the expression of specific guidance molecules},
	Uuid = {DB541A62-F574-4675-B09B-0C806293614F},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Hanson_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.018}}





@article{Harris:2005,
	Abstract = {Cortical neurons show irregular but structured spike trains. This has been interpreted as evidence for 'temporal coding', whereby stimuli are represented by precise spike-timing patterns. Here, we suggest an alternative interpretation based on the older concept of the cell assembly. The dynamic evolution of assembly sequences, which are steered but not deterministically controlled by sensory input, is the proposed substrate of psychological processes beyond simple stimulus-response associations. Accordingly, spike trains show a temporal structure that is stimulus-dependent and more variable than would be predicted by strict sensory control. We propose four signatures of assembly organization that can be experimentally tested. We argue that many observations that have been interpreted as evidence for temporal coding might instead reflect an underlying assembly structure.},
	Author = {Harris, Kenneth D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Hippocampus;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Neurons},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. kdharris\@andromeda.rutgers.edu},
	Pages = {399-407},
	Pii = {nrn1669},
	Pubmed = {15861182},
	Title = {Neural signatures of cell assembly organization},
	Uuid = {5900A326-8636-4A12-80AC-00DD5829E610},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Harris_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1669}}

@article{Harris:2002,
	Abstract = {According to the temporal coding hypothesis, neurons encode information by the exact timing of spikes. An example of temporal coding is the hippocampal phase precession phenomenon, in which the timing of pyramidal cell spikes relative to the theta rhythm shows a unidirectional forward precession during spatial behaviour. Here we show that phase precession occurs in both spatial and non-spatial behaviours. We found that spike phase correlated with instantaneous discharge rate, and processed unidirectionally at high rates, regardless of behaviour. The spatial phase precession phenomenon is therefore a manifestation of a more fundamental principle governing the timing of pyramidal cell discharge. We suggest that intrinsic properties of pyramidal cells have a key role in determining spike times, and that the interplay between the magnitude of dendritic excitation and rhythmic inhibition of the somatic region is responsible for the phase assignment of spikes. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Harris, K. D. and Henze, D. A. and Hirase, H. and Leinekugel, X. and Dragoi, G. and Czurko, A. and Buzsaki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;*Action Potentials;Sleep, REM/physiology;Kinetics;*Theta Rhythm;Rats;Dendrites/physiology;Analysis of Variance;Motor Activity/physiology;M;Computer Simulation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Male;Pyramidal Cells/*physiology},
	Number = {6890},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {738-41},
	Pubmed = {12066184},
	Title = {Spike train dynamics predicts theta-related phase precession in hippocampal pyramidal cells},
	Uuid = {850DC798-699A-478D-9BB4-F3322906B7F9},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12066184}}

@article{Harris:2001,
	Abstract = {Cortical pyramidal cells fire single spikes and complex spike bursts. However, neither the conditions necessary for triggering complex spikes, nor their computational function are well understood. CA1 pyramidal cell burst activity was examined in behaving rats. The fraction of bursts was not reliably higher in place field centers, but rather in places where discharge frequency was 6-7 Hz. Burst probability was lower and bursts were shorter after recent spiking activity than after prolonged periods of silence (100 ms-1 s). Burst initiation probability and burst length were correlated with extracellular spike amplitude and with intracellular action potential rising slope. We suggest that bursts may function as "conditional synchrony detectors,"signaling strong afferent synchrony after neuronal silence, and that single spikes triggered by a weak input may suppress bursts evoked by a subsequent strong input. 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Harris, K. D. and Hirase, H. and Leinekugel, X. and Henze, D. A. and Buzsaki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Hippocampus/*cytology;Behavior, Animal/physiology;Rats, Long-Evans;Rats;Time Factors;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Electrophysiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Male;Pyramidal Cells/*physiology;Action Potentials/*physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {141-9},
	Pubmed = {11604145},
	Title = {Temporal interaction between single spikes and complex spike bursts in hippocampal pyramidal cells},
	Uuid = {0DDF8381-0144-4E70-8F86-282CDDD62B7B},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11604145}}






@article{Hartenstein:1981,
	Abstract = {After several large cortical injections of horseradish peroxidase, individual callosal axons could be observed in most cortical areas contralateral to the injected hemisphere. They left the white matter and travelled for various distances (up to 2 mm) deep in layer VI, then turned to penetrate the cortex radially or obliquely, giving collaterals to several layers and forming narrow terminal arborisations in supragranular layers. In addition, callosal fibers were seen predominantly in deep cortical layers, which fibers could be interpreted either as collaterals of the thick fibers or as a distinct class of callosal afferents.},
	Author = {Hartenstein, V. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0304-3940},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Keywords = {Axons;Axonal Transport;Not relevant;11 Glia;Afferent Pathways;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {81198107},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7600130},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-24},
	Pubmed = {6164965},
	Title = {The arborization of single callosal axons in the mouse cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {D59203E1-1681-461F-B31E-C28F62829228},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1981}}


@article{Hartman:2006,
	Abstract = {Neural activity regulates the number and properties of GABAergic synapses in the brain, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. We found that blocking spike activity globally in developing hippocampal neurons from rats reduced the density of GABAergic terminals as well as the frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Chronic inactivity later in development led to a reduction in the mIPSC amplitude, without any change in GABAergic synapse density. By contrast, hyperpolarizing or abolishing spike activity in single neurons did not alter GABAergic synaptic inputs. Suppressing activity in individual presynaptic GABAergic neurons also failed to decrease synaptic output. Our results indicate that GABAergic synapses are regulated by the level of activity in surrounding neurons. Notably, we found that the expression of GABAergic plasticity involves changes in the amount of neurotransmitter in individual vesicles.},
	Author = {Hartman, Kenichi N. and Pal, Sumon K. and Burrone, Juan and Murthy, Venkatesh N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Microtubule-Associated Proteins;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Electric Stimulation;Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1;Animals;Carrier Proteins;Rats;Transfection;Cells, Cultured;Synaptic Transmission;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;comparative study ;Hippocampus;Tetrodotoxin;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Pyridines;Animals, Newborn;Glutamate Decarboxylase;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Phosphinic Acids;Membrane Potentials;Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Drug Interactions;Isoenzymes;Membrane Proteins;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {642-9},
	Pii = {nn1677},
	Pubmed = {16582905},
	Title = {Activity-dependent regulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons},
	Uuid = {96CAEA94-0F25-4C6C-9E68-DD63534A5167},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1677}}

@article{Harwell:2005,
	Abstract = {Regulation of gene transcription by neuronal activity is thought to be key to the translation of sensory experience into long-term changes in synaptic structure and function. Here we show that cpg15, a gene encoding an extracellular signaling molecule that promotes dendritic and axonal growth and synaptic maturation, is regulated in the somatosensory cortex by sensory experience capable of inducing cortical plasticity. Using in situ hybridization, we monitored cpg15 expression in 4-week-old mouse barrel cortex after trimming all whiskers except D1. We found that cpg15 expression is depressed in the deprived barrels and enhanced in the barrel column corresponding to the spared D1 whisker. Changes in cpg15 mRNA levels first appear in layer IV, peak 12 h after deprivation, and then decline rapidly. In layers II/III, changes in cpg15 expression appear later, peak at 24 h, and persist for days. Induction of cpg15 expression is significantly diminished in adolescent as well as adult CREB knockout mice. cpg15's spatio-temporal expression pattern and its regulation by CREB are consistent with a role in experience-dependent plasticity of cortical circuits. Our results suggest that local structural and/or synaptic changes may be a mechanism by which the adult cortex can adapt to peripheral manipulations.},
	Author = {Harwell, Corey and Burbach, Barry and Svoboda, Karel and Nedivi, Elly},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3034},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;comparative study ;Vibrissae;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Physical Stimulation;Time Factors;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;In Situ Hybridization;Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0213640},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Ames Street, E18-670, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {85-96},
	Pubmed = {16010668},
	Title = {Regulation of cpg15 expression during single whisker experience in the barrel cortex of adult mice},
	Uuid = {AE104EA4-321D-4A07-9304-E39746FB1959},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.20176}}

@article{Hasan:2004,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicator proteins (FCIPs) are promising tools to study calcium dynamics in many activity-dependent molecular and cellular processes. Great hopes-for the measurement of population activity, in particular-have therefore been placed on calcium indicators derived from the green fluorescent protein and their expression in (selected) neuronal populations. Calcium transients can rise within milliseconds, making them suitable as reporters of fast neuronal activity. We here report the production of stable transgenic mouse lines with two different functional calcium indicators, inverse pericam and camgaroo-2, under the control of the tetracycline-inducible promoter. Using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, we find that stimuli known to increase intracellular calcium concentration (somatically triggered action potentials (APs) and synaptic and sensory stimulation) can cause substantial and rapid changes in FCIP fluorescence of inverse pericam and camgaroo-2.},
	Author = {Hasan, Mazahir T. and Friedrich, Rainer W. and Euler, Thomas and Larkum, Matthew E. and Giese, G{\"u}nter and Both, Matthias and Duebel, Jens and Waters, Jack and Bujard, Hermann and Griesbeck, Oliver and Tsien, Roger Y. and Nagai, Takeharu and Miyawaki, Atsushi and Denk, Winfried},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {Retina;Signal Transduction;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Humans;Transfection;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Brain;Mice, Transgenic;23 Technique;comparative study ;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Hela Cells;21 Calcium imaging;Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Olfactory Bulb;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;Mice;Doxycycline;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescent Proteins;Gene Expression;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany. mhasan\@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de},
	Pages = {e163},
	Pubmed = {15208716},
	Title = {Functional fluorescent Ca2+ indicator proteins in transgenic mice under TET control},
	Uuid = {0935A4F6-7B6F-49C2-97A9-879C973B2258},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Hasan_PLoSBiol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020163}}




@article{Hastings:2002,
	Abstract = {Most excitatory intrahippocampal pathways are characterized by significant, highly ordered projections into the long, or septotemporal, hippocampal axis. However, the mossy fiber system, the excitatory projection by which the dentate gyrus projects to hippocampal area CA3, is considered an exception, being organized to innervate exclusively transversely oriented cortical layers of the hippocampus. In the present study, the anatomy of the rat mossy fiber system was investigated using axonal tracing techniques, with an emphasis on determining its projection pattern into the long hippocampal axis. To this end, we used dual ipsilateral retrograde tracer injections to determine whether individual granule cells extend divergent axon collaterals to septotemporally distinct levels of hippocampal area CA3. We combined this technique with the fluorescent immunohistochemical detection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of granule cell precursors and their progeny, to address whether the divergence of mossy fiber collaterals within area CA3 might by related to ontogenic gradients in granule cell genesis. We observed single granule neurons that had retrogradely transported both tracers, indicating that they had axon collaterals passing through or terminating within the distinct levels of area CA3 into which tracer had been injected. By using BrdU labeling, we identified divergent granule neurons that were produced during embryonic and postnatal development. We observed no adult-generated granule neurons with significantly diverging mossy fiber collaterals. However, many fewer cells were labeled with BrdU in adult-exposed animals. Because of this smaller sample, we cannot rule out the possibility that small numbers of divergent adult-generated granule cells exist. We conclude that a proportion of the hippocampal mossy fiber projection extends septotemporally divergent axon collaterals to hippocampal area CA3.},
	Author = {Hastings, Nicholas B. and Seth, Malika I. and Tanapat, Patima and Rydel, Tracy A. and Gould, Elizabeth},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;Female;Axons;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Male;Antimetabolites;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neurons;Dentate Gyrus;Cell Division;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Bromodeoxyuridine;Immunohistochemistry;Biological Markers},
	Medline = {22242085},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. hastings\@princeton.edu},
	Pages = {324-33},
	Pubmed = {12355416},
	Title = {Granule neurons generated during development extend divergent axon collaterals to hippocampal area CA3},
	Uuid = {31E5AFA1-5E0F-41F0-8020-B763F99F8C83},
	Volume = {452},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10386}}

@article{Hata:1999,
	Abstract = {Activity-dependent competition is thought to guide the normal development of specific patterns of neural connections. Such competition generally favors more active inputs, making them larger and stronger, while less active inputs become smaller and weaker. We pharmacologically inhibited the activity of visual cortical cells and measured the three-dimensional structure of inputs serving the two eyes when one eye was occluded. The more active inputs serving the open eye actually became smaller than the deprived inputs from the occluded eye, which were similar to those in normal animals. These findings demonstrate in vivo that it is not the amount of afferent activity but the correlation between cortical and afferent activity that regulates the growth or retraction of these inputs.},
	Author = {Hata, Y. and Tsumoto, T. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Geniculate Bodies;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Inhibition;21 Activity-development;Muscimol;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Neurons, Afferent;GABA Agonists;Vision, Monocular;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan. hata\@nphys.med.osaka-u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {375-81},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(00)81097-1},
	Pubmed = {10069342},
	Title = {Selective pruning of more active afferents when cat visual cortex is pharmacologically inhibited},
	Uuid = {26D2F01B-38D9-4AF9-815B-BCC7A522320D},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Hata_Neuron1999.pdf}}




@article{Hatten:1999,
	Abstract = {Widespread cell migrations are the hallmark of vertebrate brain development. In the early embryo, morphogenetic movements of precursor cells establish the rhombomeres of the hindbrain, the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, and the regional boundaries of the forebrain. In midgestation, after primary neurogenesis in compact ventricular zones has commenced, individual postmitotic cells undergo directed migrations along the glial fiber system. Radial migrations establish the neuronal layers. Three molecules have been shown to function in glial guided migration--astrotactin, glial growth factor, and erbB. In the postnatal period, a wave of secondary neurogenesis produces huge numbers of interneurons destined for the cerebellar cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the olfactory bulb. Molecular analysis of the genes that mark stages of secondary neurogenesis show similar expression patterns of a number of genes. Thus these three regions may have genetic pathways in common. Finally, we consider emerging studies on neurological mutant mice, such as reeler, and human brain malformations. Positional cloning and identification of mutated genes has led to new insights on laminar patterning in brain. 0147-006x Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Hatten, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cell Movement/physiology;Cerebellar Cortex/embryology/physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Human;Embryo and Fetal Development/physiology;Mice, Neurologic Mutants/physiology;Central Nervous System/*cytology/embryology;Animals;F pdf;Mice;Embryo/anatomy &histology/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology},
	Organization = {Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA. hatten\@rockvax.rockefeller.edu},
	Pages = {511-39},
	Pubmed = {10202547},
	Title = {Central nervous system neuronal migration},
	Uuid = {AD8AEEDC-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Hatten_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}}













@article{Hazan:2006,
	Abstract = {Recent technological advances now allow for simultaneous recording of large populations of anatomically distributed neurons in behaving animals. The free software package described here was designed to help neurophysiologists process and view recorded data in an efficient and user-friendly manner. This package consists of several well-integrated applications, including NeuroScope (http://neuroscope.sourceforce.net), an advanced viewer for electrophysiological and behavioral data with limited editing capabilities, Klusters (http://klusters.sourceforge.net), a graphical cluster cutting application for manual and semi-automatic spike sorting, NDManager (GPL,see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html), an experimental parameter and data processing manager. All of these programs are distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL, see ), which gives its users legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also included are extensive user manuals and sample data, as well as source code and documentation.},
	Author = {Hazan, Lynn and Zugaro, Micha{\"e}l and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Programming Languages;Neurophysiology;Computer Graphics;Cluster Analysis;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;User-Computer Interface;Animals;Humans;Automatic Data Processing;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {207-16},
	Pii = {S0165-0270(06)00041-0},
	Pubmed = {16580733},
	Title = {Klusters, NeuroScope, NDManager: a free software suite for neurophysiological data processing and visualization},
	Uuid = {731DF2C7-CFA1-4F86-9FC3-DD95E24B5AC6},
	Volume = {155},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Hazan_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.01.017}}

@article{He:2008,
	Abstract = {Using a transgenic mouse line in which GFP is expressed in a single population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), Huberman and colleagues report in this issue of Neuron that the axon terminals of RGCs exhibit an orderly pattern of distribution in the higher visual centers. This pattern undergoes a developmental refinement, and synchronous activity in the retina regulates columnar but not laminar formation.},
	Author = {He, Shigang},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Retina;Retinal Ganglion Cells;comment;Animals;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Mice;Axons},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da-tun Road, Beijing 100101, China. shiganghe\@moon.ibp.ac.cn},
	Pages = {352-3},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00635-1},
	Pubmed = {18701060},
	Title = {Alpha cells take off first},
	Uuid = {8B40B752-69D3-48A7-BCA8-1388590770AA},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/He_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.001}}

@article{Heck:2006,
	Abstract = {The cortical migration process depends on a number of trophic factors and on the activation of different voltage- and ligand-gated channels. We investigated the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors in the neuronal migration process of the newborn rat parietal cortex in vivo and in vitro. Local in vivo application of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) or the agonist muscimol via cortical surface Elvax implants induced prominent alterations in the cortical architecture when compared with untreated or sham-operated controls. BMI- and muscimol-treated animals revealed heterotopic cell clusters in the upper layers and a complete loss of the cortical lamination in the region underlying the Elvax implant. Immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and GABA demonstrated that heterotopia was not provoked by glial proliferation and confirmed the presence of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. In organotypic neocortical slices from embryonic day 18-19 embryos, application of BMI and to a lesser extent also muscimol induced an increase in the migration speed and an accumulation of neurons in the upper cortical layers. Spontaneous intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations in neocortical slices from newborn rats were abolished by BMI (5 and 20 microM) and muscimol (1 and 10 microM), indicating that both compounds interfere with [Ca(2+)]i signaling required for normal neuronal migration. Electrophysiological recordings from migrating neurons in newborn rat neocortical slices indicate that long-term application of muscimol causes a pronounced reduction (1 microM muscimol) or blockade (10 microM) in the responsiveness of postsynaptic GABA-A receptors due to a pronounced receptor desensitization. Our results indicate that modulation of GABA-A receptors by compounds acting as agonists or antagonists may profoundly influence the neuronal migration process in the developing cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Heck, and Kilb, and Reiprich, and Kubota, and Furukawa, and Fukuda, and Luhmann,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Drug Implants;10 Development;Electrophysiology;Animals;GABA Agonists;Rats;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cell Movement;Kinetics;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Antimetabolites;Bicuculline;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Muscimol;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Bromodeoxyuridine;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.},
	Pages = {138-48},
	Pii = {bhj135},
	Pubmed = {16452638},
	Title = {GABA-A Receptors Regulate Neocortical Neuronal Migration In Vitro and In Vivo},
	Uuid = {E859FE90-A0AB-4599-9AB3-E46D38090182},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Heck_CerebCortex2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj135}}



@article{Hegstrom:1996,
	Author = {Hegstrom, C. D. and Truman, J. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3034},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Muscles;Animals;Synapses;Pupa;Microscopy, Confocal;Larva;Manduca;Female;Motor Endplate;Hydrazines;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;Insect Hormones;Steroids;Axons;Synaptotagmins;Male;Ecdysteroids;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Antibody Specificity;Membrane Glycoproteins;Cyclic GMP;Calcium-Binding Proteins;Juvenile Hormones;Metamorphosis, Biological;Motor Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins},
	Medline = {97039647},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0213640},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1800, USA. hegstrom\@zoology.washington.edu},
	Pages = {175-88},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199610)31:2<175::AID-NEU4>3.0.CO;2-8},
	Pubmed = {8885199},
	Title = {Synapse loss and axon retraction in response to local muscle degeneration},
	Uuid = {FD940BB3-5E01-4098-8BD8-6A65F8E51A95},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199610)31:2&lt;175::AID-NEU4&gt;3.0.CO;2-8}}






@article{Helmchen:2007,
	Abstract = {High-resolution functional imaging of neural activity in vivo relies on appropriate labeling methods. In this issue of Neuron, Nagayama et al. introduce a simple procedure for staining subsets of neurons with organic calcium indicator dyes via local electroporation. Neuronal populations are sparsely labeled, preserving the ability to resolve calcium signals in dendrites and synaptic structures.},
	Author = {Helmchen, Fritjof and Nevian, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;21 Neurophysiology;Fluorescent Dyes;Diagnostic Imaging;Calcium;comment;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. helmchen\@hifo.unizh.ch},
	Pages = {771-3},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00149-3},
	Pubmed = {17359911},
	Title = {Little strokes fill big oaks: a simple in vivo stain of brain cells},
	Uuid = {CA91B9FD-EF2D-4B5A-9582-E39B4D02D572},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.001}}



@article{Hendel:2008,
	Abstract = {Recent advance in the design of genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has further increased their potential for direct measurements of activity in intact neural circuits. However, a quantitative analysis of their fluorescence changes (DeltaF) in vivo and the relationship to the underlying neural activity and changes in intracellular calcium concentration (Delta[Ca(2+)](i)) has not been given. We used two-photon microscopy, microinjection of synthetic Ca(2+) dyes and in vivo calibration of Oregon-Green-BAPTA-1 (OGB-1) to estimate [Ca(2+)](i) at rest and Delta[Ca(2+)](i) at different action potential frequencies in presynaptic motoneuron boutons of transgenic Drosophila larvae. We calibrated DeltaF of eight different GECIs in vivo to neural activity, Delta[Ca(2+)](i), and DeltaF of purified GECI protein at similar Delta[Ca(2+)] in vitro. Yellow Cameleon 3.60 (YC3.60), YC2.60, D3cpv, and TN-XL exhibited twofold higher maximum DeltaF compared with YC3.3 and TN-L15 in vivo. Maximum DeltaF of GCaMP2 and GCaMP1.6 were almost identical. Small Delta[Ca(2+)](i) were reported best by YC3.60, D3cpv, and YC2.60. The kinetics of Delta[Ca(2+)](i) was massively distorted by all GECIs, with YC2.60 showing the slowest kinetics, whereas TN-XL exhibited the fastest decay. Single spikes were only reported by OGB-1; all GECIs were blind for Delta[Ca(2+)](i) associated with single action potentials. YC3.60 and D3cpv tentatively reported spike doublets. In vivo, the K(D) (dissociation constant) of all GECIs was shifted toward lower values, the Hill coefficient was changed, and the maximum DeltaF was reduced. The latter could be attributed to resting [Ca(2+)](i) and the optical filters of the equipment. These results suggest increased sensitivity of new GECIs but still slow on rates for calcium binding.},
	Author = {Hendel, Thomas and Mank, Marco and Schnell, Bettina and Griesbeck, Oliver and Borst, Alexander and Reiff, Dierk F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Presynaptic Terminals;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Aniline Compounds;comparative study;Spectrometry, Fluorescence;Fluoresceins;Female;Animals, Genetically Modified;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Intracellular Fluid;Action Potentials;Neurons;Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton;Drosophila;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological;Drosophila Proteins;optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {29},
	Organization = {Department of Systems and Computational Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.},
	Pages = {7399-411},
	Pii = {28/29/7399},
	Pubmed = {18632944},
	Title = {Fluorescence changes of genetic calcium indicators and OGB-1 correlated with neural activity and calcium in vivo and in vitro},
	Uuid = {CEEE574B-A51D-40A2-82AD-B8BC3F682062},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Hendel_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1038-08.2008}}



@article{Hensch:2005,
	Abstract = {Neuronal circuits in the brain are shaped by experience during 'critical periods' in early postnatal life. In the primary visual cortex, this activity-dependent development is triggered by the functional maturation of local inhibitory connections and driven by a specific, late-developing subset of interneurons. Ultimately, the structural consolidation of competing sensory inputs is mediated by a proteolytic reorganization of the extracellular matrix that occurs only during the critical period. The reactivation of this process, and subsequent recovery of function in conditions such as amblyopia, can now be studied with realistic circuit models that might generalize across systems.},
	Author = {Hensch, Takao K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Peptide Hydrolases;Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Critical Period (Psychology);Neuronal Plasticity;Models, Neurological;Neural Pathways;Time Factors;21 Activity-development;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Brain;Cerebral Cortex;review;Humans},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. hensch\@riken.jp},
	Pages = {877-88},
	Pii = {nrn1787},
	Pubmed = {16261181},
	Title = {Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits},
	Uuid = {9CAB9E7F-C179-4EE8-B949-74131BFF2200},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Hensch_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1787}}

@article{Hensch:1998,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was identified here in a mouse model. Gene-targeted disruption of one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase prevented the competitive loss of responsiveness to an eye briefly deprived of vision, without affecting cooperative mechanisms of synapse modification in vitro. Selective, use-dependent enhancement of fast intracortical inhibitory transmission with benzodiazepines restored plasticity in vivo, rescuing the genetic defect. Specific networks of inhibitory interneurons intrinsic to visual cortex may detect perturbations in sensory input to drive experience-dependent plasticity during development.},
	Author = {Hensch, T. K. and Fagiolini, M. and Mataga, N. and Stryker, M. P. and Baekkeskov, S. and Kash, S. F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Long-Term Potentiation;Diazepam;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Gene Targeting;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Pathways;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Receptors, GABA-A;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Glutamate Decarboxylase;Mice;Interneurons;GABA Modulators;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5393},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. hensch\@postman.riken.go.jp},
	Pages = {1504-8},
	Pubmed = {9822384},
	Title = {Local GABA circuit control of experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex},
	Uuid = {A0EE9598-1793-4ED2-9D6F-DD31CF93720E},
	Volume = {282},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Hensch_Science1998.pdf}}

@article{Hensch:2004,
	Abstract = {The mammalian visual cortex is organized into columns. Here, we examine cortical influences upon developing visual afferents in the cat by altering intrinsic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition with benzodiazepines. Local enhancement by agonist (diazepam) infusion did not perturb visual responsiveness, but did widen column spacing. An inverse agonist (DMCM) produced the opposite effect. Thus, intracortical inhibitory circuits shape the geometry of incoming thalamic arbors, suggesting that cortical columnar architecture depends on neuronal activity.},
	Author = {Hensch, Takao K. and Stryker, Michael P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Diazepam;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electrophysiology;Photic Stimulation;Animals;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Pathways;Carbolines;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Vision;Thalamus;Receptors, GABA-A;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Ocular;Visual Cortex;Cats;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5664},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. hensch\@postman.riken},
	Pages = {1678-81},
	Pii = {303/5664/1678},
	Pubmed = {15017001},
	Title = {Columnar architecture sculpted by GABA circuits in developing cat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {609F5C59-6DF3-4A90-B173-8021162176F9},
	Volume = {303},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Hensch_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091031}}



@article{Henze:2000,
	Abstract = {Multichannel tetrode array recording in awake behaving animals provides a powerful method to record the activity of large numbers of neurons. The power of this method could be extended if further information concerning the intracellular state of the neurons could be extracted from the extracellularly recorded signals. Toward this end, we have simultaneously recorded intracellular and extracellular signals from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons in the anesthetized rat. We found that several intracellular parameters can be deduced from extracellular spike waveforms. The width of the intracellular action potential is defined precisely by distinct points on the extracellular spike. Amplitude changes of the intracellular action potential are reflected by changes in the amplitude of the initial negative phase of the extracellular spike, and these amplitude changes are dependent on the state of the network. In addition, intracellular recordings from dendrites with simultaneous extracellular recordings from the soma indicate that, on average, action potentials are initiated in the perisomatic region and propagate to the dendrites at 1.68 m/s. Finally we determined that a tetrode in hippocampal area CA1 theoretically should be able to record electrical signals from approximately 1, 000 neurons. Of these, 60-100 neurons should generate spikes of sufficient amplitude to be detectable from the noise and to allow for their separation using current spatial clustering methods. This theoretical maximum is in contrast to the approximately six units that are usually detected per tetrode. From this, we conclude that a large percentage of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells are silent in any given behavioral condition.},
	Author = {Henze, D. A. and Borhegyi, Z. and Csicsvari, J. and Mamiya, A. and Harris, K. D. and Buzs{\'a}ki, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Extracellular Space;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Sleep, REM;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;Stereotaxic Techniques;Electrophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. buzsaki\@axon.rutgers.edu},
	Pages = {390-400},
	Pubmed = {10899213},
	Title = {Intracellular features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo},
	Uuid = {C7AFB5AF-2434-4C8C-9CFB-A013A159F25F},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Henze_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}}



@article{Herculano-Houzel:2006,
	Abstract = {How do cell number and size determine brain size? Here, we show that, in the order Rodentia, increased size of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and remaining areas across six species is achieved through greater numbers of neurons of larger size, and much greater numbers of nonneuronal cells of roughly invariant size, such that the ratio between total neuronal and nonneuronal mass remains constant across species. Although relative cerebellar size remains stable among rodents, the number of cerebellar neurons increases with brain size more rapidly than in the cortex, such that the cerebellar fraction of total brain neurons increases with brain size. In contrast, although the relative cortical size increases with total brain size, the cortical fraction of total brain neurons remains constant. We propose that the faster increase in average neuronal size in the cerebral cortex than in the cerebellum as these structures gain neurons and the rapidly increasing glial numbers that generate glial mass to match total neuronal mass at a fixed glia/neuron total mass ratio are fundamental cellular constraints that lead to the relative expansion of cerebral cortical volume across species.},
	Author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Mota, Bruno and Lent, Roberto},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:23 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ci\^{e}ncias Biom{\'e}dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. suzanahh\@ism.com.br},
	Pages = {12138-43},
	Pii = {0604911103},
	Pubmed = {16880386},
	Title = {Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains},
	Uuid = {5E7A0EC4-47CB-486D-A9CF-BE161643FBA3},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604911103}}






@article{Hevner:2003,
	Abstract = {Cortical projection neurons exhibit diverse morphological, physiological, and molecular phenotypes, but it is unknown how many distinct types exist. Many projection cell phenotypes are associated with laminar fate (radial position), but each layer may also contain multiple types of projection cells. We have investigated two hypotheses: (1) that different projection cell types exhibit characteristic molecular expression profiles and (2) that laminar fates are determined primarily by molecular phenotype. We found that several transcription factors were differentially expressed by projection neurons, even within the same layer: Otx1 and Er81, for example, were expressed by different neurons in layer 5. Retrograde tracing showed that Er81 was expressed in corticospinal and corticocortical neurons. In contrast, Otx1 has been detected only in corticobulbar neurons [Weimann et al., Neuron 1999;24:819-831]. Birthdating demonstrated that different molecularly defined types were produced sequentially, in overlapping waves. Cells adopted laminar fates characteristic of their molecular phenotypes, regardless of cell birthday. Molecular markers also revealed the locations of different projection cell types in the malformed cortex of reeler mice. These studies suggest that molecular profiles can be used advantageously for classifying cortical projection cells, for analyzing their neurogenesis and fate specification, and for evaluating cortical malformations. 0378-5866 Journal Article},
	Author = {Hevner, R. F. and Daza, R. A. and Rubenstein, J. L. and Stunnenberg, H. and Olavarria, J. F. and Englund, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;10 Development;Brain/*embryology/*growth &development;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Fluorescent Antibody Technique;Microscopy, Confocal;Female;Embryo and Fetal Development/*physiology;F pdf;Neurons/*classification/cytology/metabolism;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Embryo;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Transcription Factors/*biosynthesis;Pyramidal Cells/*cytology/metabolism;Animals, Newborn;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;Bromodeoxyuridine;Biological Markers/analysis},
	Number = {2-4},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Wash 98104-2499, USA. rhevner\@u.washington.edu},
	Pages = {139-51},
	Title = {Beyond laminar fate: toward a molecular classification of cortical projection/pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {61CF7C23-C111-45ED-873D-96D6C16C3BE5},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Hevner_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}}

@article{Hevner:2006,
	Abstract = {Glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons are produced in the embryonic cerebral cortex by a series of genetically programmed fate choices, implemented in large part by developmental transcription factors. Our work has focused on Pax6, Tbr2/Eomes, NeuroD, and Tbr1, which are expressed sequentially during the neurogenesis of pyramidal-projection neurons. Recently, we have found that the same transcription factors are expressed, in the same order, during glutamatergic neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, and (with modifications) in the developing cerebellum. While the precise functional significance of this transcription factor expression sequence is unknown, its common appearance in embryonic and adult neurogenesis, and in different brain regions, suggests it is part of a conserved genetic program that specifies general properties of glutamatergic neurons in these regions. Subtypes of glutamatergic neurons (e.g., layer-specific fates in the cortex) are further determined by combinations of transcription factors, superimposed on general sequential programs. These new perspectives on neurogenesis add to the conceptual framework for strategies to engineer neural stem cells for the repair of specific brain circuits.},
	Author = {Hevner, and Hodge, and Daza, and Englund,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Harborview Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98104, USA.},
	Pii = {S0168-0102(06)00067-8},
	Pubmed = {16621079},
	Title = {Transcription factors in glutamatergic neurogenesis: Conserved programs in neocortex, cerebellum, and adult hippocampus},
	Uuid = {DD951484-7E39-4F91-BEB9-3617AC4C5EE2},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.03.004}}


@article{Hicks:1968,
	Abstract = {0003-276x Journal Article},
	Author = {Hicks, S. P. and D'Amato, C. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Anat Rec},
	Keywords = {DNA/biosynthesis;Cell Differentiation;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology/growth &development;Female;Rats;Autoradiography;Thymidine/metabolism;Neurons/*growth &development;A,F abstr;Pregnancy;Pregnancy, Animal;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Tritium;Cell Movement/physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {619-34},
	Pubmed = {5664077},
	Title = {Cell migrations to the isocortex in the rat},
	Uuid = {2A0FC9B2-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {160},
	Year = {1968},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5664077}}



@article{Hilgetag:2006,
	Abstract = {The convoluted cortex of primates is instantly recognizable in its principal morphologic features, yet puzzling in its complex finer structure. Various hypotheses have been proposed about the mechanisms of its formation. Based on the analysis of databases of quantitative architectonic and connection data for primate prefrontal cortices, we offer support for the hypothesis that tension exerted by corticocortical connections is a significant factor in shaping the cerebral cortical landscape. Moreover, forces generated by cortical folding influence laminar morphology, and appear to have a previously unsuspected impact on cellular migration during cortical development. The evidence for a significant role of mechanical factors in cortical morphology opens the possibility of constructing computational models of cortical develoment based on physical principles. Such models are particularly relevant for understanding the relationship of cortical morphology to the connectivity of normal brains, and structurally altered brains in diseases of developmental origin, such as schizophrenia and autism.},
	Author = {Hilgetag, and Barbas,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1553-7358},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {101238922},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {School of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.},
	Pages = {e22},
	Pubmed = {16557292},
	Title = {Role of Mechanical Factors in the Morphology of the Primate Cerebral Cortex},
	Uuid = {D582DE1E-7A77-4B86-ABA7-506F579A9CF8},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020022}}


@article{Hill:2005,
	Abstract = {When the brain goes from wakefulness to sleep, cortical neurons begin to undergo slow oscillations in their membrane potential that are synchronized by thalamocortical circuits and reflected in EEG slow waves. To provide a self-consistent account of the transition from wakefulness to sleep and of the generation of sleep slow waves, we have constructed a large-scale computer model that encompasses portions of two visual areas and associated thalamic and reticular thalamic nuclei. Thousands of model neurons, incorporating several intrinsic currents, are interconnected with millions of thalamocortical, corticothalamic, and both intra- and interareal corticocortical connections. In the waking mode, the model exhibits irregular spontaneous firing and selective responses to visual stimuli. In the sleep mode, neuromodulatory changes lead to slow oscillations that closely resemble those observed in vivo and in vitro. A systematic exploration of the effects of intrinsic currents and network parameters on the initiation, maintenance, and termination of slow oscillations shows the following. 1) An increase in potassium leak conductances is sufficient to trigger the transition from wakefulness to sleep. 2) The activation of persistent sodium currents is sufficient to initiate the up-state of the slow oscillation. 3) A combination of intrinsic and synaptic currents is sufficient to maintain the up-state. 4) Depolarization-activated potassium currents and synaptic depression terminate the up-state. 5) Corticocortical connections synchronize the slow oscillation. The model is the first to integrate intrinsic neuronal properties with detailed thalamocortical anatomy and reproduce neural activity patterns in both wakefulness and sleep, thereby providing a powerful tool to investigate the role of sleep in information transmission and plasticity.},
	Author = {Hill, Sean and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;comparative study;Humans;Afferent Pathways;Feedback;Synaptic Transmission;Models, Biological;Reaction Time;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Sleep;Computer Simulation;Potassium;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Electroencephalography;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA. seanhill\@wisc.edu},
	Pages = {1671-98},
	Pii = {00915.2004},
	Pubmed = {15537811},
	Title = {Modeling sleep and wakefulness in the thalamocortical system},
	Uuid = {D522FFD0-CDF2-41A3-8DD5-4DEA4DF92B7C},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00915.2004}}





@article{Hinds:1968,
	Abstract = {0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Hinds, J. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Cell Differentiation;Neuroglia;Limbic System/*cytology/*growth &development;*Neuroglia;Limbic System;Autoradiography;*Cell Differentiation;Animals, Newborn;Tritium;A, B abstr;Animals;Mice},
	Medline = {69169667},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {305-22},
	Pubmed = {5721257},
	Title = {Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb. II. Cell proliferation and migration},
	Uuid = {DCAED3E1-D322-11DA-941C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {1968},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901340305},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5721257}}

@article{Hinds:1968a,
	Abstract = {0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Hinds, J. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Limbic System/*cytology/*growth &development;*Neuroglia;*Neurons;Autoradiography;Cell Division;*Cell Differentiation;Animals, Newborn;Tritium;A, B abstr;Animals;Mice},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {287-304},
	Pubmed = {5721256},
	Title = {Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb. I. Time of origin of neurons and neuroglia},
	Uuid = {C1229D21-8751-4D27-922C-549DA75BADBD},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {1968},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5721256}}






@article{Hof:1999,
	Abstract = {The three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin are found in morphologically distinct classes of inhibitory interneurons as well as in some pyramidal neurons in the mammalian neocortex. Although there is a wide variability in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the neocortical subpopulations of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons in mammals, most of the available data show that there is a fundamental similarity among the mammalian species investigated so far, in terms of the distribution of parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin across the depth of the neocortex. Thus, calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons are predominant in layers II and III, but are present across all cortical layers, whereas parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons are more prevalent in the middle and lower cortical layers. These different neuronal populations have well defined regional and laminar distribution, neurochemical characteristics and synaptic connections, and each of these cell types displays a particular developmental sequence. Most of the available data on the development, distribution and morphological characteristics of these calcium-binding proteins are from studies in common laboratory animals such as the rat, mouse, cat, macaque monkey, as well as from postmortem analyses in humans, but there are virtually no data on other species aside of a few incidental reports. In the context of the evolution of mammalian neocortex, the distribution and morphological characteristics of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons may help defining taxon-specific patterns that may be used as reliable phylogenetic traits. It would be interesting to extend such neurochemical analyses of neuronal subpopulations to other species to assess the degree to which neurochemical specialization of particular neuronal subtypes, as well as their regional and laminar distribution in the cerebral cortex, may represent sets of derived features in any given mammalian order. This could be particularly interesting in view of the consistent differences in neurochemical typology observed in considerably divergent orders such as cetaceans and certain families of insectivores and metatherians, as well as in monotremes. The present article provides an overview of calcium-binding protein distribution across a large number of representative mammalian species and a review of their developmental patterns in the species where data are available. This analysis demonstrates that while it is likely that the developmental patterns are quite consistent across species, at least based on the limited number of species for which ontogenetic data exist, the distribution and morphology of calcium-binding protein- containingneurons varies substantially among mammalian orders and that certain species show highly divergent patterns compared to closely related taxa. Interestingly, primates, carnivores, rodents and tree shrews appear closely related on the basis of the observed patterns, marsupials show some affinities with that group, whereas prototherians have unique patterns. Our findings also support the relationships of cetaceans and ungulates, and demonstrates possible affinities between carnivores and ungulates, as well as the existence of common, probably primitive, traits in cetaceans and insectivores.},
	Author = {Hof, P. R. and Glezer and Conde, F. and Flagg, R. A. and Rubin, M. B. and Nimchinsky, E. A. and Vogt Weisenhorn, D. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Chem Neuroanat},
	Keywords = {Human;Mammals/*physiology;Comparative Study;Phylogeny;Animal;Parvalbumins/*physiology;12 Interneuron development;Neurons/physiology;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*physiology;H;Neocortex/growth &development/*physiology},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. patrick\_hof\@fishmailserver.neuro.mssm.edu},
	Pages = {77-116.},
	Title = {Cellular distribution of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in the neocortex of mammals: phylogenetic and developmental patterns},
	Uuid = {EB261684-E4D2-46A3-B2FE-96ED29D7BA59},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10223310}}






@article{Holmberg:2002,
	Abstract = {The ephrins and their Eph receptors have emerged as repulsive cues for growing axons during the past decade. Since then, great effort has been made to understand the significance and mechanisms of Eph-mediated repulsion. More recently, it has become clear that ephrins perform in many more developmental processes than the repulsion-dependent establishment of topography in the nervous system. As numerous studies suggest functions more akin to adhesion or attraction than to repulsion, increasing attention is now being paid to the intracellular mechanisms that might explain this duality.},
	Author = {Holmberg, Johan and Fris{\'e}n, Jonas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fetal Proteins;Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases;Transcription Factors;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cell Adhesion;Membrane Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ephrin-A2;Signal Transduction;10 circuit formation;Ephrin-B2;Animals;Humans;Receptor, EphA4;review;Axons},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {239-43},
	Pii = {S0166223602021495},
	Pubmed = {11972959},
	Title = {Ephrins are not only unattractive},
	Uuid = {0ED889E1-E6C0-4AED-BA9A-F5B12208A532},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Holmes:1999,
	Abstract = {In some children, epilepsy is a catastrophic condition, leading to significant intellectual and behavioral impairment, but little is known about the consequences of recurrent seizures during development. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of 15 daily pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in immature rats beginning at postnatal day (P) 1, 10, or 60. In addition, we subjected another group of P10 rats to twice daily seizures for 15 days. Both supragranular and terminal sprouting in the CA3 hippocampal subfield was assessed in Timm-stained sections by using a rating scale and density measurements. Prominent sprouting was seen in the CA3 stratum pyramidale layer in all rats having 15 daily seizures, regardless of the age when seizures began. Based on Timm staining in control P10, P20, and P30 rats, the terminal sprouting in CA3 appears to be new growth of axons and synapses as opposed to a failure of normal regression of synapses. In addition to CA3 terminal sprouting, rats having twice daily seizures had sprouting noted in the dentate supragranular layer, predominately in the inferior blade of the dentate, and had a decreased seizure threshold when compared with controls. Cell counting of dentate granule cells, CA3, CA1, and hilar neurons, with unbiased stereological methods demonstrated no differences from controls in rats with daily seizures beginning at P1 or P10, whereas adult rats with daily seizures had a significant decrease in CA1 neurons. Rats that received twice daily seizures on P10-P25 had an increase in dentate granule cells. This study demonstrates that, like the mature brain, immature animals have neuronal reorganization after recurrent seizures, with mossy fiber sprouting in both the CA3 subfield and supragranular region. In the immature brain, repetitive seizures also result in granule cell neurogenesis without loss of principal neurons. Although the relationship between these morphological changes after seizures during development and subsequent cognitive impairment is not yet clear, our findings indicate that during development recurrent seizures can result in significant alterations in cell number and axonal growth.},
	Author = {Holmes, G. L. and Sarkisian, M. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Chevassus-Au-Louis, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Coloring Agents;Animals;Rats;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;Cell Count;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Pentylenetetrazole;Behavior, Animal;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Histocytochemistry;21 Neurophysiology;Dentate Gyrus;Convulsants;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Recurrence;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99140495},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. holmesg\@a1.tch.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {537-53},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990222)404:4<537::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-#},
	Pubmed = {9987996},
	Title = {Mossy fiber sprouting after recurrent seizures during early development in rats},
	Uuid = {A5F464BF-9077-4237-B296-EE0B2FA55F82},
	Volume = {404},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Holmes:2004,
	Abstract = {Running activity increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. The present experiment was designed to investigate whether the effect of activity on adult neurogenesis is dependent on the time of day (circadian phase) and the amount of activity. Mice received restricted access to a running wheel (0, 1, or 3 hr) at one of three times of day: the middle of the light phase (i.e., when mice are normally inactive), dark onset (i.e., when mice begin their nocturnal activity), and the middle of the dark period (i.e., when mice are in the middle of their active period). Cell proliferation and net neurogenesis were assessed after incorporation of the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunohistochemical detection of BrdU and neuronal markers. Running activity significantly increased cell proliferation, cell survival, and total number of new neurons only in animals with 3 hr of wheel access during the middle of the dark period. Although activity was positively correlated with increased neurogenesis at all time points, the effects were not statistically significant in animals with wheel access at the beginning of the dark period or during the middle of the light period. These data suggest that the influence of exercise on cell proliferation and neurogenesis is modulated by both circadian phase and the amount of daily exercise, thus providing new insight into the complex relationship between physiological and behavioral factors that can mediate adult neuroplasticity.},
	Author = {Holmes, Melissa M. and Galea, Liisa A. M. and Mistlberger, Ralph E. and Kempermann, Gerd},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0360-4012},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Animals;Astrocytes;Running;Physical Conditioning, Animal;Cell Count;Hippocampus;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Behavior, Animal;Time Factors;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Mice;Cell Division;Immunohistochemistry;Bromodeoxyuridine;Circadian Rhythm},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7600111},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. holmes22\@msu.edu},
	Pages = {216-22},
	Pubmed = {15048919},
	Title = {Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and voluntary running activity: circadian and dose-dependent effects},
	Uuid = {91EBDE72-94BF-4D0C-A103-0CD5A5AC9104},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20039}}

@article{Holmes:2003,
	Author = {Holmes, Gregory L. and Ben-Ari, Yezekiel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1078-8956},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Keywords = {Genetic Vectors;Epilepsy;Galanin;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Fibronectins;comment;Gene Therapy;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;news},
	Medline = {22775888},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9502015},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {994-6},
	Pii = {nm0803-994},
	Pubmed = {12894158},
	Title = {Seizing hold of seizures},
	Uuid = {5B20AEF9-E824-4D01-944A-EF70B1D972AD},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0803-994}}

@article{Holmes:2002,
	Abstract = {The immature brain is more prone to seizures than the older brain as a result of an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory input. The depolarizing, rather than hyperpolarizing effect of GABA(A) during the first week of life in the rodent, and the delay in postsynaptic GABA(B) inhibition coupled with the over-expression of glutamatergic synapses contribute to this increased propensity toward seizures. It is now clear that seizures can be injurious to the immature brain, although the pattern of seizure-induced injury is age-related. While the immature brain is resistant to acute seizure-induced cell loss, there are functional abnormalities following seizures with impairment of visual-spatial memory and reduced seizure threshold. Neonatal seizures are also associated with a number of activity-dependent changes in brain development including altered synaptogenesis and reduction in neurogenesis. These results argue that neonatal seizures should no longer be considered as benign events.},
	Author = {Holmes, Gregory L. and Khazipov, Roustem and Ben-Ari, Yehezkiel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4965},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Disease Susceptibility;21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Seizures;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Humans;Brain;Infant, Newborn;review},
	Medline = {21921663},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9100935},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Research in Pediatric Epilepsy, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {A3-8},
	Pubmed = {11924904},
	Title = {New concepts in neonatal seizures},
	Uuid = {4456B47A-5ABD-4D83-8FD6-CE05EB0F9531},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Holmes:2002a,
	Abstract = {A considerable amount of money and effort is spent every year investigating the effects of seizure on the developing rodent brain. A critical question is the relevance of these studies to children. The goal of this chapter is to review the relationship between seizures during early development and cognitive impairment in children and rodents. While the majority of children with epilepsy have normal cognitive development, a small group of children with frequent, recurrent seizures show progressive cognitive impairment. Likewise, in rodent models recurrent seizures during early development are associated with cognitive impairment and histological changes including mossy fiber sprouting and reduced neurogenesis. Status epilepticus is associated with a lower morbidity and mortality rate in children than in adults. Status epilepticus in rodent models is associated with less cell loss and cognitive impairment than in adults. While rodent studies can offer a great deal of insight into mechanisms of seizure-induced brain damage, they also have significant limitations. No animal models have yet been developed that mimic human epileptic syndromes, such as infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, or the severe myoclonic epilepsies. In addition, rodent studies supply only crude measures of learning and memory. Disturbances of language or higher cortical functions such as visual or auditory processing cannot be tested in animal models.},
	Author = {Holmes, Gregory L. and Khazipov, Rustem and Ben-Ari, Yehezkiel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0079-6123},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Disease Models, Animal;21 Epilepsy;Nerve Fibers;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Status Epilepticus;Seizures;Child;Maze Learning;Humans;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Animals;review},
	Medline = {22139322},
	Nlm_Id = {0376441},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Research in Pediatric Epilepsy, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. gregory.holmes\@tch.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {321-34},
	Pubmed = {12143352},
	Title = {Seizure-induced damage in the developing human: relevance of experimental models},
	Uuid = {0D537617-1003-44EA-8FFC-94025B833FB0},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Holmgren:2003,
	Abstract = {The extent to which neocortical pyramidal cells function as a local network is determined by the strength and probability of their connections. By mapping connections between pyramidal cells we show here that in a local network of about 600 pyramidal cells located within a cylindrical volume of 200 microm x 200 microm of neocortical layer 2/3, an individual pyramidal cell receives synaptic inputs from about 30 other pyramidal neurons, with the majority of EPSP amplitudes in the 0.2-1.0 mV range. The probability of connection decreased from 0.09 to 0.01 with intercell distance (over the range 25-200 microm). Within the same volume, local interneuron (fast-spiking non-accommodating interneuron, FS)-pyramidal cell connections were about 10 times more numerous, with the majority of connections being reciprocal. The probability of excitatory and inhibitory connections between pyramidal cells and FS interneurons decreased only slightly with distance, being in the range 0.5-0.75. Pyramidal cells in the local network received strong synaptic input during stimulation of afferent fibres in layers 1 and 6. Minimal-like stimulation of layer 1 or layer 6 inputs simultaneously induced postsynaptic potentials in connected pyramidal cells as well as in pyramidal-FS cell pairs. These inputs readily induced firing of pyramidal cells, although synaptically connected cells displayed different firing patterns. Unitary EPSPs in pyramidal-pyramidal cell pairs did not detectably alter cell firing. FS interneurons fire simultaneously with pyramidal cells. In pyramidal-FS cell pairs, both unitary EPSPs and IPSPs efficiently modulated cell firing patterns. We suggest that computation in the local network may proceed not only by direct pyramidal-pyramidal cell communication but also via local interneurons. With such a high degree of connectivity with surrounding pyramidal cells, local interneurons are ideally poised to both coordinate and expand the local pyramidal cell network via pyramidal-interneuron-pyramidal communication.},
	Author = {Holmgren, Carl and Harkany, Tibor and Svennenfors, Bj{\"o}rn and Zilberter, Yuri},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Signal Transduction;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Afferent Pathways;Neocortex;Cell Communication;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;Pyramidal Cells;Axons;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Karolinska Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Retzius v{\"a}g 8, B2-2, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {139-53},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2003.044784},
	Pubmed = {12813147},
	Title = {Pyramidal cell communication within local networks in layer 2/3 of rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {4429603C-1779-4F55-9DDF-6C7FF7FD0B1C},
	Volume = {551},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Holmgren_JPhysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.044784}}


@article{Holthoff:2006,
	Abstract = {Whereas the regenerative nature of action potential conduction in axons has been known since the late 1940s, neuronal dendrites have been considered as passive cables transferring incoming synaptic activity to the soma. The relatively recent discovery that neuronal dendrites contain active conductances has revolutionized our view of information processing in neurons. In many neuronal cell types, sodium action potentials initiated at the axon initial segment can back-propagate actively into the dendrite thereby serving, for the dendrite, as an indicator of the output activity of the neuron. In addition, the dendrites themselves can initiate action-potential-like regenerative responses, so-called dendritic spikes, that are mediated either by the activation of sodium, calcium, and/or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels. Here, we review the recent experimental and theoretical evidence for a role of regenerative dendritic activity in information processing within neurons and, especially, in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Holthoff, Knut and Kovalchuk, Yury and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0302-766X},
	Journal = {Cell Tissue Res},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0417625},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, Biedersteinerstrasse 29, 80802, Munich, Germany, knut.holthoff\@lrz.tu-muenchen.de.},
	Pages = {369-77},
	Pubmed = {16816965},
	Title = {Dendritic spikes and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity},
	Uuid = {AC76AE20-028F-462C-9187-9C2B9947B326},
	Volume = {326},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0263-8}}

@article{Holthoff:2002,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous. To understand this diversity, we use two-photon imaging of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal cells and measure action potential-evoked [Ca(2+)]i transients in spines. Spine calcium kinetics are controlled by (i) the diameter of the parent dendrite, (ii) the length of the spine neck, and (iii) the strength of spine calcium pumps. These factors produce different calcium dynamics in spines from basal, proximal apical, and distal apical dendrites, differences that are more pronounced without exogenous buffers. In proximal and distal apical dendrites, different calcium dynamics correlate with different susceptibility to synaptic depression, and modifying calcium kinetics in spines changes the expression of long-term depression. Thus, the spine location apparently determines its calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Our results highlight the precision in design of neocortical neurons.},
	Author = {Holthoff, Knut and Tsay, David and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;In Vitro;Neuronal Plasticity;Microscopy, Confocal;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Models, Biological;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;Mathematics;Statistics;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Models, Neurological;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21822663},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. holthoff\@irz.uni-muenchen.de},
	Pages = {425-37},
	Pii = {S0896627302005767},
	Pubmed = {11832229},
	Title = {Calcium dynamics of spines depend on their dendritic location},
	Uuid = {E924BD75-C3A8-421A-B0AF-EF005BF444E6},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Holtmaat:2005,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines were imaged over days to months in the apical tufts of neocortical pyramidal neurons (layers 5 and 2/3) in vivo. A fraction of thin spines appeared and disappeared over a few days, while most thick spines persisted for months. In the somatosensory cortex, from postnatal day (PND) 16 to PND 25 spine retractions exceeded additions, resulting in a net loss of spines. The fraction of persistent spines (lifetime > or = 8 days) grew gradually during development and into adulthood (PND 16-25, 35\%; PND 35-80, 54\%; PND 80-120, 66\%; PND 175-225, 73\%), providing evidence that synaptic circuits continue to stabilize even in the adult brain, long after the closure of known critical periods. In 6-month-old mice, spines turn over more slowly in visual compared to somatosensory cortex, possibly reflecting differences in the capacity for experience-dependent plasticity in these brain regions.},
	Author = {Holtmaat, Anthony J. G. D. and Trachtenberg, Joshua T. and Wilbrecht, Linda and Shepherd, Gordon M. and Zhang, Xiaoqun and Knott, Graham W. and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;10 Structural plasticity;Neocortex;Dendritic Spines;Mice, Transgenic;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {279-91},
	Pii = {S0896627305000048},
	Pubmed = {15664179},
	Title = {Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo},
	Uuid = {F7868304-A7AB-4F14-91A1-01287F624B4F},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Holtmaat_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.003}}

@article{Honda:2004,
	Abstract = {The mechanism of topographic mapping of retinal ganglion cells to the midbrain was previously elucidated by the servomechanism model, which is based on the fact that cells expressing Eph-receptors respond specifically to surface expressing membrane-bound ephrin-ligands at a critical level. The retina has increased nasal-to-temporal gradient of Eph receptor-density, and the optic tectum/superior colliculus has increased rostral-to-caudal gradient of membrane-bound ephrin-ligand. An axon from the retina has an identification tag of a certain level of Eph-receptor density depending on its retinal position, and adheres to the site on the tectum/superior colliculus expressing ephrin-ligands at a critical ligand-density level. The servomechanism model rigidly defines positions of axon terminals on the midbrain. However, optic nerve regeneration experiments combined with halved retina or tectum show a plastic or flexible mapping (expansion, compression and transposition of tectal projections). To reconcile the discrepancy between the rigid model and the plastic behavior, competition between retinal axon terminals for a target site was introduced to the servomechanism. The servomechanism/competition model succeeded in computer simulations of the plastic mapping of retinal axons on the tectum. Recent experiments of upregulated ligand-density on the tectum during nerve regeneration and the role of axonal competition are discussed.},
	Author = {Honda, Hisao},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0012-1592},
	Journal = {Dev Growth Differ},
	Keywords = {10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Algorithms;10 circuit formation;21 Activity-development;Computer Simulation;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0356504},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Hyogo University, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan. hihonda\@hyogo-dai.ac.jp},
	Pages = {425-37},
	Pii = {DGD759},
	Pubmed = {15606488},
	Title = {Competitive interactions between retinal ganglion axons for tectal targets explain plasticity of retinotectal projection in the servomechanism model of retinotectal mapping},
	Uuid = {B87CB708-836A-410C-886D-C5A364A6B8F7},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.2004.00759.x}}


@article{Honda:2003,
	Abstract = {Topographic mapping of retinal ganglion axons to the midbrain is computed by the servomechanism model, which is based on the experimental result of cell attachment. Cells expressing a certain level of Eph proteins (receptors for ephrin ligands) optimally attach to a surface that expresses a specific level of ephrin ligand density. The retina has an increasing nasal-to-temporal gradient of Eph receptor density, and the optic tectum/superior colliculus has an increasing rostral-to-caudal gradient of membrane-bound ephrin ligand. An axon from the retina has an identification tag of a certain level of Eph receptor density depending on its retinal position and adheres to the site on the tectum/superior colliculus expressing ephrin ligands at a critical ligand density level. Quantitatively, a retinal axon has a receptor density (R) that is determined by its retinal position, and the axon terminal is induced to adhere to the tectal site of ligand density (L = S/R), where S is a constant. Consequently, the servomechanism model defines positions of axon terminals on the midbrain. Abnormal topographic maps are reported in a knock-in experiment with elevated density of Eph receptors and a knock-out experiment lacking ephrin ligands using gene-targeting technology. By adding competition between axon terminals for target sites to the servomechanism model, the abnormal maps became easy to understand. Furthermore, the servomechanism-competition model allowed conjecture of the gradient shapes of receptor and ligand densities and estimation of the capacity of the midbrain surface to accept retinal axon terminals.},
	Author = {Honda, Hisao},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;10 Development;Heterozygote;Animals;Ephrins;Superior Colliculi;09 Evolutionary dynamics;Axons;Mice, Transgenic;research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 circuit formation;Computer Simulation;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Homozygote;21 Activity-development;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptor, EphA1;Models, Neurological;Ligands;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Hyogo University, Hyogo 675-0195, Japan. hihonda\@hyogo-dai.ac.jp},
	Pages = {10368-77},
	Pii = {23/32/10368},
	Pubmed = {14614096},
	Title = {Competition between retinal ganglion axons for targets under the servomechanism model explains abnormal retinocollicular projection of Eph receptor-overexpressing or ephrin-lacking mice},
	Uuid = {0A5DCF95-65A4-4551-AC9C-A3A3EA613455},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Honda_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}


@article{Honey:2007,
	Abstract = {Neuronal dynamics unfolding within the cerebral cortex exhibit complex spatial and temporal patterns even in the absence of external input. Here we use a computational approach in an attempt to relate these features of spontaneous cortical dynamics to the underlying anatomical connectivity. Simulating nonlinear neuronal dynamics on a network that captures the large-scale interregional connections of macaque neocortex, and applying information theoretic measures to identify functional networks, we find structure-function relations at multiple temporal scales. Functional networks recovered from long windows of neural activity (minutes) largely overlap with the underlying structural network. As a result, hubs in these long-run functional networks correspond to structural hubs. In contrast, significant fluctuations in functional topology are observed across the sequence of networks recovered from consecutive shorter (seconds) time windows. The functional centrality of individual nodes varies across time as interregional couplings shift. Furthermore, the transient couplings between brain regions are coordinated in a manner that reveals the existence of two anticorrelated clusters. These clusters are linked by prefrontal and parietal regions that are hub nodes in the underlying structural network. At an even faster time scale (hundreds of milliseconds) we detect individual episodes of interregional phase-locking and find that slow variations in the statistics of these transient episodes, contingent on the underlying anatomical structure, produce the transfer entropy functional connectivity and simulated blood oxygenation level-dependent correlation patterns observed on slower time scales.},
	Author = {Honey, Christopher J. and K{\"o}tter, Rolf and Breakspear, Michael and Sporns, Olaf},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-05 13:06:21 +0000},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Computational Biology;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Motor Cortex;Models, Neurological;Neural Pathways;Neocortex;Time Factors;Nerve Net;Animals;Macaca;24; Cerebral Cortex;Somatosensory Cortex; network; technique; Methods; review literature; computation biology; Theoretical; graph theory; human; fmri; Software},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {24},
	Organization = {Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.},
	Pages = {10240-5},
	Pii = {0701519104},
	Pubmed = {17548818},
	Title = {Network structure of cerebral cortex shapes functional connectivity on multiple time scales},
	Uuid = {F9E66FE9-A014-4D12-8A22-9D419B276564},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Honey_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701519104}}




@article{Hopfield:1982,
	Abstract = {Computational properties of use of biological organisms or to the construction of computers can emerge as collective properties of systems having a large number of simple equivalent components (or neurons). The physical meaning of content-addressable memory is described by an appropriate phase space flow of the state of a system. A model of such a system is given, based on aspects of neurobiology but readily adapted to integrated circuits. The collective properties of this model produce a content-addressable memory which correctly yields an entire memory from any subpart of sufficient size. The algorithm for the time evolution of the state of the system is based on asynchronous parallel processing. Additional emergent collective properties include some capacity for generalization, familiarity recognition, categorization, error correction, and time sequence retention. The collective properties are only weakly sensitive to details of the modeling or the failure of individual devices.},
	Author = {Hopfield, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Computers;20 Networks;Mathematics;Models, Neurological;Memory;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {2554-8},
	Pubmed = {6953413},
	Title = {Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities},
	Uuid = {6083F25D-690C-49ED-BECB-EE6AB3B1B55B},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {1982},
	url = {papers/Hopfield_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1982.pdf}}








@article{Horton:2005,
	Abstract = {This year, the field of neuroscience celebrates the 50th anniversary of Mountcastle's discovery of the cortical column. In this review, we summarize half a century of research and come to the disappointing realization that the column may have no function. Originally, it was described as a discrete structure, spanning the layers of the somatosensory cortex, which contains cells responsive to only a single modality, such as deep joint receptors or cutaneous receptors. Subsequently, examples of columns have been uncovered in numerous cortical areas, expanding the original concept to embrace a variety of different structures and principles. A "column" now refers to cells in any vertical cluster that share the same tuning for any given receptive field attribute. In striate cortex, for example, cells with the same eye preference are grouped into ocular dominance columns. Unaccountably, ocular dominance columns are present in some species, but not others. In principle, it should be possible to determine their function by searching for species differences in visual performance that correlate with their presence or absence. Unfortunately, this approach has been to no avail; no visual faculty has emerged that appears to require ocular dominance columns. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that the expression of ocular dominance columns can be highly variable among members of the same species, or even in different portions of the visual cortex in the same individual. These observations deal a fatal blow to the idea that ocular dominance columns serve a purpose. More broadly, the term "column" also denotes the periodic termination of anatomical projections within or between cortical areas. In many instances, periodic projections have a consistent relationship with some architectural feature, such as the cytochrome oxidase patches in V1 or the stripes in V2. These tissue compartments appear to divide cells with different receptive field properties into distinct processing streams. However, it is unclear what advantage, if any, is conveyed by this form of columnar segregation. Although the column is an attractive concept, it has failed as a unifying principle for understanding cortical function. Unravelling the organization of the cerebral cortex will require a painstaking description of the circuits, projections and response properties peculiar to cells in each of its various areas.},
	Author = {Horton, Jonathan C. and Adams, Daniel L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-07-11 13:58:24 +0000},
	Issn = {0962-8436},
	Journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Visual Perception;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Models, Neurological;Electron Transport Complex IV;Brain Mapping;Humans;Visual Pathways;Cerebral Cortex;review; mirror symmetry; retinal wave paper; Spontaneous activity; topographic map; visual system; monkey; 21 Activity-development; Neocortex},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7503623},
	Number = {1456},
	Organization = {Beckman Vision Center, 10 Koret Way, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.},
	Pages = {837-62},
	Pii = {P01XKQ6EEH9AD84T},
	Pubmed = {15937015},
	Title = {The cortical column: a structure without a function},
	Uuid = {95DB5BDA-C3B1-4C52-8B6E-18BCB72AB084},
	Volume = {360},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Horton_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1623}}






@article{Hu:2000,
	Abstract = {Olfactory interneuron precursors in the rostral migration stream migrate in chains and through long distances to the olfactory bulb. The migration is inhibited when polysialic acid moiety of NCAM is removed. How polysialic acid regulates chain migration has remained unknown. Previous studies in other systems have indicated the polysialic acid as a negative regulator of cell-cell interactions. Thus, polysialic acid may prevent cells in chains from interacting too tightly. To test this hypothesis and examine how polysialic acid regulates chain migration, the effect of polysialic acid depletion was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, removal of polysialic acid often resulted in the dispersion of chains into single cells in both subventricular zone cultures and in adult mice where chain migration was observed. These results indicate that polysialic acid plays an important role in the formation of chains by olfactory interneuron precursors.},
	Author = {Hu, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:49 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Cells, Cultured;Laminin/pharmacology;Animal;B pdf;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/embryology/*metabolism;Cell Differentiation/genetics/physiology;Drug Combinations;Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects;Proteoglycans/pharmacology;Cell Movement/drug effects/genetics/*physiology;Animals, Newborn;Mice, Inbred Strains;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice, Knockout;Sialic Acids/*metabolism/pharmacology;Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Interneurons/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism;Mice;Collagen/pharmacology},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. hhu\@research.metrohealth.org},
	Pages = {480-92.},
	Title = {Polysialic acid regulates chain formation by migrating olfactory interneuron precursors},
	Uuid = {5655C4BF-2DA3-4303-809B-AF85874F618B},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Hu_JNeurosciRes2000.pdf}}








@article{Huber:2006,
	Abstract = {Sleep slow wave activity (SWA) is thought to reflect sleep need, increasing after wakefulness and decreasing after sleep. We showed recently that a learning task involving a circumscribed brain region produces a local increase in sleep SWA. We hypothesized that increases in cortical SWA reflect synaptic potentiation triggered by learning. To further investigate the link between synaptic plasticity and sleep, we asked whether a procedure leading to synaptic depression would cause instead a decrease in sleep SWA. We show here that if a subject's arm is immobilized during the day, motor performance deteriorates and both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials decrease over contralateral sensorimotor cortex, indicative of local synaptic depression. Notably, during subsequent sleep, SWA over the same cortical area is markedly reduced. Thus, cortical plasticity is linked to local sleep regulation without learning in the classical sense. Moreover, when synaptic strength is reduced, local sleep need is also reduced.},
	Author = {Huber, Reto and Ghilardi, M. Felice and Massimini, Marcello and Ferrarelli, Fabio and Riedner, Brady A. and Peterson, Michael J. and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Restraint, Physical;Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;21 Neurophysiology;Arm;Neuronal Plasticity;Analysis of Variance;Psychomotor Performance;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Somatosensory Cortex;Humans;Male;Task Performance and Analysis;Sleep;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.},
	Pages = {1169-76},
	Pii = {nn1758},
	Pubmed = {16936722},
	Title = {Arm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity},
	Uuid = {0136BDAE-0AC4-4B76-AC87-CF6E29B98795},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1758}}

@article{Huber:2007,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sleep slow wave activity (SWA) is thought to reflect sleep need, increasing in proportion to the length of prior wakefulness and decreasing during sleep. However, the process responsible for SWA regulation is not known. We showed recently that SWA increases locally after a learning task involving a circumscribed brain region, suggesting that SWA may reflect plastic changes triggered by learning. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To test this hypothesis directly, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in conjunction with high-density EEG in humans. We show that 5-Hz TMS applied to motor cortex induces a localized potentiation of TMS-evoked cortical EEG responses. We then show that, in the sleep episode following 5-Hz TMS, SWA increases markedly (+39.1+/-17.4\%, p<0.01, n = 10). Electrode coregistration with magnetic resonance images localized the increase in SWA to the same premotor site as the maximum TMS-induced potentiation during wakefulness. Moreover, the magnitude of potentiation during wakefulness predicts the local increase in SWA during sleep. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results provide direct evidence for a link between plastic changes and the local regulation of sleep need.},
	Author = {Huber, Reto and Esser, Steve K. and Ferrarelli, Fabio and Massimini, Marcello and Peterson, Michael J. and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e276},
	Pubmed = {17342210},
	Title = {TMS-induced cortical potentiation during wakefulness locally increases slow wave activity during sleep},
	Uuid = {32D918A1-6836-4FE1-82B7-0D5F7F2B6FB2},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000276}}




@article{Huffman:1999,
	Abstract = {Theories of both cortical field development and cortical evolution propose that thalamocortical projections play a critical role in the differentiation of cortical fields (; ). In the present study, we examined how changing the size of the immature neocortex before the establishment of thalamocortical connections affects the subsequent development and organization of the adult neocortex. This alteration in cortex is consistent with one of the most profound changes made to the mammalian neocortex throughout evolution: cortical size. Removing the caudal one-third to three-fourths of the cortical neuroepithelial sheet unilaterally at an early stage of development in marsupials resulted in normal spatial relationships between visual, somatosensory, and auditory cortical fields on the remaining cortical sheet. Injections of neuroanatomical tracers into the reduced cortex revealed in an altered distribution of thalamocortical axons; this alteration allowed the maintenance of their original anteroposterior distribution. These results demonstrate the capacity of the cortical neuroepithelium to accommodate different cortical fields at early stages of development, although the anteroposterior and mediolateral relationships between cortical fields appear to be invariant. The shifting of afferents and efferents with cortical reduction or expansion at very early stages of development may have occurred naturally in different lineages over time and may be sufficient to explain much of the phenotypic variation in cortical field number and organization in different mammals. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Huffman, K. J. and Molnar, Z. and Van Dellen, A. and Kahn, D. M. and Blakemore, C. and Krubitzer, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:54 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neocortex/growth &development/*physiology;Animals;Axons/physiology;Female;Opossums/*growth &development;Species Specificity;Aging/*physiology;Male;N;Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology/growth &development/*physiology;Visual Cortex/physiology;Axonal Transport;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;19 Neocortical evolution;Somatosensory Cortex/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Thalamus/anatomy &histology/growth &development/*physiology;Auditory Cortex/physiology},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.},
	Pages = {9939-52},
	Pubmed = {10559402},
	Title = {Formation of cortical fields on a reduced cortical sheet},
	Uuid = {9F8985F5-C10E-455F-BFEF-128B9CE4A705},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10559402}}


@article{Hull:2007,
	Author = {Hull, Court and Scanziani, Massimo},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {The authors are in the Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA. massimo\@ucsd.edu.},
	Pages = {400-2},
	Pii = {nn0407-400},
	Pubmed = {17387326},
	Title = {It's about time for thalamocortical circuits},
	Uuid = {EA0AAA1E-41C5-4E40-86A4-711CE9D9968E},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Hull_NatNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0407-400}}




@article{Hutchings:1986,
	Abstract = {Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, the authors studied the human pia mater and its relationship to the entry of blood vessels into the normal cerebral cortex. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the long-established concept that the subarachnoid space communicates directly with the perivascular spaces of the cerebral cortex. Brains obtained post mortem from subjects with recent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and purulent leptomeningitis were studied by light microscopy to determine the permeability of the pia mater to red blood cells and inflammatory cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the normal pia mater is a flat sheet of cells that is reflected from the surface of the brain to form the outer coating of the meningeal vessels in the subarachnoid space. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the cells of the pia mater are joined by junctional complexes and form a continuous sheet that separates the subarachnoid space on one side from the subpial and perivascular spaces on the other. Thus, neither the pia mater nor the subarachnoid space extends into the brain beside blood vessels as they enter the cerebral cortex. The perivascular spaces were, in fact, found to be confluent with the subpial space and not with the subarachnoid space. In cases of recent SAH, red blood cells did not enter the perivascular spaces from the subarachnoid space; neither did India ink injected post mortem into the subarachnoid space pass into the perivascular spaces. The results of these crude tracer studies suggest that the pia mater is an effective barrier to the passage of particulate matter. Histological examination of brains of patients who had died with purulent leptomeningitis showed that inflammatory cells were present in the cortical perivascular spaces and in the contiguous subpial spaces. The presence of a large number of inflammatory cells in the subarachnoid space suggests that inflammatory cells readily penetrate the pia mater that separates the perivascular spaces from the subarachnoid space. The permeability of the pia mater to small molecular weight substances is briefly discussed.},
	Author = {Hutchings, M. and Weller, R. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3085},
	Journal = {J Neurosurg},
	Keywords = {Meningitis;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Aged;Adult;Microscopy, Electron, Scanning;Pia Mater;Middle Aged;11 Glia;Humans;Brain;Subarachnoid Hemorrhage},
	Medline = {86280693},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0253357},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {316-25},
	Pubmed = {3734882},
	Title = {Anatomical relationships of the pia mater to cerebral blood vessels in man},
	Uuid = {FBDD127C-146E-49C2-9734-AD5B5492BE01},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {1986}}






@article{Ikegaya:2005,
	Abstract = {Bulk loading of calcium indicators has provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct the activity of cortical networks with single-cell resolution. Here we describe the detailed methods of bulk loading of AM dyes we developed and have been improving for imaging with a spinning disk confocal microscope.},
	Author = {Ikegaya, Yuji and Le Bon-Jego, Morgane and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neuroglia;21 Neurophysiology;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;21 Calcium imaging;Fluorescent Dyes;Calcium;Animals;Mice;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1002 Fairchild Center, M.C. 2435 New York, NY 10027, USA. ikegaya\@tk.air.jp},
	Pages = {132-8},
	Pii = {S0168-0102(05)00063-5},
	Pubmed = {15893573},
	Title = {Large-scale imaging of cortical network activity with calcium indicators},
	Uuid = {95609A84-99BE-4B62-BFAD-EC099DAAE61F},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Ikegaya_NeurosciRes2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.004}}

@article{Ikegaya:2004,
	Abstract = {How can neural activity propagate through cortical networks built with weak, stochastic synapses? We find precise repetitions of spontaneous patterns of synaptic inputs in neocortical neurons in vivo and in vitro. These patterns repeat after minutes, maintaining millisecond accuracy. Calcium imaging of slices reveals reactivation of sequences of cells during the occurrence of repeated intracellular synaptic patterns. The spontaneous activity drifts with time, engaging different cells. Sequences of active neurons have distinct spatial structures and are repeated in the same order over tens of seconds, revealing modular temporal dynamics. Higher order sequences are replayed with compressed timing.},
	Author = {Ikegaya, Yuji and Aaron, Gloster and Cossart, Rosa and Aronov, Dmitriy and Lampl, Ilan and Ferster, David and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Animals;Prefrontal Cortex;Synapses;In Vitro;Microscopy, Confocal;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;Time Factors;21 Calcium imaging;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;(R)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Dopamine D1;Neurons;2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine;Mice;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Cats;Visual Cortex;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5670},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {559-64},
	Pii = {304/5670/559},
	Pubmed = {15105494},
	Title = {Synfire chains and cortical songs: temporal modules of cortical activity},
	Uuid = {9FBD1E33-A51D-446F-BCF8-7CB15E33829A},
	Volume = {304},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Ikegaya_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093173}}






@article{Inan:2006,
	Abstract = {The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the activity-dependent development of brain circuitry are still incompletely understood. Here, we examine the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] signaling in cortical development and plasticity, focusing on its role in thalamocortical synapse and barrel map development. We provide direct evidence that PKA activity mediates barrel map formation using knock-out mice that lack type IIbeta regulatory subunits of PKA (PKARIIbeta). We show that PKARIIbeta-mediated PKA function is required for proper dendritogenesis and the organization of cortical layer IV neurons into barrels, but not for the development and plasticity of thalamocortical afferent clustering into a barrel pattern. We localize PKARIIbeta function to postsynaptic processes in barrel cortex and show that postsynaptic PKA targets, but not presynaptic PKA targets, have decreased phosphorylation in pkar2b knock-out (PKARIIbeta(-/-)) mice. We also show that long-term potentiation at TC synapses and the associated developmental increase in AMPA receptor function at these synapses, which normally occurs as barrels form, is absent in PKARIIbeta(-/-) mice. Together, these experiments support an activity-dependent model for barrel map development in which the selective addition and elimination of thalamocortical synapses based on Hebbian mechanisms for synapse formation is mediated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway that relies on PKARIIbeta function.},
	Author = {Inan, Melis and Lu, Hui-Chen C. and Albright, Michael J. and She, Wei-Chi C. and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Thalamus;Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cyclic AMP;Mice, Knockout;Neuronal Plasticity;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Signal Transduction;Protein Subunits;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Mice},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {Division of Neurology/Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {4338-49},
	Pii = {26/16/4338},
	Pubmed = {16624954},
	Title = {Barrel map development relies on protein kinase A regulatory subunit II beta-mediated cAMP signaling},
	Uuid = {D13B1B4B-AA5C-4A6E-89C0-A40960D0FAC3},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3745-05.2006}}

@article{Inan:2007,
	Abstract = {One approach to examining how higher sensory, motor, and cognitive faculties emerge in the neocortex is to elucidate the underlying wiring principles of the brain during development. The mammalian neocortex is a layered structure generated from a sheet of proliferating ventricular cells that progressively divide to form specific functional areas, such as the primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices. The basic wiring pattern in each of these functional areas is based on a similar framework, but is distinct in detail. Functional specialization in each area derives from a combination of molecular cues within the cortex and neuronal activity-dependent cues provided by innervating axons from the thalamus. One salient feature of neocortical development is the establishment of topographic maps in which neighboring neurons receive input relayed from neighboring sensory afferents. Barrels, which are prominent sensory units in the somatosensory cortex of rodents, have been examined in detail, and data suggest that the initial, gross formation of the barrel map relies on molecular cues, but the refinement of this topography depends on neuronal activity. Several excellent reviews have been published on the patterning and plasticity of the barrel cortex and the precise targeting of ventrobasal thalamic axons. In this review, the authors will focus on the formation and functional maturation of synapses between thalamocortical axons and cortical neurons, an event that coincides with the formation of the barrel map. They will briefly review cortical patterning and the initial targeting of thalamic axons, with an emphasis on recent findings. The rest of the review will be devoted to summarizing their understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying thalamocortical synapse maturation and its role in barrel map formation.},
	Author = {Inan, Melis and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1073-8584},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Glutamate;Synaptic Membranes;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Ventral Thalamic Nuclei;Rats;Neural Pathways;Signal Transduction;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Body Patterning;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Nerve Growth Factors; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9504819},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA.},
	Pages = {49-61},
	Pii = {13/1/49},
	Pubmed = {17229975},
	Title = {Development of cortical maps: perspectives from the barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {3DB9F16C-328B-4FC1-8377-72AA9C49663D},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858406296257}}

@article{Ince-Dunn:2006,
	Abstract = {During cortical development, both activity-dependent and genetically determined mechanisms are required to establish proper neuronal connectivity. While activity-dependent transcription may link the two processes, specific transcription factors that mediate such a process have not been identified. We identified the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Neurogenic Differentiation 2 (NeuroD2) in a screen for calcium-regulated transcription factors and report that it is required for the proper development of thalamocortical connections. In neuroD2 null mice, thalamocortical axon terminals fail to segregate in the somatosensory cortex, and the postsynaptic barrel organization is disrupted. Additionally, synaptic transmission is defective at thalamocortical synapses in neuroD2 null mice. Total excitatory synaptic currents are reduced in layer IV in the knockouts, and the relative contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated currents to evoked responses is decreased. These observations indicate that NeuroD2 plays a critical role in regulating synaptic maturation and the patterning of thalamocortical connections.},
	Author = {Ince-Dunn, Gulayse and Hall, Benjamin J. and Hu, Shu-Ching C. and Ripley, Beth and Huganir, Richard L. and Olson, James M. and Tapscott, Stephen J. and Ghosh, Anirvan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Trans-Activation (Genetics);Drug Interactions;Animals, Newborn;Mice;Somatosensory Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Calcium Channel Blockers;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Receptors, AMPA;Cells, Cultured;Gene Expression;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Potassium Chloride;Neuropeptides;Mice, Knockout;Nerve Growth Factors;Electric Stimulation;comparative study ;Synapses;S100 Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Nimodipine;Thalamus;Embryo;Quinoxalines;Vibrissae;GABA Antagonists;Amino Acid Sequence;Egtazic Acid;Neurons;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Chelating Agents;Immunohistochemistry;Neural Pathways;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Phosphopyruvate Hydratase;Pyridinium Compounds;Transfection;Pyridazines;10 Development;Animals;Amino Acids;10 Structural plasticity;CREB-Binding Protein;Blotting, Western;in vitro ;Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase;Models, Biological;Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.},
	Pages = {683-95},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00088-2},
	Pubmed = {16504944},
	Title = {Regulation of thalamocortical patterning and synaptic maturation by NeuroD2},
	Uuid = {39A1F072-7A53-495F-B1FD-6D93F70ADAD0},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ince-Dunn_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.031}}

@article{Innocenti:2001,
	Abstract = {We report on the case of a 20-year-old man with bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria and epilepsy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to reversing checkerboard and interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence changes to moving gratings were investigated. Results of both studies indicate that the polymicrogyric cortex was activated by visual stimuli, suggesting preserved function in the dysplastic area.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Maeder, P. and Knyazeva, M. G. and Fornari, E. and Deonna, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Epilepsy;Photic Stimulation;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Adult;Electroencephalography;Human;Depth Perception;Not relevant;11 Glia;Parietal Lobe;Motion Perception;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Male;Nervous System Malformations;case reports},
	Medline = {21563356},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Giorgio.Innocenti\@neuro.ki.se},
	Pages = {672-6},
	Pubmed = {11706976},
	Title = {Functional activation of microgyric visual cortex in a human},
	Uuid = {0AF2995F-110E-4FB8-89F5-E25EC62E8837},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Innocenti:1978,
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-9829},
	Journal = {Arch Ital Biol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Cats;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Visual Pathways;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {79164734},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0372441},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {463-70},
	Pubmed = {749727},
	Title = {Postnatal development of interhemispheric connections of the cat visual cortex},
	Uuid = {50B30AB1-86BE-476C-86CE-A018DCA3B3EB},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1978}}

@article{Innocenti:1980,
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-9829},
	Journal = {Arch Ital Biol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Axonal Transport;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Visual Pathways;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {81132667},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0372441},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {124-88},
	Pubmed = {6162430},
	Title = {The primary visual pathway through the corpus callosum: morphological and functional aspects in the cat},
	Uuid = {0BDA6F73-6596-4A42-B447-A79C9E6371B7},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Innocenti:1994,
	Abstract = {In recent years the corpus callosum has provided a model for the study of cortical connections in the adult and developing brain. In particular, aspects of development originally described in the corpus callosum could be generalized to other cortical connections. New frontiers include the analysis of the human corpus callosum, studies of callosal connections at the cellular level and the analysis of dynamic interactions between the hemispheres. Gross morphological parameters of the human corpus callosum have been measured and related to gender, handedness etc. The detailed dendritic and axonal morphology of individual callosal neurons and their development is being defined. Electrophysiological investigations and computer stimulations are stressing temporal aspects of the interactions between the hemispheres.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-4328},
	Journal = {Behav Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum;Axons;Dendrites;Human;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;review, tutorial;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;review;Dominance, Cerebral},
	Medline = {95142911},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8004872},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1-8},
	Pubmed = {7840876},
	Title = {Some new trends in the study of the corpus callosum},
	Uuid = {9B83E017-B5C3-418E-A371-7A5D6365DABE},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Innocenti:1983,
	Abstract = {Clusters of 'gitter cells' develop in the white matter of the occipital cortex of the cat at the end of the first postnatal week. These clusters, and others already present at birth, disappear by the end of the first postnatal month. The life span of the clusters in the occipital white matter corresponds to the period when transitory callosal axons are eliminated. The clusters have close contact with callosal axons and can be labeled by HRP injected in the contralateral hemisphere and transported through the corpus callosum. One of the clusters clearly forms in a part of the white matter crossed by transitory callosal axons. The 'gitter cells' might be involved in the elimination of these axons. Consistent with this hypothesis, ultrastructural observations show groups of axons completely surrounded by 'gitter cell' cytoplasm as if they were being phagocytosed.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Clarke, S. and Koppel, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Aging;Visual Cortex;Cats;Axonal Transport;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Macrophages;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Phagocytosis;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {84105891},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {55-66},
	Pubmed = {6198052},
	Title = {Transitory macrophages in the white matter of the developing visual cortex. II. Development and relations with axonal pathways},
	Uuid = {AAA0EA78-EE27-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {313},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Innocenti:1983a,
	Abstract = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the occipital cortex of the kitten and diffusing to the white matter label a widely distributed microglial population and in addition, cells with light and electron microscopic features of 'gitter cells'. The latter are concentrated in a complex and highly consistent system of interconnected clusters in the white matter of the lateral, postlateral, middle suprasylvian and posterior ectosylvian gyri, as well as on the roof of the lateral ventricle. The 'gitter cells' have the ultrastructural and (as described by others) chemical characteristics of macrophages, and may be involved in the elimination of transitory axons.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Koppel, H. and Clarke, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Aging;Cats;Axonal Transport;Microscopy, Electron;Not relevant;11 Glia;Macrophages;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Horseradish Peroxidase;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {84105890},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39-53},
	Pubmed = {6198051},
	Title = {Transitory macrophages in the white matter of the developing visual cortex. I. Light and electron microscopic characteristics and distribution},
	Uuid = {AAA0E6A4-EE27-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {313},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Innocenti:1984,
	Abstract = {A transitory projection from primary and secondary auditory areas to the contralateral and ipsilateral areas 17 and 18 exists in newborn kittens. Distinct neuronal populations project to ipsilateral areas 17-18, contralateral areas 17-18 and contralateral auditory cortex; they are at different depth in layers II, III, and IV. By postnatal day 38 the auditory to visual projections have been lost, apparently by elimination of axons rather than by neuronal death. While it was previously reported that the elimination of transitory axons is responsible for focusing the origin of callosal connections to restricted portions of sensory areas it now appears that similar events play a more general role in the organization of cortico-cortical networks. Indeed, the elimination of juvenile projections is largely responsible for determining which areas will be connected in the adult.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Clarke, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Auditory Cortex;Cats;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals},
	Medline = {84233451},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {143-8},
	Pubmed = {6733534},
	Title = {Bilateral transitory projection to visual areas from auditory cortex in kittens},
	Uuid = {726CB281-EE56-4593-8B6F-1559B3ADAFEC},
	Volume = {316},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{Innocenti:2002,
	Abstract = {Visual areas 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the ferret can be distinguished on the grounds of cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and cytochrome oxidase reactivity, and with transneuronal tract-tracing from the eye. Each visual area contains callosally connected, as well as acallosal, regions. The callosal connections originate mainly from layers 2 and 3 and, more widely, from layer 6. Callosally projecting neurons and callosal terminals are organized in three roughly medio-laterally oriented bands. The posterior and intermediate bands straddle the 17/18 and 19/21 border, respectively; the third band extends along the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus. These bands are linked by a variable number of bridges of connections that demarcate acallosal islands. The distribution of callosal connections predicts the existence of vertical meridian representations corresponding to each of the bands and of non-isotropic representations of the visual field within the bridges and islands.},
	Author = {Innocenti, Giorgio M. and Manger, Paul R. and Masiello, Italo and Colin, Isabelle and Tettoni, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Ferrets;Neural Pathways;Female;Not relevant;Dyes;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Molecular Probes;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Laterality;Reticular Formation;Interneurons;Tissue Fixation;Corpus Callosum;Visual Cortex;Geniculate Bodies},
	Medline = {21881436},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.giorgio.innocenti\@neuro.ki.se},
	Pages = {411-22},
	Pubmed = {11884356},
	Title = {Architecture and callosal connections of visual areas 17, 18, 19 and 21 in the ferret (Mustela putorius)},
	Uuid = {47E0252E-3490-445E-AF44-D418C01B575D},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Innocenti:1994a,
	Abstract = {We analysed the activation profiles obtained by simulating invasion of an orthodromic action potential in eleven anterogradely filled and serially reconstructed terminal arbors of callosal axons originating and terminating in areas 17 and 18 of the adult cat. This was done in order to understand how geometry relates to computational properties of axons. In the simulation, conduction from the callosal midline to the first bouton caused activation latencies of 0.9-3.2 ms, compatible with published electrophysiological values. Activation latencies of the total set of terminal boutons varied across arbors between 0.3 and 2.7 ms. Arbors distributed boutons in tangentially segregated terminal columns spanning one or, more often, several layers. Individual columns of one axon were frequently activated synchronously or else with a few hundred microseconds of each other. Synchronous activation of spatially separate columns is achieved by: (i) long primary or secondary branches of similar calibre running nearly parallel to each other for several millimetres; (ii) variations in the calibre of branches serially fed to separate columns by the same primary or secondary branch; (iii) exchange of high-order or preterminal branches across columns. The long, parallel branches blatantly violate principles of axonal economy. Simulated alterations of the axonal arbors indicate that similar spatiotemporal patterns of activity could, in principle, be obtained by less axon-costly architectures. The structure of axonal arbors, therefore, may not be determined solely by the type of spatiotemporal activation profiles it achieves in the cortex but also by other constraints, in particular those imposed by developmental mechanisms.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Lehmann, P. and Houzel, J. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Axons;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Cats;Action Potentials;Presynaptic Terminals;Neural Conduction;Software;Not relevant;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {95039996},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Institu d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {918-35},
	Pubmed = {7952279},
	Title = {Computational structure of visual callosal axons},
	Uuid = {7513E043-7A60-405B-A838-FF23E94D8A8B},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Innocenti:1980a,
	Abstract = {Counts of callosal neurons retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase (visualized using multiple substrates) were obtained in areas 17 and 18 of five kittens reared with their eyelids bilaterally sutured and of three kittens which had undergone bilateral enucleation on postnatal days 1--4. These counts were compared with those obtained in normal adult cats. The normal adult distribution of the callosal neurons results from the gradual postnatal reduction of a more widespread juvenile population. Binocular visual deprivation by lid suturing dramatically decreases the final number of callosal neurons and narrows their region of distribution (callosal zone) in areas 17 and 18. A less severe reduction in the final number of callosal neurons is caused by bilateral enucleation, which also increases the width of the callosal zone compared to that of normal cats. Thus, visual experience is necessary for the normal stabilization of juvenile callosal connections. However, since some callosal neurons form connections in the absence of vision, other influences capable of stabilizing juvenile callosal neurons also exist. These influences are probably antagonized by destabilizing influences or inhibited, when the eyes are intact.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Frost, D. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Aging;Visual Perception;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals;Brain;Blindness;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {80246373},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {365-75},
	Pubmed = {7398830},
	Title = {The postnatal development of visual callosal connections in the absence of visual experience or of the eyes},
	Uuid = {2112C8E1-B05E-4191-9881-3FBE3B8D37AE},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Innocenti:1980b,
	Abstract = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected unilaterally into the first and second visual areas (V1 and V2; areas 17 and 18) of 20 kittens aged between 2 and 90 days and into the second somatosensory area (S2) of 16 kittens aged between 1 and 52 days. The radial and tangential (normal and parallel to the pial surface, respectively) distributions of neurones giving origin to callosal axons (callosal neurones) were studied. In adult cats, callosal efferent zones (CZs) are defined by the distribution of callosal neurones. CZs occupy in the visual cortices, tangentially and radially restricted parts of areas 17, 18, 19 of the lateral suprasylvian gyrus and in the somatosensory cortices, parts of S1 and S2. At birth, callosal neurones are distributed throughout the tangential extent of visual and somatosensory areas; they are also more widespread in depth than in the adult. During the first postnatal month, as a result of the gradual disappearance of callosal neurones from parts of the visual and somatosensory areas, the adult CZs emerge. The CZ in areas 17 and 18 undergoes a further tangential reduction during the second and third postnatal months.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Caminiti, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Corpus Callosum;Axons;Aging;Cats;Efferent Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Somatosensory Cortex;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;Neurons;Dominance, Cerebral},
	Medline = {80156975},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {381-94},
	Pubmed = {7363973},
	Title = {Postnatal shaping of callosal connections from sensory areas},
	Uuid = {A8AF3508-72B5-4272-ACB0-5423DA9B7867},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Innocenti:1986,
	Abstract = {In the course of normal development transitory corticocortical projections are formed within each hemisphere and between the two hemispheres. The organization of the transitory projections and the main events in their elimination have been investigated. Experiments on visual areas of the cat indicate that the elimination/stabilization of a fraction of the juvenile projections depends on activity.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0392-0461},
	Journal = {Ital J Neurol Sci},
	Keywords = {Cats;Haplorhini;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Vision;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {87007487},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8006502},
	Pages = {25-8},
	Pubmed = {3093402},
	Title = {Postnatal development of corticocortical connections},
	Uuid = {9E34537F-D630-474B-9422-CFCFF5EA24CF},
	Volume = {Suppl 5},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Innocenti:1984a,
	Abstract = {In newborn kittens, the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, alone or bound to wheat-germ agglutinin, indicates that callosal axons have entered selectively the restricted portions of the neocortical gray matter (e.g., the area 17/18 border) which receive callosal afferents in adults. The callosal axons do also reach regions where they lack in the adult, but there they seem not to penetrate far into the gray matter. Neonatal injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers restricted to the gray matter in areas 17, 18, and posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (PMLS) label neurons in the contralateral hemisphere only when the tracers were directed into regions known to receive callosal axons. In particular, injections near the 17/18 border label neurons in the contralateral hemisphere at the homologous site and at restricted, retinotopically corresponding locations in other visual areas: a pattern similar to the adult one. In contrast, an injection reaching the white matter of areas 17 or 18 labels a wider, continuous territory extending mediolaterally over most visual areas from 17 to posterolateral lateral suprasylvian area (PLLS) and including regions which later become acallosal; in addition, labeled neurons are found in the limbic cortex medial to area 17 and in the auditory cortex lateral to PLLS, none of which is known to project to either 17 or 18 in the adult. In flattened reconstructions of the cortex, the shape of the territory labeled by each of these injections is characteristically, although somewhat irregularly, crescent shaped; its rostrocaudal position varies with that of the injection. An injection extending into the white matter of more lateral visual areas (19, 21a, PMLS) labels callosal neurons over a similar territory, which extensively overlaps that labeled by the 17/18 border injections and likewise includes regions which are acallosal in the adult. In spite of the overlapping distribution of labeling obtained from separate injection sites, as in adults, each cytoarchitectonically (or retinotopically) defined area seems to receive from a different set of neurons, although a few neurons send bifurcating axons to more than one area. In conclusion, injections restricted to the cortical gray matter reveal a topographic organization of juvenile callosal connections similar to that of the adult. In contrast, injections extending into the white matter and adequate to reach the transitory callosal axons which appear to be confined there reveal what appears to be an earlier organization. These two organizations probably reflect different morphogenetic factors.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Clarke, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Haplorhini;Cats;Rats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {85080780},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {287-309},
	Pubmed = {6439760},
	Title = {The organization of immature callosal connections},
	Uuid = {70660790-A4B0-462E-A85E-B60AD7359120},
	Volume = {230},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{Innocenti:1988,
	Abstract = {In newborn kittens, cortical auditory areas (including AI and AII) send transitory projections to ipsi- and contralateral visual areas 17 and 18. These projections originate mainly from neurons in supragranular layers but also from a few in infragranular layers (Innocenti and Clarke: Dev. Brain Res. 14:143-148, '84; Clarke and Innocenti: J. Comp. Neurol. 251:1-22, '86). The postnatal development of these projections was studied with injections of anterograde tracers (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase [WGA-HRP]) in AI and AII and of retrograde tracers (WGA-HRP, fast blue, diamidino yellow, rhodamine-labeled latex beads) in areas 17 and 18. It was found that the projections are nearly completely eliminated in development, this, by the end of the first postnatal month. Until then, most of the transitory axons seem to remain confined to the white matter and the depth of layer VI; a few enter it further but do not appear to form terminal arbors. As for other transitory cortical projections the disappearance of the transitory axons seems not to involve death of their neurons of origin. In kittens older than 1 month and in normal adult cats, retrograde tracer injections restricted to, or including, areas 17 and 18 label only a few neurons in areas AI and AII. Unlike the situation in the kitten, nearly all of these are restricted to layers V and VI. A similar distribution of neurons projecting from auditory to visual areas is found in adult cats bilaterally enucleated at birth, which suggests that the postnatal elimination of the auditory-to-visual projection is independent of visual experience and more generally of information coming from the retina.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Berbel, P. and Clarke, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Auditory Cortex;Aging;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Visual Cortex;Cats;Axonal Transport;Efferent Pathways;Not relevant;Fluorescent Dyes;11 Glia;Ocular Physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Horseradish Peroxidase;Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
	Medline = {88285433},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {242-59},
	Pubmed = {2456313},
	Title = {Development of projections from auditory to visual areas in the cat},
	Uuid = {A2DE9782-7F96-4168-ADBB-95B2127AF365},
	Volume = {272},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Innocenti:1991,
	Abstract = {Lesions of cortical areas 17 and 18 were produced in newborn kittens by local injections of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid. In the adult this results in a microcortex which consists of superficial layers I, II and III, in the absence of granular and infragranular layers. Horseradish peroxidase, alone or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated, was injected in the microcortex or in the contralateral, intact areas 17 and 18. The microcortex maintains several connections characteristic of normal areas 17 and 18 of the cat. It receives afferents from the dLGN, and several visual areas of the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere. However, it has lost its projections to dLGN, superior colliculus, and, at least in part, those to contralateral visual areas. Thus some parts of the microcortex receive from, but do not project into, the corpus callosum. In addition, the microcortex maintains afferents from ipsilateral and contralateral auditory areas AI and AII which are normally eliminated in development.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Berbel, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0792-8483},
	Journal = {J Neural Transplant Plast},
	Keywords = {Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Visual Cortex;Ibotenic Acid;Cats;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Histocytochemistry;Neurons, Afferent;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Wheat Germ Agglutinins;Animals;Horseradish Peroxidase;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {91329448},
	Nlm_Id = {9104161},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {29-54},
	Pubmed = {1714302},
	Title = {Analysis of an experimental cortical network: II). Connections of visual areas 17 and 18 after neonatal injections of ibotenic acid},
	Uuid = {B8AAF71A-A513-4A13-B29D-93F38E63FE4E},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Innocenti:1991a,
	Abstract = {Lesions of cortical areas 17 and 18 have been produced in newborn kittens by local injections of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid (ibo). Twenty-four hours after an injection on postnatal days 2 or 3, the gray matter of areas 17 and 18 near the center of the injection appears completely destroyed, with the exception of a one-to-two cell-thick layer at the bottom of layer I. Intact migrating neurons and radial glia can be found light- and electron-microscopically in the region affected. During the following weeks a several hundred micron thick cortex reforms. In the adult, this cortex consists of superficial layers I, II and III as proven by cytoarchitectonics, continuity with the corresponding layers of the normal cortex and cellular composition. We believe that the recovery is due to completion of migration by neurons spared by the ibo injection. More severe destruction of cerebral cortex, i.e. complete loss of the neuronal layers or their reduction to a few cell-thick mantles can be obtained with ibo injections at the end of the second or, respectively, first postnatal week. Severity of lesion also depends on the dose of ibo injected. There are interesting similarities between the ibo-injured cortex and two human neocortical displasias: microgyria and ulegyria.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Berbel, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0792-8483},
	Journal = {J Neural Transplant Plast},
	Keywords = {Aging;Epilepsy;Visual Cortex;Cats;Human;Microscopy, Electron;Atropine;Female;Not relevant;Ibotenic Acid;Middle Aged;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Brain;Animals},
	Medline = {91329447},
	Nlm_Id = {9104161},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1-28},
	Pubmed = {1868117},
	Title = {Analysis of an experimental cortical network: I). Architectonics of visual areas 17 and 18 after neonatal injections of ibotenic acid; similarities with human microgyria},
	Uuid = {03F7EEEE-CCA0-40F3-BA49-C7A8390F90C4},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Innocenti:1985,
	Abstract = {The number of callosally projecting neurons (callosal neurons) which can be labeled in cortical areas 17 and 18 by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), injected in the contralateral visual cortex, is reduced to about 50\%of normal in cats reared with their eyelids bilaterally sutured. In the same animals the density of HRP anterogradely transported to areas 17 and 18 is also decreased. The apparent loss of callosal neurons is limited to layers III and IV (subzone a), whereas layer VI (subzone c) is unaffected. The effect is obtained after 3 months or more but not after 1 month of deprivation. Two months of visual experience following deprivation do not restitute a normal number of callosal neurons. However, 10 days of normal visual experience preceding the deprivation are sufficient to prevent the effects of the latter. Animals deprived of vision after a short period of normal visual experience and animals allowed normal vision after 1 month of visual deprivation have a more widespread distribution of callosal neurons than do normal animals; in this way they are similar to previously described cats reared with convergent or divergent strabismus, monocular enucleation, or monocular eyelid suture. The results suggest that: vision is actively responsible for both the maintenance and the elimination of fractions of the juvenile callosal connections; the elimination which normally takes place during the second postnatal month requires normal binocular vision; and activity-dependent competition between callosal and other axons can explain the role of vision.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Frost, D. O. and Illes, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Sensory Deprivation;Cats;Not relevant;Cell Count;11 Glia;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Horseradish Peroxidase;Visual Pathways;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {85133812},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {255-67},
	Pubmed = {3973665},
	Title = {Maturation of visual callosal connections in visually deprived kittens: a challenging critical period},
	Uuid = {B8189B0B-6E0F-4E03-9496-61427C77CA00},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{Innocenti:1986a,
	Abstract = {Neurons projecting transitorily into the corpus callosum from area 17 of the cat were retrogradely labeled by the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) injected into contralateral areas 17 and 18 on postnatal days 1-5. During the second postnatal month these neurons were still labeled by the early injection, although they had eliminated their callosal axon. At this time, 15-20\%of these neurons could be retrogradely relabeled by injections of Diamidino Yellow (DY) into ipsilateral areas 17 and 18, but few or none by similar injections in the other areas that receive from area 17 (19, 21a, PMLS, 20a, 20b, DLS). Similarly, area 17 neurons projecting transitorily to contralateral area PMLS during the first postnatal week could be relabeled by DY injections in ipsilateral areas 17 and 18 but not in PMLS. Already around birth, many transitorily callosal neurons in area 17 send bifurcating axons both to contralateral areas 17 and 18 and ipsilateral area 18. It is probable that during postnatal development some of these neurons selectively eliminate their callosal axon collaterals and maintain the projection to ipsilateral area 18. In fact, some transitorily callosal neurons in area 17 can be double-labeled by simultaneous perinatal injections of FB in contralateral areas 17 and 18 and of a new long-lasting retrograde tracer, rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres, in ipsilateral area 18. The same neurons can then be relabeled by reinjecting ipsilateral area 18 with DY during the second postnatal month. This finding, however, does not exclude the possibility that some transitorily callosal neurons send an axon to ipsilateral area 18 after eliminating their callosal axon. In conclusion, area 17 neurons that project transitorily through the corpus callosum later participate, probably permanently, in ipsilateral corticocortical projections but selectively to areas 17-18. The mechanism responsible for this selectivity is unknown, but it may be related to the differential radial distribution (i.e., to birth date) of area 17 neurons engaged in the various corticocortical projections. The problems raised by the use of long-lasting retrograde fluorescent tracers in neurodevelopmental studies and by the quantification of results of double- and triple-labeling paradigms are also discussed.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Clarke, S. and Kraftsik, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Cats;Action Potentials;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Amidines;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {86226482},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1384-409},
	Pubmed = {3012015},
	Title = {Interchange of callosal and association projections in the developing visual cortex},
	Uuid = {9133213B-23C3-4808-BC58-5FD77229DA0B},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{Innocenti:2003,
	Abstract = {The Zeitgeist favors an interpretation of schizophrenia as a condition of abnormal connectivity of cortical neurons, particularly in the prefrontal and temporal cortex. The available evidence points to reduced connectivity, a possible consequence of excessive synaptic pruning in development. A decreased thalamic input to the cerebral cortex appears likely, and developmental studies predict that this decrease should entail a secondary loss of both long- and short-range cortico-cortical connections, including connections between the hemispheres. Indeed, morphological, electrophysiological and neuropsychological studies over the last two decades suggest that the callosal connections are altered in schizophrenics. However, the alterations are subtle and sometimes inconsistent across studies, and need to be investigated further with new methodologies.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Ansermet, F. and Parnas, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1359-4184},
	Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Thalamus;review, academic;Human;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Schizophrenia;Cerebral Cortex;review;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {22547177},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9607835},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Giorgio.Innocenti\@neuro.ki.se},
	Pages = {261-74},
	Pii = {4001205},
	Pubmed = {12660799},
	Title = {Schizophrenia, neurodevelopment and corpus callosum},
	Uuid = {46C6DFEC-204C-4EB4-A223-E8B2A177C815},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001205}}

@article{Innocenti:1995,
	Abstract = {Detailed visualization, three-dimensional reconstruction, and quantification of individual callosal axons interconnecting the visual areas 17 and 18 of the cat was undertaken in order to clarify the structural basis for interhemispheric interaction. These studies have generated the notion of macro- vs micro-organization of callosal connections. The first refers to the global distribution of callosal connections in the hemisphere as well as to the pattern of area-to-area connections. The latter refers to the fine radial and tangential distributions of individual callosal axons. A discrete disjunctive, 'columnar' pattern of termination of callosal axons, previously unknown for the visual areas, was found. The consequence of caliber and distribution of callosal axons and their branches on the dynamic properties of interhemispheric interactions were analyzed by computer simulations. These studies suggested that callosal axons could synchronize activity within and between the hemispheres in ways relevant for the 'binding' of perceptual features. These new concepts prompted a reexamination of the normal development of callosal connections. The central issue is whether intrinsic developmental programs, or else cellular interactions open to environmental information specify the morphological substrate of interhemispheric interactions. The answer to this question is still incomplete. In development, transient, widespread arbors of callosal axons, which could provide the basis for plastic changes of callosal connections were found in the white matter and the deep cortical layers. On the other hand, growth into the cortex and synaptogenesis of callosal axons appear to be highly, topographically specific albeit not necessarily independent of visual experience.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Aggoun-Zouaoui, D. and Lehmann, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3932},
	Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Visual Pathways;Cell Differentiation;Corpus Callosum;Dominance, Cerebral;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Cats;Neuronal Plasticity;Not relevant;11 Glia;review, tutorial;Synaptic Transmission;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Mice;review;Axons},
	Medline = {96059977},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0020713},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {961-87},
	Pii = {002839329500033Y},
	Pubmed = {8524456},
	Title = {Cellular aspects of callosal connections and their development},
	Uuid = {646ACBB4-1368-4834-BC06-EA4C7EC2B3B4},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Innocenti:1983b,
	Abstract = {In areas 17 and 18 of adult cats only a few neurons send bifurcating axons to more than one contralateral area or to areas in both hemispheres; most neurons seem to project to only one area. We now found that such a selective connectivity is already present at birth, i.e. several weeks before transitory callosal axons are eliminated. This is true even for those portions of cortex which will lose access to the corpus callosum: in particular different neurons project transitorily from medial area 17 to different contralateral areas. Thus cortical neurons may be induced to project to specific targets by a mechanism operating long before (and possibly independent of) the axon elimination. The latter may, however, be responsible for the final topographic organization of the connections.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Clarke, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0304-3940},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {84068803},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7600130},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {27-32},
	Pubmed = {6316218},
	Title = {Multiple sets of visual cortical neurons projecting transitorily through the corpus callosum},
	Uuid = {BD7FB43B-0BD7-441A-8509-A27AD66B699D},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Innocenti:1982,
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3967},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res Program Bull},
	Keywords = {Dominance, Cerebral;Animals;Aging;Thalamic Nuclei;Rats;Neural Pathways;Axons;Not relevant;11 Glia;Pyramidal Tracts;Computers;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Mice;Microscopy, Electron;Corpus Callosum;Models, Neurological;Cats;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {83013416},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7509226},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {532-40},
	Pubmed = {7121841},
	Title = {Development of interhemispheric cortical connections},
	Uuid = {E707A0AC-DA97-4346-AE6F-0FDA849EEB38},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{Innocenti:1979,
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0079-6123},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Corpus Callosum;Neurons, Efferent;Cats;Rats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Neurons, Afferent;Animals;Brain;Somatosensory Cortex;Axons},
	Medline = {81014716},
	Nlm_Id = {0376441},
	Pages = {479-87},
	Pubmed = {551492},
	Title = {Two types of brain plasticity?},
	Uuid = {60A5CD27-BCEC-4E31-A066-D95C316044A2},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Innocenti:1999,
	Abstract = {MS is a little girl who suffered severe, bilateral destruction of her primary visual areas at six weeks, after premature birth at 30 weeks. Between the ages of 4.5 and 5.5 years she partially recovered different aspects of visual function, and, in particular, the ability to segregate fig-ures from background, based on texture cues. The recovery might have been due to the compensatory role of the remaining visual areas that could have acquired response properties similar to those of the primary visual areas. This is not supported by the available FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) responses to visual stimuli. Instead, abnormalities in the pattern of stimulus-induced changes of interhemi-spheric EEG-coherence in this patient suggest that her visual callosal connections, and possibly other cortico-cortical connections have re-organized abnormally. Since cortico-cortical connections, including the callosal ones appear to be involved in perceptual binding and figure-background segregation, their reorganization could be an important element in the functional recovery after early lesion, and/or in the residual perceptual impairment.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M. and Kiper, D. C. and Knyazeva, M. G. and Deonna, T. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0922-6028},
	Journal = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Not relevant;11 Glia},
	Nlm_Id = {9005499},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {219-27},
	Pubmed = {12671234},
	Title = {On nature and limits of cortical developmental plasticity after an early lesion, in a child},
	Uuid = {C57BAEC0-1E15-4768-8478-138F76586AC3},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Innocenti:1996,
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0035-3655},
	Journal = {Rev Med Suisse Romande},
	Keywords = {History of Medicine, 20th Cent.;United States;Switzerland;Human;Neurosciences;historical article;Europe;11 Glia;Not relevant;Neuroanatomy;Brain},
	Medline = {97122873},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0421524},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Institut de biologie cellulaire et de morphologie, Facult{\'e} de m{\'e}decine, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne.},
	Pages = {931-42},
	Pubmed = {8992591},
	Title = {[The neuroanatomic melting pot of Lausanne (1973-1993)]},
	Uuid = {2B539BA9-6422-46C8-84E6-6EC118DEBD02},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Innocenti:1981,
	Abstract = {The visual cortical areas in the two hemispheres are interconnected by axons running through the corpus callosum. In adult cats, these axons originate from, and terminate in, tangentially restricted portions of each area. In young kittens, however, callosal axons originate from the entire extent of each area, although they apparently enter the gray matter only in the restricted regions where they will also be found in adults. In kittens, but not in adults, callosal axons also reach other regions, but there they appear to be confined to the lowest part of layer VI. During the first two postnatal months, the callosal efferent zones become progressively restricted to their adult locations. During this process, many neurons eliminate the axons (or axon collaterals) that they had formerly sent through the corpus callosum and form permanent connection ipsilaterally.},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Age Factors;Visual Pathways;Axons},
	Medline = {81177079},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {4496},
	Pages = {824-7},
	Pubmed = {7221566},
	Title = {Growth and reshaping of axons in the establishment of visual callosal connections},
	Uuid = {9E7AED33-EE27-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {212},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Innocenti_Science1981.pdf}}

@article{Innocenti:1995a,
	Abstract = {The callosal visual connections of the cat provide a model for studying the phenotypes of cortical axons and their differentiation. The terminal arbor of a callosal axon develops in several successive stages. At each stage, the arbor approximates the adult phenotype more closely. This is achieved through two mechanisms: (1) exuberant, but increasingly constrained, growth and (2) partial deletion of previously generated parts of the arbor. This differentiation is controlled by interactions of the axon with its cellular environment, and by visual experience. It might have played a permissive role in the evolution of the cerebral cortex by enabling adjustments of cortical connectivity to changes in the number, size, internal organization and cellular composition of cortical areas. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Human;Neural Pathways/cytology/growth &development/physiology;Animals;Axons/physiology;Neural Pathways;review, tutorial;review;*Evolution;Axons;11 Glia;N;19 Neocortical evolution;Evolution;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/growth &development/*physiology;Cats},
	Medline = {96048681},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {397-402},
	Pii = {016622369593936R},
	Pubmed = {7482805},
	Title = {Exuberant development of connections, and its possible permissive role in cortical evolution},
	Uuid = {9C3457D8-00AB-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7482805}}

@article{Inoue:2001,
	Author = {Inoue, T. and Krumlauf, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:49 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Embryo;Gene Transfer Techniques;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;23 Technique;Cell Culture;review, tutorial;Electroporation;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Brain;review;Genetic Vectors},
	Medline = {21547536},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.rek\@stowers-institute.org},
	Pages = {1156-8},
	Pii = {nn1101-1156},
	Pubmed = {11687822},
	Title = {An impulse to the brain--using in vivo electroporation},
	Uuid = {A5054AFB-51F9-4E77-9EC8-0B7290FE65E9},
	Volume = {4 Suppl},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Inoue_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1156}}

@article{Insausti:2001,
	Abstract = {Episodic memory consolidation requires the integrity of the anatomical pathways between the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation. Whilst the largest cortical output of the hippocampal formation originates in the entorhinal cortex, direct projections from CA1, subiculum and presubiculum to the cortex have been reported. The aim of this study is the assessment of the extent, topography and relative strength of those projections, as a parallel/alternate route of memory processing. A total of 45 injections in 28 Macaca fascicularis monkeys were used. Cortical deposits of fluorescent tracers (20 cases, 3\%Fast Blue, 2\%Diamidino Yellow) or 1\%WGA-HRP (eight cases) were made in different cortical areas of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, as well as cingulate cortex by direct exposure of the cortical surface. After appropriate survival, animals were perfused and the brains serially sectioned at 50 microm and the retrograde labelling charted with an X-Y digitizing system. Retrograde neuronal labelling was observed in CA1, subiculum, presubiculum and parasubiculum; it was absent in the dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA2. Compared to other portions of the hippocampal formation, the CA1-subiculum border had the highest number of labelled neurons (especially after deposits in the rostral perirhinal cortex), followed by medial frontal cortex, temporal pole, orbitofrontal, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, parietal and inferotemporal cortices, and no labelling after posterior inferotemporal and lateral frontal cortices. Our results indicate that CA1, subiculum, presubiculum and parasubiculum send direct output to cortical areas. This nonentorhinal, hippocampal formation cortical output may be relevant in memory processing.},
	Author = {Insausti, R. and Mu\~{n}oz, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dyes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Hippocampus;Neural Pathways;Macaca fascicularis;Tissue Fixation;Brain Mapping;Animals;Entorhinal Cortex;Male;Neurons;Cerebral Cortex},
	Medline = {21437563},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine, Benjam{\'\i}n Palencia Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain. rinsaus\@med-ab.uclm.es},
	Pages = {435-51},
	Pii = {ejn1662},
	Pubmed = {11553294},
	Title = {Cortical projections of the non-entorhinal hippocampal formation in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)},
	Uuid = {46AAA621-6371-4381-8E20-A944027924DE},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2001}}



@article{Isaacson:1973,
	Author = {Isaacson, R. L. and Gage, F. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electric Stimulation;Electroencephalography;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Hypothalamus;Rats;Penicillin G;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {73160170},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {194-9},
	Pii = {0006-8993(73)90413-7},
	Pubmed = {4698156},
	Title = {Hypothalamic stimulation and the persistence of epileptiform discharges},
	Uuid = {1C9917D0-1750-4C10-9E7A-86CDCF4D96A9},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{Isaacson:1971,
	Author = {Isaacson, R. L. and Schwartz, H. and Persoff, N. and Pinson, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Penicillin G;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {71290228},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {133-46},
	Pubmed = {4328332},
	Title = {The role of the corpus callosum in the establishment of areas of secondary epileptiform activity},
	Uuid = {8D5352CC-D1A4-4D8B-AE94-02F1061701BE},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1971}}


@article{Ishiguro:1965,
	Author = {Ishiguro, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0033-2658},
	Journal = {Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Anoxia;Electrophysiology;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {66002132},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9801787},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {435-56},
	Pubmed = {5889889},
	Title = {[Anoxia and electrical activity of the brain--comparative studies on the neocortex, the paleocortex, the archicortex and the subcortical structures]},
	Uuid = {2E01C4C6-A0B5-40AD-8346-9EEC7795D4A8},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {1965}}


@article{Iwasato:2008,
	Abstract = {Experimental evidence from mutant or genetically altered mice indicates that the formation of barrels and the proper maturation of thalamocortical (TC) synapses in the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex depend on mechanisms mediated by neural activity. Type 1 adenylyl cyclase (AC1), which catalyzes the formation of cAMP, is stimulated by increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels in an activity-dependent manner. The AC1 mutant mouse, barrelless (brl), lacks typical barrel cytoarchitecture, and displays presynaptic and postsynaptic functional defects at TC synapses. However, because AC1 is expressed throughout the trigeminal pathway, the barrel cortex phenotype of brl mice may be a consequence of AC1 disruption in cortical or subcortical regions. To examine the role of cortical AC1 in the development of morphological barrels and TC synapses, we generated cortex-specific AC1 knock-out (CxAC1KO) mice. We found that neurons in layer IV form grossly normal barrels and TC axons fill barrel hollows in CxAC1KO mice. In addition, whisker lesion-induced critical period plasticity was not impaired in these mice. However, we found quantitative reductions in the quality of cortical barrel cytoarchitecture and dendritic asymmetry of layer IV barrel neurons in CxAC1KO mice. Electrophysiologically, CxAC1KO mice have deficits in the postsynaptic but not in the presynaptic maturation of TC synapses. These results suggest that activity-dependent postsynaptic AC1-cAMP signaling is required for functional maturation of TC synapses and the development of normal barrel cortex cytoarchitecture. They also suggest that the formation of the gross morphological features of barrels is independent of postsynaptic AC1 in the barrel cortex.},
	Author = {Iwasato, Takuji and Inan, Melis and Kanki, Hiroaki and Erzurumlu, Reha S. and Itohara, Shigeyoshi and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Thalamus;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Mice, Knockout;Female;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Mice, Mutant Strains;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Adenylate Cyclase;Mice},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
	Pages = {5931-43},
	Pii = {28/23/5931},
	Pubmed = {18524897},
	Title = {Cortical adenylyl cyclase 1 is required for thalamocortical synapse maturation and aspects of layer IV barrel development},
	Uuid = {CE108406-ECFB-4C27-B60E-3D5D40FAEF2B},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Iwasato_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0815-08.2008}}

@article{Izhikevich:2004,
	Abstract = {A neuronal network inspired by the anatomy of the cerebral cortex was simulated to study the self-organization of spiking neurons into neuronal groups. The network consisted of 100 000 reentrantly interconnected neurons exhibiting known types of cortical firing patterns, receptor kinetics, short-term plasticity and long-term spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), as well as a distribution of axonal conduction delays. The dynamics of the network allowed us to study the fine temporal structure of emerging firing patterns with millisecond resolution. We found that the interplay between STDP and conduction delays gave rise to the spontaneous formation of neuronal groups--sets of strongly connected neurons capable of firing time-locked, although not necessarily synchronous, spikes. Despite the noise present in the model, such groups repeatedly generated patterns of activity with millisecond spike-timing precision. Exploration of the model allowed us to characterize various group properties, including spatial distribution, size, growth, rate of birth, lifespan, and persistence in the presence of synaptic turnover. Localized coherent input resulted in shifts of receptive and projective fields in the model similar to those observed in vivo.},
	Author = {Izhikevich, Eugene M. and Gally, Joseph A. and Edelman, Gerald M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Statistics as Topic;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Models, Neurological;Computer Simulation;evaluation studies;Rabbits;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Synaptic Transmission},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. eugene.izhikevich\@nsi.edu},
	Pages = {933-44},
	Pii = {bhh053},
	Pubmed = {15142958},
	Title = {Spike-timing dynamics of neuronal groups},
	Uuid = {2757B4C6-F955-4DA9-9763-414966F13845},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Izhikevich_CerebCortex2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh053}}


@article{Jackson:1989,
	Abstract = {The production of ferret visual cortical neurons was studied using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The genesis of cortical neurons begins on or slightly before embryonic day 20 (E20) of the 41 d gestational period, continues postnatally until 2 weeks after birth (P14), and follows an inside-out radial gradient with neurons for the deeper cortical layers being generated before those for the superficial layers. Layer I neurons are generated both early (E20-E30) and late (P1-P14) in the period of cortical neurogenesis and, thus, provide at least a partial exception to the inside-out gradient of cortical neurogenesis. Tangential gradients of cortical neurogenesis extend across areas 17 and 18 in both the anterior-to-posterior and lateral-to-medial directions. Neither of these gradients bears a meaningful relationship to the cortical representation of the visual field. Most infragranular and granular layer neurons are generated prenatally, while most supragranular layer neurons are produced postnatally. Neurons destined for a given layer are produced over a period of several days, and the neurons generated on any given day contribute to the formation of 2 or more cortical layers. In general, prenatally generated neurons complete their migration in 1 week or less, while most postnatally generated neurons require approximately 2 weeks to complete their migration. 0270-6474 Journal Article},
	Author = {Jackson, C. A. and Peduzzi, J. D. and Hickey, T. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;Ferrets/embryology/*growth &development;10 Development;Embryo/*physiology;Thymidine/diagnostic use;Autoradiography;Cell Division;Neurons/cytology/*physiology;A,F abstr;Animals, Newborn;Neuroglia/cytology;Carnivora/*growth &development;Animals;Cell Movement;Visual Cortex/cytology/embryology/*growth &development;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Physiological Optics, School of Optometry, Medical Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294.},
	Pages = {1242-53},
	Pubmed = {2703875},
	Title = {Visual cortex development in the ferret. I. Genesis and migration of visual cortical neurons},
	Uuid = {3140CDF5-2AA2-438E-8A56-7DD37EDDBAE9},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1989},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2703875}}


@article{Jacob:1977,
	Abstract = {0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Jacob, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {*Science;Human;Sexual Behavior/physiology;Brain/physiology;Molecular Biology;N;Philosophy;Sociology;Animals;Reproduction;19 Neocortical evolution;*Evolution},
	Number = {4295},
	Pages = {1161-6},
	Pubmed = {860134},
	Title = {Evolution and tinkering},
	Uuid = {EBCDD564-8C79-4F19-A445-D98BEC5A02DF},
	Volume = {196},
	Year = {1977},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=860134}}

@article{Jacobs:1996,
	Abstract = {The presence of developmental cortical malformations has been associated with the occurrence of epilepsy, and correlative anatomic-clinical electrophysiological studies suggest that microdysgenic lesions may actually initiate epileptiform activity. We have investigated the electrophysiological properties of an animal model of polymicrogyria created by making cortical freeze lesions in rat pups at P0 or P1. Such lesions create microgyri with histological features similar to those of human polymicrogyria. We have determined that there is a focal region of hyperexcitability around the lesion in this rat microgyrus. Field potentials evoked by stimulation within a few millimeters of the microgyrus have characteristics typical of epileptiform activity. This aberrant activity is seen as early as 12 d after the lesion, as well as in animals as old as 118 d. Immunochemical staining for the calcium binding protein, parvalbumin, shows a decrease in neuronal and neuropil staining within the microgyrus. These findings suggest that inhibition might be decreased within the lesion, which may contribute to generation of the adjacent hyperexcitable region. These results demonstrate that this animal model is appropriate for examining the mechanisms contributing to epileptogenesis associated with a cortical malformation.},
	Author = {Jacobs, K. M. and Gutnick, M. J. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex;Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Models, Neurological;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;In Vitro;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Freezing;Membrane Potentials},
	Medline = {96324305},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {514-23},
	Pubmed = {8670677},
	Title = {Hyperexcitability in a model of cortical maldevelopment},
	Uuid = {391A21C2-013D-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Jacobs:1999,
	Abstract = {The presence of developmental cortical malformations is associated with epileptogenesis and other neurological disorders. In recent years, animal models specific to certain malformations have been developed to study the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms. Teratogens (chemical, thermal or radiation) applied during cortical neuroblast division and migration result in lissencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia. Animals with these malformations have a lowered seizure threshold as well as histopathologies typical of those found in human dysgenic brains. Alterations that may promote epileptogenesis have been identified in lissencephalic brains, such as increased numbers of bursting types of neurons, and abnormal connections between hippocampus, subcortical heterotopia, and neocortex. A distinct set of pathological properties is present in animal models of 4-layered microgyria, induced with cortical lesions made during late stages of cortical neuroblast migration. Hyperexcitability has been demonstrated in cortex adjacent to the microgyrus (paramicrogyral zone) in in vitro slice preparations. A number of observations suggest that cellular differentiation is delayed in microgyric brains. Other studies show increases in postsynaptic glutamate receptors and decreases in GABA(A) receptors in microgyric cortex. These alterations could promote epileptogenesis, depending on which cell types have the altered receptors. The microgyrus lacks thalamic afferents from sensory relay nuclei, that instead appear to project to the paramicrogyral region, thereby increasing excitatory connectivity within this epileptogenic zone. These studies have provided a necessary first step in understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with cortical malformations.},
	Author = {Jacobs, K. M. and Kharazia, V. N. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:48 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Abnormalities, Drug-Induced;Synaptic Transmission;Disease Models, Animal;Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors;Animals;review;Humans},
	Medline = {99443187},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {165-88},
	Pubmed = {10515164},
	Title = {Mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis in cortical malformations},
	Uuid = {468A60D5-D911-4990-A14E-7FF940061AF3},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Jacobs_EpilepsyRes1999.pdf}}

@article{Jacobs:1999a,
	Abstract = {Polymicrogyria, a developmental cortical malformation associated with epilepsy, can be modeled in rats with a transcortical freeze lesion on the day of birth (P0) or P1. We have used field potential recordings to characterize the incidence, propagation patterns, and distribution of epileptiform activity in slices from rats with experimental microgyri. Interictal-like epileptiform activity was evoked in slices from 85\%of freeze-lesioned rats aged P12-P118. These data show age-specific properties of epileptogenesis, including: a delay in onset, a decrease in the incidence of epileptiform activity in rats >P40 that was specific to those lesioned on P0 as opposed to P1, and a shift in the likely site of initiation to areas further from the microgyrus in mature animals. Several observations suggest that the area adjacent to the microgyrus, which appears histologically normal in Nissl stains, contains the necessary epileptogenic neuronal circuits: 1) in 78\%of slices, epileptiform activity could be evoked only from a focal zone adjacent to the microgyrus (paramicrogyral zone) and not within the microgyrus proper; 2) epileptiform activity consistently originated from a particular site within this paramicrogyral zone, independent of the location of the stimulating electrode, suggesting that the generator is outside of the microgyrus; 3) evoked epileptiform activities in the paramicrogyral cortex were unaltered after separation of this zone from the microgyrus with a transcortical cut; and 4) the short-latency graded field potential evoked in the paramicrogyral zone contained an additional negativity not seen in control slices. The epileptiform activity was blocked reversibly by N-methyl--aspartate receptor antagonists in slices from mature as well as immature freeze-lesioned rats. These results suggest that aberrant synaptic connectivity develops in rat cortex surrounding the microgyrus and produces a focal epileptogenic zone whose capacity to generate epileptiform activities does not depend on connections with the malformation itself. We hypothesize that afferents, originating from cortical and extracortical sites, lose their targets in the region of the malformation and make appropriate laminar contacts in the cortex adjacent to the malformation, creating an overabundance of excitatory input to this cortical zone. Increased excitatory feedback onto specific cortical elements may be one factor involved in epileptogenesis in this model of a cortical malformation.},
	Author = {Jacobs, K. M. and Hwang, B. J. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:48 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Survival;Epilepsies, Partial;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Models, Neurological;Electrodes;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials, Motor;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {99115794},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {159-73},
	Pubmed = {9914277},
	Title = {Focal epileptogenesis in a rat model of polymicrogyria},
	Uuid = {431C8833-013D-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurophysiol1999.pdf}}

@article{Jacobs:2007,
	Abstract = {A growing body of animal research suggests that neurons represent information not only in terms of their firing rates but also by varying the timing of spikes relative to neuronal oscillations. Although researchers have argued that this temporal coding is critical in human memory and perception, no supporting data from humans have been reported. This study provides the first analysis of the temporal relationship between brain oscillations and single-neuron activity in humans. Recording from 1924 neurons, we find that neuronal activity in various brain regions increases at specific phases of brain oscillations. Neurons in widespread brain regions were phase locked to oscillations in the theta- (4-8 Hz) and gamma- (30-90 Hz) frequency bands. In hippocampus, phase locking was prevalent in the delta- (1-4 Hz) and gamma-frequency bands. Individual neurons were phase locked to various phases of theta and delta oscillations, but they only were active at the trough of gamma oscillations. These findings provide support for the temporal-coding hypothesis in humans. Specifically, they indicate that theta and delta oscillations facilitate phase coding and that gamma oscillations help to decode combinations of simultaneously active neurons.},
	Author = {Jacobs, Joshua and Kahana, Michael J. and Ekstrom, Arne D. and Fried, Itzhak},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.},
	Pages = {3839-44},
	Pii = {27/14/3839},
	Pubmed = {17409248},
	Title = {Brain oscillations control timing of single-neuron activity in humans},
	Uuid = {91F0D7E3-ADD6-470D-A77F-68B5295186A3},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4636-06.2007}}




@article{Jaeger:2004,
	Abstract = {We present a method for learning nonlinear systems, echo state networks (ESNs). ESNs employ artificial recurrent neural networks in a way that has recently been proposed independently as a learning mechanism in biological brains. The learning method is computationally efficient and easy to use. On a benchmark task of predicting a chaotic time series, accuracy is improved by a factor of 2400 over previous techniques. The potential for engineering applications is illustrated by equalizing a communication channel, where the signal error rate is improved by two orders of magnitude.},
	Author = {Jaeger, Herbert and Haas, Harald},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5667},
	Organization = {International University Bremen, Bremen D-28759, Germany. h.jaeger\@iu-bremen.de},
	Pages = {78-80},
	Pii = {304/5667/78},
	Pubmed = {15064413},
	Title = {Harnessing nonlinearity: predicting chaotic systems and saving energy in wireless communication},
	Uuid = {04119B0A-FE4F-4C0C-BA5D-6742DBCA7E8E},
	Volume = {304},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Jaeger_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091277}}






@article{Janusonis:2004,
	Abstract = {Although the serotonergic system plays an important role in various neurological disorders, the role of early serotonergic projections to the developing cerebral cortex is not well understood. Because serotonergic fibers enter the marginal zone (MZ) before birth, it has been suggested that they may influence cortical development through synaptic contacts with Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells. We used immunohistochemistry combined with confocal and electron microscopy to show that the earliest serotonergic projections to the MZ form synaptic contacts with the somata and proximal dendrites of CR cells as early as embryonic day 17. To elucidate the functional significance of these early serotonergic contacts with CR cells, we perturbed their normal development by injecting pregnant mice with 5-methoxytryptamine. Lower reelin levels were detected in the brains of newborn pups from the exposed animals. Because reelin plays an important role in the cortical laminar and columnar organization during development, we killed some pups from the same litters on postnatal day 7 and analyzed their presubicular cortex. We found that the supragranular layers of the presubicular cortex (which normally display a visible columnar deployment of neurons) were altered in the treated animals. Our results suggest a mechanism of how serotonergic abnormalities during cortical development may disturb the normal cortical organization; and, therefore, may be relevant for understanding neurological disorders in which abnormalities of the serotonergic system are accompanied by cortical pathology (such as autism).},
	Author = {Janusonis, Skirmantas and Gluncic, Vicko and Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;5-Methoxytryptamine;Animals;Pregnancy;Synapses;Female;Axons;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;Dendrites;Extracellular Matrix Proteins;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;Gestational Age;Serotonin},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001, USA.},
	Pages = {1652-9},
	Pii = {24/7/1652},
	Pubmed = {14973240},
	Title = {Early serotonergic projections to Cajal-Retzius cells: relevance for cortical development},
	Uuid = {C23436D7-8209-4B2D-A22B-61305596346B},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4651-03.2004}}


@article{Jarvis:2001,
	Abstract = {An important but poorly understood event associated with ischemia is anoxic depolarization (AD), a sudden and profound depolarization of neurons and glia in cortical and subcortical gray matter. Leao first measured the AD as a wave of electrical silence moving across the cerebral cortex in 1947 and noted its similarity to spreading depression (SD). SD is harmless when coursing through normoxic cortical tissue as during migraine aura. However for 3-4 h following focal ischemia, the additional metabolic stress arising from recurring SD in the penumbra expands the ischemic core, so SD blockade is potentially beneficial therapeutically. In the present study, we measured intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) to monitor anoxic depolarization in submerged rat neocortical slices during O2/glucose deprivation (OGD). After approximately 6 min of OGD, the AD was imaged as a focal increase in light transmittance which then propagated across neocortical gray at approximately 2 mm/min. Although the slice was globally stressed, the AD always initiated focally, sometimes at multiple sites. Its propagation was coincident with a transient negative shift in the extracellular potential, the electrical signature of AD. Acute damage to neocortex (measured as a delayed decrease in LT and as a loss of the evoked field potential) followed only where the AD had propagated, so it is the combined metabolic demands of AD and OGD that acutely damages all layers of the neocortex. Glutamate receptor antagonists (2 mM kynurenate or 25 microM AP-5/10 microM CNQX) did not block AD initiation, slow its propagation or prevent post-AD damage. This study shows that acute ischemic damage is greatly exacerberated by AD during metabolic stress and that glutamate receptor antagonists are not protective. Using this slice model, therapeutically tolerable drugs that block the AD and SD can be investigated.},
	Author = {Jarvis, C. R. and Anderson, T. R. and Andrew, R. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Animals;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Neocortex;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Anoxia;Male;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Brain Ischemia;Neurons;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;Spreading Cortical Depression;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Kynurenic Acid},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.},
	Pages = {249-59},
	Pubmed = {11230096},
	Title = {Anoxic depolarization mediates acute damage independent of glutamate in neocortical brain slices},
	Uuid = {957F713F-B489-4789-983B-CB40A8CDF10A},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Jessell:2000,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of neural development has advanced dramatically over the past decade. Significant insights have now been obtained into seven fundamental developmental processes: first, induction of the neural plate; second, regionalization of the neural tube along the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes; third, generation of neurons and glia from multipotential precursors; fourth, apoptotic cell death; fifth, migration of neurons; sixth, guidance of axons to their targets; and seventh, formation of synapses.},
	Author = {Jessell, T. M. and Sanes, J. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Humans},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, NY, New York 10032, USA. tmj1\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {599-611},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(00)00136-7},
	Pubmed = {11084323},
	Title = {Development. The decade of the developing brain},
	Uuid = {642159B2-8BF7-4EC8-99C0-6E52B126CAA7},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Ji:2007,
	Abstract = {Sleep replay of awake experience in the cortex and hippocampus has been proposed to be involved in memory consolidation. However, whether temporally structured replay occurs in the cortex and whether the replay events in the two areas are related are unknown. Here we studied multicell spiking patterns in both the visual cortex and hippocampus during slow-wave sleep in rats. We found that spiking patterns not only in the cortex but also in the hippocampus were organized into frames, defined as periods of stepwise increase in neuronal population activity. The multicell firing sequences evoked by awake experience were replayed during these frames in both regions. Furthermore, replay events in the sensory cortex and hippocampus were coordinated to reflect the same experience. These results imply simultaneous reactivation of coherent memory traces in the cortex and hippocampus during sleep that may contribute to or reflect the result of the memory consolidation process.},
	Author = {Ji, Daoyun and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Rats;Memory;Cell Count;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Behavior, Animal;Sleep;Statistics;Action Potentials;Electromyography;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Probability;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Electroencephalography},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. dji\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {100-7},
	Pii = {nn1825},
	Pubmed = {17173043},
	Title = {Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep},
	Uuid = {C5756DE4-2657-4B3B-8B67-8051C5DE4528},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1825}}











@article{Jin:2006a,
	Abstract = {Formation of new recurrent excitatory circuits after brain injuries has been hypothesized as a major factor contributing to epileptogenesis. Increases in total axonal length and the density of synaptic boutons are present in layer V pyramidal neurons of chronic partial isolations of rat neocortex, a model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. To explore the functional consequences of these changes, we used laser-scanning photostimulation combined with whole-cell patch-clamp recording from neurons in layer V of somatosensory cortex to map changes in excitatory synaptic connectivity after injury. Coronal slices were submerged in artificial CSF (23 degrees C) containing 100 microM caged glutamate, APV (2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid), and high divalent cation concentration to block polysynaptic responses. Focal uncaging of glutamate, accomplished by switching a pulsed UV laser to give a 200-400 micros light stimulus, evoked single- or multiple-component composite EPSCs. In neurons of the partially isolated cortex, there were significant increases in the fraction of uncaging sites from which EPSCs could be evoked ("hot spots") and a decrease in the mean amplitude of individual elements in the composite EPSC. When plotted along the cortical depth, the changes in EPSCs took place mainly between 150 and 200 microm above and below the somata, suggesting a specific enhancement of recurrent excitatory connectivity among layer V pyramidal neurons of the undercut neocortex. These changes may shift the balance within cortical circuits toward increased synaptic excitation and contribute to epileptogenesis.},
	Author = {Jin, Xiaoming and Prince, David A. and Huguenard, John R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {4891-900},
	Pii = {26/18/4891},
	Pubmed = {16672663},
	Title = {Enhanced excitatory synaptic connectivity in layer v pyramidal neurons of chronically injured epileptogenic neocortex in rats},
	Uuid = {E20A8A15-9A07-46AE-9E34-53FA7AB55AE9},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4361-05.2006}}







@article{Jinno:2007,
	Abstract = {The formation and recall of sensory, motor, and cognitive representations require coordinated fast communication among multiple cortical areas. Interareal projections are mainly mediated by glutamatergic pyramidal cell projections; only few long-range GABAergic connections have been reported. Using in vivo recording and labeling of single cells and retrograde axonal tracing, we demonstrate novel long-range GABAergic projection neurons in the rat hippocampus: (1) somatostatin- and predominantly mGluR1alpha-positive neurons in stratum oriens project to the subiculum, other cortical areas, and the medial septum; (2) neurons in stratum oriens, including somatostatin-negative ones; and (3) trilaminar cells project to the subiculum and/or other cortical areas but not the septum. These three populations strongly increase their firing during sharp wave-associated ripple oscillations, communicating this network state to the septotemporal system. Finally, a large population of somatostatin-negative GABAergic cells in stratum radiatum project to the molecular layers of the subiculum, presubiculum, retrosplenial cortex, and indusium griseum and fire rhythmically at high rates during theta oscillations but do not increase their firing during ripples. The GABAergic projection axons have a larger diameter and thicker myelin sheet than those of CA1 pyramidal cells. Therefore, rhythmic IPSCs are likely to precede the arrival of excitation in cortical areas (e.g., subiculum) that receive both glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from the CA1 area. Other areas, including the retrosplenial cortex, receive only rhythmic GABAergic CA1 input. We conclude that direct GABAergic projections from the hippocampus to other cortical areas and the septum contribute to coordinating oscillatory timing across structures.},
	Author = {Jinno, Shozo and Klausberger, Thomas and Marton, Laszlo F. and Dalezios, Yannis and Roberts, J. David B. and Fuentealba, Pablo and Bushong, Eric A. and Henze, Darrell and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy and Somogyi, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Brain Mapping;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Rats;Dextrans;Neural Pathways;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Stilbamidines;Action Potentials;Somatostatin;Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Microscopy, Electron, Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Biotin;Models, Neurological;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Phytohemagglutinins},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. sjnno\@med.kyushu-u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {8790-804},
	Pii = {27/33/8790},
	Pubmed = {17699661},
	Title = {Neuronal diversity in GABAergic long-range projections from the hippocampus},
	Uuid = {C034F2E8-B3A4-4EE5-B8F1-FDDD77FECB5C},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1847-07.2007}}








@article{Johnston:2003,
	Abstract = {How left/right functional asymmetry is layered on top of an anatomically symmetrical nervous system is poorly understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two morphologically bilateral taste receptor neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER), display a left/right asymmetrical expression pattern of putative chemoreceptor genes that correlates with a diversification of chemosensory specificities. Here we show that a previously undefined microRNA termed lsy-6 controls this neuronal left/right asymmetry of chemosensory receptor expression. lsy-6 mutants that we retrieved from a genetic screen for defects in neuronal left/right asymmetry display a loss of the ASEL-specific chemoreceptor expression profile with a concomitant gain of the ASER-specific profile. A lsy-6 reporter gene construct is expressed in less than ten neurons including ASEL, but not ASER. lsy-6 exerts its effects on ASEL through repression of cog-1, an Nkx-type homeobox gene, which contains a lsy-6 complementary site in its 3'untranslated region and that has been shown to control ASE-specific chemoreceptor expression profiles. lsy-6 is the first microRNA to our knowledge with a role in neuronal patterning, providing new insights into left/right axis formation. 1476-4687 Journal Article},
	Author = {Johnston, R. J. and Hobert, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 09:45:17 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Genes, Helminth/*genetics;Base Sequence;10 Development;Cell Differentiation;3'Untranslated Regions/genetics;MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism;Nervous System/cytology/*embryology/*metabolism;Gene Expression Regulation;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Caenorhabditis elegans/anatomy &histology/cytology/*embryology/*genetics;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;F pdf;Cell Lineage;*Body Patterning; microRNAs; development},
	Number = {6968},
	Organization = {Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 W.168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {845-9},
	Pubmed = {14685240},
	Title = {A microRNA controlling left/right neuronal asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans},
	Uuid = {F8932CB7-EC7B-4E6E-9EB1-8C2BD64DE8B0},
	Volume = {426},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Johnston_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14685240}}


@article{Jones:2005,
	Abstract = {Theta phase-locking and phase precession are two related phenomena reflecting coordination of hippocampal place cell firing with the local, ongoing theta rhythm. The mechanisms and functions of both the phenomena remain unclear, though the robust correlation between firing phase and location of the animal has lead to the suggestion that this phase relationship constitutes a temporal code for spatial information. Recent work has described theta phase-locking in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a structure with direct anatomical and functional links to the hippocampus. Here, we describe an initial characterization of phase precession in the mPFC relative to the CA1 theta rhythm. mPFC phase precession was most robust during behavioral epochs known to be associated with enhanced theta-frequency coordination of CA1 and mPFC activities. Precession was coherent across the mPFC population, with multiple neurons precessing in parallel as a function of location of the animal. The existence of phase precession beyond the hippocampus implies a more global role for this phenomenon during theta rhythm-mediated coordination of neural activity.},
	Author = {Jones, Matthew W. and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:24 -0400},
	Issn = {1050-9631},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Theta Rhythm;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Orientation;Rats;Rats, Long-Evans;Space Perception;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Prefrontal Cortex;Hippocampus;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Nlm_Id = {9108167},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {867-73},
	Pubmed = {16149084},
	Title = {Phase precession of medial prefrontal cortical activity relative to the hippocampal theta rhythm},
	Uuid = {3371E999-2147-48D3-8B47-983DB5F58297},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20119}}






@article{Jones:2005a,
	Abstract = {Decision-making requires the coordinated activity of diverse brain structures. For example, in maze-based tasks, the prefrontal cortex must integrate spatial information encoded in the hippocampus with mnemonic information concerning route and task rules in order to direct behavior appropriately. Using simultaneous tetrode recordings from CA1 of the rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, we show that correlated firing in the two structures is selectively enhanced during behavior that recruits spatial working memory, allowing the integration of hippocampal spatial information into a broader, decision-making network. The increased correlations are paralleled by enhanced coupling of the two structures in the 4- to 12-Hz theta-frequency range. Thus the coordination of theta rhythms may constitute a general mechanism through which the relative timing of disparate neural activities can be controlled, allowing specialized brain structures to both encode information independently and to interact selectively according to current behavioral demands.},
	Author = {Jones, Matthew W. and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {Theta Rhythm;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Prefrontal Cortex;Rats;Rats, Long-Evans;Space Perception;Time Factors;Memory;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.},
	Pages = {e402},
	Pii = {05-PLBI-RA-0687R2},
	Pubmed = {16279838},
	Title = {Theta rhythms coordinate hippocampal-prefrontal interactions in a spatial memory task},
	Uuid = {14406351-BCFE-4D93-B41D-D36F7ACD4123},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Jones_PLoSBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030402}}




@article{Julius:2004,
	Author = {Julius, David and Katz, Lawrence C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.},
	Pages = {747-52},
	Pii = {S0092867404011638},
	Pubmed = {15607972},
	Title = {A nobel for smell},
	Uuid = {252D01F5-60A0-4B78-A320-F1F16FF8891D},
	Volume = {119},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.004}}

@article{Jun:2007,
	Abstract = {Temporally precise sequences of neuronal spikes that span hundreds of milliseconds are observed in many brain areas, including songbird premotor nucleus, cat visual cortex, and primary motor cortex. Synfire chains-networks in which groups of neurons are connected via excitatory synapses into a unidirectional chain-are thought to underlie the generation of such sequences. It is unknown, however, how synfire chains can form in local neural circuits, especially for long chains. Here, we show through computer simulation that long synfire chains can develop through spike-time dependent synaptic plasticity and axon remodeling-the pruning of prolific weak connections that follows the emergence of a finite number of strong connections. The formation process begins with a random network. A subset of neurons, called training neurons, intermittently receive superthreshold external input. Gradually, a synfire chain emerges through a recruiting process, in which neurons within the network connect to the tail of the chain started by the training neurons. The model is robust to varying parameters, as well as natural events like neuronal turnover and massive lesions. Our model suggests that long synfire chain can form during the development through self-organization, and axon remodeling, ubiquitous in developing neural circuits, is essential in the process.},
	Author = {Jun, Joseph K. and Jin, Dezhe Z.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e723},
	Pubmed = {17684568},
	Title = {Development of neural circuitry for precise temporal sequences through spontaneous activity, axon remodeling, and synaptic plasticity},
	Uuid = {1460447A-6D3C-44C8-BA14-435BD5DC829F},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000723}}



@article{Kaas:1999,
	Abstract = {0028-0836 News},
	Author = {Kaas, J. H. and Reiner, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Human;*Neocortex/cytology/physiology;N;Neurons/physiology;*Evolution;Animals;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {6735},
	Pages = {418-9},
	Pubmed = {10365953},
	Title = {Evolutionary neurobiology. The neocortex comes together},
	Uuid = {FCEA8A34-5316-410C-962E-65E735174CBC},
	Volume = {399},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10365953}}


@article{Kafitz:2008,
	Abstract = {The reliable identification of astrocytes for physiological measurements was always time-consuming and difficult. Recently, the fluorescent dye sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) was reported to label cortical glial cells in vivo [Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Kerr JN, Helmchen F. Sulforhodamine 101 as a specific marker of astroglia in the neocortex in vivo. Nat Methods 2004;1:31-7]. We adapted this technique for use in acute rat hippocampal slices at early postnatal stages (P3, 7, 15) and in young adults (P24-27) and describe a procedure for double-labeling of SR101 and ion-selective dyes. Using whole-cell patch-clamp, imaging, and immunohistochemistry, we characterized the properties of SR101-positive versus SR101-negative cells in the stratum radiatum. Our data show that SR101, in contrast to Fura-2 or SBFI, only stains a subset of glial cells. Throughout development, SR101-positive and SR101-negative cells differ in their basic membrane properties. Furthermore, SR101-positive cells undergo a developmental switch from variably rectifying to passive between P3 and P15 and lack voltage-gated Na+ currents. At P15, the majority of SR101-positive cells is positive for GFAP. Thus, our data demonstrate that SR101 selectively labels a subpopulation of glial cells in early juvenile hippocampi that shows the typical developmental changes and characteristics of classical astrocytes. Owing to its reliability and uncomplicated handling, we expect that this technique will be helpful in future investigations studying astrocytes in the developing brain.},
	Author = {Kafitz, Karl Wolfgang and Meier, Silke Doris and Stephan, Jonathan and Rose, Christine Rosemarie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Fura-2;Coloring Agents;Rhodamines;Electrophysiology;Benzofurans;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Rats;Sodium Channels;Fluorescent Dyes;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cell Membrane;Cytological Techniques;Hippocampus;Staining and Labeling;Ethers, Cyclic;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Organ Culture Techniques;Animals, Newborn;Neuroglia;Membrane Potentials;Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Neurobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t D{\"u}sseldorf, Universit{\"a}tsstrasse 1, D-40225 D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. kafitz\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {84-92},
	Pii = {S0165-0270(07)00594-8},
	Pubmed = {18187203},
	Title = {Developmental profile and properties of sulforhodamine 101--Labeled glial cells in acute brain slices of rat hippocampus},
	Uuid = {F27D5BD8-9209-4F6D-8B18-CCFD0085C356},
	Volume = {169},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kafitz_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.022}}


@article{Kaiser:2001,
	Abstract = {1. Bitufted interneurons in layer 2/3 of the rat (P14) somatosensory cortex have elongated apical and basal dendritic arbors that can span the entire depth of the cortex. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic whole-cell voltage recordings combined with Ca2+ fluorescence measurements were made to quantify voltage and Ca2+ signalling in dendritic arbors of bitufted neurons. 2. Action potentials (APs) initiated close to the soma by brief current injection back-propagated into the apical and basal dendritic arbors and evoked a transient increase in volume-averaged dendritic Ca2+ concentration (Delta[Ca(2+)](i)) of about 140 nM peak amplitude per AP. The AP evoked Ca2+ signal decayed with a time constant of about 200 ms. 3. A relatively high endogenous Ca(2+) binding ratio of approximately 285 determines the comparatively small rise in [Ca(2+)](i) of bitufted cell dendrites evoked by a back-propagating AP. 4. The [Ca(2+)](i) transient evoked by back-propagating dendritic APs decreased with distance (< or = 50 microm) from the soma in some neurons. At distances greater than 50 microm transients did not show a spatial gradient between the proximal and distal dendritic branches. 5. During trains of APs the mean amplitude of the steady-state increase in dendritic [Ca(2+)](i) encoded the AP frequency linearly up to 40 Hz with a slope of 20 nM Hz(-1). 6. The results suggest that APs initiated in the axon of bitufted neurons back-propagate and 'copy' the pattern of the axon's electrical activity also to the dendritic arbor. The AP pattern is transduced into a transient rise of dendritic [Ca(2+)](i) which, presumably, can regulate the receptive properties of the dendritic arbor for synaptic input. 7. Bitufted interneurons in layer 2/3 of the rat (P14) somatosensory cortex have elongated apical and basal dendritic arbors that can span the entire depth of the cortex. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic whole-cell voltage recordings combined with Ca2+ fluorescence measurements were made to quantify voltage and Ca2+ signalling in dendritic arbors of bitufted neurons. 8. Action potentials (APs) initiated close to the soma by brief current injection back-propagated into the apical and basal dendritic arbors and evoked a transient increase in volume-averaged dendritic Ca2+ concentration (Delta[Ca(2+)](i)) of about 140 nM peak amplitude per AP. The AP evoked Ca2+ signal decayed with a time constant of about 200 ms. 9. A relatively high endogenous Ca2+ binding ratio of approximately 285 determines the comparatively small rise in [Ca(2+)](i) of bitufted cell dendrites evoked by a back-propagating AP. 10. The [Ca(2+)](i) transient evoked by back-propagating dendritic APs decreased with distance (< or = 50 microm) from the soma in some neurons. At distances greater than 50 microm transients did not show a spatial gradient between the proximal and distal dendritic branches. 11. During trains of APs the mean amplitude of the steady-state increase in dendritic [Ca(2+)](i) encoded the AP frequency linearly up to 40 Hz with a slope of 20 nM Hz(-1). 12. The results suggest that APs initiated in the axon of bitufted neurons back-propagate and also 'copy' the pattern of the axon's electrical activity to the dendritic arbor. The AP pattern is transduced into a transient rise of dendritic [Ca(2+)](i) which, presumably, can regulate the receptive properties of the dendritic arbor for synaptic input.},
	Author = {Kaiser, K. M. and Zilberter, Y. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Tissue Distribution;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Osmolar Concentration;Rats;Axons;in vitro ;Rats, Wistar;Tetrodotoxin;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Sodium Channel Blockers;Somatosensory Cortex;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Buffers},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. kaiser\@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de},
	Pages = {17-31},
	Pii = {PHY_11859},
	Pubmed = {11507155},
	Title = {Back-propagating action potentials mediate calcium signalling in dendrites of bitufted interneurons in layer 2/3 of rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {8350A427-92C5-4597-9B5F-4924051ADEA4},
	Volume = {535},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Kaiser_JPhysiol2001.pdf}}




@article{Kalatsky:2003,
	Abstract = {We present a new technique for acquiring and analyzing intrinsic signal optical images of brain activity, using continuous stimulus presentation and data acquisition. The main idea is to present a temporally periodic stimulus and to analyze the component of the response at the stimulus frequency. Advantages of the new technique include the removal of heart, respiration, and vasomotor artifacts, a dramatic increase in spatial resolution, and a 30-fold or greater reduction in acquisition time. We also present a novel approach to localizing instantaneous neuronal responses using time-reversed stimuli that is widely applicable to brain imaging. To demonstrate the power of the technique, we present high-resolution retinotopic maps of five visual areas in mouse cortex and orientation maps in cat visual cortex.},
	Author = {Kalatsky, Valery A. and Stryker, Michael P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-26 13:10:06 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Visual Perception;Functional Laterality;Mice, Inbred C3H;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Cerebrovascular Circulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Orientation;Evoked Potentials, Visual;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;Mice;Reproducibility of Results;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Cats;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {529-45},
	Pii = {S0896627303002861},
	Pubmed = {12765606},
	Title = {New paradigm for optical imaging: temporally encoded maps of intrinsic signal},
	Uuid = {64EB9F98-214C-47FA-94C3-18FAB200D538},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Kalatsky_Neuron2003.pdf}}


@article{Kalisman:2005,
	Abstract = {The neocortex has a high capacity for plasticity. To understand the full scope of this capacity, it is essential to know how neurons choose particular partners to form synaptic connections. By using multineuron whole-cell recordings and confocal microscopy we found that axons of layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons do not preferentially project toward the dendrites of particular neighboring pyramidal neurons; instead, axons promiscuously touch all neighboring dendrites without any bias. Functional synaptic coupling of a small fraction of these neurons is, however, correlated with the existence of synaptic boutons at existing touch sites. These data provide the first direct experimental evidence for a tabula rasa-like structural matrix between neocortical pyramidal neurons and suggests that pre- and postsynaptic interactions shape the conversion between touches and synapses to form specific functional microcircuits. These data also indicate that the local neocortical microcircuit has the potential to be differently rewired without the need for remodeling axonal or dendritic arbors.},
	Author = {Kalisman, Nir and Silberberg, Gilad and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Microscopy, Confocal;Synapses;Dendrites;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Nerve Regeneration;Rats;Neocortex;Rats, Wistar;21 Circuit structure-function;Electrophysiology;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Axons},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {880-5},
	Pii = {0407088102},
	Pubmed = {15630093},
	Title = {The neocortical microcircuit as a tabula rasa},
	Uuid = {45CCB041-62FA-4523-BAA9-CCEE3E489174},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407088102}}

@article{Kalman:2001,
	Abstract = {The present study compares the immunopositive elements in the developing rat cortex between the day of birth (P0) and the 18th postnatal day (P18), after immunostaining against nestin, vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Nestin immunostaining revealed more structural details than either vimentin or GFAP, or they together. While vimentin immunostaining preferred radial glia and GFAP preferred astrocytes, nestin immunostaining detected both. Stellate-shaped astrocyte-like cells were already seen at P0 and cells of typical astrocytic morphology were numerous at P3, and were predominating elements from P7, whereas GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes were very scarce even at P7, and became numerous only by P11, when nestin immunopositivity started to disappear. Nestin immunostaining revealed such structures which were not seen in GFAP- or vimentin immunostained sections: cell body-like structures 'hanging'at the end the radial fibers, seeming to divide with their fibers, or having astrocyte-like processes. Nestin immunostaining is therefore highly recommended for studies of the glial architecture in the early post-natal brain development.},
	Author = {Kalman, M. and Ajtai, B. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {11 Glia;G},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Tuzolto 58, 1094, Budapest, Hungary},
	Pages = {101-8.},
	Title = {A comparison of intermediate filament markers for presumptive astroglia in the developing rat neocortex: immunostaining against nestin reveals more detail, than GFAP or vimentin},
	Uuid = {597429B2-2785-463B-A363-87EF431D9923},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11226759}}






@article{Kaneko:2008,
	Abstract = {Rapid, experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex is thought to be competitive. After monocular visual deprivation, the reduction in response of binocular neurons to one eye is matched by a corresponding increase to the other. Chronic optical imaging in mice deficient in TNFalpha reveals the normal initial loss of deprived-eye responses, but the subsequent increase in response to the open eye is absent. This mutation also blocks homeostatic synaptic scaling of mEPSCs in visual cortex in vitro, without affecting LTP. In monocular cortex, thought not to be subject to competition, responses in TNFalpha mutants are as reduced as in the binocular zone. Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous TNFalpha in wild-type mice phenocopies the knockout. These findings suggest that experience-dependent competition in developing visual cortex is the outcome of two distinct, noncompetitive processes, a loss of deprived-eye responses followed by an apparently homeostatic increase in responses dependent on TNFalpha signaling.},
	Author = {Kaneko, Megumi and Stellwagen, David and Malenka, Robert C. and Stryker, Michael P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology; 21 Activity-development;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Long-Term Potentiation;Animals;Neuronal Plasticity;Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Sensory Deprivation;Visual Pathways;Organ Culture Techniques;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Analysis of Variance;Animals, Newborn;Mice, Knockout;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Ocular;Visual Cortex;in vitro},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA.},
	Pages = {673-80},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00377-2},
	Pubmed = {18549780},
	Title = {Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates one component of competitive, experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex},
	Uuid = {326D6C55-A94A-459D-96B5-68ABC599659B},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kaneko_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.023}}


@article{Kanold:2003,
	Abstract = {The subplate forms a transient circuit required for development of connections between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. When subplate neurons are ablated, ocular dominance columns do not form in the visual cortex despite the robust presence of thalamic axons in layer 4. We show that subplate ablation also prevents formation of orientation columns. Visual responses are weak and poorly tuned to orientation. Furthermore, thalamocortical synaptic transmission fails to strengthen, whereas intracortical synapses are unaffected. Thus, subplate circuits are essential not only for the anatomical segregation of thalamic inputs but also for key steps in synaptic remodeling and maturation needed to establish the functional architecture of visual cortex.},
	Author = {Kanold, Patrick O. and Kara, Prakash and Reid, R. Clay and Shatz, Carla J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Visual Pathways;Immunotoxins;Axons;Receptors, AMPA;Kainic Acid;Male;Vision;Thalamus;Evoked Potentials, Visual;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Dominance, Ocular;Cats;Geniculate Bodies;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5632},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {521-5},
	Pii = {301/5632/521},
	Pubmed = {12881571},
	Title = {Role of subplate neurons in functional maturation of visual cortical columns},
	Uuid = {125929C7-1837-4D6C-98EF-1D6B03A330A0},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Kanold_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084152}}






@article{Kara:2003,
	Abstract = {How does a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) affect the firing of simple cells in the visual cortex? Although much is known of the functional connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and between LGN and visual cortex, it is hard to infer the effect of disynaptic connections from retina to visual cortex. Most importantly, there is considerable divergence from retina to LGN, so cortical neurons might be influenced by ganglion cells through multiple feedforward pathways. We recorded simultaneously from ganglion cells in the retina and cortical simple cells in the striate cortex with overlapping receptive fields and evaluated disynaptic connections with cross-correlation analysis. In all disynaptically connected pairs, the retinal receptive field center and overlapping cortical subregion always shared the same sign (either both ON or both OFF). Connected pairs were similar in other respects, such as relative position and timing of their receptive fields, and thus obeyed the same rules of connectivity found previously for retinothalamic and thalamocortical connections. We found that a single RGC directly contributed on average to approximately 3\%of the activity of its cortical target. The relative timing of pairs of spikes from the retinal cell affected their efficacy in driving the cortical cell. When two retinal spikes were closely spaced (<10 msec), the second spike was several times more likely to drive the cortical target. The relative magnitude of this disynaptic paired spike enhancement was considerably larger than has been found previously for retinogeniculate and geniculocortical connections. The amplified paired spike enhancement from retina to cortex ensures that signal transmission from retina to cortex is particularly effective when the retina fires a series of closely spaced action potentials.},
	Author = {Kara, Prakash and Reid, R. Clay},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Action Potentials;Geniculate Bodies;Electrophysiology;Reaction Time;Animals;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Fields;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {24},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. pkara\@hms.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {8547-57},
	Pii = {23/24/8547},
	Pubmed = {13679424},
	Title = {Efficacy of retinal spikes in driving cortical responses},
	Uuid = {3605C566-4980-49B7-AEF2-31C0C046D1B2},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Kara_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}




@article{Karten:1997,
	Abstract = {97250444 0027-8424 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Karten, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Embryo and Fetal Development/genetics;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;10 Development;Cerebral Cortex/*embryology;Genes, Homeobox;Animal;F;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mammals/embryology;*Evolution},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0608, USA.},
	Pages = {2800-4},
	Pubmed = {9096300},
	Title = {Evolutionary developmental biology meets the brain: the origins of mammalian cortex},
	Uuid = {AD8012FE-D353-4E70-A611-F4C98376EE44},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9096300}}



@article{Kasthuri:2003,
	Abstract = {In developing mammalian muscle, axon branches of several motor neurons co-innervate the same muscle fibre. Competition among them results in the strengthening of one and the withdrawal of the rest. It is not known why one particular axon branch survives or why some competitions resolve sooner than others. Here we show that the fate of axonal branches is strictly related to the identity of the axons with which they compete. When two neurons co-innervate multiple target cells, the losing axon branches in each contest belong to the same neuron and are at nearly the same stage of withdrawal. The axonal arbor of one neuron engages in multiple sets of competitions simultaneously. Each set proceeds at a different rate and heads towards a common outcome based on the identity of the competitor. Competitive vigour at each of these sets of local competitions depends on a globally distributed resource: neurons with larger arborizations are at a competitive disadvantage when confronting neurons with smaller arborizations. An accompanying paper tests the idea that the amount of neurotransmitter released is this global resource.},
	Author = {Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;10 circuit formation;Mice, Transgenic;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Mice;Muscle, Skeletal;Neurons;Axons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6947},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {426-30},
	Pii = {nature01836},
	Pubmed = {12879070},
	Title = {The role of neuronal identity in synaptic competition},
	Uuid = {77E4C70B-FD49-495B-B696-03E42212685A},
	Volume = {424},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Kasthuri_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01836}}

@article{Katagiri:2007,
	Abstract = {Local GABAergic circuits trigger visual cortical plasticity in early postnatal life. How these diverse connections contribute to critical period onset was investigated by nonstationary fluctuation analysis following laser photo-uncaging of GABA onto discrete sites upon individual pyramidal cells in slices of mouse visual cortex. The GABA(A) receptor number decreased on the soma-proximal dendrite (SPD), but not at the axon initial segment, with age and sensory deprivation. Benzodiazepine sensitivity was also higher on the immature SPD. Too many or too few SPD receptors in immature or dark-reared mice, respectively, were adjusted to critical period levels by benzodiazepine treatment in vivo, which engages ocular dominance plasticity in these animal models. Combining GAD65 deletion with dark rearing from birth confirmed that an intermediate number of SPD receptors enable plasticity. Site-specific optimization of perisomatic GABA response may thus trigger experience-dependent development in visual cortex.},
	Author = {Katagiri, Hiroyuki and Fagiolini, Michela and Hensch, Takao K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Benzodiazepines;GABA Agonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Critical Period (Psychology);Dendrites;Pyridines;Animals, Newborn;Glutamate Decarboxylase;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Knockout;Membrane Potentials;Age Factors;21 Activity-development;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Isoenzymes;Visual Cortex;Dominance, Ocular;Neural Inhibition;in vitro},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
	Pages = {805-12},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00146-8},
	Pubmed = {17359916},
	Title = {Optimization of somatic inhibition at critical period onset in mouse visual cortex},
	Uuid = {244216C8-D92E-4FC7-84DC-0454C6E84A8A},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Katagiri_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.026}}








@article{Katz:1996,
	Abstract = {Vision is critical for the functional and structural maturation of connections in the mammalian visual system. Visual experience, however, is a subset of a more general requirement for neural activity in transforming immature circuits into the organized connections that subserve adult brain function. Early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts circuits on the basis of the brain's "best guess" at the initial configuration of connections necessary for function and survival. With maturation of the sense organs, the developing brain relies less on spontaneous activity and increasingly on sensory experience. The sequential combination of spontaneously generated and experience-dependent neural activity endows the brain with an ongoing ability to accommodate to dynamically changing inputs during development and throughout life.},
	Author = {Katz, L. C. and Shatz, C. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-13 12:11:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Neuronal Plasticity;review;Visual Pathways;Axons;Nerve Growth Factors;Vision;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;Visual Cortex;Geniculate Bodies;Retinal Ganglion Cells;visual system;Spontaneous activity;Synaptic Transmission;refinement;Neocortex;synapse formation;Competitive Behavior;experience dependent plasticity;},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5290},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. larry\@neuro.duke.edu},
	Pages = {1133-8},
	Pubmed = {8895456},
	Title = {Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits},
	Uuid = {EA60C1CD-4CF5-46E7-B86F-9627118B32FB},
	Volume = {274},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Katz_Science1996.pdf}}

@article{Kaufmann:1989,
	Abstract = {Previous studies showed that few foci of cerebro-cortical microdysgenesis (molecular layer neuronal ectopias and focal laminar dysplasia) are present in up to 26\%of variably processed normal brains; they are more common in the right inferior frontal region. Brains of male developmental dyslexics processed in serial histologic sections showed 30 to 140 foci of these types of anomalies, predominantly in left perisylvian cortex. Here, we present the results of a detailed analysis of ten normal brains also processed in serial sections. The ages ranged from 3.5 to 87 years, all male. Three brains showed abnormalities similar in type to those of the dyslexic, but in far smaller numbers and in different locations: two showed a single cingulate focus--one right, one left; the third brain showed two right supratemporal foci. We conclude that the present form of developmental anomaly is rare in normal brains, and that the findings in the dyslexic brains may be significant.},
	Author = {Kaufmann, W. E. and Galaburda, A. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Child, Preschool;Humans;Middle Aged;Brain;Child;Reference Values;Dyslexia;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Brain Diseases;Warts;Aged;Brain Neoplasms;Male;10 genetics malformation;Aged, 80 and over;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Adolescent},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {2 Pt 1},
	Organization = {Dyslexia Neuroanatomical Laboratory, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.},
	Pages = {238-44},
	Pubmed = {2915796},
	Title = {Cerebrocortical microdysgenesis in neurologically normal subjects: a histopathologic study},
	Uuid = {D57F93A7-8BB8-4EBB-8527-E2D62EA6B849},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {1989}}



@article{Kawaguchi:1993,
	Abstract = {1. To test the hypothesis that physiologically and morphologically different cortical nonpyramidal cells express different calcium-binding proteins, whole-cell current-clamp recording in vitro was combined with intracellular staining and double immunofluorescence in layer V of frontal cortex of rats 16-20 days old. 2. Nonpyramidal cells were first characterized as fast-spiking (FS) or low-threshold spike (LTS) cells, injected with biocytin, and subsequently stained immunohistochemically for parvalbumin and calbindinD28k. 3. FS cells were identified by input resistances <350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude <0.8 ms, and virtually no spike frequency adaptation of spike trains by depolarizing pulses. LTS cells were identified by input resistances >350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude >0.8 ms, and the discharge of low-threshold spikes from hyperpolarized potentials. Repetitive firing could be induced by a combination of stimulation-induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials with depolarization in FS cells. Repetitive firing was not observed in LTS cells under these conditions. 4. After biocytin injection of layer V cells characterized in this way, subsequent double immunostaining showed that all biocytin-labeled parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells (n = 18) belonged to the FS cells (FS-PV cells), whereas all biocytin-labeled calbindinD28k-immunoreactive cells (n = 10) belonged to the LTS cells (LTS-Calb cells). 5. FS-PV cells had smooth or sparsely spiny dendrites, whereas LTS-Calb cells had dendrites with a modest number of spines but fewer than pyramidal cells. FS-PV cells showed denser axonal branches near their somata and extended axons in a more horizontal direction. Some of them could be identified as basket cells by the presence of terminal boutons surrounding somata of other cells. LTS-Calb cells extended their main axons more vertically up to layer I. 6. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that very few cells in layer V showed immunoreactivity for both calcium-binding proteins but that most cells immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins in layer V were also immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid. 7. These results suggest that GABAergic nonpyramidal cells in layer V of neocortex can be divided into two functional groups on the basis of different firing modes, axonal distributions, and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity: 1) FS-PV cells show repetitive firing by synaptic activation, have axonal arborizations that are more dense near their somata and oriented horizontally, and the cells exhibit parvalbumin immunoreactivity and 2) LTS cells show low-threshold spikes, have more vertical axonal arborizations up to layer I, and exhibit calbindinD28K immunoreactivity. 0022-3077 Journal Article},
	Author = {Kawaguchi, Y. and Kubota, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Electric Stimulation;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*metabolism;Frontal Lobe/*cytology;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology;Rats;Synaptic Transmission/*physiology;Parvalbumins/*metabolism;Rats, Wistar;M;Neurons/physiology;Fluorescent Antibody Technique;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Tissue Culture},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neural Systems, Frontier Research Program, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Japan.},
	Pages = {387-96},
	Pubmed = {8395585},
	Title = {Correlation of physiological subgroupings of nonpyramidal cells with parvalbumin- and calbindinD28k-immunoreactive neurons in layer V of rat frontal cortex},
	Uuid = {41EE6803-ABFD-4C70-8480-A5C15FACB5A8},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8395585}}

@article{Kawakami:1999,
	Abstract = {Green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic (GFP+) mice express GFP in most tissues except erythrocytes and hair. Immune responses of GFP+ mouse and their application to studies of lymphocyte development were investigated. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that differentiation patterns of lymphocytes from GFP+ mice are equivalent to those from parental C57BL/6 mice. There was no difference in mature T-cell proliferative ability in response to allogeneic stimulator cells or anti-CD3epsilon stimulation between GFP+ and C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the anti-OVA antibody response of GFP+ mice was also the same as that of C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, these results show no immunological differences between GFP+ and C57BL/6 mice. Bone marrow transplantation and in vitro thymus reconstitution experiments were performed in an attempt to apply the GFP+ mice to the analysis of lymphocyte development. When bone marrow cells from GFP+ mice were transplanted. T and B lymphocytes containing GFP developed normally in scid recipients. Next we examined intrathymic T-cell development by hanging drop culture methods. GFP+ and CD4+8+ immature T-cells developed normally from bone marrow cells in the reconstituted thymus. The experimental system using hematopoietic cells from GFP+ mice is a powerful tool for visualizing lymphocyte development.},
	Author = {Kawakami, N. and Sakane, N. and Nishizawa, F. and Iwao, M. and Fukada, S. I. and Tsujikawa, K. and Kohama, Y. and Ikawa, M. and Okabe, M. and Yamamoto, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-2478},
	Journal = {Immunol Lett},
	Keywords = {Immune System;Bone Marrow;Luminescent Proteins;Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Antigens, CD3;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Lymphocytes;Thymus Gland;11 Glia;Mice, Transgenic;Mice, SCID;Animals;Mice;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Spleen;Transplantation Chimera},
	Medline = {20120462},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7910006},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.},
	Pages = {165-71},
	Pii = {S0165247899001522},
	Pubmed = {10656669},
	Title = {Green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice: immune functions and their application to studies of lymphocyte development},
	Uuid = {D0B5AA69-B750-4279-8E7F-E53498FC98B7},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Kastner:1972,
	Author = {K{\"a}stner, I. and M{\"u}ller, M. and Rougerie, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0033-2739},
	Journal = {Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz)},
	Keywords = {Animals;Agar;Stereotaxic Techniques;Rats;Seizures;Comparative Study;Gelatin;Brain;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Olfactory Bulb;Potassium;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Sodium;Polyethylenes;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Cobalt;Waxes},
	Medline = {74030018},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0376467},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {581-6},
	Pubmed = {4584754},
	Title = {[Comparative animal experimental studies on the production of chronic epileptiform focal activity]},
	Uuid = {C57383B3-241E-49D9-AAF5-AF9244D517A4},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1972}}





@article{Keller:1981,
	Author = {Keller, G. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Axonal Transport;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Afferent Pathways;Horseradish Peroxidase;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {81221426},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {703-12},
	Pubmed = {6165925},
	Title = {Callosal connections of suprasylvian visual areas in the cat},
	Uuid = {73C925B9-5B44-4FA6-9F4A-B0328DB54A5B},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Keller-Peck:2001,
	Abstract = {In developing muscle, synapse elimination reduces the number of motor axons that innervate each postsynaptic cell. This loss of connections is thought to be a consequence of axon branch trimming. However, branch retraction has not been observed directly, and many questions remain, such as: do all motor axons retract branches, are eliminated branches withdrawn synchronously, and are withdrawing branches localized to particular regions? To address these questions, we used transgenic mice that express fluorescent proteins in small subsets of motor axons, providing a unique opportunity to reconstruct complete axonal arbors and identify all the postsynaptic targets. We found that, during early postnatal development, each motor axon loses terminal branches, but retracting branches withdraw asynchronously and without obvious spatial bias, suggesting that local interactions at each neuromuscular junction regulate synapse elimination.},
	Author = {Keller-Peck, C. R. and Walsh, M. K. and Gan, W. B. and Feng, G. and Sanes, J. R. and Lichtman, J. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Animals;Bacterial Proteins;Synapses;Aging;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Axons;Mice, Transgenic;Green Fluorescent Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Neuromuscular Junction;21 Neurophysiology;Muscle, Skeletal;Motor Neurons;Mice;Luminescent Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {381-94},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00383-X},
	Pubmed = {11516396},
	Title = {Asynchronous synapse elimination in neonatal motor units: studies using GFP transgenic mice},
	Uuid = {B40D3D39-051C-4514-BE33-7C8414B71939},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Keller-Peck_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Kelly:2004,
	Abstract = {We characterize the survival, migration, and differentiation of human neurospheres derived from CNS stem cells transplanted into the ischemic cortex of rats 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Transplanted neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains 4 wk posttransplant. Survival was influenced by proximity of the graft to the stroke lesion and was negatively correlated with the number of IB4-positive inflammatory cells. Targeted migration of the human cells was seen in ischemic animals, with many human cells migrating long distances ( approximately 1.2 mm) predominantly toward the lesion; in naive rats, cells migrated radially from the injection site in smaller number and over shorter distances (0.2 mm). The majority of migrating cells in ischemic rats had a neuronal phenotype. Migrating cells between the graft and the lesion expressed the neuroblast marker doublecortin, whereas human cells at the lesion border expressed the immature neuronal marker beta-tubulin, although a small percentage of cells at the lesion border also expressed glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Thus, transplanted human CNS (hCNS)-derived neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains, and the microenvironment influenced their migration and fate.},
	Author = {Kelly, S. and Bliss, T. M. and Shah, A. K. and Sun, G. H. and Ma, M. and Foo, W. C. and Masel, J. and Yenari, M. A. and Weissman, I. L. and Uchida, N. and Palmer, T. and Steinberg, G. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Cell Differentiation;Fetus;Brain Ischemia;17 Transplant Regeneration;Transplantation, Heterologous;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Biological Markers;Cell Survival;Arterial Occlusive Diseases;22 Stem cells;Humans;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;Stem Cell Transplantation;Animals},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {11839-44},
	Pii = {0404474101},
	Pubmed = {15280535},
	Title = {Transplanted human fetal neural stem cells survive, migrate, and differentiate in ischemic rat cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {0C56BAC8-0911-4F68-B845-57E10EB5F937},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Kelly_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404474101}}

@article{Kempermann:1998,
	Abstract = {New neurons are continuously born in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, and regulation of adult neurogenesis is influenced by both genetic and environmental determinants. Mice of the 129/SvJ strain have significantly less hippocampal neurogenesis than other inbred mouse strains [1] and do not perform well in learning tasks. Here, the impact of environmental stimuli on brain plasticity during adulthood of 129/SvJ mice was studied using 'enriched environments'where mice receive complex inanimate and social stimulation [2,3]. In contrast to our earlier reports on mice of the C57BL/6 strain - which are competent in learning tasks and in which environmental stimulation did not influence cell proliferation [4,5] - environmentally stimulated 129/SvJ mice were found to have twice as many proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus compared with mice in standard housing. Environmental stimulation fostered the survival of newborn cells in 129/SvJ mice; this effect had also been seen in C57BL/6 mice. Phenotypic analysis of the surviving cells revealed that environmental stimulation resulted in 67\%more new neurons. In combination with our earlier results, these data indicate a differential impact of inheritable traits on the environmental regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we observed behavioral changes in environmentally stimulated 129/SvJ mice.},
	Author = {Kempermann, G. and Brandon, E. P. and Gage, F. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*cytology/*physiology;Dentate Gyrus/*cytology/*physiology;Species Specificity;*Neuronal Plasticity;Female;Comparative Study;Housing, Animal;Cell Division;*Social Environment;*Maze Learning;Animal;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Mice;C abstr;Mice, Inbred Strains},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies Laboratory of Genetics 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {939-42.},
	Title = {Environmental stimulation of 129/SvJ mice causes increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus},
	Uuid = {258181F8-F7A5-4BCE-AE3E-9B3637EAC3CE},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9707406%20http://www.biomednet.com/article/bb8p55}}









@article{Kenet:2003,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous cortical activity--ongoing activity in the absence of intentional sensory input--has been studied extensively, using methods ranging from EEG (electroencephalography), through voltage sensitive dye imaging, down to recordings from single neurons. Ongoing cortical activity has been shown to play a critical role in development, and must also be essential for processing sensory perception, because it modulates stimulus-evoked activity, and is correlated with behaviour. Yet its role in the processing of external information and its relationship to internal representations of sensory attributes remains unknown. Using voltage sensitive dye imaging, we previously established a close link between ongoing activity in the visual cortex of anaesthetized cats and the spontaneous firing of a single neuron. Here we report that such activity encompasses a set of dynamically switching cortical states, many of which correspond closely to orientation maps. When such an orientation state emerged spontaneously, it spanned several hypercolumns and was often followed by a state corresponding to a proximal orientation. We suggest that dynamically switching cortical states could represent the brain's internal context, and therefore reflect or influence memory, perception and behaviour.},
	Author = {Kenet, Tal and Bibitchkov, Dmitri and Tsodyks, Misha and Grinvald, Amiram and Arieli, Amos},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Anesthesia;Visual Perception;21 Neurophysiology;Orientation;Cats;Algorithms;Fluorescent Dyes;Brain Mapping;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6961},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. (tal\@phy.ucsf.edu},
	Pages = {954-6},
	Pii = {nature02078},
	Pubmed = {14586468},
	Title = {Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes},
	Uuid = {0276B215-A4B7-4226-B658-8CA9A103511A},
	Volume = {425},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Kenet_Nature2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02078}}





@article{Kerr:2007,
	Abstract = {Individual pyramidal neurons of neocortex show sparse and variable responses to sensory stimuli in vivo. It has remained unclear how this variability extends to population responses on a trial-to-trial basis. Here, we characterized single-neuron and population responses to whisker stimulation in layer 2/3 (L2/3) of identified columns in rat barrel cortex using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. Optical detection of single action potentials from evoked calcium transients revealed low spontaneous firing rates (0.25 Hz), variable response probabilities (range, 0-0.5; mean, 0.2 inside barrel column), and weak angular tuning of L2/3 neurons. On average, both the single-neuron response probability and the percentage of the local population activated were higher in the barrel column than above septa or in neighboring columns. Within the barrel column, mean response probability was highest in the center (0.4) and declined toward the barrel border. Neuronal pairs showed correlations in both spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity that depended on the location of the neurons. Correlation decreased with increasing distance between neurons and, for neuronal pairs the same distance apart, with distance of the pair from the barrel column center. Although neurons are therefore not activated independently from each other, we did not observe precisely repeating spatial activation patterns. Instead, population responses showed large trial-to-trial variability. Nevertheless, the accuracy of decoding stimulus onset times from local population activity increased with population size and depended on anatomical location. We conclude that, despite their sparseness and variability, L2/3 population responses show a clear spatial organization on the columnar scale.},
	Author = {Kerr, Jason N. D. and de Kock, Christiaan P. J. and Greenberg, David S. and Bruno, Randy M. and Sakmann, Bert and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Statistics as Topic;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Vibrissae;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Organic Chemicals;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;Probability;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {48},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. jason\@tuebingen.mpg.de},
	Pages = {13316-28},
	Pii = {27/48/13316},
	Pubmed = {18045926},
	Title = {Spatial organization of neuronal population responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {BA289ECF-C46D-4442-9D54-CD92F69B470A},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Kerr_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2210-07.2007}}

@article{Kerr:2008,
	Abstract = {The appeal of in vivo cellular imaging to any neuroscientist is not hard to understand: it is almost impossible to isolate individual neurons while keeping them and their complex interactions with surrounding tissue intact. These interactions lead to the complex network dynamics that underlie neural computation which, in turn, forms the basis of cognition, perception and consciousness. In vivo imaging allows the study of both form and function in reasonably intact preparations, often with subcellular spatial resolution, a time resolution of milliseconds and a purview of months. Recently, the limits of what can be achieved in vivo have been pushed into terrain that was previously only accessible in vitro, due to advances in both physical-imaging technology and the design of molecular contrast agents.},
	Author = {Kerr, Jason N. D. and Denk, Winfried},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-0048},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Models, Neurological;Brain Mapping;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Neurons;calcium imaging;technique;optical physiology;optical imaging;multiphoton;microscopy;Optics;frontiers review},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Network Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. jason\@tuebingen.mpg.de},
	Pages = {195-205},
	Pii = {nrn2338},
	Pubmed = {18270513},
	Title = {Imaging in vivo: watching the brain in action},
	Uuid = {1702B0AE-A4B5-4307-AA80-B68EA555E602},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kerr_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2338}}

@article{Kerr:2005,
	Abstract = {Neural activity manifests itself as complex spatiotemporal activation patterns in cell populations. Even for local neural circuits, a comprehensive description of network activity has been impossible so far. Here we demonstrate that two-photon calcium imaging of bulk-labeled tissue permits dissection of local input and output activities in rat neocortex in vivo. Besides astroglial and neuronal calcium transients, we found spontaneous calcium signals in the neuropil that were tightly correlated to the electrocorticogram. This optical encephalogram (OEG) is shown to represent bulk calcium signals in axonal structures, thus providing a measure of local input activity. Simultaneously, output activity in local neuronal populations could be derived from action potential-evoked calcium transients with single-spike resolution. By using these OEG and spike activity measures, we characterized spontaneous activity during cortical Up states. We found that (i) spiking activity is sparse (<0.1 Hz); (ii) on average, only approximately 10\%of neurons are active during each Up state; (iii) this active subpopulation constantly changes with time; and (iv) spiking activity across the population is evenly distributed throughout the Up-state duration. Furthermore, the number of active neurons directly depended on the amplitude of the OEG, thus optically revealing an input-output function for the local network. We conclude that spontaneous activity in the neocortex is sparse and heterogeneously distributed in space and time across the neuronal population. The dissection of the various signal components in bulk-loaded tissue as demonstrated here will enable further studies of signal flow through cortical networks.},
	Author = {Kerr, Jason N. D. and Greenberg, David and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;Electroencephalography;Neuropil;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Neocortex;Photons;Nerve Net;Animals;Calcium Signaling;Neurons;Axons},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {39},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {14063-8},
	Pii = {0506029102},
	Pubmed = {16157876},
	Title = {Imaging input and output of neocortical networks in vivo},
	Uuid = {9867358D-2C22-476C-9B8A-87CBF747A7D7},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Kerr_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506029102}}

@article{Kesslak:1986,
	Abstract = {Ablation of the medial frontal cortex produces a learning deficit on a reinforced alternation task. Recovery from this deficit was significantly accelerated in rats by transplantation of either cultured purified astrocytes or Gelfoam that had remained the previous 5 days in a brain wound in another animal (wound-Gelfoam). Cell-free extracts of wound-Gelfoam did not enhance behavioral recovery. Embryonic frontal cortex was effective only if transplanted with a delay after ablation. It appears from these results that transplants can facilitate functional recovery by more than one mechanism, including promotion of survival and reactive synaptogenesis of host neurons, stabilization of the damaged environment and replacement of lost neurons. In this study, glial cells were capable of facilitating recovery from central nervous system damage to the same extent as neuronal transplants.},
	Author = {Kesslak, J. P. and Nieto-Sampedro, M. and Globus, J. and Cotman, C. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Behavior, Animal;Movement;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Astrocytes;Learning;Male;Cells, Cultured;Rats, Inbred Strains;Animals;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {86164810},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {377-90},
	Pubmed = {3956668},
	Title = {Transplants of purified astrocytes promote behavioral recovery after frontal cortex ablation},
	Uuid = {4ABC6829-ABC4-4956-958A-0EEB9CAC907F},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1986}}



@article{Khalilov:1999,
	Abstract = {The effects of modulators of GABA-A receptors on neuronal network activity were studied in the neonatal (postnatal days 0-5) rat hippocampus in vitro. Under control conditions, the physiological pattern of activity of the neonatal hippocampal network was characterized by spontaneous network-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). The GABA-A receptor agonist isoguvacine (1-2 microM) and the allosteric modulator diazepam (2 microM) induced biphasic responses: initially the frequency of GDPs increased 3 to 4 fold followed by blockade of GDPs and desynchronization of the network activity. The GABA-A receptor antagonists bicuculline (10 microM) and picrotoxin (100 microM) blocked GDPs and induced glutamate (AMPA and NMDA)-receptor-mediated interictal- and ictal-like activities in the hippocampal slices and the intact hippocampus. These data suggest that at early postnatal ages GABA can exert a dual - both excitatory and inhibitory - action on the network activity. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel},
	Author = {Khalilov, I. and Dzhala, V. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Khazipov, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0378-5866},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;GABA Agonists;Diazepam;Electrophysiology;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Isonicotinic Acids;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Bicuculline;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Antagonists;GABA Modulators;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20044654},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7809375},
	Number = {3-5},
	Organization = {INMED, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {310-9},
	Pii = {dne21310},
	Pubmed = {10575254},
	Title = {Dual role of GABA in the neonatal rat hippocampus},
	Uuid = {EB4DCB0D-3F38-4839-BC20-78C97F1FE022},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Khalilov:1999a,
	Abstract = {In vivo studies suggest that ontogenesis of limbic seizures is determined by the development of the limbic circuit. We have now used the newly-developed in vitro intact interconnected neonatal rat limbic structures preparation to determine the developmental profile of kainate-induced epileptiform activity in the hippocampus and its propagation to other limbic structures. We report gradual alterations in the effects of kainate during the first postnatal week on an almost daily basis; from no epileptiform activity at birth, through interictal seizures around postnatal day (P) 2 and ictal seizures by the end of the first week. The developmental profile of kainate-induced hippocampal seizures is paralleled by the expression of postsynaptic kainate receptor-mediated currents in CA3 pyramidal cells. Intralimbic propagation of the hippocampal seizures is also age-dependent: whereas seizures readily propagate to the septum and to the contralateral hippocampus via the commissures on P2, propagation to the entorhinal cortex only takes place from P4 onwards. Finally, repeated brief applications of kainate to the hippocampus induce recurrent spontaneous glutamatergic ictal and interictal discharges which persist for several hours after the kainate is washed away and which replace the physiological pattern of network activity. Paroxysmal activities are thus generated by kainate in the hippocampus at an early developmental stage and are initially restricted to this structure. Before the end of the first week of postnatal life, kainate generates the epileptiform activities that may perturb activity-dependent mechanisms that modulate neuronal development. Although at this stage neurons are relatively resistant to the pathological effects of kainate, the epileptiform activities that it generates will perturb activity-dependent mechanisms that modulate neuronal development.},
	Author = {Khalilov, I. and Dzhala, V. and Medina, I. and Leinekugel, X. and Melyan, Z. and Lamsa, K. and Khazipov, R. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Epilepsy;Entorhinal Cortex;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Kainic Acid;Septal Nuclei;Organ Culture Techniques;Male;Potassium;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Benzodiazepines;Limbic System;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20032200},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U 29, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {3468-80},
	Pii = {ejn768},
	Pubmed = {10564355},
	Title = {Maturation of kainate-induced epileptiform activities in interconnected intact neonatal limbic structures in vitro},
	Uuid = {DE86AC92-C6A8-445E-9F83-9148203258E8},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Khalilov:2002,
	Abstract = {Kainate generates in adult hippocampal neurons a seizure but also a massive excitation of interneurons and a dramatic increase of the inhibitory drive that impinges on principal cells. This "overinhibition" is largely mediated by GluR5-containing kainate receptors that are enriched on interneurons. Here, using the neonatal intact hippocampus in vitro and the triple chamber, we first show that this mechanism is fully operative in neonatal neurons. We then report that application to one hippocampus of (RS)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid-a relatively selective agonist of GluR5 containing kainate receptors-depresses the propagation of seizure generated in the opposite hippocampus by a convulsive agent. We conclude that the selective excitation of interneurons by GluR5-containing kainate receptor agonists opens a new therapeutic approach for the epilepsies.},
	Author = {Khalilov, Ilgam and Hirsch, June and Cossart, Rosa and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Anticonvulsants;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;Seizures;Neural Inhibition;Rats, Wistar;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Animals, Newborn;Interneurons;Animals;Isoxazoles;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Propionates;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {22086359},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, U29, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {523-7},
	Pubmed = {12091575},
	Title = {Paradoxical anti-epileptic effects of a GluR5 agonist of kainate receptors},
	Uuid = {448E86CE-42CD-41AC-8579-8E058707BA89},
	Volume = {88},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Khalilov:2003,
	Abstract = {We have determined whether seizures generate an epileptogenic focus in distal structures using an in vitro preparation composed of three independent chambers that accommodate two intact hippocampi and their connecting commissures. This enabled us to apply a convulsive agent to one hippocampus, allow the propagation of a given number of seizures to the other side and block the connections reversibly by applying tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the commissural chamber. The propagation of seizures from the kainate-treated side to the naive side transformed the latter into an independent epileptogenic focus that was capable of generating spontaneous and evoked seizures. The induction mechanism required activation of NMDA receptors and the epileptogenic transformation was associated with long-term alterations in GABAergic synapses, which became excitatory because of a shift in the chloride reversal potential, E(Cl). These data indicate that the excitatory actions of GABA may be a fundamental property of epileptogenic structures.},
	Author = {Khalilov, Ilgam and Holmes, Gregory L. and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Rats;Neural Pathways;Chloride Channels;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Kainic Acid;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Laterality;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {22875098},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediterranee (INMED)-INSERM U29, 163 Route de Luminy, Marseilles 13273, France.},
	Pages = {1079-85},
	Pii = {nn1125},
	Pubmed = {14502289},
	Title = {In vitro formation of a secondary epileptogenic mirror focus by interhippocampal propagation of seizures},
	Uuid = {1FFC49FD-9E02-416E-85BA-8EBBA0CF0309},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1125}}

@article{Khalilov:2005,
	Abstract = {GABA excites immature neurons and inhibits adult ones, but whether this contributes to seizures in the developing brain is not known. We now report that in the developing, but not the adult, hippocampus, seizures beget seizures only if GABAergic synapses are functional. In the immature hippocampus, seizures generated with functional GABAergic synapses include fast oscillations that are required to transform a naive network to an epileptic one: blocking GABA receptors prevents the long-lasting sequels of seizures. In contrast, in adult neurons, full blockade of GABA(A) receptors generates epileptogenic high-frequency seizures. Therefore, purely glutamatergic seizures are not epileptogenic in the developing hippocampus. We suggest that the density of glutamatergic synapses is not sufficient for epileptogenesis in immature neurons; excitatory GABAergic synapses are required for that purpose. We suggest that the synergistic actions of GABA and NMDA receptors trigger the cascades involved in epileptogenesis in the developing hippocampus.},
	Author = {Khalilov, Ilgam and Le Van Quyen, Michel and Gozlan, Henri and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cell Aging;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Male;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Oscillometry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {INMED-INSERM, U 29 Marseille, 163, route de Luminy, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {787-96},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00882-2},
	Pubmed = {16337916},
	Title = {Epileptogenic actions of GABA and fast oscillations in the developing hippocampus},
	Uuid = {E0F3F8E5-749B-4901-B315-D446D2E34EA4},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Khalilov_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.026}}



@article{Khatri:2006,
	Author = {Khatri, Vivek and Ramos, Raddy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Psychophysics;Sensory Deprivation;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Neural Pathways;comment;Animals;Vibrissae;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {48},
	Organization = {Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. khatri\_vivek\@yahoo.com},
	Pages = {12385-6},
	Pubmed = {17139795},
	Title = {Rat whisker psychophysics},
	Uuid = {CF82CA29-DF7B-45D4-9C68-FD61F4851E6B},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Khazipov:2004,
	Abstract = {The immature brain is prone to seizures but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We explored the hypothesis that increased seizure susceptibility during early development is due to the excitatory action of GABA. Using noninvasive extracellular field potential and cell-attached recordings in CA3 of Sprague-Dawley rat hippocampal slices, we compared the developmental alterations in three parameters: excitatory actions of GABA, presence of the immature pattern of giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) and severity of epileptiform activity generated by high potassium. The GABA(A) receptor agonist isoguvacine increased firing of CA3 pyramidal cells in neonatal slices while inhibiting activity in adults. A switch in the GABA(A) signalling from excitation to inhibition occurred at postnatal day (P) 13.5 +/- 0.4. Field GDPs were present in the form of spontaneous population bursts until P12.7 +/- 0.3. High potassium (8.5 mm) induced seizure-like events (SLEs) in 35\%of slices at P7-16 (peak at P11.3 +/- 0.4), but only interictal activity before and after that age. The GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline reduced the frequency or completely blocked SLEs and induced interictal clonic-like activity accompanied by a reduction in the frequency but an increase in the amplitude of the population spikes. In slices with interictal activity, bicuculline typically caused a large amplitude interictal clonic-like activity at all ages; in slices from P5-16 rats it was often preceded by one SLE at the beginning of bicuculline application. These results suggest that, in the immature hippocampus, GABA exerts dual (both excitatory and inhibitory) actions and that the excitatory component in the action of GABA may contribute to increased excitability during early development.},
	Author = {Khazipov, Roustem and Khalilov, Ilgam and Tyzio, Roman and Morozova, Elena and Ben-Ari, Yezekiel and Holmes, Gregory L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;Comparative Study;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Isonicotinic Acids;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Disease Susceptibility;Time Factors;Bicuculline;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Potassium;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;GABA Agonists},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Section of Neurology, Neuroscience Center at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, 03756, USA. khazipov\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {590-600},
	Pii = {3152},
	Pubmed = {14984409},
	Title = {Developmental changes in GABAergic actions and seizure susceptibility in the rat hippocampus},
	Uuid = {B90CF51D-3E5A-4DC4-B80E-B76E32F8F276},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Khazipov:1999,
	Abstract = {We describe a novel chamber in which the two intact neonatal rat hippocampi and the commissural fibers are placed in three independent compartments separated by latex membranes and perfused selectively with different solutions. A set of control tests showed that the compartments are well isolated: 1) methylene blue or eosin applied to one compartment did not diffuse to other compartments when verified via the microscope, and spectrophotometry revealed that <1/10.000th of the dye diffuses to other compartments; 2) tetrodotoxin (1 microM) applied to the commissural compartment blocked the synaptic responses evoked contralaterally without affecting those evoked on the ipsilateral side. This chamber enables a wide range of experiments that cannot be performed in conventional chambers, e.g., to study the maturation and plasticity of the commissural connections, bilateral synchronization of the rhythmic activities in the limbic system, commissural propagation of the epileptiform activities, etc.},
	Author = {Khazipov, R. and Desfreres, L. and Khalilov, I. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Perfusion;21 Neurophysiology;Eosine Yellowish-(YS);Rats;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;In Vitro;Tetrodotoxin;Animals, Newborn;Culture Techniques;Membranes, Artificial;Animals;Latex;Methylene Blue;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {99158870},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Centre de Recherches sur l'Epilepsie et l'Isch{\'e}mie C{\'e}r{\'e}brale, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, 123 Bd de Port-Royal, Paris 75674, France.},
	Pages = {921-4},
	Pubmed = {10036300},
	Title = {Three-independent-compartment chamber to study in vitro commissural synapses},
	Uuid = {91E01962-F1BD-4B12-BF35-6D26045896D0},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Khazipov:2001,
	Abstract = {Morphological studies suggest that the primate hippocampus develops extensively before birth, but little is known about its functional development. Patch-clamp recordings of hippocampal neurons and reconstruction of biocytin-filled pyramidal cells were performed in slices of macaque cynomolgus fetuses delivered by cesarean section. We found that during the second half of gestation, axons and dendrites of pyramidal cells grow intensively by hundreds of micrometers per day to attain a high level of maturity near term. Synaptic currents appear around midgestation and are correlated with the level of morphological differentiation of pyramidal cells: the first synapses are GABAergic, and their emergence correlates with the growth of apical dendrite into stratum radiatum. A later occurrence of glutamatergic synaptic currents correlates with a further differentiation of the axodendritic tree and the appearance of spines. Relying on the number of dendritic spines, we estimated that hundreds of new glutamatergic synapses are established every day on a pyramidal neuron during the last third of gestation. Most of the synaptic activity is synchronized in spontaneous slow ( approximately 0.1 Hz) network oscillations reminiscent of the giant depolarizing potentials in neonatal rodents. Epileptiform discharges can be evoked by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline by the last third of gestation, and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors contribute to the termination of epileptiform discharges. Comparing the results obtained in primates and rodents, we conclude that the template of early hippocampal network development is conserved across the mammalian evolution but that it is shifted toward fetal life in primate.},
	Author = {Khazipov, R. and Esclapez, M. and Caillard, O. and Bernard, C. and Khalilov, I. and Tyzio, R. and Hirsch, J. and Dzhala, V. and Berger, B. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Lysine;In Vitro;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Epilepsy;Axons;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Biological Clocks;Macaca fascicularis;Dendrites;Receptors, GABA-A;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;GABA Antagonists;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {21602237},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {24},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e/Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale (INSERM) U29, Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France. khazipov\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {9770-81},
	Pii = {21/24/9770},
	Pubmed = {11739585},
	Title = {Early development of neuronal activity in the primate hippocampus in utero},
	Uuid = {DC4FA291-4B50-472B-A304-26CBA2171E5E},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Khazipov:2004a,
	Abstract = {Sensorimotor coordination emerges early in development. The maturation period is characterized by the establishment of somatotopic cortical maps, the emergence of long-range cortical connections, heightened experience-dependent plasticity and spontaneous uncoordinated skeletal movement. How these various processes cooperate to allow the somatosensory system to form a three-dimensional representation of the body is not known. In the visual system, interactions between spontaneous network patterns and afferent activity have been suggested to be vital for normal development. Although several intrinsic cortical patterns of correlated neuronal activity have been described in developing somatosensory cortex in vitro, the in vivo patterns in the critical developmental period and the influence of physiological sensory inputs on these patterns remain unknown. We report here that in the intact somatosensory cortex of the newborn rat in vivo, spatially confined spindle bursts represent the first and only organized network pattern. The localized spindles are selectively triggered in a somatotopic manner by spontaneous muscle twitches, motor patterns analogous to human fetal movements. We suggest that the interaction between movement-triggered sensory feedback signals and self-organized spindle oscillations shapes the formation of cortical connections required for sensorimotor coordination.},
	Author = {Khazipov, Rustem and Sirota, Anton and Leinekugel, Xavier and Holmes, Gregory L. and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:04:28 +0000},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Motor Activity;Movement;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Spinal Cord;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Psychomotor Performance;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Cortical oscillations;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7018},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, Avenue de Luminy, B.P. 13, 13273 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {758-61},
	Pii = {nature03132},
	Pubmed = {15592414},
	Title = {Early motor activity drives spindle bursts in the developing somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {F04AEC6A-F8B5-4D85-A118-3147F58C3D1B},
	Volume = {432},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Khazipov_Nature2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Khazipov_Nature2004a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03132}}

@article{Khazipov:2006,
	Abstract = {During prenatal and early postnatal development, the cerebral cortex exhibits synchronized oscillatory network activity that is believed to be essential for the generation of neuronal cortical circuits. The nature and functional role of these early activity patterns are of central interest in neuroscience. Much of the research is performed in rodents and in vitro, but how closely do these model systems relate to the human fetal brain? In this review, we compare observations in humans with in vivo and in vitro rodent data, focusing on particular oscillatory activity patterns that share many common features: delta brushes, spindle bursts and spindle-like oscillations. There is considerable evidence that the basic functional properties of immature cortical networks are conserved through mammalian evolution, making the neonatal rodent an excellent model for studying early cortical activity and associated plasticity during the developmental period corresponding to the human fetal stage. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue "Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders", based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com/).},
	Author = {Khazipov, Rustem and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Periodicity;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Models, Neurological;21 Activity-development;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {INMED, INSERM U29, 163 route de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France. khazipov\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {414-8},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00095-6},
	Pubmed = {16713634},
	Title = {Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing cerebral cortex of humans and rodents},
	Uuid = {ADFE47FE-6A3B-45E2-B5A5-8913AF640A47},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Khazipov_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.007}}








@article{Kihara:2008,
	Abstract = {Gap junction (GJ) channels couple adjacent cells, allowing transfer of second messengers, ions, and molecules up to 1 kDa. These channels are composed by a multigene family of integral membrane proteins called connexins (Cx). In the retina, besides being essential circuit element in the visual processing, GJ channels also play important roles during its development. Herein, we analyzed Cx43, Cx45, Cx50, and Cx56 expression during chick retinal histogenesis. Cx exhibited distinct expression profiles during retinal development, except for Cx56, whose expression was not detected. Cx43 immunolabeling was observed at early development, in the transition of ventricular zone and pigmented epithelium. Later, Cx43 was seen in the outer plexiform and ganglion cell layers, and afterwards also in the inner plexiform layer. We observed remarkable changes in the phosphorylation status of this protein, which indicated modifications in functional properties of this Cx during retinal histogenesis. By contrast, Cx45 showed stable gene expression levels throughout development and ubiquitous immunoreactivity in progenitor cells. From later embryonic development, Cx45 was mainly observed in the inner retina, and it was expressed by glial cells and neurons. In turn, Cx50 was virtually absent in the chick retina at initial embryonic phases. Combination of PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot indicated that this Cx was present in differentiated cells, arising in parallel with the formation of the visual circuitry. Characterization of Cx expression in the developing chick retina indicated particular roles for these proteins and revealed similarities and differences when compared to other species. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.},
	Author = {Kihara, A. H. and Paschon, V. and Akamine, P. S. and Saito, K. C. and Leonelli, M. and Jiang, J. X. and Hamassaki, D. E. and Britto, L. R. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-8451},
	Journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {101300215},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\~{a}o Paulo, S\~{a}o Paulo, S\~{a}o Paulo, Brazil.},
	Pages = {1287-302},
	Pubmed = {18506822},
	Title = {Differential expression of connexins during histogenesis of the chick retina},
	Uuid = {9369A1C6-9E68-4554-B416-B6EBE7482308},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kihara_DevNeurobiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20652}}

@article{Kilb:2003,
	Abstract = {In mature cortex, activation of the cholinergic system induces oscillatory network activity and facilitates synaptic plasticity. We used an in vitro preparation of the intact cerebral cortex and cortical slices of the neonatal rat to study carbachol (CCh, >or=30 micro M)-induced network oscillations during the early postnatal period. Multi-site extracellular recordings revealed CCh-induced transient beta oscillations with an average duration of 4.6 +/- 0.2 s, amplitude of 123 +/- 7.4 microV and frequency of 17.7 +/- 0.5 Hz. These oscillations propagated uniformly at 0.5-1.5 mm/s over the cortex and were reversibly blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and atropine, indicating that they depended on action potentials and activation of muscarinic receptors. The activity was not blocked by bicuculline methiodide or gabazine, but was reversibly abolished by kynurenic acid, indicating that activation of glutamate receptors, but not GABA-A receptors, was required. CNQX caused a significant decrease in the power of the Fourier frequency spectrum of the CCh-induced oscillations and CPP or MK-801 completely blocked the activity, indicating a contribution of AMPA/kainate receptors and an essential role of NMDA receptors. Oscillations were synchronized between sites separated horizontally by approximately 1 mm and for delays of 2-8 ms. Synchronized activity between neighboring recording sites was very stable over repeated applications of CCh. Whole-cell recordings from morphologically identified pyramidal neurons in the intact cortex revealed a close temporal correlation between CCh-induced membrane oscillations and local field potential recordings. In contrast, CCh-induced oscillations recorded in coronal neocortical slices were smaller in amplitude and frequency, suggesting that a widespread network of intracortical axonal connections is required for their generation.},
	Author = {Kilb, Werner and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Biological Clocks;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;in vitro ;Cholinergic Fibers;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;Animals;Carbachol;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany.},
	Pages = {409-21},
	Pubmed = {12631570},
	Title = {Carbachol-induced network oscillations in the intact cerebral cortex of the newborn rat},
	Uuid = {67366E36-1736-45AB-9D3E-868E1DFDA3A1},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Kim:2000,
	Abstract = {The olfactory bulb glomerulus is a discrete and heterogeneous neuropil where olfactory receptor cell axons synapse with dendrites of mitral, tufted, and periglomerular neurons. To understand better the maturation of glomeruli and the spatiotemporal interactions that occur during postnatal development, we employed confocal microscopy and markers for immature and mature olfactory receptor cell axons in parallel with a marker for synaptic structure in maturing glomeruli. Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 1, 6, 12, and 18 were processed for single- and double-label immunocytochemistry for olfactory marker protein (OMP), growth-associated protein (GAP-43), and synaptophysin. Mature or adult- like subcompartmental organization within the glomerulus emerged by postnatal day 12. Earlier in development immature axons entered the core of the glomerulus and moved to the periphery as they matured. However, beginning around 12 days postnatal, immature axons distributed in the periphery and moved toward the core as they matured. This change in the trajectories of axons into glomeruli suggests that different rules may be followed in establishing versus maintaining glomeruli. Double labeling with OMP and synaptophysin demonstrated strong colocalization compared with GAP-43 and synaptophysin, which showed much less colocalization, consistent with the notion that OMP is associated with more mature axons.},
	Author = {Kim, H. and Greer, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:50 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism;Synaptophysin/metabolism;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism/*ultrastructure;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*cytology/*growth &development/metabolism;I pdf;Animal;Animals, Newborn;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*growth &development/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Age Factors;Brain Mapping;GAP-43 Protein/metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA.},
	Pages = {297-311.},
	Title = {The emergence of compartmental organization in olfactory bulb glomeruli during postnatal development},
	Uuid = {1BE95B64-FBFC-4D32-A9D6-52CDC9E99A65},
	Volume = {422},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Kim_JCompNeurol2000.pdf}}




@article{Kinoshita:2002,
	Abstract = {Detailed knowledge of neuronal connectivity patterns is indispensable for studies of various aspects of brain functions. We previously established a genetic strategy for visualization of multisynaptic neural pathways by expressing wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) transgene under the control of neuron type-specific promoter elements in transgenic mice and DROSOPHILA: In this paper, we have developed a WGA- expressing recombinant adenoviral vector system and applied it for analysis of the olfactory system. When the WGA-expressing adenovirus was infused into a mouse nostril, various types of cells throughout the olfactory epithelium were infected and expressed WGA protein robustly. WGA transgene products in the olfactory sensory neurons were anterogradely transported along their axons to the olfactory bulb and transsynaptically transferred in glomeruli to dendrites of the second- order neurons, mitral and tufted cells. WGA protein was further conveyed via the lateral olfactory tract to the olfactory cortical areas including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex. In addition, transsynaptic retrograde labeling was observed in cholinergic neurons in the horizontal limb of diagonal band, serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus, and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, all of which project centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb. Thus, the WGA-expressing adenovirus is a useful and powerful tool for tracing neural pathways and could be used in animals that are not amenable to the transgenic technology.},
	Author = {Kinoshita, N. and Mizuno, T. and Yoshihara, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:50 -0400},
	Journal = {Chem Senses},
	Keywords = {T pdf;23 Technique},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.},
	Pages = {215-23.},
	Title = {Adenovirus-mediated WGA Gene Delivery for Transsynaptic Labeling of Mouse Olfactory Pathways},
	Uuid = {4ECD2CD9-2385-4168-995B-DB6D8BA805DF},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Kinoshita_ChemSenses2002.pdf}}


@article{Kiper:1999,
	Abstract = {In recent years, the analysis of the coherence between signals recorded from the scalp [electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence] has been used to assess the functional properties of cortico-cortical connections, both in animal models and in humans. However, the experimental validation of this technique is still scarce. Therefore we applied it to the study of the callosal connections between the visual areas of the two hemispheres, because this particular set of cortico-cortical connections can be activated in a selective way by visual stimuli. Indeed, in primary and in low-order secondary visual areas, callosal axons interconnect selectively regions, which represent a narrow portion of the visual field straddling the vertical meridian and, within these regions, neurons that prefer the same stimulus orientation. Thus only isooriented stimuli located near the vertical meridian are expected to change interhemispheric coherence by activating callosal connections. Finally, if such changes are found and are indeed mediated by callosal connections, they should disappear after transection of the corpus callosum. We perfomed experiments on seven paralyzed and anesthetized ferrets, recording their cortical activity with epidural electrodes on areas 17/18, 19, and lateral suprasylvian, during different forms of visual stimulation. As expected, we found that bilateral iso-oriented stimuli near the vertical meridian, or extending across it, caused a significant increase in interhemispheric coherence in the EEG beta-gamma band. Stimuli with different orientations, stimuli located far from the vertical meridian, as well as unilateral stimuli failed to affect interhemispheric EEG coherence. The stimulus-induced increase in coherence disappeared after surgical transection of the corpus callosum. The results suggest that the activation of cortico-cortical connections can indeed be revealed as a change in EEG coherence. The latter can therefore be validly used to investigate the functionality of cortico-cortical connections.},
	Author = {Kiper, D. C. and Knyazeva, M. G. and Tettoni, L. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Laterality;Photic Stimulation;Electroencephalography;Female;Not relevant;Ferrets;11 Glia;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {20070013},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {3082-94},
	Pubmed = {10601443},
	Title = {Visual stimulus-dependent changes in interhemispheric EEG coherence in ferrets},
	Uuid = {BB12EC0C-78AA-4601-895F-A33EA791774F},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Kiper:2002,
	Abstract = {We analyzed the visual functions of two patients (MS, FJ) with bilateral lesion of the primary visual cortex, which occurred at gestational age 33 wk in MS and at postnatal month 7 in FJ. In both patients basic visual functions--visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color, form, motion perception-are similarly preserved or modestly impaired. Functions requiring higher visual processing, particularly figure-ground segregation based on textural cues, are severely impaired. In MS, studied longitudinally, the deficits attenuated between the ages of 4.5 and 8 y, suggesting that the developing visual system can display a considerable degree of adaptive plasticity several years after the occurrence of a lesion. In FJ (age 18:9 to 20:6 y), who is more impaired, the recovery, if any, was less.},
	Author = {Kiper, D. C. and Zesiger, P. and Maeder, P. and Deonna, T. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Plast},
	Keywords = {Adolescent;Human;Psychophysics;Form Perception;Recovery of Function;Neuronal Plasticity;Age of Onset;Female;Child;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Visual Fields;Vision;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Acuity;Visual Cortex;Agnosia;Longitudinal Studies;Neuropsychological Tests},
	Medline = {22346599},
	Nlm_Id = {100883417},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1-25},
	Pubmed = {12458786},
	Title = {Vision after early-onset lesions of the occipital cortex: I. Neuropsychological and psychophysical studies},
	Uuid = {88FA4CE8-EC51-4417-9CEC-521624B2EE88},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2002}}













@article{Klausberger:2008,
	Abstract = {In the cerebral cortex, diverse types of neurons form intricate circuits and cooperate in time for the processing and storage of information. Recent advances reveal a spatiotemporal division of labor in cortical circuits, as exemplified in the CA1 hippocampal area. In particular, distinct GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing) cell types subdivide the surface of pyramidal cells and act in discrete time windows, either on the same or on different subcellular compartments. They also interact with glutamatergic pyramidal cell inputs in a domain-specific manner and support synaptic temporal dynamics, network oscillations, selection of cell assemblies, and the implementation of brain states. The spatiotemporal specializations in cortical circuits reveal that cellular diversity and temporal dynamics coemerged during evolution, providing a basis for cognitive behavior.},
	Author = {Klausberger, Thomas and Somogyi, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Synapses;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Dendrites;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Neural Pathways;Evolution;Interneurons;Cognition;Animals;Humans;Nerve Net;review;Axons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5885},
	Organization = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK. thomas.klausberger\@pharm.ox.ac.uk},
	Pages = {53-7},
	Pii = {321/5885/53},
	Pubmed = {18599766},
	Title = {Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics: the unity of hippocampal circuit operations},
	Uuid = {CD82C252-3398-4F19-B624-85C451B5FC98},
	Volume = {321},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Klausberger_Science2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1149381}}







@article{Klueva:2003,
	Abstract = {Lateral amygdala (LA) activity during synchronized-epileptiform discharges in temporolimbic circuits was investigated in rat horizontal slices containing the amygdala, hippocampus (Hip), perirhinal (Prh) and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortex, through multiple-site extra- and intracellular recording techniques and measurement of the extracellular K+ concentration. Application of 4-aminopyridine (50 microm) induced epileptiform discharges in all regions under study. Slow interictal-like burst discharges persisted in the Prh/LEnt/LA after disconnection of the Hip, seemed to originate in the Prh as shown from time delay analyses, and often preceded the onset of ictal-like activity. Disconnection of the amygdala resulted in de-synchronization of epileptiform discharges in the LA from those in the Prh/LEnt. Interictal-like activity was intracellularly reflected in LA projection neurons as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A/B receptor-mediated synaptic responses, and depolarizing electrogenic events (spikelets) residing on the initial phase of the GABA response. Spikelets were considered antidromically conducted ectopic action potentials generated at axon terminals, as they were graded in amplitude, were not abolished through hyperpolarizing membrane responses (which effectively blocked evoked orthodromic action potentials), lacked a clear prepotential or synaptic potential, were not affected through blockers of gap junctions, and were blocked through remote application of tetrodotoxin at putative target areas of LA projection neurons. Remote application of a GABAB receptor antagonist facilitated spikelet generation. A transient elevation in the extracellular K+ level averaging 3 mm above baseline occurred in conjunction with interictal-like activity in all areas under study. We conclude that interictal-like discharges in the LA/LEnt/Prh spread in a predictable manner through the synaptic network with the Prh playing a leading role. The rise in extracellular K+ may provide a depolarizing mechanism for recruitment of interneurons and generation of ectopic action potentials at axon terminals of LA projection neurons. Antidromically conducted ectopic action potentials may provide a spreading mechanism of seizure activity mediated by diffuse axonal projections of LA neurons.},
	Author = {Klueva, Julia and Munsch, Thomas and Albrecht, Doris and Pape, Hans-Christian C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Amygdala;Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;GABA Antagonists;Male;Reaction Time;Animals;Extracellular Space;Hippocampus;In Vitro;Propanolamines;Electric Stimulation;Entorhinal Cortex;Synapses;Potassium;Phosphinic Acids;21 Epilepsy;Carbenoxolone;Comparative Study;Evoked Potentials;Action Potentials;Anesthetics, Local;Tetrodotoxin;Time Factors;Rats;Anti-Ulcer Agents;Bicuculline;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Wistar;Dissection;Neurons;4-Aminopyridine},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, Medizinische Fakult{\"a}t, Otto-von-Guericke-Universit{\"a}t Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.},
	Pages = {2779-91},
	Pii = {2984},
	Pubmed = {14656327},
	Title = {Synaptic and non-synaptic mechanisms of amygdala recruitment into temporolimbic epileptiform activities},
	Uuid = {924633A2-683E-4CEC-ADBD-C0188918D260},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Kluge:1998,
	Abstract = {In vitro tract tracing allowing for continuous observation of the perforant path is a crucial prerequisite for experimental studies on the entorhinal-hippocampal interaction in an organotypic slice culture containing the entorhinal cortex, the perforant path, and the dentate gyrus (OEHSC). We prepared horizontal slices of the temporal entorhinal-hippocampal region of the rat on a vibratome, and the perforant path axons were traced by application of the fluorescent tracer Mini Ruby on the entorhinal cortex. After 2 days in vitro (div), the perforant path became visible in most cultures. Entorhinal neurons and single perforant fibers could be followed to the outer molecular layers of the dentate gyrus by in vitro fluorescence microscopy and it was possible to monitor the perforant path directly over a period of 25 div. Moreover, ultrastructural analysis proved the existence of traced perforant path boutons forming synapses with spines and dendritic shafts in the outer molecular layers of the dentate gyrus. Transsection of the prelabelled perforant path in vitro resulted in anterograde degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of axonal material by activated microglial cells in the zone of denervation. In conclusion, in vitro tracing demonstrates the maintenance of the entorhinal-hippocampal pathway in OEHSCs and permits monitoring of dynamic changes in the prelabeled perforant path after various lesion paradigms, e.g., transsection or neurotoxin treatment. This approach permits further studies on the efficacy of neuroprotectants, cytokines, and growth factors in the treatment of lesion-induced neuronal degeneration.},
	Author = {Kluge, A. and Hailer, N. P. and Horvath, T. L. and Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1050-9631},
	Journal = {Hippocampus},
	Keywords = {Phagocytosis;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Rats;Entorhinal Cortex;Axons;Perforant Pathway;Rats, Wistar;11 Glia;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Organ Culture Techniques;Dendrites;Neurons;Neuroglia;Dentate Gyrus;Microscopy, Electron;Immunohistochemistry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98178709},
	Nlm_Id = {9108167},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Humboldt University Hospital (Charit{\'e}), Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {57-68},
	Pubmed = {9519887},
	Title = {Tracing of the entorhinal-hippocampal pathway in vitro},
	Uuid = {3372E16D-4486-4E8A-ACAF-2BC6A4A14BF3},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998}}


@article{Knowles:1989,
	Author = {Knowles, W. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0891-1150},
	Journal = {Cleve Clin J Med},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Neurons;Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Neural Inhibition;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Brain;Humans;review},
	Medline = {89275462},
	Nlm_Id = {8703441},
	Pages = {S221-5},
	Pubmed = {2659212},
	Title = {Aspects of epileptogenesis: maturation of neuronal circuits},
	Uuid = {361690BD-6637-42DA-84CA-B9F211F2DA03},
	Volume = {56 Suppl Pt 2},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Knyazeva:2001,
	Abstract = {Visual corpus callosum (CC) preferentially interconnects neurons selective for similar stimulus orientation near the representations of the vertical meridian. These properties allow studying the CC functionality with EEG coherence analysis. Iso-oriented and orthogonally-oriented gratings were presented to the two hemifields, either close to the vertical meridian or far from it. In animals with intact CC, and in man, interhemispheric coherence (ICoh) increased only with iso-oriented gratings presented near or crossing the vertical meridian. The increase was localized to occipital electrodes and was specific for the beta-gamma frequency band. Visual-stimulus induced changes in ICoh were studied in patients with early pathologies of the visual areas. From a girl with abnormal vision and severe bilateral lesion of the primary visual areas at 3 weeks, after premature birth at 30 weeks, we obtained no ICoh response until 9 years. In control children visual stimulation increased occipital ICoh at 6-7 years. From a young man having suffered similar lesions when he was 9 months older than the girl, no consistent increase in ICoh could be obtained. In a 14-year-old girl with congenital visual agnosia, no visible lesions, but with a temporal-occipital epileptic focus, ICoh responses were evoked both by iso-oriented, and by orthogonally-oriented gratings. In a young man with bilateral parieto-occipital microgyria extending into the calcarine sulcus, visual stimuli increased ICoh as in normal individuals, but the response was weaker. These cases are discussed in terms of development of CC connections and point to a variety of plastic changes in the cortical connectivity of children.},
	Author = {Knyazeva, M. G. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0173},
	Journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Human;Visual Perception;review, tutorial;review;Female;Child;Infant;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Brain Injuries;Evoked Potentials, Visual;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nervous System Malformations;Adult;Vision Disorders;Infant, Newborn;Corpus Callosum;Visual Cortex;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Medline = {21548859},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8908638},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Institute of Cellular Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland. maria.knyazeva\@ibcm.unil.ch},
	Pages = {119-28},
	Pii = {S016501730100087X},
	Pubmed = {11690608},
	Title = {EEG coherence studies in the normal brain and after early-onset cortical pathologies},
	Uuid = {F7B61936-9A75-44BC-8F58-3D3F84D125BD},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Knyazeva:1999,
	Abstract = {We analyzed the coherence of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded symmetrically from the two hemispheres, while subjects (n = 9) were viewing visual stimuli. Considering the many common features of the callosal connectivity in mammals, we expected that, as in our animal studies, interhemispheric coherence (ICoh) would increase only with bilateral iso-oriented gratings located close to the vertical meridian of the visual field, or extending across it. Indeed, a single grating that extended across the vertical meridian significantly increased the EEG ICoh in normal adult subjects. These ICoh responses were obtained from occipital and parietal derivations and were restricted to the gamma frequency band. They were detectable with different EEG references and were robust across and within subjects. Other unilateral and bilateral stimuli, including identical gratings that were effective in anesthetized animals, did not affect ICoh in humans. This fact suggests the existence of regulatory influences, possibly of a top-down kind, on the pattern of callosal activation in conscious human subjects. In addition to establishing the validity of EEG coherence analysis for assaying cortico-cortical connectivity, this study extends to the human brain the finding that visual stimuli cause interhemispheric synchronization, particularly in frequencies of the gamma band. It also indicates that the synchronization is carried out by cortico-cortical connection and suggests similarities in the organization of visual callosal connections in animals and in man.},
	Author = {Knyazeva, M. G. and Kiper, D. C. and Vildavski, V. Y. and Despland, P. A. and Maeder-Ingvar, M. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Laterality;Photic Stimulation;Electroencephalography;Adult;Human;Female;Algorithms;Not relevant;clinical trial;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Cortical Synchronization;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Brain;Male},
	Medline = {20070014},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Research Institute of Developmental Physiology, 119121 Pogodinskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia.},
	Pages = {3095-107},
	Pubmed = {10601444},
	Title = {Visual stimulus-dependent changes in interhemispheric EEG coherence in humans},
	Uuid = {CC0295FA-DD64-4EB8-BE96-64DCB1025676},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Knyazeva:2002,
	Abstract = {In one of two patients (MS and FJ) with bilateral, early-onset lesion of the primary visual cortex, Kiper et al. (2002) observed a considerable degree of functional recovery. To clarify the physiological mechanisms involved in the recovery, we used fMRI and quantitative EEG to study both patients. The fMRI investigations indicated that in both patients, isolated islands of the primary visual cortex are functioning, in the right hemisphere in MS and in the left in FJ. The functional recovery observed in MS roughly correlated with the functional maturation of interhemispheric connections and might reflect the role of corticocortical connectivity in visual perception. The functionality of interhemispheric connections was assessed by analyzing the changes in occipital inter-hemispheric coherence of EEG signals (ICoh) evoked by moving gratings. In the patient MS, this ICoh response was present at 7:11 y and was more mature at 9:2 y. In the more visually impaired patient, FJ, a consistent increase in ICoh to visual stimuli could not be obtained, possibly because of the later occurrence of the lesion.},
	Author = {Knyazeva, M. G. and Maeder, P. and Kiper, D. C. and Deonna, T. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Journal = {Neural Plast},
	Keywords = {Form Perception;Human;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Photic Stimulation;comment;Recovery of Function;Neuronal Plasticity;Age of Onset;Female;Child;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Vision;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Cortex;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Medline = {22346600},
	Nlm_Id = {100883417},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {27-40},
	Pubmed = {12458787},
	Title = {Vision after early-onset lesions of the occipital cortex: II. Physiological studies},
	Uuid = {A872AB69-A67E-413A-9285-9D2207952BC5},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2002}}


@article{Kobayashi:2006,
	Abstract = {Grey matter heterotopia are commonly associated with refractory epilepsy. Depth electrodes recordings have shown that epileptiform activity can be generated within these lesions, and also at a distance in the neocortex. Heterotopia seem to be part of a more complex circuitry involving also the surrounding and distant cerebral cortex. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) changes to interictal spikes using continuous EEG and functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) can help to understand non-invasively the mechanisms of epileptogenicity in these patients. We studied 14 patients with epilepsy and heterotopia using simultaneous recording of EEG-fMRI. EEG was continuously acquired from inside the scanner during 2 h sessions. Epileptic spikes were visually identified in the filtered EEG and each type of spike determined one EEG-fMRI study. We looked at positive (activation) and negative (deactivation) changes in the BOLD signal. Eleven patients had nodular heterotopia and three band heterotopia. Four patients had more than one type of spikes, with a total of 26 EEG-fMRI studies. We excluded three with less than three spikes, and therefore a total of 23 studies (12 with nodular and 11 with band heterotopia) were analysed. Nodular heterotopia: Activation was present in nine studies, with involvement of the heterotopia or surrounding cortex in six, three of which had concomitant distant activation. Deactivation was also observed in nine studies, with involvement of the heterotopia and surrounding cortex in four, three of which had concomitant distant deactivation. Band heterotopia: Activation was present in all 11 studies, and always involved the heterotopia and surrounding cortex, 9 of which had concomitant distant activation. Deactivation was also observed in all 11 studies, with involvement of both the heterotopia and surrounding cortex, in addition to distant deactivation in 5 studies. EEG-fMRI studies reveal, non-invasively, metabolic responses in the heterotopia despite the fact that spikes are generated in the neocortex. The responses, activation or deactivation, had different correlation with the lesion and surrounding or distant cortex, activation reflecting intense neuronal activity, or excitation, and deactivation a possible distant (extra-lesional) inhibition. EEG-fMRI may become a useful tool to understand the epileptogenicity of such malformations.},
	Author = {Kobayashi, Eliane and Bagshaw, Andrew P. and Grova, Christophe and Gotman, Jean and Dubeau, Fran\c{c}ois},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1460-2156},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Female;Choristoma;Male;Humans;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Number = {Pt 2},
	Organization = {Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. eliane.kobayashi\@mail.mcgill.ca},
	Pages = {366-74},
	Pii = {awh710},
	Pubmed = {16339793},
	Title = {Grey matter heterotopia: what EEG-fMRI can tell us about epileptogenicity of neuronal migration disorders},
	Uuid = {8AA1B7E4-ECBD-41E8-8B83-C3C065FE28DD},
	Volume = {129},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Kobayashi_Brain2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh710}}


@article{Koester:1992,
	Abstract = {We demonstrate in rat neocortex that the distinct laminar arrangements of the apical dendrites of two classes of layer 5 projection neurons, callosal and corticotectal, do not arise de novo, but are generated later in development from a common tall pyramidal morphology. Neurons of each class initially elaborate an apical dendrite in layer 1. Layer 5 callosal neurons later lose the segments of their apical dendrite superficial to layer 4, generating their characteristic short pyramidal morphology. The apical dendrite of layer 5 callosal neurons later lose the segments of their apical dendrite superficial to layer 4, generating their characteristic short pyramidal morphology. The apical dendrite of layer 5 callosal neurons is actively eliminated, rather than passively displaced, as superficial cortical layers expand. Corticotectal neurons and callosal neurons superficial to layer 5 maintain their apical dendrite to layer 1. Therefore, this selective dendritic loss occurs in a neuron class-specific manner and, within the callosal population, in a lamina-specific manner. Based on our additional observations and other studies, this phenomenon can be extended to other types of cortical projection neurons. These findings show that selective dendritic elimination plays a major role in shaping the functional architecture characteristic of the adult cortex.},
	Author = {Koester, S. E. and O'Leary, D. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Embryo and Fetal Development;10 Development;Dendrites;Neuronal Plasticity;10 Spiny stellate;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;10 Structural plasticity;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Beta},
	Medline = {92211398},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.},
	Pages = {1382-93},
	Pubmed = {1556599},
	Title = {Functional classes of cortical projection neurons develop dendritic distinctions by class-specific sculpting of an early common pattern},
	Uuid = {3A581CF5-00AF-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Koester_JNeurosci1992.pdf}}























@article{Kole:2008,
	Abstract = {The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region in neurons where action potentials are initiated. It is commonly assumed that this process requires a high density of voltage-gated sodium (Na(+)) channels. Paradoxically, the results of patch-clamp studies suggest that the Na(+) channel density at the AIS is similar to that at the soma and proximal dendrites. Here we provide data obtained by antibody staining, whole-cell voltage-clamp and Na(+) imaging, together with modeling, which indicate that the Na(+) channel density at the AIS of cortical pyramidal neurons is approximately 50 times that in the proximal dendrites. Anchoring of Na(+) channels to the cytoskeleton can explain this discrepancy, as disruption of the actin cytoskeleton increased the Na(+) current measured in patches from the AIS. Computational models required a high Na(+) channel density ( approximately 2,500 pS mum(-2)) at the AIS to account for observations on action potential generation and backpropagation. In conclusion, action potential generation requires a high Na(+) channel density at the AIS, which is maintained by tight anchoring to the actin cytoskeleton.},
	Author = {Kole, Maarten H. P. and Ilschner, Susanne U. and Kampa, Bj{\"o}rn M. and Williams, Stephen R. and Ruben, Peter C. and Stuart, Greg J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Garran Road, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.},
	Pages = {178-86},
	Pii = {nn2040},
	Pubmed = {18204443},
	Title = {Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segment},
	Uuid = {88E60543-0419-4F29-B068-20AD3941DF52},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2040}}


@article{Komai:2006,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience is necessary for normal cortical development. This has been shown by sensory deprivation and pharmacological perturbation of the cortex. Because these manipulations affect the cortical network as a whole, the role of postsynaptic cellular properties during experience-dependent development is unclear. Here we addressed the developmental role of somatodendritic excitability, which enables postsynaptic spike timing-dependent forms of plasticity, in rat somatosensory cortex. We used short interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of Na+ channels to suppress the somatodendritic excitability of small numbers of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the barrel cortex, without altering the ascending sensory pathway. In vivo recordings from siRNA-expressing cells revealed that this manipulation interfered with the normal developmental strengthening of sensory responses. The sensory responsiveness of neighboring cortical neurons was unchanged, indicating that the cortical network was unchanged. We conclude that somatodendritic excitability of the postsynaptic neuron is needed for the regulation of synaptic strength in the developing sensory cortex.},
	Author = {Komai, Shoji and Licznerski, Pawel and Cetin, Ali and Waters, Jack and Denk, Winfried and Brecht, Michael and Osten, Pavel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Rats;Sodium Channels;Microscopy, Confocal;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Lentivirus;Sensory Deprivation;RNA Interference;Rats, Wistar;Pyramidal Cells;Green Fluorescent Proteins;RNA, Small Interfering;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;DNA, Recombinant;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Biomedical Optics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {1125-33},
	Pii = {nn1752},
	Pubmed = {16921372},
	Title = {Postsynaptic excitability is necessary for strengthening of cortical sensory responses during experience-dependent development},
	Uuid = {F78B5867-D7E5-48F0-9277-940E06E290A5},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1752}}





@article{Kondo:2000,
	Abstract = {During animal development, cells become progressively more restricted in the cell types to which they can give rise. In the central nervous system (CNS), for example, multipotential stem cells produce various kinds of specified precursors that divide a limited number of times before they terminally differentiate into either neurons or glial cells. We show here that certain extracellular signals can induce oligodendrocyte precursor cells to revert to multipotential neural stem cells, which can self-renew and give rise to neurons and astrocytes, as well as to oligodendrocytes. Thus, these precursor cells have greater developmental potential than previously thought.},
	Author = {Kondo, T. and Raff, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology;Culture Media, Serum-Free;BB;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Isoenzymes/biosynthesis/genetics;*Cell Differentiation;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology;Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology;Neurons/chemistry/*cytology;Animal;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Astrocytes/chemistry/*cytology;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis;Oligodendroglia/chemistry/*cytology;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Glutamate Decarboxylase/biosynthesis/genetics;Neurofilament Proteins/analysis/biosynthesis;Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology;Animals, Newborn;Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology;Cell Culture;Galactosylceramides/analysis;Culture Media;Optic Nerve/cytology;Blood},
	Number = {5485},
	Organization = {Medical Research Council Developmental Neurobiology Programme, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. t.kondo\@ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {1754-7.},
	Title = {Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells},
	Uuid = {AB3E29F3-954B-4EC7-835A-ACBC4DAC0CE7},
	Volume = {289},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10976069}}


@article{Konur:2005,
	Abstract = {Dendrites serve a critical role in neuronal information processing as sites of synaptic integration. The morphological diversity of dendritic architecture reflects specialized strategies that neurons have evolved to detect and process incoming information. Recent observations suggest that calcium signals exert an important influence on neuronal morphology by regulating the growth and branching of dendrites and the formation of dendritic spines. Calcium signals appear to influence branch dynamics by affecting the cytoskeleton near the site of calcium entry, whereas calcium-dependent dendritic growth involves activation of a transcriptional program.},
	Author = {Konur, Sila and Ghosh, Anirvan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.},
	Pages = {401-5},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00358-2},
	Pubmed = {15882639},
	Title = {Calcium signaling and the control of dendritic development},
	Uuid = {FCC30B04-DDF8-4B7B-ABE2-204584CCA767},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Konur_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.022}}




@article{Koppel:1983,
	Abstract = {The main tract of interhemispheric connections, the corpus callosum, is now suspected to contain more axons at birth than in adulthood. This notion is based on results obtained with retrograde pathway tracing techniques, but this indirect approach has several shortcomings. Since the elimination of projections during development now seems to be a general phenomenon, probably a crucial one in the establishment of connections, we have examined the development of the corpus callosum using quantitative electron microscopy. An average of 70\%of the callosal axons present at birth are eliminated by adulthood in the cat. We have also calculated a new figure of 23 million axons in the adult cat corpus callosum, which is over 4 times greater than the currently accepted figure.},
	Author = {Koppel, H. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0304-3940},
	Journal = {Neurosci Lett},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum;Cats;Microscopy, Electron;Not relevant;11 Glia;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;Axons},
	Medline = {84068804},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7600130},
	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {33-40},
	Pubmed = {6316219},
	Title = {Is there a genuine exuberancy of callosal projections in development? A quantitative electron microscopic study in the cat},
	Uuid = {7FDFAAAC-39AF-4AB3-8DB1-792E0BFCFBBD},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Kornack:1998,
	Abstract = {The evolutionary expansion of neocortical size in mammals is particularly prominent in anthropoid primates (i.e., monkeys, apes, and humans) and reflects an increased number of cortical cells, yet the developmental basis for this increase remains undefined. Cortical cell production depends on the length of the cell-division cycle of progenitor cells during neurogenesis, which previously has been measured only in smaller-brained rodents. To investigate whether cortical expansion in primates reflects modification of cell-cycle kinetics, we determined cell-cycle length during neurogenesis in the proliferative cerebral ventricular zone of fetal rhesus monkeys, by using cumulative S-phase labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Cell-cycle durations in monkeys were as much as 5 times longer than those reported in rodents. Nonetheless, substantially more total rounds of cell division elapsed during the prolonged neurogenetic period of the monkey cortex, providing a basis for increased cell production. Moreover, unlike the progressive slowing that occurs during cortical development in rodents, cell division accelerated during neurogenesis of the enlarged cortical layers in monkeys. These findings suggest that evolutionary modification of the duration and number of progenitor cell divisions contributed to both the expansion and laminar elaboration of the primate neocortex. 0027-8424 Journal Article},
	Author = {Kornack, D. R. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {*Cell Cycle;Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacokinetics;S Phase;Neocortex/*cytology/embryology/metabolism;Female;Macaca mulatta;Cell Division;Pregnancy;N;DNA Replication;Animals;Mice;Male;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. kornack\@biomed.med.yale.edu},
	Pages = {1242-6},
	Pubmed = {9448316},
	Title = {Changes in cell-cycle kinetics during the development and evolution of primate neocortex},
	Uuid = {70CCAD88-B220-4DDB-8037-4D85D994562D},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9448316}}

@article{Kornack:1999,
	Abstract = {We present evidence for continuous generation of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult macaque monkeys, using immunohistochemical double labeling for bromodeoxyuridine and cell-type-specific markers. We estimate that the relative rate of neurogenesis is approximately 10 times less than that reported in the adult rodent dentate gyrus. Nevertheless, the generation of these three cell types in a discreet brain region suggests that a multipotent neural stem cell may be retained in the adult primate hippocampus. This demonstration of adult neurogenesis in nonhuman Old World primates-with their phylogenetic proximity to humans, long life spans, and elaborate cognitive abilities-establishes the macaque as an unexcelled animal model to experimentally investigate issues of neurogenesis in humans and offers new insights into its significance in the adult brain.},
	Author = {Kornack, D. R. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;Oligodendroglia/metabolism;Neurons/*metabolism;Dentate Gyrus/*growth &development;Immunohistochemistry;Phylogeny;Cercopithecidae/physiology;Macaca/*physiology;Animal;Astrocytes/metabolism;Hippocampus/*growth &development;Evolution;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Bromodeoxyuridine;A-9a},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8001, USA.},
	Pages = {5768-73.},
	Title = {Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey},
	Uuid = {5064D6D4-CCDD-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {96},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10318959%20http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/10/5768}}





@article{Kosaka:2007,
	Abstract = {We analyzed the cellular composition of the juxtaglomerular region in the main olfactory bulb of C57B/6J strain mice, focusing on 1) the compartmental organization of the glomerulus and the presence of type 1 and 2 periglomerular cells, 2) the colocalization relationships among the 4 major chemically identified groups of periglomerular cells, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tyrosine hydroxylase, calretinin and calbindin D28k positive periglomerular cells, and 3) the chemical properties of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive juxtaglomerular cells. We confirmed the compartmental organization of the glomerulus and the presence of both type 1 and 2 periglomerular cells in the mice. Similar to rat periglomerular cells, the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells were type 1 and GAD/GABA-positive. On the other hand, both the calbindin D28k-positive and calretinin-positive cells were type 2 periglomerular cells, but in contrast to those in rats, which are GAD/GABA-negative, all of the calbindin D28k-positive periglomerular cells and 65\%of the calretinin-positive periglomerular cells were GAD/GABA-positive. The GAD/GABA-positive cells thus included both type 1 and type 2 periglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular NOS-positive cells have been proposed as a subgroup of type 1 periglomerular cells that are separate from the calretinin-positive and calbindin D28k-positive cells in rats. However, in the mice, about 70\%of the NOS-positive cells were calretinin-positive, and 50\%of the calretinin-positive cells were NOS-positive. We herein reveal the significant species differences in the chemical properties of periglomerular cells and suggest that the cellular organization of the mouse main olfactory bulb cannot be extrapolated from that of rats.},
	Author = {Kosaka, Katsuko and Kosaka, Toshio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Organization = {School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. kosaka\@shs.kyushu-u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {42-55},
	Pii = {S0006-8993(07)01347-9},
	Pubmed = {17662264},
	Title = {Chemical properties of type 1 and type 2 periglomerular cells in the mouse olfactory bulb are different from those in the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {7ABA0134-33F5-479C-A1DA-95D32E8BBB6F},
	Volume = {1167},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.087}}

@article{Kosaka:1996,
	Abstract = {Synaptic contacts on the granule cell somata as well as on their axon initial segments in the dentate gyrus of one juvenile 5-week-old rat and one adult 12-week-old rat were analyzed in an electron microscopic serial-sectioning study. In the dentate gyrus of the juvenile rat, somata of 17 granule cells were nearly completely reconstructed from a series of 183 serial sections, and the axon initial segments of 15 of these granule cells were traced in various lengths. On the other hand, in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat, somata of 31 granule cells were almost completely reconstructed from a series of 238 serial sections, and the axon initial segments of 23 of these granule cells were traced in various lengths. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical synapses were observed on the somata, whereas almost all synapses on the axon initial segments were of symmetrical type and asymmetrical synapses on the axon initial segments were rather exceptional. Although we confirmed two conclusions from previous random-section studies to some extent, that is, the superficial-to-deep gradient of synaptic densities on granule cell somata and the presence of a substantial number of asymmetrical synapses on granule cell somata (about 23\%of total somatic synapses), the present serial-sectioning study clearly revealed that granule cells vary greatly with regard to the number of synapses on their somata (15-186 in a 5-week-old rat and 9-144 in a 12-week-old rat) and axon initial segments. The granule cells also differed in the proportion of somatic asymmetrical synapses to total synapses they received (0-44\%in a 5-week-old rat and 0-60\%in a 12-week-old rat). The results of the present study indicated that, when a relatively small number of granule cells are analyzed, one should take the heterogeneity of synaptic contacts on granule cells in number and type into consideration.},
	Author = {Kosaka, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Synapses;10 Development;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats;10 Hippocampus;Microscopy, Electron;Dentate Gyrus;Rats, Wistar;Animals;Male;Neurons},
	Medline = {97109112},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.},
	Pages = {237-43},
	Pubmed = {8951392},
	Title = {Synapses in the granule cell layer of the rat dentate gyrus: serial-sectioning study},
	Uuid = {727304DF-1BB8-435E-9ECB-917E46C78439},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Kosaka:1986,
	Abstract = {Structural features of astrocytes in the rat dentate gyrus were studied by means of light and high-voltage electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated materials, conventional electron microscopy, combined Golgi-electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillar acidic protein. Astrocytes in the dentate gyrus were of the protoplasmic type and were classified into six subtypes based on the location of their somata; i.e., astrocytes in the polymorph layer, in the subgranular zone, in the granular cell layer, at the border of the granular cell layer and the molecular layer, in the molecular layer, and subjacent to the pia surface. Stereoscopic observations of 5-micron-thick sections of Golgi-impregnated materials revealed three-dimensional structural details of astroglial processes not apparent in either the light microscope or in conventional thin-section electron microscopy. Most of them were basically thin sheets, varying in shape and size in accordance with their sites. In the granule cell layer, thin veillike sheets or lamellae, originating from three kinds of astrocytes (subtypes 2, 3, and 4), intervened between granule cell somata, whereas in the plexiform and molecular layers small leafletlike appendages originating from astrocytes (subtypes 1, 2, 4, and 5) intermingled with one another, making spongelike conglomerates. Thus astrocytes in the subgranular zone and those at the border of the granule cell layer and the molecular layer showed prominent regional differentiation of their processes among layers. In addition to these sheetlike processes, thin threadlike processes were also common.},
	Author = {Kosaka, T. and Hama, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:25 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats;10 Hippocampus;Microscopy, Electron;Astrocytes;Hippocampus;Immunoenzyme Techniques;Male;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains},
	Medline = {86278976},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {242-60},
	Pubmed = {3525618},
	Title = {Three-dimensional structure of astrocytes in the rat dentate gyrus},
	Uuid = {C99C9F35-18A0-40A1-AB97-192892A7D220},
	Volume = {249},
	Year = {1986},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902490209}}

@article{Kosaka:2001,
	Abstract = {Intraglomerular dendritic tufts of Golgi-impregnated and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-labeled mitral cells in the rat main olfactory bulb were analyzed in detail. In particular, the relationships of BDA- labeled tufts with olfactory nerve (ON) terminals and processes of calbindin D-28K-immunoreactive (CB-IR) cells were investigated with confocal laser-scanning light microscopic (CLSM) and electron microscopic (EM) analyses. CB-IR cells were type 2 periglomerular cells that restricted their processes in the ON-free (non-ON) zone of the glomerulus and received few synapses from ON terminals. The mitral tufts varied in complexity, but individual branches were rather simple, smooth processes that bore some branchlets and spines and extended more or less in a straight line or a gentle curve rather than winding tortuously within glomeruli as though they did not consider the compartmental organization, which consisted of ON and non-ON zones that interdigitated in a complex manner with one another. Conventional EM analysis revealed that both thin and thick, presumed proximal branches of mitral/tufted cell dendritic tufts received asymmetrical synapses from ON terminals. Correlated CLSM-EM analysis confirmed direct contacts between the BDA- and CB-labeled processes detected in the CLSM examinations, and synapses were recognized at some of those sites. Furthermore, ON terminals and CB-IR processes were distributed on both proximal and distal dendritic branches in a more or less mosaic pattern. These findings revealed that, on the mitral dendritic tufts, ON terminals and processes of type 2 periglomerular neurons were not clearly segregated proximodistally but, rather, were arranged in a mosaic pattern, which may be important in fine tuning the output from individual glomeruli.},
	Author = {Kosaka, K. and Aika, Y. and Toida, K. and Kosaka, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*metabolism;Olfactory Nerve/*physiology;Fluorescent Dyes;Axons/physiology;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology;Rats;Dextrans;Microscopy, Confocal;Neurons/classification/*physiology/*ultrastructure;Animal;Rats, Wistar;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Biotin/*analogs &derivatives;Dendrites/*physiology/*ultrastructure;I pdf;Microscopy, Electron;Nerve Endings/physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. kosaka\@shs.kyushu- u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {219-35.},
	Title = {Structure of intraglomerular dendritic tufts of mitral cells and their contacts with olfactory nerve terminals and calbindin-immunoreactive type 2 periglomerular neurons},
	Uuid = {D0208EFE-DE5B-4800-A729-E10DFAF23396},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Kosaka_JCompNeurol2001}}

@article{Kosaka:1995,
	Abstract = {Chemically-defined neuron groups and their subpopulations in the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb were revealed immunocytochemically using antibodies against gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), methionin-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), calretinin (CR), calbindin-D28K (calbindin) and thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH). GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA-LIR) neurons and CR immunoreactive (CR-IR) neurons were most numerous; they were about 1.5-3 times more numerous than calbindin immunoreactive (calbindin-IR), TH immunoreactive (TH-IR), ENK-like immunoreactive (ENK- LIR) and THR-like immunoreactive (TRH-LIR) neurons. We identified at least three distinct chemically-defined neuron groups, GABA-LIR neurons, CR containing neurons and calbindin containing neurons, since these three neuron groups were almost separate from one another. On the other hand, TH-IR and ENK-LIR neurons were nearly included in and thus considered to be subpopulations of GABA-LIR and CR-IR neurons, respectively, for about 80\%of these two neuron groups contained GABA-L and CR immunoreactivities, respectively. TRH-LIR neurons appeared to be divided into two subpopulations, one containing the GABA-L immunoreactivity and the other containing the CR immunoreactivity. Thus in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb, GABA-LIR, CR-IR and calbindin-IR cells could be considered to be three distinct chemically- defined neuron groups, whereas TH-IR, TRH-LIR and ENK-LIR neurons were regarded as their subpopulations. Furthermore, some neurons groups, whereas TH-IR, TRH-LIR and ENK-LIR neurons were regarded as their subpopulations. Furthermore, some neurons are supposed to contain three substances (e.g. GABA + TH + TRH, GABA + TRH + EnK, CR + TRH + ENK, GABA + TRH + CR) or a few might even contain four substances (e.g. GABA + TRH + CR + ENK). Preliminary quantitative analysis using the optical disector method showed percentages of these three main neuron groups to total cells in the glomerular layer; that is, neuron groups containing GABA, CR and calbindin were about 20\%, 20\%and 10\%, respectively.},
	Author = {Kosaka, K. and Aika, Y. and Toida, K. and Heizmann, C. W. and Hunziker, W. and Jacobowitz, D. M. and Nagatsu, I. and Streit, P. and Visser, T. J. and Kosaka, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/immunology;Antibodies/*immunology;GABA/immunology;Immunohistochemistry;Rats;Protirelin/immunology;Rats, Wistar;Cell Count;Animal;Neurons/*classification/*immunology;Olfactory Bulb/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Male;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;I both},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.},
	Pages = {73-88.},
	Title = {Chemically defined neuron groups and their subpopulations in the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {AFA26055-926D-4D57-8FD9-6A1CBAB62C24},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes1995.pdf}}

@article{Kosaka:1998,
	Abstract = {Recent progress in the studies of the olfactory system, especially in the molecular biological studies, makes it one of the useful sensory model systems for understanding neural mechanisms for the information processing. In the olfactory bulb, the primary center of the olfactory system, glomeruli are regarded as important functional units in the transmission of odorant signals and in processing the olfactory information, but have been believed to be composed by only a small number of neuronal types and thus to be simple in their neuronal and synaptic organization. However, accumulating morphological data reveal that each type of neurons might further consist of several different subpopulations, indicating that the organization of glomeruli might not be so simple as it was believed. Here we describe an aspect of the structural organization of glomeruli, focusing on the heterogeneities of periglomerular neurons in mammalian main olfactory bulb.},
	Author = {Kosaka, K. and Toida, K. and Aika, Y. and Kosaka, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*cytology/*physiology;I;Neuropeptides/analysis;Mammals;Animal;Olfactory Bulb/*anatomy &histology/cytology/*physiology;Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. katsuko\@a3rd.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp},
	Pages = {101-10.},
	Title = {How simple is the organization of the olfactory glomerulus?: the heterogeneity of so-called periglomerular cells},
	Uuid = {ED88B049-5A76-4FE3-9695-C993E0D08179},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9579643}}

@article{Kosaka:2004,
	Abstract = {In the mouse main olfactory bulb (MOB) gap junction-forming processes in glomeruli were analyzed by means of the serial electron microscopical reconstruction. Gap junctions were encountered between diverse types of dendritic processes and thus confirming our previous study on gap junctions in the rat MOB. Importantly, among more than 30 gap junctions examined in serial sections, we encountered 3 gap junctions made between mitral/tufted cell dendrites in the glomerulus. Then we must consider both direct coupling between mitral/tufted cells via gap junctions and indirect coupling between mitral/tufted cells via intervening interneuronal processes as suggested previously. 0168-0102 Journal Article},
	Author = {Kosaka, T. and Kosaka, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {I pdf;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.},
	Pages = {373-8},
	Title = {Neuronal gap junctions between intraglomerular mitral/tufted cell dendrites in the mouse main olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {AAA97934-5365-4DED-9384-A371DA8DCEB5},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes2004.pdf}}

@article{Kosaka:2006,
	Abstract = {The distribution and structural features of nitric acid synthase (NOS) containing intrinsic neurons were studied in the mouse main olfactory bulb (MOB). NOS positive neurons were heterogeneous, including some subpopulations of periglomerular cells, granule cells, interneurons in the external plexiform layer, superficial and deep short-axon cells and stellate cells. NOS positive periglomerular cells were frequently calretinin immunoreactive and, although rarely, calbindin positive. Importantly, some middle and external tufted cells were also confirmed to be NOS positive, some of which were also cholecystokinin (CCK) positive. Retrograde tracer experiments showed that some NOS positive tufted cells, which were also CCK positive, constitute the intrabulbar association system and the projection system to the olfactory tubercle. In addition, another particular subpopulation of NOS positive neurons with no or little CCK immunoreactivity appeared to project to areas covering the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, claustrum and insular cortex. Furthermore, diverse types of neurons other than mitral/tufted cells were also suggested to be projection neurons of the MOB. The present study revealed the diversity of NOS positive neurons in the mouse MOB and further revealed that they were different from those reported previously in the rat MOB in structural and chemical properties.},
	Author = {Kosaka, and Kosaka,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.},
	Pii = {S0168-0102(06)00277-X},
	Pubmed = {17134781},
	Title = {Heterogeneity of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the mouse main olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {E55F435C-7671-407D-8FBB-3D4902AC8516},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.10.005}}

@article{Kosaka:1997,
	Abstract = {In the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb, we previously reported three chemically defined interneuron groups: GABA-like immunoreactive, calretinin-immunoreactive and Calbindin-D28k- immunoreactive groups [Kosaka K. et al. (1995) Neurosci. Res. 23, 73- 88]. In the present study, we analysed the structural features of these three neuron groups using confocal laser scanning light microscopy, focusing on their dendritic arborization pattern, especially on their close apposition to olfactory receptor terminals labeled by olfactory marker protein. Each glomerulus consisted of two zones, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The former was mainly occupied by olfactory nerve preterminals and terminals as well as their targets, postsynaptic fine dendritic portions of intrinsic neurons. The latter non-olfactory nerve zone was occupied mainly by olfactory marker protein-negative profiles. Processes of GABAergic neurons and those of one of their subpopulations, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons, were numerous both in the olfactory nerve and non-olfactory nerve zones, resulting in their frequent close apposition to olfactory marker protein-immunoreactive elements. Combined confocal laser scanning light microscopic electron microscopic examination revealed synaptic contacts from olfactory nerve terminals on tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes at these sites of close apposition. In contrast, calretinin-immunoreactive and Calbindin-D28k- immunoreactive processes, particularly Calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive ones, were distributed almost exclusively in the non-olfactory nerve zone, as if they avoided the olfactory nerve zone, showing a net or honeycomb pattern. Thus, calretinin-immunoreactive and Calbindin-D28k- immunoreactive processes were not or very rarely closely apposed to olfactory nerve terminals. These findings suggested that there might be some differences among chemically defined interneuronal groups in their synaptic contacts from olfactory nerves. Further quantitative image analysis clearly exhibited the prominent differences among these neuron groups in their intraglomerular dendritic arborization in relation with the olfactory nerve zone, i.e. the percentages of the area in the olfactory nerve zone occupied by GABAergic and tyrosine hydroxylase- immunoreactive processes were about 10\%, respectively, whereas those of calretinin-immunoreactive and Calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive processes were only about 1\%and 0.3\%, respectively. These findings suggested that so-called periglomerular cells in glomeruli might be heterogeneous not only in their chemical nature, but also in their dendritic arborization pattern and synaptic contacts from olfactory nerve terminals.},
	Author = {Kosaka, K. and Toida, K. and Margolis, F. L. and Kosaka, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;I;Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Neurons/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure;Microscopy, Electron, Scanning;Rats, Wistar;Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure;Animal;Dendrites/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Male;Olfactory Nerve/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.},
	Pages = {775-86.},
	Title = {Chemically defined neuron groups and their subpopulations in the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb--II. Prominent differences in the intraglomerular dendritic arborization and their relationship to olfactory nerve terminals},
	Uuid = {AF344FC4-0EEB-480D-9476-716D07A63043},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9135050}}

@article{Kothare:1998,
	Abstract = {The association between gray matter heterotopias and seizures is well established; whether seizures originate from these lesions is not known. We evaluated three patients with intractable complex partial seizures and periventricular nodular heterotopias (PNHs) with video-EEG monitoring with multiple depth electrodes, including placement in the PNH, to determine whether seizures originate from the PNH. In two of the three patients, all seizures arose from the PNH as low-voltage beta activity. In the third patient, 80\%arose from the hippocampi and 20\%from the heterotopia. PNHs may serve as an epileptogenic focus in patients with intractable epilepsy.},
	Author = {Kothare, S. V. and VanLandingham, K. and Armon, C. and Luther, J. S. and Friedman, A. and Radtke, R. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {Brain Diseases;10 Development;Electroencephalography;Adult;Epilepsy, Complex Partial;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Female;Hippocampus;Electrodes;Choristoma;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Ventricles;Humans;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {1723-7},
	Pubmed = {9855532},
	Title = {Seizure onset from periventricular nodular heterotopias: depth-electrode study},
	Uuid = {BA907C55-EFB6-4AE5-BBD4-5DBFB72F6F8F},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Koulakov:2004,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: We examine results of gain-of-function experiments on retinocollicular maps in knock-in mice [Brown et al. (2000) Cell 102:77]. In wild-type mice the temporal-nasal axis of retina is mapped to the rostral-caudal axis of superior colliculus. The established map is single-valued, which implies that each point in retina maps to a unique termination zone in superior colliculus. In homozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-in mice the map is double-valued, which means that each point on retina maps to two termination zones in superior colliculus. This is because about 50 percent of cells in retina express Isl2, and two types of projections, wild-type and Isl2/EphA3 positive, form two branches of the map. In heterozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-ins the map is intermediate between the homozygous and wild-type: it is single-valued in temporal and double-valued in the nasal parts of retina. In this study we address possible reasons for such a bifurcation of the map. RESULTS: We study the map formation using stochastic model based on Markov chains. In our model the map undergoes a series of reconstructions with probabilities dependent upon a set of chemical cues. Our model suggests that the map in heterozygotes is single-valued in temporal region of retina for two reasons. First, the inhomogeneous gradient of endogenous receptor in retina makes the impact of exogenous receptor less significant in temporal retina. Second, the gradient of ephrin in the corresponding region of superior colliculus is smaller, which reduces the chemical signal-to-noise ratio. We predict that if gradient of ephrin is reduced by a genetic manipulation, the single-valued region of the map should extend to a larger portion of temporal retina, i.e. the point of transition between single-and double-valued maps should move to a more nasal position in Isl2-EphA3 heterozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: We present a theoretical model for retinocollicular map development, which can account for intriguing behaviors observed in gain-of-function experiments by Brown et al., including bifurcation in heterozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-ins. The model is based on known chemical labels, axonal repulsion/competition, and stochasticity. Possible mapping in Isl2/EphB knock-ins is also discussed.},
	Author = {Koulakov, Alexei A. and Tsigankov, Dmitry N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-2202},
	Journal = {BMC Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Stochastic Processes;10 Development;Heterozygote;Animals;Transcription Factors;Retina;Ephrins;Superior Colliculi;Markov Chains;Homeodomain Proteins;Axons;Receptor, EphA3;Mice, Transgenic;Ephrin-B2;10 circuit formation;Homozygote;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ephrin-B3;Models, Neurological;Ligands;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {100966986},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA. akula\@cshl.edu},
	Pages = {30},
	Pii = {1471-2202-5-30},
	Pubmed = {15339341},
	Title = {A stochastic model for retinocollicular map development},
	Uuid = {D5B1F724-1B67-4AE5-90DD-7E5827B4F004},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Koulakov_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-30}}




@article{Kohr:1991,
	Abstract = {Nerve cells that lack the cytoplasmic Ca2+ binding protein Calbindin-D28K (CaBP) appear to be selectively vulnerable to Ca(2+)-related injury consistent with a postulated intraneuronal Ca(2+)-buffering role of CaBP. We have confirmed the selective loss of CaBP from the dentate gyrus during kindling-induced epilepsy in acutely dissociated granule cells (GCs) from kindled rats. Immunohistochemically stained kindled neurons showed a significant loss of CaBP when compared to controls (p less than 0.001; ANOVA). The Ca(2+)-buffering role of CaBP was assessed in acutely dissociated control and kindled GCs by examining a physiological process highly sensitive to intracellular Ca(2+)-buffering: the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of high-voltage activated (HVA or L-type) Ca2+ currents in the absence (or presence) of exogenous Ca(2+)-chelators. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings in kindled GCs demonstrated a markedly enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of Ca(2+)-currents. After brief conditioning Ca2+ currents, in the absence of an exogenous intraneuronal Ca(2+)-chelator, subsequent test Ca2+ currents were inactivated by 58.3\%in kindled GCs, a significant increase from the 37.4\%inactivation observed in control GCs (p less than 0.005; ANOVA). The differential Ca2+ current decay and Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation were prevented in both control and kindled GCs upon loading the neurons with the exogenous Ca(2+)-chelator BAPTA. These experiments demonstrate a high correlation between the loss of CaBP and changes in Ca2+ current inactivation and are consistent with the hypothesis that CaBP contributes to the physiological Ca(2+)-buffering in mammalian neurons.},
	Author = {K{\"o}hr, G. and Lambert, C. E. and Mody, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;10 Development;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Hippocampus;10 Hippocampus;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Calcium Channels;In Vitro;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Kindling (Neurology);Egtazic Acid;Animals;Male;Rats, Inbred Strains;Neurons},
	Medline = {92008423},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305.},
	Pages = {543-51},
	Pubmed = {1655508},
	Title = {Calbindin-D28K (CaBP) levels and calcium currents in acutely dissociated epileptic neurons},
	Uuid = {F84C899D-B7B4-41E2-ADAF-CB95A71E05E4},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {1991}}


@article{Kraemer:2001,
	Abstract = {Cortical migration disorders are a major cause for intractable epilepsy syndromes. High resolution MRI and PET are increasingly capable to identify cortical dysgenesis. In this study we used the rat freeze lesion model to investigate cortical morphological and functional changes in adult rats after induction of a cortical freeze lesion at postnatal day (p) 0. Autoradiographic measurements of basic cortical [14C]deoxyglucose metabolism showed a significant reduction up to 1 mm lateral to the lesion but no remote changes. Electrophysiological in vitro recordings revealed a significant reduction in the amplitude of stimulus-evoked field potential responses recorded lateral to the lesion as compared to medial recording sites. Our data provide further evidence that spatially restricted developmental alterations of cortical morphology cause functional changes in surrounding and histologically normal areas that need to be considered for a better understanding of the resulting pathophysiology.},
	Author = {Kraemer, M. and Roth-Haerer, A. and Bruehl, C. and Luhmann, H. J. and Witte, O. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4965},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Denervation;Epilepsy;Cell Movement;Rats, Wistar;Glucose;Deoxyglucose;Organ Culture Techniques;Disease Models, Animal;Carbon Radioisotopes;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;Nervous System Malformations;21 Neurophysiology;Freezing;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21329654},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9100935},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t, Moorenstr.5, D-40225 D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {2001-6},
	Pubmed = {11435937},
	Title = {Metabolic and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of neocortical neuronal migration disorder},
	Uuid = {34011F5B-E90D-4262-9EC7-4665FFED593C},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2001}}







@article{Krishna-K:2008,
	Abstract = {Cadherins are superfamily of Ca(2+)-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins with more than 100 members. They play a role in a wide variety of developmental mechanisms, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell-cell recognition, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. We cloned 16 novel members of the classic cadherin and delta-protocadherin subgroups from ferret brain. Their expression patterns were investigated by in situ hybridization in the developing primary visual cortex (V1) of the ferret. Fifteen out of the 16 cadherins are expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted fashion throughout development. Each layer of V1 can be characterized by the combinatorial expression of a subset of cadherins at any given developmental stage. A few cadherins are expressed by subsets of neurons in specific layers or by neurons dispersed throughout all cortical layers. Generally, the expression of protocadherins is more widespread, whereas that of classic cadherins is more restricted to specific layers. At the V1/V2 boundary, changes in layer-specific cadherin expression are observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues for layer formation in ferret V1. The persistence of expression in the adult suggests a functional role also in the mature cortex.},
	Author = {Krishna-K and Nuernberger, and Weth, and Redies,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1460-2199},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Organization = {Institute of Anatomy I.},
	Pii = {bhn090},
	Pubmed = {18534988},
	Title = {Layer-Specific Expression of Multiple Cadherins in the Developing Visual Cortex (V1) of the Ferret},
	Uuid = {BD38DECA-BD3B-4ED2-B6CC-D16BC14AB947},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Krishna-K_CerebCortex2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn090}}





@article{Krubitzer:1995,
	Abstract = {The present investigation was designed to determine the number and internal organization of somatosensory fields in monotremes. Microelectrode mapping methods were used in conjunction with cytochrome oxidase and myelin staining to reveal subdivisions and topography of somatosensory cortex in the platypus and the short-billed echidna. The neocortices of both monotremes were found to contain four representations of the body surface. A large area that contained neurons predominantly responsive to cutaneous stimulation of the contralateral body surface was identified as the primary somatosensory area (SI). Although the overall organization of SI was similar in both mammals, the platypus had a relatively larger representation of the bill. Furthermore, some of the neurons in the bill representation of SI were also responsive to low amplitude electrical stimulation. These neurons were spatially segregated from neurons responsive to pure mechanosensory stimulation. Another somatosensory field (R) was identified immediately rostral to SI. The topographic organization of R was similar to that found in SI; however, neurons in R responded most often to light pressure and taps to peripheral body parts. Neurons in cortex rostral to R were responsive to manipulation of joints and hard taps to the body. We termed this field the manipulation field (M). The mediolateral sequence of representation in M was similar to that of both SI and R, but was topographically less precise. Another somatosensory field, caudal to SI, was adjacent to SI laterally at the representation of the face, but medially was separated from SI by auditory cortex. Its position relative to SI and auditory cortex, and its topographic organization led us to hypothesize that this caudal field may be homologous to the parietal ventral area (PV) as described in other mammals. The evidence for the existence of four separate representations in somatosensory cortex in the two species of monotremes indicates that cortical organization is more complex in these mammals than was previously thought. Because the two monotreme families have been separate for at least 55 million years (Richardson, B.J. [1987] Aust. Mammal. 11:71-73), the present results suggest either that the original differentiation of fields occurred very early in mammalian evolution or that the potential for differentiation of somatosensory cortex into multiple fields is highly constrained in evolution, so that both species arrived at the same solution independently. 0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Krubitzer, L. and Manger, P. and Pettigrew, J. and Calford, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;19 Neocortical evolution;Parietal Lobe/anatomy &histology/physiology;Visual Cortex/anatomy &histology/physiology;Physical Stimulation;Models, Neurological;Auditory Cortex/anatomy &histology/physiology;Platypus/*anatomy &histology;N;Echidna/*anatomy &histology;Animals;Somatosensory Cortex/*anatomy &histology/physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Microelectrodes;Receptors, Sensory/physiology},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Australia.},
	Pages = {261-306},
	Pubmed = {7699113},
	Title = {Organization of somatosensory cortex in monotremes: in search of the prototypical plan},
	Uuid = {EB3AF88F-11EA-4FD7-87B7-37B3E7BBF547},
	Volume = {351},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7699113}}


@article{Kruger:1996,
	Abstract = {Cortical spreading depression (SD) represents a pathophysiological signal that has been associated with the induction of migraine and ischaemic brain damage. The properties of repetitive SDs and their effects on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission were analysed in neocortical slices obtained from adult rats. The SD showed only small variations in amplitude, duration and integral when elicited four times at intervals of 30 min. Extracellularly recorded paired pulse inhibition was, however, significantly reduced by approximately 10\%with each SD episode. Since excitatory synaptic transmission was unaffected, our data indicate that repetitive SD causes a selective reduction of intracortical inhibition.},
	Author = {Kr{\"u}ger, H. and Luhmann, H. J. and Heinemann, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4965},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Synaptic Transmission;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Spreading Cortical Depression;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {97135920},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9100935},
	Number = {15-17},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology at the Charit{\'e}, Department of Neurophysiology, Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {2733-6},
	Pubmed = {8981457},
	Title = {Repetitive spreading depression causes selective suppression of GABAergic function},
	Uuid = {0D57891A-748F-40ED-9F83-B7376F167355},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1996}}







@article{Kumar:2001,
	Abstract = {Despite the major role of excitatory cortico-cortical connections in mediating neocortical activities, little is known about these synapses at the cellular level. Here we have characterized the synaptic properties of long-range excitatory-to-excitatory contacts between visually identified layer V pyramidal neurons of agranular frontal cortex in callosally connected neocortical slices from postnatal day 13 to 21 (P13-21) rats. Midline stimulation of the corpus callosum with a minimal stimulation paradigm evoked inward excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) with an averaged peak amplitude of 56.5 +/- 5 pA under conditions of whole cell voltage clamp at -70 mV. EPSCs had fixed latencies from stimulus onset and could follow stimulus trains (1-20 Hz) without changes in kinetic properties. Bath application of 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) abolished these responses completely, indicating that they were mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs). Evoked responses were isolated in picrotoxin to yield purely excitatory PSCs, and a low concentration of NBQX (0.1 microM) was used to partially block AMPARs and prevent epileptiform activity in the tissue. Depolarization of the recorded pyramidal neurons revealed a late, slowly decaying component that reversed at approximately 0 mV and was blocked by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. Thus AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) coexist at callosal synapses and are likely to be activated monosynaptically. The peak amplitudes and decay time constants for EPSCs evoked using minimal stimulation (+/-40 mV) were similar to spontaneously occurring sEPSCs. Typical conductances associated with AMPA and NMDAR-mediated components, deduced from their respective current-voltage (I-V) relationships, were 525 +/- 168 and 966 +/- 281 pS, respectively. AMPAR-mediated responses showed age-dependent changes in the rectification properties of their I-V relationships. While I-Vs from animals >P15 were linear, those in the younger (<P16) age group were inwardly rectifying. Although Ca2+ permeability in AMPARs can be correlated with inward rectification, outside-out somatic patches from younger animals were characterized by Ca2+-impermeable receptors, suggesting that somatic receptors might be functionally different from those located at synapses. While the biophysical properties of AMPAR components of callosally-evoked EPSCs were similar to those evoked by stimulation of local excitatory connections, the NMDA component displayed input-specific differences. NMDAR-mediated responses for local inputs were activated at more hyperpolarized holding potentials in contrast with those evoked by callosal stimulation. Paired stimuli used to assay presynaptic release properties showed paired-pulse depression (PPD) in animals <P16, which converted to facilitation (PPF) in older animals, suggesting a developmental transition from low probability of transmitter release to high P(r) at these synapses and/or alterations in the properties of the underlying postsynaptic receptors. Physiologic properties of neocortical e-e connections are thus input specific and subject to developmental changes in their postsynaptic receptors.},
	Author = {Kumar, S. S. and Huguenard, J. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;Synapses;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;Animals;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, AMPA;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Corpus Callosum;Nerve Fibers;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {21588432},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5122, USA.},
	Pages = {2973-85},
	Pubmed = {11731554},
	Title = {Properties of excitatory synaptic connections mediated by the corpus callosum in the developing rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {A5BF5915-BCD6-4730-B707-5CCCD368173D},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Kumar_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Kumar:2002,
	Abstract = {AMPA receptors mediate most of the fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and those lacking the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit are Ca(2+)-permeable and expressed in cortical structures primarily by inhibitory interneurons. Here we report that synaptic AMPA receptors of excitatory layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat neocortex are deficient in GluR2 in early development, approximately before postnatal day 16, as evidenced by their inwardly rectifying current-voltage relationship, blockade of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs by external and internal polyamines, permeability to Ca(2+), and GluR2 immunoreactivity. Overall, these results indicate that neocortical pyramidal neurons undergo a developmental switch in the Ca(2+) permeability of their AMPA receptors through an alteration of their subunit composition. This has important implications for plasticity and neurotoxicity. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Kumar, S. S. and Bacci, A. and Kharazia, V. and Huguenard, J. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Neocortex/cytology/growth &development/*metabolism;Rats;Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology;*Protein Subunits;Neuronal Plasticity/physiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Calcium/metabolism;Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Synaptic Transmission/physiology;Synapses/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, AMPA/deficiency/*metabolism;Biogenic Polyamines/metabolism/pharmacology;Aging/metabolism;I pdf;Reaction Time/physiology;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/physiology},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5122, USA.},
	Pages = {3005-15},
	Title = {A developmental switch of AMPA receptor subunits in neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {F683AEB8-CFAF-4F82-A4B1-4693D8EE89DC},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Kumar_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}






@article{Kuriyama:2001,
	Abstract = {GABA and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters in the olfactory bulb. Recently, gephyrin, a receptor-associated peripheral membrane protein, and collybistin, a gephyrin-binding protein have been shown to be pivotal for the formation of postsynaptic glycine and GABA(A) receptor clusters. In this study, we, thus, examined expressions of gephyrin and collybistin mRNAs in the developing olfactory bulb using in situ hybridization. Although collybistin has two splice variants, we found only collybistin 1 isoform mRNA in the developing olfactory bulb. On the first postnatal day (P1), mitral cells abundantly expressed gephyrin and collybistin 1 mRNAs. However, their expressions were weak or not detected in the other regions. On P3, we first detected both transcripts in granule cells. It was on P7 when periglomerular cells first showed hybridization signals for gephyrin and collybistin mRNAs. The sequence of their expressions was well correlated with that of the maturation of individual neurons, suggesting that gephyrin and collybistin 1 mRNA expressions are induced when neurons arrive at their final destinations and ready for synaptogenesis, and that they are indispensable to make efficient inhibitory synapses in the developing rat olfactory bulb.},
	Author = {Kuriyama, K. and Ohno, K. and Shu, F. and Ueki, T. and Sato, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {In Situ Hybridization;Membrane Proteins/*genetics;*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Rats;Rats, Wistar;I pdf;Olfactory Bulb/*embryology/*physiology;RNA, Messenger/analysis;Animal;Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/*genetics;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Carrier Proteins/*genetics;Male;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431-3192 Shizuoka, Japan. kanna\@hama-med.ac.jp},
	Pages = {67-72.},
	Title = {Developmental changes in gephyrin and collybistin mRNA expressions in the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {97AA2889-6EF7-4801-B5E4-5E3D2EC5C297},
	Volume = {131},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Kuriyama_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}}

@article{Kurotani:2008,
	Abstract = {Cortical pyramidal neurons alter their responses to input signals depending on behavioral state. We investigated whether changes in somatic inhibition contribute to these alterations. In layer 5 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex, repetitive firing from a depolarized membrane potential, which typically occurs during arousal, produced long-lasting depression of somatic inhibition. In contrast, slow membrane oscillations with firing in the depolarized phase, which typically occurs during slow-wave sleep, produced long-lasting potentiation. The depression is mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels and GABA(A) receptor endocytosis, whereas potentiation is mediated by R-type Ca2+ channels and receptor exocytosis. It is likely that the direction of modification is mainly dependent on the ratio of R- and L-type Ca2+ channel activation. Furthermore, somatic inhibition was stronger in slices prepared from rats during slow-wave sleep than arousal. This bidirectional modification of somatic inhibition may alter pyramidal neuron responsiveness in accordance with behavioral state.},
	Author = {Kurotani, Tohru and Yamada, Kazumasa and Yoshimura, Yumiko and Crair, Michael C. and Komatsu, Yukio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Pyramidal Cells;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Bicuculline;Dendrites;Spider Venoms;Action Potentials;Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials;Animals, Newborn;Quinoxalines;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. kurotani\@brain.riken.jp},
	Pages = {905-16},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00117-7},
	Pubmed = {18367091},
	Title = {State-dependent bidirectional modification of somatic inhibition in neocortical pyramidal cells},
	Uuid = {711A7853-A42C-487C-BAE9-A2C651D8BF3C},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Kurotani_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.030}}






@article{Kuzniecky:1989,
	Abstract = {The neuronal migration disorders comprise several morphological entities that are recognizable during life using current imaging techniques. We studied 4 patients who had a characteristic bilateral central rolandic and sylvian macrogyria. The patients had pseudobulbar palsy with oromotor incoordination and developmental delay and were mildly retarded. Minor seizures developed between the ages of 8 and 9 years. Subsequently, atonic drop attacks became the predominant epileptic pattern. Epileptogenic electrographic abnormalities were secondary generalized or multifocal. The lesions were detected by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in all patients. Bilateral symmetrical areas of thick cortex surrounding a large sulcus were seen. This syndrome consists of specific clinical, imaging, electroencephalographic, and epileptic features. It can be suspected clinically and confirmed by imaging studies. Callosotomy in two patients helped the intractable seizures.},
	Author = {Kuzniecky, R. and Andermann, F. and Tampieri, D. and Melanson, D. and Olivier, A. and Leppik, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;case reports;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Humans;Seizures;Paralysis;Cerebral Angiography;Brain;Female;Mental Retardation;Tomography, X-Ray Computed;Brain Diseases;Male;10 genetics malformation;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.},
	Pages = {547-54},
	Pubmed = {2500888},
	Title = {Bilateral central macrogyria: epilepsy, pseudobulbar palsy, and mental retardation--a recognizable neuronal migration disorder},
	Uuid = {C94231EF-1970-43C7-9F9C-71D8821CC143},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1989},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250604}}

@article{Kuzniecky:1996,
	Abstract = {This article reviews the pathogenesis and pathology of the most common focal malformations of cortical development in association with epilepsy. The classification of these disorders is reviewed in the context of new developments in the areas of diagnosis and genetics. The major pathological substrates and the possible mechanisms of these malformations are discussed. The possible mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the context of focal malformations are complex and poorly understood at present. Advances in this area promise to enhance our understanding of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy.},
	Author = {Kuzniecky, R. I. and Barkovich, A. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0736-0258},
	Journal = {J Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Frontal Lobe;Infant, Newborn;10 Development;Neuroglia;Adult;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Astrocytes;10 genetics malformation;Humans;Cell Movement;Cerebral Cortex;review;case reports},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8506708},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {UAB Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.},
	Pages = {468-80},
	Pubmed = {8978619},
	Title = {Pathogenesis and pathology of focal malformations of cortical development and epilepsy},
	Uuid = {42BA738D-6599-434D-8483-70CD2E626F8B},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Kuzniecky:1995,
	Author = {Kuzniecky, R. I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;letter;21 Neurophysiology;Mental Retardation;comment;Humans;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {96063561},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2120},
	Pubmed = {7501186},
	Title = {Neuronal migration disorders},
	Uuid = {7E4A1B11-F259-4627-B81B-0139D599A9A7},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {1995}}







@article{Lagali:2008,
	Abstract = {Genetically encoded optical neuromodulators create an opportunity for circuit-specific intervention in neurological diseases. One of the diseases most amenable to this approach is retinal degeneration, where the loss of photoreceptors leads to complete blindness. To restore photosensitivity, we genetically targeted a light-activated cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, to second-order neurons, ON bipolar cells, of degenerated retinas in vivo in the Pde6b(rd1) (also known as rd1) mouse model. In the absence of 'classical' photoreceptors, we found that ON bipolar cells that were engineered to be photosensitive induced light-evoked spiking activity in ganglion cells. The rescue of light sensitivity was selective to the ON circuits that would naturally respond to increases in brightness. Despite degeneration of the outer retina, our intervention restored transient responses and center-surround organization of ganglion cells. The resulting signals were relayed to the visual cortex and were sufficient for the animals to successfully perform optomotor behavioral tasks.},
	Author = {Lagali, Pamela S. and Balya, David and Awatramani, Gautam B. and M{\"u}nch, Thomas A. and Kim, Douglas S. and Busskamp, Volker and Cepko, Constance L. and Roska, Botond},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Motor Activity;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Gene Expression Regulation;Rhodopsin;Retinal Degeneration;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Electroporation;Mice, Transgenic;Visual Pathways;Piperazines;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Behavior, Animal;Time Factors;Vision;Disease Models, Animal;Evoked Potentials, Visual;Quinoxalines;Retinal Bipolar Cells;Light;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescent Proteins;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Retinal Ganglion Cells},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {667-75},
	Pii = {nn.2117},
	Pubmed = {18432197},
	Title = {Light-activated channels targeted to ON bipolar cells restore visual function in retinal degeneration},
	Uuid = {951FA618-738D-481A-9B29-79BF49448EDE},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lagali_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2117}}





@article{lancetreview:1990,
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-03-07 11:04:53 -0500},
	Issn = {0140-6736},
	Journal = {Lancet},
	Key = {Lancet:1990},
	Keywords = {Gyrus Cinguli;Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;editorial;Cell Movement;Humans;Neurons;Brain; 10 genetics malformation;10 Development;cortical malformation},
	Medline = {91014378},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {2985213R},
	Number = {8722},
	Pages = {1035},
	Pubmed = {1977022},
	Title = {Epilepsy and disorders of neuronal migration},
	Uuid = {590921A9-C4C5-4FBC-B978-B518067B41AB},
	Volume = {336},
	Year = {1990},
	url = {papers/_Lancet1990.pdf}}







@article{Larkum:2007,
	Abstract = {Layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons are the most abundant cells of the neocortex. Despite their key position in the cortical microcircuit, synaptic integration in dendrites of L2/3 neurons is far less understood than in L5 pyramidal cell dendrites, mainly because of the difficulties in obtaining electrical recordings from thin dendrites. Here we directly measured passive and active properties of the apical dendrites of L2/3 neurons in rat brain slices using dual dendritic-somatic patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging. Unlike L5 cells, L2/3 dendrites displayed little sag in response to long current pulses, which suggests a low density of I(h) in the dendrites and soma. This was also consistent with a slight increase in input resistance with distance from the soma. Brief current injections into the apical dendrite evoked relatively short (half-width 2-4 ms) dendritic spikes that were isolated from the soma for near-threshold currents at sites beyond the middle of the apical dendrite. Regenerative dendritic potentials and large concomitant calcium transients were also elicited by trains of somatic action potentials (APs) above a critical frequency (130 Hz), which was slightly higher than in L5 neurons. Initiation of dendritic spikes was facilitated by backpropagating somatic APs and could cause an additional AP at the soma. As in L5 neurons, we found that distal dendritic calcium transients are sensitive to a long-lasting block by GABAergic inhibition. We conclude that L2/3 pyramidal neurons can generate dendritic spikes, sharing with L5 pyramidal neurons fundamental properties of dendritic excitability and control by inhibition.},
	Author = {Larkum, Matthew Evan and Waters, Jack and Sakmann, Bert and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Propanolamines;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Rats;Neocortex;Dendritic Spines;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Phosphinic Acids;Membrane Potentials;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;in vitro},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {34},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Forschung, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. larkum\@pyl.unibe.ch},
	Pages = {8999-9008},
	Pii = {27/34/8999},
	Pubmed = {17715337},
	Title = {Dendritic spikes in apical dendrites of neocortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {CEC0D585-A004-49BA-BD3E-27292CD2AE71},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1717-07.2007}}







@article{Laughlin:2003,
	Abstract = {Brains perform with remarkable efficiency, are capable of prodigious computation, and are marvels of communication. We are beginning to understand some of the geometric, biophysical, and energy constraints that have governed the evolution of cortical networks. To operate efficiently within these constraints, nature has optimized the structure and function of cortical networks with design principles similar to those used in electronic networks. The brain also exploits the adaptability of biological systems to reconfigure in response to changing needs. 1095-9203 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Laughlin, S. B. and Sejnowski, T. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*physiology;*Synaptic Transmission;10 Development;Brain/*physiology;Human;*Cell Communication;*Neuronal Plasticity;Action Potentials;Evolution;Animals;F pdf;Nerve Net/*physiology},
	Number = {5641},
	Organization = {Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.},
	Pages = {1870-4},
	Pubmed = {14512617},
	Title = {Communication in neuronal networks},
	Uuid = {FA0A982A-FB22-4A7E-A98A-34D0A09A294C},
	Volume = {301},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14512617}}

@article{Laurie:1992,
	Abstract = {In an effort to determine subunit compositions of in vivo GABAA receptors, the cellular localization of 13 subunit encoding mRNAs (alpha 1-alpha 6, beta 1-beta 3, gamma 2-gamma 3, delta) was determined in the rat olfactory bulb and cerebellum. Cerebellar granule cells expressed significant quantities of alpha 1, alpha 6, beta 2, beta 3, gamma 2, and delta mRNAs. They contained very much lower levels of alpha 4, beta 1, and gamma 3 mRNAs, and the alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 5, and gamma 1 genes appeared to be silent. Purkinje cells contained only the alpha 1, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 mRNAs. Putative Bergmann glial cells were found to contain the gamma 1 mRNA and possibly the alpha 2 mRNA. In the molecular layer, only the alpha 1, beta 2 and gamma 2 mRNAs were expressed in stellate/basket cells. The alpha 3 probe hybridized weakly to targets in the molecular layer. The inferior olivary nucleus contained significant quantities of alpha 2, alpha 4, and gamma 1 transcripts, with the alpha 1, alpha 3, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 mRNAs also present. In the olfactory bulb, mitral cells were found to express the alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 mRNAs strongly and the alpha 3 mRNA weakly. Tufted cells contained alpha 1, alpha 3, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 mRNAs and, occasionally, the alpha 2 mRNA. In the internal granule cells the alpha 2, alpha 4, alpha 5, beta 3, and delta mRNAs were all present. Low levels of alpha 3, gamma 1, gamma 2, and gamma 3 mRNAs were also noted in these cells. Periglomerular cells expressed low levels of alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, beta 2, beta 3, gamma 1, gamma 2, and gamma 3 mRNAs. No alpha 6 mRNA was present in the olfactory bulb. Correlations that are general ones from other brain regions are the colocalizations of alpha 1 beta 2, alpha 2 beta 3, and alpha 4 delta mRNAs. In both the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 receptor cores are probably employed. The delta-subunit mRNA appears to codistribute with alpha- subunit mRNAs (alpha 4 and alpha 6) associated with GABAA subunits that fail to bind benzodiazepine agonists.},
	Author = {Laurie, D. J. and Seeburg, P. H. and Wisden, W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism;Tissue Distribution;Brain Stem/metabolism;I-2;Olivary Nucleus/metabolism;Rats;Cerebellum/cytology/*metabolism;Autoradiography;Receptors, GABA-A/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism;Animal;Neuroglia/metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nucleic Acid Hybridization;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Zentrum fur Molekulare Biologie, University of Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {1063-76.},
	Title = {The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. II. Olfactory bulb and cerebellum},
	Uuid = {D18052E3-0DD8-44EC-9DFB-6F2FC14EAC93},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=1312132}}




@article{Lavenex:2002,
	Abstract = {We investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the efferent cortical projections of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Area 36 of the perirhinal cortex projects preferentially to areas TE and TEO, whereas area TF of the parahippocampal cortex projects preferentially to the posterior parietal cortex and area V4. Area TF projects to many regions of the frontal lobe, whereas area 36 projects mainly to the orbital surface. The insular and cingulate cortices receive projections from areas 36 and TF, whereas only area TF projects to the retrosplenial cortex. Projections to the superior temporal gyrus, including the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, arise predominantly from area TF. Area 36 projects only to rostral levels of the superior temporal gyrus. Area TF has, in general, reciprocal connections with the neocortex, whereas area 36 has more asymmetric connections. Area 36, for example, projects to more restricted regions of the frontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus than it receives inputs from. In contrast, it projects to larger portions of areas TE and TEO than it receives inputs from. The efferent projections of areas 36 and TF are primarily directed to the superficial layers of the neocortex, a laminar organization consistent with connections of the feedback type. Projections to unimodal visual areas terminate in large expanses of the cortex, but predominantly in layer I. Projections to other sensory and polymodal areas, in contrast, terminate in a columnar manner predominantly in layers II and III. In all areas receiving heavy projections, the projections extend throughout most cortical layers, largely avoiding layer IV. We discuss these findings in relation to current theories of memory consolidation.},
	Author = {Lavenex, Pierre and Suzuki, Wendy A. and Amaral, David G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Frontal Lobe;Neural Pathways;Parietal Lobe;Neocortex;Female;Amino Acids;Macaca fascicularis;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Parahippocampal Gyrus;Autoradiography;Tritium;Gyrus Cinguli},
	Medline = {22021713},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroscience and California Regional Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. plavenex\@ucdavis.edu},
	Pages = {394-420},
	Pubmed = {11992524},
	Title = {Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: projections to the neocortex},
	Uuid = {11FD4DA9-F7B5-4423-85D6-6C2C56782ED3},
	Volume = {447},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10243}}







@article{Le-Be:2006,
	Abstract = {The local microcircuitry of the neocortex is structurally a tabula rasa, with the axon of each pyramidal neuron having numerous submicrometer appositions with the dendrites of all neighboring pyramidal neurons, but is functionally highly selective, with synapses formed onto only a small proportion of these targets. This design leaves a vast potential for the microcircuit to rewire without extensive axonal or dendritic growth. To examine whether rewiring does take place, we used multineuron patch-clamp recordings on 12- to 14-day-old rat neocortical slices and studied long-term changes in synaptic connectivity within clusters of neurons. We found pyramidal neurons spontaneously connecting and disconnecting from each other and that exciting the slice with glutamate greatly increases the number of new connections established. Evoked emergence of new synaptic connections requires action potential activity and activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, but not NMDA receptor or group II or group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. We also found that it is the weaker connections that are selectively eliminated. These results provide direct evidence for spontaneous and evoked rewiring of the neocortical microcircuitry involving entire functional multisynaptic connections. We speculate that this form of microcircuit plasticity enables an evolution of the microcircuit connectivity by natural selection as a function of experience.},
	Author = {Le B{\'e}, Jean-Vincent V. and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Cell Nucleus;21 Activity-development;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {35},
	Organization = {Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {13214-9},
	Pii = {0604691103},
	Pubmed = {16924105},
	Title = {Spontaneous and evoked synaptic rewiring in the neonatal neocortex},
	Uuid = {2AD01C29-29BA-47D3-AB41-92A8A4112BC4},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/LeBé_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604691103}}



@article{Le-Van-Quyen:2006,
	Abstract = {Adult brain networks generate a wide range of oscillations. Some of these are behaviourally relevant, whereas others occur during seizures and other pathological conditions. This raises the question of how physiological oscillations differ from pathogenic ones. In this review, this issue is discussed from a developmental standpoint. Indeed, both epileptic and physiological high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) appear progressively during maturation, and it is therefore possible to determine how this program corresponds to maturation of the neuronal populations that generate these oscillations. We review here important differences in the development of neuronal populations that might contribute to their different oscillatory properties. In particular, at an early stage, the density of glutamatergic synapses is too low for physiological HFOs but an additional drive can be provided by excitatory GABA, triggering epileptic HFOs and the cascades involved in long-lasting epileptogenic transformations. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium ().},
	Author = {Le Van Quyen, Michel and Khalilov, Ilgam and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {LENA-CNRS UPR640, Universit{\'e} Pierre et Marie Curie, H\^{o}pital de la Salp\^{e}tri\`{e}re, 47 Bd de l'H\^{o}pital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.},
	Pages = {419-27},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00112-3},
	Pubmed = {16793147},
	Title = {The dark side of high-frequency oscillations in the developing brain},
	Uuid = {AAE2D781-03EC-4E08-9C66-8F599A57ABC9},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/LeVanQuyen_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.001}}

@article{Leavitt:1999,
	Abstract = {Neuronal migration is an essential step in normal mammalian neocortical development, and the expression of defined cellular and molecular signals within the developing cortical microenvironment is likely crucial to this process. Therapy via transplanted or manipulated endogenous precursors for diseases which involve neuronal loss may depend critically on whether newly incorporated cells can actively migrate to repopulate areas of neuronal loss within the adult brain. Previous studies demonstrated that embryonic neurons and multipotent precursors transplanted into the neocortex of adult mice undergoing targeted apoptosis of pyramidal neurons migrate long distances into neuron-deficient regions, undergo directed differentiation, accept afferent synaptic input, and make appropriate long-distance projections. The experiments presented here: (1) use time-lapse digital confocal imaging of neuronal migration in living slice cultures to assess cellular mechanisms utilized by immature neurons during such long distance migration, and (2) identify changes within the host cortical astroglial population that may contribute to this migration. Prelabeled embryonic day 17 mouse neocortical neurons were transplanted into adult mouse primary somatosensory cortex undergoing targeted apoptotic degeneration of callosal projection neurons. Four to 7 days following transplantation, living slice cultures containing the region of transplanted cells were prepared and observed. Sequential time-lapse images were recorded using a video-based digital confocal microscope. Transplanted cells displayed bipolar morphologies characteristic of migrating neuroblasts and moved in a saltatory manner with mean rates of up to 14 microm/h. To investigate whether a permissive glial phenotype may provide a potential substrate for this directed form of neuronal migration, slice cultures were immunostained with the RC2 monoclonal antibody, which identifies radial glia that act as a substrate for neuronal migration during corticogenesis. RC2 does not label mature stellate astrocytes, which express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). RC2 expression was observed in glial cells closely apposed to migrating donor neurons within the slice cultures. The timing and specificity of RC2 expression was examined immunocytochemically at various times following transplantation. RC2 immunostaining within regions of neuronal degeneration was transient, with peak staining between 3 and 7 days following transplantation. Strongly RC2-immunoreactive cells that did not express GFAP were found within these regions, but not in distant cortical regions or within control brains. RC2-positive cells were identified in recipient transgenic mice which express beta-galactosidase under a glial specific promoter. Coexpression of RC2 and beta-galactosidase identified these cells as host astroglia. These results demonstrate that adult cortical astrocytes retain the capacity to reexpress an earlier developmental phenotype that may partially underlie the observed active migration of transplanted neurons and neural precursors. Further understanding of these processes could allow directed migration of transplanted or endogenous precursors toward therapeutic cellular repopulation and complex circuit reconstruction in neocortex and other CNS regions.},
	Author = {Leavitt, B. R. and Hernit-Grant, C. S. and Macklis, J. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Tissue Culture;Neurons/physiology/*transplantation;Animal;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Mice, Transgenic;Embryo/cytology;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Aging/physiology;B;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Astrocytes/*cytology/physiology;Neocortex/*cytology/*embryology/physiology;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Biological Markers;Neuroglia/*cytology;Mice;Cell Movement/physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {43-57.},
	Title = {Mature astrocytes transform into transitional radial glia within adult mouse neocortex that supports directed migration of transplanted immature neurons},
	Uuid = {F055A695-ABF9-40F5-A648-55D31ADEAE51},
	Volume = {157},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10222107}}

@article{Leblond:1964,
	Abstract = {0083-1921 Journal Article},
	Author = {Leblond, C. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Natl Cancer Inst Monogr},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;A,F abstr},
	Pages = {119-50},
	Pubmed = {14147128},
	Title = {Classification of Cell Populations on the Basis of Their Proliferative Behavior},
	Uuid = {B14AA9DA-4190-4A76-B525-B96C796A485D},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1964},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14147128}}






@article{Lee:2000b,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms that regulate patterning and growth of the developing cerebral cortex remain unclear. Suggesting a role for Wnt signaling in these processes, multiple Wnt genes are expressed in selective patterns in the embryonic cortex. We have examined the role of Wnt-3a signaling at the caudomedial margin of the developing cerebral cortex, the site of hippocampal development. We show that Wnt-3a acts locally to regulate the expansion of the caudomedial cortex, from which the hippocampus develops. In mice lacking Wnt-3a, caudomedial cortical progenitor cells appear to be specified normally, but then underproliferate. By mid-gestation, the hippocampus is missing or represented by tiny populations of residual hippocampal cells. Thus, Wnt-3a signaling is crucial for the normal growth of the hippocampus. We suggest that the coordination of growth with patterning may be a general role for Wnts during vertebrate development.},
	Author = {Lee, S. M. and Tole, S. and Grove, E. and McMahon, A. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0950-1991},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Signal Transduction;Animals;10 Hippocampus;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Proteins;Telencephalon;Hippocampus;Mammals;Embryonic and Fetal Development;Wnt Proteins;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice, Knockout;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Mice;Stem Cells;Gestational Age},
	Medline = {20098485},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8701744},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular Biology, The Biolabs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {457-67},
	Pubmed = {10631167},
	Title = {A local Wnt-3a signal is required for development of the mammalian hippocampus},
	Uuid = {E0841A51-7113-11DA-9A4D-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Lee_Development2000.pdf}}





@article{Lee:1997,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the human neocortex are commonly associated with developmental delays, mental retardation, and epilepsy. This study describes a novel neurologically mutant rat exhibiting a forebrain anomaly resembling the human neuronal migration disorder of double cortex. This mutant displays a telencephalic internal structural heterotopia (tish) that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The bilateral heterotopia is prominent below the frontal and parietal neocortices but is rarely observed in temporal neocortex. Neurons in the heterotopia exhibit neocortical-like morphologies and send typical projections to subcortical sites; however, characteristic lamination and radial orientation are disturbed in the heterotopia. The period of neurogenesis during which cells in the heterotopia are generated is the same as in the normotopic neocortex; however, the cells in the heterotopia exhibit a "rim-to-core" neurogenetic pattern rather than the characteristic "inside-out" pattern observed in normotopic neocortex. Similar to the human syndrome of double cortex, some of the animals with the tish phenotype exhibit spontaneous recurrent electrographic and behavioral seizures. The tish rat is a unique neurological mutant that shares several features with a human cortical malformation associated with epilepsy. On the basis of its regional connectivity, histological composition, and period of neurogenesis, the heterotopic region in the tish rat is neocortical in nature. This neurological mutant represents a novel model system for investigating mechanisms of aberrant neocortical development and is likely to provide insights into the cellular and molecular events contributing to seizure development in dysplastic neocortex.},
	Author = {Lee, K. S. and Schottler, F. and Collins, J. L. and Lanzino, G. and Couture, D. and Rao, A. and Hiramatsu, K. and Goto, Y. and Hong, S. C. and Caner, H. and Yamamoto, H. and Chen, Z. F. and Bertram, E. and Berr, S. and Omary, R. and Scrable, H. and Jackson, T. and Goble, J. and Eisenman, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Neural Pathways;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Prosencephalon;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Electroencephalography;Rats, Mutant Strains},
	Medline = {97383273},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.},
	Pages = {6236-42},
	Pubmed = {9236234},
	Title = {A genetic animal model of human neocortical heterotopia associated with seizures},
	Uuid = {039640AD-2F43-4AC6-AA37-C5C00FEA17A1},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Lee_JNeurosci1997.pdf}}



@article{Lee:2000,
	Abstract = {Ageing of the brain leads to impairments in cognitive and motor skills, and is the major risk factor for several common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Recent studies suggest that normal brain ageing is associated with subtle morphological and functional alterations in specific neuronal circuits, as opposed to large-scale neuronal loss. In fact, ageing of the central nervous system in diverse mammalian species shares many features, such as atrophy of pyramidal neurons, synaptic atrophy, decrease of striatal dopamine receptors, accumulation of fluorescent pigments, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and reactive astrocytes and microglia. To provide the first global analysis of brain ageing at the molecular level, we used oligonucleotide arrays representing 6,347 genes to determine the gene-expression profile of the ageing neocortex and cerebellum in mice. Ageing resulted in a gene-expression profile indicative of an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and reduced neurotrophic support in both brain regions. At the transcriptional level, brain ageing in mice displays parallels with human neurodegenerative disorders. Caloric restriction, which retards the ageing process in mammals, selectively attenuated the age-associated induction of genes encoding inflammatory and stress responses.},
	Author = {Lee, C. K. and Weindruch, R. and Prolla, T. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1061-4036},
	Journal = {Nat Genet},
	Keywords = {Aging;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurodegenerative;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Neocortex;Cerebellum;RNA Stability;Gene Expression;Mice;Animals;Male;RNA, Messenger;Brain},
	Medline = {20347713},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9216904},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.},
	Pages = {294-7},
	Pubmed = {10888876},
	Title = {Gene-expression profile of the ageing brain in mice},
	Uuid = {DEE8F3DD-0D16-4970-BD14-1AF4A73E32FA},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/77046}}

@article{Lee:2002,
	Abstract = {Rats repeatedly ran through a sequence of spatial receptive fields of hippocampal CA1 place cells in a fixed temporal order. A novel combinatorial decoding method reveals that these neurons repeatedly fired in precisely this order in long sequences involving four or more cells during slow wave sleep (SWS) immediately following, but not preceding, the experience. The SWS sequences occurred intermittently in brief ( approximately 100 ms) bursts, each compressing the behavioral sequence in time by approximately 20-fold. This rapid encoding of sequential experience is consistent with evidence that the hippocampus is crucial for spatial learning in rodents and the formation of long-term memories of events in time in humans.},
	Author = {Lee, Albert K. and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-07-31 19:36:37 +0000},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Signal Transduction;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Neural Pathways;Memory;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Male;Sleep;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Learning;21 Neurophysiology;Neuropsychological Tests; spontaneous activity; hippocampus; Technique; Methods; Computational Biology;},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. albert\@cortical.mit.edu},
	Pages = {1183-94},
	Pii = {S0896627302010966},
	Pubmed = {12495631},
	Title = {Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep},
	Uuid = {93CDA466-9C3E-491D-891D-5BBEE281CA23},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Lee_Neuron2002.pdf}}

@article{Lee:2006a,
	Abstract = {Despite decades of evidence for functional plasticity in the adult brain, the role of structural plasticity in its manifestation remains unclear. To examine the extent of neuronal remodeling that occurs in the brain on a day-to-day basis, we used a multiphoton-based microscopy system for chronic in vivo imaging and reconstruction of entire neurons in the superficial layers of the rodent cerebral cortex. Here we show the first unambiguous evidence (to our knowledge) of dendrite growth and remodeling in adult neurons. Over a period of months, neurons could be seen extending and retracting existing branches, and in rare cases adding new branch tips. Neurons exhibiting dynamic arbor rearrangements were GABA-positive non-pyramidal interneurons, while pyramidal cells remained stable. These results are consistent with the idea that dendritic structural remodeling is a substrate for adult plasticity and they suggest that circuit rearrangement in the adult cortex is restricted by cell type-specific rules.},
	Author = {Lee, Wei-Chung Allen C. and Huang, Hayden and Feng, Guoping and Sanes, Joshua R. and Brown, Emery N. and So, Peter T. and Nedivi, Elly},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.},
	Pages = {e29},
	Pii = {05-PLBI-RA-0998R3},
	Pubmed = {16366735},
	Title = {Dynamic remodeling of dendritic arbors in GABAergic interneurons of adult visual cortex},
	Uuid = {25E80549-A835-486F-8CBE-FFD75F4339C8},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Lee_PLoSBiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040029}}



@misc{Leibler:1994,
	Author = {Leibler, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;Adenosine Triphosphate;DNA;Electrodes;Biophysics;comment;Motion;Colloids;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6489},
	Pages = {412-3},
	Pubmed = {8047156},
	Title = {Nature},
	Uuid = {B65FE09C-D988-43E9-BDD2-D847B07B99D7},
	Volume = {370},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Leibler_1994.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370412a0}}

@article{Leichnetz:2001,
	Abstract = {The afferent and efferent cortical and subcortical connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) were studied in cebus (Cebus apella) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys using the retrograde and anterograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The principal intraparietal corticocortical connections of area 7m in both cebus and macaque cases were with the ipsilateral medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (MIP) and adjacent superior parietal lobule (area 5), inferior parietal lobule (area 7a), lateral bank of the IPS (area 7ip), caudal parietal operculum (PGop), dorsal bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus (visual area MST), and medial prestriate cortex (including visual area PO and caudal medial lobule). Its principal frontal corticocortical connections were with the prefrontal cortex in the shoulder above the principal sulcus and the cortex in the shoulder above the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (SAS), the area purported to contain the smooth eye movement-related frontal eye field (FEFsem) in the cebus monkey by other investigators. There were moderate connections with the cortex in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus (purported to contain the saccade-related frontal eye field; FEFsac), supplementary eye field (SEF), and rostral dorsal premotor area (PMDr). Area 7m also had major connections with the cingulate cortex (area 23), particularly the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus. The principal subcortical connections of area 7m were with the dorsal portion of the ventrolateral thalamic (VLc) nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, lateral pulvinar, caudal mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and medial pulvinar, central lateral, central superior lateral, and central inferior intralaminar thalamic nuclei, dorsolateral caudate nucleus and putamen, middle region of the claustrum, nucleus of the diagonal band, zona incerta, pregeniculate nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and dorsomedial parvicellular red nucleus (macaque cases only), dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral basilar pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, locus ceruleus, and superior central nucleus. The findings are discussed in terms of the possibility that area 7m contains a "medial parietal eye field" and belongs to a neural network of oculomotor-related structures that plays a role in the control of eye movement.},
	Author = {Leichnetz, G. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-276X},
	Journal = {Anat Rec},
	Keywords = {Species Specificity;Comparative Study;Macaca fascicularis;Neural Pathways;Eye Movements;Parietal Lobe;Cebus;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {21259445},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0370540},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0709, USA. gleichne\@hsc.vcu.edu},
	Pages = {215-36},
	Pii = {10.1002/ar.1082},
	Pubmed = {11360237},
	Title = {Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey},
	Uuid = {8B7937EC-6C97-453F-B727-F3866482FD91},
	Volume = {263},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Leinekugel:2002,
	Abstract = {The behavior of immature cortical networks in vivo remains largely unknown. Using multisite extracellular and patch-clamp recordings, we observed recurrent bursts of synchronized neuronal activity lasting 0.5 to 3 seconds that occurred spontaneously in the hippocampus of freely moving and anesthetized rat pups. The influence of slow rhythms (0.33 and 0.1 hertz) and the contribution of both gamma-aminobutyric acid A-mediated and glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic signals in the generation of hippocampal bursts was reminiscent of giant depolarizing potentials observed in vitro. This earliest pattern, which diversifies during the second postnatal week, could provide correlated activity for immature neurons and may underlie activity-dependent maturation of the hippocampal network.},
	Author = {Leinekugel, Xavier and Khazipov, Rustem and Cannon, Robert and Hirase, Hajime and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:04:18 +0000},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Receptors, Glutamate;Animals;Synapses;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; currOpinRvw},
	Medline = {22061478},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5575},
	Organization = {INMED, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale (INSERM) U29, Avenue de Luminy, Boite Postale 13, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {2049-52},
	Pii = {296/5575/2049},
	Pubmed = {12065842},
	Title = {Correlated bursts of activity in the neonatal hippocampus in vivo},
	Uuid = {56665EEB-078B-4456-B55A-6D0FC3ED4D53},
	Volume = {296},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Leinekugel_Science2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Leinekugel_Science2002a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1071111}}





@article{Leonard:2007,
	Abstract = {Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurological disorder. The role of hyperexcitability in the disease's cognitive decline is not completely understood. In this issue of Neuron, Palop et al. report both limbic seizures and presumed homeostatic responses to seizures in an animal model of Alzheimer's.},
	Author = {Leonard, A. Soren and McNamara, James O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Animals;comment;Amyloid beta-Protein;Humans;21 Epilepsy;news;Epilepsy;Mutation;Homeostasis;Disease Models, Animal;Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor;Neuropeptide Y;Alzheimer Disease;21 Neurophysiology;Dentate Gyrus;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Cognition Disorders},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {677-8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00625-3},
	Pubmed = {17785172},
	Title = {Does epileptiform activity contribute to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease?},
	Uuid = {64465452-1A81-4271-AEA0-A8C433E49985},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Leonard_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.014}}





@article{Leroux:2002,
	Abstract = {Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is present in most cerebrocortical areas during fetal and postnatal development. In the rat frontal cortex, a dense radial fiber network containing NPY immunoreactivity is observed transiently as early as embryonic day 17 (E17) and disappears at the end of the first postnatal week. We have investigated the distribution of NPY receptors in the frontoparietal cortex at 13 stages of development, from E15 fetuses to adults, by in vitro autoradiography, using (125)I-pPYY as a radioligand. Quantitative receptor density was measured through all cortical layers at each developmental stage. Pharmacological identification of (125)I-pPPY binding sites was made by competition experiments using pNPY or [Leu(31),Pro(34)]pNPY and pNPY(13-36), as selective competitors for Y1 and Y2 receptors, respectively. NPY receptors were first detected in the cerebral cortex at low densities at E19 in a thin layer of tissue corresponding to the inner half of the intermediate zone (IZ) and the upper ventricular zone (VZ). The neuroepithelium did not contain binding sites. High densities of sites were observed by E21 onward to P10 in the deep cortical layers corresponding to the IZ and layers V-VI. A decreasing gradient of receptor density was observed from layer VI to the marginal zone (layer I). The distribution of NPY receptors does not match with the perikarya of transient NPY-immunoreactive neurons located in the cortical plate but does coincide with their axonal extension. The receptor density decreased abruptly between P10 and P12 in deep layers, whereas a moderate expression of binding sites is detected from P10 to P12 in layers I-III. By P14, the binding level was the lowest observed in the postnatal period. From P21 onward, receptors were observed in superficial layers I-III, and their density rose by two- to threefold up to adulthood. Competition studies indicated that the NPY receptors located in the deep cortical layers of the E21 or P1 rat cortex exhibit Y2 receptor type characteristics. The binding sites detected in the superficial layers from P10 to P12 rats also show Y2 receptors characteristics, unlike the NPY receptors in layers II-III of the adult, which behave like Y1 receptors. These data show that different NPY receptor types are successively expressed in specific layers during late gestation and early postnatal life in the rat frontoparietal cortex.},
	Author = {Leroux, Philippe},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Fetus;Pregnancy;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Binding Sites;Radioligand Assay;Aging;Rats;Receptors, Neuropeptide Y;Peptide YY;Parietal Lobe;Frontal Lobe;Female;Iodine Radioisotopes;Rats, Wistar;Neuropeptide Y;Peptide Fragments;Animals, Newborn;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Stem Cells;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21626275},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Laboratory DIFEMA, UPRES EA 2122, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France. philippe.leroux\@univ-rouen.fr},
	Pages = {35-47},
	Pii = {10.1002/cne.1420},
	Pubmed = {11754365},
	Title = {Localization and characterization of NPY/PYY receptors in rat frontoparietal cortex during development},
	Uuid = {9A2480BC-BECE-439E-B24F-B98DED371023},
	Volume = {442},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Letinic:2002,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex contains two major classes of neurons, projection and local circuit neurons. Projection neurons contain the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, while local circuit neurons are inhibitory, containing GABA. The complex function of neocortical circuitry depends on the number and diversity of GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric-acid-releasing) local circuit neurons. Using retroviral labelling in organotypic slice cultures of the embryonic human forebrain, we demonstrate the existence of two distinct lineages of neocortical GABAergic neurons. One lineage expresses Dlx1/2 and Mash1 transcription factors, represents 65\%of neocortical GABAergic neurons in humans, and originates from Mash1-expressing progenitors of the neocortical ventricular and subventricular zone of the dorsal forebrain. The second lineage, characterized by the expression of Dlx1/2 but not Mash1, forms around 35\%of the GABAergic neurons and originates from the ganglionic eminence of the ventral forebrain. We suggest that modifications in the expression pattern of transcription factors in the forebrain may underlie species-specific programmes for the generation of neocortical local circuit neurons and that distinct lineages of cortical interneurons may be differentially affected in genetic and acquired diseases of the human brain. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Letinic, K. and Zoncu, R. and Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Interneurons/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure;Human;Neocortex/*cytology/embryology/*metabolism/ultrastructure;In Vitro;DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis;Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure;Transcription Factors/analysis;Proteoglycans;Cell Movement;Drug Combinations;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism;*Cell Lineage;Neurons/*cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure;Laminin;Species Specificity;H abstr;Homeodomain Proteins/analysis;Pyramidal Cells/cytology/metabolism;Cell Division;Immunohistochemistry;Microscopy, Electron;Biological Markers/analysis;Collagen;12 Interneuron development},
	Number = {6889},
	Organization = {Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Neurobiology, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {645-9},
	Pubmed = {12050665},
	Title = {Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex},
	Uuid = {889A0D0D-94EE-426D-A9B3-BF2E308C6EC6},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12050665}}

@article{Levesque:1996,
	Abstract = {Corticostriatal projections arising from the infragranular layers of the motor and second somatosensory cortices were studied in rats after labeling small pools of neurons with biocytin. Camera lucida reconstruction of 263 fibers arising from laminae V and VI revealed that all corticostriatal projections derive from collaterals of lamina V cells whose main axons descend into the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, lamina VI cells do not branch upon the striatum, but upon the thalamus. Together with the results obtained in previous tracing studies, the present data raise the possibility that no neuron is exclusively corticostriatal. We therefore propose that all corticostriatal projections are collaterals given off by the axons of two types of neurons: layer V cells whose main axon project to the brainstem and/or spinal cord, and layer III cells that project to the contralateral hemisphere.},
	Author = {Levesque, M. and Charara, A. and Gagnon, S. and Parent, A. and Deschenes, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Motor Cortex;Rats;Corpus Striatum;Lysine;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Male;Thalamus;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hopital de l'Enfant-Jesus, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {311-5},
	Pii = {0006-8993(95)01333-4},
	Pubmed = {8833768},
	Title = {Corticostriatal projections from layer V cells in rat are collaterals of long-range corticofugal axons},
	Uuid = {587F268F-4EBC-4ADF-8B1B-985916D5291B},
	Volume = {709},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Levesque_BrainRes1996.pdf}}














@article{Levitt:2005,
	Abstract = {Advances in defining mechanisms of cortical development have been paralleled in recent years by an intense interest in translating these findings into greater insight of both childhood- and adult-onset cognitive and mental health disorders of developmental etiology. Successful integration of basic and clinical findings have been applied to monogenic disorders. The greater challenge lies in studying cortical development in the context of gene x environment interactions, which underlie the pathogenesis of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. This can occur through an improved delineation of pathophysiological characteristics unique to specific complex disorders and the application of this information to the refinement of the most relevant model systems.},
	Author = {Levitt, Pat},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA. pat.levitt\@vanderbilt.edu},
	Pages = {407-12},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00351-X},
	Pubmed = {15882640},
	Title = {Developmental neurobiology and clinical disorders: lost in translation?},
	Uuid = {A81A5B8C-2765-4410-9BB3-EEFEAB64F764},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Levitt_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.015}}



@article{Letang:1998,
	Abstract = {Previous work found that transplants of embryonic (E) day 16 occipital cortex placed into the frontal cortex of newborn hosts failed to receive input from visual-related nuclei of the host thalamus. The present study is aimed at determining the possible causes of the lack of visual-related thalamic input to these transplants. For that purpose, a retrograde neurotracer was injected into transplants of embryonic (E16) occipital origin which were placed into the frontal cortex of newborn rats with either intact or damaged occipital cortex. In rats with intact occipital cortex, occipital-to-frontal transplants were indeed not contacted by axons from the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nucleus and received only sparse to negligible input from, respectively, the lateral posterior (LP) and laterodorsal (LD) thalamic nuclei. Yet, following neonatal lesion of the host occipital cortex, the occipital-to-frontal transplants received a significant input from the LP and to a much lesser degree from the LD but practically none from the DLG. Additional control cases with frontal-to-frontal transplants and prior lesion of the occipital cortex did not receive significant input from any of these thalamic nuclei. Thus, following neonatal deprivation of cortical target cells in their main terminal field, LP and to a lesser extent LD axons have the capacity to recognize and significantly innervate appropriate targets even those at some distance from their normal terminal site. DLG neurons degenerate or are not able to contact and invade available terminal space that is provided at some distance from the occipital cortex.},
	Author = {L{\'e}tang, J. and Gaillard, A. and Roger, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Animals;Frontal Lobe;Thalamic Nuclei;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Rats;Neural Pathways;Neocortex;Female;Axons;Rats, Wistar;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Animals, Newborn;Cell Transplantation;Occipital Lobe;Immunohistochemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98348419},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Universit{\'e} de Poitiers, 40 Av. du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers Cedex, 86022, France.},
	Pages = {64-73},
	Pii = {S0014488698968303},
	Pubmed = {9682013},
	Title = {Specific invasion of occipital-to-frontal neocortical grafts by axons from the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus consecutive to neonatal lesion of the rat occipital cortex},
	Uuid = {C86C2EB4-4C4A-4898-8496-8470A1367A04},
	Volume = {152},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Levesque:1996a,
	Abstract = {Corticostriatal and corticothalamic projections arising from the second somatosensory area in the rat were studied after labeling small pools of neurons in laminae V and VI with biocytin. Tracing the axon of single neurons revealed the following principles of organization: (i) all corticostriatal and corticothalamic projections arising from layer V cells are collaterals of long-range corticofugal axons that also project below the thalamic level; (ii) all layer V cells that project to the thalamus also project to the striatum; (iii) all layer VI corticothalamic cells project exclusively to the thalamus; (iv) cells of the upper part of lamina VI send collaterals to the thalamic reticular nucleus and arborize in the ventrobasal complex forming rod-like terminal fields; and (v) cells of the lower part of lamina VI also send collaterals to the thalamic reticular nucleus, give off few branches in the ventrobasal complex and terminate principally in the caudal part of the posterior thalamic group. On the basis of these findings, and in the light of previous anatomical studies, it is proposed that the above mentioned organizing principles represent general rules that also apply to corticostriatal and corticothalamic pathways arising from other areas of the neocortex.},
	Author = {L{\'e}vesque, M. and Gagnon, S. and Parent, A. and Desch\^{e}nes},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Neostriatum;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Iontophoresis;Female;Pyramidal Cells;Neural Pathways;Rats;Lysine;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Thalamus;Axons},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, H\^{o}pital de l'Enfant-J{\'e}sus, Qu{\'e}bec City, Canada.},
	Pages = {759-70},
	Pubmed = {8922332},
	Title = {Axonal arborizations of corticostriatal and corticothalamic fibers arising from the second somatosensory area in the rat},
	Uuid = {B44A81C8-178D-4D1C-B02C-1141ACD73AD9},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Lévesque_CerebCortex1996.pdf}}





















@article{Lieberman:2005,
	Abstract = {Evolutionary dynamics have been traditionally studied in the context of homogeneous or spatially extended populations. Here we generalize population structure by arranging individuals on a graph. Each vertex represents an individual. The weighted edges denote reproductive rates which govern how often individuals place offspring into adjacent vertices. The homogeneous population, described by the Moran process, is the special case of a fully connected graph with evenly weighted edges. Spatial structures are described by graphs where vertices are connected with their nearest neighbours. We also explore evolution on random and scale-free networks. We determine the fixation probability of mutants, and characterize those graphs for which fixation behaviour is identical to that of a homogeneous population. Furthermore, some graphs act as suppressors and others as amplifiers of selection. It is even possible to find graphs that guarantee the fixation of any advantageous mutant. We also study frequency-dependent selection and show that the outcome of evolutionary games can depend entirely on the structure of the underlying graph. Evolutionary graph theory has many fascinating applications ranging from ecology to multi-cellular organization and economics.},
	Author = {Lieberman, Erez and Hauert, Christoph and Nowak, Martin A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;20 Networks;Mutation;Probability;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Population Dynamics;Selection (Genetics);Stochastic Processes;09 Evolutionary dynamics;Ecology;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Evolution;Genetic Drift;Reproduction;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7023},
	Organization = {Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. erez\@erez.com},
	Pages = {312-6},
	Pii = {nature03204},
	Pubmed = {15662424},
	Title = {Evolutionary dynamics on graphs},
	Uuid = {7646A438-8A95-459C-8AB4-2D139273B751},
	Volume = {433},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Lieberman_Nature2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03204}}

@article{Lien:2006,
	Abstract = {During development, cells monitor and adjust their rates of accumulation to produce organs of predetermined size. We show here that central nervous system-specific deletion of the essential adherens junction gene, alphaE-catenin, causes abnormal activation of the hedgehog pathway, resulting in shortening of the cell cycle, decreased apoptosis, and cortical hyperplasia. We propose that alphaE-catenin connects cell-density-dependent adherens junctions with the developmental hedgehog pathway and that this connection may provide a negative feedback loop controlling the size of developing cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Lien, Wen-Hui H. and Klezovitch, Olga and Fernandez, Tania E. and Delrow, Jeff and Vasioukhin, Valeri},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Signal Transduction;Animals;Trans-Activators;Up-Regulation;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Cell Cycle;Mitosis;Apoptosis;Models, Biological;Mutation;Cell Count;Cell Polarity;Cell Adhesion;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;alpha Catenin;Hyperplasia;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Central Nervous System;Stem Cells;Adherens Junctions;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5767},
	Organization = {Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.},
	Pages = {1609-12},
	Pii = {311/5767/1609},
	Pubmed = {16543460},
	Title = {alphaE-catenin controls cerebral cortical size by regulating the hedgehog signaling pathway},
	Uuid = {2F3A68C8-2D04-4BBF-A9A8-D3F587816FED},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Lien_Science2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121449}}

@article{Lim:2008,
	Abstract = {Ephrin-Eph signaling is involved in axon guidance during development, but it may also regulate synapse development after the axon has contacted the target cell. Here we report that the activation of ephrin-B reverse signaling in the developing Xenopus laevis optic tectum promotes morphological and functional maturation of retinotectal synapses. Elevation of ephrin-B signaling increased the number of retinotectal synapses and stabilized the axon arbors of retinal ganglion cells. It also enhanced basal synaptic transmission and activity-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of retinotectal synapses. The functional effects were caused by a rapid enhancement of presynaptic glutamate release and a delayed increase in the postsynaptic glutamate responsiveness. The facilitated LTP induction occurred during the early phase of enhanced transmitter release and appeared to be causally related to the late-phase postsynaptic maturation via an NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism. This ephrin-B-dependent synapse maturation supports the notion that the ephrin/Eph protein families have multiple functions in neural development.},
	Author = {Lim, Byung Kook and Matsuda, Naoto and Poo, Mu-Ming M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;10 circuit formation;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.},
	Pages = {160-9},
	Pii = {nn2033},
	Pubmed = {18193042},
	Title = {Ephrin-B reverse signaling promotes structural and functional synaptic maturation in vivo},
	Uuid = {CCA7A8E1-3CF0-4285-9A7B-19B5E97686E3},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2033}}




@article{Lima:2005,
	Abstract = {Optically gated ion channels were expressed in circumscribed groups of neurons in the Drosophila CNS so that broad illumination of flies evoked action potentials only in genetically designated target cells. Flies harboring the "phototriggers" in different sets of neurons responded to laser light with behaviors specific to the sites of phototrigger expression. Photostimulation of neurons in the giant fiber system elicited the characteristic escape behaviors of jumping, wing beating, and flight; photostimulation of dopaminergic neurons caused changes in locomotor activity and locomotor patterns. These responses reflected the direct optical activation of central neuronal targets rather than confounding visual input, as they persisted unabated in carriers of a mutation that eliminates phototransduction. Encodable phototriggers provide noninvasive control interfaces for studying the connectivity and dynamics of neural circuits, for assigning behavioral content to neurons and their activity patterns, and, potentially, for restoring information corrupted by injury or disease.},
	Author = {Lima, Susana Q. and Miesenb{\"o}ck, Gero},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:26 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Lasers;Motor Activity;Electrophysiology;Photic Stimulation;Cells, Cultured;Animals;Cloning, Molecular;Larva;Phototransduction;23 Technique;Ion Channels;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Neurons;Drosophila;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Central Nervous System;Ion Channel Gating;Receptors, Purinergic P2;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Pages = {141-52},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(05)00115-7},
	Pubmed = {15820685},
	Title = {Remote control of behavior through genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons},
	Uuid = {57E32EEE-8576-4851-BA0F-3D282A1520E4},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Lima_Cell2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.004}}













@article{Lipson:2007,
	Abstract = {The emergence of communication is considered one of the major transitions in evolution. Recent work using robot-based simulation shows that communication arises spontaneously. While deceptive communication arises in a purely competitive setting, cooperative communication arises only subject to group or kin selection.},
	Author = {Lipson, Hod},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0960-9822},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;Neural Networks (Computer);Selection (Genetics);09 Evolutionary dynamics;Cooperative Behavior;Evolution;comment;Competitive Behavior;Animals;Animal Communication;Robotics;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9107782},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. hl274\@cornell.edu},
	Pages = {R330-2},
	Pii = {S0960-9822(07)01070-6},
	Pubmed = {17470348},
	Title = {Evolutionary robotics: emergence of communication},
	Uuid = {0EBCBCF1-F01E-4D3D-A6F7-4BAD98B325EE},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Lipson_CurrBiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.003}}










@article{Livet:2007,
	Abstract = {Detailed analysis of neuronal network architecture requires the development of new methods. Here we present strategies to visualize synaptic circuits by genetically labelling neurons with multiple, distinct colours. In Brainbow transgenes, Cre/lox recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression between three or more fluorescent proteins (XFPs). Integration of tandem Brainbow copies in transgenic mice yielded combinatorial XFP expression, and thus many colours, thereby providing a way to distinguish adjacent neurons and visualize other cellular interactions. As a demonstration, we reconstructed hundreds of neighbouring axons and multiple synaptic contacts in one small volume of a cerebellar lobe exhibiting approximately 90 colours. The expression in some lines also allowed us to map glial territories and follow glial cells and neurons over time in vivo. The ability of the Brainbow system to label uniquely many individual cells within a population may facilitate the analysis of neuronal circuitry on a large scale.},
	Author = {Livet, Jean and Weissman, Tamily A. and Kang, Hyuno and Draft, Ryan W. and Lu, Ju and Bennis, Robyn A. and Sanes, Joshua R. and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Transgenes;Animals;Synapses;Humans;Neural Pathways;Nervous System;Cell Communication;Integrases;Mice, Transgenic;Axons;Color;Time Factors;Cell Line;Genetic Engineering;Neuroglia;Recombination, Genetic;Cerebellum;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescent Proteins;Attachment Sites, Microbiological;Gene Expression;Stochastic Processes},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7166},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {56-62},
	Pii = {nature06293},
	Pubmed = {17972876},
	Title = {Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system},
	Uuid = {EE8EF728-7540-4FDE-9AC1-5C297F7A8DC0},
	Volume = {450},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Livet_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06293}}

@article{Livnat:2006,
	Abstract = {Many behaviors have been attributed to internal conflict within the animal and human mind. However, internal conflict has not been reconciled with evolutionary principles, in that it appears maladaptive relative to a seamless decision-making process. We study this problem through a mathematical analysis of decision-making structures. We find that, under natural physiological limitations, an optimal decision-making system can involve "selfish" agents that are in conflict with one another, even though the system is designed for a single purpose. It follows that conflict can emerge within a collective even when natural selection acts on the level of the collective only.},
	Author = {Livnat, and Pippenger,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Organization = {Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540.},
	Pii = {0510932103},
	Pubmed = {16492775},
	Title = {An optimal brain can be composed of conflicting agents},
	Uuid = {4C83BE74-1CF5-4E70-B908-AFA8843A67D3},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Livnat_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510932103}}

@article{Lledo:2006,
	Abstract = {The adult brain is a plastic place. To ensure that the mature nervous system's control of behaviour is flexible in the face of a varying environment, morphological and physiological changes are possible at many levels, including that of the entire cell. In two areas of the adult brain - the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus - new neurons are generated throughout life and form an integral part of the normal functional circuitry. This process is not fixed, but highly modulated, revealing a plastic mechanism by which the brain's performance can be optimized for a given environment. The functional benefits of this whole-cell plasticity, however, remain a matter for debate.},
	Author = {Lledo, Pierre-Marie M. and Alonso, Mariana and Grubb, Matthew S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit de Recherche Associ{\'e}e 2182, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France. pmlledo\@pasteur.fr},
	Pages = {179-93},
	Pii = {nrn1867},
	Pubmed = {16495940},
	Title = {Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits},
	Uuid = {E8E2FDD5-5F5A-4926-8606-206EE258A351},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1867}}

@article{Lledo:2003,
	Abstract = {The perception of odorant molecules provides the essential information that allows animals to explore their surrounding. We describe here how the external world of scents may sculpt the activity of the first central relay of the olfactory system, i.e., the olfactory bulb. This structure is one of the few brain areas to continuously replace one of its neuronal populations: the local GABAergic interneurons. How the newly generated neurons integrate into a pre-existing neural network and how basic olfactory functions are maintained when a large percentage of neurons are subjected to continuous renewal, are important questions that have recently received new insights. Furthermore, we shall see how the adult neurogenesis is specifically subjected to experience-dependent modulation. In particular, we shall describe the sensitivity of the bulbar neurogenesis to the activity level of sensory inputs from the olfactory epithelium and, in turn, how this neurogenesis may adjust the neural network functioning to optimize odor information processing. Finally, we shall discuss the behavioral consequences of the bulbar neurogenesis and how it may be appropriate for the sense of smell. By maintaining a constitutive turnover of bulbar interneurons subjected to modulation by environmental cues, we propose that adult ongoing neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb is associated with improved olfactory memory. These recent findings not only provide new fuel for the molecular and cellular bases of sensory perception but should also shed light onto cellular bases of learning and memory. 0959-4965 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Lledo, P. M. and Gheusi, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Odors;01 Adult neurogenesis general;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology;Smell/*physiology;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology;Mitosis/*physiology;Memory/*physiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Cell Death;Mammals/physiology;Interneurons/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Learning/physiology;A pdf},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Perception and Memory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite de Recherche Associee 2182, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France. pmlledo\@pasteur.fr},
	Pages = {1655-63},
	Pubmed = {14512833},
	Title = {Olfactory processing in a changing brain},
	Uuid = {77B8E530-AB82-4CA8-B88B-FF4B63F41CF7},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14512833}}


@article{LoTurco:2003,
	Abstract = {Successful cell division in neural progenitors in the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ), as in all dividing cells, depends critically upon coordinating chromosome segregation during mitosis with cytokinesis. This coordination further suggests that common molecular regulators may link events in mitosis with those in cytokinesis. Recent genetic evidence indicates that cytokinesis in CNS neuronal progenitors, but not in most other cell types of the body, requires the function of citron kinase. In neocortex, citron kinase is most critical for neurogenic cytokinesis. In citron kinase null mutants, a large proportion of neuronal cells within neocortex are binucleate; however, very few glial cells are binucleate. In addition, confocal time-lapse imaging of mitoses at the VZ surface shows that citron kinase is also necessary for phases of the cell cycle just prior to cytokinesis. Deficits in mitosis seen in mutants indicate aberrant mitotic spindle function, and like deficits in cytokinesis, occur in some but not all cells at the VZ surface. Citron kinase is therefore an essential multifunctional regulator of cell divisions in the VZ, and may serve to coordinate chromosome segregation with cytokinesis in neuronal precursors.},
	Author = {LoTurco, Joseph J. and Sarkisian, Mathew R. and Cosker, Laurie and Bai, Jilin},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Mice, Knockout;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neocortex;Cell Division;Rats, Mutant Strains;Mice, Mutant Strains;Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases;Culture Techniques;Mitosis;Cerebral Ventricles;Animals;Mice;Neurons},
	Medline = {22648196},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4156, USA. Loturco\@uconn.edu},
	Pages = {588-91},
	Pubmed = {12764032},
	Title = {Citron kinase is a regulator of mitosis and neurogenic cytokinesis in the neocortical ventricular zone},
	Uuid = {979B27FA-69B0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/LoTurco_CerebCortex2003.pdf}}

@article{LoTurco:1995,
	Abstract = {We have found that, during the early stages of cortical neurogenesis, both GABA and glutamate depolarize cells in the ventricular zone of rat embryonic neocortex. In the ventricular zone, glutamate acts on AMPA/kainate receptors, while GABA acts on GABAA receptors. GABA induces an inward current at resting membrane potentials, presumably owing to a high intracellular Cl- concentration maintained by furosemide-sensitive Cl- transport. GABA and glutamate also produce increases in intracellular Ca2+ in ventricular zone cells, in part through activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, GABA and glutamate decrease the number of embryonic cortical cells synthesizing DNA. Depolarization with K+ similarly decreases DNA synthesis, suggesting that the neurotransmitters act via membrane depolarization. Applied alone, GABAA and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists increase DNA synthesis, indicating that endogenously released amino acids influence neocortical progenitors in the cell cycle. These results demonstrate a novel role for amino acid neurotransmitters in regulating neocortical neurogenesis.},
	Author = {LoTurco, J. J. and Owens, D. F. and Heath, M. J. and Davis, M. B. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Glutamic Acid/*pharmacology;GABA/*pharmacology;10 Development;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Stem Cells/*drug effects/*metabolism;Cell Polarity/drug effects;Rats;DNA/*biosynthesis;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology/metabolism;Animal;F;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut at Storrs 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {1287-98.},
	Title = {GABA and glutamate depolarize cortical progenitor cells and inhibit DNA synthesis},
	Uuid = {FF0E3C5E-D06B-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/LoTurco_Neuron1995.pdf}}



@article{Logothetis:2007,
	Abstract = {To combine insights obtained from electric field potentials (LFPs) and neuronal spiking activity (MUA) we need a better understanding of the relative spatial summation of these indices of neuronal activity. Compared to MUA, the LFP has greater spatial coherence, resulting in lower spatial specificity and lower stimulus selectivity. A differential propagation of low- and high-frequency electric signals supposedly underlies this phenomenon, which could result from cortical tissue specifically attenuating higher frequencies, i.e., from a frequency-dependent impedance spectrum. Here we directly measure the cortical impedance spectrum in vivo in monkey primary visual cortex. Our results show that impedance is independent of frequency, is homogeneous and tangentially isotropic within gray matter, and can be theoretically predicted assuming a pure-resistive conductor. We propose that the spatial summation of LFP and MUA is determined by the size of these signals' generators and the nature of neural events underlying them, rather than by biophysical properties of gray matter.},
	Author = {Logothetis, Nikos K. and Kayser, Christoph and Oeltermann, Axel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;Neural Pathways;Neural Conduction;Synaptic Transmission;Axons;Nerve Fibers, Myelinated;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;Neuropil;Electric Impedance;21 Neurophysiology;Haplorhini;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Models, Neurological},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 T{\"u}bingen, Germany. nikos.logothetis\@tuebingen.mpg.de},
	Pages = {809-23},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00572-7},
	Pubmed = {17785187},
	Title = {In vivo measurement of cortical impedance spectrum in monkeys: implications for signal propagation},
	Uuid = {05154D79-4F30-44F1-9AF9-87FE6D4E34E1},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Logothetis_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.027}}

@article{Lohmann:2008,
	Abstract = {Synapse elimination is an important process underlying the establishment of functional neuronal networks during development. Here, we tested the idea that neurons select among potential synaptic partners already during initial contact formation between dendritic filopodia and axons-well before mature synapses are established. We show that filopodia frequently make contact with axons, and while some contacts are selectively stabilized, many are short-lived. More specifically, we demonstrate that contacts with a certain population of GABAergic axons never get stabilized, indicating that filopodia already early on select between different types of axons. Local dendritic calcium transients that are independent of glutamate occur within seconds after contact formation, and their frequency is high where contacts become stabilized and low at short-lived contacts. Thus, filopodia are capable of choosing between potential synaptic partners well before a mature synapse is established.},
	Author = {Lohmann, Christian and Bonhoeffer, Tobias},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Dendrites;Rats;Pseudopodia;comparative study;Animals, Newborn;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. c.lohmann\@nin.knaw.nl},
	Pages = {253-60},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00460-1},
	Pubmed = {18667153},
	Title = {A role for local calcium signaling in rapid synaptic partner selection by dendritic filopodia},
	Uuid = {7EC30ACE-D419-43D5-9FBD-7F2411A6739F},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lohmann_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.025}}




@article{Lombroso:2000,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Increased availability of surgically resected epileptogenic tissues reveals often unsuspected cortical dysplasia (CD). There is some controversy about the ontogenic stages in which these occur. Although most take place during neuroblast proliferation and migration, there is some evidence for some CD occurring during postmigrational intrinsic cortical organization. It has been shown that various kinds of focal cortical manipulations in rats, if performed within 3-4 postnatal days, lead to the genesis of various cortical malformations including a four-layered microgyrus or an unlayered CD. It is not known whether such events also might occur in the human brain. METHODS: Two children sustained minor head trauma within 4 postnatal days and later developed intractable epilepsy, which was relieved by surgery. Neuropathologic analysis of the resected tissues revealed an unsuspected microdysplastic cortex immediately adjacent to a focal, modest meningeal fibrosis, presumably secondary to the old closed head trauma. RESULTS: The main histologic features were a disorganized, unlayered cortex; abnormal clusters of neurons, often with complex, randomly oriented proximal dendritic patterns with absent apical orientation; the presence of a number of heterotopic small and large neurons in the white matter; absence of inflammatory infiltrates, of hemosiderine, of reactive gliosis, or of an excessive number of blood vessels. The morphologic features in these surgical specimens suggest that these focal malformations occur because of a regional disorder of postmigrational intrinsic cortical remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical histories and the pathologic findings lend some support to the hypothesis that minor morbid events occuring in the immediate postnatal period may lead to microdysplasia in the human similar to those induced in rat pups. The animal model could be helpful to clarify the genesis of some cases of CD and of the epileptogenicity often manifesting later in life.},
	Author = {Lombroso, C. T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:51 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {10 Development;case reports;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Craniocerebral Trauma;Humans;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;Animals, Newborn;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;10 genetics malformation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Medline = {20152984},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Lombroso C\@aol.com},
	Pages = {245-53},
	Pubmed = {10691125},
	Title = {Can early postnatal closed head injury induce cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {AB33617D-B9B8-456E-AF3F-ED771C4058A6},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Lombroso_Epilepsia2000.pdf}}







@article{Loturco:2006,
	Abstract = {The genetic basis is now known for several disorders of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. Identification of the cellular processes mediated by the implicated genes is revealing crucial stages of neuronal migration and has the potential to reveal common cellular causes of neuronal migration disorders. We hypothesize that a newly recognized morphological stage of neuronal migration, the multipolar stage, is vulnerable and is disrupted in several disorders of neocortical development. The multipolar stage occurs as bipolar progenitor cells become radially migrating neurons. Several studies using in utero electroporation and RNAi have revealed that transition out of the multipolar stage depends on the function of filamin A, LIS1 and DCX. Mutations in the genes encoding these proteins in humans cause distinct neuronal migration disorders, including periventricular nodular heterotopia, subcortical band heterotopia and lissencephaly. The multipolar stage therefore seems to be a critical point of migration control and a vulnerable target for disruption of neocortical development. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Nature and nurture in brain development and neurological disorders, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium ().},
	Author = {Loturco, and Bai,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Cell Movement;review;10 Development;Neuropeptides;Animals;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Cerebral Cortex;Nervous System Malformations;Neurons},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, 75 North Eagleville Road U-3156, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {407-13},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00094-4},
	Pubmed = {16713637},
	Title = {The multipolar stage and disruptions in neuronal migration},
	Uuid = {5683478F-1346-40C7-9AF2-806433546ED4},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Loturco_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.006}}






@article{Loscher:1996,
	Abstract = {In epilepsy research, there is growing interest in the role of the piriform cortex (PC) in the development and maintenance of limbic kindling and other types of limbic epileptogenesis leading to complex partial seizures, i.e. the most common type of seizures in human epilepsy. The PC ("primary olfactory cortex") is the largest area of the mammalian olfactory cortex and receives direct projections from the olfactory bulb via the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Beside the obvious involvement in olfactory perception and discrimination, the PC, because of its unique intrinsic associative fiber system and its various connections to and from other limbic nuclei, has been implicated in the study of memory processing, spread of excitatory waves, and in the study of brain disorders such as epilepsy with particular emphasis on the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy with complex partial seizures. The interest in the kindling model is based primarily on the following observations. (1) The PC contains the most susceptible neural circuits of all forebrain regions for electrical (or chemical) induction of limbic seizures. (2) During electrical stimulation of other limbic brain regions, broad and large afterdischarges can be observed in the ipsilateral PC, indicating that the PC is activated early during the kindling process. (3) The interictal discharge, which many consider to be the hallmark of epilepsy, originates in the PC, independent of which structure serves as the kindled focus. (4) Autoradiographic studies of cerebral metabolism in rat amygdala kindling show that, during focal seizures, the area which exhibits the most consistent increase in glucose utilization is the ipsilateral paleocortex, particularly the PC. (5) During the commonly short initial afterdischarges induced by stimulation of the amygdala at the early stages of kindling, the PC is the first region that exhibits induction of immediate-early genes, such as c-fos. (6) The PC is the most sensitive brain structure to brain damage by continuous or frequent stimulation of the amygdala or hippocampus. (7) Amygdala kindling leads to a circumscribed loss of GABAergic neurons in the ipsilateral PC, which is likely to explain the increase in excitability of PC pyramidal neurons during kindling. (8) Kindling of the amygdala or hippocampus induces astrogliosis in the PC, indicating neuronal death in this brain region. Furthermore, activation of microglia is seen in the PC after amygdala kindling. (9) Complete bilateral lesions of the PC block the generalization of seizures upon kindling from the hippocampus or olfactory bulb. Incomplete or unilateral lesions are less effective in this regard, but large unilateral lesions of the PC and adjacent endopiriform nucleus markedly increase the threshold for induction of focal seizures from stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) prior to and after kindling, indicating that the PC critically contributes to regulation of excitability in the amygdala. (10) Potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the PC markedly increases the threshold for induction of kindled seizures via stimulation of the BLA, again indicating a critical role of the PC in regulation of seizure susceptibility of the amygdala. Microinjections of NMDA antagonists or sodium channel blockers into the PC block seizure generalization during kindling development. (11) Neurophysiological studies on the amygdala-PC slice preparation from kindled rats showed that kindling of the amygdala induces long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy in the ipsilateral PC, including spontaneous discharges and enhanced susceptibility to evoked burst responses. The epileptiform potentials in PC slice preparations from kindled rats seem to originate in neuron at the deep boundary of PC. Spontaneous firing and enhanced excitability of PC neurons in response to kindling from other sites is also seen in vivo, substantiating the fact that kindling induces long-lasting changes in the PC c},
	Author = {L{\"o}scher, W. and Ebert, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0301-0082},
	Journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Kindling (Neurology);Humans;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {97168205},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0370121},
	Number = {5-6},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.},
	Pages = {427-81},
	Pubmed = {9015822},
	Title = {The role of the piriform cortex in kindling},
	Uuid = {45CEB394-3EFE-4CE7-9AEC-7AE86BCEB44B},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1996}}





@article{Lu:2006a,
	Abstract = {Cortical maps are remarkably precise, with organized arrays of thalamocortical afferents (TCAs) that project into distinct neuronal modules. Here, we present evidence for the involvement of efficient neurotransmitter release in mouse cortical barrel map development using barrelless mice, a loss-of-function mutant of calcium/calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase I (AC1), and mice with a mutation in Rab3-interacting molecule 1alpha (RIM1alpha), an active zone protein that regulates neurotransmitter release. We demonstrate that release efficacy is substantially decreased in barrelless TCAs. We identify RIMs as important phosphorylation targets for AC1 in the presynaptic terminal. We further show that RIM1alpha mutant mice have reduced TCA neurotransmitter release efficacy and barrel map deficits, although not as severe as those found in barrelless mice. This supports the role of RIM proteins in mediating, in part, AC1 signaling in barrel map development. Finally, we present a model to show how inadequacies in presynaptic function can interfere with activity-dependent processes in neuronal circuit formation. These results demonstrate how efficient synaptic transmission mediated by AC1 function contributes to the development of cortical barrel maps.},
	Author = {Lu, Hui-Chen C. and Butts, Daniel A. and Kaeser, Pascal S. and She, Wei-Chi C. and Janz, Roger and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Models, Neurological;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Animals;GTP-Binding Proteins;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Adenylate Cyclase;Electric Stimulation;Brain Mapping;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Drug Interactions;Mice, Mutant Strains;Dizocilpine Maleate;Neural Pathways;Neuronal Plasticity;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Thalamus;N-Methylaspartate;comparative study;in vitro;Blotting, Western;Synapsins;Calcium;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Time Factors;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Neurotransmitter Agents;Animals, Newborn;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Mice, Knockout;Mice;Somatosensory Cortex;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. hclu\@bcm.tmc.edu},
	Pages = {2692-703},
	Pii = {26/10/2692},
	Pubmed = {16525048},
	Title = {Role of efficient neurotransmitter release in barrel map development},
	Uuid = {1B23633E-CF41-45E4-AFE6-B59AEE7BFBE0},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3956-05.2006}}


@article{Lu:2003,
	Abstract = {Cortical map formation requires the accurate targeting, synaptogenesis, elaboration and refinement of thalamocortical afferents. Here we demonstrate the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-activated type-I adenylyl cyclase (AC1) in regulating the strength of thalamocortical synapses through modulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking using barrelless mice, a mutant without AC1 activity or cortical 'barrel' maps. Barrelless synapses are stuck in an immature state that contains few functional AMPARs that are rarely silent (NMDAR-only). Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) at thalamocortical synapses require postsynaptic protein kinase A (PKA) activity and are difficult to induce in barrelless mice, probably due to an inability to properly regulate synaptic AMPAR trafficking. Consistent with this, both the extent of PKA phosphorylation on AMPAR subunit GluR1 and the expression of surface GluR1 are reduced in barrelless neurons. These results suggest that activity-dependent mechanisms operate through an AC1/PKA signaling pathway to target some synapses for consolidation and others for elimination during barrel map formation.},
	Author = {Lu, Hui-Chen C. and She, Wei-Chi C. and Plas, Daniel T. and Neumann, Paul E. and Janz, Roger and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation;Signal Transduction;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Mice, Mutant Strains;comparative study;Protein Transport;Receptors, AMPA;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Mice, Inbred ICR;Animals, Newborn;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Adenylate Cyclase;Brain Mapping; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza S-603, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. hlu\@cns.tmc.edu},
	Pages = {939-47},
	Pii = {nn1106},
	Pubmed = {12897788},
	Title = {Adenylyl cyclase I regulates AMPA receptor trafficking during mouse cortical 'barrel' map development},
	Uuid = {8E4F6F65-4F40-435B-ABA5-2831DE4DC139},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Lu_NatNeurosci2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1106}}



@article{Lu:2001a,
	Abstract = {The regulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit composition and expression during development is thought to control the process of thalamocortical afferent innervation, segregation, and plasticity. Thalamocortical synaptic plasticity in the mouse is dependent on NMDARs containing the NR2B subunit, which are the dominant form during the "critical period" window for plasticity. Near the end of the critical period there is a gradual increase in the contribution of NR2A subunits that happens in parallel to changes in NMDAR-mediated current kinetics. However, no extension of the critical period occurs in NR2A knockout mice, despite the fact that NMDA subunit composition and current kinetics remain immature past the end of the critical period. These data suggest that regulation of NMDAR subunit composition is not essential for closing the critical period plasticity window in mouse somatosensory barrel cortex.},
	Author = {Lu, H. C. and Gonzalez, E. and Crair, M. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-27 11:35:53 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Long-Term Potentiation;Animals;Piperidines;Synapses;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Neuronal Plasticity;Receptors, AMPA;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Critical Period (Psychology);Thalamus;Quinoxalines;Mice, Knockout;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Brain Mapping; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience and Program in Developmental Biology, One Baylor Plaza, S-603, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {619-34},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00501-3},
	Pubmed = {11719203},
	Title = {Barrel cortex critical period plasticity is independent of changes in NMDA receptor subunit composition},
	Uuid = {F7E6986F-B211-4895-8EF3-FE233D4AAE3C},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Lu:2004a,
	Abstract = {NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated increases in AMPA receptor (AMPAR) currents are associated with long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP). Here, we provide evidence that similar changes occur in response to normal increases in sensory stimulation during development. Experiments discriminated between eye opening-induced and age-dependent changes in synaptic currents. At 6 hr after eye opening (AEO), a transient population of currents mediated by NR2B-rich NMDARs increase significantly, and silent synapses peak. Sustained increases in evoked and miniature AMPAR currents occur at 12 hr AEO. Significant changes in AMPAR:NMDAR evoked current ratios, contacts per axon, and inputs per cell are present at 24 hr AEO. The AMPAR current changes are those seen in vitro during NMDAR-dependent LTP. Here, they are a consequence of eye opening and are associated with a new wave of synaptic refinement. These data also suggest that new NR2B-rich NMDAR currents precede and may initiate this developmental synaptic potentiation and functional tuning.},
	Author = {Lu, Wei and Constantine-Paton, Martha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Electric Conductivity;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Superior Colliculus;Presynaptic Terminals;Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;Receptors, AMPA;Time Factors;Eyelids;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {237-49},
	Pii = {S0896627304004209},
	Pubmed = {15260959},
	Title = {Eye opening rapidly induces synaptic potentiation and refinement},
	Uuid = {3BA8B82A-6374-4494-8DCA-A2F3889A922C},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.031}}


@article{Lubenov:2008,
	Abstract = {The level of synchronization in distributed systems is often controlled by the strength of the interactions between individual elements. In brain circuits the connection strengths between neurons are modified under the influence of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) rules. Here we show that when recurrent networks with conduction delays exhibit population bursts, STDP rules exert a strong decoupling force that desynchronizes activity. Conversely, when activity in the network is random, the same rules can have a coupling and synchronizing influence. The presence of these opposing forces promotes the self-organization of spontaneously active neuronal networks to a state at the border between randomness and synchrony. The decoupling force of STDP may be engaged by the synchronous bursts occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep, leading to the selective erasure of information from hippocampal circuits as memories are established in neocortical areas.},
	Author = {Lubenov, Evgueniy V. and Siapas, Athanassios G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Models, Neurological;Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;comparative study;Nerve Net;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Biology, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.},
	Pages = {118-31},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00128-1},
	Pubmed = {18400168},
	Title = {Decoupling through synchrony in neuronal circuits with propagation delays},
	Uuid = {CA534A3F-EF8C-4426-B2A4-C19385EFA107},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Lubenov_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.036}}


@article{Ludwig:2003,
	Abstract = {Hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels are believed to be involved in the generation of cardiac pacemaker depolarizations as well as in the control of neuronal excitability and plasticity. The contributions of the four individual HCN channel isoforms (HCN1-4) to these diverse functions are not known. Here we show that HCN2-deficient mice exhibit spontaneous absence seizures. The thalamocortical relay neurons of these mice displayed a near complete loss of the HCN current, resulting in a pronounced hyperpolarizing shift of the resting membrane potential, an altered response to depolarizing inputs and an increased susceptibility for oscillations. HCN2-null mice also displayed cardiac sinus dysrhythmia, a reduction of the sinoatrial HCN current and a shift of the maximum diastolic potential to hyperpolarized values. Mice with cardiomyocyte- specific deletion of HCN2 displayed the same dysrhythmia as mice lacking HCN2 globally, indicating that the dysrhythmia is indeed caused by sinoatrial dysfunction. Our results define the physiological role of the HCN2 subunit as a major determinant of membrane resting potential that is required for regular cardiac and neuronal rhythmicity.},
	Author = {Ludwig, Andreas and Budde, Thomas and Stieber, Juliane and Moosmang, Sven and Wahl, Christian and Holthoff, Knut and Langebartels, Anke and Wotjak, Carsten and Munsch, Thomas and Zong, Xiangang and Feil, Susanne and Feil, Robert and Lancel, Marike and Chien, Kenneth R. and Konnerth, Arthur and Pape, Hans-Christian C. and Biel, Martin and Hofmann, Franz},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0261-4189},
	Journal = {EMBO J},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Heart Rate;Male;Protein Subunits;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;Electrocardiography;Genes, Reporter;In Vitro;Motor Activity;Membrane Potentials;Ion Channels;21 Epilepsy;Thalamus;Epilepsy, Absence;Gene Targeting;Sinoatrial Node;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Recombination, Genetic;Mice;Arrhythmia, Sinus;Mice, Transgenic;Muscle Proteins;in vitro ;Myocytes, Cardiac},
	Medline = {22401613},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8208664},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Technische Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, D-80802 M{\"u}nchen, Germany. ludwig\@ipt.med.tu-muenchen.de},
	Pages = {216-24},
	Pubmed = {12514127},
	Title = {Absence epilepsy and sinus dysrhythmia in mice lacking the pacemaker channel HCN2},
	Uuid = {233FA7C2-CB18-4F9A-B0E4-E9433A709279},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdg032}}

@article{Ludwin:1990,
	Abstract = {Unilateral enucleation of the eye in adult male rats was performed in an attempt to resolve the longstanding controversy as to the nature of the phagocytic cells during Wallerian degeneration in the central nervous system. Previously both resident microglia and circulating monocytes, as well as oligodendrocytes, have all been considered to be the phagocytic cells. In these present experiments macrophages and microglia were studied using lectin histochemistry for Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin and the monoclonal antibody ED1 at light microscopic level. Oligodendrocytes were demonstrated ultrastructurally using immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Ultrastructural examination of the degeneration optic nerves confirmed longstanding reports of the slow nature of breakdown in the adult central nervous system. During the early periods of breakdown, starting at 1 week and continuing to 1 or 2 months, it was difficult to type, on ultrastructural examination alone, the nature of all the cells undergoing phagocytosis, but many of them resembled microglia/macrophages. Myelin debris cleared very slowly and could still be recognised prominently in the nerve up to 22 months post-enucleation. Lectin and immunochemical examination showed that the early major phagocytic component of phagocytosis was carried out by macrophages, probably both circulating and resident. In addition, however, myelin and axonal debris was taken up or retracted into oligodendrocyte processes, which were stained with antibodies to MOG. This oligodendrocyte component appeared to be small in relationship to the overall degree of debris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Ludwin, S. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0001-6322},
	Journal = {Acta Neuropathol (Berl)},
	Keywords = {Plant Lectins;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Phagocytosis;Macrophages;Rats;Oligodendroglia;Optic Nerve;Not relevant;11 Glia;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Wallerian Degeneration;Histocytochemistry;Immunohistochemistry;Microscopy, Electron;Biological Markers;Lectins},
	Medline = {90378936},
	Nlm_Id = {0412041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, Kingston General Hospital, Ontario, Canada.},
	Pages = {266-73},
	Pubmed = {2399808},
	Title = {Phagocytosis in the rat optic nerve following Wallerian degeneration},
	Uuid = {4FE27560-3391-46A4-A693-BEA54B80DD45},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1990}}


@article{Luhmann:1999,
	Abstract = {The cellular morphology and electrophysiology of the rat neocortex between embryonic day (E) 18 and postnatal day (P) 3 was studied in vitro by extracellular biocytin injections and whole-cell recordings, respectively. Most neurons were characterized by a small number of short-range dendrites and a main axon that was directed towards the white matter. Biocytin injections into the marginal zone and the cortical plate labeled far-reaching connections extending up to 2 mm in horizontal direction, indicating the existence of a dense network of long-range intrinsic projections in the neonatal cortex. Action potentials could be elicited as early as E18 and repetitive firing could first be observed at P0. Electrical stimulation of the immature cortex at various positions elicited polyphasic and long-lasting (up to 1 s) excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents, which were significantly reduced in amplitude by a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Our data indicate that the perinatal cortex manifests the structural and functional conditions for powerful excitatory interactions, which increase the likelihood for the generation of epileptiform activity during this developmental period. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel},
	Author = {Luhmann, H. J. and Schubert, D. and K{\"o}tter, R. and Staiger, J. F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0378-5866},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Embryo;Synapses;Cell Membrane;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Conductivity;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Rats;Neural Pathways;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Synaptic Transmission;Electrophysiology;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {20044653},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7809375},
	Number = {3-5},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. luhmann\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {298-309},
	Pii = {dne21298},
	Pubmed = {10575253},
	Title = {Cellular morphology and physiology of the perinatal rat cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {A9A97EC4-BFDF-4493-9378-479396D7AFEC},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Luhmann_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}}

@article{Luhmann:1996,
	Abstract = {Hypoxia, ischemia and other forms of brain injury during the pre- and perinatal period may cause neuronal migration disorders which results in irreversible structural modifications. In human neocortex, these malformations have been associated with severe mental retardation, motor dysfunction and the manifestation of therapy-resistant epilepsy. We were interested in analyzing the expression of epileptiform activity in an animal model of neocortical migration disorders. Newborn rats received a focal freeze lesion and were investigated anatomically and in vitro electrophysiologically after survival times of up to five months. Anatomic abnormalities included loss of normal cortical lamination (focal microgyrus) and presence of ectopic cell clusters in layer I and in the white matter (heterotopia). The functional in vitro analyses with eight extracellular recording electrodes revealed a prominent hyperexcitability of the disorganized neocortical network. Electrical stimulation of the afferents elicited epileptiform responses that propagated over > 4 mm in the horizontal direction. In untreated and sham-operated animals, this spread of evoked activity was restricted to 0.5-1 mm. Epileptiform responses were not significantly affected by APV but blocked by NBQX, indicating that AMPA receptors play a prominent role in the generation and propagation of this pathophysiological activity. Our data suggest that the experimentally induced migration disturbances cause long-term structural and/or functional modifications in the neocortical network which may form the basis for the expression of epileptiform activity.},
	Author = {Luhmann, H. J. and Raabe, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:51 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Rats;Choristoma;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;Humans;Brain},
	Medline = {97138664},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology II, Department of Neurophysiology, D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. luhmann\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {67-74},
	Pii = {S0920121196000411},
	Pubmed = {8985688},
	Title = {Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: I. Expression of epileptiform activity in an animal model},
	Uuid = {F31176E4-12C6-4C35-BB05-98AB97DEEB95},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Luhmann_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}}

@article{Luhmann:1998,
	Abstract = {The majority of patients showing neuronal migration disorders in cortical structures suffer from pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. In order to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this pronounced hyperexcitability, we used an animal model of focal cortical dysplasia demonstrating structural malformations which resemble the human pathology of microgyria. Neocortical slices prepared from adult rats, which at the day of birth received a cortical freeze lesion, were analysed in vitro with an array of eight extracellular recording electrodes to investigate the pattern and pharmacology of propagating epileptiform activity in microgyric cortex. In cortical slices exhibiting neuronal migration disorders, orthodromic synaptic stimulation elicited late recurrent activity and early epileptiform responses that spread with 0.06 m/s over > or = 3.5 mm across the cortex. Application of a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist blocked the late recurrent activity, but not the propagation of the early epileptiform responses. The latter were blocked by an (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist, indicating that the spread of this activity was predominantly mediated by activation of AMPA receptors. A very similar response pattern could be observed in neocortical slices obtained from untreated age-matched control rats, when the slice was partially disinhibited by bath-application of 5 microM bicuculline methiodide. Stimulus-evoked epileptiform signals recorded in disinhibited slices propagated with 0.08 m/s across the cortex and showed the same sensitivity to ionotropic glutamate antagonists as in dysplastic cortex. Our results indicate that widespread structural and/or functional modifications of the AMPA receptor and possibly also of the gamma-amino-butyric acid type A receptor contribute to the pronounced hyperexcitability in dysplastic cortex.},
	Author = {Luhmann, H. J. and Raabe, K. and Q{\"u}, M. and Zilles, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Epilepsies, Partial;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Animals;Comparative Study;Electrodes;Parietal Lobe;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Movement;Extracellular Space;Frontal Lobe;Receptors, AMPA;Rats, Wistar;Disease Models, Animal;21 Epilepsy;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Cryosurgery;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99000142},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. luhmann\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {3085-94},
	Pubmed = {9786203},
	Title = {Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: extracellular in vitro recordings},
	Uuid = {79EE6F9E-013D-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Luhmann:2000,
	Abstract = {We examined the generation, propagation and pharmacology of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced epileptiform activity (EA) in the intact interconnected limbic structure of the newborn (P0-7) rat in vitro. Whole-cell recordings of CA3 pyramidal cells and multisite field potential recordings in CA3, CA1, dentate gyrus, and lateral and medial entorhinal cortex revealed 4-AP-induced EA as early as P0-1. At this age, EA was initiated in the CA3 region and propagated to CA1, but not to the entorhinal cortex. Starting from P3-4, EA propagated from CA3 to the entorhinal cortex. Along the CA3 septo-temporal axis, EA arose predominantly from the septal pole and spread towards the temporal site. Whereas the onset of 4-AP-induced EA decreased with age from 21.2 +/- 1.6 min at P0-1 to 4.7 +/- 0.63 min at P6-7, the seizure duration increased in the same age groups from 98 +/- 14 s to 269.4 +/- 85.9 s, respectively. The EA was blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) but not by DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), (+)-MK-801 hydrogen maleate (MK-801) or (+/-)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), suggesting that they were mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor activation. We conclude that: (i) the septal pole of the hippocampal CA3 region plays a central role in the generation of EA in the neonatal limbic system; and (ii) AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated EA can be generated in CA3 already at birth. Therefore, the recurrent collateral synapses and circuits required for the generation of EA are developed earlier than previously suggested on the basis of studies on hippocampal slices.},
	Author = {Luhmann, H. J. and Dzhala, V. I. and Ben-Ari, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Dizocilpine Maleate;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Epilepsy;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Hippocampus;Rats, Wistar;Entorhinal Cortex;Benzoates;Animals, Newborn;Glycine;Action Potentials;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Age Factors;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;4-Aminopyridine;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20428258},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Duesseldorf, POB 101007, D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany. luhmann\@uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {2757-68},
	Pii = {ejn156},
	Pubmed = {10971618},
	Title = {Generation and propagation of 4-AP-induced epileptiform activity in neonatal intact limbic structures in vitro},
	Uuid = {B79AF588-F92A-4DB4-98BD-E452A77445C1},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Luhmann:1998a,
	Abstract = {Neuronal migration disorders (NMD) are involved in a variety of different developmental disturbances and in therapy-resistant epilepsy. The cellular mechanisms underlying the pronounced hyperexcitability in dysplastic cortex are not well understood and demand further clinical and experimental analyses. We used a focal freeze-lesion model in cerebral cortex of newborn rats to study the functional consequences of NMD. Intracellular recordings from supragranular regular spiking cells in cortical slices from adult sham-operated rats revealed normal passive and active intrinsic membrane properties and normal stimulus-evoked excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs, respectively). Regular spiking neurons recorded in rat dysplastic cortex showed on average a significantly smaller action potential amplitude, a slower spike rise, and a less steep primary frequency-current relationship. Stimulus-elicited EPSPs in NMD-affected cortex consisted of multiphasic burst discharges, which coincided with extracellular field potentials and lasted 150-800 ms. These epileptiform responses could be recorded at membrane potentials between -50 and -110 mV and were blocked by -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), indicating the involvement of N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Isolated NMDA-mediated and APV-sensitive EPSPs could be recorded at membrane potentials negative to -70 mV, suggesting that NMDA receptors are activated at relatively negative membrane potentials. In comparison with the controls, polysynaptic IPSPs mediated by the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A and B receptor were either absent or reduced in peak conductance in microgyric cortex by 27\%(P < 0.05) and 17\%, respectively. However, monosynaptic IPSPs recorded in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists revealed a similar efficacy in NMD and control cortex, indicating that GABAergic neurons in microgyric cortex get a weaker excitatory input. Our data indicate that the expression of epileptiform activity in NMD-affected cortex rather results from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission than from alterations in the intrinsic membrane properties. This imbalance is caused by an increase in NMDA-receptor-mediated excitation in pyramidal neurons and a concurrent decrease of glutamatergic input onto inhibitory interneurons.},
	Author = {Luhmann, H. J. and Karpuk, N. and Q{\"u}, M. and Zilles, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;Evoked Potentials;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;21 Epilepsy;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Cell Movement;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Brain Diseases;Animals, Newborn;Quinoxalines;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98325103},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of D{\"u}sseldorf, D-40001 Dusseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {92-102},
	Pubmed = {9658031},
	Title = {Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures. II. Intracellular in vitro recordings},
	Uuid = {5CDA474E-79F8-4C02-B955-402E89679F9E},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Lujan:2005,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of the role played by neurotransmitter receptors in the developing brain has advanced in recent years. The major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, glutamate and GABA, activate both ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (G protein-coupled) receptors, and are generally associated with neuronal communication in the mature brain. However, before the emergence of their role in neurotransmission in adulthood, they also act to influence earlier developmental events, some of which occur prior to synapse formation: such as proliferation, migration, differentiation or survival processes during neural development. To fulfill these actions in the constructing of the nervous system, different types of glutamate and GABA receptors need to be expressed both at the right time and at the right place. The identification by molecular cloning of 16 ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits, eight metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, 21 ionotropic and two metabotropic GABA receptor subunits, some of which exist in alternatively splice variants, has enriched our appreciation of how molecular diversity leads to functional diversity in the brain. It now appears that many different types of glutamate and GABA receptor subunits have prominent expression in the embryonic and/or postnatal brain, whereas others are mainly present in the adult brain. Although the significance of this differential expression of subunits is not fully understood, it appears that the change in subunit composition is essential for normal development in particular brain regions. This review focuses on emerging information relating to the expression and role of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter receptors during prenatal and postnatal development.},
	Author = {Luj{\'a}n, R. and Shigemoto, R. and L{\'o}pez-Bendito, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Humans;Neurons;Cell Differentiation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Synapses;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Proliferation;Signal Transduction;21 Activity-development;Receptors, GABA;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;Animals;Brain;Cell Movement;review;Glutamic Acid},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Facultad de Medicina and Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biom{\'e}dicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, Avda. de Almansa s/n, 02006 Albacete, Spain. rlujan\@med-ab.uclm.es},
	Pages = {567-80},
	Pii = {S0306-4522(04)00872-3},
	Pubmed = {15590141},
	Title = {Glutamate and GABA receptor signalling in the developing brain},
	Uuid = {0134439A-87A9-4F1F-834D-E5F3807DD6A2},
	Volume = {130},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.042}}





@article{Luo:2001a,
	Abstract = {To define the relationship between glomerular activation patterns and neuronal olfactory responses in the main olfactory bulb, intracellular recordings were combined with optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Response correlation maps (RCMs) were constructed by correlating the fluctuations in membrane potential and firing rate during odorant presentations with patterns of glomerular activation. The RCMs indicated that mitral/tufted cells were excited by activation of a focal region surrounding their principal glomerulus and generally inhibited by activation of more distant regions. However, the structure of the RCMs and the relative contribution of excitatory and inhibitory glomerular input evolved and even changed sign during and after odorant application. These data suggest a dynamic center-surround organization of mitral/tufted cell receptive fields.},
	Author = {Luo, M. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, 27710, Durham, NC, USA},
	Pages = {1165-79.},
	Title = {Response correlation maps of neurons in the Mammalian olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {2C846801-7538-41E3-ACCB-3A640BA84FBB},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11754845}}

@article{Luo:2008,
	Abstract = {Understanding the principles of information processing in neural circuits requires systematic characterization of the participating cell types and their connections, and the ability to measure and perturb their activity. Genetic approaches promise to bring experimental access to complex neural systems, including genetic stalwarts such as the fly and mouse, but also to nongenetic systems such as primates. Together with anatomical and physiological methods, cell-type-specific expression of protein markers and sensors and transducers will be critical to construct circuit diagrams and to measure the activity of genetically defined neurons. Inactivation and activation of genetically defined cell types will establish causal relationships between activity in specific groups of neurons, circuit function, and animal behavior. Genetic analysis thus promises to reveal the logic of the neural circuits in complex brains that guide behaviors. Here we review progress in the genetic analysis of neural circuits and discuss directions for future research and development.},
	Author = {Luo, Liqun and Callaway, Edward M. and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neural Pathways;Gene Expression Regulation;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Neurons;review;Technique;connectivity;connectome;genes;Gene Transfer Techniques;optogenetics;optical physiology;Viral Envelope Proteins;viral gene transfer},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {634-60},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00031-7},
	Pubmed = {18341986},
	Title = {Genetic dissection of neural circuits},
	Uuid = {97D790D4-B66F-479A-9C8E-8D1F4C2EBD3B},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Luo_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.002}}











@article{Lubke:2007,
	Abstract = {A basic feature of the neocortex is its organization in functional, vertically oriented columns, recurring modules of signal processing and a system of transcolumnar long-range horizontal connections. These columns, together with their network of neurons, present in all sensory cortices, are the cellular substrate for sensory perception in the brain. Cortical columns contain thousands of neurons and span all cortical layers. They receive input from other cortical areas and subcortical brain regions and in turn their neurons provide output to various areas of the brain. The modular concept presumes that the neuronal network in a cortical column performs basic signal transformations, which are then integrated with the activity in other networks and more extended brain areas. To understand how sensory signals from the periphery are transformed into electrical activity in the neocortex it is essential to elucidate the spatial-temporal dynamics of cortical signal processing and the underlying neuronal 'microcircuits'. In the last decade the 'barrel' field in the rodent somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory information arriving from the mysticial vibrissae, has become a quite attractive model system because here the columnar structure is clearly visible. In the neocortex and in particular the barrel cortex, numerous neuronal connections within or between cortical layers have been studied both at the functional and structural level. Besides similarities, clear differences with respect to both physiology and morphology of synaptic transmission and connectivity were found. It is therefore necessary to investigate each neuronal connection individually, in order to develop a realistic model of neuronal connectivity and organization of a cortical column. This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the study of individual microcircuits and their functional relevance within the framework of a cortical column, with emphasis on excitatory signal flow.},
	Author = {L{\"u}bke, Joachim and Feldmeyer, Dirk},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1863-2653},
	Journal = {Brain Struct Funct},
	Keywords = {Somatosensory Cortex;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ventral Thalamic Nuclei;21 Neurophysiology;Pyramidal Cells;Neural Pathways;Receptors, Sensory;Afferent Pathways;Animals;Humans;Nerve Net;review;Neurons, Afferent},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {101282001},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Research Centre J{\"u}lich, Institute of Neurosciences and Biophysics INB-3, Leo-Brandt-Str, 52425 J{\"u}lich, Germany.},
	Pages = {3-17},
	Pubmed = {17717695},
	Title = {Excitatory signal flow and connectivity in a cortical column: focus on barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {E6476333-66E4-453F-BBA1-9DE6207F450F},
	Volume = {212},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-007-0144-2}}

@article{Lubke:2000,
	Abstract = {Cortical columns are the functional units of the neocortex that are particularly prominent in the "barrel" field of the somatosensory cortex. Here we describe the morphology of two classes of synaptically coupled excitatory neurons in layer 4 of the barrel cortex, spiny stellate, and star pyramidal cells, respectively. Within a single barrel, their somata tend to be organized in clusters. The dendritic arbors are largely confined to layer 4, except for the distal part of the apical dendrite of star pyramidal neurons that extends into layer 2/3. In contrast, the axon of both types of neurons spans the cortex from layer 1 to layer 6. The most prominent axonal projections are those to layers 4 and 2/3 where they are largely restricted to a single cortical column. In layers 5 and 6, a small fraction of axon collaterals projects also across cortical columns. Consistent with the dense axonal projection to layers 4 and 2/3, the total number and density of boutons per unit axonal length was also highest there. Electron microscopy combined with GABA postimmunogold labeling revealed that most (>90\%) of the synaptic contacts were established on dendritic spines and shafts of excitatory neurons in layers 4 and 2/3. The largely columnar organization of dendrites and axons of both cell types, combined with the preferential and dense projections within cortical layers 4 and 2/3, suggests that spiny stellate and star pyramidal neurons of layer 4 serve to amplify thalamic input and relay excitation vertically within a single cortical column.},
	Author = {L{\"u}bke, J. and Egger, V. and Sakmann, B. and Feldmeyer, D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;10 Development;Dendrites;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;10 Spiny stellate;Electron Transport Complex IV;In Vitro;Rats, Wistar;10 Structural plasticity;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;Axons},
	Medline = {20341884},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Anatomisches Institut I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit{\"a}t Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. luebkejo\@uni-freiburg.de},
	Pages = {5300-11},
	Pii = {20/14/5300},
	Pubmed = {10884314},
	Title = {Columnar organization of dendrites and axons of single and synaptically coupled excitatory spiny neurons in layer 4 of the rat barrel cortex},
	Uuid = {7BDFA014-911B-438C-A2BD-C7728C9D3A89},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Lübke_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}











@article{Ma:2006,
	Abstract = {GABA-releasing inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex can be classified by their neurochemical content, firing patterns, or axonal targets, to name the most common criteria, but whether classifications using different criteria converge on the same neuronal subtypes, and how many such subtypes exist, is a matter of much current interest and considerable debate. To address these issues, we generated transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the GAD67 promoter. In two of these lines, named X94 and X98, GFP expression in the barrel cortex was restricted to subsets of somatostatin-containing (SOM+) GABAergic interneurons, similar to the previously reported "GIN" line (Oliva et al., 2000), but the laminar distributions of GFP-expressing (GFP+) cell bodies in the X94, X98, and GIN lines were distinct and nearly complementary. We compared neurochemical content and axonal distribution patterns of GFP+ neurons among the three lines and analyzed in detail electrophysiological properties in a dataset of 150 neurons recorded in whole-cell, current-clamp mode. By all criteria, there was nearly perfect segregation of X94 and X98 GFP+ neurons, whereas GIN GFP+ neurons exhibited intermediate properties. In the X98 line, GFP expression was found in infragranular, calbindin-containing, layer 1-targeting ("Martinotti") cells that had a propensity to fire low-threshold calcium spikes, whereas X94 GFP+ cells were stuttering interneurons with quasi fast-spiking properties, residing in and targeting the thalamo-recipient neocortical layers. We conclude that much of the variability previously attributed to neocortical SOM+ interneurons can be accounted for by their natural grouping into distinct subtypes.},
	Author = {Ma, Yunyong and Hu, Hang and Berrebi, Albert S. and Mathers, Peter H. and Agmon, Ariel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Somatostatin;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Neocortex;Neural Inhibition;Mice, Transgenic;Interneurons;12 Interneuron development;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.},
	Pages = {5069-82},
	Pii = {26/19/5069},
	Pubmed = {16687498},
	Title = {Distinct subtypes of somatostatin-containing neocortical interneurons revealed in transgenic mice},
	Uuid = {83EF528C-27C2-4B0E-895F-4D377E8AE0E4},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ma_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0661-06.2006}}




@article{MacLean:2005,
	Abstract = {Although spontaneous activity occurs throughout the neocortex, its relation to the activity produced by external or sensory inputs remains unclear. To address this, we used calcium imaging of mouse thalamocortical slices to reconstruct, with single-cell resolution, the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity of layer 4 in the presence or absence of thalamic stimulation. We found spontaneous neuronal coactivations corresponded to intracellular UP states. Thalamic stimulation of sufficient frequency (>10 Hz) triggered cortical activity, and UP states, indistinguishable from those arising spontaneously. Moreover, neurons were activated in identical and precise spatiotemporal patterns in thalamically triggered and spontaneous events. The similarities between cortical activations indicate that intracortical connectivity plays the dominant role in the cortical response to thalamic inputs. Our data demonstrate that precise spatiotemporal activity patterns can be triggered by thalamic inputs and indicate that the thalamus serves to release intrinsic cortical dynamics.},
	Author = {MacLean, Jason N. and Watson, Brendon O. and Aaron, Gloster B. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;in vitro ;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Neocortex;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Nerve Net;Animals;Mice;Reaction Time;Neurons;Thalamus},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. JM2107\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {811-23},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)01001-9},
	Pubmed = {16337918},
	Title = {Internal dynamics determine the cortical response to thalamic stimulation},
	Uuid = {21409ED2-8EA4-4DD3-9BA3-DAF89C29C41F},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/MacLean_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.035}}



	Abstract = {Selective degeneration of neocortical callosal pyramidal neurons by noninvasive laser illumination was used for directed studies of neocortical transplantation, to test the hypothesis that transplanted embryonic neurons may seek to restore normal cytoarchitecture within an appropriately permissive local environment. At long wavelengths that penetrate through tissue without major absorption, photolysis can cause extremely selective degeneration to desired subpopulations of targeted neurons in vivo (Macklis and Madison, 1991; Madison and Macklis, 1993). Cell death is geographically defined and slowly progressive, allowing control over the anatomical substrate for transplantation. Targeting occurs by retrograde incorporation of cytolytic chromophores that are activated by specific-wavelength light. Intermixed neurons, glia, axons, blood vessels, and connective tissue remain intact. Degeneration was effected within neocortical lamina II/III of neonatal mouse pups following targeting in utero or early postnatally with photoactive nanospheres. Total neuron density was reduced typically by 25-30\%within defined areas, with approximately 60\%loss of large projection neurons and no change in the number of small, presumptive interneurons. Embryonic day 17 neocortical cell suspensions, which included recently postmitotic neurons destined to form lamina II/III, were transplanted lateral to these regions of ongoing neuron degeneration in juvenile mice. Cellular injections spanned laminae II-V, to provide donor neurons with both lateral and laminar choice for possible migration and integration. Donor cells were labeled in vitro with unique fluorescent and electron-dense nanospheres that allowed distinct identification of donor cells at both light and electron microscopic levels. Control experiments included neocortical transplants into intact age-matched hosts, into hosts with kainic acid lesions to neocortex, or distant to the region of photolytic neuronal degeneration; embryonic cerebellar transplants to the regions of selective photolytic degeneration; and grafts of hypoosmotically lysed neocortical cells to lesioned regions. After survival times of 1 hr to 12 weeks, labeled neurons were identified morphologically and positions were digitized for qualitative and quantitative analysis of position and specificity of migration and cellular integration; electron microscopy was used to confirm further the donor identities of migrated neurons. Neurons placed near host zones of photolytic neuron degeneration migrated up to 780 microns specifically within these zones; approximately 44\%of donor neurons migrated significantly beyond the injection site to enter these regions. Migration and integration did not occur in normal, unaffected deeper layers IV-VI of these experimental mice, or in the normal lamina II/III bordering the transplantation site on the side opposite the neuron-deficient region. Control grafts of all five types revealed only minimal local spread without laminar preference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Macklis, J. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Lasers;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Photolysis;Cell Movement;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;17 Transplant Regeneration;Embryo;Pyramidal Tracts;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;06 Adult neurogenesis injury induced;Mice;Microscopy, Electron;Corpus Callosum;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {93375318},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.},
	Pages = {3848-63},
	Pubmed = {8366349},
	Title = {Transplanted neocortical neurons migrate selectively into regions of neuronal degeneration produced by chromophore-targeted laser photolysis},
	Uuid = {C9CC07D7-DF55-4496-98D1-C2FE9C457049},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1993},
	url = {papers/Macklis_JNeurosci1993.pdf}}





@article{Maffei:2004,
	Abstract = {Visual deprivation during a developmental sensitive period markedly alters visual cortical response properties, but the changes in intracortical circuitry that underlie these effects are poorly understood. Here we use a slice preparation of rat primary visual cortex to show that 2 d of prior visual deprivation early in life increases the excitability of layer 4 circuitry. Slice recordings showed that spontaneous activity of layer 4 star pyramidal neurons increased 25-fold after 2 d of visual deprivation between postnatal days (P) 15 and P17. This effect was mediated by increased net excitatory and decreased net inhibitory synaptic drive. Paired recordings showed that excitatory connections between star pyramidal neurons doubled in amplitude, whereas inhibitory connections decreased or increased depending on the interneuron class. These effects reversed when vision was restored. This dynamic adjustment of the excitation-inhibition balance may allow the networks within layer 4 to maintain stable levels of activity in the face of variable sensory input.},
	Author = {Maffei, Arianna and Nelson, Sacha B. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Animals, Newborn;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Animals;comparative study ;comparative study;Vision, Monocular;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {1353-9},
	Pii = {nn1351},
	Pubmed = {15543139},
	Title = {Selective reconfiguration of layer 4 visual cortical circuitry by visual deprivation},
	Uuid = {185FC868-43C7-4D1A-9C50-67151F68192E},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Maffei_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1351}}

@article{Maffei:2006,
	Abstract = {The fine-tuning of circuits in sensory cortex requires sensory experience during an early critical period. Visual deprivation during the critical period has catastrophic effects on visual function, including loss of visual responsiveness to the deprived eye, reduced visual acuity, and loss of tuning to many stimulus characteristics. These changes occur faster than the remodelling of thalamocortical axons, but the intracortical plasticity mechanisms that underlie them are incompletely understood. Long-term depression of excitatory intracortical synapses has been proposed as a general candidate mechanism for the loss of cortical responsiveness after visual deprivation. Alternatively (or in addition), the decreased ability of the deprived eye to activate cortical neurons could be due to enhanced intracortical inhibition. Here we show that visual deprivation leaves excitatory connections in layer 4 (the primary input layer to cortex) unaffected, but markedly potentiates inhibitory feedback between fast-spiking basket cells (FS cells) and star pyramidal neurons (star pyramids). Further, a previously undescribed form of long-term potentiation of inhibition (LTPi) could be induced at synapses from FS cells to star pyramids, and was occluded by previous visual deprivation. These data suggest that potentiation of inhibition is a major cellular mechanism underlying the deprivation-induced degradation of visual function, and that this form of LTPi is important in fine-tuning cortical circuitry in response to visual experience.},
	Author = {Maffei, Arianna and Nataraj, Kiran and Nelson, Sacha B. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Feedback, Biochemical;Photic Stimulation;Synapses;Animals;Rats;Visual Perception;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Vision, Monocular;in vitro ;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);Pyramidal Cells;21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7107},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {81-4},
	Pii = {nature05079},
	Pubmed = {16929304},
	Title = {Potentiation of cortical inhibition by visual deprivation},
	Uuid = {EAD34B1C-9957-4561-8748-43769CAAA9C3},
	Volume = {443},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Maffei_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05079}}






@article{Mair:1982,
	Abstract = {Activity was recorded from mitral cells in newborn to six-day-old rat pups during odorous stimulation. Twenty-eight neurons were studied in pups with unopened nasal cavities which sampled stimuli during intermittent periods of inhalation. Forty-six neurons were studied in pups with opened nasal cavities which were stimulated by delivering odorants directly to the olfactory epithelia. We show that mitral cells are selectively excited by different odorants on the day pups are born; prior to the maturation of bulb interneurons, the responses of neonatal mitral cells are time-locked to the inhalation cycle; neonatal mitral cells preserve the temporal patterns of activity exhibited by receptor neurons during stimulation with different concentrations of odorants; and the response patterns of mitral cells differ qualitatively between newborn and adult rats. We conclude that receptor-to-mitral cell synapses are functional in newborn rat pups and that the activity of this afferent pathway is modulated by the pups'respiratory behavior. We argue that without interneurons, mitral cells repeat the temporal code exhibited by receptor neurons and do not produce the types of response patterns characteristic of neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb. eng Journal Article},
	Author = {Mair, R. G. and Gesteland, R. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Nose/physiology;Neurons/*physiology;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology;Action Potentials;Animals, Newborn/*physiology;Animal;Stimulation, Chemical;Evoked Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;I abstr;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats/*physiology;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3117-25.},
	Title = {Response properties of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb of the neonatal rat},
	Uuid = {7A3FF3FA-B999-4C4A-9BDF-3C461D26D328},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{Mair:1982a,
	Abstract = {Mitral cells are formed prenatally whereas most granule cells originate postnatally. Material was taken from 2-day-old, 14-day-old, 28-day-old, and adult rat olfactory bulbs and processed for rapid Golgi or Cresyl Violet staining. We show that the number of granule cell bodies/mitral cell body increases from 7.0 to 46.3 during the first two weeks of life; most mitral cells appear morphologically functional during the first postnatal week; few granule cells appear to be functional until the second postnatal week; and the number of short axon interneurons increases dramatically during the second postnatal week. We conclude the newborn rats have an intact afferent pathway from olfactory receptors to primary cortex that lacks the extensive interneuronal circuitry characteristic of adults. eng Journal Article},
	Author = {Mair, R. G. and Gellman, R. L. and Gesteland, R. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Granulocytes/cytology;Interneurons/cytology;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*growth &development;Cell Division;Animal;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;I abstr;Neurons/*cytology/physiology/ultrastructure;Rats/*growth &development;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Animals, Newborn/*growth &development},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {3105-16.},
	Title = {Postnatal proliferation and maturation of olfactory bulb neurons in the rat},
	Uuid = {F3EF71F9-F476-42F6-B833-D68AF851BCCF},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1982}}



@article{Majewska:2000,
	Abstract = {We describe in detail a custom-built two-photon microscope based on a modified confocal scanhead (Olympus Fluoview) and mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser (Coherent Mira 900). This system has internal detectors as well as external whole-field detection and an electrooptical modulator for blanking the beam on flyback and effecting fast changes in excitation intensity. This microscope can be used in deep, scattering samples for quantitative measurements with a wide range of fluorophores (GFP, fura, calcium green, calcium orange, fluo-3, DiI, DiO, fluorescein, rhodamine), for fluorescent photobleaching recovery and for uncaging. Images obtained with this system can be deconvolved with the Estimation Maximization algorithm using the program XCOSM (freeware available at: http://www.ibc.wustl.edu/bcl/ xcosm/).},
	Author = {Majewska, A. and Yiu, G. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0031-6768},
	Journal = {Pflugers Arch},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Photochemistry;Lasers;Software;21 Calcium imaging;Photons;Animals;Brain;Optics;Image Enhancement;Microscopy},
	Medline = {21078507},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0154720},
	Number = {2-3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. akm21\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {398-408},
	Pubmed = {11211128},
	Title = {A custom-made two-photon microscope and deconvolution system},
	Uuid = {7436BF24-4BDA-40D1-8993-89499D4128FB},
	Volume = {441},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Majewska_PflugersArch2000.pdf}}

@article{Majewska:2006a,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex is subdivided into discrete functional areas that are defined by specific properties, including the presence of different cell types, molecular expression patterns, microcircuitry and long-range connectivity. These properties enable different areas of cortex to carry out distinct functions. Emerging data argue that the particular structure and identity of cortical areas derives not only from specific inputs but also from unique processing networks. The aim of this review is to summarize current information on the interplay of intrinsic molecular cues with activity patterns that are driven by sensory experience and shape cortical networks as they develop, emphasizing synaptic connections in networks that process vision. This review is part of the TINS special issue on The Neural Substrates of Cognition.},
	Author = {Majewska, Ania K. and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Models, Neurological;21 Activity-development;21 Circuit structure-function;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Neurons},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. ania\_majewska\@urmc.rochester.edu},
	Pages = {323-9},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00088-9},
	Pubmed = {16697057},
	Title = {Plasticity and specificity of cortical processing networks},
	Uuid = {CCD5D401-2778-46FD-82BC-5F63F9E5E17C},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Majewska_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.04.002}}









@article{Mallamaci:2006,
	Abstract = {Early thalamus-independent steps in the process of cortical arealization take place on the basis of information intrinsic to the cortical primordium, as proposed by Rakic in his classical protomap hypothesis [Rakic, P. (1988)Science, 241, 170-176]. These steps depend on a dense network of molecular interactions, involving genes encoding for diffusible ligands which are released around the borders of the cortical field, and transcription factor genes which are expressed in graded ways throughout this field. In recent years, several labs worldwide have put considerable effort into identifying members of this network and disentangling its topology. In this respect, a considerable amount of knowledge has accumulated and a first, provisional description of the network can be delineated. The aim of this review is to provide an organic synthesis of our current knowledge of molecular genetics of early cortical arealization, i.e. to summarise the mechanisms by which secreted ligands and graded transcription factor genes elaborate positional information and trigger the activation of distinctive area-specific morphogenetic programs.},
	Author = {Mallamaci, Antonello and Stoykova, Anastassia},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Ligands;21 Neurophysiology;Genes, Regulator;Neural Pathways;Body Patterning;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Transcription Factors},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {DIBIT, Unit of Cerebral Cortex Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, San Raffaele Scientific Intitute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy. a.mallamaci\@hsr.it},
	Pages = {847-56},
	Pii = {EJN4634},
	Pubmed = {16519650},
	Title = {Gene networks controlling early cerebral cortex arealization},
	Uuid = {2929E8A4-DAD9-4782-BC58-FA87FA94E4CA},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04634.x}}



@article{Mancilla:2007,
	Abstract = {We performed a systematic analysis of phase locking in pairs of electrically coupled neocortical fast-spiking (FS) and low-threshold-spiking (LTS) interneurons and in a conductance-based model of a pair of FS cells. Phase-response curves (PRCs) were obtained for real interneurons and the model cells. We used PRCs and the theory of weakly coupled oscillators to make predictions about phase-locking characteristics of cell pairs. Phase locking and the robustness of phase-locked states to differences in intrinsic frequencies of cells were directly examined by driving interneuron pairs through a wide range of firing frequencies. Calculations using PRCs accurately predicted that electrical coupling robustly synchronized the firing of interneurons over all frequencies studied (FS, approximately 25-80 Hz; LTS, approximately 10-30 Hz). The synchronizing ability of electrical coupling and the robustness of the phase-locked states were directly dependent on the strength of coupling but not on firing frequency. The FS cell model also predicted the existence of stable antiphase firing at frequencies below approximately 30 Hz, but no evidence for stable antiphase firing was found using the experimentally determined PRCs or in direct measures of phase locking in pairs of interneurons. Despite significant differences in biophysical properties of FS and LTS cells, their phase-locking behavior was remarkably similar. The wide spikes and shallow action potential afterhyperpolarizations of interneurons, compared with the model, prohibited antiphase behavior. Electrical coupling between cortical interneurons of the same type maintained robust synchronous firing of cell pairs for up to approximately 10\%heterogeneity in their intrinsic frequencies.},
	Author = {Mancilla, Jaime G. and Lewis, Timothy J. and Pinto, David J. and Rinzel, John and Connors, Barry W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. mancilla\@email.unc.edu},
	Pages = {2058-73},
	Pii = {27/8/2058},
	Pubmed = {17314301},
	Title = {Synchronization of electrically coupled pairs of inhibitory interneurons in neocortex},
	Uuid = {49B904BB-F38A-4BEC-BA7D-7066B9620EEB},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2715-06.2007}}


@article{Manent:2005,
	Abstract = {Immature neurons express GABA and glutamate receptors before synapse formation, and both transmitters are released at an early developmental stage. We have now tested the hypothesis that the ongoing release of GABA and glutamate modulates neuronal migration. Using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling and cocultures of hippocampal slices obtained from naive and green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice, we report that migration is severely affected by GABA(A) or NMDA receptor antagonist treatments. These effects were also present in munc18-1 knock-out slices in which soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-dependent vesicular secretion of transmitters has been deleted. GABA(A) antagonists were more efficient than NMDA antagonists to reduce cell migration, in keeping with the earlier maturation of GABAergic mechanisms. We conclude that GABA and, to a lesser degree, glutamate released in a SNARE-independent mechanism exert a paracrine action on neuronal migration.},
	Author = {Manent, Jean-Bernard B. and Demarque, Micha{\"e}l and Jorquera, Isabel and Pellegrino, Christophe and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, Campus de Luminy BP13, 13273 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {4755-65},
	Pii = {25/19/4755},
	Pubmed = {15888651},
	Title = {A noncanonical release of GABA and glutamate modulates neuronal migration},
	Uuid = {49CD7728-F069-4245-AD90-345FD45DE081},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0553-05.2005}}

@article{Manent:2006,
	Abstract = {Paracrine GABA and glutamate acting, respectively, on GABAA and NMDA receptors modulate the migration of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Using corticohippocampal organotypic explants from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) knock-in embryos, we now report that, in contrast to pyramidal neurons, the blockade of AMPA but not NMDA receptors exerts important actions on the migration of GABAergic interneurons. In addition, the blockade of GABAA receptors fails to modify the migration rates of GABAergic interneurons. Immunohistochemical analyses of GAD67-EGFP embryos (from embryonic day 14 to birth) reveal that interneurons colonize the hippocampal primordium by embryonic day 15. At that stage, the hippocampal primordium is already composed of pioneer glutamatergic neurons, including (1) Cajal-Retzius cells, immunopositive to calretinin and reelin, and (2) other presumptive pioneer pyramidal cells that are immunopositive to betaIII-tubulin and vesicular glutamate transporter 3 and immunonegative to GABA or GAD67. Therefore, the migrations of pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons are cross-modulated: glutamate released from pioneer glutamatergic neurons facilitates the migration of GABAergic interneurons, which in turn would release GABA, facilitating the migration of glutamatergic neuroblasts. This general sequence may provide a retroactive positive loop needed to construct the hippocampal network. It might constitute a primitive homeostatic mechanism in the developing brain that acts to balance GABA-glutamate contributions to network construction and activity.},
	Author = {Manent, Jean-Bernard B. and Jorquera, Isabel and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent and Represa, Alfonso},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Animals;In Vitro;Glutamic Acid;21 Epilepsy;Female;Cell Movement;Mice, Transgenic;Embryonic Development;Hippocampus;Receptors, AMPA;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Interneurons;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;12 Interneuron development;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, Unit{\'e} 29, 13273 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {5901-9},
	Pii = {26/22/5901},
	Pubmed = {16738232},
	Title = {Glutamate acting on AMPA but not NMDA receptors modulates the migration of hippocampal interneurons},
	Uuid = {185ED19E-1324-48B0-83C5-F9465745C821},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1033-06.2006}}





@article{Manger:2002,
	Abstract = {We describe representations of the visual field in areas 18, 19 and 21 of the ferret using standard microelectrode mapping techniques. In all areas the azimuths are represented as islands of peripheral visual field surrounded by central visual field representation. The zero meridian was found at the 17/18 and 19/21 borders; at the 18/19 and anterior border of 21 the relative periphery of the visual field was found. In areas 18 and 19, elevations are represented in a smooth medio-lateral progression from lower to upper visual field. In several cases the elevations in area 21 evidenced a similar medio-lateral progression; however, in others the elevations exhibited a split representation of the horizontal meridian. Anatomically determined callosal connections coincided with the representation of azimuths near the zero meridian. Medio-lateral bands of callosal connectivity that straddle the 17/18 and 19/21 borders are connected by bridges of callosally projecting cells. Acallosal cortical islands corresponded to the peripheral visual field and were found straddling the 18/19 border and the anterior border of area 21. The results are discussed in relation to callosal connectivity and retinotopy in extrastriate visual cortex and to proposed homologies of carnivore and primate visual cortex.},
	Author = {Manger, Paul R. and Kiper, Daniel and Masiello, Italo and Murillo, Luis and Tettoni, Laurent and Hunyadi, Zsolt and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Retina;Microelectrodes;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Female;Not relevant;Ferrets;Electron Transport Complex IV;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Electrophysiology;Histocytochemistry;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;Visual Fields;Animals;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {21881437},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v{\"a}g 8, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {423-37},
	Pubmed = {11884357},
	Title = {The representation of the visual field in three extrastriate areas of the ferret (Mustela putorius) and the relationship of retinotopy and field boundaries to callosal connectivity},
	Uuid = {9C59A774-DA00-4B91-A3AF-5530151EBD30},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Manger:2002a,
	Abstract = {On grounds of electrophysiological mapping, cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and callosal and thalamic connectivity, we have identified two cortical areas in the posterior parietal cortex of the ferret: posterior parietal caudal and rostral (PPc and PPr). These areas occupy the lateral and suprasylvian gyri, from the cingulate sulcus (medially) to the suprasylvian sulcus (laterally) and lie between visual areas 18 and 21 (posteriorly) and the somatosensory areas (anteriorly). Within both areas a coarse representation of the visual field was found and within PPr there was also a representation of the body. Each representation mirrors those within neighboring areas. Cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic fields within this cortical region did not correspond in any simple way to the physiological representations. The architectonic differences correlate to differential callosal connectivity, with predominant connectivity corresponding to the upper hemifield/head representations. PPr and PPc receive thalamic projections from a different, but overlapping, complement of thalamic nuclei. The superimposition of somatic and visual maps in PPr might relate to the probable role of this area in transforming retinal-centered to body-centered spatial coordinates. The organization of the parietal areas in the ferret resembles that of the flying fox and might unveil a common organizational plan from which the primate posterior parietal cortex evolved.},
	Author = {Manger, Paul R. and Masiello, Italo and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Histological Techniques;Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;Dyes;Female;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;Ferrets;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Electrophysiology;Parietal Lobe;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Thalamus;Animals;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {22314832},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, B2:2, Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v{\"a}g 3, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {1280-97},
	Pubmed = {12427679},
	Title = {Areal organization of the posterior parietal cortex of the ferret (Mustela putorius)},
	Uuid = {BCC4B8FD-87F7-4A30-919B-BEF877DE6EAA},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Manger:2004,
	Abstract = {Using systematic electrophysiological mapping, architectonics and the global pattern of interhemispheric connectivity, we have identified three visual areas in the lateral most part of the posterior suprasylvian gyrus. The most posterior and largest area we call area 20a and anterior to this we defined a smaller area, area 20b. These areas lie lateral to the visual areas 18, 19 and 21 and posterior to a third, but incompletely defined, visual area, area PS. Areas 20a and 20b, emphasize the representation of the upper hemifield. Their interhemispheric connections conform to the so called 'midline rule' in that they are abundant in regions representing central portions of the visual field, scarce or absent elsewhere. These areas are probably homologous to the homonymous areas of the cat and might be indicative of a Bauplan from which the temporal areas of primates may have evolved.},
	Author = {Manger, Paul R. and Nakamura, Hiroyuki and Valentiniene, Sonata and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Retina;Neurons;Visual Perception;Female;Evoked Potentials, Visual;Ferrets;Not relevant;11 Glia;Brain Mapping;Temporal Lobe;Visual Fields;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {676-89},
	Pii = {bhh028},
	Pubmed = {15054048},
	Title = {Visual areas in the lateral temporal cortex of the ferret (Mustela putorius)},
	Uuid = {6488A416-BE7B-4603-AFC5-06755166FABA},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh028}}

@article{Mantini:2007,
	Abstract = {Functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have documented a dynamic baseline of intrinsic (not stimulus- or task-evoked) brain activity during resting wakefulness. This baseline is characterized by slow (<0.1 Hz) fluctuations of functional imaging signals that are topographically organized in discrete brain networks, and by much faster (1-80 Hz) electrical oscillations. To investigate the relationship between hemodynamic and electrical oscillations, we have adopted a completely data-driven approach that combines information from simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using independent component analysis on the fMRI data, we identified six widely distributed resting state networks. The blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations associated with each network were correlated with the EEG power variations of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms. Each functional network was characterized by a specific electrophysiological signature that involved the combination of different brain rhythms. Moreover, the joint EEG/fMRI analysis afforded a finer physiological fractionation of brain networks in the resting human brain. This result supports for the first time in humans the coalescence of several brain rhythms within large-scale brain networks as suggested by biophysical studies.},
	Author = {Mantini, D. and Perrucci, M. G. and Del Gratta, C. and Romani, G. L. and Corbetta, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;21 Neurophysiology;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Oxygen;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Humans;Brain;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies and Department of Clinical Sciences and Bio-imaging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti 66013, Italy. d.mantini\@unich.it},
	Pages = {13170-5},
	Pii = {0700668104},
	Pubmed = {17670949},
	Title = {Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain},
	Uuid = {FA5DDE54-06F1-435D-88CE-E1990B09538C},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700668104}}


@article{Mao:2001,
	Abstract = {The flow of activity in the cortical microcircuitry is poorly understood. We use calcium imaging to reconstruct, with millisecond and single-cell resolution, the spontaneous activity of populations of neurons in unstimulated slices from mouse visual cortex. We find spontaneous activity correlated among networks of layer 5 pyramidal cells. Synchronous ensembles occupy overlapping territories, often share neurons, and are repeatedly activated. Sets of neurons are also sequentially activated numerous times. Network synchronization and sequential correlations are blocked by glutamatergic antagonists, even though spontaneous firing persists in many "autonomously active" neurons. This autonomous activity is periodic and depends on hyperpolarization-activated cationic (H) and persistent sodium (Na(p)) currents. We conclude that the isolated neocortical microcircuit generates spontaneous activity, mediated by a combination of intrinsic and circuit mechanisms, and that this activity can be temporally precise.},
	Author = {Mao, B. Q. and Hamzei-Sichani, F. and Aronov, D. and Froemke, R. C. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Visual Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice, Inbred C57BL;21 Calcium imaging;Neocortex;In Vitro;Mice;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Potentials;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists},
	Medline = {21603134},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {883-98},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00518-9},
	Pubmed = {11738033},
	Title = {Dynamics of spontaneous activity in neocortical slices},
	Uuid = {2E3F25D4-E90F-4FDD-A5A0-B6A58B4942AE},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Mao_Neuron2001.pdf}}

@article{Mao:1999,
	Abstract = {During mammalian development, electrical activity promotes the calcium-dependent survival of neurons that have made appropriate synaptic connections. However, the mechanisms by which calcium mediates neuronal survival during development are not well characterized. A transcription-dependent mechanism was identified by which calcium influx into neurons promoted cell survival. The transcription factor MEF2 was selectively expressed in newly generated postmitotic neurons and was required for the survival of these neurons. Calcium influx into cerebellar granule neurons led to activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEF2. Once activated, MEF2 regulated neuronal survival by stimulating MEF2-dependent gene transcription. These findings demonstrate that MEF2 is a calcium-regulated transcription factor and define a function for MEF2 during nervous system development that is distinct from previously well-characterized functions of MEF2 during muscle differentiation.},
	Author = {Mao, Z. and Bonni, A. and Xia, F. and Nadal-Vicens, M. and Greenberg, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Cell Survival;Cell Differentiation;Signal Transduction;p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases;DNA-Binding Proteins;Animals;Rats;Transfection;Cells, Cultured;Mitosis;Phosphorylation;Apoptosis;Transcription Factors;Mutation;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Myogenic Regulatory Factors;Dimerization;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Cerebellum;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Calcium Channels, L-Type;Immunohistochemistry;Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases;Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5440},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {785-90},
	Pii = {7931},
	Pubmed = {10531066},
	Title = {Neuronal activity-dependent cell survival mediated by transcription factor MEF2},
	Uuid = {F543137E-7CB7-4D13-9AAB-10FC4B6F1E26},
	Volume = {286},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Marandi:2007,
	Author = {Marandi, Nima and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1548-7091},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Keywords = {23 Technique;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Lasers;Time Factors;Cerebrovascular Circulation;Brain Mapping;comment;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Nerve Net;Sensitivity and Specificity;Cerebral Cortex;Brain Chemistry;news},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {101215604},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-20},
	Pii = {nmeth0107-19},
	Pubmed = {17195020},
	Title = {4D brain signaling},
	Uuid = {3F23C331-CF57-4CCC-A18E-3B5ABF46CC50},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0107-19}}

@article{Marandi:2002,
	Abstract = {Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has been used successfully for imaging activity-dependent changes of intracellular calcium and sodium levels. Here we introduce a simple technique for two-photon chloride imaging in intact neurons. It involves the use of the membrane-permeable Cl(-) indicator dye MQAE [N-(6-methoxyquinolyl) acetoethyl ester]. Brief incubation with MQAE produced a robust loading of cells in slices from various brain regions including hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. In contrast to conventional fluorescence measurements using MQAE, two-photon imaging was not affected in a major way by dye bleaching and phototoxic damage. Instead, it allowed prolonged recordings of time-resolved changes in intracellular chloride concentration in somata and dendrites. As an example of an application we imaged GABA-mediated Cl(-) transients in pyramidal cells of cortical and hippocampal slices as well as in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. By combining Cl(-) imaging with the gramicidin-based perforated-patch-clamp technique we showed that changes in MQAE fluorescence are proportional to the magnitudes of GABA-evoked transmembrane Cl(-) fluxes. Thus, MQAE-based two-photon microscopy promises to be a valuable technique for many applications requiring chloride imaging in single cells.},
	Author = {Marandi, Nima and Konnerth, Arthur and Garaschuk, Olga},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0031-6768},
	Journal = {Pflugers Arch},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Microscopy, Confocal;Chlorides;Brain;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;Quinolines;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Models, Chemical;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Photons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Intracellular Membranes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22354843},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0154720},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Pettenkoferstrasse 12, 80336 Munich, Germany.},
	Pages = {357-65},
	Pubmed = {12466938},
	Title = {Two-photon chloride imaging in neurons of brain slices},
	Uuid = {9147438E-40AF-4286-853E-580D7D512E5B},
	Volume = {445},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-002-0933-7}}

@article{Marder:2005,
	Abstract = {The networks that generate rhythmic motor patterns in invertebrates and vertebrates are ideal for studying the mechanisms by which functional circuits are formed during development. Rhythmic motor patterns and movements are seen embryonically, before they are needed for behavior; recent work suggests that activity in immature spinal cord networks is important for circuit formation and transmitter specification. Despite significant advances in describing the patterns of transcription factor expression in both invertebrate nervous systems and vertebrate spinal cord, a real understanding of how central pattern generators develop is hindered by our lack of knowledge of the organization of these circuits in adults.},
	Author = {Marder, Eve and Rehm, Kristina J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 02:59:44 +0000},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Motor Activity;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Volen Center, Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA. marder\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {86-93},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(05)00012-7},
	Pubmed = {15721749},
	Title = {Development of central pattern generating circuits},
	Uuid = {C45E0699-837D-447F-B00A-D882061A61F5},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Marder_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.011}}

@article{Marder:2002,
	Abstract = {Early neuroscientists scoured the animal kingdom for the ideal preparation with which to study specific problems of interest. Today, non-mammalian nervous systems continue to provide ideal platforms for the study of fundamental problems in neuroscience. Indeed, the peculiarities of body plan and nervous systems that have evolved to carry out precise tasks in unique ecological niches enable investigators not only to pose specific scientific questions, but also to uncover principles that are general to all nervous systems. 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Marder, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Neurosciences/methods;*Models, Animal;Behavior, Animal/physiology;Nervous System/cytology/*embryology;*Nervous System Physiology;Animals;F pdf;Learning/physiology},
	Number = {6886},
	Organization = {Volen Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA. marder\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {318-21},
	Title = {Non-mammalian models for studying neural development and function},
	Uuid = {D0EBE8BF-DA3D-42FC-9DE3-2570DEDAF684},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Marder_Nature2002.pdf}}


@article{Marin-Burgin:2006,
	Abstract = {During development, many embryos show electrical coupling among neurons that is spatially and temporally regulated. For example, in vertebrate embryos extensive dye coupling is seen during the period of circuit formation, suggesting that electrical connections could pre-figure circuits, but it has been difficult to identify which neuronal types are coupled. We have used the leech Hirudo medicinalis to follow the development of electrical connections within the circuit that produces local bending. This circuit consists of three layers of neurons: four mechanosensory neurons (P cells), 17 identified interneurons, and approximately 24 excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons. These neurons can be identified in embryos, and we followed the spatial and temporal dynamics as specific connections developed. Injecting Neurobiotin into identified cells of the circuit revealed that electrical connections were established within this circuit in a precise manner from the beginning. Connections first appeared between motor neurons; mechanosensory neurons and interneurons started to connect at least a day later. This timing correlates with the development of behaviors, so the pattern of emerging connectivity could explain the appearance first of spontaneous behaviors (driven by a electrically coupled motor network) and then of evoked behaviors (when sensory neurons and interneurons are added to the circuit).},
	Author = {Marin-Burgin, Antonia and Eisenhart, F. James and Kristan, William B. and French, Kathleen A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0340-7594},
	Journal = {J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol},
	Keywords = {Behavior, Animal;21 Neurophysiology;Movement;Central Nervous System;Neuronal Plasticity;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Leeches;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {101141792},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, 3119 Pacific Hall, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA. aburgin\@ucsd.edu},
	Pages = {123-33},
	Pubmed = {16205960},
	Title = {Embryonic electrical connections appear to pre-figure a behavioral circuit in the leech CNS},
	Uuid = {5B68DA4B-CBCC-4D65-86DB-CE82F9CAAB15},
	Volume = {192},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0055-8}}

@article{Marin-Padilla:1995,
	Abstract = {The prenatal developmental histories of layer I, fibrous (white matter), and protoplasmic (gray matter) astrocytes have been studied in the human neocortex by the rapid Golgi method. The developmental route followed by each of these astrocytes is a distinct process which evolves from a specific precursor, occurs at a different time, and is linked to a specific event. The differentiation of layer I astrocytes is linked to the neocortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM), that of fibrous astrocytes to the early white matter vascularization and maturation, and that of protoplasmic astrocytes to the late gray matter ascending vascularization and maturation. At the start of development, three glial precursors are established in the neocortex: 1) original radial neuroectodermal cells with nuclei above the primordial plexiform layer (PPL) by losing their ependymal and retaining their pial attachments become early astrocytes of layer I and EGLM components; 2) neuroectodermal cells with nuclei below the PPL that retain their pial and ependymal attachments become type I radial glial cells which are committed to the guidance of neurons and the early EGLM maintenance; and, 3) neuroectodermal cells that lose their pial but retain their ependymal attachment are transformed into type II radial glial precursors. By progressively losing their ependymal attachment, type II radial glia precursors become freely migrating cells, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into fibrous astrocytes (and into oligodendrocytes?) throughout the subplate, developing white matter, and paraventricular regions. After the formation of the gray matter, additional layer I astrocytes are needed for the EGLM late prenatal and postnatal maintenance because type I radial glia cells start to regress and to reabsorb their EGLM endfeet. A late ependyma-to-pia migration of glial precursors progressively repopulates layer I with additional astrocytes and establishes the ephemeral subpial granular layer (SGL) of Ranke. From the 15th week of gestation to the time of birth, late astrocytes of layer I lose their EGLM attachments, migrate freely into the maturing gray matter, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into protoplasmic astrocytes. The protoplasmic astrocytes of the gray matter evolve from transformation of layer I astrocytes rather than from radial glia cells as is generally believed.},
	Author = {Marin-Padilla, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {G;Human;Cell Differentiation;10 Development;Astrocytes;Humans;Cell Movement;Staining and Labeling;11 Glia;Astrocytes/*chemistry;Embryonic and Fetal Development;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Movement/physiology;Cell Differentiation/physiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fetal Development/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology/chemistry/embryology},
	Medline = {95403735},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.},
	Pages = {554-72.},
	Pubmed = {7545703},
	Title = {Prenatal development of fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), and layer I astrocytes in the human cerebral cortex: a Golgi study},
	Uuid = {E3FDA3AC-C3A4-44E0-9FAF-D947C974A82F},
	Volume = {357},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570407},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=7545703}}

@article{Marino:2005,
	Abstract = {Cortical computations critically involve local neuronal circuits. The computations are often invariant across a cortical area yet are carried out by networks that can vary widely within an area according to its functional architecture. Here we demonstrate a mechanism by which orientation selectivity is computed invariantly in cat primary visual cortex across an orientation preference map that provides a wide diversity of local circuits. Visually evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances are balanced exquisitely in cortical neurons and thus keep the spike response sharply tuned at all map locations. This functional balance derives from spatially isotropic local connectivity of both excitatory and inhibitory cells. Modeling results demonstrate that such covariation is a signature of recurrent rather than purely feed-forward processing and that the observed isotropic local circuit is sufficient to generate invariant spike tuning.},
	Author = {Mari\~{n}o, Jorge and Schummers, James and Lyon, David C. and Schwabe, Lars and Beck, Oliver and Wiesing, Peter and Obermayer, Klaus and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cholera Toxin;Visual Cortex;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Synapses;comparative study;Visual Perception;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Diagnostic Imaging;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Count;Patch-Clamp Techniques;comparative study ;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Orientation;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Computer Simulation;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Neural Inhibition;Models, Neurological;Cats;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {194-201},
	Pii = {nn1391},
	Pubmed = {15665876},
	Title = {Invariant computations in local cortical networks with balanced excitation and inhibition},
	Uuid = {B0F8A70C-219E-4F74-8FDE-D3723E1B3971},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Marino_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1391}}

@article{Marin:2006,
	Abstract = {The special conformation of the developing nervous system, in which progenitor zones are largely confined to the lumen of the neural tube, places neuronal migration as one of the most fundamental processes in brain development. Previous studies have shown that different neuronal types adopt distinct morphological modes of migration in the developing brain, indicating that neuronal migration might be a diverse process. Here, we review recent data on the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal migration that suggest that similar signaling principles are responsible for the frequently variable morphology of different types of migrating neuron. According to this idea, the same basic molecular mechanisms found in other cell types, such as fibroblasts, might have been adapted to the special morphological needs of migrating neurons in different regions of the developing brain.},
	Author = {Mar{\'\i}n, Oscar and Valdeolmillos, Miguel and Moya, Fernando},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC and Universidad Miguel Hern{\'a}ndez, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. o.marin\@umh.es},
	Pages = {655-61},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00223-2},
	Pubmed = {17046074},
	Title = {Neurons in motion: same principles for different shapes?},
	Uuid = {09473F7F-E1D2-4F76-AACB-A44AEC5C9C92},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.10.001}}




@article{Markram:1997,
	Abstract = {Tufted layer 5 (TL5) pyramidal neurons are important projection neurons from the cerebral cortex to subcortical areas. Recent and ongoing experiments aimed at understanding the computational analysis performed by a network of synaptically connected TL5 neurons are reviewed here. The experiments employed dual and triple whole-cell patch clamp recordings from visually identified and preselected neurons in brain slices of somatosensory cortex of young (14- to 16-day-old) rats. These studies suggest that a local network of TL5 neurons within a cortical module of diameter 300 microns consists of a few hundred neurons that are extensively inter-connected with reciprocal feedback from at least first-, second- and third-order target neurons. A statistical analysis of synaptic innervation suggests that this recurrent network is not randomly arranged and hence each neuron could be functionally unique. Synaptic transmission between these neurons is characterized by use-dependent synaptic depression which confers novel properties to this recurrent network of neurons. First, a range of rates of depression for different synaptic connections enable each TL5 neuron to receive a unique mixture of information about the average firing rates and the temporally correlated action potential (AP) activity in the population of presynaptic TL5 neurons. Second, each AP generated by any neuron in the network induces a change (defined as an iteration step) in the functional coupling of the neurons in the network (defined as network configuration). It is proposed that the network configuration is iterated during a stimulus to achieve an optimally orchestrated network response. Hebbian, anti-Hebbian and neuromodulatory-induced modifications of neurotransmitter release probability change the rates of synaptic depression and thereby alter the iteration step size. These data may be important to understand the dynamics of electrical activity within the network.},
	Author = {Markram, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {97422090},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel. bnmark\@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {523-33},
	Pubmed = {9276177},
	Title = {A network of tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {5B296C16-49C9-44DC-A187-39F620B74594},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Markram:1995,
	Abstract = {1. Dendrites of rat neocortical layer V pyramidal neurons were loaded with the Ca2+ indicator dye Calcium Green-1 (CG-1) or fluo-3, and the mechanisms which govern action potential (AP)-evoked transient changes in dendritic cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were examined. APs were initiated either by synaptic stimulation or by depolarizing the soma or dendrite by current injection, and changes in fluorescence of the indicator dye were measured in the proximal 170 microns of the apical dendrite. 2. Simultaneous two-pipette recordings of APs from the soma and apical dendrite, and dendritic fluorescence imaging indicated that a single AP propagating from the soma into the apical dendrite evokes a rapid transient increase in fluorescence indicating a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. At 35-37 degrees C the decay time constant of the fluorescence transient following an AP was around 80 ms. 3. Voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (VACCs) of several subtypes mediated the AP-evoked fluorescence transient in the proximal (100-170 microns) apical dendrite. The AP-evoked fluorescence transient resulted from Ca2+ entry through L-type (nifedipine sensitive; 25\%), N-type (omega-conotoxin GVIA sensitive; 28\%) and P-type (omega-agatoxin IVA sensitive; 10\%) Ca2+ channels and through Ca2+ channels (R-type) not sensitive to L-, N- and P-type Ca2+ channel blockers (cadmium ion sensitive; 37\%). 4. The decay time course of the dendritic fluorescence transient was prolonged by the blockers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+)-ATPase, cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin, suggesting that uptake of Ca2+ into the ER in dendrites governs clearance of dendritic Ca2+. 5. The decay time course of the fluorescence transient was slightly prolonged by benzamil, a blocker of plasma membrane Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange and by calmidazolium, a blocker of the calmodulin-dependent plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase, suggesting that these pathways are less important for dendrite Ca2+ clearance following a single AP. Neither the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) nor the blocker of Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria, Ruthenium Red, had any measurable effect on the decay time course of the fluorescence transient. 6. Dendritic fluorescence transients measured during trains of dendritic APs began to summate at impulse frequencies of 5 APs s-1. At higher frequencies APs caused a concerted and maintained elevation of dendritic fluorescence during the train.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Markram, H. and Helm, P. J. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Fluorescence;Electrophysiology;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Tetraethylammonium Compounds;Spectrometry, Fluorescence;Mitochondria;Cell Membrane;Ca(2+)-Transporting ATPase;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Endoplasmic Reticulum;Dendrites;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Potassium Channels;Sodium;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {95387286},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {1-20},
	Pubmed = {7658365},
	Title = {Dendritic calcium transients evoked by single back-propagating action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {926FA11B-4B2A-4DEE-962A-C7124965048F},
	Volume = {485 ( Pt 1)},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Markram:1997a,
	Abstract = {1. Dual voltage recordings were made from pairs of adjacent, synaptically connected thick tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurones in brain slices of young rat (14-16 days) somatosensory cortex to examine the physiological properties of unitary EPSPs. Pre- and postsynaptic neurones were filled with biocytin and examined in the light and electron microscope to quantify the morphology of axonal and dendritic arbors and the number and location of synaptic contacts on the target neurone. 2. In 138 synaptic connections between pairs of pyramidal neurones 96 (70\%) were unidirectional and 42 (30\%) were bidirectional. The probability of finding a synaptic connection in dual recordings was 0.1. Unitary EPSPs evoked by a single presynaptic action potential (AP) had a mean peak amplitude ranging from 0.15 to 5.5 mV in different connections with a mean of 1.3 +/- 1.1 mV, a latency of 1.7 +/- 0.9 ms, a 20-80\%rise time of 2.9 +/- 2.3 ms and a decay time constant of 40 +/- 18 ms at 32-24 degrees C and -60 +/- 2 mV membrane potential. 3. Peak amplitudes of unitary EPSPs fluctuated randomly from trial to trial. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) of the unitary EPSP amplitudes ranged from 0.13 to 2.8 in different synaptic connections (mean, 0.52; median, 0.41). The percentage of failures of single APs to evoke a unitary EPSP ranged from 0 to 73\%(mean, 14\%; median, 7\%). Both c.v. and percentage of failures decreased with increasing mean EPSP amplitude. 4. Postsynaptic glutamate receptors which mediate unitary EPSPs at -60 mV were predominantly of the L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor type. Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type contributed only a small fraction (< 20\%) to the voltage-time integral of the unitary EPSP at -60 mV, but their contribution increased at more positive membrane potentials. 5. Branching patterns of dendrites and axon collaterals of forty-five synaptically connected neurones, when examined in the light microscope, indicated that the axonal and dendritic anatomy of both projecting and target neurones and of uni- and bidirectionally connected neurones was uniform. 6. The number of potential synaptic contacts formed by a presynaptic neurone on a target neurone varied between four and eight (mean, 5.5 +/- 1.1 contacts; n = 19 connections). Synaptic contacts were preferentially located on basal dendrites (63\%, 82 +/- 35 microns from the soma, n = 67) and apical oblique dendrites (27\%, 145 +/- 59 microns, n = 29), and 35\%of all contacts were located on tertiary basal dendritic branches. The mean geometric distances (from the soma) of the contacts of a connection varied between 80 and 585 microns (mean, 147 microns; median, 105 microns). The correlation between EPSP amplitude and the number of morphologically determined synaptic contacts or the mean geometric distances from the soma was only weak (correlation coefficients were 0.2 and 0.26, respectively). 7. Compartmental models constructed from camera lucida drawings of eight target neurones showed that synaptic contacts were located at mean electrotonic distances between 0.07 and 0.33 from the soma (mean, 0.13). Simulations of unitary EPSPs, assuming quantal conductance changes with fast rise time and short duration, indicated that amplitudes of quantal EPSPs at the soma were attenuated, on average, to < 10\%of dendritic EPSPs and varied in amplitude up to 10-fold depending on the dendritic location of synaptic contacts. The inferred quantal peak conductance increase varied between 1.5 and 5.5 nS (mean, 3 nS). 8. The combined physiological and morphological measurements in conjunction with EPSP simulations indicated that the 20-fold range in efficacy of the synaptic connections between thick tufted pyramidal neurones, which have their synaptic contacts preferentially located on basal and apical oblique dendrites, was due to differences in transmitter release probability of the projecting neurones and, to a lesser extent, to differenc},
	Author = {Markram, H. and L{\"u}bke, J. and Frotscher, M. and Roth, A. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Interference;Microscopy, Video;Electric Stimulation;Electric Conductivity;Synapses;Animals;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Receptors, AMPA;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Time Factors;Dendrites;Action Potentials;Cell Size;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Ion Channel Gating;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {97292817},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Germany. bnmark\@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {409-40},
	Pubmed = {9147328},
	Title = {Physiology and anatomy of synaptic connections between thick tufted pyramidal neurones in the developing rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {ED19386E-B2B6-4B5B-BE9A-B1A849EDF999},
	Volume = {500 ( Pt 2)},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Markram:2004,
	Abstract = {Mammals adapt to a rapidly changing world because of the sophisticated cognitive functions that are supported by the neocortex. The neocortex, which forms almost 80\%of the human brain, seems to have arisen from repeated duplication of a stereotypical microcircuit template with subtle specializations for different brain regions and species. The quest to unravel the blueprint of this template started more than a century ago and has revealed an immensely intricate design. The largest obstacle is the daunting variety of inhibitory interneurons that are found in the circuit. This review focuses on the organizing principles that govern the diversity of inhibitory interneurons and their circuits.},
	Author = {Markram, Henry and Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria and Wang, Yun and Gupta, Anirudh and Silberberg, Gilad and Wu, Caizhi},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Humans;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;review;Axons;Ion Channels;Neuropeptides;Dendrites;Nerve Net;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Calcium-Binding Proteins;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Henry.markram\@epfl.ch},
	Pages = {793-807},
	Pii = {nrn1519},
	Pubmed = {15378039},
	Title = {Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system},
	Uuid = {4F96E7AE-B6E4-492D-839A-51FAE2593FD8},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1519}}

@article{Markram:2006,
	Abstract = {IBM's Blue Gene supercomputer allows a quantum leap in the level of detail at which the brain can be modelled. I argue that the time is right to begin assimilating the wealth of data that has been accumulated over the past century and start building biologically accurate models of the brain from first principles to aid our understanding of brain function and dysfunction.},
	Author = {Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Quantum Theory;Humans;Brain;Animals;review;neuroinformatics},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. henry.markram\@epfl.ch},
	Pages = {153-60},
	Pii = {nrn1848},
	Pubmed = {16429124},
	Title = {The blue brain project},
	Uuid = {1FD41476-7138-4766-97B8-A503483C774D},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Markram_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1848}}

@article{Markram:1996,
	Abstract = {Experience-dependent potentiation and depression of synaptic strength has been proposed to subserve learning and memory by changing the gain of signals conveyed between neurons. Here we examine synaptic plasticity between individual neocortical layer-5 pyramidal neurons. We show that an increase in the synaptic response, induced by pairing action-potential activity in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, was only observed when synaptic input occurred at low frequencies. This frequency-dependent increase in synaptic responses arises because of a redistribution of the available synaptic efficacy and not because of an increase in the efficacy. Redistribution of synaptic efficacy could represent a mechanism to change the content, rather than the gain, of signals conveyed between neurons.},
	Author = {Markram, H. and Tsodyks, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;Rats, Wistar;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex},
	Medline = {96351070},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6594},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel.},
	Pages = {807-10},
	Pubmed = {8752273},
	Title = {Redistribution of synaptic efficacy between neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {40E03AA4-2359-4D99-ACAC-09B749D54149},
	Volume = {382},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382807a0}}

@article{Markram:1994,
	Abstract = {Simultaneous recordings of membrane voltage and concentration of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were made in apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal cells of rat neocortex after filling dendrites with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Calcium Green-1. Subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EP-SPs), mediated by the activation of glutamate receptor channels, caused a brief increase in dendritic [Ca2+]i. This rise in dendritic [Ca2+]i was mediated by the opening of low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in the dendritic membrane. The results provide direct evidence that dendrites do not function as passive cables even at low-frequency synaptic activity; rather, a single subthreshold EPSP changes the dendritic membrane conductance by opening Ca2+ channels and generating a [Ca2+]i transient that may propagate towards the soma. The activation of these Ca2+ channels at a low-voltage threshold is likely to influence the way in which dendritic EPSPs contribute to the electrical activity of the neuron.},
	Author = {Markram, H. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Membrane Potentials;Neurons;Synapses;Dendrites;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Receptors, AMPA;Signal Transduction;Calcium;Calcium Channels;Rats, Wistar;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Differential Threshold},
	Medline = {94255500},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {5207-11},
	Pubmed = {8197208},
	Title = {Calcium transients in dendrites of neocortical neurons evoked by single subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials via low-voltage-activated calcium channels},
	Uuid = {320FC852-6869-4368-97CC-EFDDE68F8E63},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Markram:1998,
	Abstract = {The nature of information stemming from a single neuron and conveyed simultaneously to several hundred target neurons is not known. Triple and quadruple neuron recordings revealed that each synaptic connection established by neocortical pyramidal neurons is potentially unique. Specifically, synaptic connections onto the same morphological class differed in the numbers and dendritic locations of synaptic contacts, their absolute synaptic strengths, as well as their rates of synaptic depression and recovery from depression. The same axon of a pyramidal neuron innervating another pyramidal neuron and an interneuron mediated frequency-dependent depression and facilitation, respectively, during high frequency discharges of presynaptic action potentials, suggesting that the different natures of the target neurons underlie qualitative differences in synaptic properties. Facilitating-type synaptic connections established by three pyramidal neurons of the same class onto a single interneuron, were all qualitatively similar with a combination of facilitation and depression mechanisms. The time courses of facilitation and depression, however, differed for these convergent connections, suggesting that different pre-postsynaptic interactions underlie quantitative differences in synaptic properties. Mathematical analysis of the transfer functions of frequency-dependent synapses revealed supra-linear, linear, and sub-linear signaling regimes in which mixtures of presynaptic rates, integrals of rates, and derivatives of rates are transferred to targets depending on the precise values of the synaptic parameters and the history of presynaptic action potential activity. Heterogeneity of synaptic transfer functions therefore allows multiple synaptic representations of the same presynaptic action potential train and suggests that these synaptic representations are regulated in a complex manner. It is therefore proposed that differential signaling is a key mechanism in neocortical information processing, which can be regulated by selective synaptic modifications.},
	Author = {Markram, H. and Wang, Y. and Tsodyks, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;In Vitro;Brain Mapping;Interneurons;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Animals;Somatosensory Cortex;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {98226813},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. bnmark\@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {5323-8},
	Pubmed = {9560274},
	Title = {Differential signaling via the same axon of neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {C532346F-B356-46E2-AEA1-A0368647977B},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Markram:1997b,
	Abstract = {Activity-driven modifications in synaptic connections between neurons in the neocortex may occur during development and learning. In dual whole-cell voltage recordings from pyramidal neurons, the coincidence of postsynaptic action potentials (APs) and unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was found to induce changes in EPSPs. Their average amplitudes were differentially up- or down-regulated, depending on the precise timing of postsynaptic APs relative to EPSPs. These observations suggest that APs propagating back into dendrites serve to modify single active synaptic connections, depending on the pattern of electrical activity in the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. 0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Markram, H. and Lubke, J. and Frotscher, M. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Dendrites/*physiology;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Up-Regulation;*Synaptic Transmission;Rats;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism;Synapses/*physiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells/*physiology;Rats, Wistar;M;Calcium/metabolism;Time Factors;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Action Potentials;Down-Regulation;18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/physiology},
	Number = {5297},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institut fur Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bnmark\@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {213-5},
	Pubmed = {8985014},
	Title = {Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs},
	Uuid = {795C5ED1-AD7C-4231-B3E8-BDA19FE21215},
	Volume = {275},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8985014}}





	Abstract = {Episodes of prolonged seizures or head trauma produce chronic hippocampal network hyperexcitability hypothesized to result primarily from inhibitory interneuron loss or dysfunction. The possibly causal role of inhibitory neuron failure in the development of epileptiform pathophysiology remains unclear because global neurologic injuries produce such a multitude of effects. The recent finding that Substance P receptors (SPRs) are expressed exclusively in the rat hippocampus by inhibitory interneurons provided the rationale for attempting to ablate interneurons selectively by using neurotoxic conjugates of SPR ligands and the ribosome inactivating protein saporin that specifically target Substance P receptor-expressing cells. Whereas intrahippocampal microinjection of a conjugate of native SP and saporin produced significant nonspecific damage at concentrations needed to produce even limited selective loss of SPR-positive cells, a conjugate of saporin and the more potent and peptidase-resistant SP analog [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)] Substance P (SSP-saporin) caused negligible nonspecific damage at the injection site, and a virtually complete loss of SPR-like immunoreactivity (LI) up to 1 mm from the injection site. Within the SPR depletion zone, immunoreactivities for most GABA-, parvalbumin-, somatostatin-, and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells and fibers were eliminated. The few interneurons detectable within the affected zone were devoid of SPR-LI. The apparent loss of interneurons was selective in that calbindin- and glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) -positive principal cells survived within the affected zone, as did myelinated fibers and the extrinsic calretinin- and tyrosine hydroxylase--immunoreactive terminals of subcortical afferents. An apparent lack of reactive synaptic reorganization in response to interneuron loss was indicated by zinc transporter-3 (ZnT3)-- and beta-synuclein--LI, as well as by Timm staining, all of which revealed relatively normal patterns of excitatory terminal distribution. Control injections produced minor damage at the injection site, but no apparent specific loss of SPR-LI. One to 12 weeks after injection of SSP-saporin, extracellular electrophysiological field responses recorded in the CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule cell layers in response to afferent stimulation were blindly evaluated simultaneously in two sites 1-2 mm apart along the longitudinal hippocampal axis. SSP-saporin-treated rats exhibited relatively normal responses in some sites, whereas disinhibition and hyperexcitability indistinguishable from the pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus were simultaneously recorded at adjacent sites. Anatomic analysis of the recording sites in each animal revealed that epileptiform pathophysiology was consistently observed only within areas of SPR ablation, whereas relatively normal evoked responses were recorded from immediately adjacent and relatively unaffected regions. These data establish the efficacy of [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)] Substance P-saporin for producing a selective and spatially extensive ablation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in vivo and a highly focal disinhibition that was restricted to the site of interneuron loss. These results also demonstrate that the "epileptic" pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus or head trauma can be replicated by focal interneuron loss per se, without involving principal cell loss and other interpretive confounds inherent in the use of global neurologic injury models.},
	Author = {Martin, J. L. and Sloviter, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {N-Glycosyl Hydrolases;Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic;Neurotoxins;Animals;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Peptide Hydrolases;21 Epilepsy;Immunotoxins;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Plant Proteins;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Peptide Fragments;Nerve Net;Receptors, Neurokinin-1;21 Neurophysiology;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Membrane Potentials;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Neural Inhibition;Cell Death;Substance P;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein},
	Medline = {21331787},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.},
	Pages = {127-52},
	Pubmed = {11438920},
	Title = {Focal inhibitory interneuron loss and principal cell hyperexcitability in the rat hippocampus after microinjection of a neurotoxic conjugate of saporin and a peptidase-resistant analog of Substance P},
	Uuid = {40CDD2E7-94DD-4851-9E46-87FB4A536881},
	Volume = {436},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Martinez:2005,
	Abstract = {Here we ask whether visual response pattern varies with position in the cortical microcircuit by comparing the structure of receptive fields recorded from the different layers of the cat's primary visual cortex. We used whole-cell recording in vivo to show the spatial distribution of visually evoked excitatory and inhibitory inputs and to stain individual neurons. We quantified the distribution of 'On' and 'Off' responses and the presence of spatially opponent excitation and inhibition within the receptive field. The thalamorecipient layers (4 and upper 6) were dominated by simple cells, as defined by two criteria: they had separated On and Off subregions, and they had push-pull responses (in a given subregion, stimuli of the opposite contrast evoked responses of the opposite sign). Other types of response profile correlated with laminar location as well. Thus, connections unique to each visual cortical layer are likely to serve distinct functions.},
	Author = {Martinez, Luis M. and Wang, Qingbo and Reid, R. Clay and Pillai, Cinthi and Alonso, Jos{\'e}-Ma\~{n}uel M. and Sommer, Friedrich T. and Hirsch, Judith A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Models, Neurological;Neural Inhibition;Electrophysiology;Photic Stimulation;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Pathways;Reaction Time;comparative study ;Visual Fields;Thalamus;Action Potentials;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Visual Cortex;Cats;Geniculate Bodies;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Medicine, Campus de Oza, Universidad A Coru\~{n}a, 15006, Spain.},
	Pages = {372-9},
	Pii = {nn1404},
	Pubmed = {15711543},
	Title = {Receptive field structure varies with layer in the primary visual cortex},
	Uuid = {7931C83B-81AE-44F3-A484-BB0518A1F078},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Martinez_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1404}}







@article{Masland:2001,
	Abstract = {The listing of cell types present in the retina is nearing completion, the first time this can be said for any significantly complex sample of the central nervous system. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 separate neuronal types. The functions of 22 of them are known or can be strongly inferred. For these 22, in every instance, a cell defined as a 'type' by structural criteria carries out a distinct and individual physiological function. Electrophysiological experiments continue to reveal new features of the retina's handling of information, and there is every reason to believe that the remaining 33 types of cell will also have distinct physiological functions. Further subtleties clearly exist in both peripheral and central visual coding.},
	Author = {Masland, R. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Retina;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Photoreceptors, Vertebrate;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. masland\@helix.mgh.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {431-6},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(00)00230-0},
	Pubmed = {11502388},
	Title = {Neuronal diversity in the retina},
	Uuid = {AE36B435-B131-4191-A912-F60D5E81C14C},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Masland:2001a,
	Abstract = {The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a different function. The census of cell types is nearing completion, as the development of quantitative methods makes it possible to be reasonably confident that few additional types exist. Although much remains to be learned, the fundamental structural principles are now becoming clear. They give a bottom-up view of the strategies used in the retina's processing of visual information and suggest new questions for physiological experiments and modeling.},
	Author = {Masland, R. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Cones (Retina);21 Neurophysiology;Color Perception;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;Primates;Visual Pathways;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Wellman 429, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. masland\@helix.mgh.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {877-86},
	Pii = {nn0901-877},
	Pubmed = {11528418},
	Title = {The fundamental plan of the retina},
	Uuid = {4E986A38-B957-44E8-866C-7FCC97EC3E69},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0901-877}}



@article{Mason:2001,
	Abstract = {Neuronal migration is an essential developmental step in the construction of the vertebrate nervous system, but the extracellular signals involved in initiating and regulating neuronal movement remain unclear. Here we report the identification of a novel astrocyte-derived migration-inducing activity (MIA). Using an in vitro assay, we show that MIA induces the migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors, increasing the number of migrating cells and the distance they move. We established quantitative criteria to distinguish between the biological effects of inducers, inhibitors, repellents, and attractants on migrating cells and used them to compare the effects of MIA with those of Slit, a putative repulsive guidance cue. Our analysis demonstrates that, by themselves, MIA induces and Slit inhibits migration from subventricular zone explants. However, when presented together with MIA, Slit acts as a repellent. This study shows that glial cells play a critical role in initiating and modulating the movement of neuronal precursors through the release of a diffusible protein. Moreover, this study provides evidence that the guidance of migrating neuronal precursors is an integrative process, resulting from the cooperation of distinct extracellular factors, and that the function of Slit is context dependent.},
	Author = {Mason, H. A. and Ito, S. and Corfas, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Extracellular Space/*metabolism;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Rats, Long-Evans;Interneurons/cytology/*metabolism;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Cell Movement/drug effects/*physiology;Models, Biological;Animal;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;B pdf;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*metabolism;Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology;Signal Transduction/drug effects/physiology;Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Growth Substances/pharmacology;Lateral Ventricles/cytology;Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Migration Inhibition;Chemotactic Factors/metabolism/pharmacology;Neuroglia/cytology/metabolism},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {7654-63.},
	Title = {Extracellular signals that regulate the tangential migration of olfactory bulb neuronal precursors: inducers, inhibitors, and repellents},
	Uuid = {B4793014-9059-4D8C-841A-CD60A9E0EF37},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2001}}



@article{Massimini:2007,
	Abstract = {During much of sleep, cortical neurons undergo near-synchronous slow oscillation cycles in membrane potential, which give rise to the largest spontaneous waves observed in the normal electroencephalogram (EEG). Slow oscillations underlie characteristic features of the sleep EEG, such as slow waves and spindles. Here we show that, in sleeping subjects, slow waves and spindles can be triggered noninvasively and reliably by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). With appropriate stimulation parameters, each TMS pulse at <1 Hz evokes an individual, high-amplitude slow wave that originates under the coil and spreads over the cortex. TMS triggering of slow waves reveals intrinsic bistability in thalamocortical networks during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, evoked slow waves lead to a deepening of sleep and to an increase in EEG slow-wave activity (0.5-4.5 Hz), which is thought to play a role in brain restoration and memory consolidation.},
	Author = {Massimini, Marcello and Ferrarelli, Fabio and Esser, Steve K. and Riedner, Brady A. and Huber, Reto and Murphy, Michael and Peterson, Michael J. and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;21 Neurophysiology;Wakefulness;clinical trial;Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation;Humans;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Sleep;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.},
	Pages = {8496-501},
	Pii = {0702495104},
	Pubmed = {17483481},
	Title = {Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation},
	Uuid = {A7086623-5826-446F-AE77-DD3AC973C14E},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702495104}}

@article{Massimini:2005,
	Abstract = {When we fall asleep, consciousness fades yet the brain remains active. Why is this so? To investigate whether changes in cortical information transmission play a role, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation together with high-density electroencephalography and asked how the activation of one cortical area (the premotor area) is transmitted to the rest of the brain. During quiet wakefulness, an initial response (approximately 15 milliseconds) at the stimulation site was followed by a sequence of waves that moved to connected cortical areas several centimeters away. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, the initial response was stronger but was rapidly extinguished and did not propagate beyond the stimulation site. Thus, the fading of consciousness during certain stages of sleep may be related to a breakdown in cortical effective connectivity.},
	Author = {Massimini, Marcello and Ferrarelli, Fabio and Huber, Reto and Esser, Steve K. and Singh, Harpreet and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;Electric Stimulation;Evoked Potentials;Humans;Magnetics;Consciousness;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Sleep;Computer Simulation;Software;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Models, Neurological;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5744},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.},
	Pages = {2228-32},
	Pii = {309/5744/2228},
	Pubmed = {16195466},
	Title = {Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep},
	Uuid = {2B2CCC4C-8359-4BA8-8442-BA38C39E2A38},
	Volume = {309},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1117256}}


@article{Mataga:2004,
	Abstract = {Sensory experience physically rewires the brain in early postnatal life through unknown processes. Here, we identify a robust anatomical consequence of monocular deprivation (MD) in layer II/III of visual cortex that corresponds to the rapid, functional loss of responsiveness preceding any changes in axonal input. Protrusions on pyramidal cell apical dendrites increased steadily after eye opening, but were transiently lost through competitive mechanisms after brief MD only during the physiological critical period. Proteolysis by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) conversely declined with age and increased with MD only in young mice. Targeted disruption of tPA release or its upstream regulation by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) prevented MD-induced spine loss that was pharmacologically rescued concomitant with critical period plasticity. An extracellular mechanism for structural remodeling that is limited to the binocular zone upon proper detection of competing inputs thus links early sensory experience to visual function.},
	Author = {Mataga, Nobuko and Mizuguchi, Yoko and Hensch, Takao K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:27 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Glutamate Decarboxylase;Tissue Plasminogen Activator;Dendritic Spines;comparative study;Animals;Humans;Isoenzymes;Mice;Vision, Monocular},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
	Pages = {1031-41},
	Pii = {S089662730400755X},
	Pubmed = {15603745},
	Title = {Experience-dependent pruning of dendritic spines in visual cortex by tissue plasminogen activator},
	Uuid = {05CDE761-EA3B-49FD-9CA7-B2C75156F9B4},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Mataga_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.028}}
















@article{Mazzoni:2007,
	Abstract = {Most neuronal networks, even in the absence of external stimuli, produce spontaneous bursts of spikes separated by periods of reduced activity. The origin and functional role of these neuronal events are still unclear. The present work shows that the spontaneous activity of two very different networks, intact leech ganglia and dissociated cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, share several features. Indeed, in both networks: i) the inter-spike intervals distribution of the spontaneous firing of single neurons is either regular or periodic or bursting, with the fraction of bursting neurons depending on the network activity; ii) bursts of spontaneous spikes have the same broad distributions of size and duration; iii) the degree of correlated activity increases with the bin width, and the power spectrum of the network firing rate has a 1/f behavior at low frequencies, indicating the existence of long-range temporal correlations; iv) the activity of excitatory synaptic pathways mediated by NMDA receptors is necessary for the onset of the long-range correlations and for the presence of large bursts; v) blockage of inhibitory synaptic pathways mediated by GABA(A) receptors causes instead an increase in the correlation among neurons and leads to a burst distribution composed only of very small and very large bursts. These results suggest that the spontaneous electrical activity in neuronal networks with different architectures and functions can have very similar properties and common dynamics.},
	Author = {Mazzoni, Alberto and Broccard, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric D. and Garcia-Perez, Elizabeth and Bonifazi, Paolo and Ruaro, Maria Elisabetta and Torre, Vincent},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:01:15 +0000},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008; currOpinRvw},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Organization = {International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy.},
	Pages = {e439},
	Pubmed = {17502919},
	Title = {On the dynamics of the spontaneous activity in neuronal networks},
	Uuid = {33E677EC-FD72-4D6A-96FC-58372CBDF09A},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Mazzoni_PLoSONE2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000439}}


@article{McAllister:1995,
	Abstract = {Although dendritic growth and differentiation are critical for the proper development and function of neocortex, the molecular signals that regulate these processes are largely unknown. The potential role of neurotrophins was tested by treating slices of developing visual cortex with NGF, BDNF, NT-3, or NT-4 and by subsequently visualizing the dendrites of pyramidal neurons using particle-mediated gene transfer. Specific neurotrophins increased the length and complexity of dendrites of defined cell populations. Basal dendrites of neurons in each cortical layer responded most strongly to a single neurotrophin: neurons in layer 4 to BDNF and neurons in layers 5 and 6 to NT-4. In contrast, apical dendrites responded to a range of neurotrophins. On both apical and basal dendrites, the effects of the TrkB receptor ligands, BDNF and NT-4, were distinct. The spectrum of neurotrophic actions and the laminar specificity of these actions implicate endogenous neurotrophins as regulatory signals in the development of specific dendritic patterns in mammalian neocortex.},
	Author = {McAllister, A. K. and Lo, D. C. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Gene Transfer Techniques;Visual Cortex;Nerve Growth Factors;Dendrites;10 Development;10 Structural plasticity;Beta;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Ferrets;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;beta-Galactosidase;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Organ Culture;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;Neurotrophin 3},
	Medline = {96049128},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {791-803},
	Pubmed = {7576629},
	Title = {Neurotrophins regulate dendritic growth in developing visual cortex},
	Uuid = {684E3BB2-058F-4040-BE51-4D8ACF29F1DA},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{McBride:1988,
	Abstract = {We studied Clarke's Column of the L-1 spinal cord segment of young adult female rats after first prelabeling its neurons by the intracerebellar injection of Fluoro-Gold or true blue and subsequently axotomizing the labeled cells by a complete spinal cord transection at T-9. In control rats, the number of labeled neurons at 1, 5, 10, and 20 weeks showed a progressive decrease, probably due to leakage of dye from the cells. A much greater loss of labeled neurons was found in T-9 spinal cord-transected rats than in their matched controls. At 5 weeks after transection, loss of large neurons was somewhat offset by an increase in small neurons; neuron shrinkage was a likely cause of this increase, because small, very intensely labeled neurons were found in transected rats but not in control rats. By 10 and 20 weeks post-transection, the number of all prelabeled neurons in transected rats had sharply decreased. In transected rats, but not in controls, very significant increases in labeled astroglia and microglia and other labeled small cells were found at 5 weeks. At 10 weeks, the identifiable labeled astroglia had decreased but marked increases in microglia and other labeled small cells persisted. We conclude that, following a complete T-9 spinal cord transection, axotomized Clarke's column neurons first shrink in size and then die. Labeled reactive astrocytes, which are most evident 5 weeks after injury, probably indicate phagocytosis of axotomized neurons.},
	Author = {McBride, R. L. and Feringa, E. R. and Smith, B. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Female;Rats;Astrocytes;Not relevant;Denervation;Fluorescent Dyes;Cell Survival;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Spinal Cord;Microscopy, Fluorescence;11 Glia;Stilbamidines;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains;Neurons;Benzofurans},
	Medline = {89031111},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {V.A. Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30910.},
	Pages = {236-43},
	Pubmed = {3181363},
	Title = {The fate of prelabeled Clarke's column neurons after axotomy},
	Uuid = {47C7F37F-522A-4CBE-85DA-1C96F7A9E51E},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {1988}}


@article{McCabe:2006,
	Abstract = {Waves of spontaneous electrical activity that are highly synchronized across large populations of neurones occur throughout the developing mammalian central nervous system. The stages at which this activity occurs are tightly regulated to allow activity-dependent developmental programmes to be initiated correctly. What determines the onset and cessation of spontaneous synchronous activity (SSA) in a particular region of the nervous system, however, remains unclear. We have tested the hypothesis that activity itself triggers developmental changes in intrinsic and circuit properties that determine the stages at which SSA occurs. To do this we exposed cultured slices of mouse neocortex to tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block SSA, which normally occurs between embryonic day 17 (E17) and postnatal day 3 (P3). In control cultured slices, SSA rarely occurs after P3. In TTX-treated slices, however, SSA was generated from P3 (the day of TTX removal) until at least P10. This indicates that in the absence of spontaneous activity, the mechanisms that normally determine the timing of SSA are not initiated, and that a compensatory response occurs that shifts the time of SSA occurrence to later developmental stages.},
	Author = {McCabe, Annette K. and Chisholm, Sarah L. and Picken-Bahrey, Heidi L. and Moody, William J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biological Clocks;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Feedback;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Animals;Mice;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {155-67},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2006.117523},
	Pubmed = {16945966},
	Title = {The self-regulating nature of spontaneous synchronized activity in developing mouse cortical neurones},
	Uuid = {A5D07BD2-8ADD-40F6-9F33-1E604BA510D8},
	Volume = {577},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.117523}}


@article{McCann:2007,
	Abstract = {To examine the role of retrograde signals on synaptic maintenance, we inhibited protein synthesis in individual postsynaptic cells in vivo while monitoring presynaptic terminals. Within 12 h, axon terminals begin to atrophy and withdraw from normal postsynaptic sites. Structural similarities between this process and naturally occurring synapse elimination suggest that short-lived target derived factors not only participate in synaptic maintenance in adults, but also regulate elimination of connections during development.},
	Author = {McCann, Corey M. and Nguyen, Quyen T. and Santo Neto, Humberto and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Synaptic Membranes;Protein Synthesis Inhibitors;Time Factors;Neuromuscular Junction;comparative study;Receptors, Cholinergic;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {6064-7},
	Pii = {27/22/6064},
	Pubmed = {17537978},
	Title = {Rapid synapse elimination after postsynaptic protein synthesis inhibition in vivo},
	Uuid = {CA1DAE14-D09B-414C-9C98-9C7AB545FD05},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/McCann_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0627-07.2007}}

@article{McCann:2008,
	Abstract = {Synaptic plasticity underlies the adaptability of the mammalian brain, but has been difficult to study in living animals. Here we imaged the synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons in the mouse submandibular ganglion in vivo, focusing on the mechanisms that maintain and regulate neurotransmitter receptor density at postsynaptic sites. Normally, synaptic receptor densities were maintained by rapid exchange of receptors with nonsynaptic regions (over minutes) and by continual turnover of cell surface receptors (over hours). However, after ganglion cell axons were crushed, synaptic receptors showed greater lateral mobility and there was a precipitous decline in insertion. These changes led to near-complete loss of synaptic receptors and synaptic depression. Disappearance of postsynaptic spines and presynaptic terminals followed this acute synaptic depression. Therefore, neurotransmitter receptor dynamism associated with rapid changes in synaptic efficacy precedes long-lasting structural changes in synaptic connectivity.},
	Author = {McCann, Corey M. and Tapia, Juan Carlos and Kim, Han and Coggan, Jay S. and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Synapses;Gene Expression Regulation;Bungarotoxins;Nonlinear Dynamics;Mice, Transgenic;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Analysis of Variance;Receptors, Cholinergic;Axotomy;Neurons;Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins;Mice;Luminescent Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Submandibular Gland;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {807-15},
	Pii = {nn.2145},
	Pubmed = {18568021},
	Title = {Rapid and modifiable neurotransmitter receptor dynamics at a neuronal synapse in vivo},
	Uuid = {61D33AB0-A02C-43CD-B4AA-4A263CA08664},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/McCann_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2145}}



@article{McConnell:1995,
	Author = {McConnell, S. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {F abstr;10 Development;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology/*growth &development;Phenotype;Stem Cells;Cell Division;Animal;*Cell Differentiation;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Neurons/*cytology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Movement},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {761-8.},
	Title = {Constructing the cerebral cortex: neurogenesis and fate determination},
	Uuid = {EA744A14-7E85-46AC-97E0-E66E3E5A6367},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=7576626}}

@article{McConnell:1991,
	Abstract = {The neocortex is patterned in layers of neurons that are generated in an orderly sequence during development. This correlation between cell birthday and laminar fate prompted an examination of how neuronal phenotypes are determined in the developing cortex. At various times after labeling with [3H]thymidine, embryonic progenitor cells were transplanted into older host brains. The laminar fate of transplanted neurons correlates with the position of their progenitors in the cell cycle at the time of transplantation. Daughters of cells transplanted in S-phase migrate to layer 2/3, as do host neurons. Progenitors transplanted later in the cell cycle, however, produce daughters that are committed to their normal, deep-layer fates. Thus, environmental factors are important determinants of laminar fate, but embryonic progenitors undergo cyclical changes in their ability to respond to such cues.},
	Author = {McConnell, S. K. and Kaznowski, C. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Brain Tissue Transplantation;10 Development;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;G1 Phase;S Phase;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Stem Cells;Ferrets;G2 Phase;Cell Cycle;Mitosis;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons},
	Medline = {92022577},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5029},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305.},
	Pages = {282-5},
	Pubmed = {1925583},
	Title = {Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex},
	Uuid = {01F003F3-05C0-48E3-B82D-D2FF70FA2791},
	Volume = {254},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{McCormick:2005,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity can rapidly flip-flop between stable states. Although these semi-stable states can be generated through interactions of neuronal networks, it is now known that they can also occur in vivo through intrinsic ionic currents.},
	Author = {McCormick, David A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0960-9822},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {Purkinje Cells;Ion Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Nerve Net;Humans;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9107782},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Center for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. david.mccormick\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {R294-6},
	Pii = {S0960-9822(05)00380-5},
	Pubmed = {15854894},
	Title = {Neuronal networks: flip-flops in the brain},
	Uuid = {E2B160F6-B856-45ED-B74A-7EC405D69881},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/McCormick_CurrBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.009}}

@article{McCormick:1985,
	Abstract = {Slices of sensorimotor and anterior cingulate cortex from guinea pigs were maintained in vitro and bathed in a normal physiological medium. Electrophysiological properties of neurons were assessed with intracellular recording techniques. Some neurons were identified morphologically by intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow CH. Three distinct neuronal classes of electrophysiological behavior were observed; these were termed regular spiking, bursting, and fast spiking. The physiological properties of neurons from sensorimotor and anterior cingulate areas did not differ significantly. Regular-spiking cells were characterized by action potentials with a mean duration of 0.80 ms at one-half amplitude, a ratio of maximum rate of spike rise to maximum rate of fall of 4.12, and a prominent afterhyperpolarization following a train of spikes. The primary slope of initial spike frequency versus injected current intensity was 241 Hz/nA. During prolonged suprathreshold current pulses the frequency of firing adapted strongly. When local synaptic pathways were activated, all cells were transiently excited and then strongly inhibited. Bursting cells were distinguished by their ability to generate endogenous, all-or-none bursts of three to five action potentials. Their properties were otherwise very similar to regular-spiking cells. The ability to generate a burst was eliminated when the membrane was depolarized to near the firing threshold with tonic current. By contrast, hyperpolarization of regular-spiking (i.e., nonbursting) cells did not uncover latent bursting tendencies. The action potentials of fast-spiking cells were much briefer (mean of 0.32 ms) than those of the other cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {McCormick, D. A. and Connors, B. W. and Lighthall, J. W. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Electrophysiology;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;in vitro ;comparative study ;Motor Cortex;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Glutamate Decarboxylase;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Cortical oscillations;Guinea Pigs;Gyrus Cinguli},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {782-806},
	Pubmed = {2999347},
	Title = {Comparative electrophysiology of pyramidal and sparsely spiny stellate neurons of the neocortex},
	Uuid = {53BAA34A-90B6-4AA1-A79E-DF7824FCC8C2},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1985},
	url = {papers/McCormick_JNeurophysiol1985.pdf}}

@article{McCormick:1987,
	Abstract = {1. The post-natal development of the electrophysiological properties of cortical layer V pyramidal neurons was investigated with intracellular recordings from rat sensorimotor cortical slices, in vitro. 2. At all ages post-natally (post-natal day 1 to day 36; P1-P36) neurons were capable of generating a train of Na+-dependent action potentials in response to intracellular injection of sufficient depolarizing current. During the second and third week post-natally, these action potentials changed substantially, becoming faster in both their rising and falling phases, shorter in duration, and larger in amplitude. 3. Both mature (greater than P21) and immature (P2-P4) cortical neurones could generate Ca2+-dependent action potentials only if a substantial portion of K+ conductances were blocked. The maximum rate of rise of Ca2+ spikes also increased with age. 4. The apparent input resistance, specific membrane resistance, and membrane time constant all decreased with age from P1 to P30. Immature neurones had I-V relationships that were substantially more linear than those of adult cells, although rectification was often present in both the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing range. Inward rectification in the depolarizing range was Na+ dependent and was substantially larger in mature versus immature neurones. 5. Single, or trains of, action potentials in immature neurones were followed by short duration (10-50 ms) and long duration (1-5 s) after-hyperpolarizations (a.h.p.s) respectively. The duration of the latter appeared to decrease with age. The presence of large a.h.p.s indicates that Ca2+ entry occurs during the action potential of immature, as well as mature, neurones. 6. Responses to intracellular injection of depolarizing current pulses indicated that immature neurones have frequency versus injected current (f-I) relationships which are in general less steep than those for adult neurones and more limited in terms of the range of firing frequencies. 7. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a considerable increase in the density of voltage-dependent ionic channels underlying the electro-responsiveness of cortical pyramidal neurones during post-natal development.},
	Author = {McCormick, D. A. and Prince, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Animals;Electric Conductivity;Cesium;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Tetraethylammonium Compounds;Tetrodotoxin;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Glutamates;Action Potentials;Animals, Newborn;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Tetraethylammonium;in vitro},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.},
	Pages = {743-62},
	Pubmed = {2895811},
	Title = {Post-natal development of electrophysiological properties of rat cerebral cortical pyramidal neurones},
	Uuid = {0B763A9E-4818-4C63-8F45-771B02C6828A},
	Volume = {393},
	Year = {1987},
	url = {papers/McCormick_JPhysiol1987.pdf}}

@article{McCormick:2007,
	Abstract = {Action potentials in cortical neurons show a variable threshold and a sudden rise in membrane potential at initiation. Naundorf et al. fail to explain these features using single- or double-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley-style models, suggesting instead that they could arise from cooperative opening of Na+ channels, although there is no direct biological evidence to support this. Here we show that these so-called unique features are to be expected from Hodgkin-Huxley models if the spatial geometry and spike initiation properties of cortical neurons are taken into account--it is therefore unnecessary to invoke exotic channel-gating properties as an explanation.},
	Author = {McCormick, David A. and Shu, Yousheng and Yu, Yuguo},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Sodium Channels;Models, Neurological;Pyramidal Cells;comment;Electrophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7123},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. david.mccormick\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {E1-2; discussion E2-3},
	Pii = {nature05523},
	Pubmed = {17203021},
	Title = {Neurophysiology: Hodgkin and Huxley model--still standing?},
	Uuid = {AF239357-0C04-4A46-B386-22951B7DE950},
	Volume = {445},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05523}}






@article{McKone:2007,
	Abstract = {Does face recognition involve face-specific cognitive and neural processes ('domain specificity') or do faces only seem special because people have had more experience of individuating them than they have of individuating members of other homogeneous object categories ('the expertise hypothesis')? Here, we summarize new data that test these hypotheses by assessing whether classic face-selective effects - holistic processing, recognition impairments in prosopagnosia and fusiform face area activation - remain face selective in comparison with objects of expertise. We argue that evidence strongly supports domain specificity rather than the expertise hypothesis. We conclude that the crucial social function of face recognition does not reflect merely a general practice phenomenon and that it might be supported by evolved mechanisms (visual or nonvisual) and/or a sensitive period in infancy.},
	Author = {McKone, Elinor and Kanwisher, Nancy and Duchaine, Bradley C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1364-6613},
	Journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Photic Stimulation;Prosopagnosia;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Pattern Recognition, Visual;Specialties, Medical;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Face;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Brain Mapping;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Facial Expression},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9708669},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {School of Psychology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia. elinor.mckone\@anu.edu.au},
	Pages = {8-15},
	Pii = {S1364-6613(06)00300-7},
	Pubmed = {17129746},
	Title = {Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces?},
	Uuid = {631C0DAA-01F2-460C-A7C0-F1FE5867486D},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.002}}


@article{McLean:1994,
	Abstract = {Serotonin has been postulated to influence several developmental parameters. The potential role of serotonin in the development of the rat olfactory bulb, a simple cortical structure, was determined following selective depletion of serotonin to the olfactory bulb of neonate rats. In the neonate, 5,7-dHT was injected into the anterior olfactory nucleus to selectively destroy serotonergic axons leading to the bulb. Following survival of 5 days to 3 months, the rats were sacrificed and analyzed by immunocytochemical markers, Nissl stain, Golgi impregnation, and image analysis. The serotonin depletions had no significant effect on the cytoarchitecture of the bulb or on neuronal or glial cell growth. In addition, the depletions did not affect neuronal migration or differentiation (overall length of dendrites, branch points, or dendritic spines) of cell populations in the bulb. These findings suggest that serotonin does not, by itself, affect the overall development of cellular elements in the bulb, although this study does not rule out the possibility that serotonin may affect other parameters of development. eng Journal Article},
	Author = {McLean, J. H. and Darby-King, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Keywords = {Neuroglia/cytology/physiology;Cell Differentiation;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Rats;Female;Serotonin/deficiency/*physiology;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*physiology;Neurons/cytology/*physiology;Aging/physiology;Animal;Animals, Newborn;I abstr;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Injections;5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine/pharmacology;Male;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.},
	Pages = {249-59.},
	Title = {Lack of evidence for serotonergic effect on the cellular development of the olfactory bulb in the postnatal rat},
	Uuid = {F51085E5-6B23-4502-8619-1259D3E8160E},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {1994}}




@article{McNamara:1994,
	Author = {McNamara, J. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Neurons;Brain Diseases;Potassium;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Terminology;Hippocampus;Models, Neurological;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Sclerosis},
	Medline = {94267505},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.},
	Pages = {3413-25},
	Pubmed = {8207463},
	Title = {Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy},
	Uuid = {28ECF8D2-73A8-4A7D-9AF4-500B5FB02D83},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/McNamara_JNeurosci1994.pdf}}





@article{Mechawar:2001,
	Abstract = {A recently developed method for determining the length of cholinergic axons and number of cholinergic axon varicosities (terminals) in brain sections immunostained for choline acetyltransferase was used to estimate the areal and laminar densities of the cholinergic innervation in rat frontal (motor), parietal (somatosensory) and occipital (visual) cortex at different postnatal ages. This cortical innervation showed an early beginning, a few immunostained fibers being already present in the cortical subplate at birth. In the first two postnatal weeks, it developed rapidly along three parameters: a progressive increase in the number of varicosities per unit length of axon, and a lengthening and branching of the axons. Between postnatal days 4 and 16, the number of varicosities increased steadily from two to four per 10 microm of cholinergic axon. The mean densities of cholinergic axons increased from 1.4 to 9.6, 1.7 to 9.3 and 0.7 to 7.2 m/mm(3), and the corresponding densities of varicosities from 0.4 to 3.9, 0.4 to 3.5, and 0.2 to 2.6x10(6)/mm(3) in the frontal, parietal and occipital areas, respectively. The rate of growth was maximal during these first two weeks, after which the laminar pattern characteristic of each area appeared to be established. Adult values were almost reached by postnatal day 16 in the parietal cortex, but maturation proceeded further in the frontal and particularly in the occipital cortex.These quantitative data on the ingrowth and maturation of the cholinergic innervation in postnatal rat cerebral cortex substantiate a role for acetylcholine in the development of this brain region and emphasize the striking growth capacity of individual cholinergic neurons.},
	Author = {Mechawar, N. and Descarries, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats;Immunohistochemistry;Neural Pathways;Cholinergic Fibers;Occipital Lobe;Choline O-Acetyltransferase;Parietal Lobe;Male;Age Factors;Animals;Acetylcholine;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {21603174},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {D{\'e}partement de pathologie, and Centre de recherche en sciences neurologiques, Facult{\'e} de m{\'e}decine, Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, H3C 3J7, Montreal, QC, Canada.},
	Pages = {555-67},
	Pii = {S030645220100389X},
	Pubmed = {11738494},
	Title = {The cholinergic innervation develops early and rapidly in the rat cerebral cortex: a quantitative immunocytochemical study},
	Uuid = {B51620AA-709A-4CF5-89E4-CF3C18FEF38F},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Meencke:1992,
	Author = {Meencke, H. J. and Veith, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0922-9833},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res Suppl},
	Keywords = {Spasms, Infantile;10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Syndrome;Child, Preschool;Humans;Brain;Child;Epilepsy;Infant;Cell Count;Cell Movement;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Adult;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Adolescent},
	Nlm_Id = {8913231},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Universit{\"a}tsklinikum Rudolf-Virchow, Free University of Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {31-9; discussion 39-40},
	Pubmed = {1285910},
	Title = {Migration disturbances in epilepsy},
	Uuid = {4CF65CD4-0BCB-4219-B70B-04B0FE500C66},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Meeren:2002,
	Abstract = {Absence seizures are the most pure form of generalized epilepsy. They are characterized in the electroencephalogram by widespread bilaterally synchronous spike-wave discharges (SWDs), which are the reflections of highly synchronized oscillations in thalamocortical networks. To reveal network mechanisms responsible for the initiation and generalization of the discharges, we studied the interrelationships between multisite cortical and thalamic field potentials recorded during spontaneous SWDs in the freely moving WAG/Rij rat, a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Nonlinear association analysis revealed a consistent cortical "focus" within the peri-oral region of the somatosensory cortex. The SWDs recorded at other cortical sites consistently lagged this focal site, with time delays that increased with electrode distance (corresponding to a mean propagation velocity of 1.4 m/sec). Intra-thalamic relationships were more complex and could not account for the observed cortical propagation pattern. Cortical and thalamic sites interacted bi-directionally, whereas the direction of this coupling could vary throughout one seizure. However, during the first 500 msec, the cortical focus was consistently found to lead the thalamus. These findings argue against the existence of one common subcortical pacemaker for the generation of generalized spike-wave discharges characteristic for absence seizures in the rat. Instead, the results suggest that a cortical focus is the dominant factor in initiating the paroxysmal oscillation within the corticothalamic loops, and that the large-scale synchronization is mediated by ways of an extremely fast intracortical spread of seizure activity. Analogous mechanisms may underlie the pathophysiology of human absence epilepsy.},
	Author = {Meeren, Hanneke K. M. and Pijn, Jan Pieter M. and Van Luijtelaar, Egidius L. J. M. and Coenen, Anton M. L. and Lopes da Silva, Fernando H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Wakefulness;Electric Stimulation;Epilepsies, Partial;Evoked Potentials;Animals;Rats;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;Nonlinear Dynamics;Rats, Inbred Strains;Biological Clocks;Disease Models, Animal;Time Factors;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Thalamus;Action Potentials;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;Epilepsy, Absence;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Electrodes, Implanted;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Nijmegen Institute of Cognition and Information, University of Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. h.meeren\@vumc.nl.},
	Pages = {1480-95},
	Pii = {22/4/1480},
	Pubmed = {11850474},
	Title = {Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats},
	Uuid = {D6C8E565-7ADD-40A7-82BC-87E36E835D4B},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002}}


@article{Mehta:2002,
	Abstract = {In the vast majority of brain areas, the firing rates of neurons, averaged over several hundred milliseconds to several seconds, can be strongly modulated by, and provide accurate information about, properties of their inputs. This is referred to as the rate code. However, the biophysical laws of synaptic plasticity require precise timing of spikes over short timescales (<10 ms). Hence it is critical to understand the physiological mechanisms that can generate precise spike timing in vivo, and the relationship between such a temporal code and a rate code. Here we propose a mechanism by which a temporal code can be generated through an interaction between an asymmetric rate code and oscillatory inhibition. Consistent with the predictions of our model, the rate and temporal codes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons are highly correlated. Furthermore, the temporal code becomes more robust with experience. The resulting spike timing satisfies the temporal order constraints of hebbian learning. Thus, oscillations and receptive field asymmetry may have a critical role in temporal sequence learning.},
	Author = {Mehta, M. R. and Lee, A. K. and Wilson, M. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Consciousness;21 Neurophysiology;Kinetics;Rats, Long-Evans;Action Potentials;Rats;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Computer Simulation;Models, Neurological;Time Factors;Neuronal Plasticity;Motor Activity;Learning;Pyramidal Cells;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6890},
	Organization = {Center for Learning & Memory, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. mayank\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {741-6},
	Pii = {nature00807},
	Pubmed = {12066185},
	Title = {Role of experience and oscillations in transforming a rate code into a temporal code},
	Uuid = {7E85C0BD-7721-4573-9FF4-5E4B9226201B},
	Volume = {417},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Mehta_Nature2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00807}}




@article{Melamed:2008,
	Abstract = {The synchronous oscillatory activity characterizing many neurons in a network is often considered to be a mechanism for representing, binding, conveying, and organizing information. A number of models have been proposed to explain high-frequency oscillations, but the mechanisms that underlie slow oscillations are still unclear. Here, we show by means of analytical solutions and simulations that facilitating excitatory (E(f)) synapses onto interneurons in a neural network play a fundamental role, not only in shaping the frequency of slow oscillations, but also in determining the form of the up and down states observed in electrophysiological measurements. Short time constants and strong E(f) synapse-connectivity were found to induce rapid alternations between up and down states, whereas long time constants and weak E(f) synapse connectivity prolonged the time between up states and increased the up state duration. These results suggest a novel role for facilitating excitatory synapses onto interneurons in controlling the form and frequency of slow oscillations in neuronal circuits.},
	Author = {Melamed, Ofer and Barak, Omri and Silberberg, Gilad and Markram, Henry and Tsodyks, Misha},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1573-6873},
	Journal = {J Comput Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9439510},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Sciences, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 58102, Israel. ofer.melamed\@hit.ac.il},
	Pages = {308-16},
	Pubmed = {18483841},
	Title = {Slow oscillations in neural networks with facilitating synapses},
	Uuid = {D2AFCAF4-6FBD-4920-8375-AA7BD35FF5C6},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Melamed_JComputNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-008-0080-z}}


@article{Mellem:2008,
	Abstract = {Small, high-impedance neurons with short processes, similar to those found in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, are predicted to transmit electrical signals by passive propagation. However, we have found that certain neurons in C. elegans fire regenerative action potentials. These neurons resembled Schmitt triggers, as their potential state appears to be bistable. Transitions between up and down states could be triggered by application of the neurotransmitter glutamate or brief current pulses.},
	Author = {Mellem, Jerry E. and Brockie, Penelope J. and Madsen, David M. and Maricq, Andres V.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1546-1726},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Animals;Glutamic Acid;Caenorhabditis elegans;Feedback;Neural Conduction;Ions;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Animals, Genetically Modified;Receptors, AMPA;Calcium;Ion Channels;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Action Potentials;Neurons;Sodium;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Stimulation, Chemical},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA.},
	Pages = {865-7},
	Pii = {nn.2131},
	Pubmed = {18587393},
	Title = {Action potentials contribute to neuronal signaling in C. elegans},
	Uuid = {7DAB9696-4051-472E-9BBE-365B01E21C8D},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Mellem_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2131}}

@article{Mellitzer:2000,
	Abstract = {Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins mediate contact-dependent cell interactions that regulate the repulsion and adhesion mechanisms involved in the guidance and assembly of cells. Recent work has revealed a role of overlapping Eph receptor and ephrin expression in modulating neuronal growth cone repulsion, and has shown that bidirectional activation restricts intermingling and communication between cell populations. In addition, progress has been made in understanding how Eph receptors and ephrins control cell adhesion.},
	Author = {Mellitzer, G. and Xu, Q. and Wilkinson, D. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ephrin-A1;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Receptors, Eph Family;Cell Communication;Ephrin-B1;Membrane Proteins;Signal Transduction;10 circuit formation;Animals;Receptor, EphB4;Proteins;review;Neurons},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, NW7 1AA, UK.},
	Pages = {400-8},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(00)00095-7},
	Pubmed = {10851175},
	Title = {Control of cell behaviour by signalling through Eph receptors and ephrins},
	Uuid = {B074347E-572F-46CB-BC03-931C0F2C0684},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Mellitzer:1999,
	Abstract = {Eph proteins are receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity which, with their ephrin ligands, mediate contact-dependent cell interactions that are implicated in the repulsion mechanisms that guide migrating cells and neuronal growth cones to specific destinations. Ephrin-B proteins have conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated upon interaction with an EphB receptor, and may transduce signals that regulate a cellular response. Because Eph receptors and ephrins have complementary expression in many tissues during embryogenesis, bidirectional activation of Eph receptors and ephrin-B proteins could occur at interfaces of their expression domains, for example at segment boundaries in the vertebrate hindbrain. Previous work has implicated Eph receptors and ephrin-B proteins in the restriction of cell intermingling between hindbrain segments. We therefore analysed whether complementary expression of Eph receptors and ephrins restricts cell intermingling, and whether this requires bidirectional or unidirectional signalling. Here we report that bidirectional but not unidirectional signalling restricts the intermingling of adjacent cell populations, whereas unidirectional activation is sufficient to restrict cell communication through gap junctions. These results reveal that Eph receptors and ephrins regulate two aspects of cell behaviour that can stabilize a distinct identity of adjacent cell populations. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Mellitzer, G. and Xu, Q. and Wilkinson, D. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Binding Sites;Signal Transduction;Gap Junctions/metabolism;In Vitro;Animals;Phosphorylation;Rhombencephalon/cytology/metabolism;Ephrin-B2;Fetal Proteins/*metabolism;Membrane Proteins/*metabolism;Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism;F both;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Receptor, EphA4;Receptor, EphB2;Zebrafish;Ephrin-B1;*Cell Communication; Cooperative Behavior; Competitive Behavior; cell interaction; evolutionary dynamics},
	Number = {6739},
	Organization = {Division of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.},
	Pages = {77-81},
	Pubmed = {10403252},
	Title = {Eph receptors and ephrins restrict cell intermingling and communication},
	Uuid = {3328C473-8108-4BE2-8BCE-3DCBB114E915},
	Volume = {400},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10403252}}





@article{Meredith:2007,
	Abstract = {Fragile X syndrome, caused by a mutation in the Fmr1 gene, is characterized by mental retardation. Several studies reported the absence of long-term potentiation (LTP) at neocortical synapses in Fmr1 knockout (FMR1-KO) mice, but underlying cellular mechanisms are unknown. We find that in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of FMR1-KO mice, spike-timing-dependent LTP (tLTP) is not so much absent, but rather, the threshold for tLTP induction is increased. Calcium signaling in dendrites and spines is compromised. First, dendrites and spines more often fail to show calcium transients. Second, the activity of L-type calcium channels is absent in spines. tLTP could be restored by improving reliability and amplitude of calcium signaling by increasing neuronal activity. In FMR1-KO mice that were raised in enriched environments, tLTP was restored to WT levels. Our results show that mechanisms for synaptic plasticity are in place in the FMR1-KO mouse PFC, but require stronger neuronal activity to be triggered.},
	Author = {Meredith, Rhiannon M. and Holmgren, Carl D. and Weidum, Meredith and Burnashev, Nail and Mansvelder, Huibert D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Calcium Channel Blockers;Electric Stimulation;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Nifedipine;Neuronal Plasticity;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Female;Dendritic Spines;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium;Time Factors;Male;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Knockout;Environment;Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
	Pages = {627-38},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00330-3},
	Pubmed = {17521574},
	Title = {Increased threshold for spike-timing-dependent plasticity is caused by unreliable calcium signaling in mice lacking fragile X gene FMR1},
	Uuid = {B6524C1B-17F0-4CEF-B4E0-9C9A46CA3334},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Meredith_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.028}}





@article{Metea:2006,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity evokes localized changes in blood flow. Although this response, termed neurovascular coupling, is widely used to monitor human brain function and diagnose pathology, the cellular mechanisms that mediate the response remain unclear. We investigated the contribution of glial cells to neurovascular coupling in the acutely isolated mammalian retina. We found that light stimulation and glial cell stimulation can both evoke dilation or constriction of arterioles. Light-evoked and glial-evoked vasodilations were blocked by inhibitors of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, the synthetic enzyme for epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Vasoconstrictions, in contrast, were blocked by an inhibitor of omega-hydroxylase, which synthesizes 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Nitric oxide influenced whether vasodilations or vasoconstrictions were produced in response to light and glial stimulation. Light-evoked vasoactivity was blocked when neuron-to-glia signaling was interrupted by a purinergic antagonist. These results indicate that glial cells contribute to neurovascular coupling and suggest that regulation of blood flow may involve both vasodilating and vasoconstricting components.},
	Author = {Metea, Monica R. and Newman, Eric A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.},
	Pages = {2862-70},
	Pii = {26/11/2862},
	Pubmed = {16540563},
	Title = {Glial cells dilate and constrict blood vessels: a mechanism of neurovascular coupling},
	Uuid = {2D3D3368-F8CE-48AC-9BB9-9BA6DED29897},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4048-05.2006}}










@article{Migliore:2006,
	Abstract = {The NEURON simulation environment has been extended to support parallel network simulations. Each processor integrates the equations for its subnet over an interval equal to the minimum (interprocessor) presynaptic spike generation to postsynaptic spike delivery connection delay. The performance of three published network models with very different spike patterns exhibits superlinear speedup on Beowulf clusters and demonstrates that spike communication overhead is often less than the benefit of an increased fraction of the entire problem fitting into high speed cache. On the EPFL IBM Blue Gene, almost linear speedup was obtained up to 100 processors. Increasing one model from 500 to 40,000 realistic cells exhibited almost linear speedup on 2,000 processors, with an integration time of 9.8 seconds and communication time of 1.3 seconds. The potential for speed-ups of several orders of magnitude makes practical the running of large network simulations that could otherwise not be explored.},
	Author = {Migliore, M. and Cannia, C. and Lytton, W. W. and Markram, Henry and Hines, M. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0929-5313},
	Journal = {J Comput Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9439510},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, via U La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy. michele.migliore\@pa.ibf.cnr.it},
	Pages = {119-29},
	Pubmed = {16732488},
	Title = {Parallel network simulations with NEURON},
	Uuid = {ED48959B-C447-42A4-9707-63A2806F764A},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-006-7949-5}}

@article{Migliore:2007,
	Abstract = {Lateral inhibition of cells surrounding an excited area is a key property of sensory systems, sharpening the preferential tuning of individual cells in the presence of closely related input signals. In the olfactory pathway, a dendrodendritic synaptic microcircuit between mitral and granule cells in the olfactory bulb has been proposed to mediate this type of interaction through granule cell inhibition of surrounding mitral cells. However, it is becoming evident that odor inputs result in broad activation of the olfactory bulb with interactions that go beyond neighboring cells. Using a realistic modeling approach we show how backpropagating action potentials in the long lateral dendrites of mitral cells, together with granule cell actions on mitral cells within narrow columns forming glomerular units, can provide a mechanism to activate strong local inhibition between arbitrarily distant mitral cells. The simulations predict a new role for the dendrodendritic synapses in the multicolumnar organization of the granule cells. This new paradigm gives insight into the functional significance of the patterns of connectivity revealed by recent viral tracing studies. Together they suggest a functional wiring of the olfactory bulb that could greatly expand the computational roles of the mitral-granule cell network.},
	Author = {Migliore, and Shepherd,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0929-5313},
	Journal = {J Comput Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9439510},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.},
	Pubmed = {17674173},
	Title = {Dendritic action potentials connect distributed dendrodendritic microcircuits},
	Uuid = {14F43D0B-19B5-4AC6-ABBF-C7A20841DDB6},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-007-0051-9}}




@article{Milh:2006,
	Abstract = {Delta-brush is the dominant pattern of rapid oscillatory activity (8-25 Hz) in the human cortex during the third trimester of gestation. Here, we studied the relationship between delta-brushes in the somatosensory cortex and spontaneous movements of premature human neonates of 29-31 weeks postconceptional age using a combination of scalp electroencephalography and monitoring of motor activity. We found that sporadic hand and foot movements heralded the appearance of delta-brushes in the corresponding areas of the cortex (lateral and medial regions of the contralateral central cortex, respectively). Direct hand and foot stimulation also reliably evoked delta-brushes in the same areas. These results suggest that sensory feedback from spontaneous fetal movements triggers delta-brush oscillations in the central cortex in a somatotopic manner. We propose that in the human fetus in utero, before the brain starts to receive elaborated sensory input from the external world, spontaneous fetal movements provide sensory stimulation and drive delta-brush oscillations in the developing somatosensory cortex contributing to the formation of cortical body maps.},
	Author = {Milh, and Kaminska, and Huon, and Lapillonne, and Ben-Ari, and Khazipov,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Organization = {INMED/INSERM U29, Universit{\'e} de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Marseille, France.},
	Pii = {bhl069},
	Pubmed = {16950867},
	Title = {Rapid Cortical Oscillations and Early Motor Activity in Premature Human Neonate},
	Uuid = {D1FD7FA7-A949-4067-BCCC-D34A521D9756},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Milh_CerebCortex2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl069}}

@article{Milh:2007,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: To determine the electrophysiological pattern and propose a clinical relevance of a deficient glutamate transport in the developing brain. METHODS: (a) Surface EEG-video monitoring in freely moving pups; (b) intracortical multiple unit activity (MUA) and local field potential recordings in 5- to 7-day-old rats after pharmacological inhibition of the glutamate transporters by DL-TBOA. RESULTS: Glutamate transporters inhibition alters the background cortical electrical activity inducing a dominant and persistent pattern of bilateral recurrent paroxysmal bursts alternating with periods of hypoactivity and also partial seizures. Intracortical local field recordings show that paroxysmal bursts are associated with multiunits and gamma oscillations separated by periods of silence. This cortical activity involves the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and was not observed after kainate and pilocarpine administration. CONCLUSIONS: We show that a dysfunction of glutamate transporters in immature rats leads to a singular cortical activity that is reminiscent of a "suppression-burst" pattern. We propose that an early deficiency of glutamate transport may underlie some early onset epilepsies.},
	Author = {Milh, Mathieu and Becq, H{\'e}l\`{e}ne and Villeneuve, Nathalie and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Aniksztejn, Laurent},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Epilepsy;development;in vivo;rat;Neocortex;Seizures},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {INMED/INSERM U29, Universit{\'e} de la Mediterran{\'e}e, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {169-74},
	Pii = {EPI839},
	Pubmed = {17241224},
	Title = {Inhibition of glutamate transporters results in a "suppression-burst" pattern and partial seizures in the newborn rat},
	Uuid = {F35DBACA-5FCC-4932-99E2-7E352A252B89},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Milh_Epilepsia2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00839.x}}


@article{Miller:1981,
	Abstract = {Lesions were produced in the nasal-superior quadrant of rat retinas at 1 day postnatal. Both the optic fiber and ganglion cell layers were destroyed at the lesion site. Retrograde changes in the more peripherally located ganglion cell bodies, their optic fibers, and neuroglia were monitored by light and electron microscopy. No optic fibers remained in the region peripheral to the lesion site after 2 days postoperative (DPO). Neither regenerative sprouting nor axonal ingrowth from late-maturing ganglion cells in the retinal periphery was observed. Cell death of the large and the majority of medium ganglion cell bodies was very rapid as was clearing of the degeneration products. These processes peaked at 1 DPO and were complete by 2 DPO. Microglia and Mueller cell cytoplasm actively phagocytized degenerating ganglion cell bodies and their optic fibers. A stable population of cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer peripheral to the lesion remained intact from 2 DOP to 21 DPO. The surviving somata were consistently 65\%of the control ganglion cell population, and they remained after their axons had degenerated. The cell bodies measured 6-12.1 micron in diameter, a range which included the small cell population and a few of the medium cells. Dendritic patterning, used to designate ganglion cell types, corroborated their classification as small and medium ganglion cells. Morphological changes in these perikarya due to axotomy were limited to a mild chromatolytic response.},
	Author = {Miller, N. M. and Oberdorfer, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Retina;Cell Differentiation;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Phagocytosis;Rats;Cell Count;Optic Nerve;Rats, Inbred Strains;Axons;Not relevant;11 Glia;Dendrites;Nerve Regeneration;Neurons;Neuroglia;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Microscopy, Electron;Nerve Fibers},
	Medline = {82053649},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {493-504},
	Pubmed = {7298911},
	Title = {Neuronal and neuroglial responses following retinal lesions in the neonatal rats},
	Uuid = {3BA3171C-7A45-4FAF-9F20-492B9AC36D72},
	Volume = {202},
	Year = {1981}}








@article{Minlebaev:2007,
	Abstract = {Early in development, cortical networks generate particular patterns of activity that participate in cortical development. The dominant pattern of electrical activity in the neonatal rat neocortex in vivo is a spatially confined spindle-burst. Here, we studied network mechanisms of generation of spindle-bursts in the barrel cortex of neonatal rats using a superfused cortex preparation in vivo. Both spontaneous and sensory-evoked spindle-bursts were present in the superfused barrel cortex. Pharmacological analysis revealed that spindle-bursts are driven by glutamatergic synapses with a major contribution of AMPA/kainate receptors, but slight participation of NMDA receptors and gap junctions. Although GABAergic synapses contributed minimally to the pacing the rhythm of spindle-burst oscillations, surround GABAergic inhibition appeared to be crucial for their compartmentalization. We propose that local spindle-burst oscillations, driven by glutamatergic synapses and spatially confined by GABAergic synapses, contribute to the development of barrel cortex during the critical period of developmental plasticity.},
	Author = {Minlebaev, Marat and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Khazipov, Rustem},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Afferent Pathways;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Female;Neurons, Afferent;Vibrissae;Receptors, AMPA;Biological Clocks;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Wistar;Male;Nerve Net;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Receptors, GABA-A;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;GABA Antagonists;Trigeminal Nerve;21 Cortical oscillations;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {The Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology/INSERM U29, 163 Avenue de Luminy, B.P. 13, 13273 Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {692-700},
	Pii = {00759.2006},
	Pubmed = {17093125},
	Title = {Network mechanisms of spindle-burst oscillations in the neonatal rat barrel cortex in vivo},
	Uuid = {777C09E1-9D7F-405E-96EB-D87D55C6EEF8},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Minlebaev_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00759.2006}}





@article{Miskevich:2002,
	Abstract = {Recently, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) have been implicated in a cell contact-dependent suppression of sprouting in cultured Xenopus tectal neurons during an early period when neither AMPA/kainate (KA) receptors nor action potentials play a prominent role in cell-cell communication. We asked how the NMDA receptors function in the absence of the depolarizing effect of AMPA/KA receptor activity. We show that type II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can operate synergistically with NMDA receptors in the absence of AMPA/KA receptor function to suppress an early neurite sprouting response of the tectal neurons. Calcium imaging with fluo-3 AM and morphological analyses after exposure to glutamate receptor antagonists show that a combination of AMPA/KA receptor and type II mGluR blockers mimics the decrease in intracellular free calcium in response to glutamate and the structural effects produced by NMDA receptor antagonists in these cultures. Patch- clamp analyses confirmed a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated currents with type II mGluR blockade, and 8-bromo cAMP application produced a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx. These data suggest that type II mGluRs potentiate NMDA receptor function by decreasing cAMP levels in tectal neurons. We also show that NMDARs exhibit low magnesium sensitivity in tectal neurons during the first few days in culture. Thus both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors can play a role in the contact-mediated suppression of ongoing sprouting at early neuron-neuron contacts before action potential activity.},
	Author = {Miskevich, F. and Lu, W. and Lin, S. Y. and Constantine-Paton, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Calcium Signaling/drug effects/physiology;Receptors, Glutamate/*metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism/ultrastructure;I;In Vitro;Cells, Cultured;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology;Larva;Magnesium/pharmacology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Animal;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists &inhibitors/metabolism;Corpora Quadrigemina;Calcium/metabolism;Time Factors;Cyclic AMP/metabolism;Xenopus laevis;Cell Surface Extensions/drug effects/*metabolism/ultrastructure;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists &inhibitors/metabolism;Neurites/ultrastructure;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neurons/drug effects/*metabolism/ultrastructure},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA.},
	Pages = {226-38.},
	Title = {Interaction between metabotropic and NMDA subtypes of glutamate receptors in sprout suppression at young synapses},
	Uuid = {43AB19AB-C648-443E-95FD-19F6BD78CF0B},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11756506%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/226%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/226}}


@article{Mitchell:2001,
	Abstract = {Layer I of the neocortex is a dense synaptic zone consisting of horizontal corticocortical and widespread layer VII projections, in addition to thalamic inputs. In order to determine the origin and extent of corticocortical and thalamocortical projections to layer I of the frontal/premotor area M2 of the rat neocortex, we have used fluorescent anatomical tracing methods to determine the precise sources of cortical and thalamic input to the rostral and caudal aspects of layer I of M2. Retrograde tracer diamidino yellow (DY), applied directly to the pial surface on rostral or caudal areas of rat M2 (RM2 and CM2, respectively) labeled cells ipsilaterally throughout layers II/III, V, and VII of the adjacent primary motor area and the parietal areas (SI and SII). In addition, retrograde transport labeled contralateral CM2 or RM2 in layers II/III and V at sites homotopic to either CM2 or RM2 application sites. Contralateral layer VII was retrogradely labeled by the application to layer I of CM2, but not by the RM2 application. Retrograde DY transport from layer I of RM2 or CM2 of was seen in the ventral medial (VM), ventral lateral (VL), and posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei. However layer I transport from CM2 additionally labeled the thalamic central medial (CM) nucleus, while the RM2 labeled the mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus. Upon determination that thalamic nuclei VM and VL were of primary interest in this study, due to their dense retrograde labeling, injections of anterograde tracer rhodamine dextranamine (RDA) into VM or VL were performed in order to study the projection patterns of these nuclei to layer I of the frontal cortex. RDA injections into VM labeled fibers extending through layer I of both RM2 and CM2 and throughout the cingulate cortex. Injections of RDA into VL consistently labeled dense fibers in layer I of both CM2 and RM2, although labeling was sharply decreased anterior to CM2. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that projections to layer I from all sources of cortical input make a significant contribution to integration throughout the neocortex.},
	Author = {Mitchell, B. D. and Cauller, L. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8993},
	Journal = {Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Rhodamines;Frontal Lobe;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Ventral Thalamic Nuclei;Axonal Transport;Rats;Prefrontal Cortex;Dextrans;Neural Pathways;Fluorescent Dyes;Motor Cortex;Thalamus;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Amidines},
	Medline = {21577688},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0045503},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {University of Texas at Dallas, Neuroscience Program, Department of Human Development and Communication Sciences, GR41, 2601 N. Floyd Road, Richardson, TX 75083, USA. bartley.mitchell\@tch.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {68-77},
	Pii = {S0006899301030840},
	Pubmed = {11720712},
	Title = {Corticocortical and thalamocortical projections to layer I of the frontal neocortex in rats},
	Uuid = {B5EBB038-9529-4D0B-97FD-2F570ACC3420},
	Volume = {921},
	Year = {2001}}










@article{Mizrahi:2004,
	Abstract = {Structural changes in hippocampal dendrites and dendritic spines are thought to be a consequence of a wide range of experience- and activity-dependent manipulations. We explored the dynamics of hippocampal dendritic spines in vivo by developing a surgical preparation of the adult mouse brain that enabled two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled CA1 pyramidal neurons. Dendritic trees and spines were repeatedly visualized over many hours in exquisite detail. We tested spine stability under both control conditions and during prolonged epileptic seizures. Remarkably, spines remained structurally stable after 30 min of experimental induction of epileptic seizures. Spines began to disappear only several hours after induction of epileptic activity. We thus demonstrate that this technique provides a methodology for direct in vivo optical studies of the intact mammalian hippocampus.},
	Author = {Mizrahi, Adi and Crowley, Justin C. and Shtoyerman, Eran and Katz, Lawrence C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Pilocarpine;Animals;Microscopy, Confocal;Sensitivity and Specificity;Epilepsy;Mice, Transgenic;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;23 Technique;Time Factors;Bicuculline;Dendrites;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;GABA Antagonists;Mice;18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Reproducibility of Results;Luminescent Proteins;Electroencephalography},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. mizrahi\@neuro.duke.edu},
	Pages = {3147-51},
	Pii = {24/13/3147},
	Pubmed = {15056694},
	Title = {High-resolution in vivo imaging of hippocampal dendrites and spines},
	Uuid = {8CC128E5-DC58-4DBF-A500-105F70EB3093},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Mizrahi_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5218-03.2004}}






@article{Mochida:2004,
	Abstract = {Widespread use of noninvasive brain imaging techniques, in particular magnetic resonance imaging, has led to increased recognition of genetic disorders of cortical development in recent years. The causative genes for many of these disorders have been identified through a combination of detailed clinical and radiological analyses and molecular genetic approaches. These disease genes have been found to affect different steps of cortical development, including proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells, neuronal migration, and maintaining integrity of the pial surface. In many cases, syndromes with similar clinical phenotypes are caused by genes with related biochemical functions. In this article, we review the recent advances in molecular genetic studies of the disorders of cortical development. The identification and functional studies of the genes associated with these developmental disorders will likely lead to improvement in diagnosis and facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms of cortical development.},
	Author = {Mochida, Ganeshwaran H. and Walsh, Christopher A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-9942},
	Journal = {Arch Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Human;Animals;Humans;review, tutorial;review;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Pia Mater;Molecular Biology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;10 genetics malformation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0372436},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass, USA.},
	Pages = {637-40},
	Pii = {61/5/637},
	Pubmed = {15148137},
	Title = {Genetic basis of developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {8D537858-0125-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Mochida_ArchNeurol2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.5.637}}

@article{Mody:1987,
	Abstract = {The effect of low extracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]o) on neuronal activity was studied in rat hippocampal slices. After 20-40 min of perfusion with Mg2+-free medium, when [Mg2+]o declined to approximately 0.1-0.4 mM, spontaneous field potentials developed in the CA1 and CA3 regions, but not in the dentate gyrus. In the CA3 pyramidal cell layer, these potentials consisted of repetitive (0.3-0.5 Hz), 40- to 120-ms-long positive deflections (2-5 mV) with superimposed population spikes. In the stratum (str.) pyramidale of the CA1 region, positive-negative deflections (less than 3 mV) lasting for 30-80 ms were observed, which occurred with a frequency of 0.3-0.5 Hz. In some cases, longer lasting and rapidly recurring events were also observed. In CA3 pyramidal cells, the intracellular correlates of the field potential transients were 20- to 30-mV paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) with superimposed bursts of action potentials, followed by large (greater than 10 mV), 500- to 1,200-ms-long afterhyperpolarizations (AHP). In contrast, pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area did not show PDSs; instead, sequences of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)/inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) accompanied the transient field potential changes. Occasionally, spontaneous EPSPs/IPSPs, occurring with high frequencies, could also be observed in CA1 without any field potential transients. In both hippocampal regions, the epileptiform activity evolved without significant alterations in the resting membrane potential (RMP) and input resistance (RN) of the neurons, although a 2- to 5-mV reduction in action potential threshold was noted. The spontaneous activity in Mg2+-free medium was readily suppressed by raising the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1.6 to 3.6 mM. The perfusion of 10-30 microns DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV), an antagonist for the glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type, also attenuated or reversibly blocked the spontaneous activity. Surgical isolation of area CA1 from CA3 ceased the occurrence of the transients in CA1 but not in CA3. The synaptic input/output curves were shifted to the left in the absence of [Mg2+]o. Threshold intensity for eliciting population spikes was 50-75\%of that in normal medium. Paired-pulse facilitation was still present near threshold, but was reduced at higher stimulus intensities. Decreases in [Ca2+]o, produced by repetitive stimulation (20-Hz/5-10 s) of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway and monitored with ion-selective microelectrodes in the CA1 region, were enhanced in Mg2+-free medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	Author = {Mody, I. and Lambert, J. D. and Heinemann, U.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Rats, Inbred Strains;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Magnesium Deficiency;10 genetics malformation;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Spreading Cortical Depression;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {869-88},
	Pubmed = {3031235},
	Title = {Low extracellular magnesium induces epileptiform activity and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices},
	Uuid = {A40B03B5-A04A-428A-8A09-7A10B3808D42},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {1987}}



@article{Mohajerani:2007,
	Abstract = {At early developmental stages, correlated neuronal activity is thought to exert a critical control on functional and structural refinement of synaptic connections. In the hippocampus, between postnatal day 2 (P2) and P6, network-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) are generated by the synergistic action of glutamate and GABA, which is depolarizing and excitatory. Here the rising phase of GDPs was used to trigger Schaffer collateral stimulation in such a way that synchronized network activity was coincident with presynaptic activation of afferent input. This procedure produced a persistent increase in spontaneous and evoked alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxadepropionic acid-mediated glutamatergic currents, an effect that required calcium influx through postsynaptic L-type calcium channels. No potentiation was observed when a delay of 3 sec was introduced between GDPs and afferent stimulation. Pairing-induced potentiation was prevented by scavengers of endogenous BDNF or tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) receptor antagonists. Blocking TrkB receptors in the postsynaptic cell did not prevent the effects of pairing, suggesting that BDNF, possibly secreted from the postsynaptic cell during GDPs, acts on TrkB receptors localized on presynaptic neurons. Application of exogenous BDNF mimicked the effects of pairing on synaptic transmission. In addition, pairing-induced synaptic potentiation was blocked by ERK inhibitors, suggesting that BDNF activates the MAPK/ERK cascade, which may lead to transcriptional regulation and new protein synthesis in the postsynaptic neuron. These results support the hypothesis that, during a critical period of postnatal development, GABAA-mediated GDPs are instrumental in tuning excitatory synaptic connections and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in this process.},
	Author = {Mohajerani, Majid H. and Sivakumaran, Sudhir and Zacchi, Paola and Aguilera, Pedro and Cherubini, Enrico},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Long-Term Potentiation;Hippocampus;Rats;Calcium;Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases;MAP Kinase Signaling System;Rats, Wistar;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Animals;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Program, International School for Advanced Studies, Beirut 2-4, 34014 Trieste, Italy.},
	Pages = {13176-81},
	Pii = {0704533104},
	Pubmed = {17656555},
	Title = {Correlated network activity enhances synaptic efficacy via BDNF and the ERK pathway at immature CA3 CA1 connections in the hippocampus},
	Uuid = {1FC0F1BD-5410-432D-A454-92F67FCB5C93},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704533104}}

@article{Mohapel:2005,
	Abstract = {Hippocampus-mediated learning enhances neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG), and this process has been suggested to be involved in memory formation. The hippocampus receives abundant cholinergic innervation and acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in learning and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Here, we show that a selective neurotoxic lesion of forebrain cholinergic input with 192 IgG-saporin reduces DG neurogenesis with a concurrent impairment in spatial memory. Conversely, systemic administration of the cholinergic agonist physostigmine increases DG neurogenesis. We find that changes of forebrain ACh levels primarily influence the proliferation and/or the short-term survival rather than the long-term survival or differentiation of the new neurons. We further demonstrate that these newly born cells express the muscarinic receptor subtypes M1 and M4. Our data provide evidence that forebrain ACh promotes neurogenesis, and suggest that the impaired cholinergic function in AD may in part contribute to deficits in learning and memory through reductions in the formation of new hippocampal neurons.},
	Author = {Mohapel, Paul and Leanza, Giampiero and Kokaia, Merab and Lindvall, Olle},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0197-4580},
	Journal = {Neurobiol Aging},
	Keywords = {delete_this;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8100437},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Section of Restorative Neurology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, BMC A11, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.},
	Pages = {939-46},
	Pii = {S0197-4580(04)00280-5},
	Pubmed = {15718053},
	Title = {Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning},
	Uuid = {B2F6BF43-0AF7-4595-91D9-43B4094F8609},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.015}}

@article{Mokeichev:2007,
	Abstract = {It was recently discovered that subthreshold membrane potential fluctuations of cortical neurons can precisely repeat during spontaneous activity, seconds to minutes apart, both in brain slices and in anesthetized animals. These repeats, also called cortical motifs, were suggested to reflect a replay of sequential neuronal firing patterns. We searched for motifs in spontaneous activity, recorded from the rat barrel cortex and from the cat striate cortex of anesthetized animals, and found numerous repeating patterns of high similarity and repetition rates. To test their significance, various statistics were compared between physiological data and three different types of stochastic surrogate data that preserve dynamical characteristics of the recorded data. We found no evidence for the existence of deterministically generated cortical motifs. Rather, the stochastic properties of cortical motifs suggest that they appear by chance, as a result of the constraints imposed by the coarse dynamics of subthreshold ongoing activity.},
	Author = {Mokeichev, Alik and Okun, Michael and Barak, Omri and Katz, Yonatan and Ben-Shahar, Ohad and Lampl, Ilan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Rats;Stochastic Processes;Algorithms;Cell Count;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cerebral Cortex;Membrane Potentials;Neurons},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {413-25},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00037-2},
	Pubmed = {17270737},
	Title = {Stochastic emergence of repeating cortical motifs in spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations in vivo},
	Uuid = {5D3F6844-FE3C-40DA-8403-15CC9BD99587},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.017}}

@article{Molnar:2006,
	Abstract = {Donald Hebb postulated the existence of a mechanism of activity-dependent transcription and synaptic modification almost 60 years ago. While the details of this process are still unclear, a new study by Ince-Dunn et al. in this issue of Neuron indicates that NeuroD2, a calcium-regulated transcription factor, plays a central role in thalamocortical synaptic maturation.},
	Author = {Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n and Moln{\'a}r, Elek},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;10 Development;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Neural Pathways;Neuropeptides;Calcium;comment;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Mice;Thalamus;10 Structural plasticity;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {639-42},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00129-2},
	Pubmed = {16504936},
	Title = {Calcium and NeuroD2 control the development of thalamocortical communication},
	Uuid = {AC14514F-3890-4541-A1D8-61BDA6639417},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Molnár_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.012}}


@article{Mombaerts:2006,
	Abstract = {The main olfactory epithelium of the mouse is a mosaic of 2000 populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Each population expresses one allele of one of the 1000 intact odorant receptor (OR) genes. An OSN projects a single unbranched axon to a single glomerulus, from an array of 1600-1800 glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb. Within a glomerulus the OSN axon synapses with the dendrites of second-order neurons and interneurons. Axons of OSNs that express the same OR project to the same glomeruli-typically one glomerulus per half-bulb and thus four glomeruli per mouse. These glomeruli are located at characteristic positions within the glomerular layer of the bulb. ORs determine both the odorant response profile of the OSN and the projection of its axon to a specific glomerulus. I focus on genetic approaches to the axonal wiring problem, particularly on how ORs may function in axonal wiring.},
	Author = {Mombaerts, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1081-0706},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Olfactory Pathways;Evolution, Molecular;Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2;Ephrins;Animals;Mice;Receptors, Odorant;review;Axons},
	Nlm_Id = {9600627},
	Organization = {Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. peter\@rockefeller.edu},
	Pages = {713-37},
	Pubmed = {17029582},
	Title = {Axonal wiring in the mouse olfactory system},
	Uuid = {6905C562-C088-416F-A8A1-80AEEE33FFCF},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012804.093915}}

@article{Mombaerts:2001,
	Abstract = {The mouse's sense of smell is built of approximately 1000 input channels. Each of these consists of a population of olfactory sensory neurons that express the same odorant receptor gene and project their axons to the same targets (glomeruli) in the olfactory bulb. A neuron must choose to express a singular receptor gene from a repertoire of approximately 1000 genes, and its axon must be wired to the corresponding glomerulus, from an array of approximately 1800 glomeruli. Genetic experiments have shown that the expressed odorant receptor specifies axonal choice of the innervated glomerulus, but it is not the only determinant. The mechanisms of odorant receptor gene choice and axonal wiring are central to the functional organization of the mammalian olfactory system. Although principles have emerged, our understanding of these processes is still limited.},
	Author = {Mombaerts, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;I both},
	Organization = {The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {1192-8.},
	Title = {How smell develops},
	Uuid = {719E6FCE-B0F0-49C2-88C0-82479E0D1C03},
	Volume = {4 Supp 1},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Mombaerts_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}}





@article{Montague:1999,
	Abstract = {The subcellular localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits was examined with light and electron microscopy in the rat olfactory bulb by using antibodies to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits: GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4; and kainate (KA) receptor subunits: GluR5/6/7. Immunoreactivity to GluR1 was heavy in the glomerular layer, moderate in the external plexiform layer, and localized to periglomerular somata and dendrites, short axon somata and dendrites, mitral cell somata, and mitral/tufted dendrites. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity was heavy in the external plexiform and glomerular layers and localized to periglomerular somata and dendrites, mitral cell somata, mitral/tufted dendrites, granule cell somata, and olfactory nerve-associated glia. GluR4 immunoreactivity showed heavy staining in the external plexiform and olfactory nerve layers with localization to mitral cells, mitral/tufted dendritic processes, and olfactory nerve glial processes. GluR5/6/7 immunoreactivity was heavy in the external plexiform layer, moderate in the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers, and localized to granule cells, mitral cells, and mitral/tufted dendritic processes. Ultrastructural immunolabeling for all antibodies examined showed immunoreactivity in the postsynaptic membrane and densities, adjacent dendritic cytoplasm, and somatic cytoplasm. These data demonstrate a highly specific laminar, cellular, and subcellular distribution of ionotropic GluR subunits within the primary afferent and local synaptic circuits of the olfactory bulb. The results are consistent with the notion that the different roles subserved by glutamate in the olfactory bulb are actuated, in part, by a differential distribution of GluR subunits. 99146417 0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Montague, A. A. and Greer, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Receptors, Kainic Acid/*chemistry;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Subcellular Fractions/*chemistry;Olfactory Bulb/*chemistry;Comparative Study;I-5;Microscopy, Electron;Rats;Animal;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, AMPA/*chemistry;Peptide Fragments/*analysis;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA.},
	Pages = {233-46},
	Pubmed = {10023812},
	Title = {Differential distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {49A6850F-27D2-44FF-94EC-17DE05D0F9C5},
	Volume = {405},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10023812}}

@article{Montgomery:2008,
	Abstract = {Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been considered a paradoxical state because, despite the high behavioral threshold to arousing perturbations, gross physiological patterns in the forebrain resemble those of waking states. To understand how intrahippocampal networks interact during REM sleep, we used 96 site silicon probes to record from different hippocampal subregions and compared the patterns of activity during waking exploration and REM sleep. Dentate/CA3 theta and gamma synchrony was significantly higher during REM sleep compared with active waking. In contrast, gamma power in CA1 and CA3-CA1 gamma coherence showed significant decreases in REM sleep. Changes in unit firing rhythmicity and unit-field coherence specified the local generation of these patterns. Although these patterns of hippocampal network coordination characterized the more common tonic periods of REM sleep (approximately 95\%of total REM), we also detected large phasic bursts of local field potential power in the dentate molecular layer that were accompanied by transient increases in the firing of dentate and CA1 neurons. In contrast to tonic REM periods, phasic REM epochs were characterized by higher theta and gamma synchrony among the dentate, CA3, and CA1 regions. These data suggest enhanced dentate processing, but limited CA3-CA1 coordination during tonic REM sleep. In contrast, phasic bursts of activity during REM sleep may provide windows of opportunity to synchronize the hippocampal trisynaptic loop and increase output to cortical targets. We hypothesize that tonic REM sleep may support off-line mnemonic processing, whereas phasic bursts of activity during REM may promote memory consolidation.},
	Author = {Montgomery, Sean M. and Sirota, Anton and Buzs{\'a}ki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Motor Activity;Wakefulness;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Sleep, REM;Theta Rhythm;Rats;Neural Pathways;Synaptic Transmission;Exploratory Behavior;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Biological Clocks;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;Learning;Neurons;Dentate Gyrus;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Maze Learning;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {26},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {6731-41},
	Pii = {28/26/6731},
	Pubmed = {18579747},
	Title = {Theta and gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep},
	Uuid = {A6283407-78A4-4D17-A50C-2319F3CC68AE},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Montgomery_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1227-08.2008}}

@article{Monuki:2001,
	Abstract = {All the higher mental and cognitive functions unique to humans depend on the neocortex ('new' cortex, referring to its relatively recent appearance in evolution), which is divided into discrete areas that subserve distinct functions, such as language, movement and sensation. With a few notable exceptions, all neocortical areas have six layers of neurons and a remarkably similar thickness and overall cell density, despite subtle differences in their cellular architecture. Furthermore, all neocortical areas are formed over roughly the same time period during development and provide little hint at early developmental stages of the rich functional diversity that becomes apparent as development comes to an end. How these areas are formed has long fascinated developmental neuroscientists, because the formation of new cortical areas, with the attendant appearance of new cortical functions, is what must have driven the evolution of mammalian behavior.},
	Author = {Monuki, E. S. and Walsh, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:54 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mice;10 Development;Human;Mammals;Stem Cells;Neocortex;Embryonic Induction;Body Patterning;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;review, tutorial;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nervous System Malformations;Nerve Growth Factors;review},
	Medline = {21547544},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Division of Neurogenetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. esmonuki\@alum.mit.edu},
	Pages = {1199-206},
	Pii = {nn752},
	Pubmed = {11687830},
	Title = {Mechanisms of cerebral cortical patterning in mice and humans},
	Uuid = {0112C0B9-8615-4892-AA9D-7C608E629398},
	Volume = {4 Suppl},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Monuki_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn752}}


@article{Monyer:2004,
	Abstract = {Structural and functional diversity of GABAergic interneurons has become increasingly central in our understanding of the elemental steps of information processing in the brain. The use of different molecular, electrophysiological and anatomical techniques has provided a wealth of new information regarding GABAergic interneurons over the past decade but it has also led to confusion regarding the number of subtypes of GABAergic interneurons. Combinatorial approaches that also consider multiple parameters seem now to offer renewed hope for finally clarifying the structural diversity of GABAergic interneurons. New molecular techniques have become a powerful tool for exposing the functional diversity of GABAergic neurons at the cellular, microcircuit and systems levels. This article reviews literature regarding molecular tools that have been used, or that appear promising for future attempts, to classify GABAergic interneurons. Some important limitations will also be indicated.},
	Author = {Monyer, Hannah and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Mental Processes;Animals, Genetically Modified;Gene Expression Regulation;Interneurons;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Humans;Mice;review;RNA, Messenger},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {IZN, Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. monyer\@urz.uni-hd.de},
	Pages = {90-7},
	Pii = {S0166223603004090},
	Pubmed = {15102488},
	Title = {Interneuron Diversity series: Molecular and genetic tools to study GABAergic interneuron diversity and function},
	Uuid = {A1CEDBC7-7A37-4EDF-91A2-26793A08FE91},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2003.12.008}}

@article{Moody:1998,
	Abstract = {Electrical activity participates in the development of the nervous system and comes in two general forms. Use-dependent or experience-driven activity occurs relatively late in development, and is important in events of terminal nervous system differentiation, such as stabilization of synaptic connections. Earlier in development, activity is spontaneous, occurring independently of normal sensory input and motor output. Spontaneous activity participates in many of the initial events of axon outgrowth, pruning of synaptic connections, and maturation of neuronal signaling properties. Despite its importance, the genesis of spontaneous activity is poorly understood. What is clear is that spontaneous activity must be regulated by the patterns with which voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels develop in individual neurons. This review explores how that regulation most likely occurs.},
	Author = {Moody, W. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3034},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Muscles;Ion Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;21 Circuit structure-function;Nervous System;Calcium Signaling;Animals;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0213640},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1800, USA.},
	Pages = {97-109},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199810)37:1<97::AID-NEU8>3.0.CO;2-3},
	Pubmed = {9777735},
	Title = {Control of spontaneous activity during development},
	Uuid = {75FDFAC8-E32B-431F-867E-880893320408},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Moody:2005,
	Abstract = {At specific stages of development, nerve and muscle cells generate spontaneous electrical activity that is required for normal maturation of intrinsic excitability and synaptic connectivity. The patterns of this spontaneous activity are not simply immature versions of the mature activity, but rather are highly specialized to initiate and control many aspects of neuronal development. The configuration of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels that are expressed early in development regulate the timing and waveform of this activity. They also regulate Ca2+ influx during spontaneous activity, which is the first step in triggering activity-dependent developmental programs. For these reasons, the properties of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels expressed by developing neurons and muscle cells often differ markedly from those of adult cells. When viewed from this perspective, the reasons for complex patterns of ion channel emergence and regression during development become much clearer.},
	Author = {Moody, William J. and Bosma, Martha M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0031-9333},
	Journal = {Physiol Rev},
	Keywords = {Ion Channel Gating;Neurons;Ion Channels;Muscles;Ligands;21 Neurophysiology;Circuit structure-function;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Muscle, Skeletal;Spontaneous activity;experience dependent plasticity;development;connectivity;10 circuit formation},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0231714},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. profbill\@u.washington.edu},
	Pages = {883-941},
	Pii = {85/3/883},
	Pubmed = {15987798},
	Title = {Ion channel development, spontaneous activity, and activity-dependent development in nerve and muscle cells},
	Uuid = {B485BCD7-42B0-4239-9508-37D422BACDEB},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Moody_PhysiolRev2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00017.2004}}

@article{Mooney:2004,
	Abstract = {Abnormalities in the migration of cortical neurons to ectopic sites can be caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol. In extreme cases, cells migrate past the pial surface and form suprapial heterotopias or 'warts'. We used organotypic slice cultures from 17-day-old rat fetuses to examine structural and molecular changes that accompany wart formation. Cultures were exposed to ethanol (0, 200, 400 or 800 mg/dl) and maintained for 2-32 h. Fixed slices were sectioned and immunolabeled with antibodies directed against calretinin, reelin, nestin, GFAP, doublecortin, MAP-2 and NeuN. Ethanol promoted the widespread infiltration of the marginal zone (MZ) with neurons and the focal formation of warts. The appearance of warts is time- and concentration-dependent. Heterotopias comprised migrating neurons and were not detected in control slices. Warts were associated with breaches in the array of Cajal-Retzius cells and with translocation of reelin-immunoexpression from the MZ to the outer limit of the wart. Ethanol also altered the morphology of the radial glia. Thus, damage to the integrity of superficial cortex allows neurons to infiltrate the MZ, and if the pial-subpial glial barrier is also compromised these ectopic neurons can move beyond the normal cerebral limit to form a wart.},
	Author = {Mooney, Sandra M. and Siegenthaler, Julie A. and Miller, Michael W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Embryo;10 Development;Female;Rats;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Choristoma;Ethanol;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Pregnancy;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Organ Culture;Animals;Cerebral Cortex},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.},
	Pages = {1071-80},
	Pii = {bhh066},
	Pubmed = {15166098},
	Title = {Ethanol induces heterotopias in organotypic cultures of rat cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {1D5B2D88-95BD-4629-BE3E-F411E892C3FB},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Mooney_CerebCortex2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh066}}


@article{Moore:1999,
	Abstract = {Recently, the study of sensory cortex has focused on the context-dependent evolution of receptive fields and cortical maps over millisecond to second time-scales. This article reviews advances in our understanding of these processes in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Subthreshold input to individual rat SI neurons is extensive, spanning several vibrissae from the center of the receptive field, and arrives within 25 ms of vibrissa deflection. These large subthreshold receptive fields provide a broad substrate for rapid excitatory and inhibitory multi-vibrissa interactions. The 'whisking' behavior, an approximately 8 Hz ellipsoid movement of the vibrissae, introduces a context-dependent change in the pattern of vibrissa movement during tactile exploration. Stimulation of vibrissae over this frequency range modulates the pattern of activity in thalamic and cortical neurons, and, at the level of the cortical map, focuses the extent of the vibrissa representation relative to lower frequency stimulation (1 Hz). These findings suggest that one function of whisking is to reset cortical organization to improve tactile discrimination. Recent discoveries in primary visual cortex (VI) demonstrate parallel non-linearities in center-surround interactions in rat SI and VI, and provide a model for the rapid integration of multi-vibrissa input. The studies discussed in this article suggest that, despite its original conception as a uniquely segregated cortex, rat SI has a wide array of dynamic interactions, and that the study of this region will provide insight into the general mechanisms of cortical dynamics engaged by sensory systems.},
	Author = {Moore, C. I. and Nelson, S. B. and Sur, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Motor Activity;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Perception;Vibrissae;Neurons;review},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Dept of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {513-20},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(99)01452-6},
	Pubmed = {10529819},
	Title = {Dynamics of neuronal processing in rat somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {73EADF15-9BD0-4509-98E2-341F9B31A90D},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999}}








@article{Morilak:1993,
	Abstract = {Serotonin2 receptors have been implicated in a variety of behavioral and physiological processes, as well as a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To specify the brain regions and specific cell types possessing serotonin2 receptors, we conducted an immunocytochemical study of the rat brain using a polyclonal serotonin2 receptor antibody. Perfusion-fixed rat brain sections were processed for immunocytochemistry and reactivity was visualized using an immunoperoxidase reaction. Numerous small, round neurons were heavily labeled in the granular and periglomerular regions of the olfactory bulb. Heavy labeling of medium-sized multipolar and bipolar neurons was also seen in olfactory regions of the ventral forebrain, including the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle. Other regions of the basal forebrain exhibiting high levels of immunoreactivity were the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, Islands of Calleja, fundus striatum and endopyriform nucleus. Immunoreactive neurons were also seen in the lateral amygdala. A dense band of small, round cells was stained in layer 2 of pyriform cortex. In neocortex, a very sparse and even distribution of bipolar and multipolar neurons was seen throughout layers II-VI. A much more faintly labeled population of oval cells was observed in the deep layer of retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortex, and in the granular layer of somatosensory frontoparietal cortex. A moderate number of medium bipolar and multipolar cells were scattered throughout the neostriatum, and a moderate number of pyramidal and pyramidal-like cells were seen in the CA fields of the hippocampus. Diencephalic areas showing immunolabeling included the medial habenula and anterior pretectal nucleus, with less labeling in the ventral lateral geniculate. In the hindbrain, two dense populations of large multipolar cells were heavily labeled in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, with lesser labeling in the periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, spinal trigeminal nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Based on the distribution, localization and morphology of immunoreactive neurons in these regions, we hypothesize that subpopulations of serotonin2 containing cells may be GABAergic interneurons or cholinergic neurons. Further, the observed distribution suggests that the physiological effects of serotonin acting through serotonin2 receptors are mediated by a relatively small number of cells in the brain. These observations may have strong functional implications for the pharmacological treatment of certain neuropsychiatric disorders. eng Journal Article},
	Author = {Morilak, D. A. and Garlow, S. J. and Ciaranello, R. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Prosencephalon/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Olfactory Bulb/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;Medulla Oblongata/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;Rats;Animal;Neurons/*metabolism;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Neostriatum/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;Brain/anatomy &histology/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Receptors, Serotonin/*biosynthesis/immunology;Diencephalon/anatomy &histology/cytology/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Perfusion;Immunohistochemistry;I abstr},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Nancy Pritzker Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305-5485.},
	Pages = {701-17.},
	Title = {Immunocytochemical localization and description of neurons expressing serotonin2 receptors in the rat brain},
	Uuid = {0FB24096-79E3-4024-B6F6-604C8134A8BD},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1993}}













@article{Moroz:1992,
	Abstract = {Rapid ballistic food-getting movement characteristics were studied in albino rats. After ablation of the second area of the frontal cortex contralaterally as to the preferred extremity the number of attempts increased and their duration with reorganization of the phase structure of movements decreased. The habit of food extraction was lost after bilateral ablation of the cortex. The obtained results have illustrated significance of the frontal cortex in formation and realization of moving programmes.},
	Author = {Moroz, V. M. and Bratus', N. V. and Vlasenko, O. V. and Ioltukhovski, M. V. and Kozlovskaia, L. P. and Makota, A. S. and Udod, O. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-2561},
	Journal = {Neirofiziologiia},
	Keywords = {Movement;Rats;English Abstract;Habits;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Feeding Behavior;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {92284943},
	Nlm_Id = {0231364},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {186-92},
	Pubmed = {1598123},
	Title = {[Role of the frontal cortex in the organization of rapid ballistic movements of rats]},
	Uuid = {0E86295F-4A85-4059-9AFE-561019EC55DE},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1992}}





@article{Morrison:2000a,
	Author = {Morrison, S. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:54 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Neurons/cytology;Fibroblast Growth Factor/pharmacology;Cell Lineage/*physiology;F both;Central Nervous System/*cytology/*embryology;Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects;Cell Differentiation/drug effects/*physiology;Neuroglia/cytology;Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.},
	Pages = {1-3.},
	Title = {The last shall not be first: the ordered generation of progeny from stem cells},
	Uuid = {DB335A62-39D3-4A6A-9B5F-A97CA3E9E797},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Morrison_Neuron2000.pdf}}



@article{Moss:2004,
	Abstract = {Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat a variety of severe medically intractable movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, tremor and dystonia. There have been few studies examining the effect of chronic DBS on the brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Most of these post mortem studies concluded that chronic DBS caused mild gliosis around the lead track and did not damage brain tissue. There have been no similar histopathological studies on brains from dystonic patients who have undergone DBS. In this study, our objective was to discover whether tissue would be attached to DBS electrodes removed from patients for routine clinical reasons. We hoped that by examining explanted DBS electrodes using scanning (SEM) and/or transmission (TEM) electron microscopy we might visualize any attached tissue and thus understand the electrode-human brain tissue interaction more accurately. Initially, SEM was performed on one control DBS electrode that had not been implanted. Then 21 (one subthalamic nucleus and 20 globus pallidus internus) explanted DBS electrodes were prepared, after fixation in 3\%glutaraldehyde, for SEM (n = 9) or TEM (n = 10), or both (n = 2), according to departmental protocol. The electrodes were sourced from two patients with Parkinson's disease, one with myoclonic dystonia, two with cervical dystonia and five with primary generalized dystonia, and had been in situ for 11 and 31 months (Parkinson's disease), 16 months (myoclonic dystonia), 14 and 24 months (cervical dystonia) and 3-24 months (primary generalized dystonia). Our results showed that a foreign body multinucleate giant cell-type reaction was present in all TEM samples and in SEM samples, prewashed to remove surface blood and fibrin, regardless of the diagnosis. Some of the giant cells were >100 microm in diameter and might have originated from either fusion of parenchymal microglia, resident perivascular macrophage precursors and/or monocytes/macrophages invading from the blood stream. The presence of mononuclear macrophages containing lysosomes and sometimes having conspicuous filopodia was detected by TEM. Both types of cell contained highly electron-dense inclusions, which probably represent phagocytosed material. Similar material, the exact nature of which is unknown, was also seen in the vicinity of these cells. This reaction was present irrespective of the duration of implantation and may be a response to the polyurethane component of the electrodes' surface coat. These findings may be relevant to our understanding of the time course of the clinical response to DBS in Parkinson's disease and various forms of dystonia, as well as contributing to the design characteristics of future DBS electrodes.},
	Author = {Moss, J. and Ryder, T. and Aziz, T. Z. and Graeber, M. B. and Bain, P. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1460-2156},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Electron, Scanning;Dystonia;Humans;Device Removal;Middle Aged;Granuloma, Giant Cell;Female;Giant Cells, Foreign-Body;Parkinson Disease;Granuloma, Foreign-Body;11 Glia;Time Factors;Male;Deep Brain Stimulation;Globus Pallidus;Adult;Surface Properties;Microscopy, Electron;Electrodes, Implanted;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Number = {Pt 12},
	Organization = {Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Histopathology, Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.},
	Pages = {2755-63},
	Pii = {awh292},
	Pubmed = {15329356},
	Title = {Electron microscopy of tissue adherent to explanted electrodes in dystonia and Parkinson's disease},
	Uuid = {31A944FA-6274-4D1C-B75D-4CB6DBD7979C},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh292}}



@article{Mouritzen-Dam:1992,
	Author = {Mouritzen-Dam, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0922-9833},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res Suppl},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Brain;Cell Differentiation;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Choristoma;Brain Neoplasms;Animals;Cell Movement;Humans;review;Neurons},
	Medline = {93159655},
	Nlm_Id = {8913231},
	Organization = {Neurological Research Laboratory, Hvid\ovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.},
	Pages = {61-5},
	Pubmed = {1285915},
	Title = {The possible pathological importance of dysgenesis, heterotopia and other cellular displacements in the brain},
	Uuid = {D22A8110-B02B-4729-A2DF-6963BC8D2CD6},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {1992}}




@article{Mrsic-Flogel:2007,
	Abstract = {Experience-dependent plasticity is crucial for the precise formation of neuronal connections during development. It is generally thought to depend on Hebbian forms of synaptic plasticity. In addition, neurons possess other, homeostatic means of compensating for changes in sensory input, but their role in cortical plasticity is unclear. We used two-photon calcium imaging to investigate whether homeostatic response regulation contributes to changes of eye-specific responsiveness after monocular deprivation (MD) in mouse visual cortex. Short MD durations decreased deprived-eye responses in neurons with binocular input. Longer MD periods strengthened open-eye responses, and surprisingly, also increased deprived-eye responses in neurons devoid of open-eye input. These bidirectional response adjustments effectively preserved the net visual drive for each neuron. Our finding that deprived-eye responses were either weaker or stronger after MD, depending on the amount of open-eye input a cell received, argues for both Hebbian and homeostatic mechanisms regulating neuronal responsiveness during experience-dependent plasticity.},
	Author = {Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D. and Hofer, Sonja B. and Ohki, Kenichi and Reid, R. Clay and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and H{\"u}bener, Mark},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Animals;Photic Stimulation;Neuronal Plasticity;Visual Pathways;Sensory Deprivation;Vision, Monocular;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Eyelids;Vision, Binocular;Eye;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Ocular;Visual Cortex;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. flogel\@neuro.mpg.de},
	Pages = {961-72},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00408-4},
	Pubmed = {17582335},
	Title = {Homeostatic regulation of eye-specific responses in visual cortex during ocular dominance plasticity},
	Uuid = {A14FFF68-53AD-41AB-B166-DFFED20241F9},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.028}}

@article{Mrzljak:1990,
	Author = {Mrzljak, L. and Uylings, H. B. and Van Eden, C. G. and Jud{\'a}s, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0079-6123},
	Journal = {Prog Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Frontal Lobe;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Embryonic and Fetal Development;review, tutorial;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Infant, Newborn},
	Medline = {91246714},
	Nlm_Id = {0376441},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia.},
	Pages = {185-222},
	Pubmed = {2094894},
	Title = {Neuronal development in human prefrontal cortex in prenatal and postnatal stages},
	Uuid = {DE93A028-EFB6-4D0B-A7BD-F644FCECF31E},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Muccioli:2007,
	Abstract = {The endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are inactivated by a two-step mechanism. First, they are carried into cells, and then anandamide is hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-AG by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). Here we provide evidence for a previously undescribed MGL activity expressed by microglial cells. We found that the mouse microglial cell line BV-2 does not express MGL mRNA and yet efficiently hydrolyzes 2-AG. URB597 (3'-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl-cyclohexylcarbamate) reduces this hydrolysis by 50\%, suggesting the involvement of FAAH. The remaining activity is blocked by classic MGL inhibitors [[1,1-biphenyl]-3-yl-carbamic acid, cyclohexyl ester (URB602) and MAFP (methylarachidonyl fluorophosphate)] and is unaffected by inhibitors of COXs (cyclooxygenases), LOXs (lipooxygenases), and DGLs (diacylglycerol lipases), indicating the involvement of a novel MGL activity. Accordingly, URB602 leads to selective accumulation of 2-AG in intact BV-2 cells. Although MGL expressed in neurons is equally distributed between the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear fractions, the novel MGL activity expressed by BV-2 cells is enriched in mitochondrial and nuclear fractions. A screen for novel inhibitors of eCB hydrolysis identified several compounds that differentially block MGL, FAAH, and the novel MGL activity. Finally, we provide evidence for expression of the novel MGL by mouse primary microglia in culture. Our results suggest the presence of a novel, pharmacologically distinct, MGL activity that controls 2-AG levels in microglia.},
	Author = {Muccioli, Giulio G. and Xu, Cong and Odah, Emma and Cudaback, Eiron and Cisneros, Jose Antonio and Lambert, Didier M. and L{\'o}pez Rodr{\'\i}guez, Mar{\'\i}a Luz and Bajjalieh, Sandra and Stella, Nephi},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:28 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;11 Glia;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA.},
	Pages = {2883-9},
	Pii = {27/11/2883},
	Pubmed = {17360910},
	Title = {Identification of a novel endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme expressed by microglial cells},
	Uuid = {A068ADA7-7F54-48AE-9B8D-5826C96F1115},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4830-06.2007}}










@article{Murai:2004,
	Abstract = {Compelling new findings have revealed that receptor tyrosine kinases of the Eph family, along with their ephrin ligands, play an essential role in regulating the properties of developing mature excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. The cell surface localization of both the Eph receptors and the ephrins enables these proteins to signal bidirectionally at sites of cell-to-cell contact, such as synapses. Eph receptors and ephrins have indeed been implicated in multiple aspects of synaptic function, including clustering and modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, modifying the geometry of postsynaptic terminals, and influencing long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. In this review, we discuss how Eph receptors and ephrins are integrated into the molecular machinery that supports synaptic function.},
	Author = {Murai, Keith K. and Pasquale, Elena B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1073-8584},
	Journal = {Neuroscientist},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Animals;Synapses;Humans;Ephrins;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Synaptic Transmission;Receptors, Eph Family;review;research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 circuit formation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Central Nervous System;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Receptor Aggregation},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9504819},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.},
	Pages = {304-14},
	Pubmed = {15271258},
	Title = {Eph receptors, ephrins, and synaptic function},
	Uuid = {7120037A-5024-483B-A5FC-258E5A60A751},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858403262221}}



@article{Murayama:2007,
	Abstract = {Calcium influx into the dendritic tufts of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons modifies a number of important cellular mechanisms. It can trigger local synaptic plasticity and switch the firing properties from regular to burst firing. Due to methodological limitations, our knowledge about Ca2+ spikes in the dendritic tuft stems mostly from in vitro experiments. However, it has been speculated that regenerative Ca2+ events in the distal dendrites correlate with distinct behavioral states. Therefore it would be most desirable to be able to record these Ca2+ events in vivo, preferably in the behaving animal. Here, we present a novel approach for recording Ca2+ signals in the dendrites of populations of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in vivo, which ensures that all recorded fluorescence changes are due to intracellular Ca2+ signals in the apical dendrites. The method has two main features: 1) bolus loading of layer 5 with a membrane-permeant Ca2+ dye resulting in specific loading of pyramidal cell dendrites in the upper layers and 2) a fiberoptic cable attached to a gradient index lens and a prism reflecting light horizontally at 90 degrees to the angle of the apical dendrites. We demonstrate that the in vivo signal-to-noise ratio recorded with this relatively inexpensive and easy-to-implement fiberoptic-based device is comparable to conventional camera-based imaging systems used in vitro. In addition, the device is flexible and lightweight and can be used for recording Ca2+ signals in the distal dendritic tuft of freely behaving animals.},
	Author = {Murayama, Masanori and P{\'e}rez-Garci, Enrique and L{\"u}scher, Hans-Rudolf R. and Larkum, Matthew E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, B{\"u}hlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1791-805},
	Pii = {00082.2007},
	Pubmed = {17634346},
	Title = {Fiberoptic system for recording dendritic calcium signals in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal cells in freely moving rats},
	Uuid = {FAD54FA7-BD69-4061-B02C-9D364FFFE0CE},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00082.2007}}





@article{Myme:2003,
	Abstract = {To better understand regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor complements across the cortex, and to investigate NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-based models of persistent activity, we compared NMDA/AMPA ratios in prefrontal (PFC) and visual cortex (VC) in rat. Whole cell voltage-clamp responses were recorded in brain slices from layer 2/3 pyramidal cells of the medial PFC and VC of rats aged p16-p21. Mixed miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) having AMPA receptor (AMPAR)- and NMDAR-mediated components were isolated in nominally 0 Mg2+ ACSF. Averaged mEPSCs were well-fit by double exponentials. No significant differences in the NMDA/AMPA ratio (PFC: 27 +/- 1\%; VC: 28 +/- 3\%), peak mEPSC amplitude (PFC: 19.1 +/- 1 pA; VC: 17.5 +/- 0.7 pA), NMDAR decay kinetics (PFC: 69 +/- 8 ms; VC: 67 +/- 6 ms), or degree of correlation between NMDAR- and AMPAR-mediated mEPSC components were found between the areas (PFC: n = 27; VC: n = 28). Recordings from older rats (p26-29) also showed no differences. EPSCs were evoked extracellularly in 2 mM Mg2+ at depolarized potentials; although the average NMDA/AMPA ratio was larger than that observed for mEPSCs, the ratio was similar in the two regions. In nominally 0 Mg2+ and in the presence of CNQX, spontaneous activation of NMDAR increased recording noise and produced a small tonic depolarization which was similar in both areas. We conclude that this basic property of excitatory transmission is conserved across PFC and VC synapses and is therefore unlikely to contribute to differences in firing patterns observed in vivo in the two regions.},
	Author = {Myme, Chaelon I. O. and Sugino, Ken and Turrigiano, Gina G. and Nelson, Sacha B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Prefrontal Cortex;Rats, Long-Evans;Receptors, AMPA;Electrophysiology;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {771-9},
	Pii = {00070.2003},
	Pubmed = {12672778},
	Title = {The NMDA-to-AMPA ratio at synapses onto layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons is conserved across prefrontal and visual cortices},
	Uuid = {65797E55-8EB3-4CCF-9141-D33F97A872E1},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Myme_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00070.2003}}






@article{Nadarajah:1997,
	Abstract = {Gap junctions are membrane channels that mediate the direct passage of ions and molecules between adjacent cells. Recent tracer coupling and optical recording studies have revealed the presence of gap junction-mediated communication between neurons during neocortical development. We have visualized gap junctions in the developing rat cerebral cortex with electron microscopy and studied the pattern of expression and cellular localization of connexins 26, 32, and 43 that take part in their formation. We found that these connexins (Cxs) are expressed differentially during development, and their patterns of expression are correlated with important developmental events such as cell proliferation, migration, and formation of cortical neuronal circuits. Specifically, we observed that the developmental profile of Cx 26 during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life matched closely the development of neuronal coupling, suggesting that coupled neurons use this gap junction protein during circuit formation in the cortex. The subsequent diminution of Cx 26 was mirrored by an increase in Cx 32 immunoreactivity, which became pronounced at the late stages of cortical maturation. In contrast, Cx 43 was localized in the cortex throughout the period of development. Its localization in radial glial fibers closely associated with migrating neurons suggests that this Cx may be involved in neuronal migration.},
	Author = {Nadarajah, B. and Jones, A. M. and Evans, W. H. and Parnavelas, J. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Immunohistochemistry;Rats;21 Gap junctions;Pregnancy;Animals;Connexins;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {3096-111},
	Pubmed = {9096144},
	Title = {Differential expression of connexins during neocortical development and neuronal circuit formation},
	Uuid = {97CB436E-CA41-44FF-AA32-DE5612D32211},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Nadarajah:2002,
	Abstract = {It is believed that postmitotic neurons migrate away from their sites of origin in the germinal zones to populate distant targets. Contrary to this notion, we found, using time-lapse imaging of brain slices, populations of neurons positioned at various levels of the developing neocortex that migrate towards the cortical ventricular zone. After a pause in this proliferative zone, they migrate radially in the direction of the pial surface to take up positions in the cortical plate. Immunohistochemical analysis together with tracer labeling in brain slices showed that cells showing ventricle-directed migration in the developing cortex are GABAergic interneurons originating in the ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon. We speculate that combinations of chemoattractant and chemorepellent molecules are involved in this ventricle-directed migration and that interneurons may seek the cortical ventricular zone to receive layer information. 1097-6256 Journal Article},
	Author = {Nadarajah, B. and Alifragis, P. and Wong, R. O. and Parnavelas, J. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:57 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/*embryology;Animals;In Vitro;Neocortex/cytology/*embryology;Rats;Cell Movement/*physiology;Microscopy, Confocal;Prosencephalon/cytology/embryology;F pdf;Time Factors;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism;Immunohistochemistry;Carboxylic Acids/metabolism;Interneurons/*physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.},
	Pages = {218-24},
	Pubmed = {11850632},
	Title = {Ventricle-directed migration in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {DEF8CF75-AF80-4C0F-9E0E-CD4127C32876},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11850632}}




@article{Nagayama:2007,
	Abstract = {A central question about the brain is how information is processed by large populations of neurons embedded in intricate local networks. Answering this question requires not only monitoring functional dynamics of many neurons simultaneously, but also interpreting such activity patterns in the context of neuronal circuitry. Here, we introduce a versatile approach for loading Ca(2+) indicators in vivo by local electroporation. With this method, Ca(2+) imaging can be performed both at neuron population level and with exquisite subcellular resolution down to dendritic spines and axon boutons. This enabled mitral cell odor-evoked ensemble activity to be analyzed simultaneously with revealing their specific connectivity to different glomeruli. Colabeling of Purkinje cell dendrites and intersecting parallel fibers allowed Ca(2+) imaging of both presynaptic boutons and postsynaptic dendrites. This approach thus provides an unprecedented capability for in vivo visualizing active cell ensembles and tracing their underlying local neuronal circuits.},
	Author = {Nagayama, Shin and Zeng, Shaoqun and Xiong, Wenhui and Fletcher, Max L. and Masurkar, Arjun V. and Davis, Douglas J. and Pieribone, Vincent A. and Chen, Wei R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Dextrans;Afferent Pathways;Brain;Diagnostic Imaging;Electroporation;Vibrissae;Calcium;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Odors;Dendrites;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;optical physiology;optical imaging;Olfactory Bulb;Neocortex;Technique;Gene Transfer Techniques;calcium imaging;frontiers review},
	Mid = {NIHMS19945},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA.},
	Pages = {789-803},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00138-9},
	Pmc = {PMC1892750},
	Pubmed = {17359915},
	Title = {In vivo simultaneous tracing and Ca(2+) imaging of local neuronal circuits},
	Uuid = {23E2426E-3E52-4992-B470-0F74BB393A93},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nagayama_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nagayama_Neuron2007a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.018}}


@article{Najm:2000,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Human cortical dysplasia (CD) is a frequent cause of medically intractable focal epilepsy. The neurotransmitter mechanisms of epileptogenicity in these lesions have been attributed to changes in various glutamate receptor subtypes. Increased N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NR) 2A/B coassembled with NR1 subunits has been shown in focal epileptic CD. The purpose of this study is to correlate in situ CD epileptogenicity and the expression of various glutamate receptor subtypes. METHODS: The histopathological, morphological, and immunocytochemical findings in cortical tissue resected from five patients with medically intractable epilepsy and CD were correlated with electroencephalographic data recorded from subdural grids. The NMDA antibodies identified subunits NR1 (splicing variants 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b) and NR2A/B. RESULTS: Epileptogenic specimens displayed the following common features: (a) widespread histological abnormalities of horizontal and columnar dyslamination, neurons with inverted polarity, and more extensive dendritic changes; (b) significantly higher NR2A/B immunoreactivity in both the dysplastic somata and all their dendritic processes; and (c) no statistically significant change in NR1 subunit expression but a more pronounced staining of the apical dendrites in highly epileptogenic cortex. These abnormalities were either absent or minimal in resected specimens that did not show evidence of severe in vivo epileptogenicity. CONCLUSION: These studies provide direct evidence for a major contribution of the NR2A/B subunit in CD-induced epileptogenicity.},
	Author = {Najm, I. M. and Ying, Z. and Babb, T. and Mohamed, A. and Hadam, J. and LaPresto, E. and Wyllie, E. and Kotagal, P. and Bingaman, W. and Foldvary, N. and Morris, H. and L{\"u}ders, H. O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:53 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Humans;Up-Regulation;Frontal Lobe;Female;Male;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;Adult;Immunohistochemistry;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Electrodes, Implanted;Adolescent},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA. najmi\@ccf.org},
	Pages = {971-6},
	Pubmed = {10961623},
	Title = {Epileptogenicity correlated with increased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A/B in human focal cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {F89648E7-ED23-4A40-94B3-1973D743C9AA},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Najm_Epilepsia2000.pdf}}

@article{Najm:2007,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia (CD, also known as malformations of cortical development) are the pathological substrates in a large percentage of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who may be amenable to surgical treatment. Therefore, research on the mechanisms of dysplastic lesion formation and epileptogenicity is of paramount importance for the prevention, detection, and treatment of CD-induced epilepsy. The purpose of this review is to discuss and critically evaluate the current state and results of human tissue experimentation (focusing on reported results of studies done on neocortical dysplastic tissue resected from patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy), and to discuss some of the concerns related to research that uses surgically resected epileptic human tissue. The use of better animal models of CD as a tool toward the better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis, epileptogenesis, and epileptogenicity of dysplastic lesions will be reviewed from the perspective of their usefulness in a model of translational research that should ultimately result in better diagnostic and therapeutic techniques of CD.},
	Author = {Najm, Imad M. and Tilelli, Cristiane Q. and Oghlakian, Roger},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Epilepsies, Partial;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Terminology;Rats;Neocortex;Rats, Mutant Strains;Research;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;review;Humans},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center Head, Section of Adult Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, S51, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. najmi\@ccf.org},
	Pages = {21-32},
	Pubmed = {17571350},
	Title = {Pathophysiological mechanisms of focal cortical dysplasia: a critical review of human tissue studies and animal models},
	Uuid = {04C28FEE-B87A-4FB2-90FB-232C4E2238DE},
	Volume = {48 Suppl 2},
	Year = {2007}}






@article{Nakamura:1998,
	Abstract = {To study the role of medial frontal cortex in learning and memory of sequential procedures, we examined neuronal activity of the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA) while monkeys (n = 2) performed a sequential button press task, "2 x 5 task." In this paradigm, 2 of 16 (4 x 4 matrix) light-emitting diode buttons (called "set") were illuminated simultaneously and the monkey had to press them in a predetermined order. A total of five sets (called "hyperset") was presented in a fixed order for completion of a trial. We examined the neuronal activity of each cell using two kinds of hypersets: new hypersets that the monkey experienced for the first time for which he had to find the correct orders of button presses by trial-and-error and learned hypersets that the monkey had learned with extensive practice (n = 16 and 10 for each monkey). To investigate whether cells in medial frontal cortex are involved in the acquisition of new sequences or execution of well-learned procedures, we examined three to five new hypersets and three to five learned hypersets for each cell. Among 345 task-related cells, we found 78 cells that were more active during performance of new hypersets than learned hypersets (new-preferring cells) and 18 cells that were more active for learned hypersets (learned-preferring cells). Among new-preferring cells, 33 cells showed a learning-dependent decrease of cell activity: their activity was highest at the beginning of learning and decreased as the animal acquired the correct response for each set with increasing reliability. In contrast, 11 learned-preferring cells showed a learning-dependent increase of neuronal activity. We found a difference in the anatomic distribution of new-preferring cells. The proportion of new-preferring cells was greater in the rostral part of the medial frontal cortex, corresponding to the pre-SMA, than the posterior part, the SMA. There was some trend that learned-preferring cells were more abundant in the SMA. These results suggest that the pre-SMA, rather than SMA, is more involved in the acquisition of new sequential procedures.},
	Author = {Nakamura, K. and Sakai, K. and Hikosaka, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Eye Movements;Memory;Learning;Animals;Macaca;Male;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99036906},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.},
	Pages = {2671-87},
	Pubmed = {9819272},
	Title = {Neuronal activity in medial frontal cortex during learning of sequential procedures},
	Uuid = {687CA804-948B-498F-BC21-66534FA0BA4C},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1998}}









@article{Nath:2000,
	Abstract = {Unilateral injection of 50 nmol of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the left posterior striatum of 7 day-old rat pups induces massive neuronal loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere in 5 days. In this model of excitotoxicity, the form of neuronal death (necrosis vs apoptosis) has not been clearly addressed. Here we report evidence of DNA laddering in the ipsilateral hemisphere 24 h after the NMDA injection. Activation of apoptosis-linked caspase(s) was also identified, as evidenced by (i) the formation of caspase-produced 120 kDa alpha-spectrin breakdown product (SBDP120) and (ii) increase in hydrolysis of caspase-3 substrate acetyl-DEVD-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin in the homogenate from the ipsilateral hemisphere. Lastly, we note that i.p. injection (100 mg/kg) of a pan caspase inhibitor Z-D-DCB attenuates the levels of SBDP120. Our results suggest the presence of caspase-activation in this rat pup model of NMDA toxicity.},
	Author = {Nath, R. and Scott, M. and Nadimpalli, R. and Gupta, R. and Wang, K. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Neurochem Int},
	Keywords = {Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology;Enzyme Activation;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;Caspases/antagonists &inhibitors/*metabolism;Rats;Brain/enzymology/metabolism;E-14;*Apoptosis;Brain Diseases/*chemically induced/*enzymology/metabolism;Animal;Spectrin/metabolism;*N-Methylaspartate;*Animals, Newborn;DNA Fragmentation;In Situ Nick-End Labeling},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of'Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA. rathna.nath\@wl.com},
	Pages = {119-26.},
	Title = {Activation of apoptosis-linked caspase(s) in NMDA-injured brains in neonatal rats},
	Uuid = {F94582C9-7431-41CF-A752-A6786551EAB3},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10676875}}


@article{Naundorf:2006,
	Abstract = {Neurons process and encode information by generating sequences of action potentials. For all spiking neurons, the encoding of single-neuron computations into sequences of spikes is biophysically determined by the cell's action-potential-generating mechanism. It has recently been discovered that apparently minor modifications of this mechanism can qualitatively change the nature of neuronal encoding. Here we quantitatively analyse the dynamics of action potential initiation in cortical neurons in vivo, in vitro and in computational models. Unexpectedly, key features of the initiation dynamics of cortical neuron action potentials--their rapid initiation and variable onset potential--are outside the range of behaviours described by the classical Hodgkin-Huxley theory. We propose a new model based on the cooperative activation of sodium channels that reproduces the observed dynamics of action potential initiation. This new model predicts that Hodgkin-Huxley-type dynamics of action potential initiation can be induced by artificially decreasing the effective density of sodium channels. In vitro experiments confirm this prediction, supporting the hypothesis that cooperative sodium channel activation underlies the dynamics of action potential initiation in cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Naundorf, Bj{\"o}rn and Wolf, Fred and Volgushev, Maxim},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7087},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, University of G{\"o}ttingen, Bunsenstr. 10, D-37073 G{\"o}ttingen, Germany.},
	Pages = {1060-3},
	Pii = {nature04610},
	Pubmed = {16625198},
	Title = {Unique features of action potential initiation in cortical neurons},
	Uuid = {88A6FC17-8012-4760-917C-4362E60202D8},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Naundorf_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04610}}

@article{Nacher:2007,
	Abstract = {N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal development during embryogenesis and they also regulate the rate of neurogenesis and proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus. However, the mechanism by which they influence these processes is not fully understood. NMDA receptors seem to be functional in hippocampal precursor cells and recently generated granule neurons, although there is no anatomical correlate of these physiological observations. We have analyzed the expression of the NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in precursor cells and recently generated granule neurons of the adult rat dentate gyrus, using 5'bromodeoxyuridine, green fluorescent protein-retrovirus and immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that NR1 and NR2B are expressed in some proliferating cells of the adult subgranular zone. These receptors are absent from transiently amplifying progenitors (type 2-3 cells) but they are found in glial fibrillar acidic protein expressing cells in the subgranular zone, suggesting its presence in bipotential (type-1) precursor cells. NR1 and NR2B are rarely found in granule cells younger than 60 h. By contrast, many granule cells generated 14 days before killing express both NMDA receptor subunits. These results demonstrate that adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be regulated by NMDA receptors present in precursor cells and in differentiating granule neurons, although these receptors are probably not located on synapses. However, an indirect effect through NMDA receptors located in other cell types should not be excluded.},
	Author = {N{\'a}cher, J. and Varea, E. and Miguel Blasco-Ib{\'a}\~{n}ez, J. and Go{\'o}mez-Climent, M. A. and Castillo-G{\'o}mez, E. and Crespo, C. and Mart{\'\i}nez-Guijarro, F. J. and McEwen, B. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de Val\`{e}ncia, Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100, Spain.},
	Pages = {855-64},
	Pii = {S0306-4522(06)01378-9},
	Pubmed = {17157994},
	Title = {N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression during adult neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus},
	Uuid = {739AA9C5-8F22-441E-B48D-7A0213FB7EA9},
	Volume = {144},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.021}}

@article{Nedergaard:2003,
	Author = {Nedergaard, Maiken and Ransom, Bruce and Goldman, Steven A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Brain;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Cell Communication;Astrocytes;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;11 Glia;review, tutorial;Blood Vessels;Calcium Signaling;Humans;Animals;Endothelial Cells;review;Neurons},
	Medline = {22886085},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. maiken\_nedergaard\@nymc.edu},
	Pages = {523-30},
	Pii = {S0166223603002662},
	Pubmed = {14522144},
	Title = {New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain},
	Uuid = {17E82B9C-F656-40A4-8FB5-0E1AB60BA762},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2003}}



@article{Nelson:2006,
	Abstract = {Distinct neuronal cell types acquire and maintain their identity by expressing different genes. Recently it has become feasible to measure this cell type specific expression by isolating and amplifying mRNA from small populations of fluorescently labeled neurons and probing this mRNA with microarrays. Prior to this, most neuronal gene expression studies used tissue homogenates or randomly selected single cells and were, therefore, not well suited to studying transcriptional differences between cell types. Microarray studies of purified cell types have enabled investigators to identify the transcriptional signatures of, for example, subtypes of pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the neocortex, modulatory dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, and the striatal neurons that form the so-called 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways through the basal ganglia. These studies are opening up new approaches to understanding brain circuitry, plasticity and pathology and are refining the concept of the neuronal cell type.},
	Author = {Nelson, Sacha B. and Hempel, Chris and Sugino, Ken},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Gene Expression Profiling;Gene Expression;Transcription, Genetic;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Neurons},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, MS 008, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {571-6},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(06)00112-7},
	Pubmed = {16962313},
	Title = {Probing the transcriptome of neuronal cell types},
	Uuid = {223EDF25-1CD1-45CC-8F65-ADC31D955650},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Nelson_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.08.006}}

@article{Nelson:2003,
	Abstract = {Cell polarity is defined as asymmetry in cell shape, protein distributions and cell functions. It is characteristic of single-cell organisms, including yeast and bacteria, and cells in tissues of multi-cell organisms such as epithelia in worms, flies and mammals. This diversity raises several questions: do different cell types use different mechanisms to generate polarity, how is polarity signalled, how do cells react to that signal, and how is structural polarity translated into specialized functions? Analysis of evolutionarily diverse cell types reveals that cell-surface landmarks adapt core pathways for cytoskeleton assembly and protein transport to generate cell polarity. 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Nelson, W. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Cell Size;10 Development;Protein Transport;Signal Transduction;Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism;*Cell Polarity;Mitosis;Animals;F pdf;Cytoskeleton/chemistry/*metabolism},
	Number = {6933},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5435, USA. wjnelson\@stanford.edu},
	Pages = {766-74},
	Pubmed = {12700771},
	Title = {Adaptation of core mechanisms to generate cell polarity},
	Uuid = {C63B60CB-D85C-4C6C-96EA-238003972DD6},
	Volume = {422},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12700771}}

@article{Nelson:2006a,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits within the vertebrate brain are composed of highly diverse cell types. The exact extent of this diversity is a matter of continuing debate. For example, do cortical interneurons comprise a few, dozens or >100 distinct cell types? Recently, several groups have used microarrays to measure genome-wide gene expression profiles for specific neuronal cell types. These methods can offer an objective basis for neuronal classification. In this review, we argue that this approach should now be carried out more broadly and that it should be coupled to large-scale efforts to generate mouse driver lines in which tools for genetic manipulation, such as the Cre recombinase, are expressed in identified cell types within the brain. This would enable neuroscientists to begin to investigate more systematically the roles of specific genes in establishing particular cellular phenotypes, and also the roles of particular cell types within brain circuits. This review is part of the TINS special issue on The Neural Substrates of Cognition.},
	Author = {Nelson, Sacha B. and Sugino, Ken and Hempel, Chris M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {review;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Gene Expression Profiling;Nerve Net;Humans;Animals;Genomics;Neurons;Brain},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, MS 008, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA. nelson\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {339-45},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(06)00092-0},
	Pubmed = {16714064},
	Title = {The problem of neuronal cell types: a physiological genomics approach},
	Uuid = {6AC60999-13D5-490A-96A8-41469EF677EA},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Nelson_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.004}}

@article{Nemet:2004,
	Abstract = {We present a method to optically measure and image the membrane potential of neurons, using the nonlinear optical phenomenon of second harmonic generation (SHG) with a photopigment retinal as the chromophore [second harmonic retinal imaging of membrane potential (SHRIMP)]. We show that all-trans retinal, when adsorbed to the plasma membrane of living cells, can report on the local electric field via its change in SHG. Using a scanning mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser, we collect simultaneous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and SHG images of retinal-stained kidney cells and cultured pyramidal neurons. Patch clamp experiments on neurons stained with retinal show an increase of 25\%in SHG intensity per 100-mV depolarization. Our data are the first demonstration of optical measurements of membrane potential of mammalian neurons with SHG. SHRIMP could have wide applicability in neuroscience and, by modifying rhodopsin, could in principle be subject for developing genetically engineered voltage sensors.},
	Author = {Nemet, Boaz A. and Nikolenko, Volodymyr and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1083-3668},
	Journal = {J Biomed Opt},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;Microscopy, Confocal;Retinaldehyde;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rats;21 Calcium imaging;evaluation studies;Animals, Newborn;Kidney;Animals;Image Enhancement;Cells, Cultured;Neurons;Membrane Potentials},
	Nlm_Id = {9605853},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Columbia University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA. bn2010\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {873-81},
	Pubmed = {15447008},
	Title = {Second harmonic imaging of membrane potential of neurons with retinal},
	Uuid = {C0511D49-AF75-404C-B8F5-649AD68CD2E4},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1783353}}


@article{Nestor:2007,
	Abstract = {Ephrin (Eph) signaling via Eph receptors affects neuronal structure and function. We report here that exogenous ephrinAs (EphAs) induce outgrowth of filopodial processes from astrocytes within minutes in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Identical effects were induced by release of endogenous ephrinAs by cleavage of their glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemistry revealed the expression of multiple EphA receptors (EphARs) in astrocytes. Exogenous and endogenous ephrins did not induce process outgrowth from astrocytes transfected with a kinase-dead EphAR construct, indicating that the critical EphARs were located on glia. Concomitant with these morphological changes, ephrinA reduced the frequency of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-evoked NMDA receptor-mediated inward currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, elicited by release of glutamate from glial cells. The sensitivity of CA1 cell synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDA receptors was unaffected by ephrinA, indicating that this effect was mediated by inhibition of glutamate release from glial cells. Finally, ephrinA application decreased the frequency and increased the duration of spontaneous oscillations of the intracellular [Ca2+] in astrocytes. We conclude that ephrinA-EphA signaling is a pluripotent regulator of neuron-astrocyte interactions mediating rapid structural and functional plasticity.},
	Author = {Nestor, Michael W. and Mok, Lee-Peng P. and Tulapurkar, Mohan E. and Thompson, Scott M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Animals;Astrocytes;Cells, Cultured;Humans;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;comparative study;Receptors, Eph Family;Cell Communication;Mice, Transgenic;Mice, Inbred C57BL;10 circuit formation;Animals, Newborn;Neuroglia;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {47},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. mnest001\@umaryland.edu},
	Pages = {12817-28},
	Pii = {27/47/12817},
	Pubmed = {18032653},
	Title = {Plasticity of neuron-glial interactions mediated by astrocytic EphARs},
	Uuid = {4770548F-8165-46D5-94AC-4AF0205BC3D1},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2442-07.2007}}










@article{Nguyen:2002,
	Abstract = {A large body of evidence shows that molecular cues promote specific synapse formation by guiding axons and by mediating their association with targets, but much less is known about the contribution of physical cues (such as mechanical constraints) to these processes. Here we used the peripheral motor system to investigate the latter issue. In living mice, we viewed individual motor axons bearing a fluorescent reporter, and mapped the cohort of muscle fibers that they innervated both before and after nerve damage. When gross trauma was minimized (by a nerve-crushing rather than nerve-cutting procedure), regenerating axons retraced their former pathways, bifurcated at original branch points, and formed neuromuscular junctions on the same fibers that they originally innervated. Axonal growth through tubes of non-neural cells seemed to account for this specificity, and specificity degraded when the tubes were cut. These results suggest that nonspecific guidance cues can be sufficient to generate specific synaptic circuitry.},
	Author = {Nguyen, Quyen T. and Sanes, Joshua R. and Lichtman, Jeff W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Basement Membrane;Bacterial Proteins;Efferent Pathways;Recovery of Function;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Cell Communication;Mice, Transgenic;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Nerve Growth Factors;Nerve Regeneration;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Receptors, Cholinergic;Neuromuscular Junction;21 Neurophysiology;Muscle, Skeletal;Motor Neurons;Mice;Nerve Crush;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescent Proteins;Growth Cones;Ranvier's Nodes;Peripheral Nerves},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {861-7},
	Pii = {nn905},
	Pubmed = {12172551},
	Title = {Pre-existing pathways promote precise projection patterns},
	Uuid = {9C93837D-4A90-4713-A22A-2465C243EB17},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn905}}







@article{Nikolenko:2007,
	Abstract = {We introduce an optical method to stimulate individual neurons in brain slices in any arbitrary spatiotemporal pattern, using two-photon uncaging of MNI-glutamate with beam multiplexing. This method has single-cell and three-dimensional precision. By sequentially stimulating up to a thousand potential presynaptic neurons, we generated detailed functional maps of inputs to a cell. We combined this approach with two-photon calcium imaging in an all-optical method to image and manipulate circuit activity.},
	Author = {Nikolenko, Volodymyr and Poskanzer, Kira E. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1548-7091},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Electrophysiology;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Cytophotometry;Neocortex;Mice, Transgenic;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Tetrodotoxin;Indoles;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Glutamine;Acetates;Glutamates;Action Potentials;Nerve Net;Neurons;Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;Reproducibility of Results;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {101215604},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, Box 2435, New York, New York 10027, USA. vn59\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {943-50},
	Pii = {nmeth1105},
	Pubmed = {17965719},
	Title = {Two-photon photostimulation and imaging of neural circuits},
	Uuid = {AE8787E8-6D7F-4401-9B72-657D1F70DE6B},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nikolenko_NatMethods2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1105}}

@article{Nilsen:2005,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: To characterize in detail a model of focal neocortical epilepsy. METHODS: Chronic focal epilepsy was induced by injecting 25-50 ng of tetanus toxin or vehicle alone (controls) into the motor neocortex of rats. EEG activity was recorded from electrodes implanted at the injection site, along with facial muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity and behavioral monitoring intermittently for up to 5 months in some animals. Drug responsiveness was assessed by using the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) diazepam (DZP) and phenytoin (PHT) delivered systemically, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), a competitive antagonist at AMPA receptors, was administered directly to the brain to investigate the potential benefits of focal drug delivery. RESULTS: Tetanus toxin induced mild behavioral seizures that persisted indefinitely in all animals. EEG spiking activity, occurring up to 80\%of the time, correlated with clinical seizures consisting of interrupted behavioral activity, rhythmic bilateral facial twitching, and periods of abrupt motor arrest. Seizures were refractory to systemic administration of DZP and PHT. However, focal delivery of NBQX to the seizure site reversibly reduced EEG and behavioral seizure activity without detectable side effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a long-term detailed characterisation of the tetanus toxin model. Spontaneous, almost continuous, well-tolerated seizures occur and persist, resembling those seen in neocortical epilepsy, including cortical myoclonus and epilepsia partialis continua. The seizures appear to be similarly resistant to conventional AEDs. The consistency, frequency, and clinical similarity of the seizures to refractory epilepsy in humans make this an ideal model for investigation of both mechanisms of seizure activity and new therapeutic approaches.},
	Author = {Nilsen, Karen E. and Walker, Matthew C. and Cock, Hannah R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Anticonvulsants;Diazepam;Motor Activity;Animals;Epilepsies, Partial;Rats;Brain;Exploratory Behavior;Neocortex;21 Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Receptors, AMPA;Disease Models, Animal;Behavior, Animal;Male;Phenytoin;Quinoxalines;Electromyography;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Tetanus Toxin;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Clinical Neurosciences (Epilepsy), Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England.},
	Pages = {179-87},
	Pii = {EPI26004},
	Pubmed = {15679498},
	Title = {Characterization of the tetanus toxin model of refractory focal neocortical epilepsy in the rat},
	Uuid = {1F700F2C-3FD6-47FC-8790-25925257F9C6},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.26004.x}}

@article{Nimmerjahn:2004,
	Abstract = {Glial cells have been identified as key signaling components in the brain; however, methods to investigate their structure and function in vivo have been lacking. Here, we describe a new, highly selective approach for labeling astrocytes in intact rodent neocortex that allows in vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy. The red fluorescent dye sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) was specifically taken up by protoplasmic astrocytes after brief exposure to the brain surface. Specificity was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, SR101 labeled enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing astrocytes but not microglial cells in transgenic mice. We used SR101 labeling to quantify morphological characteristics of astrocytes and to visualize their close association with the cortical microvasculature. Furthermore, by combining this method with calcium indicator loading of cell populations, we demonstrated distinct calcium dynamics in astroglial and neuronal networks. We expect SR101 staining to become a principal tool for investigating astroglia in vivo.},
	Author = {Nimmerjahn, Axel and Kirchhoff, Frank and Kerr, Jason N. D. and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1548-7091},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Rhodamines;Calcium Signaling;Astrocytes;Animals;Rats;Neocortex;Staining and Labeling;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Gap Junctions;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;evaluation studies;21 Neurophysiology;Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biological Markers;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {101215604},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {31-7},
	Pii = {nmeth706},
	Pubmed = {15782150},
	Title = {Sulforhodamine 101 as a specific marker of astroglia in the neocortex in vivo},
	Uuid = {41F2A851-2E8F-41AF-A3D0-03C646D4D85C},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Nimmerjahn_NatMethods2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth706}}

@article{Nimmerjahn:2005,
	Abstract = {Microglial cells represent the immune system of the brain and therefore are critically involved in various injuries and diseases. Little is known about their role in the healthy brain and their immediate reaction to brain damage. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in neocortex, we found that microglial cells are highly active in their presumed resting state, continually surveying their microenvironment with extremely motile processes and protrusions. Furthermore, blood brain barrier disruption provoked immediate and focal activation of microglia, switching their behavior from patrolling to shielding of the injured site. Microglia thus are busy and vigilant housekeepers in adult brain.},
	Author = {Nimmerjahn, and Kirchhoff, and Helmchen,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Alpha;11 Glia},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5726},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {1314-8},
	Pii = {1110647},
	Pubmed = {15831717},
	Title = {Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo},
	Uuid = {CC67C274-9F64-11DA-8D49-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {308},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Science2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110647}}


@article{Nir:2008,
	Abstract = {Animal studies have shown robust electrophysiological activity in the sensory cortex in the absence of stimuli or tasks. Similarly, recent human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed widespread, spontaneously emerging cortical fluctuations. However, it is unknown what neuronal dynamics underlie this spontaneous activity in the human brain. Here we studied this issue by combining bilateral single-unit, local field potentials (LFPs) and intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings in individuals undergoing clinical monitoring. We found slow (<0.1 Hz, following 1/f-like profiles) spontaneous fluctuations of neuronal activity with significant interhemispheric correlations. These fluctuations were evident mainly in neuronal firing rates and in gamma (40-100 Hz) LFP power modulations. Notably, the interhemispheric correlations were enhanced during rapid eye movement and stage 2 sleep. Multiple intracranial ECoG recordings revealed clear selectivity for functional networks in the spontaneous gamma LFP power modulations. Our results point to slow spontaneous modulations in firing rate and gamma LFP as the likely correlates of spontaneous fMRI fluctuations in the human sensory cortex.},
	Author = {Nir, and Mukamel, and Dinstein, and Privman, and Harel, and Fisch, and Gelbard-Sagiv, and Kipervasser, and Andelman, and Neufeld, and Kramer, and Arieli, and Fried, and Malach,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1546-1726},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 240 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.},
	Pii = {nn.2177},
	Pubmed = {18711392},
	Title = {Interhemispheric correlations of slow spontaneous neuronal fluctuations revealed in human sensory cortex},
	Uuid = {2606D7D4-ADD5-4847-8F03-0C8453D3A0A3},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Nir_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2177}}

@article{Nirenberg:2007,
	Abstract = {Understanding how the brain performs computations requires understanding neuronal firing patterns at successive levels of processing-a daunting and seemingly intractable task. Two recent studies have made dramatic progress on this problem by showing how its dimensionality can be reduced. Using the retina as a model system, they demonstrated that multineuronal firing patterns can be predicted by pairwise interactions.},
	Author = {Nirenberg, Sheila H. and Victor, Jonathan D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;21 Neurophysiology;21 Calcium imaging;research support, n.i.h., extramural;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. shn201\@med.cornell.edu},
	Pages = {397-400},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(07)00085-2},
	Pubmed = {17709240},
	Title = {Analyzing the activity of large populations of neurons: how tractable is the problem?},
	Uuid = {03CFBCEE-5F63-465B-8D00-4B88A26500A5},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Nirenberg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.002}}

@article{Nishiike:2000,
	Abstract = {The distribution of cortical efferent connections to the vestibular nuclei was quantitatively analyzed by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase, and Fast Blue in rats. The tracer substances were injected into the spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe), the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe), and nucleus X of Brown Norwegian rats. Projections to the vestibular nuclei were revealed bilaterally, but predominantly contralaterally from five cortical areas: (1) the parietotemporal region (PT) which occupied the caudal two-thirds of the secondary somatosensory area and spread over the caudal part of the primary somatosensory area and the visceral cortex; (2) the anterior forelimb (AF) overlapping the anterior part of the forelimb area and the transitional zone; (3) the anterior hindlimb (AH) overlapping the anterior part of the hindlimb area and the transitional zone; (4) the lateral forelimb (LF) centered in the intercalated zone lateral to the forelimb area; and (5) the ventrotemporal region (VT) located at the ventral part of the temporal cortex. In addition to these cortical fields, the frontal cortex was found to project directly to the vestibular nuclei. These corticofugal projections were verified in experiments in which biocytin was injected into the rat PT. Anterogradely labelled fibers were traced predominantly contralaterally to the SpVe, caudal part of the MVe, and nucleus X. It is suggested that the rat corticofugal projections to the caudal vestibular nuclei modify vestibular reflexes to assist in coordinating eye, head and body movements during locomotion.},
	Author = {Nishiike, S. and Guldin, W. O. and B{\"a}urle, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Humans;Rats;Neural Pathways;Comparative Study;Vestibular Nuclei;Female;Axons;Cell Count;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Horseradish Peroxidase;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {20219220},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Freie Universit{\"a}t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. nishiike\@ebt.med.osaka-u.ac,jp},
	Pages = {363-72},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000508)420:3<363::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-X},
	Pubmed = {10754508},
	Title = {Corticofugal connections between the cerebral cortex and the vestibular nuclei in the rat},
	Uuid = {8EAEF57F-9D1C-40FB-849C-8DCB3A5B9679},
	Volume = {420},
	Year = {2000}}




@article{Nitz:2008,
	Author = {Nitz, Douglas and Cowen, Stephen},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The authors are at The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA. nitz\@nsi.edu.},
	Pages = {126-8},
	Pii = {nn0208-126},
	Pubmed = {18227794},
	Title = {Crossing borders: sleep reactivation as a window on cell assembly formation},
	Uuid = {C46DEEA6-751B-4D23-BB9D-00A0BB80AC28},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Nitz_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0208-126}}








@article{Northcutt:1995,
	Abstract = {Cortical variation in mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates, re-examined by current comparative methodology (out-group analysis), indicates that separate lateral (olfactory), dorsal and medial (hippocampal) pallial or cortical formations arose with the origin of vertebrates. Although the exact origin of mammalian isocortex (so-called neocortex) is still disputed, it appears that the earliest mammals already had a six-layered isocortex with ten to 20 functional subdivisions. Among placental mammals, at least, isocortex has expanded numerous times, producing additional cortical subdivisions. Because these expansions were independent transformations of a simpler cortex, they produced subdivisions that are not homologous.},
	Author = {Northcutt, R. G. and Kaas, J. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Visual Cortex/anatomy &histology/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/*physiology;Human;Mammals/*physiology;Mammals;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;M;Evolution;review, tutorial;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;*Evolution},
	Medline = {96048677},
	Month = {9},
    nlmuniqueid = {7808616},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Unit, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.},
	Pages = {373-9},
	Pii = {016622369593932N},
	Pubmed = {7482801},
    doi = {10.1016/0166-2236(95)93932-n},
	Title = {The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex},
	Uuid = {0BAEF209-062A-4194-85E6-4DA30F6A9908},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Northcutt_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}}




@article{Nottebohm:1994,
	Abstract = {The number of high vocal center (HVC) neurons labeled in adult male canaries by systemic injections of [3H]thymidine depended on season and survival time. This was true for HVC neurons projecting to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum and for other HVC neurons that could not be retrogradely filled from the robust nucleus of the archistriatum. Birds injected in October and killed 40 days later had twice as many labeled HVC neurons as birds injected in May and killed 40 days later. However, this difference became much larger (5 times) when the birds were allowed to survive for 4 months. Whereas more than half of the spring-born neurons disappeared between 40 days and 4 months, there was no reduction in the number of fall-born neurons present at the 4-month survival point. We infer that seasonal variables affect the life span of HVC neurons born in adulthood.},
	Author = {Nottebohm, F. and O'Loughlin, B. and Gould, K. and Yohay, K. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Cell Survival;Neurons/*cytology/physiology;Thymidine/metabolism;Aging/physiology;Animal;Periodicity;C abstr;Sex Maturation;Seasons;Male;Time Factors;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Canaries/*physiology;Vocalization, Animal/*physiology;Tritium;Autoradiography;Brain/*cytology/physiology},
	Number = {17},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Millbrook, NY 12545.},
	Pages = {7849-53.},
	Title = {The life span of new neurons in a song control nucleus of the adult canary brain depends on time of year when these cells are born},
	Uuid = {15B8DD69-FD19-4D64-90D9-B29D82EB1445},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8058722}}

@article{Novacek:1992,
	Abstract = {Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues. 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Novacek, M. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {*Phylogeny;Mammals/classification/*genetics;Fossils;Evolution;N;Animals;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {6365},
	Organization = {American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024.},
	Pages = {121-5},
	Pubmed = {1545862},
	Title = {Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree},
	Uuid = {BF935FC0-988A-4874-998A-0FDF23AE1F45},
	Volume = {356},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1545862}}

@article{Nowak:2006,
	Abstract = {Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.},
	Author = {Nowak, Martin A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Helping Behavior;Mathematics;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Selection (Genetics);Community Networks;09 Evolutionary dynamics;Family;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Cooperative Behavior;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Evolution;Game Theory;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5805},
	Organization = {Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. martin\_nowak\@harvard.edu},
	Pages = {1560-3},
	Pii = {314/5805/1560},
	Pubmed = {17158317},
	Title = {Five rules for the evolution of cooperation},
	Uuid = {D5507917-F9E4-40D5-8D37-4084816E5E99},
	Volume = {314},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Nowak_Science2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755}}

@article{Nowakowski:1989,
	Abstract = {A cumulative labelling protocol using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was followed to determine: (1) the growth fraction (i.e., the proportion of cells that comprise the proliferating population), (2) the length of the cell cycle, and (3) the length of the DNA-synthetic phase (S-phase) for proliferative cells in the dentate gyrus of the mouse. On postnatal day 20 (P20), C57BL/6J mice were injected with BUdR at two hour intervals for a total period of 12 hours. Animals were sacrificed at selected intervals, and the brains were processed for immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody directed against single-stranded DNA containing BUdR. The numbers of BUdR-labelled and unlabelled cells in sections through the hilus of the dentate gyrus were counted. The number of BUdR-labelled cells increased linearly from an initial value of about 12\%of the total number of cells to a maximum value of just over 24\%of the total. These findings indicate that, at P20, a maximum of 24.2 +/- 1.2\%of the cells in the dentate hilus are part of the proliferating population. The calculated length of the cell cycle of the cells comprising the intrahilar proliferative zone was estimated to be 16.1 +/- 0.8 h. The length of the S-phase was estimated at 8.0 +/- 0.4 h. In addition, mathematical analysis, using one and two population models, indicates that over 90\%of the proliferating cells in the dentate hilus at this age comprise a single population at least in terms of the lengths of the cell cycle and the S-phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Nowakowski, R. S. and Lewin, S. B. and Miller, M. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:37 -0400},
	Issn = {0300-4864},
	Journal = {J Neurocytol},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;01 Adult neurogenesis general;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Immunohistochemistry;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time Factors;Cell Cycle;Animals;Interphase;Bromodeoxyuridine;Mice, Inbred Strains;Mice},
	Medline = {89310645},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0364620},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854.},
	Pages = {311-8},
	Pubmed = {2746304},
	Title = {Bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical determination of the lengths of the cell cycle and the DNA-synthetic phase for an anatomically defined population},
	Uuid = {F1896EB1-429E-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Nowakowski:2006,
	Author = {Nowakowski, Richard S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;comment;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08873, USA. rsn\@umdnj.edu},
	Pages = {12219-20},
	Pii = {0605605103},
	Pubmed = {16894140},
	Title = {Stable neuron numbers from cradle to grave},
	Uuid = {050E72AD-6EB4-4569-BC73-56865C878E9B},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Nowakowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605605103}}

@article{Nowakowski:2000,
	Author = {Nowakowski, R. S. and Hayes, N. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Macaca;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Immunohistochemistry;Cell Division;Neocortex;DNA Repair;Biological Markers;Cell Death;comment;DNA Replication;Animals;Bromodeoxyuridine;Cell Movement;Brain;Neurons},
	Medline = {20266944},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5467},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. rsn\@umdnj.edu},
	Pages = {771},
	Pubmed = {10809639},
	Title = {New neurons: extraordinary evidence or extraordinary conclusion?},
	Uuid = {41C0910E-D38B-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {288},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Nowakowski_Science2000.pdf}}

@article{Nuriya:2006,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory inputs in the brain. Although it is clear that spines compartmentalize calcium, it is still unknown what role, if any, they play in integrating synaptic inputs. To investigate the electrical function of spines directly, we used second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of membrane potential in pyramidal neurons from hippocampal cultures and neocortical brain slices. With FM 4-64 as an intracellular SHG chromophore, we imaged membrane potential in the soma, dendritic branches, and spines. The SHG response to voltage was linear and seemed based on an electro-optic mechanism. The SHG sensitivity of the chromophore in spines was similar to that of the parent dendritic shaft and the soma. Backpropagation of somatic action potentials generated SHG signals at spines with similar amplitude and kinetics to somatic ones. Our optical measurements of membrane potential from spines demonstrate directly that backpropagating action potentials invade the spines.},
	Author = {Nuriya, Mutsuo and Jiang, Jiang and Nemet, Boaz and Eisenthal, Kenneth B. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Animals;In Vitro;Microscopy, Confocal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Dendritic Spines;Pyramidal Cells;Mice, Inbred C57BL;21 Calcium imaging;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Pyridinium Compounds;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {786-90},
	Pii = {0510092103},
	Pubmed = {16407122},
	Title = {Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {8F3F4486-96D1-44EB-A236-2F1A1532FE38},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510092103}}

@article{Nusser:2001,
	Abstract = {Synchronized neural activity is believed to be essential for many CNS functions, including neuronal development, sensory perception, and memory formation. In several brain areas GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition is thought to be important for the generation of synchronous network activity. We have used GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit deficient mice (beta3-/-) to study the role of GABAergic inhibition in the generation of network oscillations in the olfactory bulb (OB) and to reveal the role of such oscillations in olfaction. The expression of functional GABA(A) receptors was drastically reduced (>93\%) in beta3-/- granule cells, the local inhibitory interneurons of the OB. This was revealed by a large reduction of muscimol-evoked whole- cell current and the total current mediated by spontaneous, miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). In beta3-/- mitral/tufted cells (principal cells), there was a two-fold increase in mIPSC amplitudes without any significant change in their kinetics or frequency. In parallel with the altered inhibition, there was a significant increase in the amplitude of theta (80\%increase) and gamma (178\%increase) frequency oscillations in beta3-/- OBs recorded in vivo from freely moving mice. In odor discrimination tests, we found beta3-/- mice to be initially the same as, but better with experience than beta3+/+ mice in distinguishing closely related monomolecular alcohols. However, beta3-/- mice were initially better and then worse with practice than control mice in distinguishing closely related mixtures of alcohols. Our results indicate that the disruption of GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition of GABAergic interneurons and the augmentation of IPSCs in principal cells result in increased network oscillations in the OB with complex effects on olfactory discrimination, which can be explained by an increase in the size or effective power of oscillating neural cell assemblies among the mitral cells of beta3-/- mice.},
	Author = {Nusser, Z. and Kay, L. M. and Laurent, G. and Homanics, G. E. and Mody, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Electrophysiology;Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology;Animal;Motor Activity/physiology;Nerve Net/*physiology;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology;Odors;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology;Receptors, GABA-A/genetics/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice, Knockout;Smell/genetics/*physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;I pdf;Mice;Immunohistochemistry;Interneurons/*physiology},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095- 1769, California, USA. nusser\@koki.hu},
	Pages = {2823-33.},
	Title = {Disruption of GABA(A) receptors on GABAergic interneurons leads to increased oscillatory power in the olfactory bulb network},
	Uuid = {63581941-F70D-483C-B0EC-DE192C5BCE23},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Nusser_JNeurophysiol2001}}


@article{ONeill:2008,
	Abstract = {The hippocampus is thought to be involved in episodic memory formation by reactivating traces of waking experience during sleep. Indeed, the joint firing of spatially tuned pyramidal cells encoding nearby places recur during sleep. We found that the sleep cofiring of rat CA1 pyramidal cells encoding similar places increased relative to the sleep session before exploration. This cofiring increase depended on the number of times that cells fired together with short latencies (<50 ms) during exploration, and was strongest between cells representing the most visited places. This is indicative of a Hebbian learning rule in which changes in firing associations between cells are determined by the number of waking coincident firing events. In contrast, cells encoding different locations reduced their cofiring in proportion to the number of times that they fired independently. Together these data indicate that reactivated patterns are shaped by both positive and negative changes in cofiring, which are determined by recent behavior.},
	Author = {O'Neill, Joseph and Senior, Timothy J. and Allen, Kevin and Huxter, John R. and Csicsvari, Jozsef},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.},
	Pages = {209-15},
	Pii = {nn2037},
	Pubmed = {18193040},
	Title = {Reactivation of experience-dependent cell assembly patterns in the hippocampus},
	Uuid = {E7D0A4B6-B1B0-40D7-8E9E-A2824F59525A},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/O'Neill_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2037}}








@article{Oguro:2001,
	Abstract = {Gap junctions are conductive channels that connect the interiors of coupled cells. In the hippocampus, GABA-containing hippocampal interneurons are interconnected by gap junctions, which mediate electrical coupling and synchronous firing and thereby promote inhibitory transmission. The present study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that the gap junctional proteins connexin 32 (Cx32; expressed by oligodendrocytes, interneurons, or both), Cx36 (expressed by interneurons), and Cx43 (expressed by astrocytes) play a role in defining cell-specific patterns of neuronal death in hippocampus after global ischemia in mice. Global ischemia did not significantly alter Cx32 and Cx36 mRNA expression and slightly increased Cx43 mRNA expression in the vulnerable CA1, as assessed by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Global ischemia induced a selective increase in Cx32 and Cx36 but not Cx43 protein abundance in CA1 before onset of neuronal death, as assessed by Western blot analysis. The increase in Cx32 and Cx36 expression was intense and specific to parvalbumin- positive inhibitory interneurons of CA1, as assessed by double immunofluorescence. Protein abundance was unchanged in CA3 and dentate gyrus. The finding of increase in connexin protein without increase in mRNA suggests regulation of Cx32 and Cx36 expression at the translational or post-translational level. Cx32(Y/-) null mice exhibited enhanced vulnerability to brief ischemic insults, consistent with a role for Cx32 gap junctions in neuronal survival. These findings suggest that Cx32 and Cx36 gap junctions may contribute to the survival and resistance of GABAergic interneurons, thereby defining cell- specific patterns of global ischemia-induced neuronal death.},
	Author = {Oguro, K. and Jover, T. and Tanaka, H. and Lin, Y. and Kojima, T. and Oguro, N. and Grooms, S. Y. and Bennett, M. V. and Zukin, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Eye Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Interneurons/metabolism/pathology;Up-Regulation;Parvalbumins/biosynthesis;Astrocytes/metabolism/pathology;07 Excitotoxicity Apoptosis;*Genetic Predisposition to Disease;Animal;Brain Ischemia/*genetics/*metabolism/pathology;Hippocampus/*metabolism/pathology;Cell Survival/genetics;Mice, Knockout;Oligodendroglia/metabolism/pathology;Connexins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism;Connexin 43/genetics/metabolism;Down-Regulation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;RNA, Messenger/metabolism;E;Neural Inhibition},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.},
	Pages = {7534-42.},
	Title = {Global ischemia-induced increases in the gap junctional proteins connexin 32 (Cx32) and Cx36 in hippocampus and enhanced vulnerability of Cx32 knock-out mice},
	Uuid = {C389BB34-E2C0-4CD4-9F07-08B1D2F6B9B8},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11567043%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/21/19/7534%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/19/7534}}

@article{Oh:1995,
	Abstract = {GABAergic inhibition synchronizes oscillatory activity in the thalamocortical system. To understand better the role of this neurotransmitter in generation of thalamocortical rhythmicity, the postnatal development of GABAergic function mediated through activation of GABAA receptors was studied in thalamus and cortex. GABA-evoked chloride currents were recorded in dissociated rat cortical and thalamic neurons during postnatal development. Kinetic fits of GABA concentration/response relationships revealed developmental and regional alterations in the potency of GABA. Early in postnatal development (p5-p8), both thalamic and cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of GABA (27-31 microM KD). Potency increased by p18-p25 in thalamic and cortical neurons (19-22 microM KD), to a level maintained in adult thalamic neurons. Adult cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of GABA (40 microM KD). Benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA currents was also studied. Kinetic analyses of benzodiazepine augmentation of GABAA currents were best fitted assuming two effective sites with different affinities for clonazepam. The high-affinity site (KD of 0.05-0.27 nM) showed little variation with development in cortical neurons, contributing about 16-23\%potentiation at all postnatal ages. Developing thalamic neurons (p5-p25) showed similar potency and efficacy of the high-affinity benzodiazepine site to cortical neurons. High-affinity benzodiazepine effects disappeared in adult thalamic neurons. A lower-affinity benzodiazepine site (25-50 nM KD) was greater in efficacy in cortical neurons compared to thalamic neurons at all ages, with efficacy ranging from 50\%to 110\%in cortex and from 20\%to 60\%in thalamus. Knowledge of developmental and regional alterations in GABAA receptor function may aid in understanding mechanisms involved in generation and control of normal and pathological thalamocortical rhythms.},
	Author = {Oh, K. S. and Lee, C. J. and Gibbs, J. W. and Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Aging;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Clonazepam;Rats;Chlorides;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, GABA;Animals, Newborn;Electrophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Thalamus;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Cell Separation},
	Medline = {95173675},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond.},
	Pages = {1341-51},
	Pubmed = {7869102},
	Title = {Postnatal development of GABAA receptor function in somatosensory thalamus and cortex: whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in acutely isolated rat neurons},
	Uuid = {D83E766F-9464-4736-8CE8-94C8936FF30B},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1995}}



@article{Ohki:2007,
	Abstract = {Research on the functional anatomy of visual cortical circuits has recently zoomed in from the macroscopic level to the microscopic. High-resolution functional imaging has revealed that the functional architecture of orientation maps in higher mammals is built with single-cell precision. By contrast, orientation selectivity in rodents is dispersed on visual cortex in a salt-and-pepper fashion, despite highly tuned visual responses. Recent studies of synaptic physiology indicate that there are disjoint subnetworks of interconnected cells in the rodent visual cortex. These intermingled subnetworks, described in vitro, may relate to the intermingled ensembles of cells tuned to different orientations, described in vivo. This hypothesis may soon be tested with new anatomic techniques that promise to reveal the detailed wiring diagram of cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Ohki, Kenichi and Reid, R. Clay},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {401-7},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(07)00090-6},
	Pubmed = {17720489},
	Title = {Specificity and randomness in the visual cortex},
	Uuid = {3F2FB081-CD87-4E67-840F-6E4C694F3356},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Ohki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.007}}

@article{Ohki:2005,
	Abstract = {Neurons in the cerebral cortex are organized into anatomical columns, with ensembles of cells arranged from the surface to the white matter. Within a column, neurons often share functional properties, such as selectivity for stimulus orientation; columns with distinct properties, such as different preferred orientations, tile the cortical surface in orderly patterns. This functional architecture was discovered with the relatively sparse sampling of microelectrode recordings. Optical imaging of membrane voltage or metabolic activity elucidated the overall geometry of functional maps, but is averaged over many cells (resolution >100 microm). Consequently, the purity of functional domains and the precision of the borders between them could not be resolved. Here, we labelled thousands of neurons of the visual cortex with a calcium-sensitive indicator in vivo. We then imaged the activity of neuronal populations at single-cell resolution with two-photon microscopy up to a depth of 400 microm. In rat primary visual cortex, neurons had robust orientation selectivity but there was no discernible local structure; neighbouring neurons often responded to different orientations. In area 18 of cat visual cortex, functional maps were organized at a fine scale. Neurons with opposite preferences for stimulus direction were segregated with extraordinary spatial precision in three dimensions, with columnar borders one to two cells wide. These results indicate that cortical maps can be built with single-cell precision.},
	Author = {Ohki, Kenichi and Chung, Sooyoung and Ch'ng, Yeang H. and Kara, Prakash and Reid, R. Clay},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cats;Rats, Long-Evans;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Analysis of Variance;Electrophysiology;Calcium Signaling;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;23 Technique},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7026},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {597-603},
	Pii = {nature03274},
	Pubmed = {15660108},
	Title = {Functional imaging with cellular resolution reveals precise micro-architecture in visual cortex},
	Uuid = {1DCBC0BF-372C-4977-AD87-46415207E6FA},
	Volume = {433},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Ohki_Nature2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03274}}

@article{Ohki:2006,
	Abstract = {In the visual cortex of higher mammals, neurons are arranged across the cortical surface in an orderly map of preferred stimulus orientations. This map contains 'orientation pinwheels', structures that are arranged like the spokes of a wheel such that orientation changes continuously around a centre. Conventional optical imaging first demonstrated these pinwheels, but the technique lacked the spatial resolution to determine the response properties and arrangement of cells near pinwheel centres. Electrophysiological recordings later demonstrated sharply selective neurons near pinwheel centres, but it remained unclear whether they were arranged randomly or in an orderly fashion. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging in vivo to determine the microstructure of pinwheel centres in cat visual cortex with single-cell resolution. We find that pinwheel centres are highly ordered: neurons selective to different orientations are clearly segregated even in the very centre. Thus, pinwheel centres truly represent singularities in the cortical map. This highly ordered arrangement at the level of single cells suggests great precision in the development of cortical circuits underlying orientation selectivity.},
	Author = {Ohki, Kenichi and Chung, Sooyoung and Kara, Prakash and H{\"u}bener, Mark and Bonhoeffer, Tobias and Reid, R. Clay},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Models, Neurological;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Electrophysiology;Morphogenesis;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7105},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {925-8},
	Pii = {nature05019},
	Pubmed = {16906137},
	Title = {Highly ordered arrangement of single neurons in orientation pinwheels},
	Uuid = {5147DCE8-8123-4FE3-B780-0FE01AD89DFA},
	Volume = {442},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ohki_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05019}}





@article{Ohtsuki:2006,
	Abstract = {A fundamental aspect of all biological systems is cooperation. Cooperative interactions are required for many levels of biological organization ranging from single cells to groups of animals. Human society is based to a large extent on mechanisms that promote cooperation. It is well known that in unstructured populations, natural selection favours defectors over cooperators. There is much current interest, however, in studying evolutionary games in structured populations and on graphs. These efforts recognize the fact that who-meets-whom is not random, but determined by spatial relationships or social networks. Here we describe a surprisingly simple rule that is a good approximation for all graphs that we have analysed, including cycles, spatial lattices, random regular graphs, random graphs and scale-free networks: natural selection favours cooperation, if the benefit of the altruistic act, b, divided by the cost, c, exceeds the average number of neighbours, k, which means b/c > k. In this case, cooperation can evolve as a consequence of 'social viscosity' even in the absence of reputation effects or strategic complexity.},
	Author = {Ohtsuki, Hisashi and Hauert, Christoph and Lieberman, Erez and Nowak, Martin A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Altruism;20 Networks;Models, Biological;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Selection (Genetics);09 Evolutionary dynamics;Social Support;Cooperative Behavior;Evolution;Costs and Cost Analysis;Game Theory;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7092},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.},
	Pages = {502-5},
	Pii = {nature04605},
	Pubmed = {16724065},
	Title = {A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks},
	Uuid = {C3D00447-D136-438D-A81C-F52425D3DD1E},
	Volume = {441},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ohtsuki_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04605}}


@article{Oka:2006,
	Abstract = {Odorant identity is represented in the olfactory bulb (OB) by the glomerular activity pattern, which reflects a combination of activated odorant receptors (ORs) in the olfactory epithelium. To elucidate this neuronal circuit at the molecular level, we established a functional OR identification strategy based on glomerular activity by combining in vivo Ca(2+) imaging, retrograde dye labeling, and single-cell RT-PCR. Spatial and functional mapping of OR-defined glomeruli revealed that the glomerular positional relationship varied considerably between individual animals, resulting in different OR maps in the OB. Notably, OR-defined glomeruli exhibited different ligand spectra and far higher sensitivity compared to the in vitro pharmacological properties of corresponding ORs. Moreover, we found that the olfactory mucus was an important factor in the regulation of in vivo odorant responsiveness. Our results provide a methodology to examine in vivo glomerular responses at the receptor level and further help address the long-standing issues of olfactory sensitivity and specificity under physiological conditions.},
	Author = {Oka, Yuki and Katada, Sayako and Omura, Masayo and Suwa, Makiko and Yoshihara, Yoshihiro and Touhara, Kazushige},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;24 Pubmed search results 2008;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.},
	Pages = {857-69},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00819-1},
	Pubmed = {17145506},
	Title = {Odorant receptor map in the mouse olfactory bulb: in vivo sensitivity and specificity of receptor-defined glomeruli},
	Uuid = {CF40FB77-7426-4744-8399-D72C8F3C7178},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.019}}



@article{Oldham:2006,
	Abstract = {Comparisons of gene expression between human and non-human primate brains have identified hundreds of differentially expressed genes, yet translating these lists into key functional distinctions between species has proved difficult. Here we provide a more integrated view of human brain evolution by examining the large-scale organization of gene coexpression networks in human and chimpanzee brains. We identify modules of coexpressed genes that correspond to discrete brain regions and quantify their conservation between the species. Module conservation in cerebral cortex is significantly weaker than module conservation in subcortical brain regions, revealing a striking gradient that parallels known evolutionary hierarchies. We introduce a method for identifying species-specific network connections and demonstrate how differential network connectivity can be used to identify key drivers of evolutionary change. By integrating our results with comparative genomic sequence data and estimates of protein sequence divergence rates, we confirm a number of network predictions and validate these findings. Our results provide insights into the molecular bases of primate brain organization and demonstrate the general utility of weighted gene coexpression network analysis.},
	Author = {Oldham, Michael C. and Horvath, Steve and Geschwind, Daniel H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {47},
	Organization = {Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, Program in Neurogenetics, and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6814, USA.},
	Pages = {17973-8},
	Pii = {0605938103},
	Pubmed = {17101986},
	Title = {Conservation and evolution of gene coexpression networks in human and chimpanzee brains},
	Uuid = {A421E75A-D73A-43C9-BBB2-1F5B605834E3},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605938103}}

@article{Oleary:2006,
	Abstract = {The graded expression of transcription factors by progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ) confers positional or area identity that is inherited by subplate (SP) neurons and governs their expression of guidance molecules for thalamocortical axons and other properties required for cortical area specification. This mechanism would be most efficient if VZ progenitors and their SP neuronal progeny maintain neighbor relationships during the generation of the preplate (PP), the precursor of the SP. Therefore, a major goal of this study is to determine whether progenitors in the cortical VZ and their progeny maintain neighbor relationships during the genesis of the neocortical PP. We used time-lapse video microscopy to follow the movements of VZ progenitors and the radial movement of their progeny and distribution in the PP in whole-mount or slice cortical explants from embryonic rats at stages when PP neurons are generated. We show that labeled VZ cells proliferate and have a strong tendency to retain neighbor relationships within the VZ and that their neuronal progeny move superficially along a radial column to form the overlying PP; during this process, their neuronal progeny also retain neighbor relationships and thereby form the PP in spatial register with the VZ progenitors that generate them. This behavior differs from that reported at later stages of cortical development, when cortical plate (CP) neurons are generated, and considerable dispersion is evident among both cells within the VZ and neuronal progeny as they migrate from the VZ to the CP. However, our findings show that at the early stage of cortical development, when PP/SP neurons are generated, the VZ is, at a cellular level, a "protomap" of the PP/SP.},
	Author = {O'leary, Dennis D. M. and Borngasser, Douglass},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {Suppl 1},
	Organization = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {i46-i56},
	Pii = {16/suppl_1/i46},
	Pubmed = {16766707},
	Title = {Cortical Ventricular Zone Progenitors and Their Progeny Maintain Spatial Relationships and Radial Patterning during Preplate Development Indicating an Early Protomap},
	Uuid = {EF8A93E3-6028-4AD7-925B-B87BA55468AD},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhk019}}






@article{Onat:2002,
	Abstract = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) has been implicated as an area controlling autonomic activity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate connections of the anterior and posterior DMH to the forebrain structures, using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport technique in rats. The results of HRP labelling show that the anterior and posterior DMH indicate a number of differences in their connections. The posterior DMH has intense connections with the cortex (cingulate, frontal, parietal and insular), amygdala (lateral and basolateral) and hippocampus (CA1 and CA2), whereas the anterior DMH has faint connections with the cortex (cingulate, frontal and parietal) and prominent connections with the septal and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. These differences in connections of the DMH may provide sites for the specific autonomic function integrated by the DMH.},
	Author = {Onat, Filiz Yilmaz and Aker, Rezzan and Sehirli, Umit and San, Tang{\"u}l and Cavdar, Safiye},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {1422-6405},
	Journal = {Cells Tissues Organs},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Rats;Female;Neural Pathways;Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus;Brain Mapping;Prosencephalon;Horseradish Peroxidase;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Medline = {22250784},
	Nlm_Id = {100883360},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. fonat\@escortnet.com},
	Pages = {48-52},
	Pii = {cto72048},
	Pubmed = {12364828},
	Title = {Connections of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus from the forebrain structures in the rat},
	Uuid = {7169CAAA-C619-411D-9305-FADF4B7168C3},
	Volume = {172},
	Year = {2002}}





@article{Oray:2006,
	Abstract = {It is increasingly clear that dendritic spines play an important role in compartmentalizing post-synaptic signals and that their dynamic morphological properties have functional consequences. Here, we examine this issue using two-photon microscopy to characterize spine motility on layer V pyramidal neurons in acute slices of the developing mouse cortex. In this system, all spine classes except filopodia become less dynamic as development proceeds. General manipulations of activity (TTX or KCl treatment) do not alter spine dynamics, although increased glutamatergic transmission (AMPA or NMDA treatment) stabilizes developing cortical spines. These effects on spine dynamics do not appear to be related to AMPA or NMDA receptor expression as assessed with immunolabeling, as there is no correlation between spine motility and AMPA (GluR1/2) or NMDA (NR1/NR2B) receptor subunit expression on a spine by spine basis. These results indicate that activity through glutamatergic synapses is important for regulating spine motility in the developing mouse cortex, and that the relative complement of receptors, while different across morphological classifications, cannot account for differences in dynamic structural changes in dendritic spines.},
	Author = {Oray, Serkan and Majewska, Ania and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Peptide Fragments;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Male;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Cell Movement;Synapses;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Circuit structure-function;Dendrites;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Potassium Chloride;N-Methylaspartate;Pyramidal Cells;21 Activity-development;Aging;Anesthetics, Local;Tetrodotoxin;Actins;Receptors, AMPA;21 Neurophysiology;Microscopy, Confocal;Mice;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Mice, Transgenic},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {730-41},
	Pii = {bhj019},
	Pubmed = {16120796},
	Title = {Effects of synaptic activity on dendritic spine motility of developing cortical layer v pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {0E7EB116-1C39-41EC-8E08-0C0952AA7259},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Oray_CerebCortex2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj019}}

@article{Oray:2004,
	Abstract = {The mammalian primary visual cortex (V1) is especially susceptible to changes in visual input over a well-defined critical period, during which closing one eye leads to a loss of responsiveness of neurons to the deprived eye and a shift in response toward the open eye. This functional plasticity can occur rapidly, following even a single day of eye closure, although the structural bases of these changes are unknown. Here, we show that rapid structural changes at the level of dendritic spines occur following brief monocular deprivation. These changes are evident in the supra- and infragranular layers of the binocular zone and can be mimicked by degradation of the extracellular matrix with the tPA/plasmin proteolytic cascade. Further, monocular deprivation occludes a subsequent effect of matrix degradation, suggesting that this mechanism is active in vivo to permit structural remodeling during ocular dominance plasticity.},
	Author = {Oray, Serkan and Majewska, Ania and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Dendritic Spines;in vitro;Extracellular Matrix;comparative study;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Vision, Monocular},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {1021-30},
	Pii = {S0896627304007901},
	Pubmed = {15603744},
	Title = {Dendritic spine dynamics are regulated by monocular deprivation and extracellular matrix degradation},
	Uuid = {49DAAC42-F0D9-44C7-92CE-E08FA97B1552},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Oray_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.001}}








@article{Otsubo:1997,
	Abstract = {Most epileptiform abnormalities show a negative polarity on EEG. Focal positive spike waves have rarely been identified in seizure disorders and are generally associated with physiological and neurological impairment. Results of EEG, computed tomography, MRI, and pathologic studies of 15 children with focal neuronal migration disorders who underwent surgery for refractory localization-related epilepsy were compared to examine the association between positive discharges and other findings. Subjects were studied both ictally and interictally by scalp EEG with the International 10-20 system and zygomatic or sphenoidal electrodes, and video EEG telemetry. The 5 children with positive discharges were significantly more likely to develop hemiparesis during the preoperative period (P < or = .025). Correlations were observed between positive discharges and lesions apparent on MRI situated around the rolandic fissure (P < or = .025). Children with positive discharges had a significantly less favorable outcome after surgical treatment (P < or = .025). Positive epilepti-form discharges in children with neuronal migration disorders may signal a more dysfunctional cortex leading to a focal neurological deficit or a more extended lesion than is detected on MRI. This would explain the less favorable outcome of seizures after surgery, since the epileptogenic areas and neuronal migration lesions cannot be completely resected.},
	Author = {Otsubo, H. and Steinlin, M. and Hwang, P. A. and Sharma, R. and Jay, V. and Becker, L. E. and Hoffman, H. J. and Blaser, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0887-8994},
	Journal = {Pediatr Neurol},
	Keywords = {Spasms, Infantile;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Dominance, Cerebral;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Child, Preschool;Evoked Potentials;Humans;Brain;21 Epilepsy;Female;Cell Movement;Infant;Tomography, X-Ray Computed;Male;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Telemetry;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {97197337},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8508183},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.},
	Pages = {23-31},
	Pii = {S0887899496002548},
	Pubmed = {9044397},
	Title = {Positive epileptiform discharges in children with neuronal migration disorders},
	Uuid = {6A028EDD-87D2-44BB-BE44-34F05A95FDF3},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Ourednik:1998,
	Abstract = {Remodeling of the mechanically injured cerebral cortex of kittens was studied in the presence of a neural xenograft taken from mouse fetuses. Solid neural tissue from the neopallium of a 14-day-old fetus was transferred into a cavity prepared in visual cortical area 18 of 33-day-old kittens. Injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were used to monitor postoperative cell proliferation. Two months after transplantation, the presence of graft tissue in the recipient brain was assessed by Thy-1 immunohistochemistry. Antibodies specific for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes and hematoxylin staining for endothelial cells were used for the characterization of proliferating (BrdU+) cells. The following were the major observations: 1) Of ten transplanted kittens, four had the cavity completely filled with neural tissue that resembled the intact cerebral cortex in its cytoarchitecture, whereas, in four other kittens, the cavity was partially closed. In two kittens, the cavity remained or became larger, which was also the case with all four sham-operated (lesioned, without graft) animals. 2) A substantial part of the remodeled tissue was of host origin. Only a few donor cells survived and dispersed widely in the host parenchyme. 3) In the remodeled region of transplanted animals, the densities of nerve, glial, and endothelial cells were similar to those in intact animals. 4) Cell proliferation increased after transplantation but only within a limited time, because, 2 months after the operation, the number of mitotic cells in the grafted cerebral cortex did not differ from that in intact controls. Our data suggest that the xenograft evokes repair processes in the kitten visual cortex that lead to structural recovery from a mechanical insult. The regeneration seems to rely on a complex interplay of many different mechanisms, including attenuation of necrosis, cell proliferation, and immigration of host cells into the wounded area.},
	Author = {Ourednik, J. and Ourednik, W. and Mitchell, D. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Transplantation, Heterologous;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cats;Immunohistochemistry;Neuronal Plasticity;Female;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Neocortex;Animals;Mice;Male;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Bromodeoxyuridine},
	Medline = {98250430},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. jitka.ourednik\@neuro.biol.ethz.ch},
	Pages = {91-111},
	Pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980525)395:1<91::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-C},
	Pubmed = {9590548},
	Title = {Remodeling of lesioned kitten visual cortex after xenotransplantation of fetal mouse neopallium},
	Uuid = {DC986010-0770-41E7-B000-5536682AC86F},
	Volume = {395},
	Year = {1998}}






@article{Owens:2000,
	Abstract = {Cell-cell signaling within the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) has been shown to influence the proliferation of VZ precursor cells and the subsequent differentiation and fate of postmitotic neurons. Calcium (Ca(2+)), a ubiquitous second messenger implicated in the regulation of many aspects of development, may play a role in these signaling events. Accordingly, we have examined the spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) fluctuations of cells within the intact neocortical VZ. Previous observations have demonstrated that similar patterns of spontaneous [Ca(2+)](i) increase occur in both proliferative and postmitotic cortical cells, suggesting that they may be mechanistically similar. Our results suggest that the changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in VZ cells and cortical plate neurons are likely triggered by different mechansims, and imply that similar changes in [Ca(2+)](i) may underlie different signaling events during distinct phases of neocortical development.},
	Author = {Owens, D. F. and Flint, A. C. and Dammerman, R. S. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0378-5866},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel;Animals;Osmolar Concentration;Rats;Neocortex;Cycloleucine;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Calcium;Embryonic and Fetal Development;Embryo;Cerebral Ventricles;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Intracellular Membranes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20125897},
	Nlm_Id = {7809375},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, The Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA.},
	Pages = {25-33},
	Pii = {dne22025},
	Pubmed = {10657695},
	Title = {Calcium dynamics of neocortical ventricular zone cells},
	Uuid = {D36C1A31-1C93-45F1-AF0E-6A8CAC909102},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Owens:1996,
	Abstract = {Gramicidin perforated-patch-clamp recordings in brain slices were used to obtain an accurate assessment of the developmental change in the GABAA receptor reversal potential (EGABAA) in embryonic and early postnatal rat neocortical cells including neuroepithelial precursor cells, cortical plate neurons, and postnatal neocortical neurons. Our results demonstrate that there is a progressive negative shift in EGABAA with the most positive values found in the youngest cortical precursor cells. At the early stages of neocortical development, EGABAA is determined by the chloride (Cl-) gradient, and the internal chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) decreases with development. EGABAA is positive to the resting potential, indicating that GABA serves to depolarize developing neocortical cells. Consistent with this conclusion, GABAA receptor activation with muscimol was found-to increase the internal calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in both embryonic and early postnatal neocortical cells through the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Postnatal cells exhibit spontaneous postsynaptic synaptic currents, which are eliminated by bicuculline methiodide (BMI) but not glutamate receptor antagonists and reverse at the Cl- equilibrium potential. Likewise, brief spontaneous increases in [Ca2+]i, sensitive to BMI and TTX, are observed at the same ages, suggesting that endogenous synaptic GABAA receptor activation can depolarize cells and activate VGCCs. These results suggest that GABAA receptor-mediated depolarization may influence early neocortical developmental events, including neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, through the activation of Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction pathways.},
	Author = {Owens, D. F. and Boyce, L. H. and Davis, M. B. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time Factors;Calcium;Receptors, GABA;Animals, Newborn;Gramicidin;Muscimol;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cerebral Cortex;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {97000877},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA.},
	Pages = {6414-23},
	Pubmed = {8815920},
	Title = {Excitatory GABA responses in embryonic and neonatal cortical slices demonstrated by gramicidin perforated-patch recordings and calcium imaging},
	Uuid = {072DC703-F92E-4B7C-BA93-91C0AB7F787C},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Owens:1998,
	Abstract = {Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) are known to influence a variety of events in developing neurons. Although spontaneous changes of [Ca2+]i have been examined in immature cortical neurons, the calcium dynamics of cortical precursor cells have received less attention. Using an intact cortical mantle and confocal laser microscopy, we examined the spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous [Ca2+]i fluctuations in neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) cells in situ. The majority of activity consisted of single cells that displayed independent [Ca2+]i fluctuations. These events occurred in cells throughout the depth of the VZ. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that these events occurred primarily in precursor cells rather than in postmitotic neurons. When imaging near the ventricular surface, synchronous spontaneous [Ca2+]i increases were frequently observed in pairs of adjacent cells. Cellular morphology, time-lapse imaging, and nuclear staining demonstrated that this activity occurred in mitotically active cells. A third and infrequently encountered pattern of activity consisted of coordinated spontaneous increases in [Ca2+]i in groups of neighboring VZ cells. The morphological characteristics of these cells and immunohistochemical staining suggested that the coordinated events occurred in gap junction-coupled precursor cells. All three patterns of activity were dependent on the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. These results demonstrate distinct patterns of spontaneous [Ca2+]i change in cortical precursor cells and raise the possibility that these dynamics may contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis.},
	Author = {Owens, D. F. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Immunohistochemistry;Cell Aging;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time Factors;Rats;Stem Cells;Calcium;In Vitro;Animals;Cerebral Ventricles;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Medline = {98315211},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and The Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {5374-88},
	Pubmed = {9651220},
	Title = {Patterns of intracellular calcium fluctuation in precursor cells of the neocortical ventricular zone},
	Uuid = {7D283158-88C7-4D55-8C00-441E5B7B5CDC},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Owens:2002,
	Abstract = {In the mature brain, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) functions primarily as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. But it can also act as a trophic factor during nervous system development to influence events such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse maturation and cell death. GABA mediates these processes by the activation of traditional ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, and probably by both synaptic and non-synaptic mechanisms. However, the functional properties of GABA receptor signalling in the immature brain are significantly different from, and in some ways opposite to, those found in the adult brain. The unique features of the early-appearing GABA signalling systems might help to explain how GABA acts as a developmental signal.},
	Author = {Owens, David F. and Kriegstein, Arnold R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Central Nervous System;Presynaptic Terminals;Signal Transduction;Neural Inhibition;Receptors, GABA;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Humans;Animals;Nerve Growth Factors;review},
	Medline = {22199620},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Building 36, Room 3C09, 36 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092, USA.},
	Pages = {715-27},
	Pii = {nrn919},
	Pubmed = {12209120},
	Title = {Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition?},
	Uuid = {FBEBE0B4-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Owens_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn919}}



@article{Pak:2004,
	Abstract = {Pathfinding of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons at the midline optic chiasm determines whether RGCs project to ipsilateral or contralateral brain visual centers, critical for binocular vision. Using Isl2tau-lacZ knockin mice, we show that the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Isl2 marks only contralaterally projecting RGCs. The transcription factor Zic2 and guidance receptor EphB1, required by RGCs to project ipsilaterally, colocalize in RGCs distinct from Isl2 RGCs in the ventral-temporal crescent (VTC), the source of ipsilateral projections. Isl2 knockout mice have an increased ipsilateral projection originating from significantly more RGCs limited to the VTC. Isl2 knockouts also have increased Zic2 and EphB1 expression and significantly more Zic2 RGCs in the VTC. We conclude that Isl2 specifies RGC laterality by repressing an ipsilateral pathfinding program unique to VTC RGCs and involving Zic2 and EphB1. This genetic hierarchy controls binocular vision by regulating the magnitude and source of ipsilateral projections and reveals unique retinal domains.},
	Author = {Pak, Winnie and Hindges, Robert and Lim, Yoo-Shick S. and Pfaff, Samuel L. and O'Leary, Dennis D. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Transcription Factors;Retina;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Functional Laterality;Receptor, EphB2;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Gene Expression Regulation;Vision, Binocular;Mice, Mutant Strains;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;Mice;Homeodomain Proteins;Visual Pathways;Axons},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Molecular Neurobiology Lab, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {567-78},
	Pii = {S0092867404010037},
	Pubmed = {15537545},
	Title = {Magnitude of binocular vision controlled by islet-2 repression of a genetic program that specifies laterality of retinal axon pathfinding},
	Uuid = {B803129D-4B21-4A2A-8929-85F6F00BE673},
	Volume = {119},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Pak_Cell2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.026}}











@article{Palmini:1991,
	Abstract = {Diffuse neuronal migration disorders associated with epilepsy can now be recognized by modern neuroimaging techniques, particularly high-resolution MRI. We report 10 patients with a recently described MRI picture of continuous or generalized band heterotopia underlying the cortical mantle, giving the appearance of a "double cortex." They have epilepsy, and almost all have mental retardation. The epileptic disorder varies in nature and degree of severity. Patients may present with infantile spasms, a Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, or other forms of secondary generalized or multifocal epilepsy. Response to medical treatment is variable. Callosotomy may lead to considerable reduction of drop attacks, present in 60\%. Mental retardation is usually mild or moderate, and only rarely severe. It correlates with the type of epileptic syndrome, and is greater in patients with more disorganized cortex overlying the heterotopia. Recognition of this entity by MRI is important for appropriate diagnosis of the epileptic disorder, planning of therapeutic strategy, and prognosis.},
	Author = {Palmini, A. and Andermann, F. and Aicardi, J. and Dulac, O. and Chaves, F. and Ponsot, G. and Pinard, J. M. and Gouti\`{e}res, F. and Livingston, J. and Tampieri, D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adolescent;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Syndrome;Female;Child, Preschool;10 genetics malformation;Child;Neuropsychological Tests;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {1656-62},
	Pubmed = {1922811},
	Title = {Diffuse cortical dysplasia, or the 'double cortex' syndrome: the clinical and epileptic spectrum in 10 patients},
	Uuid = {588A3357-6196-4CC7-9B67-78876E09A5A0},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Palmini:2004,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: There have been difficulties in achieving a uniform terminology in the literature regarding issues of classification with respect to focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) associated with epilepsy. OBJECTIVE:S: To review and refine the current terminology and classification issues of potential clinical relevance to epileptologists, neuroradiologists, and neuropathologists dealing with FCD. METHODS: A panel discussion of epileptologists, neuropathologists, and neuroradiologists with special expertise in FCD was held. RESULTS: The panel proposed 1) a specific terminology for the different types of abnormal cells encountered in the cerebral cortex of patients with FCD; 2) a reappraisal of the different histopathologic abnormalities usually subsumed under the term "microdysgenesis," and suggested that this terminology be abandoned; and 3) a more detailed yet straightforward classification of the various histopathologic features that usually are included under the heterogeneous term of "focal cortical dysplasia." CONCLUSION: The panel hopes that these proposals will stimulate the debate toward more specific clinical, imaging, histopathologic, and prognostic correlations in patients with FCD associated with epilepsy.},
	Author = {Palmini, A. and Najm, I. and Avanzini, G. and Babb, T. and Guerrini, R. and Foldvary-Schaefer, N. and Jackson, G. and L{\"u}ders, H. O. and Prayson, R. and Spreafico, R. and Vinters, H. V.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {1526-632X},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Neurons;Brain Diseases;10 Development;24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 genetics malformation;Terminology as Topic;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Nervous System Malformations},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {6 Suppl 3},
	Organization = {Pontificia Universidade Cat{\'o}lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. apalmini\@uol.com.br},
	Pages = {S2-8},
	Pubmed = {15037671},
	Title = {Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias},
	Uuid = {2263ACA4-E4F3-4F7B-945E-07E1473BDC6C},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2004}}



@article{Pan:2001,
	Abstract = {Transmitter release in neurons is thought to be mediated exclusively by high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) channels. However, we now report that, in retinal bipolar cells, low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca(2+) channels also mediate neurotransmitter release. Bipolar cells are specialized neurons that release neurotransmitter in response to graded depolarizations. Here we show that these cells express T-type Ca(2+) channel subunits and functional LVA Ca(2+) currents sensitive to mibefradil. Activation of these currents results in Ca(2+) influx into presynaptic terminals and exocytosis, which we detected as a capacitance increase in isolated terminals and the appearance of reciprocal currents in retinal slices. The involvement of T-type Ca(2+) channels in bipolar cell transmitter release may contribute to retinal information processing. 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Pan, Z. H. and Hu, H. J. and Perring, P. and Andrade, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Rats, Long-Evans;Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology;Animals;Rats;Neurotransmitters/*metabolism;Exocytosis/physiology;Nimodipine/pharmacology;Chelating Agents/pharmacology;Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism;Mibefradil/pharmacology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Egtazic Acid/*analogs &derivatives/pharmacology;Cobalt/pharmacology;Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology;Calcium/metabolism;Retina/cytology/*metabolism;RNA, Messenger/analysis;Electric Capacitance;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology;I abstr;Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics/*metabolism},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. zhpan\@med.wayne.edu},
	Pages = {89-98},
	Pubmed = {11604141},
	Title = {T-type Ca(2+) channels mediate neurotransmitter release in retinal bipolar cells},
	Uuid = {98EDE59A-2222-4259-8541-BFF5729B77B8},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11604141}}


@article{Pang:2001,
	Abstract = {The frontal cortex is an important brain area for divided attention. Lesions of the lateral agranular frontal cortex in rats disrupt divided attention in a simultaneous temporal processing task. In the present study, the activity of lateral agranular neurons was examined while rats performed a simultaneous temporal processing procedure. Rats were trained to time two stimuli (a light and a tone), each associated with a different fixed interval. Simple trials, in which a single stimulus was presented, and compound trials, in which both stimuli were presented simultaneously, occurred randomly in a session. Rats were able to divide attention between the two stimuli, as assessed by the pattern of lever presses. Approximately 50\%of lateral agranular neurons responded to at least one phase of the task with four response patterns observed. The activity of type 1 cells (60\%) was altered to compound, but not simple, stimuli. Type 2 cells (10\%) responded to both types of simple stimuli and to compound stimuli. Type 3 cells (27\%) had changes in firing rate to one type of simple stimulus and to compound stimuli. Type 4 cells (3\%) responded to one type of simple stimulus, but were unresponsive to all other stimuli.The large proportion of type 1 cells supports the hypothesis that the lateral agranular cortex is important in divided attention. Previous studies have suggested that the lateral agranular cortex in rats is equivalent to the primary motor cortex. If so, the results from the present study provide evidence that the lateral agranular cortex may have some cognitive functions, in addition to being part of the motor system.},
	Author = {Pang, K. C. and Yoder, R. M. and Olton, D. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Photic Stimulation;Behavior, Animal;Rats;Rats, Long-Evans;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time Factors;Time Perception;Attention;Acoustic Stimulation;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Electrophysiology;Male;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {21173253},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology and J. P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA. kpang\@bgnet.bgsu.edu},
	Pages = {615-28},
	Pii = {S0306452201000185},
	Pubmed = {11274782},
	Title = {Neurons in the lateral agranular frontal cortex have divided attention correlates in a simultaneous temporal processing task},
	Uuid = {4263ED18-DEF3-4455-BC21-8B08487C93E0},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Paradis:2007,
	Abstract = {We report the results of a genetic screen to identify molecules important for synapse formation and/or maintenance. siRNAs were used to decrease the expression of candidate genes in neurons, and synapse development was assessed. We surveyed 22 cadherin family members and demonstrated distinct roles for cadherin-11 and cadherin-13 in synapse development. Our screen also revealed roles for the class 4 Semaphorins Sema4B and Sema4D in the development of glutamatergic and/or GABAergic synapses. We found that Sema4D affects the formation of GABAergic, but not glutamatergic, synapses. Our screen also identified the activity-regulated small GTPase Rem2 as a regulator of synapse development. A known calcium channel modulator, Rem2 may function as part of a homeostatic mechanism that controls synapse number. These experiments establish the feasibility of RNAi screens to characterize the mechanisms that control mammalian neuronal development and to identify components of the genetic program that regulate synapse formation and/or maintenance.},
	Author = {Paradis, Suzanne and Harrar, Dana B. and Lin, Yingxi and Koon, Alex C. and Hauser, Jessica L. and Griffith, Eric C. and Zhu, Li and Brass, Lawrence F. and Chen, Chinfei and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cadherins;21 Neurophysiology;Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins;Semaphorins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;RNA Interference;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Molecular Biology;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Glutamic Acid;Humans;Feasibility Studies;RNA, Small Interfering},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Program, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {217-32},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00997-4},
	Pubmed = {17224404},
	Title = {An RNAi-based approach identifies molecules required for glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse development},
	Uuid = {BFCF786D-A213-4CED-96A7-20A512DDE186},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Paradis_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.012}}


@article{Paredes:2006,
	Abstract = {While there are many recent examples of single gene deletions that lead to defects in cortical development, most human cases of cortical disorganization can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Elucidating the cellular or developmental basis of teratogenic exposures in experimental animals is an important approach to understanding how environmental insults at particular developmental junctures can lead to complex brain malformations. Rats with prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol (MAM) reproduce many anatomical features seen in epilepsy patients. Previous studies have shown that heterotopic clusters of neocortically derived neurons exhibit hyperexcitable firing activity and may be a source of heightened seizure susceptibility; however, the events that lead to the formation of these abnormal cell clusters is unclear. Here we used a panel of molecular markers and birthdating studies to show that in MAM-exposed rats the abnormal cell clusters (heterotopia) first appear postnatally in the hippocampus (P1-2) and that their appearance is preceded by a distinct sequence of perturbations in neocortical development: 1) disruption of the radial glial scaffolding with premature astroglial differentiation, and 2) thickening of the marginal zone with redistribution of Cajal-Retzius neurons to deeper layers. These initial events are followed by disruption of the cortical plate and appearance of subventricular zone nodules. Finally, we observed the erosion of neocortical subventricular zone nodules into the hippocampus around parturition followed by migration of nodules to hippocampus. We conclude that prenatal MAM exposure disrupts critical developmental processes and prenatal neocortical structures, ultimately resulting in neocortical disorganization and hippocampal malformations.},
	Author = {Paredes, Mercedes and Pleasure, Samuel J. and Baraban, Scott C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural;Cell Movement;Cell Proliferation;Disease Models, Animal;Teratogens;Animals, Newborn;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Neuroglia;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Stem Cells;Choristoma},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {133-48},
	Pubmed = {16432901},
	Title = {Embryonic and early postnatal abnormalities contributing to the development of hippocampal malformations in a rodent model of dysplasia},
	Uuid = {722B3FFA-9E72-4A7A-9CB9-F8363F6B54D7},
	Volume = {495},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20871}}

@article{Paredes:2002,
	Abstract = {Major advances in the identification of genes expressed in malformation-associated epileptic disorders have been made. Some of these changes reflect the complex gene interactions necessary for proper neurodevelopment, whereas others suggest specific synaptic aberrations that could result in a hyperexcitable, and ultimately, epileptic condition. Here we review reported changes in gene expression associated with a malformed brain, with particular emphasis on how these changes provide clues to seizure genesis.},
	Author = {Paredes, Mercedes F. and Baraban, Scott C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0893-7648},
	Journal = {Mol Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Cytoskeletal Proteins;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Animals;Synapses;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Rats;Gene Expression Regulation;Humans;Tuberous Sclerosis;21 Epilepsy;Brain;review;Epilepsy;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Cytoskeleton;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22279197},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8900963},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {109-16},
	Pii = {MN:26:1:109},
	Pubmed = {12392060},
	Title = {A review of gene expression patterns in the malformed brain},
	Uuid = {681AD472-548D-4BFA-B8ED-227C8FB205CC},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2002}}








@article{Parnavelas:1991,
	Abstract = {Neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex are commonly subdivided into two broad classes: pyramidal and nonpyramidal. The former are projection neurons, while the latter are interneurons. To determine whether the two neuronal classes in the cerebral cortex are derived from the same or separate progenitor cells, we used a recombinant retrovirus containing the reporter gene E-coli beta-galactosidase as a lineage marker. Clonally related neurons expressing the inherited beta-galactosidase gene were detected histochemically, at both light and electron microscopic levels, and their phenotypes were identified using well-established ultrastructural criteria. The clones examined, with one exception, were composed of either all pyramidal or all nonpyramidal neurons. These findings suggest that pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have separate lineages and are derived from different progenitor cells in the ventricular zone. This lends weight to the notion that cells in the ventricular zone comprise a heterogeneous population, and that lineage contributes substantially to the phenotype of a neuron.},
	Author = {Parnavelas, J. G. and Barfield, J. A. and Franke, E. and Luskin, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Genetic Markers;10 Development;Pregnancy;beta-Galactosidase;Animals;Rats;Phenotype;Female;Telencephalon;Retroviridae;Pyramidal Tracts;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Histocytochemistry;Escherichia coli;Neurons;Stem Cells;Clone Cells;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {92353586},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {463-8},
	Pubmed = {1822752},
	Title = {Separate progenitor cells give rise to pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the rat telencephalon},
	Uuid = {A791262D-DA3B-41FE-974B-4EC521F099AF},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1991}}


@article{Pasquale:2005,
	Abstract = {Eph receptor tyrosine kinases mould the behaviour of many cell types by binding membrane-anchored ligands, ephrins, at sites of cell-cell contact. Eph signals affect both of the contacting cells and can produce diverse biological responses. New models explain how quantitative variations in the densities and signalling abilities of Eph receptors and ephrins could account for the different effects that are elicited on axon guidance, cell adhesion and cell migration during development, homeostasis and disease.},
	Author = {Pasquale, Elena B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-0072},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Signal Transduction;Animals;Humans;Protein Binding;Ephrins;review;Cell Membrane;Cell Movement;Cell Proliferation;10 circuit formation;Cell Adhesion;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Physiology;Receptor, EphA1;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {100962782},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. elenap\@burnham.org},
	Pages = {462-75},
	Pii = {nrm1662},
	Pubmed = {15928710},
	Title = {Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour},
	Uuid = {B71A3827-3B20-4D38-A574-6A2AC5B46F0F},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1662}}


@article{Patel:2004,
	Abstract = {There is a high correlation between pediatric epilepsies and neuronal migration disorders. What remains unclear is whether there are intrinsic features of the individual dysplastic cells that give rise to heightened seizure susceptibility, or whether these dysplastic cells contribute to seizure activity by establishing abnormal circuits that alter the balance of inhibition and excitation. Mice lacking a functional p35 gene provide an ideal model in which to address these questions, because these knock-out animals not only exhibit aberrant neuronal migration but also demonstrate spontaneous seizures. Extracellular field recordings from hippocampal slices, characterizing the input-output relationship in the dentate, revealed little difference between wild-type and knock-out mice under both normal and elevated extracellular potassium conditions. However, in the presence of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline, p35 knock-out slices, but not wild-type slices, exhibited prolonged depolarizations in response to stimulation of the perforant path. There were no significant differences in the intrinsic properties of dentate granule cells (i.e., input resistance, time constant, action potential generation) from wild-type versus knock-out mice. However, antidromic activation (mossy fiber stimulation) evoked an excitatory synaptic response in over 65\%of granule cells from p35 knock-out slices that was never observed in wild-type slices. Ultrastructural analyses identified morphological substrates for this aberrant excitation: recurrent axon collaterals, abnormal basal dendrites, and mossy fiber terminals forming synapses onto the spines of neighboring granule cells. These studies suggest that granule cells in p35 knock-out mice contribute to seizure activity by forming an abnormal excitatory feedback circuit.},
	Author = {Patel, Leena S. and Wenzel, H. J{\"u}rgen and Schwartzkroin, Philip A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Electric Stimulation;Feedback, Biochemical;Evoked Potentials;Animals;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Bicuculline;Genetic Predisposition to Disease;Dendrites;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Dentate Gyrus;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {41},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {9005-14},
	Pii = {24/41/9005},
	Pubmed = {15483119},
	Title = {Physiological and morphological characterization of dentate granule cells in the p35 knock-out mouse hippocampus: evidence for an epileptic circuit},
	Uuid = {FE1A8373-F075-4931-B00D-ABD6A847A136},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Patel_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2943-04.2004}}



@article{Patrylo:2006,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Seizures are observed frequently in humans with diffuse neuronal migration disorders. The reeler mutant mouse also exhibits a diffuse disruption of migration, yet no pro-epileptic phenotype has been reported for this model. Whether this disparity reflects a phenotypic difference that can be used to delineate the mechanisms associated with increasing seizure susceptibility or reflects a paucity of knowledge is unclear. Consequently, this study examined whether seizure susceptibility is altered in reeler mutant mice. METHODS: In vivo (minimal electroshock delivered transcorneally) and in vitro techniques (field-potential recordings in neocortical and hippocampal brain slice preparations exposed to bicuculline methiodide) were used to determine whether the susceptibility to epileptiform activity is enhanced in reeler homozygous mice relative to controls. Adult (3-7 months) male reeler homozygotes (rl/rl) and controls (+/?) were identified based on their behavioral phenotype and were used in all experiments. RESULTS: Minimal electroshock revealed that rl/rl mice, compared with controls, exhibited a lower threshold for electroshock-induced seizures (4.5 +/- 0.52 vs. 6.7 +/- 0.35 mA), and a higher incidence of behavioral seizures (median seizure score, class 4 vs. class 0) when animals were subjected to a 5-mA electroshock stimulus. Additionally, neocortical and hippocampal slices from rl/rl mice were more likely to generate spontaneous epileptiform activity after bicuculline application, compared with controls, and the duration of the epileptiform events elicited in 10-30 muM bicuculline was longer in slices from rl/rl mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that rl/rl mice have enhanced seizure susceptibility that is in part intrinsic to the malformed neocortex and hippocampus. Thus in contrast to prior belief, most animal models of diffuse neuronal migration disorders do exhibit a pro-epileptic phenotype.},
	Author = {Patrylo, Peter R. and Browning, Ronald A. and Cranick, Scott},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:54 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Animals;Humans;Phenotype;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Electroshock;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Bicuculline;Genetic Predisposition to Disease;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Nervous System Malformations;Homozygote;10 genetics malformation;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Kindling, Neurologic;in vitro},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A. ppatrylo\@siumed.edu},
	Pages = {257-66},
	Pii = {EPI417},
	Pubmed = {16499749},
	Title = {Reeler homozygous mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to epileptiform activity},
	Uuid = {CCAF4142-4B06-4233-A7CF-1721C1543F6C},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Patrylo_Epilepsia2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00417.x}}





@article{Pearson:1993,
	Abstract = {Retinae of kittens between postnatal (P) days 2 and 10 were examined for the presence of degenerating neuronal profiles, normal nucleoli and microglia. Comparison of the numbers of degenerating profiles with numbers of axons lost from the optic nerve suggest that the majority of these profiles result from the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Analysis of local densities of the different profiles revealed different rates of cell loss, occurring at different times in central and peripheral retina. The period of rapid cell loss occurred between P2 and P3 in central retina compared to between P8 and P10 in peripheral retina. At both locations, these periods of rapid cell loss were accompanied by a decrease in the ratio of microglia to dying cells even though the absolute densities of microglia increased. However, calculation of the clearance times of cellular debris indicate that the speed of removal of degeneration products is greater during rapid cell loss, which suggests that cellular degeneration serves to activate the phagocytic process.},
	Author = {Pearson, H. E. and Payne, B. R. and Cunningham, T. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Retina;Nerve Degeneration;Cats;Not relevant;Metabolic Clearance Rate;Microglia;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Retinal Ganglion Cells;11 Glia;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Phagocytosis},
	Medline = {94199794},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140.},
	Pages = {249-55},
	Pubmed = {8149591},
	Title = {Microglial invasion and activation in response to naturally occurring neuronal degeneration in the ganglion cell layer of the postnatal cat retina},
	Uuid = {C6C96730-1DA4-424C-B45D-6C5827B2DAC3},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Pearson:2001,
	Abstract = {Physiological mapping of the body representation 1 month or longer after forelimb removal in adult rats revealed new pockets of shoulder representation in the forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) in the first somatosensory cortex (SI). These "new" shoulder representations have longer evoked response latencies than sites in the shoulder representation within the trunk subfield, hereafter referred to as the "original" shoulder representation. We postulated that the "new" shoulder representations in the FBS were relayed from the "original" shoulder representation. We investigated this hypothesis by studying anatomical connectivity between the "original" shoulder representation and the FBS in intact control and forelimb deafferented adult rats using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin, and biotin dextran-amine (BDA) as anterograde tracers. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin beta subunit (CT-B) injected into the FBS was also used to study connectivity between the "original" shoulder representation and the FBS. Using these anatomical tracing techniques, we were unable to show the existence of a direct corticocortical connection between the "original" shoulder representation in the trunk subfield and the FBS in either intact or deafferented rats. Functional connectivity between the two cortical regions was studied by ablating the "original" shoulder representation alone or in combination with the shoulder representation in the second somatosensory cortex (SII) while recording evoked responses in the FBS following electrical stimulation of the shoulder. Both ablations failed to eliminate the evoked responses at the "new" shoulder sites in the FBS, suggesting that SI and SII are not necessary for "new" shoulder input in the FBS. It is suggested that subcortical sites may play a major role in large-scale cortical reorganization. Results of projections from the "original" shoulder representation to parietal medial (PM), parietal lateral (PL), SII, parietal ventral (PV), and parietal rhinal (PR) sensory fields and agranular lateral (AgL) and agranular medial (AgM) motor fields are also described.},
	Author = {Pearson, P. P. and Arnold, P. B. and Oladehin, A. and Li, C. X. and Waters, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Lysine;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Dextrans;Afferent Pathways;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Denervation;Forelimb;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Axonal Transport;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Muscle, Skeletal;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biotin;Phytohemagglutinins},
	Medline = {21268462},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.},
	Pages = {8-25},
	Pubmed = {11374086},
	Title = {Large-scale cortical reorganization following forelimb deafferentation in rat does not involve plasticity of intracortical connections},
	Uuid = {E1E843FF-925C-4E79-9F80-FBCB6BE1E4EC},
	Volume = {138},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Peinado:1993,
	Abstract = {In the neocortex, as well as in many other brain regions, neurons responding to similar stimulus features are usually found close to one another. Here we examine the possible role of gap junctional communication in forming and defining these local neuronal groupings, examples of which may be the columns found in the neocortex of virtually all mammalian species. We have approached this question experimentally in cortical brain slices using calcium imaging to visualize multicellular activity patterns, and tracer injections to identify the anatomical pattern of gap junction coupling in the developing neocortex. Our results suggest that dendrodendritic gap junctional communication may be involved in the formation of local connectivity, most likely by synchronizing electrical or biochemical activity among neighboring neurons.},
	Author = {Peinado, A. and Yuste, R. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Beta;10 Development;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Human;10 Spiny stellate;review, tutorial;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;10 Structural plasticity;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;review},
	Medline = {94083800},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.},
	Pages = {488-98},
	Pubmed = {8260815},
	Title = {Gap junctional communication and the development of local circuits in neocortex},
	Uuid = {B58B4F07-7007-48C0-99DB-CB449858841C},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Peinado:2001,
	Abstract = {The properties of immature cortex that may enable it to exhibit large-scale wavelike activity during a brief critical developmental period were investigated by imaging neuronal calcium signals in neonatal cortical slices under conditions of artificially enhanced excitability, conditions that produce a more frequent and robust version of the naturally occurring waves. Using pharmacological manipulation to probe the underlying mechanisms, I show that waves can propagate effectively when excitatory synaptic transmission is blocked. In contrast, propagation is very sensitive to reductions in gap junctional communication. In the barrel field cortex wave propagation is affected by the underlying cytoarchitecture in a way that is consistent with a role for dendrodendritic gap junctions. The ability of cortex to sustain wave activity ends around postnatal day 12, precisely when a major reduction in neuronal gap junctions takes place in cortex. These results suggest that in immature cortex gap junctions link neurons into extensive networks that may allow electrical activity to spread over long distances.},
	Author = {Peinado, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;10 Development;Rats, Long-Evans;Electric Conductivity;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;10 Structural plasticity;Beta;Neocortex;Vibrissae;Gap Junctions;Giant Cells;Time Factors;Dendrites;Animals, Newborn;10 Spiny stellate;Nerve Net;Neurons;Neurotransmitters;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Somatosensory Cortex;Tetraethylammonium},
	Medline = {21104045},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. peinado\@aecom.yu.edu},
	Pages = {620-9},
	Pubmed = {11160498},
	Title = {Immature neocortical neurons exist as extensive syncitial networks linked by dendrodendritic electrical connections},
	Uuid = {5342C758-6379-4AFA-BE09-DE0F37DF163A},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Peinado_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Peinado:2000,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neuronal firing during development has the potential to shape many aspects of neuronal wiring throughout the brain. Bursts of electrical activity coordinated among large numbers of neurons, occurring during a brief developmental window, have been described in many regions of the CNS, including retina, hippocampus, and spinal cord, but evidence for this type of activity in developing neocortex has so far been lacking. To identify conditions that may give rise to patterned spontaneous electrical activity in developing neocortex, cholinergic agonists were applied to immature rat cortical slices while large-scale activity was imaged optically with fura-2 AM. Here I show that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors results in waves of correlated neural activity. Waves recruit large numbers of neurons, are slowly propagating, regenerative events involving depolarization and associated calcium transients, and advance for many millimeters as a sharp wave front perpendicular to the pial surface, at speeds ranging between 50 and 300 m/sec. The expression of waves is restricted temporally to a brief period in postnatal development, until postnatal day 6, and spatially to some neocortical areas. The ability of isolated neocortical networks to generate large-scale patterned activity endogenously during a period of massive neurite extension and synaptogenesis raises the possibility that at least in some cortical areas these processes might be influenced by patterned neuronal firing generated independently of thalamocortical input.},
	Author = {Peinado, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 03:09:30 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescence;10 Development;Receptors, Glutamate;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;10 Structural plasticity;Muscarinic Agonists;Receptors, Muscarinic;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Beta;Calcium;Animals, Newborn;10 Spiny stellate;Action Potentials;Muscarine;Neurons;Nerve Net;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Carbachol; currOpinRvw},
	Medline = {20276372},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,New York 10461, USA. peinado\@aecom.yu.edu},
	Pages = {RC54},
	Pubmed = {10632620},
	Title = {Traveling slow waves of neural activity: a novel form of network activity in developing neocortex},
	Uuid = {75C52A06-9508-4D96-B036-73EF1B0536C0},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Peinado_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Peinado:1993a,
	Abstract = {A low molecular weight intracellular tracer, Neurobiotin, was injected into single neurons in living slices of rat neocortex made at postnatal days 5-18. Between days 5 and 12, 66\%of single-neuron injections labeled clusters of up to 80 neurons surrounding the injected cell. Coupling between neurons occurred primarily through dendrites. Injections done in the presence of halothane, a gap junction blocker, abolished the spread of tracer to surrounding neurons, implying that gap junctions mediate coupling. Injections done after day 16 resulted in little or no dye coupling. We conclude that transient local coupling via gap junctions in developing cortex may provide a pathway for communicating intercellular signals, including subthreshold electrical activity, and thereby enable temporal coordination of local neuronal ensembles during circuit formation.},
	Author = {Peinado, A. and Yuste, R. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Animals;Electric Conductivity;Aging;Rats;10 Structural plasticity;Beta;Intercellular Junctions;Pyramidal Tracts;Dendrites;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;10 Spiny stellate;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Halothane;Neurons;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Biotin},
	Medline = {93152166},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.},
	Pages = {103-14},
	Pubmed = {8427699},
	Title = {Extensive dye coupling between rat neocortical neurons during the period of circuit formation},
	Uuid = {776AF624-4888-43EA-BC4C-3AABB691C71C},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1993}}


@article{Pellegrini:1996,
	Abstract = {Emx 1 and 2 are the murine homologues of the Drosophila empty spiracles gene and based on their expression pattern may be involved in the regional specification of the mammalian forebrain. During early embryogenesis, Emx2 is expressed in the presumptive cerebral cortex and olfactory bulbs and later, in the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus. The latter are involved in memory processes. To understand the role of Emx2 in vivo, we have mutated the gene in mice. Homozygous embryos die postnatally because of severe urogenital alterations. These mice present cerebral hemispheres with a reduced size and exhibit specific morphological alterations in allocortical structures of the medial wall of the brain. The dentate gyrus is missing and the hippocampus proper is reduced. The medial limbic cortex is also severely shortened. The development of the dentate gyrus is affected at the onset of its formation with defects in the neuroepithelium from which it originates. These findings demonstrate that Emx2 is required for the development of several forebrain structures.},
	Author = {Pellegrini, M. and Mansouri, A. and Simeone, A. and Boncinelli, E. and Gruss, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0950-1991},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Genes, Lethal;Limbic System;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Dentate Gyrus;Hippocampus;Mice, Mutant Strains;Urogenital Abnormalities;Mice;Brain;Homeodomain Proteins;Urogenital System;Animals},
	Medline = {97164702},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8701744},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, G{\"o}ttingen.},
	Pages = {3893-8},
	Pubmed = {9012509},
	Title = {Dentate gyrus formation requires Emx2},
	Uuid = {AD8B2118-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {122},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Pellegrini_Development1996.pdf}}

@article{Pelletier:1996,
	Abstract = {1. Focal cortical epilepsy was investigated by applying tetanic stimulation repeatedly (100 Hz. 2 s in duration, once every 10 min, 10 episodes) to layer III association fibers in rat piriform cortex slices and recording both extracellular and intracellular responses from the endopiriform nucleus. To promote excitability, piriform slices were incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing 0.9 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM K+, at an initial temperature of 10-12 degrees C, which was allowed to warm passively to room temperature. 2. Responses recorded extracellularly in the endopiriform nucleus consisted of two types: weak stimulation evoked an early-occurring, small-amplitude, negatively deflecting potential; strong stimulation evoked a more complex response comprising both an early potential of maximal amplitude and a later-occurring epileptiform potential of greater amplitude and longer duration. Late-occurring epileptiform potentials were not observed in slices incubated in ACSF at room temperature. 3. Both the early potential and the late-occurring epileptiform responses were abolished by the non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (non-NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor blocker, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 microM). Application of D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV; 50 microM) to block NMDA receptors was without effect on the early potential but diminished the late-occurring epileptiform potential. The late-occurring potential was unable to follow stimulation delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz. These results suggest that the early potential was generated monosynaptically and dependent solely on the activation of non-NMDA receptors, whereas the late-occurring epileptiform potential was polysynaptic in origin and possessed both a CNQX- and an APV-sensitive component. 4. Responses increased progressively in both amplitude and duration after tetanic stimulation. The threshold intensity required to evoke the complex dual-component potential was reduced by tetanic stimulation. An increase in multiunit spiking activity, indicating an increase in synchronous discharges, was also observed. A residual potential could be evoked in the presence of CNQX (10 microM) after the tetanic stimulation procedure. 5. Spontaneous discharges occurred as early as after the first episode of tetanic stimulation and persisted for the duration of the experiment. Spontaneous discharges were abolished by either CNQX or by a fourfold increase in extracellular Mg2+ concentration, the latter reversibly. APV reduced the frequency of spontaneous discharges by 38.6 +/- 9.3\%(mean +/- SE). The conventional anticonvulsant drug 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam, and the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil were without effect on the frequency of spontaneous discharges. Evoked responses were also unaffected by either 5,5-diphenylhydantoin or midazolam. Slices not exposed to cold ACSF, although demonstrating potentiation of evoked responses after tetanization did not produce spontaneous epileptiform discharges. 6. Intracellular recordings from endopiriform neurons revealed the cellular correlates of the extracellular responses. Weak stimulation evoked a small-amplitude depolarizing potential. Increasing the intensity of stimulation increased the amplitude of this response and also evoked a second depolarizing potential of greater amplitude occurring at variable latencies. Maximal stimulation evoked an action potential. After tetanic stimuli, responses resembling a paroxysmal depolarizing shift consisting of a depolarizing potential with superimposed multiple action potentials were evoked reliably. Passive membrane properties after repeated tetanic stimulation were not different when compared with control. 7. This novel model of in vitro focal cortical epilepsy has many features characteristic of conventional kindling including 1) progressive nature; 2) reduced threshold to evoke discharges; and 3) persist},
	Author = {Pelletier, M. R. and Carlen, P. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Stimulation;Epilepsies, Partial;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Animals;21 Epilepsy;Rats, Wistar;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Action Potentials;Olfactory Pathways;Tetany;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Excitatory Amino Acids;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Anticonvulsants},
	Medline = {97138917},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Playfair Neuroscience Unit, Toronto Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.},
	Pages = {4069-79},
	Pubmed = {8985901},
	Title = {Repeated tetanic stimulation in piriform cortex in vitro: epileptogenesis and pharmacology},
	Uuid = {73A01A3C-2BE2-4FDA-9095-08CF5A68D2B9},
	Volume = {76},
	Year = {1996}}


















@article{Peterlin:2000,
	Abstract = {An experimental difficulty in unraveling circuits in the mammalian nervous system is the identification of postsynaptic targets of a given neuron. Besides ultrastructural reconstructions, simultaneous recordings from pairs of cells in brain slices have been used to identify connected neurons. We describe in this paper a technique using calcium imaging that allows rapid identification of potential postsynaptic targets. This method consists of stimulating one neuron ("trigger") while imaging a population of cells to detect which other neurons ("followers") are activated by the trigger. By using bulk-loading of calcium indicators in slices of mouse visual cortex, we demonstrate that neurons that display somatic calcium transients time-locked to the spikes of a trigger neuron can be monosynaptically connected to it. This technique could be applied to reconstruct and assay circuits in the central nervous system.},
	Author = {Peterlin, Z. A. and Kozloski, J. and Mao, B. Q. and Tsiola, A. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Magnesium;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Fluorescent Dyes;In Vitro;21 Calcium imaging;21 Circuit structure-function;Calcium;Fura-2;Mice;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Optics;Neurons},
	Medline = {20202685},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {3619-24},
	Pii = {97/7/3619},
	Pubmed = {10737806},
	Title = {Optical probing of neuronal circuits with calcium indicators},
	Uuid = {D1F9DF18-1CE1-46FF-8A0F-665E9C168098},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Peterlin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}}

@article{Peters:2004,
	Abstract = {Freeze-lesion induced neocortical dysplasias in rats mimic numerous aspects of human polymicrogyria and are used as a model for the study of developmental migration disorders. Since memory tests have demonstrated learning deficits in rodents with neocortical malformations, we investigated the expression and properties of long-term potentiation (LTP) in neocortical slices from adult freeze-lesioned and control rats. Field potentials, recorded in layer II/III at a distance of 2-3 mm lateral to perinatally induced microgyri, were strongly enhanced following theta-burst stimulation in layer VI (amplitude: 174 +/- 4\%) compared to controls (110 +/- 2\%). In contrast, in layer IV of the freeze-lesioned cortex LTP could not reliably be induced. Histochemical analysis, performed to elucidate the cellular basis of the impaired plasticity, revealed diminished amounts of the GABAA-receptor subunit gamma2 in the paramicrogyral zone, likely representing a diminished GABA-ergic filter, which is thought to prevent LTP induced in layer VI under normal conditions. Cytochrome-oxidase staining after electrophysiological examination disclosed that LTP in layer IV of the freeze-lesioned cortex could only be elicited, when stimulation was applied within a preserved barrel cortex. Our study provides evidence that focal cryolesions during cortical development cause an impaired synaptic plasticity that may underlie learning disabilities.},
	Author = {Peters, Oliver and Redecker, Christoph and Hagemann, Georg and Bruehl, Claus and Luhmann, Heiko J. and Witte, Otto W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Synapses;21 Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Long-Term Potentiation;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Comparative Study;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Male;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;comparative study},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charit{\'e}--University Medicine Berlin, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Eschenallee 3, D-14050 Berlin, Germany. oliver.peters\@charite.de},
	Pages = {1081-7},
	Pii = {bhh067},
	Pubmed = {15115746},
	Title = {Impaired synaptic plasticity in the surround of perinatally acquired [correction of aquired] dysplasia in rat cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {F939CE0D-CAD7-4E94-B879-86B90E803F51},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh067}}

@book{Peters:1984,
	Abstract = {84001982 //r88 edited by Alan Peters and Edward G. Jones. ill. ; 26 cm. Vol. 2, 5- edited by Edward G. Jones and Alan Peters. v. 1. Cellular components of the cerebral cortex -- v. 2. Functional properties of cortial cells -- v. 3. Visual cortex -- v. 4. Association and auditory cortices -- v. 5. Sensory-motor areas and aspects of cortical connectivity -- v. 6. Further aspects of cortical function, including hippocampus -- v. 7. Development and maturation of cerebral cortex -- v. 8. Comparative structure and evolution of cerebral cortex, pt. 1-2. (2 v.) -- v. 9. Normal and altered states of function -- v. 12. Extrastriate cortex in primates -- v. 13. Models of cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Peters, Alan and Jones, Edward G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Isbn = {0306415445},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex anatomy and histology.;M QP383 .C45 1984 WL 307 C4136 612/.825;Cerebral Cortex physiology.},
	Publisher = {Plenum Press},
	Title = {Cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {3507F63E-7E85-46E7-B1E9-C012563FE198},
	Year = {1984}}



@article{Petersen:2003,
	Abstract = {The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sensory response in layer 2/3 of primary somatosensory cortex evoked by a single brief whisker deflection was investigated by simultaneous voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and whole-cell (WC) voltage recordings in the anesthetized rat combined with reconstructions of dendritic and axonal arbors of L2/3 pyramids. Single and dual WC recordings from pyramidal cells indicated a strong correlation between the local VSD population response and the simultaneously measured subthreshold postsynaptic potential changes in both amplitude and time course. The earliest VSD response was detected 10-12 msec after whisker deflection centered above the barrel isomorphic to the stimulated principal whisker. It was restricted horizontally to the size of a single barrel-column coextensive with the dendritic arbor of barrel-column-related pyramids in L2/3. The horizontal spread of excitation remained confined to a single barrel-column with weak whisker deflection. With intermediate deflections, excitation spread into adjacent barrel-columns, propagating twofold more rapidly along the rows of the barrel field than across the arcs, consistent with the preferred axonal arborizations in L2/3 of reconstructed pyramidal neurons. Finally, larger whisker deflections evoked excitation spreading over the entire barrel field within approximately 50 msec before subsiding over the next approximately 250 msec. Thus the subthreshold cortical map representing a whisker deflection is dynamic on the millisecond time scale and strongly depends on stimulus strength. The sequential spatiotemporal activation of the excitatory neuronal network in L2/3 by a simple sensory stimulus can thus be accounted for primarily by the columnar restriction of L4 to L2/3 excitatory connections and the axonal field of barrel-related pyramids.},
	Author = {Petersen, Carl C. H. and Grinvald, Amiram and Sakmann, Bert},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Afferent Pathways;Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Axons;Kinetics;Pyramidal Cells;Thiazoles;Rats, Wistar;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Vibrissae;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Somatosensory Cortex;Pyrazoles;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany. petersen\@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de},
	Pages = {1298-309},
	Pii = {23/4/1298},
	Pubmed = {12598618},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltage-sensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions},
	Uuid = {5AECCD7F-488F-4CAC-AFB5-471F0E74C580},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Petersen:2002,
	Abstract = {Neurons in most regions of the mammalian nervous system are generated over an extended period of time during development. Maintaining sufficient numbers of progenitors over the course of neurogenesis is essential to ensure that neural cells are produced in correct numbers and diverse types. The underlying molecular mechanisms, like those governing stem-cell self-renewal in general, remain poorly understood. We report here that mouse numb and numblike (Nbl), two highly conserved homologues of Drosophila numb, play redundant but critical roles in maintaining neural progenitor cells during embryogenesis, by allowing their progenies to choose progenitor over neuronal fates. In Nbl mutant embryos also conditionally mutant for mouse numb in the nervous system, early neurons emerge in the expected spatial and temporal pattern, but at the expense of progenitor cells, leading to a nearly complete depletion of dividing cells shortly after the onset of neurogenesis. Our findings show that a shared molecular mechanism, with mouse Numb and Nbl as key components, governs the self-renewal of all neural progenitor cells, regardless of their lineage or regional identities. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Petersen, P. H. and Zou, K. and Hwang, J. K. and Jan, Y. N. and Zhong, W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:55 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Motor Neurons/*cytology/metabolism;Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism;Gene Deletion;Time Factors;F both;Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Lineage;Alleles;Mice, Knockout;Juvenile Hormones/genetics/*metabolism;Mice;Cell Division;Nervous System/cytology/*embryology/metabolism;Cell Death},
	Number = {6910},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
	Pages = {929-34},
	Title = {Progenitor cell maintenance requires numb and numblike during mouse neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {EC6BB17C-9C2A-43B5-9322-D47CBF17F63D},
	Volume = {419},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Petersen_Nature2002.pdf}}

@article{Petersen:2004,
	Author = {Petersen, Carl C. H. and Brecht, Michael and Hahn, Thomas T. G. and Sakmann, Bert},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {retraction of publication;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5693},
	Pages = {54},
	Pii = {306/5693/54b},
	Pubmed = {15459367},
	Title = {Retraction},
	Uuid = {5B5F01C4-8669-4E54-8BF6-FA42946099A2},
	Volume = {306},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5693.54b}}







@article{Pham:1999,
	Abstract = {Neuronal activity-dependent processes are believed to mediate the formation of synaptic connections during neocortical development, but the underlying intracellular mechanisms are not known. In the visual system, altering the pattern of visually driven neuronal activity by monocular deprivation induces cortical synaptic rearrangement during a postnatal developmental window, the critical period. Here, using transgenic mice carrying a CRE-lacZ reporter, we demonstrate that a calcium- and cAMP-regulated signaling pathway is activated following monocular deprivation. We find that monocular deprivation leads to an induction of CRE-mediated lacZ expression in the visual cortex preceding the onset of physiologic plasticity, and this induction is dramatically downregulated following the end of the critical period. These results suggest that CRE-dependent coordinate regulation of a network of genes may control physiologic plasticity during postnatal neocortical development.},
	Author = {Pham, T. A. and Impey, S. and Storm, D. R. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Aging;Sensory Deprivation;Visual Cortex;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cyclic AMP;21 Neurophysiology;Geniculate Bodies;Neuronal Plasticity;Calcium;Transcription, Genetic;Mice, Transgenic;Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Vision, Monocular},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, The W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. tpham\@phy.ucsf.edu},
	Pages = {63-72},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(00)80679-0},
	Pubmed = {10027290},
	Title = {CRE-mediated gene transcription in neocortical neuronal plasticity during the developmental critical period},
	Uuid = {CFE4E2F4-2ED2-40D1-A507-94AA41C8FEDD},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Pham_Neuron1999.pdf}}

@article{Pham:2001,
	Abstract = {The development of precise connections in the mammalian brain proceeds through refinement of initially diffuse patterns, a process that occurs largely within critical developmental windows. To elucidate the molecular pathways that orchestrate these early periods of circuit remodeling, we have examined the role of a calcium- and cAMP-regulated transcriptional pathway. We show that there is a window of CRE/CREB-mediated gene expression in the developing thalamus, which precedes neocortical expression. In the LGN, this wave of gene expression occurs prior to visual experience, but requires retinal function. Mutant mice with reduced CREB expression show loss of refinement of retinogeniculate projections. These results suggest an important role of the CRE/CREB transcriptional pathway in the coordination of experience-independent circuit remodeling during forebrain development.},
	Author = {Pham, T. A. and Rubenstein, J. L. and Silva, A. J. and Storm, D. R. and Stryker, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Retina;Viral Proteins;Heterozygote;beta-Galactosidase;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Aging;Visual Pathways;Female;Integrases;Mice, Transgenic;Axons;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Crosses, Genetic;Male;Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein;Thalamus;Eye Enucleation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Geniculate Bodies;Transcription, Genetic},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. tonypham\@u.washington.edu},
	Pages = {409-20},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00381-6},
	Pubmed = {11516398},
	Title = {The CRE/CREB pathway is transiently expressed in thalamic circuit development and contributes to refinement of retinogeniculate axons},
	Uuid = {44FA583E-B9CA-489C-BF10-281EDEDB900D},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001}}





@article{Picken-Bahrey:2003,
	Abstract = {Voltage- and current-clamp recordings were made from acute slices of mouse cerebral cortex from embryonic day 14 to postnatal day 17. We targeted cells in the migratory population of the embryonic intermediate zone (IZ) and in deep layers of embryonic and postnatal cortical plate (CP). IZ neurons maintain fairly consistent properties through the embryonic period, all expressing high-input resistance, inward Na(+) currents and outward K(+) currents, and none showing any hyperpolarization-activated currents. In CP neurons, several changes in physiological properties occur in the late embryonic and early postnatal period: inward Na(+) current density is strongly upregulated while outward K(+) current density remains almost unchanged, input resistance drops dramatically, and a hyperpolarization-activated current resembling I(h) appears. As a result of these changes, the action potential becomes larger, shorter in duration, and its threshold shifts to more negative potentials. In addition, CP cells become capable of firing repetitively and an increasing fraction show spontaneous action potentials. This coordinated development of ion channel properties may help to time the occurrence of developmentally relevant spontaneous activity in the immature cortex.},
	Author = {Picken Bahrey, Heidi L. and Moody, William J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Potassium Channels;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Female;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Pyramidal Cells;Sodium Channels;21 Circuit structure-function;Pregnancy;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {1761-73},
	Pii = {00972.2002},
	Pubmed = {12611962},
	Title = {Early development of voltage-gated ion currents and firing properties in neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {7BDABA1F-BED1-4655-B5BE-26BBEB7E5755},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00972.2002}}


@article{Pinaudeau:2000,
	Abstract = {In order to determine the embryonic age at which the hodological phenotype developed by neocortical cells is specified, we have examined the spinal or tectal projections developed by embryonic (E) grafts of presumptive frontal or occipital neocortex placed into the frontal or occipital neocortex of newborn host rats. Grafts of E13, E14 and E16 cells of the frontal cortex transplanted into the occipital cortex of newborns are capable of developing and maintaining in adulthood a spinal cord axon. Grafts of E12 cells do not project to the spinal cord but send fibres to the superficial layers of the tectum. In addition, following transplantation into the frontal cortex, early embryonic (E12) cells from the presumptive occipital cortex are capable of differentiating into neurons with spinal cord projection but are practically incapable of developing a tectal projection. When grafted at E14 into the frontal cortex, occipital cells lose the capacity to project to the spinal cord but become able to send fibres to the tectum. Taken together, these findings indicate that young (E12) embryonic frontal and occipital cortical cells are competent to subsequently differentiate into neurons projecting to the spinal cord or tectum according to instructive signals available in the cortical territory where they complete their development. By E13/E14, some cortical cells are specified and their capacity to contact targets that are not appropriate to their embryonic origin is much reduced. These findings are consistent with the notion that cortical specification involves progressive restriction in cell multipotentiality and fate specification toward region-specific phenotypes.},
	Author = {Pinaudeau, C. and Gaillard, A. and Roger, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Rats;Neural Pathways;Cholera Toxin;Occipital Lobe;Pyramidal Tracts;Animals, Newborn;Graft Survival;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {20406012},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {CNRS: UMR 6558, D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, Universit{\'e} de Poitiers, France.},
	Pages = {2486-96},
	Pii = {ejn148},
	Pubmed = {10947824},
	Title = {Stage of specification of the spinal cord and tectal projections from cortical grafts},
	Uuid = {C0B579D3-0DA7-4E27-93DB-F0B674F50CA5},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2000}}


@article{Pinson:1973,
	Author = {Pinson, L. and Isaacson, R. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Mathematics;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Action Potentials;Seizures;Penicillin G;Fourier Analysis;Disease Models, Animal;Brain;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {74006936},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {335-45},
	Pubmed = {4517810},
	Title = {Propagation of epileptiform activity in the brain examined by frequency-wavenumber analysis},
	Uuid = {81887C56-69DF-4D9B-BEDD-AE1ED070B6D1},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{Pinto:2005,
	Abstract = {Waves of epileptiform activity in neocortex have three phenomenological stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. We use a well studied model of epileptiform activity in vitro to investigate directly the hypothesis that each stage is governed by an independent mechanism within the underlying cortical circuit. Using the partially disinhibited neocortical slice preparation, activity is induced and modulated using neurotransmitter receptor antagonists and is measured using both intracellular recordings and a linear array of extracellular electrodes. We find that initiation depends on both synaptic excitation and inhibition and entails a slow process of recruitment at discrete spatial locations within cortical layer 5 but not layer 2/3. Propagation depends on synaptic excitation but not inhibition and is a fast process that involves neurons across the spatial extent of the slice and in all cortical layers. Termination is modulated by synaptic excitation and inhibition. In space, termination occurs reliably at discrete locations. In time, termination is characterized by a strong depolarizing shift (block) and recovery of neurons in all cortical layers. These results suggest that the phenomenological stages of epileptiform events correspond to distinct mechanistic stages.},
	Author = {Pinto, David J. and Patrick, Saundra L. and Huang, Wendy C. and Connors, Barry W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neocortex;In Vitro;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Evoked Potentials;Pertussis Toxin;Electrophysiology;Disease Models, Animal;Animals;Thalamus;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {36},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. david\_pinto\@urmc.rochester.edu},
	Pages = {8131-40},
	Pii = {25/36/8131},
	Pubmed = {16148221},
	Title = {Initiation, propagation, and termination of epileptiform activity in rodent neocortex in vitro involve distinct mechanisms},
	Uuid = {4E16ED41-B720-4BED-B58B-DA36D698352E},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Pinto_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2278-05.2005}}

@article{Pitcher:2007,
	Abstract = {Extensive research has demonstrated that several specialized cortical regions respond preferentially to faces. One such region, located in the inferior occipital gyrus, has been dubbed the occipital face area (OFA). The OFA is the first stage in two influential face-processing models, both of which suggest that it constructs an initial representation of a face, but how and when it does so remains unclear. The present study revealed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeted at the right OFA (rOFA) disrupted accurate discrimination of face parts but had no effect on the discrimination of spacing between these parts. rTMS to left OFA had no effect. A matched part and spacing discrimination task that used house stimuli showed no impairment. In a second experiment, rTMS to rOFA replicated the face-part impairment but did not produce the same effect in an adjacent area, the lateral occipital cortex. A third experiment delivered double pulses of TMS separated by 40 ms at six periods after stimulus presentation during face-part discrimination. Accuracy dropped when pulses were delivered at 60 and 100 ms only. These findings indicate that the rOFA processes face-part information at an early stage in the face-processing stream.},
	Author = {Pitcher, David and Walsh, Vincent and Yovel, Galit and Duchaine, Bradley},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0960-9822},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9107782},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom. d.pitcher\@ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {1568-73},
	Pii = {S0960-9822(07)01781-2},
	Pubmed = {17764942},
	Title = {TMS evidence for the involvement of the right occipital face area in early face processing},
	Uuid = {E76F4E9A-79AF-4F27-AEA3-38351A926E43},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.063}}







@article{Plas:2005,
	Abstract = {The map of the retina onto the optic tectum is a highly conserved feature of the vertebrate visual system; the mechanism by which this mapping is accomplished during development is a long-standing problem of neurobiology. The early suggestion by Roger Sperry that the map is formed through interactions between retinal ganglion cell axons and target cells within the tectum has gained significant experimental support and widespread acceptance. Nonetheless, reports in a variety of species indicate that some aspects of retinotopic order exist within the optic tract, leading to the suggestion that this "preordering" of retinal axons may play a role in the formation of the mature tectal map. A satisfactory account of pretarget order must provide the mechanism by which such axon order develops. Insofar as this mechanism must ultimately be determined genetically, the mouse suggests itself as the natural species in which to pursue these studies. Quantitative and repeatable methods are required to assess the contribution of candidate genes in mouse models. For these reasons, we have undertaken a quantitative study of the degree of retinotopic order within the optic tract and nerve of wild-type mice both before and after the development of the retinotectal map. Our methods are based on tract tracing using lipophilic dyes, and our results indicate that there is a reestablishment of dorsoventral but not nasotemporal retinal order when the axons pass through the chiasm and that this order is maintained throughout the subsequent tract. Furthermore, this dorsoventral retinotopic order is well established by the day after birth, long before the final target zone is discernible within the tectum. We conclude that pretarget sorting of axons according to origin along the dorsoventral axis of the retina is both spatially and chronologically appropriate to contribute to the formation of the retinotectal map, and we suggest that these methods be used to search for the molecular basis of such order by using available mouse genetic models.},
	Author = {Plas, Daniel T. and Lopez, Joshua E. and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Imaging, Three-Dimensional;Retina;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Mice, Inbred C57BL;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals, Newborn;Optic Nerve;Animals;Mice;Superior Colliculi;Visual Pathways;Axons; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {305-19},
	Pubmed = {16175549},
	Title = {Pretarget sorting of retinocollicular axons in the mouse},
	Uuid = {5BD892C6-7A62-4019-8DF9-39B3ECC10F0E},
	Volume = {491},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20694}}

@article{Plas:2008,
	Abstract = {Patterning events during early eye formation determine retinal cell fate and can dictate the behavior of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons as they navigate toward central brain targets. The temporally and spatially regulated expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors in the retina are thought to play a key role in this process, initiating gene expression cascades that distinguish different regions of the retina, particularly along the dorsoventral axis. Here, we examine the role of BMP and a potential downstream effector, EphB, in retinotopic map formation in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC). RGC axon behaviors during retinotopic map formation in wild-type mice are compared with those in several strains of mice with engineered defects of BMP and EphB signaling. Normal RGC axon sorting produces axon order in the optic tract that reflects the dorsoventral position of the parent RGCs in the eye. A dramatic consequence of disrupting BMP signaling is a missorting of RGC axons as they exit the optic chiasm. This sorting is not dependent on EphB. When BMP signaling in the developing eye is genetically modified, RGC order in the optic tract and targeting in the LGN and SC are correspondingly disrupted. These experiments show that BMP signaling regulates dorsoventral RGC cell fate, RGC axon behavior in the ascending optic tract, and retinotopic map formation in the LGN and SC through mechanisms that are in part distinct from EphB signaling in the LGN and SC.},
	Author = {Plas, Daniel T. and Dhande, Onkar S. and Lopez, Joshua E. and Murali, Deepa and Thaller, Christina and Henkemeyer, Mark and Furuta, Yasuhide and Overbeek, Paul and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Animals;Xenopus;Humans;Carrier Proteins;Transforming Growth Factor beta;Superior Colliculi;Visual Pathways;Mutation;Mice, Transgenic;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins;Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I;Eye;Animals, Newborn;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;in vitro; 21 Activity-development},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {28},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {7057-67},
	Pii = {28/28/7057},
	Pubmed = {18614674},
	Title = {Bone morphogenetic proteins, eye patterning, and retinocollicular map formation in the mouse},
	Uuid = {F35C53A6-9DF7-4888-B180-3DE7A4DFD903},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Plas_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3598-06.2008}}


@article{Plenz:2007,
	Abstract = {Neuronal avalanches are spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity that occur spontaneously in superficial layers of the mammalian cortex under various experimental conditions. These patterns reflect fast propagation of local synchrony, display a rich spatiotemporal diversity and recur over several hours. The statistical organization of pattern sizes is invariant to the choice of spatial scale, demonstrating that the functional linking of cortical sites into avalanches occurs on all spatial scales with a fractal organization. These features suggest an underlying network of neuronal interactions that balances diverse representations with predictable recurrence, similar to what has been theorized for cell assembly formation. We propose that avalanches reflect the transient formation of cell assemblies in the cortex and discuss various models that provide mechanistic insights into the underlying dynamics, suggesting that they arise in a critical regime.},
	Author = {Plenz, Dietmar and Thiagarajan, Tara C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Cell Communication;Models, Neurological;Neural Pathways;Signal Transduction;research support, n.i.h., intramural;Cortical Synchronization;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;review},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Section of Neural Network Physiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. plenzd\@mail.nih.gov},
	Pages = {101-10},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(07)00019-7},
	Pubmed = {17275102},
	Title = {The organizing principles of neuronal avalanches: cell assemblies in the cortex?},
	Uuid = {C21A329B-7EC4-4EA2-A9D8-E3643FF04AA7},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Plenz_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.01.005}}





@article{Polack:2007,
	Abstract = {Typical absence has long been considered as the prototypic form of generalized nonconvulsive epileptic seizures. Recent investigations in patients and animal models suggest that absence seizures could originate from restricted regions of the cerebral cortex. However, the cellular and local network processes of seizure initiation remain unknown. Here, we show that absence seizures in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg, a well established genetic model of this disease, arise from the facial somatosensory cortex. Using in vivo intracellular recordings, we found that epileptic discharges are initiated in layer 5/6 neurons of this cortical region. These neurons, which show a distinctive hyperactivity associated with a membrane depolarization, lead the firing of distant cortical cells during the epileptic discharge. Consistent with their ictogenic properties, neurons from this "focus" exhibit interictal and preictal oscillations that are converted into epileptic pattern. These results confirm and extend the "focal hypothesis" of absence epilepsy and provide a cellular scenario for the initiation and generalization of absence seizures.},
	Author = {Polack, Pierre-Olivier O. and Guillemain, Isabelle and Hu, Emilie and Deransart, Colin and Depaulis, Antoine and Charpier, St{\'e}phane},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Epilepsy, Absence;Action Potentials;Rats;Analysis of Variance;Wakefulness;Rats, Wistar;Face;Biotin;Brain Mapping;Models, Genetic;Animals;Periodicity;Somatosensory Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {24},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale Unit{\'e} 667, Coll\`{e}ge de France, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France. pierre-olivier.polack\@college-de-france.fr},
	Pages = {6590-9},
	Pii = {27/24/6590},
	Pubmed = {17567820},
	Title = {Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seizures},
	Uuid = {9BFDF282-FFCB-4C7C-9FA8-1012B47F4A8C},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0753-07.2007}}


@article{Pollard:2003,
	Abstract = {Eukaryotic cells depend on cytoskeletal polymers and molecular motors to establish their asymmetrical shapes, to transport intracellular constituents and to drive their motility. Cell biologists are using diverse experimental approaches to understand the molecular basis of cellular movements and to explain why defects in the component proteins cause disease. Much of the molecular machinery for motility evolved in early eukaryotes, so a limited set of general principles can explain the motility of most cells. 0028-0836 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Pollard, T. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;*Cell Movement;10 Development;Biopolymers/metabolism;Gene Deletion;Molecular Motors/metabolism;Eukaryotic Cells/cytology/metabolism;Pseudopodia/metabolism;Evolution;Animals;F pdf;Actins/metabolism;Cytoskeleton/*metabolism},
	Number = {6933},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520-8103, USA. thomas.pollard\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {741-5},
	Pubmed = {12700767},
	Title = {The cytoskeleton, cellular motility and the reductionist agenda},
	Uuid = {A7E87AB0-9055-46DE-B5E5-1FAAF3613887},
	Volume = {422},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12700767}}


@article{Polleux:1997,
	Abstract = {Cortical neurons are generated in the germinal zones lining the ventricles before migrating predominantly radially. To investigate regional differences in the cell-cycle kinetics of neuroblasts, pulse [3H]-thymidine injections were made throughout corticogenesis, and labeled neuron counts were compared in areas 3, 6, 17, and 18a in the adult mouse. The relationship between height in the cortex and intensity of autoradiographic signal distinguishes first generation and subsequent generations of neurons. This provides the mitotic history of defined sets of neurons and is a powerful tool for analyzing areal differences in cell-cycle kinetics. The infragranular laminar labeling indices of different generations show significant differences in areas 3 and 6. The labeling index of first generation neurons shows that the rate of neuron production is higher in area 3 than in area 6. This increased generation rate in area 3 was accompanied by two major changes. First, computation of the labeling index of the subsequent generation neurons (which reflects percentages of precursors in S-phase at the moment of the pulse) indicates a shorter cell cycle in area 3. Second, the total population of labeled neurons contains a higher proportion of first generation neurons in area 3, implying a higher leaving fraction in this area. Computer simulations of these areal differences of cell-cycle kinetics generate neuron numbers that are in close agreement with published data. Altogether these findings reveal an early regionalization of the ventricular zone that serves to generate unique features of future cortical areas.},
	Author = {Polleux, F. and Dehay, C. and Moraillon, B. and Kennedy, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Aging;Embryo;Mice, Inbred BALB C;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Thymidine;Embryonic and Fetal Development;Autoradiography;Models, Neurological;Time Factors;Cell Division;Computer Simulation;Cell Cycle;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons},
	Medline = {97461622},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U371-Cerveau et Vision, 69675 BRON Cedex, France.},
	Pages = {7763-83},
	Pubmed = {9315898},
	Title = {Regulation of neuroblast cell-cycle kinetics plays a crucial role in the generation of unique features of neocortical areas},
	Uuid = {86EC54A8-480D-4ADC-85C4-E6647CE319E2},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Polleux:1998,
	Abstract = {In the homozygous (but not the heterozygous) reeler mutant, disruption of neuron migration leads to a major perturbation of the cortical environment that in turn could modify (1) the specification of neuronal fate and (2) the proliferation dynamics of cortical precursors. To investigate these issues, tritiated thymidine injections during cortical neurogenesis were coupled with postnatal injections of a retrograde tracer in the spinal cord to accurately measure the neurogenesis of corticospinal neurons in the heterozygous and homozygous mutant. The homozygous reeler shows (1) strict conservation of area-specific timetables of corticospinal neuron generation; (2) neurons with the appropriate birthdates show an enhanced probability of projecting to the spinal cord; (3) during early stages of corticogenesis, there is a reduced rate of neuron production followed at later stages by an increased rate of neuron production; and (4) these changes in the rate of neuron production were shown to be at least partially attributable to changes in the proportions of differentiative divisions. Taken together, our results show that in the developing cortex, the neurogenesis and specification of a given neuronal phenotype are partially controlled by the postmigratory compartment. On the other hand, neither areal identity nor the chronology of production of layer-specific neuronal phenotype seems to depend on the integrity of the cellular environment.},
	Author = {Polleux, F. and Dehay, C. and Kennedy, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Animals;Afferent Pathways;Neocortex;Thymidine;Female;Cell Count;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Pyramidal Tracts;Male;Animals, Newborn;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;Cell Division;Tritium;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Death;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99042065},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U371-Cerveau et Vision, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.},
	Pages = {9910-23},
	Pubmed = {9822747},
	Title = {Neurogenesis and commitment of corticospinal neurons in reeler},
	Uuid = {F08E8D57-B5AD-4737-AE13-CA9B4DC6524E},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Polleux:2004,
	Abstract = {Autism is a complex, behaviorally defined, developmental brain disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1,000. It is now clear that autism is not a disease, but a syndrome with a strong genetic component. The etiology of autism is poorly defined both at the cellular and the molecular levels. Based on the fact that seizure activity is frequently associated with autism and that abnormal evoked potentials have been observed in autistic individuals in response to tasks that require attention, several investigators have recently proposed that autism might be caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in key neural systems including the cortex. Despite considerable ongoing effort toward the identification of chromosome regions affected in autism and the characterization of many potential gene candidates, only a few genes have been reproducibly shown to display specific mutations that segregate with autism, likely because of the complex polygenic nature of this syndrome. Among those, several candidate genes have been shown to control the early patterning and/or the late synaptic maturation of specific neuronal subpopulations controlling the balance between excitation and inhibition in the developing cortex and cerebellum. In the present article, we review our current understanding of the developmental mechanisms patterning the balance between excitation and inhibition in the context of the neurobiology of autism.},
	Author = {Polleux, Franck and Lauder, Jean M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1080-4013},
	Journal = {Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16;Humans;Glutamic Acid;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17;Brain;review;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20;Autistic Disorder;Cerebellum;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Stem;Gene Expression;Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15;Genetic Markers},
	Nlm_Id = {9517974},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology-Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. polleux\@med.unc.edu},
	Pages = {303-17},
	Pubmed = {15666334},
	Title = {Toward a developmental neurobiology of autism},
	Uuid = {F7462B60-170B-420C-AA2C-597E95FA9740},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20044}}

@article{Polleux:2000,
	Abstract = {The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons integrate inputs from various cortical layers and are central to information processing. Here we show that the growth of apical dendrites towards the pial surface is regulated by a diffusible chemoattractant present at high levels near the marginal zone. A major component of this signal is semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which was previously characterized as a chemorepellant for cortical axons. Soluble guanylate cyclase is asymmetrically localized to the developing apical dendrite, and is required for the chemoattractive effect of Sema3A. Thus the asymmetric localization of soluble guanylate cyclase confers distinct Sema3A responses to axons and dendrites. These observations reveal a mechanism by which a single chemotropic signal can pattern both axons and dendrites during development.},
	Author = {Polleux, F. and Morrow, T. and Ghosh, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Glycoproteins;Signal Transduction;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Coculture Techniques;Rats;Solubility;Receptors, Cell Surface;Protein Kinases;Axons;Mice, Transgenic;Pyramidal Cells;Neuropilin-1;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Nerve Growth Factors;Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases;Dendrites;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Guanylate Cyclase;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;Semaphorin-3A;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Chemotactic Factors;Luminescent Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20227299},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6778},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA.},
	Pages = {567-73},
	Pubmed = {10766232},
	Title = {Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites},
	Uuid = {2B7F83DF-1A4D-4864-8227-610D7B166616},
	Volume = {404},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007001}}

@article{Polleux:2005,
	Abstract = {Great neuroanatomists of the twentieth century recognized that the cerebral cortex of mammals is the single most complex structure of the central nervous system both in terms of neuronal diversity and connectivity. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms specifying the afferent and efferent connectivity in the neocortex may seem like a daunting task. However, recent technical advances have greatly improved our ability to (1) profile gene expression of neuronal populations isolated based on their connectional properties, (2) manipulate gene expression in specific neuronal populations, and (3) visualize their axonal projections in vivo. These new tools are revolutionizing our ability to identify the molecular mechanisms patterning afferent and efferent cortical projections.},
	Author = {Polleux, Franck},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {University of North Carolina, Neuroscience Center, Deptartment of Pharmacology, 105 Mason Farm Road-CB7250, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. polleux\@med.unc.edu},
	Pages = {395-400},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00353-3},
	Pubmed = {15882638},
	Title = {Genetic mechanisms specifying cortical connectivity: let's make some projections together},
	Uuid = {B59F74D1-5E56-4CC1-AAF3-F3D1FE8A7895},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Polleux_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.017}}

@article{Polleux:1998a,
	Abstract = {Cortical neurons communicate with various cortical and subcortical targets by way of stereotyped axon projections through the white matter. Slice overlay experiments indicate that the initial growth of cortical axons toward the white matter is regulated by a diffusible chemorepulsive signal localized near the marginal zone. Semaphorin III is a major component of this diffusible signal, and cortical neurons transduce this signal by way of the neuropilin-1 receptor. These observations indicate that semaphorin-neuropilin interactions play a critical role in the initial patterning of projections in the developing cortex.},
	Author = {Polleux, F. and Giger, R. J. and Ginty, D. D. and Kolodkin, A. L. and Ghosh, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:38 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Glycoproteins;Signal Transduction;Animals;Gene Targeting;In Vitro;Coculture Techniques;Rats;Humans;Neurons, Efferent;Recombinant Proteins;Axons;Neuropilin-1;Nerve Growth Factors;Cell Line;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;Semaphorin-3A;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99055402},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5395},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.},
	Pages = {1904-6},
	Pubmed = {9836643},
	Title = {Patterning of cortical efferent projections by semaphorin-neuropilin interactions},
	Uuid = {7B48C1C2-BCC3-48D6-B9DC-B16C5ACF2A4B},
	Volume = {282},
	Year = {1998}}



@article{Pologruto:2003,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Laser scanning microscopy is a powerful tool for analyzing the structure and function of biological specimens. Although numerous commercial laser scanning microscopes exist, some of the more interesting and challenging applications demand custom design. A major impediment to custom design is the difficulty of building custom data acquisition hardware and writing the complex software required to run the laser scanning microscope. RESULTS: We describe a simple, software-based approach to operating a laser scanning microscope without the need for custom data acquisition hardware. Data acquisition and control of laser scanning are achieved through standard data acquisition boards. The entire burden of signal integration and image processing is placed on the CPU of the computer. We quantitate the effectiveness of our data acquisition and signal conditioning algorithm under a variety of conditions. We implement our approach in an open source software package (ScanImage) and describe its functionality. CONCLUSIONS: We present ScanImage, software to run a flexible laser scanning microscope that allows easy custom design.},
	Author = {Pologruto, Thomas A. and Sabatini, Bernardo L. and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1475-925X},
	Journal = {Biomed Eng Online},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Software Design;21 Neurophysiology;Software;evaluation studies;User-Computer Interface;Image Enhancement;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Equipment Design},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {101147518},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. pologrut\@cshl.org;},
	Pages = {13},
	Pii = {1475-925X-2-13},
	Pubmed = {12801419},
	Title = {ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes},
	Uuid = {6727EA3B-A5D7-44F2-8C60-62BA77D133CF},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-2-13}}











@article{Portera-Cailliau:2005,
	Abstract = {The development of axonal arbors is a critical step in the establishment of precise neural circuits, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms of axonal elaboration in the neocortex. We used in vivo two-photon time-lapse microscopy to image axons in the neocortex of green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice over the first 3 wk of postnatal development. This period spans the elaboration of thalamocortical (TC) and Cajal-Retzius (CR) axons and cortical synaptogenesis. Layer 1 collaterals of TC and CR axons were imaged repeatedly over time scales ranging from minutes up to days, and their growth and pruning were analyzed. The structure and dynamics of TC and CR axons differed profoundly. Branches of TC axons terminated in small, bulbous growth cones, while CR axon branch tips had large growth cones with numerous long filopodia. TC axons grew rapidly in straight paths, with frequent interstitial branch additions, while CR axons grew more slowly along tortuous paths. For both types of axon, new branches appeared at interstitial sites along the axon shaft and did not involve growth cone splitting. Pruning occurred via retraction of small axon branches (tens of microns, at both CR and TC axons) or degeneration of large portions of the arbor (hundreds of microns, for TC axons only). The balance between growth and retraction favored overall growth, but only by a slight margin. Given the identical layer 1 territory upon which CR and TC axons grow, the differences in their structure and dynamics likely reflect distinct intrinsic growth programs for axons of long projection neurons versus local interneurons.},
	Author = {Portera-Cailliau, and Weimer, and Paola, and Caroni, and Svoboda,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;plasticity;structural remodeling;Structure-Activity Relationship;imaging;in vivo;Optics;microscopy;Multiphoton;neocortex;axons;Synapses;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;Female;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Promoter Regions (Genetics);Neocortex;Growth Cones;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Mice, Transgenic;Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton;10 Structural plasticity;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Animals;Mice;Male;Axons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e272},
	Pii = {05-PLBI-RA-0321R1},
	Pubmed = {16026180},
	Title = {Diverse Modes of Axon Elaboration in the Developing Neocortex},
	Uuid = {4633FC26-872A-4119-9C8C-9BBD7188C849},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Portera-Cailliau_PLoSBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030272}}


@article{Poulet:2008,
	Abstract = {Internal brain states form key determinants for sensory perception, sensorimotor coordination and learning. A prominent reflection of different brain states in the mammalian central nervous system is the presence of distinct patterns of cortical synchrony, as revealed by extracellular recordings of the electroencephalogram, local field potential and action potentials. Such temporal correlations of cortical activity are thought to be fundamental mechanisms of neuronal computation. However, it is unknown how cortical synchrony is reflected in the intracellular membrane potential (V(m)) dynamics of behaving animals. Here we show, using dual whole-cell recordings from layer 2/3 primary somatosensory barrel cortex in behaving mice, that the V(m) of nearby neurons is highly correlated during quiet wakefulness. However, when the mouse is whisking, an internally generated state change reduces the V(m) correlation, resulting in a desynchronized local field potential and electroencephalogram. Action potential activity was sparse during both quiet wakefulness and active whisking. Single action potentials were driven by a large, brief and specific excitatory input that was not present in the V(m) of neighbouring cells. Action potential initiation occurs with a higher signal-to-noise ratio during active whisking than during quiet periods. Therefore, we show that an internal brain state dynamically regulates cortical membrane potential synchrony during behaviour and defines different modes of cortical processing.},
	Author = {Poulet, James F. A. and Petersen, Carl C. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Exploratory Behavior;Wakefulness;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Male;Membrane Potentials;Mice;Neurons},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7206},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F{\'e}d{\'e}rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {881-5},
	Pii = {nature07150},
	Pubmed = {18633351},
	Title = {Internal brain state regulates membrane potential synchrony in barrel cortex of behaving mice},
	Uuid = {977A9D72-10F5-4F65-9660-F2FC4E2FF84D},
	Volume = {454},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Poulet_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07150}}



@article{Povinelli:1995,
	Abstract = {Traditional analyses of the evolution of intelligence have emphasized commonality and continuity among species. However, recent research suggests that humans might have specialized in a particular kind of intelligence that is related to understanding mental states such as desires, intentions and beliefs. Data indicate that the ability to reflect on one's own mental states, as well as those of others, might be the result of evolutionary changes in the prefrontal cortex. Behavioral studies in children and chimpanzees reveal both similarities and striking differences in the developmental pathways that lead to theory-of-mind capacities. Humans and great apes share many ancient patterns of social behavior, but it is too early to be certain if they interpret them in the same manner. Humans might have evolved a cognitive specialization in theory of mind, forever altering their view of the social universe. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Povinelli, D. J. and Preuss, T. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Brain/*physiology;Human;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;*Evolution;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Cognition/*physiology},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Comparative Behavioral Biology, New Iberia Research Center, LA 70560, USA.},
	Pages = {418-24},
	Pubmed = {7482808},
	Title = {Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization},
	Uuid = {F39316D4-8C3B-4573-958E-C67CA4E7F444},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7482808}}





@article{Pratt:2003,
	Abstract = {Competitive synaptic remodeling is an important feature of developmental plasticity, but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) can induce postsynaptic changes in synaptic strength. We show that postsynaptic CaMKII also generates structural synaptic rearrangements between cultured cortical neurons. Postsynaptic expression of activated CaMKII (T286D) increased the strength of transmission between pairs of pyramidal neuron by a factor of 4, through a modest increase in quantal amplitude and a larger increase in the number of synaptic contacts. Concurrently, T286D reduced overall excitatory synaptic density and increased the proportion of unconnected pairs. This suggests that connectivity from some synaptic partners was increased while other partners were eliminated. The enhancement of connectivity required activity and NMDA receptor activation, while the elimination did not. These data suggest that postsynaptic activation of CaMKII induces a structural remodeling of presynaptic inputs that favors the retention of active presynaptic partners.},
	Author = {Pratt, Kara G. and Watt, Alanna J. and Griffith, Leslie C. and Nelson, Sacha B. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Lysine;Immunohistochemistry;Luminescent Proteins;Cerebral Cortex;Animals;Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;Rats, Long-Evans;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Count;Transfection;Organ Culture Techniques;Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2;Synapses;Drug Interactions;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cell Surface Extensions;Dizocilpine Maleate;Alanine;Neuronal Plasticity;Mutation;comparative study;Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic;Synapsins;Anesthetics, Local;Tetrodotoxin;Rats;Aspartic Acid;Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase;Threonine;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Valine;Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases;Neurons;Pyridinium Compounds;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {269-81},
	Pii = {S0896627303004227},
	Pubmed = {12873384},
	Title = {Activity-dependent remodeling of presynaptic inputs by postsynaptic expression of activated CaMKII},
	Uuid = {0C0B370E-794D-4582-A8B8-590E12E98943},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Pratt_Neuron2003.pdf}}


@article{Prescott:2005,
	Abstract = {Neurons of the visual, auditory and vestibular systems that signal through graded changes in membrane potential rely upon synaptic ribbons for the exquisite control of neurotransmitter release. Although clearly important for tonic neurotransmission, the precise role of synaptic ribbons remains elusive. In recent years, several genetic, biochemical, electrophysiological and optical approaches have begun to shed light on the functions of these enigmatic organelles.},
	Author = {Prescott, Elizabeth D. and Zenisek, David},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Synaptic Vesicles;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Eye Proteins;Exocytosis;research support, n.i.h., extramural;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.},
	Pages = {431-6},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(05)00107-8},
	Pubmed = {16023852},
	Title = {Recent progress towards understanding the synaptic ribbon},
	Uuid = {54D96AC4-51DB-48DB-BF09-C87C5619DB4A},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Prescott_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.07.005}}

@article{Price:1970,
	Author = {Price, J. L. and Powell, T. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9533},
	Journal = {J Cell Sci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Synaptic Vesicles;Synaptic Membranes;Dendrites;Limbic System;Microscopy, Electron;Rats;Animals;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Axons},
	Medline = {71027124},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0052457},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {125-55},
	Pubmed = {5476853},
	Title = {The synaptology of the granule cells of the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {FBEC19CF-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1970}}







@article{Prince:1998,
	Abstract = {Although drug-induced disinhibition is a potent method for producing acute epileptogenesis, data with respect to possible disorders of GABAergic inhibitory function in models of chronic epilepsy are incomplete and inconsistent. We examined rat models of cortical post-traumatic epilepsy, and epileptogenic cortical microgyri. Results suggest enhanced rather than decreased inhibitory function in cortical networks in these preparations. In brain slices from epileptogenic chronically isolated cortex, the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and miniature (m)IPSCs in layer V pyramidal neurons is increased compared to control. In the epileptogenic zone adjacent to the microgyrus, both spontaneous and stimulus-induced IPSCs are larger in amplitude than control, and the frequency of sIPSCs is more dependent upon glutamatergic excitation of interneurons than in control layer V neurons of homotopic cortex. Immunocytochemical studies show that there is enhanced immunoreactivity for several proteins in GABAergic interneurons of chronic cortical isolations, and suggest that there may be sprouting of GABAergic axons in the area of injury. This conclusion is supported by anatomic data showing an approximate doubling of the number of presumed inhibitory synapses on somata of layer V pyramidal neurons. These anatomic findings are consistent with the increased frequency of mIPSCs on these neurons. Inhibition is robust in both of these chronic models of epileptogenesis. Increased inhibitory electrogenesis might be pictured as part of the epileptogenic process, e.g. a mechanism for synchronizing the discharge of pyramidal neurons, or as a compensatory mechanism that might prevent the development of abnormal activities in some cases, or limit the intensity of epileptogenesis in others.},
	Author = {Prince, D. A. and Jacobs, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:54 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Animals;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent;Disease Models, Animal;Brain Injuries;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;Freezing;21 Neurophysiology;Parvalbumins;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98432478},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5122, USA. daprince\@leland.stanford.edu},
	Pages = {83-92},
	Pubmed = {9761311},
	Title = {Inhibitory function in two models of chronic epileptogenesis},
	Uuid = {A8B29C1A-516B-400C-A27E-7BDE61F25A3D},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Prince_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}}






@article{Puopolo:1998,
	Abstract = {The periglomerular cells of the rat olfactory bulb, a virtually unknown population of interneurons, have been studied applying the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to thin slices. A prominent result, obtained under current-clamp conditions, is that these cells appear to be functionally heterogeneous, and show distinct excitability profiles. Voltage-clamp analysis allows the identification of the ionic basis of these differences and suggests a division into at least two classes, based on the characteristics of the K+ conductances. The first group displays two K+ conductances (delayed rectifier, gKV, and fast transient, gA) of similar amplitude, and under current-clamp conditions shows the usual outward rectifying behaviour at depolarized potentials. The second group has a large gA, and a small or absent gKV. Consequently, following sustained depolarizations under current-clamp conditions leading to inactivation of gA, these neurons do not show any sign of outward rectification and behave as ohmic elements, as normally observed only at hyperpolarized potentials. The transition ion zinc (10-300 microM) affects gA but not gKV The inactivation process (steady-state curve and rate constant) is strongly altered by Zn2+, the activation process less so; open-channel conductance is not affected. The Zn2+ effect is unlikely to be due to surface charge screening or to a mechanism involving channel block. In view of the substantial presence of zinc ions in the olfactory nerve terminals, its actions on the A-current could be of some relevance for physiological function.},
	Author = {Puopolo, M. and Belluzzi, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Kinetics;Zinc;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Tetrodotoxin;Olfactory Bulb;Solutions;Electrophysiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Potassium Channels;Membrane Potentials;Animals},
	Medline = {98424097},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\`{a} di Ferrara, Italy.},
	Pages = {1073-83},
	Pubmed = {9753175},
	Title = {Functional heterogeneity of periglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {FBEBF819-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Puopolo:2001,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous, low-frequency voltage oscillations (LFOs) were observed in the neurons of rat olfactory bulb upon disinhibition with GABAA antagonists and/or removal of Mg2+ from external saline. Ordinarily, LFOs presented a highly organized temporal structure, with bursts recurring regularly at about 0.05 Hz. Slow depolarizing shifts with similar frequencies were observed in all types of bulbar neurons. Simultaneous recordings from mutually independent neurons showed that LFOs were highly synchronized in distinct cells. The occurrence of LFOs was prevented by NMDA, but not AMPA/kainate, receptor antagonists. The oscillations were also halted by Ca2+ antagonists and tetrodotoxin. The pace of the oscillations was reset by stimulation of the olfactory nerve but not by direct injection of depolarizing current into the oscillating cell. Removal of the outer portion of the slice with a cut along the external plexiform layer provided crucial evidence that the bursting activity first initiated in the glomerular region and propagated synaptically downstream towards the inner layers, suggesting an organizing role for olfactory glomeruli.},
	Author = {Puopolo, M. and Belluzzi, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:58 -0400},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*drug effects/*physiology;I;GABA Antagonists/*pharmacology;N-Methylaspartate/*physiology;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Oscillometry;Animal;In Vitro;Bicuculline/*pharmacology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*drug effects/*physiology;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Nerve Net/*physiology;Magnesium/*pharmacology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche &Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Universita di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44100 Ferrara, Italy.},
	Pages = {92-102.},
	Title = {NMDA-dependent, network-driven oscillatory activity induced by bicuculline or removal of Mg2+ in rat olfactory bulb neurons},
	Uuid = {E6C81ED9-6AB5-4F33-8BFA-81440E905C71},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11135007}}

@article{Puopolo:2005,
	Abstract = {We examined the electrophysiological properties of a population of identified dopaminergic periglomerular cells of the main olfactory bulb, using transgenic mice in which catecholaminergic neurons expressed human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. After acute dissociation, living dopaminergic periglomerular cells were identified by a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody to PLAP. In current clamp mode, dopaminergic periglomerular cells spontaneously generated action potentials in a rhythmic fashion, with an average frequency of 8 Hz. The hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) did not seem important for pacemaking, since blocking the current with ZD 7288 or Cs(+) had little effect on spontaneous firing. To investigate what ionic currents do drive pacemaking, we performed action potential clamp experiments using records of pacemaking as voltage command in voltage clamp experiments. We found that substantial TTX-sensitive Na(+) current flows during the interspike depolarization. In addition, substantial Ca(2+) current flowed during the interspike interval, and blocking Ca(2+) current hyperpolarized the neurons and stopped spontaneous firing. These results show that dopaminergic periglomerular cells have intrinsic pacemaking activity, supporting the possibility that they can maintain a tonic release of dopamine to modulate the sensitivity of the olfactory system during odor detection. Calcium entry into these neurons provides electrical drive for pacemaking as well as triggering transmitter release.},
	Author = {Puopolo, and Bean, and Raviola,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Pii = {00225.2005},
	Pubmed = {16033943},
	Title = {Spontaneous Activity of Isolated Dopaminergic Periglomerular Cells of the Main Olfactory Bulb},
	Uuid = {A08CF7BE-A4DD-4883-8B52-BB5C40CCE8E2},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00225.2005}}

@article{Puopolo:1996,
	Abstract = {The capacity of periglomerular cells (PGc) to give fast, Na-dependent action potentials is a crucial and debated issue for the comprehension of how sensory information is processed in the olfactory bulb (OB). Using patchclamp whole cell recording in thin slices of rat OB (P8-P20) we showed that fast sodium conductance is present in all the PGc studied, that this current is sufficiently large to generate action potentials and that action potentials can be evoked in these cells by direct stimulation of the olfactory nerve. A comprehensive kinetic characterization of INa is also presented.},
	Author = {Puopolo, M. and Belluzzi, O.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4965},
	Journal = {Neuroreport},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats;Sodium Channels;Rats, Wistar;In Vitro;Olfactory Bulb;Interneurons;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Medline = {97061648},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9100935},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\`{a} di Ferrara, Italy.},
	Pages = {1846-50},
	Pubmed = {8905678},
	Title = {Sodium current in periglomerular cells of rat olfactory bulb in vitro},
	Uuid = {FBEBFEF0-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1996}}










@article{Quiroga:2005,
	Abstract = {It takes a fraction of a second to recognize a person or an object even when seen under strikingly different conditions. How such a robust, high-level representation is achieved by neurons in the human brain is still unclear. In monkeys, neurons in the upper stages of the ventral visual pathway respond to complex images such as faces and objects and show some degree of invariance to metric properties such as the stimulus size, position and viewing angle. We have previously shown that neurons in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) fire selectively to images of faces, animals, objects or scenes. Here we report on a remarkable subset of MTL neurons that are selectively activated by strikingly different pictures of given individuals, landmarks or objects and in some cases even by letter strings with their names. These results suggest an invariant, sparse and explicit code, which might be important in the transformation of complex visual percepts into long-term and more abstract memories.},
	Author = {Quiroga, R. Quian and Reddy, L. and Kreiman, G. and Koch, C. and Fried, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Humans;Memory;Face;Middle Aged;Brain;Female;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Substrate Specificity;ROC Curve;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Pattern Recognition, Visual;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Models, Neurological;Adolescent},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7045},
	Organization = {Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.},
	Pages = {1102-7},
	Pii = {nature03687},
	Pubmed = {15973409},
	Title = {Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain},
	Uuid = {4A301E0C-E9E9-41D0-AFF2-355760612803},
	Volume = {435},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Quiroga_Nature2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Quiroga_Nature2005a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03687}}




@article{Radnikow:2002,
	Abstract = {Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are among the earliest generated neurons and are thought to play a role in corticogenesis and early neuronal migration. However, the role of CR cells in an early cortical microcircuit is still rather unclear. We therefore have investigated the morphology and physiology of CR cells by using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings combined with intracellular biocytin filling in acute brain slices of postnatal day 5-11 rats. CR cells are characterized by a long horizontally oriented dendrite; the axonal collaterals form a dense horizontally oriented plexus in layer 1 and to a certain extent in layer 2/3, projecting over >2 mm of cortical surface. The bouton density is relatively high, and synaptic contacts are established preferentially with dendritic spines or shafts of excitatory neurons, presumably terminal tuft dendrites of pyramidal neurons. In turn, CR cells receive dense GABAergic and non-GABAergic input on somata, dendritic shafts, and spine-like appendages. Extracellular stimulation in layer 1 could activate both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs. The GABAergic response was blocked by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. The glutamatergic response was mediated solely by NMDA receptors and was highly sensitive to ifenprodil, indicating that it was mediated mainly via NR1/NR2B subunit-containing receptors. NMDA EPSPs were apparent in 1 mm extracellular Mg2+, suggesting that this pure NMDA synapse is not silent functionally. Together, the long-range horizontal projection of the axon, the high density of synaptic boutons, and the functional synaptic input of CR cells suggest that they are an integral part of an early cortical network.},
	Author = {Radnikow, Gabriele and Feldmeyer, Dirk and L{\"u}bke, Joachim},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;10 Development;Piperidines;Electric Stimulation;Lysine;Synapses;In Vitro;Rats;Animals;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Axons;Rats, Wistar;Dendrites;Nerve Net;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;GABA Antagonists;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {22166801},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute of Medical Research, Department for Cell Physiology, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {6908-19},
	Pii = {22/16/6908},
	Pubmed = {12177189},
	Title = {Axonal projection, input and output synapses, and synaptic physiology of Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {FCC3CB82-E009-476E-9B26-B725434D6222},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Radnikow_JNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026725}}

@article{Rafiq:1995,
	Abstract = {1. Combined hippocampal-parahippocampal slices were employed to study the development of complex epileptiform discharges after Schaeffer collateral stimulation in vitro. With repeated stimulation, slices generated several different types of epileptiform discharges, which were temporally linked to the preceding stimulus, and predictable in their progression. The first epileptiform discharge to be elicited by stimulation was a primary afterdischarge, which began immediately after the stimulation train and progressed with repeated stimulation until it had peaked in amplitude and duration by the third to fifth stimulus train. After development of the primary afterdischarge, a secondary afterdischarge began to appear, with a 2- to 5-min latency after the third to sixth stimulation train, and progressed in amplitude and duration with repeated stimulation, sometimes to durations > 30 min. 2. After development of the secondary afterdischarge, 65-70\%of rostral slices triggered long-duration, spontaneous self-sustained activity. This activity consisted of repeated spontaneous 3- to 5-min duration ictallike discharges with a short interval (< 15 min between events), lasting for hours in many cases. These discharges were similar to activity seen in depth recordings of patients with complex partial status epilepticus. This cyclic spontaneous epileptiform activity was blocked by diazepam (100 nM to 1 microM), and potentiated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, 50 microM). Analysis of the temporal progression of epileptiform activity through multiple channel extracellular recordings demonstrated that both the interictal and ictal discharges evident during spontaneous recurrent ictal-like status epilepticus (SE) originated at a site distant from the stimulation locus, and then propagated to area CA1. 3. Intracellular recordings from CA3 neurons during spontaneous recurrent ictallike SE activity revealed the cellular correlates of this activity. Recurrent ictallike discharges were initiated at a cellular level by a large depolarization, accompanied by tonic action-potential firing. As the ictal event progressed, the neuron continued to depolarize, and a period of depolarization block ensued, which was terminated by the gradual repolarization of the neuron, with accompanying phasic burst firing. 4. A second variety of long-duration self-sustained activity was also seen in 5-10\%of slices. This type of continuous sustained activity was initiated by an increase in duration of the secondary afterdischarge to 30-120 min duration with repeated stimulation. These sustained discharges were also increased in amplitude and frequency by APV (50 microM) and reduced or blocked by the benzodiazepines diazepam or clonazepam (1 microM). Sustained epileptiform discharges seen in vitro were similar to one form of seizure discharges seen in patients with SE in their frequency, duration, in their progression through a similar electrographic series of stages, and their sensitivity to benzodiazepines. 5. Intracellular recordings from CA3 neurons during continuous SE-like discharges revealed large bursts within this area during generation of generalized epileptiform activity. These bursts were coincident with extracellularly recorded population burst activity in CA1, and so were a circuit phenomenon. 6. This physiological and pharmacological correspondence between the multiple types of SE-like activity seen in vitro and in patients with SE suggests that these long-duration limbic discharges seen in slices may constitute a valuable model for study of the seizure discharges of SE. Future studies exploiting the advantages of in vitro preparations may aid in understanding physiological and pharmacological factors important in generation and control of this grave neurological condition.},
	Author = {Rafiq, A. and Zhang, Y. F. and DeLorenzo, R. J. and Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Diazepam;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Entorhinal Cortex;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Disease Models, Animal;Time Factors;Male;Status Epilepticus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {96150915},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0599, USA.},
	Pages = {2028-42},
	Pubmed = {8592194},
	Title = {Long-duration self-sustained epileptiform activity in the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice: a model of status epilepticus},
	Uuid = {328FC7DF-255F-48A7-855A-977E43B52CD4},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {1995}}






@article{Rakic:2006,
	Abstract = {Within the past 125 years, we have witnessed great strides in understanding development and evolution of the cerebral cortex, arguably the structure that makes us human. Among the distinguishing features of cortical development are discoveries that its constituent neurons are not generated locally and that after assuming their proper areal, radial, and laminar position, they serve the individual throughout the lifespan. Although the basic cellular events and all major developmental phenomena have been discovered by the use of classical methods, advents of new, evermore sophisticated experimental methods that range from neuroimaging to molecular genetics enable elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying evolutionary elaboration of the cortex and opens the possibility for the prevention and treatment of congenital disorders of the highest cognitive functions in humans.},
	Author = {Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;Neurobiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neuronal Plasticity;Silver;Research;Genetic Engineering;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Organogenesis},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06511, USA. pasko.rakic\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {i3-17},
	Pii = {16/suppl_1/i3},
	Pubmed = {16766705},
	Title = {A century of progress in corticoneurogenesis: from silver impregnation to genetic engineering},
	Uuid = {99499D8F-75BF-4871-8332-2AEABC42F37A},
	Volume = {16 Suppl 1},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhk036}}

@article{Rakic:2000,
	Abstract = {Programmed cell death (PCD) in the form of apoptosis is recognized as one of the central events in the development of the central nervous system. To study the time of onset, extent and distribution of PCD in the human telencephalon, embryos and fetuses from 4.5 to 27 gestational weeks (g.w.) were examined using the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling) in situ method. At 4.5 g.w. sparse TUNEL(+) nuclei were observed in the ventricular zone of the neural tube. With the formation of the cortical plate at 7-8 g.w. , TUNEL(+) nuclei were seen in all developmental layers of the cortical anlage, as well as in the subcortical regions such as the ganglionic eminence and the internal capsule. The proliferative zones (the ventricular zone, the subventricular zone and the ganglionic eminence) contained the majority of all apoptotic nuclei observed in each specimen. However, the apoptotic index was highest in the subplate zone and in layer I. Double-labelling experiments suggested that neuronal precursors were the main population of cells undergoing PCD in the first trimester of gestation, whereas glial cells probably start dying around midgestation. The onset of labelling of microglial cells and apoptotic nuclei were synchronous, indicating the involvement of microglia in PCD. In conclusion, two distinct types of PCD were observed during human telencephalic development: embryonic apoptosis, which was synchronous with proliferation and migration of neuronal cells and probably not related to establishment of neuronal circuitry, and fetal apoptosis, which coincided with differentiation and synaptogenesis, and therefore may be related to the development of axonal-target connectivity.},
	Author = {Rakic, S. and Zecevic, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Telencephalon;Fetus;Human;Microscopy, Electron;Apoptosis;Stem Cells;Not relevant;11 Glia;Microglia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons;In Situ Nick-End Labeling},
	Medline = {20428255},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401, USA.},
	Pages = {2721-34},
	Pii = {ejn153},
	Pubmed = {10971615},
	Title = {Programmed cell death in the developing human telencephalon},
	Uuid = {BB72E8FB-9804-4140-B162-222DA3F078AF},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Rakic:2003,
	Abstract = {Since the discovery of radial glial cells in the human fetal forebrain, this specialized cellular population has been identified in most regions of the vertebrate brain during restricted developmental periods. However, their size, longevity, and significance for guiding migrating neurons have increased with the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex, reaching a peak in the gyrencephalic human forebrain. The phenotypic distinction of radial glial cells from the more specialized neuronal progenitors in the proliferative zones and from the migrating neurons in the intermediate zone of the primate fetal forebrain, based initially on morphological criteria, has been supported by their ultrastructural, molecular, and physiological characteristics. In addition, modern in vivo and in vitro approaches revealed that these specialized embryonic cells can also generate neuronal cell lines, which either immediately, or after several divisions, migrate along radial shaft processes of the mother cells that span the expanding and convoluted cerebral wall. The multiple functions of radial glial cells and their species-specific adaptations indicate a pivotal role in evolution, development, and pathology of the cerebral neocortex. 0894-1491 Historical Article Journal Article Review Review, Academic},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Journal = {Glia},
	Keywords = {History of Medicine, 20th Cent.;Stem Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure;History of Medicine, 19th Cent.;10 Development;Human;Neocortex/*embryology/*growth &development/ultrastructure;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Cell Lineage/physiology;Neurosciences/history;Neuroglia/*physiology/ultrastructure;Animals;F pdf;Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure;Cell Movement/physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. pasko.rakic\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {19-32},
	Pubmed = {12761862},
	Title = {Elusive radial glial cells: historical and evolutionary perspective},
	Uuid = {CF056511-C3C9-4BC0-94BC-637DA9AE6859},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Glia2003.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:2003a,
	Abstract = {Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system, represent a large portion of the total number of cells in the human brain. Using cell-specific markers and antibodies to ventral homeodomain transcription factors, NKX2.1 and DLX2, we show here that a subpopulation of early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the human telencephalon may originate in the ganglionic eminence (GE). DLX2-labeled OPCs form a well-delineated stream of cells connecting the GE subventricular zone (SVZ) to the cortical intermediate zone through the anterior cortical SVZ. This population of cells is labeled by early OPCs markers, PDGFRalpha, Olig1, and NG2, and not with either neuronal, astrocyte, or late OPCs markers. Intriguingly, numerous CD68(+) microglia/macrophages, nestin(+) neural stem cells, and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are also present in both the GE stream and the cortical SVZ. These cells could be colabeled with DLX2 as well as early OPCs markers. A separate subpopulation of early OPCs, present in the GE and cortical SVZ, did not express either DLX2 or CD68. These findings suggest that different subpopulations of early OPCs, characterized with different sets of transcription factors and cell-specific markers, are present in human forebrain. These subpopulations may have different origins; one may originate in the cortical SVZ, while others may come from the GE and/or outside the CNS as hematopoietic stem cells. 0894-1491 Journal Article},
	Author = {Rakic, S. and Zecevic, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Glia},
	Keywords = {Neurons/cytology/metabolism;10 Development;Cell Differentiation/*physiology;Fetus;Cell Lineage/*physiology;Human;Immunohistochemistry;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism;Telencephalon/cytology/*embryology/metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Movement/*physiology;F pdf;Oligodendroglia/cytology/*metabolism},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.},
	Pages = {117-27},
	Pubmed = {12509802},
	Title = {Early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the human fetal telencephalon},
	Uuid = {A2EF0300-2D9A-41D3-BFD8-FA7CFB09DD4D},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12509802}}

@article{Rakic:1972,
	Abstract = {0021-9967 Journal Article},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {*Cell Movement;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Gestational Age;Haplorhini;Female;Microscopy, Electron;Cerebral Ventricles/embryology;*Cell Differentiation;Telencephalon/embryology;A,F abstr;Pregnancy;Animals;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*embryology;Macaca;Neurons},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61-83},
	Pubmed = {4624784},
	Title = {Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex},
	Uuid = {7AD4D995-07DB-47D7-9D43-22E76E4D9D23},
	Volume = {145},
	Year = {1972},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4624784}}

@article{Rakic:1981,
	Abstract = {The time of origin of neurons in the hippocampal region was determined in a series of rhesus monkeys, each of which had been exposed to a pulse of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) at a different time during ontogeny and sacrificed between the second and fifth month after birth. No heavily labeled cells were found in the hippocampal region of animals exposed to 3H-TdR before embryonic day 33 (E33). Exposure to 3H-TdR given at E36 labels a few neurons in the deepest layers of the entorhinal area, and 3H-TdR given at E38 labels a small number of neurons in all hippocampal subdivisions. Although the first neurons are generated almost simultaneously throughout the hippocampal region, the proliferation ceases at a different time in each subdivision. The last neurons destined for the entorhinal area and presubiculum are generated between E70 and E75, whereas the last parasubicular neurons are generated between E75 and E80. The production of neurons that form the subiculum ends about two weeks earlier, between E56 and E65. Within the hippocampus, genesis of pyramidal cells ends between E70 and E80 in area CA1, between E56 and E65 in area CA2, between E65 and E80 in area CA1, between E56 and E65 in area CA2, between E65 and E70 in area CA3, and between E75 and E80 in area CA4. In contrast, the genesis of granule cells of the fascia dentata is considerably prolonged. It continues throughout the second half of gestation, declines steadily in the course of the first postnatal month, and tapers off during the next 2 months. There is a distinct inside-to-outside spatiotemporal gradient in the parahippocampal formation and in the stratum pyramidale of both the subiculum and hippocampus. In contrast, the spatiotemporal pattern of granule cell origin in the dentate gyrus is outside-to-inside. Furthermore, granule cells generated between E36 and E80 are distributed in a distinct suprapyramidal-to-infrapyramidal gradient, whereas those generated at later ages are distributed evenly throughout the fascia dentata. Correlation of the present findings with histological data on hippocampal neurogenesis in the human brain demonstrates that the timing and sequence of developmental events as well as spatiotemporal gradients are similar in both primate species.},
	Author = {Rakic, P. and Nowakowski, R. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Aging;Cell Differentiation;Macaca mulatta;Female;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Autoradiography;Cell Count;Pregnancy;Mitosis;Animals;Neurons},
	Medline = {81142838},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {99-128},
	Pubmed = {7204668},
	Title = {The time of origin of neurons in the hippocampal region of the rhesus monkey},
	Uuid = {AD8AE70C-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {196},
	Year = {1981},
	url = {papers/Rakic_JCompNeurol1981.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901960109}}

@article{Rakic:2002,
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Human;Cell Differentiation;Neurons/*cytology/metabolism;Animals;Humans;Aging;Cell Cycle/physiology;Thymidine/pharmacokinetics;DNA;Thymidine;Cell Cycle;Aging/physiology;review;Animal;Central Nervous System/cytology;01 Adult neurogenesis general;DNA/biosynthesis;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Division/physiology;Neurons;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Division;Central Nervous System;Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacokinetics;Biological Markers;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Bromodeoxyuridine;A both},
	Medline = {21683797},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. pasko.rakic\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {614-8.},
	Pii = {22/3/614},
	Pubmed = {11826088},
	Title = {Adult neurogenesis in mammals: an identity crisis},
	Uuid = {9C09C0D0-D20C-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Rakic_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1998,
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;Embryo/cytology;Neurons/*physiology;Stem Cells/physiology/transplantation;Cell Aging/physiology;Human;A-8 both;Animal;Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology;Brain/cytology/*growth &development},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {645-7.},
	Title = {Young neurons for old brains?},
	Uuid = {F8CCEC2E-6C9A-468A-B768-ACFBA2BCFB03},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci1998.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:2005,
	Author = {Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Embryonic Development;10 Development;Stem Cells;Signal Transduction;Organ Size;Cell Death;Mitosis;Ephrins;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {981-2},
	Pii = {nn0805-981},
	Pubmed = {16047024},
	Title = {Less is more: progenitor death and cortical size},
	Uuid = {1B73313A-14FC-4B26-BB23-8DFF527D2DEC},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0805-981}}

@article{Rakic:2002a,
	Abstract = {Reports of continuous genesis and turnover of neurons in the adult primate association neocortex--the site of the highest cognitive functions--have generated great excitement. Here, I review the available evidence, and question the scientific basis of this claim.},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:30 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {DNA/metabolism;Neuroglia/cytology/physiology;Cell Cycle/physiology;Antimetabolites/metabolism;Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism;Models, Neurological;Neurons/cytology/*physiology;Biological Markers;A both;Nucleotides/metabolism;Animal;Neocortex/*cytology/*physiology;Macaca},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Pasko Rakic is at the Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. pasko.rakic\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {65-71.},
	Title = {Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: an evaluation of the evidence},
	Uuid = {8E1DA188-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Rakic_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:2004,
	Abstract = {1476-4687 Comment News},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {*Cell Movement;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Ki-67 Antigen/analysis;Species Specificity;Rodentia/physiology;Olfactory Bulb/cytology;Human;Multipotent Stem Cells/*cytology;Neurons/*cytology;Nerve Net/cytology;Astrocytes/*cytology;Animals;Brain/*cytology;Nerve Regeneration/physiology;A pdf},
	Number = {6976},
	Pages = {685-6},
	Title = {Neuroscience: immigration denied},
	Uuid = {28BEF740-D919-48FA-B12B-281354B46F12},
	Volume = {427},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Nature2004.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1995,
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Nucleic Acid Probes;*Cell Movement;*Models, Neurological;Cell Differentiation;Neurons/*physiology;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/cytology/*embryology;Clone Cells;H both;Animal;Mice, Transgenic;12 Interneuron development;Mice;Macaca},
	Number = {25},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {11323-7.},
	Title = {Radial versus tangential migration of neuronal clones in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {5B6DDEF1-C0DB-4376-B65E-891F47EA6256},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}}

@article{Rakic:1974,
	Abstract = {0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex/cytology/*embryology;Cell Differentiation;Gestational Age;Haplorhini;Female;Autoradiography;Thymidine/metabolism;Neurons/*cytology;Brain Mapping;Pregnancy;N;Animals;Macaca;Cell Movement;19 Neocortical evolution;Tritium},
	Number = {123},
	Pages = {425-7},
	Pubmed = {4203022},
	Title = {Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time of origin and eventual disposition},
	Uuid = {E8FFAD07-1986-4D25-AAF2-191529831FC1},
	Volume = {183},
	Year = {1974},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Science1974.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4203022}}

@article{Rakic:1985a,
	Abstract = {Systematic analysis of autoradiograms prepared from postpubertal rhesus monkeys given single and multiple injections of tritium-labeled thymidine and killed 3 days to 6 years later displayed a slow turnover of glial cells but failed to reveal any radiolabeled neurons. Therefore, unlike neurons of some nonprimate species, all neurons of the rhesus monkey brain are generated during prenatal and early postnatal life. A stable population of neurons in primates, including humans, may be important for the continuity of learning and memory over a lifetime.},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {DNA/biosynthesis;Amphibia/growth &development;Human;Female;Autoradiography;Birds/growth &development;Animal;Pregnancy;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neurons/physiology;Macaca mulatta/growth &development;A-4;Fishes/growth &development;Brain/cytology/*growth &development},
	Number = {4690},
	Pages = {1054-6.},
	Title = {Limits of neurogenesis in primates},
	Uuid = {BAA15134-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {227},
	Year = {1985},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=3975601}}

@article{Rakic:1988,
	Abstract = {How the immense population of neurons that constitute the human cerebral neocortex is generated from progenitors lining the cerebral ventricle and then distributed to appropriate layers of distinctive cytoarchitectonic areas can be explained by the radial unit hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the ependymal layer of the embryonic cerebral ventricle consists of proliferative units that provide a proto-map of prospective cytoarchitectonic areas. The output of the proliferative units is translated via glial guides to the expanding cortex in the form of ontogenetic columns, whose final number for each area can be modified through interaction with afferent input. Data obtained through various advanced neurobiological techniques, including electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, [3H]thymidine and receptor autoradiography, retrovirus gene transfer, neural transplants, and surgical or genetic manipulation of cortical development, furnish new details about the kinetics of cell proliferation, their lineage relationships, and phenotypic expression that favor this hypothesis. The radial unit model provides a framework for understanding cerebral evolution, epigenetic regulation of the parcellation of cytoarchitectonic areas, and insight into the pathogenesis of certain cortical disorders in humans. 0036-8075 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-22 12:19:13 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Neurons/physiology;Human;Neuronal Plasticity;Cell Division;Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy &histology/growth &development/physiology;N;Visual Cortex/physiology;Animals;Cell Movement;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Afferent Pathways/physiology;19 Neocortical evolution; visual system; visual cortex; Occipital Lobe; Binocular; monocular; Competitive Behavior; 21 Activity-development; structural remodeling; Structure-Activity Relationship; Afferent Pathways; retina; monkey; Macaca fascicularis},
	Number = {4862},
	Organization = {Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.},
	Pages = {170-6},
	Pubmed = {3291116},
	Title = {Specification of cerebral cortical areas},
	Uuid = {194D5146-0933-44C5-8C07-B888368EE7BC},
	Volume = {241},
	Year = {1988},
	url = {papers/Rakic_Science1988.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3291116}}

@article{Rakic:2006a,
	Author = {Rakic, Pasko},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Adult;Cell Proliferation;Spectrum Analysis, Mass;DNA;Neocortex;Evolution;Carbon Radioisotopes;Humans;Animals;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5789},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA. pasko.rakic\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {928-9},
	Pii = {313/5789/928},
	Pubmed = {16917050},
	Title = {Neuroscience. No more cortical neurons for you},
	Uuid = {54588B9D-894A-4263-AD6E-697F4BB34410},
	Volume = {313},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131713}}

@article{Rakic:1995a,
	Abstract = {The more than 1000-fold increase in the cortical surface without a comparable increase in its thickness during mammalian evolution is explained in the context of the radial-unit hypothesis of cortical development. According to the proposed model, cortical expansion is the result of changes in proliferation kinetics that increase the number of radial columnar units without changing the number of neurons within each unit significantly. Thus, mutation of a regulatory gene(s) that controls the timing and ratio of symmetric and asymmetric modes of cell divisions in the proliferative zone, coupled with radial constraints in the distribution of migrating neurons, could create an expanded cortical plate with enhanced capacity for establishing new patterns of connectivity that are validated through natural selection. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Rakic, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*physiology;Cell Division/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/*cytology/physiology;Human;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;N;*Evolution;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {383-8},
	Pubmed = {7482803},
	Title = {A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution},
	Uuid = {16D2DEF5-092B-4A77-85D4-5038B9B5BE73},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7482803}}

@article{Ramdya:2006,
	Abstract = {Reverse correlation techniques provide a quantitative means of computing neuronal input/output relationships. Until now these methods have been limited to electrically recorded responses since unprocessed optical signals generally lack necessary temporal characteristics. We sought to overcome this barrier since combining reverse correlation with calcium imaging would afford a powerful alternative to current methods of measuring response properties of neurons non-invasively in vivo. We labeled zebrafish optic tecta with a calcium indicator and measured responses to a whole-field random flicker light stimulus. Although calcium signals exhibited slow decay kinetics, we could use computational modeling to show that the positive differential of these traces extracts high frequency information. Experimentally, we found that calcium signals processed in this way were synchronous with simultaneously measured synaptic responses and could be used with reverse correlation to determine temporal filters of neurons in the zebrafish optic tectum. These findings demonstrate that calcium responses to physiological stimulation can be processed to obtain rapid signal information and consequently to determine linear filter properties in vivo.},
	Author = {Ramdya, Pavan and Reiter, Bettina and Engert, Florian},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Photic Stimulation;Zebrafish;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Evoked Potentials, Visual;21 Calcium imaging;Diagnostic Imaging;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Superior Colliculi;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ramdya\@fas.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {230-7},
	Pii = {S0165-0270(06)00224-X},
	Pubmed = {16765450},
	Title = {Reverse correlation of rapid calcium signals in the zebrafish optic tectum in vivo},
	Uuid = {E1B71881-580F-4C4E-8492-E487E70607AE},
	Volume = {157},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Ramdya_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.021}}

@article{Ramdya:2008,
	Abstract = {Sensory circuits frequently integrate converging inputs while maintaining precise functional relationships between them. For example, in mammals with stereopsis, neurons at the first stages of binocular visual processing show a close alignment of receptive-field properties for each eye. Still, basic questions about the global wiring mechanisms that enable this functional alignment remain unanswered, including whether the addition of a second retinal input to an otherwise monocular neural circuit is sufficient for the emergence of these binocular properties. We addressed this question by inducing a de novo binocular retinal projection to the larval zebrafish optic tectum and examining recipient neuronal populations using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. Notably, neurons in rewired tecta were predominantly binocular and showed matching direction selectivity for each eye. We found that a model based on local inhibitory circuitry that computes direction selectivity using the topographic structure of both retinal inputs can account for the emergence of this binocular feature.},
	Author = {Ramdya, and Engert,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Zebrafish;optical physiology;optical imaging;calcium imaging;visual system;21 Activity-development;development;visual experience;Sensory Deprivation;structural remodeling;synapse formation;Circuit structure-function;optic tectum},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {[1] Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pii = {nn.2166},
	Pubmed = {18690231},
	Title = {Emergence of binocular functional properties in a monocular neural circuit},
	Uuid = {19B8FFAD-8EAF-424F-B777-8D66F181F720},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Ramdya_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2166}}





@article{Ramoa:1994,
	Abstract = {The maturation of retinogeniculate excitatory transmission and intrathalamic inhibition was studied in slices of the dorsal LGN obtained from ferrets during the first 2 postnatal months. Response to optic tract stimulation at neonatal ages consisted of slow EPSPs lasting several hundred milliseconds. Application of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) during the first 2 postnatal weeks resulted in EPSPs that were reduced in peak amplitude and dramatically curtailed in duration, indicating that NMDA receptors participate strongly in retinogeniculate transmission at the immature synapse. Gradually, EPSPs became shorter in duration such that after the second postnatal week, the retinogeniculate EPSPs were only a few milliseconds in duration. At this late stage of development responses were remarkably less affected by application of D-APV. These changes in contribution of NMDA receptors to retinogeniculate transmission were found to be due to the development of strong IPSPs, the result of gradual maturation of activation of GABAergic inhibition. Indeed, application of bicuculline methiodide to block GABAA receptor-mediated IPSPs strongly enhanced the NMDA component of the EPSPs in more mature cells. The voltage dependence and kinetics of NMDA-induced excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDA EPSCs) were characterized by voltage-clamp recordings after blocking AMPA/kainate receptors with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and GABAA receptors wit' bicuculline methiodide. The voltage dependence of the NMDA EPSCs remained unaltered with age. During the first postnatal month the kinetic properties of the NMDA EPSCs also remained unaltered, but a reduction in EPSC duration was observed within the following weeks, well after the critical period of anatomical reorganization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Ramoa, A. S. and McCormick, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;Ferrets;Aging;Evoked Potentials;Afferent Pathways;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Pathways;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Kinetics;Time Factors;Bicuculline;Quinoxalines;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Geniculate Bodies;in vitro},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
	Pages = {2098-105},
	Pubmed = {7908957},
	Title = {Enhanced activation of NMDA receptor responses at the immature retinogeniculate synapse},
	Uuid = {DABA952B-BE03-4229-8441-3637511EF240},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Ramoa:1994a,
	Abstract = {Changes in electrophysiological properties of neurons in the ferret dorsal LGN (LGNd) were studied during early postnatal life, a critical developmental period when changes occur in morphology, connectivity, and response properties of LGNd neurons. Using the patch-clamp technique to obtain whole-cell recordings from cells maintained as in vitro slices of thalamus, several distinctive properties were observed in the immature LGNd. Relatively low resting membrane potentials were present that became more negative during the first 2 postnatal weeks. In addition, immature neurons exhibited high input resistances that decreased during early postnatal development. At all ages postnatally, neurons were capable of generating a train of Na(+)-dependent action potentials in response to intracellular injection of a depolarizing current pulse. Moreover, immature neurons resembled older cells in that little spike frequency adaptation was present during a train of action potentials. Action potential activity in immature neurons was nevertheless distinctive in several respects: (1) during the first 2-3 postnatal weeks action potentials became shorter in duration and larger in amplitude; (2) during the same period, thresholds for generation of action potentials changed in conjunction with the changes in resting membrane potential, becoming more negative; and (3) plots of frequency versus injected current revealed that thresholds for generation of trains of action potentials were reached with intracellular injection of lower current levels at earlier ages. These findings raise the possibility that relatively weak ionic currents generated at immature synapses have unexpectedly strong effects on the young LGNd neuron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Ramoa, A. S. and McCormick, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Retina;Electrophysiology;Animals;Ferrets;Cesium;Aging;Visual Pathways;Kinetics;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Time Factors;Potassium;Thalamus;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Geniculate Bodies;in vitro},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
	Pages = {2089-97},
	Pubmed = {8158259},
	Title = {Developmental changes in electrophysiological properties of LGNd neurons during reorganization of retinogeniculate connections},
	Uuid = {723F6C87-79AB-4AFE-B9B3-FED09AF1DBAB},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1994},
	url = {papers/Ramoa_JNeurosci1994.pdf}}

@article{Ramos:2005,
	Abstract = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or double cortex is associated with significant impairments in neocortical function including mental retardation and epilepsy. Mutant alleles of DCX in humans typically cause SBH in females and lissencephaly in males, whereas Dcx null mutations in mice neither disrupt neocortical neuronal migration nor cause SBH formation. In utero RNA interference (RNAi) of Dcx in rats, in contrast, creates an animal model of SBH. Possible explanations for the discrepancies in results following loss of Dcx function include species differences and/or differences between RNAi knockdown and genetic deletion. We have carried out a series of in utero RNAi experiments to investigate possible species differences between rat and mouse to determine the molecular specificity of RNAi against Dcx and to identify the cellular constituents of SBH in the rat model. In utero RNAi in the rat consistently leads to both the formation of SBH and laminar displacement of transfected cells in normotopic cortex, whereas the same treatment in mouse fails to induce SBH but does create laminar displacement. Induction of SBH and impaired radial migration following RNAi against Dcx is rescued by overexpression of Dcx. Thus, both disruptions induced by RNAi are specific to interference of Dcx. SBHs contain transfected pyramidal cells as well as nontransfected cell types, including neocortical interneurons and glia. Together these results indicate that there is a species difference between rat and mouse with respect to RNAi-induced SBH formation and that SBH formation involves the recruitment of several unaltered cell types.},
	Author = {Ramos, and Bai, and Loturco,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Mice, Knockout;Species Specificity;Rats;Neuropeptides;Neocortex;RNA Interference;research support, n.i.h., extramural;comparative study;Nerve Net;Animals;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Mice},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {1323-31},
	Pii = {bhj074},
	Pubmed = {16292002},
	Title = {Heterotopia Formation in Rat but Not Mouse Neocortex after RNA Interference Knockdown of DCX},
	Uuid = {26E81BA2-334E-4D5A-A195-A9AAA4A07420},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Ramos_CerebCortex2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj074}}

@article{Rao:1999,
	Abstract = {Studies on the cellular mechanisms of working memory demonstrated that neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC) exhibit directionally tuned activity during an oculomotor delayed response. To determine the particular contributions of pyramidal cells and interneurons to spatial tuning in dPFC, we examined both individually and in pairs the tuning properties of regular-spiking (RS) and fast-spiking (FS) units that represent putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, respectively. Our main finding is that FS units possess spatially tuned sensory, motor, and delay activity (i. e., "memory fields") similar to those found in RS units. Furthermore, when recorded simultaneously at the same site, the majority of neighboring neurons, whether FS or RS, displayed isodirectional tuning, i.e., they shared very similar tuning angles for the sensory and delay phases of the task. As the trial entered the response phase of the task, many FS units shifted their direction of tuning and became cross-directional to adjacent RS units by the end of the trial. These results establish that a large part of inhibition in prefrontal cortex is spatially oriented rather than being untuned and simply regulating the threshold response of pyramidal cell output. Moreover, the isodirectional tuning between adjacent neurons supports a functional microcolumnar organization in dPFC for spatial memory fields similar to that found in other areas of cortex for sensory receptive fields. 0022-3077 Journal Article},
	Author = {Rao, S. G. and Williams, G. V. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neural Inhibition/physiology;Prefrontal Cortex/*cytology/physiology;Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology;Action Potentials/physiology;Macaca mulatta;Neurons, Afferent/*physiology;Oculomotor Nerve/cytology/physiology;Memory, Short-Term/*physiology;Visual Fields/physiology;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Electrophysiology;Interneurons/*physiology;Animals;Pyramidal Cells/*physiology},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {1903-16},
	Pubmed = {10200225},
	Title = {Isodirectional tuning of adjacent interneurons and pyramidal cells during working memory: evidence for microcolumnar organization in PFC},
	Uuid = {A5EA27F9-14FD-4A65-A7CF-F025B865E9DC},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10200225}}








@article{Raza:2004,
	Abstract = {Alterations in hippocampal neuronal Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-dependent systems have been implicated in mediating some of the long-term neuroplasticity changes associated with acquired epilepsy (AE). However, there are no studies in an animal model of AE that directly evaluate alterations in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and Ca(2+) homeostatic mechanisms (Ca(2+) dynamics) during the development of AE. In this study, Ca(2+) dynamics were evaluated in acutely isolated rat CA1 hippocampal, frontal, and occipital neurons in the pilocarpine model by using [Ca(2+)](i) imaging fluorescence microscopy during the injury (acute), epileptogenesis (latency), and chronic-epilepsy phases of the development of AE. Immediately after status epilepticus (SE), hippocampal neurons, but not frontal and occipital neurons, had significantly elevated [Ca(2+)](i) compared with saline-injected control animals. Hippocampal neuronal [Ca(2+)](i) remained markedly elevated during epileptogenesis and was still elevated indefinitely in the chronic-epilepsy phase but was not elevated in SE animals that did not develop AE. Inhibiting the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) during SE with the NMDA channel inhibitor MK801 was associated in all three phases of AE with inhibition of the changes in Ca(2+) dynamics and the development of AE. Ca(2+) homeostatic mechanisms in hippocampal neurons also were altered in the brain-injury, epileptogenesis, and chronic-epilepsy phases of AE. These results provide evidence that [Ca(2+)](i) and Ca(2+)-homeostatic mechanisms are significantly altered during the development of AE and suggest that altered Ca(2+) dynamics may play a role in the induction and maintenance of AE and underlie some of the neuroplasticity changes associated with the epileptic phenotype.},
	Author = {Raza, Mohsin and Blair, Robert E. and Sombati, Sompong and Carter, Dawn S. and Deshpande, Laxmikant S. and DeLorenzo, Robert J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Homeostasis;Hippocampus;Rats;Apoptosis;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Calcium imaging;Seizures;Calcium;Time Factors;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dizocilpine Maleate;Neurons},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {50},
	Organization = {Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0599, USA.},
	Pages = {17522-7},
	Pii = {0408155101},
	Pubmed = {15583136},
	Title = {Evidence that injury-induced changes in hippocampal neuronal calcium dynamics during epileptogenesis cause acquired epilepsy},
	Uuid = {3A23DC76-48E1-4AED-8285-36739A7F2EE4},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408155101}}

@article{Rebsam:2008,
	Abstract = {A surprising new mechanism that regulates the plasticity of postnatal neurons is reported in this issue by Sugiyama et al. (2008). These authors show in mice that visual experience triggers cell-to-cell transfer of the homeoprotein Otx2 to cortical interneurons, where it promotes maturation of inhibitory neural circuitry and opens the critical period for plasticity in the visual cortex.},
	Author = {Rebsam, Alexandra and Mason, Carol A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4172},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;Neuronal Plasticity;comment;Interneurons;Animals;Humans;Mice;Otx Transcription Factors;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168(th) Street, 14-509 P&S Building, New York, NY 10032, USA. adr2111\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {386-7},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(08)00949-5},
	Pubmed = {18692461},
	Title = {Otx2's incredible journey},
	Uuid = {2A3A4048-30DB-45AF-8EB8-D195C2ABA1A8},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Rebsam_Cell2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.029}}

@article{Rebsam:2005,
	Abstract = {In the mouse somatosensory cortex, thalamocortical axons (TCAs) corresponding to individual whiskers cluster into restricted barrel domains during the first days of life. If whiskers are lesioned before that time, the cortical space devoted to the afferents from the damaged whisker shrinks and becomes occupied by thalamocortical afferents from neighboring unlesioned whiskers. This plasticity ends by postnatal day 3 (P3) to P4 when barrels emerge. To test whether TCA development and lesion-induced plasticity are linked, we used monoamine oxidase A knock-out (MAOA-KO) mice in which normal TCA development is halted by an excess of serotonin. Normal TCA development can be restored when serotonin levels are lowered by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). By varying the time of PCPA administration, we found that barrel development can be reinitiated until P11, although the emergence of TCA clusters becomes gradually slower and less complete. In mice in which barrels emerge 3 d later than the normal schedule, at P6 instead of P3, we examined lesion-induced plasticity. We find a progressive decline of the lesion-induced plasticity and a closure at P3, similar to normal mice, showing that this plasticity is not influenced by an excess of serotonin levels. Thus, in MAOA-KO mice, the emergence of barrel patterning can be delayed without a concomitant delay in lesion-induced plasticity, and the cortical space devoted to one whisker representation cannot be modified by the periphery once patterning is imprinted in the subcortical relays. We conclude that the closure of the lesion-induced plasticity period in the barrelfield is probably not determined at the cortical level.},
	Author = {Rebsam, Alexandra and Seif, Isabelle and Gaspar, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;10 Structural plasticity},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U616, Universit{\'e} Paris VI H\^{o}pital Salp\^{e}tri\`{e}re, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.},
	Pages = {706-10},
	Pii = {25/3/706},
	Pubmed = {15659608},
	Title = {Dissociating barrel development and lesion-induced plasticity in the mouse somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {2A68570D-CA0A-437A-A828-8E22721B7BAD},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4191-04.2005}}


@article{Redecker:1998a,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasias are frequently caused by excitotoxic brain damage due to hypoxia or ischemia during development. Ibotenate, a glutamatergic agonist, was injected in the neopallium of rat pups at day of birth. The resulting cytoarchitectonic pattern includes neuronal depopulation in deep cortical layers, sulcus formation, and molecular ectopias, mimicking human polymicrogyria and disorders of neuronal migration. These cortical dysplasias persist until adulthood, providing a rat model to investigate the long-term functional consequences of cortical malformations.},
	Author = {Redecker, C. and Hagemann, G. and Witte, O. W. and Marret, S. and Evrard, P. and Gressens, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Ibotenic Acid;Female;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Cell Count;Abnormalities, Drug-Induced;Animals, Newborn;10 genetics malformation;Animals;Male;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich Heine Universit{\"a}t, D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {109-13},
	Pii = {S0165380698000650},
	Pubmed = {9706396},
	Title = {Long-term evolution of excitotoxic cortical dysgenesis induced in the developing rat brain},
	Uuid = {4EAB7B4D-49F3-434C-BCAF-62176AD1C83D},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Redecker:1998,
	Abstract = {Malformations of cortical development are increasingly recognized in association with severe epileptic syndromes, neuropsychological disorders and mental retardation. Several clinical and experimental studies suggest that functional consequences of cortical dysplasias are not restricted to the area of the dysplastic lesion but also involve remote brain regions. In the present study cortical malformations were induced in newborn rats at day of birth by intracerebral injection of the glutamatergic agonist ibotenate. The resulting cytoarchitectonic lesion associates neuronal depopulation of deep cortical layers, ectopic neurons in superficial layers and sulcus formation, mimicking human polymicrogyria and migration disorders. Electrophysiological recordings of evoked field potentials in slice preparations of adult animals reveal hyperexcitability in widespread cortical regions surrounding the dysplasia. Low-intensity stimulation induced epileptiform activity consisting of long-lasting, multiphasic and N-methyl-D-aspartate-dependent field responses. They appeared with high variability as all-or-none events. These widespread changes in excitability were not observed in sham-operated animals with small superficial ectopias but intact deep cortical layers, indicating that focal loss of these layers induces extended alterations in cortical connectivity and imbalance of excitation and inhibition. Restricted zones of increased excitability were also found in the forelimb and hindlimb representation cortex in sham-operated and control animals, demonstrating that this activity has to be considered as an intrinsic property of specific cortical areas. Deoxyglucose autoradiography showed that the widespread hyperexcitability in ibotenate-injected animals was not accompanied by alterations in glucose metabolism, although in the area of structural abnormality a typical metabolic pattern was found, revealing an increased glucose uptake in layer I. Hypometabolism as described for many types of human dysplastic lesions was not observed. This difference between the experimental and clinical data may be due to the absence of behavioral seizures in this model. However, it can be hypothesized that in patients with developmental malformations, additional pathogenic factors contribute to the manifestation of seizure disorders.},
	Author = {Redecker, C. and Lutzenburg, M. and Gressens, P. and Evrard, P. and Witte, O. W. and Hagemann, G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Rats, Wistar;Glucose;Ibotenic Acid;Disease Models, Animal;Animals, Newborn;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Immunohistochemistry;Autoradiography;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99040817},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t, D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {623-34},
	Pubmed = {9823483},
	Title = {Excitability changes and glucose metabolism in experimentally induced focal cortical dysplasias},
	Uuid = {97F42292-013D-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Redecker:2005,
	Abstract = {Electrophysiological studies of human cortical dysplasia and rodent models revealed widespread hyperexcitability in the malformation itself as well as in its vicinity. We here analyzed the initiation of paroxysmal epileptiform activity using optical imaging of neuronal activity in rats with cortical malformations induced by neonatal freeze lesions. Brain slice preparations were incubated with the voltage-sensitive dye RH795 and neuronal activity was monitored using a fast-imaging photodiode array combined with standard field potential recordings. Spontaneous paroxysmal epileptiform activity emerged in all slices from animals with cortical malformations and sham-operated controls 20-40 min after omission of extracellular Mg(2+). Following electrophysiological and optical recordings, slices were histochemically processed. Using this approach, the present study demonstrated that in animals with freeze-lesion-induced focal cortical malformations, paroxysmal epileptiform activity always emerged from the dysplastic cortex and then spread to adjacent areas through superficial layers. This distribution of initiation sites was significantly different to sham-operated controls in which epileptogenic foci were located in various cytoarchitectonic areas. The present study indicates that following global changes in excitability, the dysplastic cortex itself is the main initiation site of paroxysmal epileptiform activity in animals with focal cortical malformations.},
	Author = {Redecker, Christoph and Hagemann, Georg and K{\"o}hling, R{\"u}diger and Straub, Heidrun and Witte, Otto W. and Speckmann, Erwin-Josef J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4886},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Interference;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Rats, Wistar;Disease Models, Animal;Time Factors;Animals, Newborn;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0370712},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Friedrich Schiller University, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany. redecker\@med.uni-jena.de},
	Pages = {288-98},
	Pii = {S0014-4886(04)00437-6},
	Pubmed = {15755546},
	Title = {Optical imaging of epileptiform activity in experimentally induced cortical malformations},
	Uuid = {B627400A-5040-48A5-AA3B-3110F4807EA2},
	Volume = {192},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Redecker_ExpNeurol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.018}}

@article{Redecker:2000,
	Abstract = {Focal cortical malformations comprise a heterogeneous group of disturbances of brain development, commonly associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and/or neuropsychological deficits. Electrophysiological studies on rodent models of cortical malformations demonstrated intrinsic hyperexcitability in the lesion and the structurally intact surround, indicating widespread imbalances of excitation and inhibition. Here, alterations in regional expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits were investigated immunohistochemically in adult rats with focal cortical malformations attributable to neonatal freeze-lesions. These lesions are morphologically characterized by a three- to four-layered cortex with microsulcus formation. Widespread regionally differential reduction of GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5, and gamma2 was observed. Within the cortical malformation, this downregulation was most prominent for subunits alpha5 and gamma2, whereas medial to the lesion, a significant and even stronger decrease of all subunits was detected. Lateral to the dysplastic cortex, the decrease was most prominent for subunit gamma2 and moderate for subunits alpha1, alpha2, and alpha5, whereas subunit alpha3 was not consistently altered. Interestingly, the downregulation of GABA(A) receptor subunits also involved the ipsilateral hippocampal formation, as well as restricted contralateral neocortical areas, indicating widespread disturbances in the neocortical and hippocampal network. The described pattern of downregulation of GABA(A) receptor subunits allows the conclusion that there is a considerable modulation of subunit composition. Because alterations in subunit composition critically influence the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of GABA(A) receptors, these alterations might contribute to the widespread hyperexcitability and help to explain pharmacotherapeutic characteristics in epileptic patients.},
	Author = {Redecker, C. and Luhmann, H. J. and Hagemann, G. and Fritschy, J. M. and Witte, O. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Organ Specificity;Down-Regulation;Epilepsies, Partial;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Brain;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Necrosis;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;Freezing;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Medline = {20325152},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany.},
	Pages = {5045-53},
	Pii = {20/13/5045},
	Pubmed = {10864962},
	Title = {Differential downregulation of GABAA receptor subunits in widespread brain regions in the freeze-lesion model of focal cortical malformations},
	Uuid = {D7429F00-CDD9-4A81-8F7E-21D34CA2C30D},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}


@article{Reep:1999,
	Abstract = {Fluorescent axonal tracers were used to investigate the connections of medial agranular cortex (frontal area 2, Fr2) in male prairie voles. The rostral and caudal portions of Fr2 (rFr2 and cFr2) have distinct but partially overlapping patterns of connections. Thalamic labeling after cFr2 injections was present in anteromedial nucleus (AM), ventrolateral nucleus (VL), lateral segment, mediodorsal nucleus (MDl), centrolateral nucleus (CL), ventromedial nucleus (VM), posterior nucleus (Po) and lateral posterior nucleus (LP). A band of labeled cells involving CL, central medial nucleus (CM) and rhomboid nucleus (Rh) formed a halo around the periphery of submedial (gelatinosus) nucleus (Sm). Within cFr2 there is a rostrocaudal gradient whereby projections from VL and MDl become progressively sparser caudally, whereas those from LP and Po become denser. Rostral Fr2 receives afferents from a similar group of thalamic nuclei, but has denser innervation from VL and MDl, lacks afferents from LP, and receives less input from nuclei around the periphery of Sm. Caudal Fr2 has extensive cortical connections including orbital cortex, rostral Fr2, Fr1, caudal parietal area 1 (Par1), parietal area 2 (Par2), and posterior parietal, retrosplenial and visual areas. Rostral Fr2 has similar connections with areas Fr1, Par1 and Par2; orbital connections focused in ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO); connections with caudal Fr2; greatly reduced connections with posterior parietal cortex and the visual areas; and no connections with retrosplenial cortex. The axons linking rFr2 and cFr2 with each other and with other cortical areas travel predominately in the deep gray matter of layers VI and VII rather than in the white matter. Projections to the dorsal striatum from rFr2 are widespread in the head of the caudate, become progressively restricted to a dorsocentral focus more caudally, and disappear by the level of the anterior commissure. The projections from cFr2 are largely restricted to a focal dorsocentral region of the striatum and to the dorsolateral margin of the caudatoputamen. In comparison to area Fr2, the laterally adjacent area Fr1 has thalamic and cortical connections which are markedly restricted. Area Fr1 receives thalamic input from nuclei VL, anteroventral nucleus (AV), CL and Po, but none from mediodorsal nucleus (MD) or LP, and its input from VM is reduced. Cortical afferents to Fr1 originate from areas Fr2, caudal Par1 and Par2. Medial agranular cortex of prairie voles has a pattern of connections largely similar to that seen in rats, suggesting that area Fr2 in prairie voles is part of a cortical network that may mediate complex behaviors involving spatial orientation.},
	Author = {Reep, R. L. and Kirkpatrick, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Thalamic Nuclei;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neural Pathways;Brain Mapping;Prosencephalon;Male;Microtinae;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {99309992},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Physiological Sciences and Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA. reep\@ufbi.ufl.edu},
	Pages = {336-50},
	Pubmed = {10382619},
	Title = {Forebrain connections of medial agranular cortex in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster},
	Uuid = {900F6E24-BBB7-495B-9C84-2B1D4125CD26},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Reeves:2006,
	Abstract = {Pattern formation in developing organisms can be regulated at a variety of levels, from gene sequence to anatomy. At this level of complexity, mechanistic models of development become essential for integrating data, guiding future experiments, and predicting the effects of genetic and physical perturbations. However, the formulation and analysis of quantitative models of development are limited by high levels of uncertainty in experimental measurements, a large number of both known and unknown system components, and the multiscale nature of development. At the same time, an expanding arsenal of experimental tools can constrain models and directly test their predictions, making the modeling efforts not only necessary, but feasible. Using a number of problems in fruit fly development, we discuss how models can be used to test the feasibility of proposed patterning mechanisms and characterize their systems-level properties.},
	Author = {Reeves, Gregory T. and Muratov, Cyrill B. and Sch{\"u}pbach, Trudi and Shvartsman, Stanislav Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1534-5807},
	Journal = {Dev Cell},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;09 Evolutionary dynamics;Drosophila;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Body Patterning;Cell Polarity;Animals;Morphogenesis;Wing;review;Developmental Biology},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {101120028},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Chemical Engineering and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.},
	Pages = {289-300},
	Pii = {S1534-5807(06)00352-2},
	Pubmed = {16950121},
	Title = {Quantitative models of developmental pattern formation},
	Uuid = {7202C0FF-8C89-41A9-9BA8-5A9F37EE8D66},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2006.08.006}}

@article{Regehr:1994,
	Abstract = {Further characterization of the biochemical components that contribute to calcium handling, together with advances in optical imaging of ion concentration, are providing quantitative information on the dynamics of calcium in the dendrites of neurons in tissue culture, brain slices and in vivo. It has recently been demonstrated that strong spatial gradients and transient calcium elevations result from the geometry and membrane properties of dendrites. These studies are adding to our understanding of calcium's role in synaptic plasticity and in shaping the electrophysiological properties of neurons.},
	Author = {Regehr, W. G. and Tank, D. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Purkinje Cells;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Electrophysiology;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.},
	Pages = {373-82},
	Pubmed = {7919932},
	Title = {Dendritic calcium dynamics},
	Uuid = {162A3EE2-E80E-4859-81DC-49C4B740F76A},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Regehr:1991,
	Abstract = {We describe a method for filling presynaptic terminals and cell dendrites in adult brain slices with the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2 by localized perfusion of the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester derivative. The method provides labeling selectivity, similar to that produced by intracellular microinjection of fura-2, with the simplicity of bath application of membrane-permeant AM esters. Application of the method to mossy fiber tracts in hippocampal region CA3 and parallel fiber tracts in cerebellum resulted in distant presynaptic terminals well labelled with fura-2 without concomitant postsynaptic labelling, allowing optical measurements of calcium concentration in individual presynaptic terminals. Application of the method to CA1 pyramidal cells produced intracellular loading of apical dendrites with fura-2. Dendritic calcium changes produced by afferent fiber stimulation were similar to those determined from cells filled with fura-2 by intracellular microinjection. The method appears to be general, and should provide a means to fill projecting axons and dendritic processes in many areas of the brain with fluorescent indicators, allowing optical measurements of ion concentration dynamics to be performed in brain slice that were previously impractical.},
	Author = {Regehr, W. G. and Tank, D. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Perfusion;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Guinea Pigs;in vitro ;Nerve Endings;Calcium;Fura-2;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Fluorescence},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Biophysics Research Department, AT & T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.},
	Pages = {111-9},
	Pii = {0165-0270(91)90121-F},
	Pubmed = {1881195},
	Title = {Selective fura-2 loading of presynaptic terminals and nerve cell processes by local perfusion in mammalian brain slice},
	Uuid = {3CD78182-3583-4194-9565-743C449072BA},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Regehr:1989,
	Abstract = {The dynamic response of nerve cells to synaptic activation and the spatial distribution of biochemical processes regulated by ion concentration are critically dependent on the cell-surface distribution of ion channels. In the hippocampus, intracellular calcium-ion concentration is thought to influence the biochemical events associated with kindling, excitotoxicity, and long-term potentiation. Computer models of hippocampal pyramidal cells also indicate that calcium-channel location influences dynamic characteristics such as bursting. Here, we have used in situ microfluorometric imaging in brain slices to directly measure the spatial distribution of calcium accumulation in guinea-pig CA1 pyramidal cells during trains of orthodromic synaptic stimulation. Calcium accumulation is substantial throughout the entire proximal section of the apical and basal dendrites. Most of this accumulation results from influx through non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) voltage-gated calcium channels, and in the apical dendrite it drops steeply as the dendrite enters stratum moleculare, the termination zone of perforant path afferents. These results demonstrate a marked segregation of calcium-channel activity and directly show a spatial distribution of calcium accumulation during orthodromic synaptic activation.},
	Author = {Regehr, W. G. and Connor, J. A. and Tank, D. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Kinetics;Hippocampus;Guinea Pigs;in vitro ;Calcium;Pyramidal Tracts;Benzofurans;Fluorescent Dyes;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Fura-2;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6242},
	Organization = {Molecular Biophysics Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974.},
	Pages = {533-6},
	Pubmed = {2797180},
	Title = {Optical imaging of calcium accumulation in hippocampal pyramidal cells during synaptic activation},
	Uuid = {6AFE6834-F26B-40C9-B37E-61104CEFEC6C},
	Volume = {341},
	Year = {1989},
	url = {papers/Regehr_Nature1989.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/341533a0}}






@article{Reiner:1993,
	Abstract = {Telencephalic cortex in turtles is a simple three layered-structure. The dorsal most part of this structure is thought to resemble the reptilian forerunner of at least parts of mammalian isocortex. This dorsal part of turtle cortex contains several functionally distinct regions that show similarity in their connections and function to specific areas in mammalian isocortex. The types of neurons found in turtle dorsal cortex (as defined by their morphology and neurotransmitter content) also show great similarity to those observed in mammals, with the major exception that turtle cortex appears to lack the types of neurons found in granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. Similar results have also been observed in other living reptiles. Thus, one major step in the evolution of reptilian cortex into mammalian cortex must have been the addition of the types of neurons found in the granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. These observations for turtles also suggest that turtle cortex in particular and reptilian telencephalic cortex in general must differ functionally from mammalian isocortex with respect to those features associated with the laminar and columnar organization of isocortex. These issues are discussed in more detail below and in Reiner (1991). Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Reiner, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology;Human;Turtles/*physiology;Neural Pathways/cytology/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;N;Neurotransmitters/*physiology;Animals;*Evolution;19 Neocortical evolution},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee-Memphis 38163.},
	Pages = {735-48},
	Pubmed = {8097979},
	Title = {Neurotransmitter organization and connections of turtle cortex: implications for the evolution of mammalian isocortex},
	Uuid = {252A29D3-D7BE-4962-9198-EF62E228C4B7},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8097979}}



@article{Remler:1973,
	Author = {Remler, M. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0010-5678},
	Journal = {Confin Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Penicillins;Electroencephalography;21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Blood-Brain Barrier;Cats;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Disease Models, Animal;Brain;Cerebral Cortex;Radiation Injuries, Experimental;Animals},
	Medline = {73156190},
	Nlm_Id = {7600680},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {50-62},
	Pubmed = {4697282},
	Title = {Focal stimulation of the brain by entirely extracranial means. An example of radiation controlled focal pharmacology},
	Uuid = {0C0249B6-09F8-4A14-88E8-EA0FD90171E1},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{Represa:2005,
	Abstract = {During brain development, transmitter-gated receptors are operative before synapse formation, suggesting that their action is not restricted to synaptic transmission. GABA, which is the principal excitatory transmitter in the developing brain, acts as an epigenetic factor to control processes including cell proliferation, neuroblast migration and dendritic maturation. These effects appear to be mediated through a paracrine, diffuse, non-synaptic mode of action that precedes the more focused, rapid mode of operation characteristic of synaptic connections. This sequential operation implies that GABA is used as an informative agent but in a unique context at an early developmental stage. This sequence also implies that by altering these effects, drugs acting on the GABA system could be pathogenic during pregnancy.},
	Author = {Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;21 Epilepsy;Cell Differentiation;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Proliferation;Neural Inhibition;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {INMED/INSERM U29, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France. represa\@inmed.univ-mrs.fr},
	Pages = {278-83},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(05)00083-4},
	Pubmed = {15927682},
	Title = {Trophic actions of GABA on neuronal development},
	Uuid = {E6152F5A-E811-43E1-BD45-C43670F880E2},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Represa_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.010}}

@article{Restrepo:2003,
	Abstract = {Unilateral lesions of the occipital visual areas performed on postnatal day 5 (P5) in the ferret are not compensated by the appearance, in the lesioned hemisphere, of visual responses at ectopic locations. Instead, when parts of the visual areas are spared, they show abnormal retinotopic organizations; furthermore, callosal connections are abnormally distributed in relation to the retinotopic maps. Lesions that completely eliminate the visual areas including the posterior parietal cortex cause the appearance of abnormal callosal connections from the primary somatosensory cortex on the lesion side to the contralateral, intact, posterior parietal cortex. The occipital visual areas (17, 18, 19, and 21) of the intact hemisphere show a normal retinotopy but lose callosal connections in territories homotopic to the lesions. These findings clarify the nature and limits of structural developmental plasticity in the visual cortex. Early in life, certain regions of cortex have been irreversibly allocated to the visual areas, but two properties defining the areas, that is, retinotopy and connections, remain modifiable. The findings might be relevant for understanding the consequences of early-onset visual cortical lesions in humans.},
	Author = {Restrepo, C. Ernesto and Manger, Paul R. and Spenger, Christian and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {Laterality;Retina;Visual Cortex;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;Ferrets;Occipital Lobe;11 Glia;Parietal Lobe;Animals, Newborn;Somatosensory Cortex;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Brain Mapping;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {22721294},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. giorgio.innocenti\@neuro.ki.se},
	Pages = {51-65},
	Pubmed = {12838520},
	Title = {Immature cortex lesions alter retinotopic maps and interhemispheric connections},
	Uuid = {62D76F26-57B9-4645-B2E0-38616C6A4A29},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10591}}

@article{Restrepo:2002,
	Abstract = {Extensive lesions of the occipital cortex comprising the developing occipital visual areas and beyond in young ferrets (postnatal day 5) are followed by massive, but incomplete, degeneration of the lateral geniculate (LGN) and lateralis posterior (LP) nuclei of the thalamus, and minor volumetric reduction of the superior colliculus. Retinal projections (revealed by intraocular tracer injections), while reduced, remain confined to their territories of normal termination, both in the adult and throughout development. Comparisons with other mammalian species point to several common features in the developmental plasticity of retinofugal pathway.},
	Author = {Restrepo, C. Ernesto and Manger, Paul R. and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Superior Colliculus;Nerve Degeneration;Comparative Study;Geniculate Bodies;Neuronal Plasticity;Not relevant;Ferrets;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways},
	Medline = {22318910},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {1713-9},
	Pii = {2246},
	Pubmed = {12431224},
	Title = {Retinofugal projections following early lesions of the visual cortex in the ferret},
	Uuid = {CF5FE5FE-9326-4E92-B607-4D2AA62AFAFA},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2002}}













@article{Rheims:2008,
	Abstract = {The neonatal period is critical for seizure susceptibility, and neocortical networks are central in infantile epilepsies. We report that application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to immature (P6-P9) neocortical slices generates layer-specific interictal seizures (IISs) that transform after recurrent seizures to ictal seizures (ISs). During IISs, cell-attached recordings show action potentials in interneurons and pyramidal cells in L5/6 and interneurons but not pyramidal neurons in L2/3. However, L2/3 pyramidal neurons also fire during ISs. Using single N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel recordings for measuring the cell resting potential (Em), we show that transition from IISs to ISs is associated with a gradual Em depolarization of L2/3 and L5/6 pyramidal neurons that enhances their excitability. Bumetanide, a NKCC1 co-transporter antagonist, inhibits generation of IISs and prevents their transformation to ISs, indicating the role excitatory GABA in epilepsies. Therefore deep layer neurons are more susceptible to seizures than superficial ones. The initiating phase of seizures is characterized by IISs generated in L5/6 and supported by activation of both L5/6 interneurons and pyramidal cells. IISs propagate to L2/3 via activation of L2/3 interneurons but not pyramidal cells, which are mostly quiescent at this phase. In superficial layers, a persistent increase in excitability of pyramidal neurons caused by Em depolarization is associated with a transition from largely confined GABAergic IIS to ictal events that entrain the entire neocortex.},
	Author = {Rheims, Sylvain and Represa, Alfonso and Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Zilberter, Yuri},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediterranee, Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U901, Universit{\'e} de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Marseille, France. sylvain.rheims\@free.fr},
	Pages = {620-8},
	Pii = {90403.2008},
	Pubmed = {18497363},
	Title = {Layer-specific generation and propagation of seizures in slices of developing neocortex: role of excitatory GABAergic synapses},
	Uuid = {5BF96171-A918-4FB2-88BF-6CE27F12A519},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Rheims_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90403.2008}}

@article{Ribar:2000,
	Abstract = {The Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CaMKIV was first identified in the cerebellum and has been implicated in nuclear signaling events that control neuronal growth, differentiation, and plasticity. To understand the physiological importance of CaMKIV, we disrupted the mouse Camk4 gene. The CaMKIV null mice displayed locomotor defects consistent with altered cerebellar function. Although the overall cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum appeared normal in the Camk4(-/-) mice, we observed a significant reduction in the number of mature Purkinje neurons and reduced expression of the protein marker calbindin D28k within individual Purkinje neurons. Western immunoblot analyses of cerebellar extracts also established significant deficits in the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein at serine-133, a proposed target of CaMKIV. Additionally, the absence of CaMKIV markedly altered neurotransmission at excitatory synapses in Purkinje cells. Multiple innervation by climbing fibers and enhanced parallel fiber synaptic currents suggested an immature development of Purkinje cells in the Camk4(-/-) mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that CaMKIV plays key roles in the function and development of the cerebellum.},
	Author = {Ribar, T. J. and Rodriguiz, R. M. and Khiroug, L. and Wetsel, W. C. and Augustine, G. J. and Means, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {in vitro;Heterozygote;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Animals;Phosphorylation;Cerebellar Diseases;Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases;Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Behavior, Animal;Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein;Mice, Knockout;Homozygote;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Blotting, Western;Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases;Cerebellum;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {RC107},
	Pii = {20004718},
	Pubmed = {11069976},
	Title = {Cerebellar defects in Ca2+/calmodulin kinase IV-deficient mice},
	Uuid = {AD02D45B-AA1C-4D98-9820-B8A7E496ED02},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}


@article{Ricci:1992,
	Abstract = {Band heterotopia, or "double cortex," is a neuronal migration disorder that consists of a symmetrical subcortical neuronal band. The overlying cortex may be normal or macrogyric. We describe two severely mentally retarded girls, aged 14 and 18 years, who had band heterotopia and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Band heterotopia was evident in both hemispheres as a subcortical symmetrical layer isointense with gray matter on magnetic resonance T1- and T2-weighted images. Both patients had atonic seizures, atypical absences, and tonic seizures. The electroencephalograms in both cases showed frequent generalized paroxysms and slow background activity. The association of a Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with double cortex in these two patients and in a previously reported autopsy-confirmed case suggests that this malformation may be responsible for other similar cases.},
	Author = {Ricci, S. and Cusmai, R. and Fariello, G. and Fusco, L. and Vigevano, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0003-9942},
	Journal = {Arch Neurol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Hemiplegia;Electroencephalography;10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Adolescent;Syndrome;Female;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Seizures;10 genetics malformation;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;case reports},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0372436},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Section of Neurophysiology, Bambino Ges\`{u} Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.},
	Pages = {61-4},
	Pubmed = {1728265},
	Title = {Double cortex. A neuronal migration anomaly as a possible cause of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome},
	Uuid = {625B5C12-1F00-406A-9B6B-B7B72062C728},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {1992}}



@article{Riederer:1991,
	Abstract = {During the postnatal development of cat visual cortex and corpus callosum the molecular composition of tau proteins varied with age. In both structures, they changed between postnatal days 19 and 39 from a set of two juvenile forms to a set of at least two adult variants with higher molecular weights. During the first postnatal week, tau proteins were detectable with TAU-1 antibody in axons of corpus callosum and visual cortex, and in some perikarya and dendrites in the visual cortex. At later ages, tau proteins were located exclusively within axons in all cortical layers and in the corpus callosum. Dephosphorylation of postnatal day 11 cortical tissue by alkaline phosphatase strongly increased tau protein immunoreactivity on Western blots and in numerous perikarya and dendrites in all cortical layers, in sections, suggesting that some tau forms had been unmasked. During postnatal development the intensity of this phosphate-dependent somatodendritic staining decreased, but remained in a few neurons in cortical layers II and III. On blots, the immunoreactivity of adult tau to TAU-1 was only marginally increased by dephosphorylation. Other tau antibodies (TAU-2, B19 and BR133) recognized two juvenile and two adult cat tau proteins on blots, and localized tau in axons or perikarya and dendrites in tissue untreated with alkaline phosphatase. Tau proteins in mature tissue were soluble and not associated with detergent-resistant structures. Furthermore, dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase resulted in the appearance of more tau proteins in soluble fractions. Therefore tau proteins seem to alter their degree of phosphorylation during development. This could affect microtubule stability as well as influence axonal and dendritic differentiation.},
	Author = {Riederer, and Innocenti,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Not relevant;11 Glia},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1134-1145},
	Pii = {ejn_03111134},
	Pubmed = {12106243},
	Title = {Differential Distribution of Tau Proteins in Developing Cat Cerebral Cortex and Corpus Callosum},
	Uuid = {277CAA21-ABD5-402D-BA4C-EA6FC171FA2A},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Riederer:1992,
	Abstract = {The microtubule-associated protein MAP2 was studied in the developing cat visual cortex and corpus callosum. Biochemically, no MAP2a was detectable in either structure during the first postnatal month; adult cortex revealed small amounts of MAP2a. MAP2b was abundant in cortical tissue during the first postnatal month and decreased in concentration towards adulthood; it was barely detectable in corpus callosum at all ages. MAP2c was present in cortex and corpus callosum at birth; in cortex it consisted of three proteins of similar molecular weights between 65 and 70 kD. The two larger, phosphorylated forms disappeared after postnatal day 28, the smaller form after day 39. In corpus callosum, MAP2c changed from a phosphorylated to an unphosphorylated variant during the first postnatal month and then disappeared. Immunocytochemical experiments revealed MAP2 in cell bodies and dendrites of neurons in all cortical layers, from birth onwards. In corpus callosum, in the first month after birth, a little MAP2, possibly MAP2c, was detectable in axons. The present data indicate that MAP2 isoforms differ in their cellular distribution, temporal appearance and structural association, and that their composition undergoes profound changes during the period of axonal stabilization and dendritic maturation.},
	Author = {Riederer, and Innocenti,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:39 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Not relevant;11 Glia},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1376-1386},
	Pii = {ejn_04121376},
	Pubmed = {12106401},
	Title = {MAP2 Isoforms in Developing Cat Cerebral Cortex and Corpus Callosum},
	Uuid = {C521CCE9-2C75-4639-B338-BD1ECFE6D8C9},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Riederer:2004,
	Abstract = {The corpus callosum (CC) is a major telencephalic commissure containing mainly cortico-cortical axons and glial cells. We have identified neurons in the CC of the cat and quantified their number at different postnatal ages. An antibody against microtubule-associated protein 2 was used as a marker of neurons. Immunocytochemical double-labelling with neuron-specific enolase or gamma-aminobutyric acid antibodies in the absence of glial fibrillary acidic protein positivity confirmed the neuronal phenotype of these cells. CC neurons were also stained with anti-calbindin and anti-calretinin antibodies, typical for interneurons, and with an anti-neurofilament antibody, which in neocortex detects pyramidal neurons. Together, these findings suggest that the CC contains a mixed population of neuronal types. The quantification was corrected for double counting of adjacent sections and volume changes during CC development. Our data show that CC neurons are numerous early postnatally, and their number decreases with age. At birth, about 570 neurons are found within the CC boundaries and their number drops to about 200 in the adult. The distribution of the neurons within the CC also changes in development. Initially, many neurons are found throughout the CC, while at later ages they become restricted to the boundaries of the CC, and in the adult to the rostrum of the CC close to the septum pellucidum or to the indusium griseum. Although origin and function of transient CC neurons in development and in adulthood remain unknown, they are likely to be interstitial neurons. Some of them have well-developed and differentiated processes and resemble pyramidal cells or interneurons. An axon-guiding function during the early postnatal period can not be excluded.},
	Author = {Riederer, Beat M. and Berbel, Pere and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein;Cats;Comparative Study;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Neurons;Corpus Callosum},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. BeatMichel.Reiderer\@ibcm.unil.ch},
	Pages = {2039-46},
	Pii = {EJN3305},
	Pubmed = {15090031},
	Title = {Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal development},
	Uuid = {820890E3-5324-4A8B-9AE4-CA323666836D},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03305.x}}




@article{Rigas:2007,
	Abstract = {During behavioral quiescence, the neocortex generates spontaneous slow oscillations that consist of Up and Down states. Up states are short epochs of persistent activity that resemble the activated neocortex during arousal and cognition. Although Up states are generated within the cortex, the impact of extrinsic (thalamocortical) and intrinsic (intracortical) inputs on the persistent activity is not known. Using thalamocortical slices, we found that the persistent cortical activity during spontaneous Up states effectively drives thalamocortical relay cells through corticothalamic connections. However, thalamic activity can also precede the onset of cortical Up states, which suggests a role of thalamic activity in triggering cortical Up states through thalamocortical connections. In support of this hypothesis, we found that cutting the connections between thalamus and cortex reduced the incidence of spontaneous Up states in the cortex. Consistent with a facilitating role of thalamic activity on Up states, electrical or chemical stimulation of the thalamus triggered cortical Up states very effectively and enhanced those occurring spontaneously. In contrast, stimulation of the cortex triggered Up states only at very low intensities but otherwise had a suppressive effect on Up states. Moreover, cortical stimulation suppressed the facilitating effect of thalamic stimulation on Up states. In conclusion, thalamocortical inputs facilitate and intracortical inputs suppress cortical Up states. Thus, extrinsic and intrinsic cortical inputs differentially regulate persistent activity, which may serve to adjust the processing state of thalamocortical networks during behavior.},
	Author = {Rigas, Pavlos and Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {16},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.},
	Pages = {4261-72},
	Pii = {27/16/4261},
	Pubmed = {17442810},
	Title = {Thalamocortical Up states: differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cortical inputs on persistent activity},
	Uuid = {1E758A38-9DD5-4408-BEEE-E8B5EB953974},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Rigas_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-07.2007}}




@article{Rioult-Pedotti:1998,
	Abstract = {Learning a new motor skill requires an alteration in the spatiotemporal pattern of muscle activation. Motor areas of cerebral neocortex are thought to be involved in this type of learning, possibly by functional reorganization of cortical connections. Here we show that skill learning is accompanied by changes in the strength of connections within adult rat primary motor cortex (M1). Rats were trained for three or five days in a skilled reaching task with one forelimb, after which slices of motor cortex were examined to determine the effect of training on the strength of horizontal intracortical connections in layer II/III. The amplitude of field potentials in the forelimb region contralateral to the trained limb was significantly increased relative to the opposite 'untrained'hemisphere. No differences were seen in the hindlimb region. Moreover, the amount of long-term potentiation (LTP) that could be induced in trained M1 was less than in controls, suggesting that the effect of training was at least partly due to LTP-like mechanisms. These data represent the first direct evidence that plasticity of intracortical connections is associated with learning a new motor skill. 1097-6256 Journal Article},
	Author = {Rioult-Pedotti, M. S. and Friedman, D. and Hess, G. and Donoghue, J. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Reference Values;Motor Cortex/*physiology;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Learning/*physiology;Neuronal Plasticity/physiology;Female;Rats;Action Potentials/physiology;Neural Pathways/physiology;Long-Term Potentiation/physiology;Motor Skills/*physiology;M;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Forelimb/physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {230-4},
	Pubmed = {10195148},
	Title = {Strengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning},
	Uuid = {705E6842-DB5D-4E3B-975E-8D05ECFD6EC5},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10195148}}


@article{Rivera:1999,
	Abstract = {GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory transmitter in the adult brain, and it exerts its fast hyperpolarizing effect through activation of anion (predominantly Cl-)-permeant GABA(A) receptors. However, during early neuronal development, GABA(A)-receptor-mediated responses are often depolarizing, which may be a key factor in the control of several Ca2+-dependent developmental phenomena, including neuronal proliferation, migration and targeting. To date, however, the molecular mechanism underlying this shift in neuronal electrophysiological phenotype is unknown. Here we show that, in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus, the ontogenetic change in GABA(A)-mediated responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing is coupled to a developmental induction of the expression of the neuronal (Cl-)-extruding K+/Cl- co-transporter, KCC2. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of KCC2 expression produces a marked positive shift in the reversal potential of GABAA responses in functionally mature hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These data support the conclusion that KCC2 is the main Cl- extruder to promote fast hyperpolarizing postsynaptic inhibition in the brain.},
	Author = {Rivera, C. and Voipio, J. and Payne, J. A. and Ruusuvuori, E. and Lahtinen, H. and Lamsa, K. and Pirvola, U. and Saarma, M. and Kaila, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cell Differentiation;Electrophysiology;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Carrier Proteins;Rats;Symporters;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Chlorides;in vitro ;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;RNA, Messenger;Blotting, Southern;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Potassium;21 Neurophysiology;Muscimol;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Guinea Pigs;GABA Agonists},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6716},
	Organization = {Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.},
	Pages = {251-5},
	Pubmed = {9930699},
	Title = {The K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 renders GABA hyperpolarizing during neuronal maturation},
	Uuid = {B4EFA1F3-042E-4E70-A436-D09BCBD7D6FF},
	Volume = {397},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16697}}



@article{Robbe:2006,
	Abstract = {Cannabinoids impair hippocampus-dependent memory in both humans and animals, but the network mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown. Here we show that the cannabinoids Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and CP55940 decreased the power of theta, gamma and ripple oscillations in the hippocampus of head-restrained and freely moving rats. These effects were blocked by a CB1 antagonist. The decrease in theta power correlated with memory impairment in a hippocampus-dependent task. By simultaneously recording from large populations of single units, we found that CP55940 severely disrupted the temporal coordination of cell assemblies in short time windows (<100 ms) yet only marginally affected population firing rates of pyramidal cells and interneurons. The decreased power of local field potential oscillations correlated with reduced temporal synchrony but not with firing rate changes. We hypothesize that reduced spike timing coordination and the associated impairment of physiological oscillations are responsible for cannabinoid-induced memory deficits.},
	Author = {Robbe, David and Montgomery, Sean M. and Thome, Alexander and Rueda-Orozco, Pavel E. and McNaughton, Bruce L. and Buzsaki, Gy{\"o}rgy},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.},
	Pages = {1526-33},
	Pii = {nn1801},
	Pubmed = {17115043},
	Title = {Cannabinoids reveal importance of spike timing coordination in hippocampal function},
	Uuid = {2629C796-B55B-4B0C-A13C-EA8F73C668EF},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1801}}


@article{Roberts:2000,
	Abstract = {We describe a new mutation, flathead (fh), that arose spontaneously in an inbred colony of Wistar rats. The mutation is autosomal recessive, and the behavioral phenotype of fh/fh rats includes spontaneous seizures, tremor, impaired coordination, and premature death. A striking feature of the fh mutation is a dramatic reduction in brain size (40\%of normal at birth). In contrast, no abnormalities are evident in the peripheral nervous system or in other tissues outside of the CNS. Although bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays indicate that the rate of cell proliferation in the fh/fh cortex is similar to that of unaffected animals, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end-labeling assays reveal a dramatic increase in apoptotic cell death beginning after embryonic day 16 (E16). At E18 there is a 20-fold increase in cell death in the ventricular zone of fh/fh neocortex, and at postnatal day 1 (P1), the number of apoptotic cells is still two times that of normal. However, by P8 the extent of cell death in fh/fh is comparable to that of unaffected littermates, indicating that the reduction in brain growth is caused by abnormally high apoptosis during a discrete developmental period. Late-developing structures such as the cerebellum, neocortex, hippocampus, and retina are most severely affected by the fh mutation. Within these structures, later-generated neuronal populations are selectively depleted. Together, these results suggest that the flathead gene is essential for a developmental event required for the generation and maturation of late-born cell populations in the brain. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Roberts, M. R. and Bittman, K. and Li, W. W. and French, R. and Mitchell, B. and LoTurco, J. J. and D'Mello, S. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cerebellum/abnormalities/cytology/embryology;Animals;Genes, Recessive;Rats;Epilepsy/diagnosis/genetics;Retina/abnormalities/cytology/embryology;Mutation;Seizures/diagnosis/genetics;Rats, Wistar;Antimetabolites;Purkinje Cells/chemistry/cytology;CK;Brain/*abnormalities/cytology/*embryology;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/analysis;Hippocampus/abnormalities/cytology/embryology;Neocortex/abnormalities/cytology/embryology;Rats, Mutant Strains/*abnormalities;Cell Division/genetics;In Situ Nick-End Labeling;Apoptosis/*genetics;Bromodeoxyuridine;Electroencephalography},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {2295-306},
	Pubmed = {10704505},
	Title = {The flathead mutation causes CNS-specific developmental abnormalities and apoptosis},
	Uuid = {A8A9AA60-69F0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Roberts_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}







@article{Roerig:2000,
	Abstract = {A growing body of evidence suggests that highly correlated, spontaneous neural activity plays an important role in shaping connections in the developing nervous system prior to the maturation of sensory afferents. In this article we discuss the mechanisms involved in the generation and the regulation of spontaneous activity patterns in the developing retina and the developing neocortex. Spontaneous activity in the developing retina propagates across the ganglion cell layer as waves of action potentials and drives rhythmic increases in intracellular calcium in retinal neurons. Retinal waves are mediated by a combination of chemical synaptic transmission and gap junctions, and the circuitry responsible for generating retinal waves changes with age and between species. In the developing cortex, spontaneous calcium elevations propagate across clusters of cortical neurons called domains. Cortical domains are generated by a regenerative mechanism involving second messenger diffusion through gap junctions and subsequent calcium release from internal stores. The neocortical gap junction system is regulated by glutamate-triggered second messenger systems as well as neuromodulatory transmitters, suggesting extensive interactions between synaptic transmission and information flow through gap junctions. The interaction between gap junctions and chemical synaptic transmission observed in these developing networks represent a powerful mechanism by which activity across large groups of neurons can be correlated.},
	Author = {Roerig, B. and Feller, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0173},
	Journal = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Gap Junctions;21 Neurophysiology;Neural Pathways;Neurotransmitter Agents;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;review},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8908638},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.},
	Pages = {86-114},
	Pii = {S0165017399000697},
	Pubmed = {10751659},
	Title = {Neurotransmitters and gap junctions in developing neural circuits},
	Uuid = {1BCB8C17-81C8-41D0-B1F1-EA16DFFD42D8},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Roerig_BrainResBrainResRev2000.pdf}}







@article{Roper:1997,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia, a disorder of neuronal migration, has a strong association with intractable epilepsy in humans but little is known about the physiologic abnormalities that are present in this condition. Fetal rats were exposed to external irradiation to experimentally produce diffuse cortical dysplasia. In vitro neocortical slices from adult irradiated and control animals were examined in physiologic solution and in the presence of the A-type gamma-amino butyric acid (GABAA) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide. Epileptiform bursts were quantified by counting the number of negative field potentials per epileptiform event. In the presence of bicuculline, neocortical slices with cortical dysplasia demonstrated more robust epileptiform activity in the form of an increased number of negative field potentials per epileptiform event. This demonstrates that areas of experimentally induced cortical dysplasia possess an inherent hyperexcitability when GABAA-mediated inhibition is effectively blocked.},
	Author = {Roper, S. N. and King, M. A. and Abraham, L. A. and Boillot, M. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:55 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Bicuculline;Action Potentials;Rats;Neural Inhibition;In Vitro;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Animals;Brain;GABA Antagonists;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {97273245},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of medicine, Gainesville 32610-0265, USA. roper\@neocortex.health.ufl.edu},
	Pages = {443-9},
	Pii = {S0920121196010145},
	Pubmed = {9127725},
	Title = {Disinhibited in vitro neocortical slices containing experimentally induced cortical dysplasia demonstrate hyperexcitability},
	Uuid = {124F1A2B-C609-4EC9-9C71-9CFB02B71EAE},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1997.pdf}}

@article{Roper:1998,
	Abstract = {Certain developmental abnormalities of the cerebral cortex are closely associated with epilepsy in humans. Exposure of fetal rats to external gamma-irradiation produces diffuse cortical dysplasia and neuronal heterotopia. These abnormalities are the result of radiation-induced cell death coupled with continued cortical development in an altered cellular environment. In vivo electroencephalography studies in these animals have revealed an increased propensity for electrographic seizures in the presence of the sedating agents, acepromazine and xylazine. In vitro neocortical slices containing dysplastic cortex demonstrate enhanced excitability, as compared to control neocortex, when inhibition that is mediated by the A-type gamma-amino butyric acid receptor is blocked with bicuculline methiodide. In utero irradiation of rats produces structural changes that mimic some aspects of cerebral dysgenesis in humans and results in physiologic changes that increase the animals' propensity for seizures. Similarities and differences between the animal model and the human syndromes are discussed.},
	Author = {Roper, S. N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:55 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Gamma Rays;10 Development;Pregnancy;Animals;Humans;Rats;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;review;Female;Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;Receptors, GABA-A;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;10 genetics malformation;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Electroencephalography},
	Medline = {98432476},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0265, USA. roper\@neocortex.health.ufl.edu},
	Pages = {63-74},
	Pii = {S0920-1211(98)00040-0},
	Pubmed = {9761309},
	Title = {In utero irradiation of rats as a model of human cerebrocortical dysgenesis: a review},
	Uuid = {1AA680A3-5662-4EA3-BD16-FC282BDD70B4},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}}

@article{Rose:2001,
	Author = {Rose, C. R. and Konnerth, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biological Clocks;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Astrocytes;Calcium Channels;comment;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Humans;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;review;Neurons},
	Medline = {21370267},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {773-4},
	Pii = {90464},
	Pubmed = {11477417},
	Title = {Exciting glial oscillations},
	Uuid = {B0BDFD1D-C38C-49AC-89BB-F299F2D62ED7},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/90464}}

@article{Rose:2001a,
	Abstract = {Activation of most excitatory synapses of central neurons produces calcium release signals from intracellular stores. Synaptically evoked calcium release from stores is frequently triggered by the binding of glutamate to metabotropic receptors and the subsequent activation of IP(3) receptors in spines and dendrites. There is increasing evidence for the presence of local calcium signals caused by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) through activation of ryanodine or IP(3) receptors. Recent work on mutant mice indicates that store signaling determines activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Rose, C. R. and Konnerth, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Purkinje Cells;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Medline = {21432016},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.},
	Pages = {519-22},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00402-0},
	Pubmed = {11545711},
	Title = {Stores not just for storage. intracellular calcium release and synaptic plasticity},
	Uuid = {3E7720DD-AA9C-4318-AE37-6B89DAE9E762},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Rosen:2000,
	Abstract = {Injury to the developing cortical plate can result in a variety of neuronal migration disorders. The results are reported of experimental research aimed at determining whether these different types of neocortical malformations are the consequence of comparable injury of varying intensity. Freezing probes were placed on the skulls of 44 newborn rats (age equivalent to 4 to 5 months of gestation in humans) and induced either one or two freezing injuries of durations ranging from 2 to 20 seconds. A variety of cortical malformations including minor laminar dysplasias, molecular layer ectopias, microgyria, and porencephalic cysts were seen in the brains of these animals when they were examined on postnatal day (P)2, P21, and P60. The severity of the malformation was directly related to the strength (number of hits and duration) of the freezing injury. These results suggest that a single etiologic event of varying severity during neuronal migration to the neocortex can induce widely disparate malformations of the cortex.},
	Author = {Rosen, G. D. and Galaburda, A. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0012-1622},
	Journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
	Keywords = {Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Female;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Rats, Wistar;Pregnancy;Animals, Newborn;Male;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Cell Movement},
	Medline = {20535742},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0006761},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. grosen\@caregroup.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {652-62},
	Pubmed = {11085292},
	Title = {Single cause, polymorphic neuronal migration disorders: an animal model},
	Uuid = {5FB999AB-A9FA-4223-9A72-5D944DE09876},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2000}}








@article{Rouiller:1990,
	Abstract = {The interconnections of the auditory cortex with the parahippocampal and cingulate cortices were studied in the cat. Injections of the anterograde and retrograde tracer WGA-HRP were performed, in different cats (n = 9), in electrophysiologically identified auditory cortical fields. Injections in the posterior zone of the auditory cortex (PAF or at the PAF/AI border) labeled neurons and axonal terminal fields in the cingulate gyrus, mainly in the ventral bank of the splenial sulcus (a region that can be considered as an extension of the cytoarchitectonic area Cg), and posteriorly in the retrosplenial area. Labeling was also present in area 35 of the perirhinal cortex, but it was sparser than in the cingulate gyrus. Following WGA-HRP injection in AII, no labeling was found in the cingulate gyrus, but a few neurons and terminals were labeled in area 35. In contrast, no or very sparse labeling was observed in the cingulate and perirhinal cortices after WGA-HRP injections in the anterior zone of the auditory cortex (AI or AAF). A WGA-HRP injection in the cingulate gyrus labeled neurons in the posterior zone of the auditory cortex, between the posterior ectosylvian and the posterior suprasylvian sulci, but none was found more anteriorly in regions corresponding to AI, AAF and AII. The present data indicate the existence of preferential interconnections between the posterior auditory cortex and the limbic system (cingulate and parahippocampal cortices). This specialization of posterior auditory cortical areas can be related to previous observations indicating that the anterior and posterior regions of the auditory cortex differ from each other by their response properties to sounds and their pattern of connectivity with the auditory thalamus and the claustrum.},
	Author = {Rouiller, E. M. and Innocenti, G. M. and De Ribaupierre, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Auditory Cortex;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Cats;Hippocampus;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Animals;Wheat Germ Agglutinins;Horseradish Peroxidase;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {90353487},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {501-11},
	Pubmed = {1696905},
	Title = {Interconnections of the auditory cortical fields of the cat with the cingulate and parahippocampal cortices},
	Uuid = {952E1948-A4A2-4EBA-A314-770E56F02091},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {1990}}




@article{Royce:1983,
	Abstract = {The retrograde fluorescent technique was used to label cortical neurons which project to both the caudate nucleus and also to the centromedian-parafascicular (CM-Pf) thalamic nuclear complex. After experimentation with many other pairs of fluorescent tracers, Evans Blue (EB) and Fast Blue (FB) were chosen as the best combination for studying the systems involved. Following injections of EB into the caudate nucleus and FB into the CM-Pf complex, doubly labeled medium-sized pyramidal neurons were present within layer V and VI of specific cortical regions. These cells were found on the inferior bank of the cruciate sulcus, in the anterior limbic area, in the cingulate and anterior sylvian gyri and within the buried cortex of the presylvian sulcus. The doubly labeled cells were relatively few in number compared to the more numerous singly labeled FB (corticothalamic) cells found in layers V and VI, and the very numerous singly labeled EB (corticostriatal) neurons, located in layers II, III, V, and VI.},
	Author = {Royce, G. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Gyrus Cinguli;Staining and Labeling;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Thalamic Nuclei;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Limbic System;Neural Pathways;21 Circuit structure-function;Brain Mapping;Animals;Caudate Nucleus;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {2-3},
	Pages = {157-65},
	Pubmed = {6196226},
	Title = {Cortical neurons with collateral projections to both the caudate nucleus and the centromedian-parafascicular thalamic complex: a fluorescent retrograde double labeling study in the cat},
	Uuid = {40E32702-6C81-450A-ADB5-02C69C4CC72D},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Rozov:2001,
	Abstract = {1. In connections formed by nerve terminals of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells onto bitufted interneurones in young (postnatal day (P)14-15) rat somatosensory cortex, the efficacy and reliability of synaptic transmission were low. At these connections release was facilitated by paired-pulse stimulation (at 10 Hz). In connections formed by terminals of layer 2/3 pyramids with multipolar interneurones efficacy and reliability were high and release was depressed by paired-pulse stimulation. In both types of terminal, however, the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels that controlled transmitter release were predominantly of the P/Q- and N-subtypes. 2. The relationship between unitary EPSP amplitude and extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o) was steeper for facilitating than for depressing terminals. Fits to a Hill equation with nH = 4 indicated that the apparent KD of the Ca2+ sensor for vesicle release was two- to threefold lower in depressing terminals than in facilitating ones. 3. Intracellular loading of pyramidal neurones with the fast and slowly acting Ca2+ buffers BAPTA and EGTA differentially reduced transmitter release in these two types of terminal. Unitary EPSPs evoked by pyramidal cell stimulation in bitufted cells were reduced by presynaptic BAPTA and EGTA with half-effective concentrations of approximately 0.1 and approximately 1 mM, respectively. Unitary EPSPs evoked in multipolar cells were reduced to one-half of control at higher concentrations of presynaptic BAPTA and EGTA (approximately 0.5 and approximately 7 mM, respectively). 4. Frequency-dependent facilitation of EPSPs in bitufted cells was abolished by EGTA at concentrations of > or = 0.2 mM, suggesting that accumulation of free Ca2+ is essential for facilitation in the terminals contacting bitufted cells. In contrast, facilitation was unaffected or even slightly increased in the terminals loaded with BAPTA in the concentration range 0.02-0.5 mM. This is attributed to partial saturation of exogenously added BAPTA. However, BAPTA at concentrations > or = 1 mM also abolished facilitation. 5. Frequency-dependent depression of EPSPs in multipolar cells was not significantly reduced by EGTA. With BAPTA, the depression decreased at concentrations > 0.5 mM, concomitant with a reduction in amplitude of the first EPSP in a train. 6. An analysis is presented that interprets the effects of EGTA and BAPTA on synaptic efficacy and its short-term modification during paired-pulse stimulation in terms of changes in [Ca2+] at the release site ([Ca2+]RS) and that infers the affinity of the Ca2+ sensor from the dependence of unitary EPSPs on [Ca2+]o. 7. The results suggest that the target cell-specific difference in release from the terminals on bitufted or multipolar cells can be explained by a longer diffusional distance between Ca2+ channels and release sites and/or lower Ca2+ channels density in the terminals that contact bitufted cells. This would lead to a lower [Ca2+] at release sites and would also explain the higher apparent K(D) of the Ca2+ sensor in facilitating terminals.},
	Author = {Rozov, A. and Burnashev, N. and Sakmann, B. and Neher, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Osmolar Concentration;Rats;Neural Pathways;Egtazic Acid;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Neurotransmitter Agents;Reaction Time;Rats, Wistar;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Intracellular Membranes;Buffers;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 3},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {807-26},
	Pii = {PHY_11435},
	Pubmed = {11251060},
	Title = {Transmitter release modulation by intracellular Ca2+ buffers in facilitating and depressing nerve terminals of pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 of the rat neocortex indicates a target cell-specific difference in presynaptic calcium dynamics},
	Uuid = {B95BB7FF-BE9F-4538-845F-100DE5168374},
	Volume = {531},
	Year = {2001}}


@article{Ruthazer:2005,
	Abstract = {The receptive field properties of neurons in the developing brain can in many cases be remarkably similar to those of adult neurons. This raises the question of why these same neurons need the capacity for such impressive developmental plasticity, most clearly demonstrated by the rewiring that occurs in response to sensory deprivation. The roles of developmental neuronal plasticity in the assimilation of neurons into a larger network, including temporal and cross-modal integration, are discussed.},
	Author = {Ruthazer, Edward S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {21 Activity-development; 21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Differentiation;Models, Animal;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Neural Inhibition;comment;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.},
	Pages = {825-8},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00203-5},
	Pubmed = {15797544},
	Title = {You're perfect, now change--redefining the role of developmental plasticity},
	Uuid = {84E6A822-2D69-4B19-A0D6-524C69CD3805},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Ruthazer_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.008}}




@article{Sabatini:2001,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines are cellular microcompartments that are isolated from their parent dendrites and neighboring spines. Recently, imaging studies of spine Ca(2+) dynamics have revealed that Ca(2+) can enter spines through voltage-sensitive and ligand-activated channels, as well as through Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Relationships between spine Ca(2+) signals and induction of various forms of synaptic plasticity are beginning to be elucidated. Measurements of spine Ca(2+) concentration are also being used to probe the properties of single synapses and even individual calcium channels in their native environment.},
	Author = {Sabatini, B. L. and Maravall, M. and Svoboda, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Signal Transduction;Purkinje Cells;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Humans;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Synaptic Transmission;review;Pyramidal Cells;Dendrites;Ion Transport;Action Potentials;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Compartmentation;Calcium Channels;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Ion Channel Gating;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Rats, Mutant Strains},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11743, USA.},
	Pages = {349-56},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(00)00218-X},
	Pubmed = {11399434},
	Title = {Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {115BC240-63C6-4A57-9143-A5C4C6CF12FE},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Sabatini:1996,
	Abstract = {Understanding the factors controlling synaptic delays has broad implications. On a systems level, the speed of synaptic transmission limits the communication rate between neurons and strongly influences local circuit dynamics. On a molecular level, the delay from presynaptic calcium entry to postsynaptic responses constrains the molecular mechanism of vesicle fusion. Previously it has not been possible to elucidate the determinants of synaptic delays in the mammalian central nervous system, where presynaptic terminals are small and difficult to study. We have developed a new approach to study timing at rat cerebellar synapses: we used optical techniques to measure voltage and calcium current simultaneously from presynaptic boutons while monitoring postsynaptic currents electrically. Here we report that the classic view that vesicle release is driven by calcium entry during action-potential repolarization holds for these synapses at room temperature, but not at physiological temperatures, where postsynaptic responses commence just 150 micros after the start of the presynaptic action potential. This brisk communication is a consequence of rapid calcium-channel kinetics, which allow significant calcium entry during the upstroke of the presynaptic action potential, and extremely fast calcium-driven vesicle fusion, which lags behind calcium influx by 60 micros.},
	Author = {Sabatini, B. L. and Regehr, W. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Temperature;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;in vitro ;Models, Neurological;Calcium;Rats;Cerebellum;Synaptic Transmission;Reaction Time;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6605},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {170-2},
	Pubmed = {8906792},
	Title = {Timing of neurotransmission at fast synapses in the mammalian brain},
	Uuid = {6E46D883-8E03-4502-B104-47A3E7191440},
	Volume = {384},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384170a0}}

@article{Sabatini:2000,
	Abstract = {Most synapses form on small, specialized postsynaptic structures known as dendritic spines. The influx of Ca2+ ions into such spines--through synaptic receptors and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs)--triggers diverse processes that underlie synaptic plasticity. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we imaged action-potential-induced transient changes in Ca2+ concentration in spines and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices. Through analysis of the large trial-to-trial fluctuations in these transients, we have determined the number and properties of VSCCs in single spines. Here we report that each spine contains 1-20 VSCCs, and that this number increases with spine volume. We are able to detect the opening of a single VSCC on a spine. In spines located on the proximal dendritic tree, VSCCs normally open with high probability (approximately 0.5) following dendritic action potentials. Activation of GABA(B) receptors reduced this probability in apical spines to approximately 0.3 but had no effect on VSCCs in dendrites or basal spines. Our studies show that the spatial distribution of VSCC subtypes and their modulatory potential is regulated with submicrometre precision.},
	Author = {Sabatini, B. L. and Svoboda, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Microscopy, Confocal;Synaptic Membranes;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;in vitro ;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium Channels;Rats;Animals;Receptors, GABA-B;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Potentials},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6812},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {589-93},
	Pubmed = {11117746},
	Title = {Analysis of calcium channels in single spines using optical fluctuation analysis},
	Uuid = {5D7B38A9-7A05-4027-BF77-47A7C6B2D88D},
	Volume = {408},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35046076}}

@article{Sadikot:1998,
	Abstract = {Neurotransmitters influence a wide variety of developmental processes. We hypothesize that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors influence proliferation of populations of forebrain neurons. As our model, we use a subclass of GABAergic striatal interneurons that express the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV). To separate proliferative and post-proliferative effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on PV neurons, we first determined the birth-date of rat striatum PV neurons at the coronal level selected for analysis. Dividing striatal progenitor cells were marked by intraperitoneal injections of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) given to timed pregnant rats at selected time points between embryonic days (E) 12-22. Double immunohistochochemistry for BrdU and PV was used in adult progeny to determine the time course of neurogenesis of striatal PV neurons. The results of the neurogenetic analysis were then used for rational timing of treatment with competitive (CGS 19755) and non-competitive (MK-801) NMDA receptor antagonists. In comparison to pair-fed and vehicle- injected controls, gestational rats given CGS-19755 and MK-801 during the proliferative phase (E15-E18) showed a marked reduction of striatal PV neuron cell density as adults. In contrast, animals given NMDA antagonists during the post-proliferative period (E18-E21) showed no significant reduction in PV neuron cell density compared to pair-fed controls. These results suggest that glutamate influences cell proliferation of a population of striatal neurons by an NMDA-mediated mechanism, providing evidence for a novel role for excitatory amino acids in early forebrain development.},
	Author = {Sadikot, A. F. and Burhan, A. M. and Belanger, M. C. and Sasseville, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;H;Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology;Cell Survival/drug effects;Rats;GABA/*physiology;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology;Female;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists &inhibitors;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Animal;Pipecolic Acids/pharmacology;Cell Count/drug effects;Male;Antimetabolites/diagnostic use;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neostriatum/cytology/*physiology;Parvalbumins/metabolism;Immunohistochemistry;Bromodeoxyuridine/diagnostic use;Interneurons/*physiology;12 Interneuron development},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Quebec, Canada.},
	Pages = {35-42.},
	Title = {NMDA receptor antagonists influence early development of GABAergic interneurons in the mammalian striatum},
	Uuid = {8ADCF13E-3E7E-4376-82F2-E42A4C3F7283},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9497077}}


@article{Safo:2005,
	Abstract = {The long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber (PF) synapses onto Purkinje cells plays a central role in motor learning. Endocannabinoid release and LTD induction both depend upon activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1, require postsynaptic calcium increases, are synapse specific, and have a similar dependence on the associative activation of PF and climbing fiber synapses. These similarities suggest that endocannabinoid release could account for many features of cerebellar LTD. Here we show that LTD induction is blocked by a cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) antagonist, by inhibiting the synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), and is absent in mice lacking the CB1R. Although CB1Rs are prominently expressed presynaptically at PF synapses, LTD is expressed postsynaptically. In contrast, a previously described transient form of inhibition mediated by endocannabinoids is expressed presynaptically. This indicates that Purkinje cells release 2-AG that activates CB1Rs to both transiently inhibit release and induce a postsynaptic form of LTD.},
	Author = {Safo, Patrick K. and Regehr, Wade G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Electric Stimulation;Purkinje Cells;Synapses;Presynaptic Terminals;Rats;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;in vitro ;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);Endocannabinoids;Lipoprotein Lipase;Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Arachidonic Acids;Cerebellum;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Glycerides;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {647-59},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00787-7},
	Pubmed = {16301180},
	Title = {Endocannabinoids control the induction of cerebellar LTD},
	Uuid = {B340D130-5743-4DCE-B504-1CF1D0CB3273},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Safo_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.020}}





@article{Saino-Saito:2007,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms underlying dopamine (DA) phenotypic differentiation in the olfactory bulb (OB) have not yet been fully elucidated and are the subject of some controversy. OB DA interneurons destined for the glomerular layer were shown to originate in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The current study investigated whether calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) either alone or together with the Ets transcription factor ER81 was necessary for phenotypic determination during migration of progenitors. In most brain areas, including the OB, CaMKIV and ER81 displayed a reciprocal distribution. In the SVZ, only ER81 could be demonstrated. In the RMS, a subpopulation of progenitors contained ER81, but few, if any, contained CaMKIV. In OB, CaMKIV expression, restricted to deep granule cells, showed limited overlap with ER81. ER81 expression was weak in deep granule cells. Strong labeling occurred in the mitral and glomerular layers, where ER81 colabeled dopaminergic periglomerular cells that expressed either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or green fluorescent protein, the latter reporter gene under control of 9-kb of 5' TH promoter. Odor deprivation resulted in a significant 5.2-fold decline in TH immunoreactivity, but ER81 exhibited a relatively small 1.7-fold decline in immunoreactivity. TH expression as well as brain and bulb size were unchanged in CaMKIV knockout mice. These data suggest that ER81 may be required but is not sufficient for DA neuron differentiation and that CaMKIV is not directly involved in TH gene regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:485-496, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	Author = {Saino-Saito, Sachiko and Cave, John W. and Akiba, Yosuke and Sasaki, Hayato and Goto, Kaoru and Kobayashi, Kazuto and Berlin, Roseann and Baker, Harriet},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan 990-9585.},
	Pages = {485-96},
	Pubmed = {17394138},
	Title = {ER81 and CaMKIV identify anatomically and phenotypically defined subsets of mouse olfactory bulb interneurons},
	Uuid = {A86B810F-5EB9-4C83-8927-5527B4C8C875},
	Volume = {502},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21293}}



@article{Sakakibara:2001,
	Abstract = {Musashi1 (Msi1) is a mammalian neural RNA-binding protein highly enriched in neural precursor cells that are capable of generating both neurons and glia during embryonic and postnatal CNS development. Here, we identified Musashi2 (Msi2), a novel mammalian RNA-binding protein that exhibits high sequence similarity to Msi1. The Msi2 transcript appeared to be distributed ubiquitously in a wide variety of tissues, consistent with the mRNA distribution of its Xenopus homolog, xrp1. However, the present study revealed cell type-specific and developmentally regulated expression of Msi2 in the mammalian CNS. Interestingly, Msi2 was expressed prominently in precursor cells in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone with the same pattern as Msi1 throughout CNS development. In the postnatal and adult CNS, this concurrent expression of Msi2 and Msi1 was seen in cells of the astrocyte lineage, including ependymal cells, a possible source for postnatal CNS stem cells. During neurogenesis, the expression of both Msi2 and Msi1 was lost in most postmitotic neurons, whereas Msi2 expression persisted in a subset of neuronal lineage cells, such as parvalbumin-containing GABA neurons in the neocortex and neurons in several nuclei of the basal ganglia. Msi2 may have a unique role that is required for the generation and/or maintenance of specific neuronal lineages. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that Msi2 and Msi1 have similar RNA-binding specificity. These two RNA-binding proteins may exert common functions in neural precursor cells by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.},
	Author = {Sakakibara, S. and Nakamura, Y. and Satoh, H. and Okano, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Sequence Analysis, DNA;Protein Isoforms/genetics;In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence;Cloning, Molecular;Neurons/cytology/*metabolism;*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Animal;Physical Chromosome Mapping;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism;Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics;Mice, Inbred C57BL;BB abstr;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism;Central Nervous System/cytology/*metabolism;Mice, Inbred ICR;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Organ Specificity;Mice;RNA, Messenger/metabolism;Molecular Sequence Data;Alternative Splicing/genetics;DNA, Complementary/genetics/isolation &purification},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.},
	Pages = {8091-107.},
	Title = {Rna-binding protein Musashi2: developmentally regulated expression in neural precursor cells and subpopulations of neurons in mammalian CNS},
	Uuid = {80F4582E-282C-4371-8C55-C1E0C69D964A},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11588182%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/21/20/8091%20http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/20/8091}}

@article{Sakurada:1999,
	Abstract = {Adult rat-derived hippocampal progenitor cells express many of the molecules implicated in midbrain dopaminergic determination, including FGF receptors 1, 2 and 3, the sonic hedgehog receptor components Smo and Ptc, and the region-specific transcription factors Ptx3 and Nurr1. Here we use undifferentiated progenitors to probe the events leading to the dopaminergic phenotype and find that the influences of Nurr1 can be temporally and mechanistically uncoupled from the patterning influences of sonic hedgehog and FGF-8 or the more generic process of neuronal differentiation itself. In gain-of-function experiments, Nurr1 is able to activate transcription of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by binding a response element within a region of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter necessary for midbrain-specific expression. This activation is mediated through a retinoid X receptor independent mechanism and occurs in all precursors, regardless of differentiation status. Overexpression of Nurr1 does not affect proliferation or stimulate neuronal differentiation and has no influence on the expression of other dopaminergic markers. This uncoupling of tyrosine hydroxylase expression from other dopaminergic markers suggests that the midbrain dopaminergic identity is dictated by a combination of pan-dopaminergic (e.g., Shh/FGF-8) and region-specific (Nurr1) mechanisms.},
	Author = {Sakurada, K. and Ohshima-Sakurada, M. and Palmer, T. D. and Gage, F. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Binding Sites;Mesencephalon/metabolism;Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism;C-Reactive Protein/genetics/metabolism;Stem Cells/*metabolism;Cells, Cultured;Age Factors;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism;Dopamine/metabolism;Transcription, Genetic/*physiology;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Signal Transduction;Promoter Regions (Genetics);Cell Division;Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism;Neurons/*metabolism;Cell Differentiation/drug effects;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animal;Fibroblast Growth Factor, Basic/metabolism/pharmacology;Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics/*metabolism;Rats;Brain/cytology/*growth &development/metabolism;Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism;Proteins/metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;C abstr;Amyloid P Component/genetics/metabolism;Hippocampus/cytology/growth &development/metabolism},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
	Pages = {4017-26.},
	Title = {Nurr1, an orphan nuclear receptor, is a transcriptional activator of endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase in neural progenitor cells derived from the adult brain},
	Uuid = {7DC093E4-CC01-4C63-AD8D-C18BF923B90F},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10457011%20http://www.biologists.com/Development/126/18/dev9664.html}}




@article{Sanabria:2002,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Clinical, neuropathological, and electrophysiological data have shown that limbic structures are involved in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In most cases, limbic-originated seizures frequently spread to extrahippocampal areas. It is unclear whether such distant circuitries, especially the neocortex, exhibit abnormal electrophysiology as consequences of a chronic epileptogenic process. The present research studied neuropathological abnormalities and in vitro electrophysiological properties of sensorimotor neocortex in pilocarpine-treated epileptic rats. METHODS: Adult epileptic animals showing six to seven seizures/week and saline-injected rats were selected for neurohistology. Coronal sections were sampled throughout the anteroposterior extent of the diencephalon and stained with cresyl violet (Nissl). Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed using anti-neurofilament (SMI-311) antibody. Extracellular (layer II/III) and intracellular (layer V) recordings were performed in coronal sensorimotor neocortical slices. Several electrophysiological aspects were examined such as evoked responses, intrinsic properties, and firing patterns of layer V pyramidal cells. RESULTS: Nissl staining showed a significant decrease of cortical thickness in epileptic rats when compared with controls, particularly in superficial layers (II-IV). Such abnormalities were also revealed by SMI-311 staining. SMI-311-labeled dendrite arborizations were more complex in layers I-II of epileptic rats. Epileptic rats manifested several abnormalities in extracellular field responses including hyperresponsiveness and presence of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-mediated polysynaptic activity. Although no significant changes were observed concerning passive intrinsic properties, it was possible to detect a higher proportion of bursting neurons distributed in layer V (60\%) of epileptic rats compared with 22\%in control slices. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings indicate damage, reorganization, and chronic hyperexcitability of sensorimotor neocortex in experimental TLE.},
	Author = {Sanabria, Emilio R. Garrido and da Silva, Alexandre V. and Spreafico, Roberto and Cavalheiro, Esper A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Pilocarpine;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Immunohistochemistry;Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;Neocortex;Rats, Wistar;Electrophysiology;Male;Convulsants;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {22117259},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Laborat{\'o}rio de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de S\~{a}o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, CEP 04023-900, S\~{a}o Paulo, SP, Brazil.},
	Pages = {96-106},
	Pii = {epis6030},
	Pubmed = {12121302},
	Title = {Damage, reorganization, and abnormal neocortical hyperexcitability in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy},
	Uuid = {103BB3E2-0BC6-41F9-A06C-6901F38539E3},
	Volume = {43 Suppl 5},
	Year = {2002}}





@article{Sanchez-Vives:2000,
	Abstract = {The neocortex generates periods of recurrent activity, such as the slow (0.1-0.5 Hz) oscillation during slow-wave sleep. Here we demonstrate that slices of ferret neocortex maintained in vitro generate this slow (< 1 Hz) rhythm when placed in a bathing medium that mimics the extracellular ionic composition in situ. This slow oscillation seems to be initiated in layer 5 as an excitatory interaction between pyramidal neurons and propagates through the neocortex. Our results demonstrate that the cerebral cortex generates an 'up' or depolarized state through recurrent excitation that is regulated by inhibitory networks, thereby allowing local cortical circuits to enter into temporarily activated and self-maintained excitatory states. The spontaneous generation and failure of this self-excited state may account for the generation of a subset of cortical rhythms during sleep.},
	Author = {Sanchez-Vives, M. V. and McCormick, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;Ferrets;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Culture Techniques;Epilepsy;Periodicity;Biological Clocks;Sleep;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Refractory Period, Electrophysiological;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cats},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. david.mccormick\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {1027-34},
	Pubmed = {11017176},
	Title = {Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex},
	Uuid = {75638AB7-D62A-4092-9EFC-1539F1D8BEA3},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_NatNeurosci2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/79848}}






@article{Saradzhishvili:1971,
	Author = {Saradzhishvili, P. M. and Tokhadze, G. A. and Baratashvili, N. N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0023-2149},
	Journal = {Klin Med (Mosk)},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Muscles;21 Neurophysiology;Female;Muscle Tonus;Electromyography;Electrophysiology;Male;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {71260076},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {2985204R},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {22-9},
	Pubmed = {5561602},
	Title = {[Basic electrophysiologic characteristics of muscle tone disorders during convulsive and nonconvulsive forms of epilepsy]},
	Uuid = {2B16A989-7A64-4257-AAF6-6A0EC264549B},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {1971}}

@article{Sarkisian:2001,
	Abstract = {One approach to defining mechanisms essential to neocortical development is to analyze the phenotype of novel spontaneous mutations that dramatically affect the generation and differentiation of different neocortical neurons. Previously we have shown that there is a large decrease in the total number of cortical neurons in the flathead mutant rat, and in this paper we show that the flathead (fh/fh) mutation causes an even larger decrease in the number of interneurons. The decrease in relative interneuron number is different in different cortical lamina and for different interneuron subtypes. Specifically, the percentage of GABA and calretinin- positive cells in upper layers of somatosensory cortex is not appreciably decreased in homozygous mutants, while other interneuron subtypes in somatosensory cortex and all GABA-positive interneuron types in entorhinal cortex are decreased. In addition, the soma and dendritic arbors of interneurons in flathead are greatly hypertrophied, while those of pyramidal neurons are not. Furthermore, we found that at embryonic day 14, flathead mutants display high levels of cell death throughout both the neocortical and ganglionic eminence (GE) proliferative zones with a larger increase in cell death in the GE than in the neocortical VZ. In addition, we provide evidence that there is widespread cytokinesis failure resulting in binucleate pyramidal cells and interneurons, and the number of binucleate interneurons is greater than the number of binucleate pyramidal neurons. Together, these results demonstrate that the fh mutation causes dramatic alterations in interneuron development, and suggest that the flathead mutation causes differential cytokinesis failure and cell death in different types of neocortical progenitors. 21352665 1047-3211 Journal Article},
	Author = {Sarkisian, M. R. and Frenkel, M. and Li, W. and Oborski, J. A. and LoTurco, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Pyramidal Cells/physiology/ultrastructure;Rats;Cell Cycle/physiology;Cell Death/physiology;Mutation/genetics/*physiology;Cell Size/genetics;Cell Count;Animal;Rats, Inbred Strains;Rats, Wistar;Male;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;CK;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*growth &development/ultrastructure;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Interneurons/*physiology/ultrastructure;Animals, Newborn;Genotype;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Immunohistochemistry;Mitosis/genetics},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {734-43},
	Title = {Altered interneuron development in the cerebral cortex of the flathead mutant},
	Uuid = {AA7B0A5A-69E9-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Sarkisian_CerebCortex2001.pdf}}



@article{Sarkisian:2002,
	Author = {Sarkisian, M. R. and Li, W. and Di Cunto, F. and D'Mello, S. R. and LoTurco, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Central Nervous System/abnormalities/cytology/embryology;Rats;Neurons/*cytology;Phenotype;Animal;Exons/genetics;CK;Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism;Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Blotting, Western;Organ Specificity;Nervous System Malformations/*enzymology/genetics;rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Phosphotransferases/deficiency/genetics/metabolism;DNA Mutational Analysis;Cell Division/*physiology;Immunohistochemistry;Rats, Mutant Strains},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.},
	Pages = {RC217},
	Title = {Citron-kinase, a protein essential to cytokinesis in neuronal progenitors, is deleted in the flathead mutant rat},
	Uuid = {F60F3812-69B0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Sarkisian_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}




@article{Sasaki:2007,
	Abstract = {The brain is spontaneously active even in the absence of external input. This ongoing background activity impacts neural information processing. We used functional multineuron calcium imaging (fMCI) to analyze the net structure of spontaneous CA3 network activity in hippocampal slice cultures loaded with Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 using a spinning disk confocal microscope (10-30 frames/s). Principal component analysis revealed that network states, defined by active cell ensembles, were stable but heterogenous and discrete. These states were stabilized through synaptic activity and maintained against external perturbations. A few discrete states emerged during our observation period of up to 30 min. Networks tended to stay in a single state for tens of seconds and then suddenly jump to a new state. After a state transition, the old state was rarely, if ever, revisited by the network during our observation period. This temporal profile of state transitions could not be simulated by a hidden Markov model, indicating that the state dynamics is nonrandomly organized. Within each state, the pattern of network activity tended to stabilize in a specific configuration. Neither maintenance nor transition of the network states required NMDA receptor activity. These findings suggest that the network states are metastable, rather than multistable, and might be governed by local attractor-like dynamics. The fMCI data analyzed here are available at http://hippocampus.jp/data/},
	Author = {Sasaki, Takuya and Matsuki, Norio and Ikegaya, Yuji},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Rats;21 Calcium imaging;Calcium;Rats, Wistar;comparative study;Nerve Net;Animals;Cells, Cultured;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.},
	Pages = {517-28},
	Pii = {27/3/517},
	Pubmed = {17234584},
	Title = {Metastability of active CA3 networks},
	Uuid = {0DB8EE44-F8FC-427F-8B70-4F4D34EFFFBD},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sasaki_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4514-06.2007}}



@article{Sato:2007,
	Abstract = {In order to understand the functional maturation of the CNS, it is essential to first describe the functional maturation of sensory processing. We have approached this topic by following the ontogenetic patterning of neural circuit formation related to cranial and spinal sensory input using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. In previous studies, we have described the functional maturation of synapses in brainstem/midbrain neural circuits. Here, we elucidate the functional maturation of forebrain circuits by investigating neural networks related to the olfactory nerve (N. I) of chicken embryo. In the isolated N. I-olfactory bulb-forebrain preparation, application of electrical stimulation to N. I elicited excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)-related slow optical signals in the olfactory bulb. The slow signal was mainly mediated by glutamate, and was easily fatigued with repetitive stimuli because of the immaturity of synapses in the embryonic CNS. Ontogenetically, the slow signal was detected from the 6-day embryonic stage, suggesting that functional synaptic connections between N. I and olfactory bulb emerge around this stage. In addition, from the 8-day embryonic stage, another response area was discriminated within the forebrain, which corresponded to the higher-ordered nucleus of the olfactory pathway. In comparison with our previous studies concerning the functional development of other cranial nerve-related sensory nuclei in the embryonic brainstem and midbrain, these results suggest that the olfactory pathway is functionally generated in the early stages of development when neural networks related to other visceral and somatic sensory inputs are also in the process of developing.},
	Author = {Sato, K. and Kinoshita, M. and Momose-Sato, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Optics;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Neural Pathways;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Olfactory Nerve;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Olfactory Bulb;Prosencephalon;Chick Embryo;Olfactory Pathways;21 Neurophysiology;Carbocyanines;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. katsushige.phy2\@tmd.ac.jp},
	Pages = {1334-46},
	Pii = {S0306-4522(06)01520-X},
	Pubmed = {17184922},
	Title = {Optical mapping of spatiotemporal emergence of functional synaptic connections in the embryonic chick olfactory pathway},
	Uuid = {79196C07-D616-4252-9D70-563D3A2B9403},
	Volume = {144},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sato_Neuroscience2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.019}}








@article{Schafer:2006,
	Abstract = {The interactions of volatile odorants with the approximately 1000 types of olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa are represented in the olfactory bulb by glomerular spatial activity maps. If these spatial maps underlie the perceptual identification of odorants then, for a given organism, they must be both specific and reproducible. However, this intra-organism reproducibility need not be present between organisms because genetic and developmental studies of olfactory bulb wiring suggest that there is substantial variation between the glomerular arrangements of closely related organisms and even between the two bulbs in a given animal. The ability of functional MRI (fMRI) to record responses of the entire rodent olfactory bulb repeatedly within the same subject has made it possible to assess the reproducibility of odor-induced spatial activity maps both within and between subjects exposed to equivalent stimuli. For a range of odorants, representing multiple chemical classes, a level of fMRI reproducibility (at 7.0 T and 9.4 T) comparable or superior to other cortical regions was demonstrated. While the responses of different bulbs to the same odorant could be localized within the same broad regions of the glomerular sheet, the precise magnitude and topology of the response within those regions were both often highly variable. These results demonstrate the robustness of high-field fMRI as a tool for assaying olfactory bulb function and provide evidence that equivalent perceptual outcomes may arise from divergent neural substrates.},
	Author = {Schafer, and Kida, and Xu, and Rothman, and Hyder,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1053-8119},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9215515},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
	Pii = {S1053-8119(06)00009-7},
	Pubmed = {16632382},
	Title = {Reproducibility of odor maps by fMRI in rodents},
	Uuid = {047A1537-4052-4672-8708-FDC83C7E7E1B},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.060}}







@article{Schiller:1995,
	Abstract = {1. Simultaneous measurements of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and intrasomatic and intradendritic membrane potential (Vm) were performed using fura-2 fluorimetry and whole-cell recording in neocortical layer V pyramidal neurones in rat brain slices. 2. Back-propagating action potentials (APs) evoked [Ca2+]i transients in the entire neurone including the soma, the axon initial segment, the apical dendrite up to the distal tuft branches, and the oblique and basal dendrites, indicating that following suprathreshold activation the entire dendritic tree is depolarized sufficiently to open voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). 3. The [Ca2+]i transient peak evoked by APs showed large differences between various compartments of the neurone. Following a single AP, up to 6-fold differences were measured, ranging from 43 +/- 14 nM in the soma to 267 +/- 109 nM in the basal dendrites. 4. Along the main apical dendrite, the [Ca2+]i transients evoked by single APs or trains of APs had the largest amplitude and the fastest decay in the proximal region; the [Ca2+]i transient peak and decay time constant following a single AP were 128 +/- 25 nM and 420 +/- 150 ms, respectively, and following a train of five APs (at 10-12 Hz), 710 +/- 214 nM and 390 +/- 150 ms, respectively. The [Ca2+]i transients gradually decreased in amplitude and broadened in more distal portions of the apical dendrite up to the main bifurcation. 5. In the apical tuft branches, the profile of the [Ca2+]i transients was dependent on AP frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
	Author = {Schiller, J. and Helmchen, F. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Fura-2;Fluorescence;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Sodium Channels;Axons;in vitro ;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium Channels;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Calibration},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {583-600},
	Pubmed = {8544123},
	Title = {Spatial profile of dendritic calcium transients evoked by action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurones},
	Uuid = {2C84D145-3F06-46EA-A432-3AFF15324022},
	Volume = {487 ( Pt 3)},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Schiller:1997,
	Abstract = {1. Simultaneous whole-cell voltage and Ca2+ fluorescence measurements were made from the distal apical dendrites and the soma of thick tufted pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of 4-week-old (P28-32) rat neocortex slices to investigate whether activation of distal synaptic inputs can initiate regenerative responses in dendrites. 2. Dual whole-cell voltage recordings from the distal apical trunk and primary tuft branches (540-940 microns distal to the soma) showed that distal synaptic stimulation (upper layer 2) evoking a subthreshold depolarization at the soma could initiate regenerative potentials in distal branches of the apical tuft which were either graded or all-or-none. These regenerative potentials did not propagate actively to the soma and axon. 3. Calcium fluorescence measurements along the apical dendrites indicated that the regenerative potentials were associated with a transient increase in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) restricted to distal dendrites. 4. Cadmium added to the bath solution blocked both the all-or-more dendritic regenerative potentials and local dendritic [Ca2+]i transients evoked by distal dendritic current injection. Thus, the regenerative potentials in distal dendrites represent local Ca2+ action potentials. 5. Initiation of distal Ca2+ action potentials by a synaptic stimulus required coactivation of AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptor channels. 6. It is concluded that in neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons of P28-32 animals glutamatergic synaptic inputs to the distal apical dendrites can be amplified via local Ca2+ action potentials which do not reach threshold for axonal AP initiation. As amplification of distal excitatory synaptic input is associated with a localized increase in [Ca2+]i these Ca2+ action potentials could control the synaptic efficacy of the distal cortico-cortical inputs to layer 5 pyramidal neurons.},
	Author = {Schiller, J. and Schiller, Y. and Stuart, G. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Fluorescence;Animals;Electric Conductivity;Rats;Neocortex;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Patch-Clamp Techniques;in vitro ;Axons;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Isoxazoles;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Propionates;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {605-16},
	Pubmed = {9457639},
	Title = {Calcium action potentials restricted to distal apical dendrites of rat neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {3EBFFE46-32DE-4200-A8EE-6F2181BACC98},
	Volume = {505 ( Pt 3)},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Schiller_JPhysiol1997.pdf}}



@article{Schlessinger:1975,
	Abstract = {The dentate gyrus of the rat contains about 600,000 granule cells. These small neurons are generated over a prolonged period from the 14th day of gestation until some time after the second postnatal week. The majority of the cells pass through their last phase of DNA synthesis in the postnatal period, and during the peak period of cell generation, between the fifth and seventh days after birth, up to 50,000 granule cells are formed each day. Contrary to earlier reports, most of the cells pass through their last mitotic division either within the stratum granulosum itself, or within the hilar region of the developing gyrus. The precursor population of cells in the hilar region must therefore constitute a pool of true neuroblasts. The origin of this pool of cells has not been definitely established but it seems probable that its cells are derived from the neuroepithelium lining the lateral ventricle adjacent to the region from which the hippocampal pyramidal cells are generated. Examination of the final location of granule cells labeled at different stages reveals three distinct morphogenetic gradients in the gyrus. The cells in the dorsal blade tend to be formed earlier than those in the ventral blade; cells in the more caudal (or temporal) portions of the gyrus are generated earlier than those in more rostral (or septal) regions; and in all regions the more superficial neurons in the stratum granulosum are formed earlier than the deeper granule cells. The bearing of some of these findings on the development and organization of the connections of the dentate gyrus is discussed.},
	Author = {Schlessinger, A. R. and Cowan, W. M. and Gottlieb, D. I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Thymidine;Female;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Autoradiography;Rats;Cell Count;DNA;Pregnancy;Tritium;Animals;Cell Movement;Neurons},
	Medline = {75095907},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {149-75},
	Pubmed = {1112911},
	Title = {An autoradiographic study of the time of origin and the pattern of granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the rat},
	Uuid = {579E6638-686D-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {159},
	Year = {1975},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901590202}}




@article{Schmidt:2003,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms governing the kinetics of climbing fibre-mediated Ca2+ transients in spiny dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) were quantified with high-resolution confocal Ca2+ imaging. Ca2+ dynamics in parvalbumin (PV-/-) and parvalbumin/calbindin D28k null-mutant (PV/CB-/-) mice were compared with responses in wild-type (WT) animals. In the WT, Ca2+ transients in dendritic shafts were characterised by double exponential decay kinetics that were not due to buffered Ca2+ diffusion or saturation of the indicator dye. Ca2+ transients in PV-/- PCs reached the same peak amplitude as in the WT but the biphasic nature of the decay was less pronounced, an effect that could be attributed to PV's slow binding kinetics. In contrast, peak amplitudes in PV/CB-/- PCs were about two times higher than in the WT and the decay became nearly monophasic. Numerical simulations indicate that the residual deviation from a single exponential decay in PV/CB-/- is due to saturation of the Ca2+ indicator dye. Furthermore, the simulations imply that the effect of uncharacterised endogenous Ca2+ binding proteins is negligible, that buffered diffusion and dye saturation significantly affects spineous Ca2+ transients but not those in the dendritic shafts, and that neither CB nor PV undergoes saturation in spines or dendrites during climbing fibre-evoked Ca2+ transients. Calbindin's medium-affinity binding sites are fast enough to reduce the peak amplitude of the Ca2+ signal. However, similar to PV, delayed binding by CB leads to biphasic Ca2+ decay kinetics. Our results suggest that the distinct kinetics of PV and CB underlie the biphasic kinetics of synaptically evoked Ca2+ transients in dendritic shafts of PCs.},
	Author = {Schmidt, Hartmut and Stiefel, Klaus M. and Racay, Peter and Schwaller, Beat and Eilers, Jens},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Coloring Agents;Fluorescence;Purkinje Cells;Electrophysiology;Calcium Signaling;Osmolar Concentration;Animals;Microscopy, Confocal;in vitro ;Kinetics;Calcium;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Microspheres;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium-Binding Proteins;Parvalbumins;DNA Mutational Analysis;Diffusion;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Mice;Nerve Fibers;Intracellular Membranes},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.},
	Pages = {13-32},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2002.035824},
	Pubmed = {12813159},
	Title = {Mutational analysis of dendritic Ca2+ kinetics in rodent Purkinje cells: role of parvalbumin and calbindin D28k},
	Uuid = {14DD44E9-85F0-4BD0-A7B7-DD0CD039E28F},
	Volume = {551},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.035824}}



@book{Schmitt:1979,
	Abstract = {79112912 Francis O. Schmitt and Frederic G. Worden, editors-in-chief ; associate editors, George Adelman, Barry H. Smith ; contributing editors, Floyd E. Bloom ... [et al.]. ill. ; 29 cm. Based on the NRP conference held at the University of Colorado, Boulder, 20 June-1 July, 1977.},
	Author = {Schmitt, Francis Otto and Worden, Frederic G. and Neurosciences Research Program.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Isbn = {0262191628},
	Keywords = {Neural circuitry Congresses.;M QP376 .N49 591.1/88;Brain Congresses.;Neurology Congresses.;Neural transmission Congresses.},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {The Neurosciences : fourth study program},
	Uuid = {FC570B06-9C8D-4C93-9EA3-85DD7817A84E},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Schmitz:2001,
	Abstract = {We provide physiological, pharmacological, and structural evidence that axons of hippocampal principal cells are electrically coupled, with prepotentials or spikelets forming the physiological substrate of electrical coupling as observed in cell somata. Antidromic activation of neighboring axons induced somatic spikelet potentials in neurons of CA3, CA1, and dentate gyrus areas of rat hippocampal slices. Somatic invasion by these spikelets was dependent on the activation of fast Na(+) channels in the postjunctional neuron. Antidromically elicited spikelets were suppressed by gap junction blockers and low intracellular pH. Paired axo-somatic and somato-dendritic recordings revealed that the coupling potentials appeared in the axon before invading the soma and the dendrite. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy we found that putative axons of principal cells were dye coupled. Our data thus suggest that hippocampal neurons are coupled by axo-axonal junctions, providing a novel mechanism for very fast electrical communication.},
	Author = {Schmitz, D. and Schuchmann, S. and Fisahn, A. and Draguhn, A. and Buhl, E. H. and Petrasch-Parwez, E. and Dermietzel, R. and Heinemann, U. and Traub, R. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Anti-Ulcer Agents;Synaptic Transmission;Female;Axons;Cell Communication;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Tetrodotoxin;Male;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Antagonists;21 Gap junctions;Carbenoxolone},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, Charit{\'e}, Humboldt-University Berlin, Tucholskystr. 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany. schmitz\@cmp.ucsf.edu},
	Pages = {831-40},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(01)00410-X},
	Pubmed = {11567620},
	Title = {Axo-axonal coupling. a novel mechanism for ultrafast neuronal communication},
	Uuid = {5AE3D638-E32D-4321-A5C1-6F39C5F7E1A9},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Schmitz_Neuron2001.pdf}}


@article{Schneidman:2006,
	Abstract = {Biological networks have so many possible states that exhaustive sampling is impossible. Successful analysis thus depends on simplifying hypotheses, but experiments on many systems hint that complicated, higher-order interactions among large groups of elements have an important role. Here we show, in the vertebrate retina, that weak correlations between pairs of neurons coexist with strongly collective behaviour in the responses of ten or more neurons. We find that this collective behaviour is described quantitatively by models that capture the observed pairwise correlations but assume no higher-order interactions. These maximum entropy models are equivalent to Ising models, and predict that larger networks are completely dominated by correlation effects. This suggests that the neural code has associative or error-correcting properties, and we provide preliminary evidence for such behaviour. As a first test for the generality of these ideas, we show that similar results are obtained from networks of cultured cortical neurons.},
	Author = {Schneidman, Elad and Berry, Michael J. and Segev, Ronen and Bialek, William},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Retina;Poisson Distribution;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;Entropy;Guinea Pigs;Models, Neurological;Urodela;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Mid = {NIHMS11415},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7087},
	Organization = {Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. elads\@princeton.edu},
	Pages = {1007-12},
	Pii = {nature04701},
	Pmc = {PMC1785327},
	Pubmed = {16625187},
	Title = {Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population},
	Uuid = {DB5414D0-4E0E-422D-9258-551EC4E40A8D},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Schneidman_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04701}}

@article{Schnitzer:2003,
	Abstract = {Population codes in the brain have generally been characterized by recording responses from one neuron at a time. This approach will miss codes that rely on concerted patterns of action potentials from many cells. Here we analyze visual signaling in populations of ganglion cells recorded from the isolated salamander retina. These neurons tend to fire synchronously far more frequently than expected by chance. We present an efficient algorithm to identify what groups of cells cooperate in this way. Such groups can include up to seven or more neurons and may account for more than 50\%of all the spikes recorded from the retina. These firing patterns represent specific messages about the visual stimulus that differ significantly from what one would derive by single-cell analysis.},
	Author = {Schnitzer, Mark J. and Meister, Markus},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:31 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Photic Stimulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Algorithms;Models, Neurological;Urodela;Retinal Ganglion Cells;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Biological Computation and Theoretical Physics Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.},
	Pages = {499-511},
	Pii = {S0896627303000047},
	Pubmed = {12575956},
	Title = {Multineuronal firing patterns in the signal from eye to brain},
	Uuid = {3F77227F-5011-49CD-A615-4D1E5CFFC735},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Schnitzer_Neuron2003.pdf}}



@article{Schoppa:2006,
	Abstract = {Gamma frequency (30-70 Hz) synchronized oscillatory activity in the olfactory bulb is widely believed to be important for odor detection and discrimination. As in other circuits with "gamma activity," the activity in the bulb is driven by GABAergic interneurons, specifically a class of axonless cells called granule cells. However, bulb granule cells appear to lack some key mechanistic features that promote rapid synchrony in other circuits, including direct electrical interconnections and dominant actions for fast neurotransmitter receptors. At least under "static" stimulus conditions, granule cells are driven by kinetically slow NMDA receptors. Here, I used patch-clamp recordings in rat olfactory bulb slices to better understand mechanisms that shape granule cell activity under "dynamic" stimulus conditions that mimic a natural odor stimulus. During a 4 Hz patterned stimulation of olfactory nerve afferents, activation of single granule cells was primarily controlled by two classes of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic inputs derived from output mitral cells. The rapid kinetics of these receptors, together with inactivation of A-type potassium channels, ensured that granule cells had short spike-response times. Studies in cell pairs, moreover, indicated that excitatory inputs could synchronize granule cells on a rapid time scale (2-5 ms), in turn resulting in phase-locked GABA release onto mitral cells. The precision of granule cell synchrony was controlled by the same biophysical mechanisms that promoted rapid single-cell spiking. These studies demonstrate the mechanistic underpinnings that transform a circuit with slow, uncoupled activity under static conditions into a fast, dynamic circuit operating with high precision under physiological conditions.},
	Author = {Schoppa, Nathan E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Receptors, AMPA;Receptors, Kainic Acid;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Olfactory Bulb;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {50},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA. Nathan.Schoppa\@UCHSC.edu},
	Pages = {12996-3006},
	Pii = {26/50/12996},
	Pubmed = {17167089},
	Title = {AMPA/kainate receptors drive rapid output and precise synchrony in olfactory bulb granule cells},
	Uuid = {8ECD9C94-1DC9-48A4-9754-A578CC504C25},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Schoppa_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3503-06.2006}}

@article{Schoppa:2001,
	Abstract = {Odor elicits a well-organized pattern of glomerular activation in the olfactory bulb. However, the mechanisms by which this spatial map is transformed into an odor code remain unclear. We examined this question in rat olfactory bulb slices in recordings from output mitral cells. Electrical stimulation of incoming afferents elicited slow ( approximately 2 Hz) oscillations that originated in glomeruli and were highly synchronized for mitral cells projecting to the same glomerulus. Cyclical depolarizations were generated by glutamate activation of dendritic autoreceptors, while the slow frequency was determined primarily by the duration of regenerative glutamate release. Patterned stimuli elicited stimulus-entrained oscillations that amplified weak and variable inputs. We suggest that these oscillations maintain the fidelity of the spatial map by ensuring that all mitral cells within a glomerulus-specific network respond to odor as a functional unit.},
	Author = {Schoppa, N. E. and Westbrook, G. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, 97201, Portland, OR, USA},
	Pages = {639-51.},
	Title = {Glomerulus-specific synchronization of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {0FE6D59D-A552-4F2D-89E2-58F91703217C},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11545722}}



@article{Schratt:2004,
	Abstract = {Local regulation of mRNA translation plays an important role in axon guidance, synaptic development, and neuronal plasticity. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control translation in neurons, and only a few mRNAs have been identified that are locally translated within axon and dendrites. Using Affymetrix gene arrays to identify mRNAs that are newly associated with polysomes after exposure to BDNF, we identified subsets of mRNAs for which translation is enhanced in neurons at different developmental stages. In mature neurons, many of these mRNAs encode proteins that are known to function at synapses, including CamKIIalpha, NMDA receptor subunits, and the postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffolding protein Homer2. BDNF regulates the translation of Homer2 locally in the synaptodendritic compartment by activating translational initiation via a mammalian target of rapamycin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that BDNF likely regulates synaptic function by inducing the local synthesis of numerous synaptic proteins. The local translation of the cytoskeleton-associated protein Homer2 in particular might have important implications for growth cone dynamics and dendritic spine development.},
	Author = {Schratt, Gerhard M. and Nigh, Elizabeth A. and Chen, Wen G. and Hu, Linda and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Signal Transduction;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Synapses;Carrier Proteins;Rats;Gene Expression Regulation;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Protein Kinases;Brain;RNA, Messenger;Gene Expression Profiling;1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Polyribosomes;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Protein Biosynthesis;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {7366-77},
	Pii = {24/33/9366},
	Pubmed = {15317862},
	Title = {BDNF regulates the translation of a select group of mRNAs by a mammalian target of rapamycin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway during neuronal development},
	Uuid = {DD484147-9A6B-4165-9F10-EF356919B2FC},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1739-04.2004}}

@article{Schratt:2006,
	Abstract = {MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that control the translation of target messenger RNAs, thereby regulating critical aspects of plant and animal development. In the mammalian nervous system, the spatiotemporal control of mRNA translation has an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. Although a number of microRNAs have been isolated from the mammalian brain, neither the specific microRNAs that regulate synapse function nor their target mRNAs have been identified. Here we show that a brain-specific microRNA, miR-134, is localized to the synapto-dendritic compartment of rat hippocampal neurons and negatively regulates the size of dendritic spines--postsynaptic sites of excitatory synaptic transmission. This effect is mediated by miR-134 inhibition of the translation of an mRNA encoding a protein kinase, Limk1, that controls spine development. Exposure of neurons to extracellular stimuli such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor relieves miR-134 inhibition of Limk1 translation and in this way may contribute to synaptic development, maturation and/or plasticity.},
	Author = {Schratt, Gerhard M. and Tuebing, Fabian and Nigh, Elizabeth A. and Kane, Christina G. and Sabatini, Mary E. and Kiebler, Michael and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-13 09:45:17 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Base Sequence;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Rats;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Protein Kinases;Brain;Dendritic Spines;MicroRNAs;Hippocampus;RNA, Messenger;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Organ Specificity;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Shape;Protein Biosynthesis;24 Pubmed search results 2008; microRNAs; development},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7074},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Program, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {283-9},
	Pii = {nature04367},
	Pubmed = {16421561},
	Title = {A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development},
	Uuid = {412C3AB6-A1A6-462D-B694-5B993C25A6C4},
	Volume = {439},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Schratt_Nature2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04367}}












@article{Schwartz:1998,
	Abstract = {Spontaneous neuronal activity plays an important role in the development of cortical circuitry, yet its spatio-temporal dynamics are poorly understood. Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons in developing layer 1 are necessary for correct cortical lamination and are strategically located to coordinate early circuit activity. To characterize the spontaneous activity of CR and other layer 1 neurons during cortical development, we imaged calcium transients in populations of layer 1 neurons in hemispheres and slices from postnatal rat somato-sensory neocortex. The spontaneous activity in layer 1 had complex spatio-temporal patterns. Groups of non-CR cells showed synchronous activations and formed networks of correlated neurons superimposed in the same territory. Correlated activity among non-CR cells was mediated by a depolarizing effect of GABA and was modulated by glutamate, probably released by CR cells. Our findings demonstrate that developing layer 1 can sustain complex patterns of correlated activity and reveal a circuit mechanism that can mediate this patterned activity.},
	Author = {Schwartz, T. H. and Rabinowitz, D. and Unni, V. and Kumar, V. S. and Smetters, D. K. and Tsiola, A. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Electric Stimulation;Animals;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Norepinephrine;Synaptic Transmission;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Neurotransmitter Agents;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Tetrodotoxin;Calcium;Time Factors;21 Calcium imaging;Organ Culture Techniques;Acetylcholine;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;Neurons;Adrenergic alpha-Agonists;Cerebral Cortex;Muscimol;24 Pubmed search results 2008;GABA Agonists},
	Medline = {98198529},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {541-52},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(00)80993-9},
	Pubmed = {9539127},
	Title = {Networks of coactive neurons in developing layer 1},
	Uuid = {6708C65B-6D0A-44C0-AFA3-F187187923B4},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1998}}


@article{Schwartzkroin:2004,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia syndromes--those conditions of abnormal brain structure/organization that arise during aberrant brain development--frequently involve epileptic seizures. Neuropathological and neuroradiological analyses have provided descriptions and categorizations based on gross anatomical and cellular histological features (e.g., lissencephaly, heterotopia, giant cells), as well as on the developmental mechanisms likely to be involved in the abnormality (e.g., cell proliferation, migration). Recently, the genes responsible for several cortical dysplastic conditions have been identified and the underlying molecular processes investigated. However, it is still unclear how the various structural abnormalities associated with cortical dysplasia are related to (i.e., "cause") chronic seizures. To elucidate these relationships, a number of animal models of cortical dysplasia have been developed in rats and mice. Some models are based on laboratory manipulations that injure the brain (e.g., freeze, undercut, irradiation, teratogen exposure) of immature animals; others are based on spontaneous genetic mutations or on gene manipulations (knockouts/transgenics) that give rise to abnormal cortical structures. Such models of cortical dysplasia provide a means by which investigators can not only study the developmental mechanisms that give rise to these brain lesions, but also examine the cause-effect relationships between structural abnormalities and epileptogenesis.},
	Author = {Schwartzkroin, Philip A. and Roper, Steven N. and Wenzel, H. Jurgen},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0065-2598},
	Journal = {Adv Exp Med Biol},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Animals;Disease Models, Animal;Cerebral Cortex;review;Mice},
	Medline = {23422622},
	Nlm_Id = {0121103},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, USA.},
	Pages = {145-74},
	Pubmed = {15250593},
	Title = {Cortical dysplasia and epilepsy: animal models},
	Uuid = {BBC3FA35-E13B-451C-9E34-ED6CDE4C167F},
	Volume = {548},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Schwartzkroin:2000,
	Abstract = {Brain malformations, resulting from aberrant patterns of brain development, are highly correlated with childhood seizure syndromes, as well as with cognitive disabilities and other neurological disorders. The structural malformations, often referred to as cortical dysplasia, are extremely varied, reflecting diverse underlying processes and critical timing of the developmental aberration. Recent studies have revealed a genetic basis for many forms of dysplasia. Gene mutations responsible for such common forms of dysplasia as lissencephaly and tuberous sclerosis have been identified, and investigators are beginning to understand how these gene mutations interrupt and/or misdirect the normal developmental pattern. Laboratory investigations, using animal models of cortical dysplasia, are beginning to elucidate how these structural malformations give rise to epilepsy and other functional pathologies.},
	Author = {Schwartzkroin, P. A. and Walsh, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1080-4013},
	Journal = {Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Pregnancy;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Humans;Neural Pathways;Age of Onset;21 Epilepsy;review;Female;Epilepsy;Mutation;Cell Movement;Disease Models, Animal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice, Knockout;Mice;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Division;Stem Cells;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20561135},
	Nlm_Id = {9517974},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Health Sciences Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.},
	Pages = {268-80},
	Pii = {10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4<268::AID-MRDD6>3.0.CO;2-B},
	Pubmed = {11107192},
	Title = {Cortical malformations and epilepsy},
	Uuid = {A6B40EFE-0132-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Schwartzkroin_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4%3C268::AID-MRDD6%3E3.0.CO;2-B}}

@article{Schwartzkroin:1998,
	Author = {Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1078-8956},
	Journal = {Nat Med},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Synapses;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Inhibition;Receptors, GABA;Chronic Disease;comment;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9502015},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1115-6},
	Pubmed = {9771735},
	Title = {GABA synapses enter the molecular big time},
	Uuid = {1790FD54-8500-40AD-905D-5E857F68376D},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Schwartzkroin_NatMed1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2608}}









@article{Seeburg:2008,
	Abstract = {Homeostatic plasticity keeps neuronal spiking output within an optimal range in the face of chronically altered levels of network activity. Little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly in response to elevated activity. We report that, in hippocampal neurons experiencing heightened activity, the activity-inducible protein kinase Polo-like kinase 2 (Plk2, also known as SNK) was required for synaptic scaling-a principal mechanism underlying homeostatic plasticity. Synaptic scaling also required CDK5, which acted as a "priming" kinase for the phospho-dependent binding of Plk2 to its substrate SPAR, a postsynaptic RapGAP and scaffolding molecule that is degraded following phosphorylation by Plk2. RNAi knockdown of SPAR weakened synapses, and overexpression of a SPAR mutant resistant to Plk2-dependent degradation prevented synaptic scaling. Thus, priming phosphorylation of the Plk2 binding site in SPAR by CDK5, followed by Plk2 recruitment and SPAR phosphorylation-degradation, constitutes a molecular pathway for neuronal homeostatic plasticity during chronically elevated activity.},
	Author = {Seeburg, Daniel P. and Feliu-Mojer, Monica and Gaiottino, Johanna and Pak, Daniel T. S. and Sheng, Morgan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Animals;Immunoprecipitation;Synapses;Cells, Cultured;Serine;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Humans;Embryo, Mammalian;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Protein Kinases;Phosphorylation;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;RNA Interference;Green Fluorescent Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Transfection;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Mid = {HHMIMS53372},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {571-83},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00267-5},
	Pmc = {PMC2488274},
	Pubmed = {18498738},
	Title = {Critical role of CDK5 and Polo-like kinase 2 in homeostatic synaptic plasticity during elevated activity},
	Uuid = {CCFA97D8-8D1F-4DF7-A923-ABDE1CAABE0F},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Seeburg_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.021}}

@article{Segraves:1985,
	Abstract = {Using the retrograde fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow we have studied the callosal and ipsilateral corticocortical connections between the cat's area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area (PMLS), as well as the callosal connections of each of these regions with its contralateral homologue. The main goal was to determine whether single cortical neurons project with branching axons to more than one cortical target. In addition, the double-labeling technique enabled us to examine, within a single section of cortical tissue, the relative distributions of neurons with different cortical targets. Most corticocortical neurons labeled in the area 17/18 border region and in area PMLS projected to only one of the cortical injection sites tested. When two callosal neuron types were labeled in the same area, no double-labeled neurons were found. When ipsilateral corticocortical and callosal neurons were labeled in combination, a few double-labeled neurons were found in both cortical regions examined. The most common type of double-labeled neuron was located in area PMLS and projected bilaterally to the area 17/18 border region. Our findings regarding the laminar distributions of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting neurons are in agreement with previous studies. In addition, we have found that, for callosal neurons within the upper layers of areas 17 and 18, neurons projecting to the contralateral area 17/18 border are located in the lower half of layer II/III and in upper layer IV, whereas neurons projecting to contralateral area PMLS are restricted to the lower portion of layer II/III. In addition, for callosal neurons within the deep layers of area PMLS, neurons projecting to contralateral area PMLS are located throughout layers V and VI, whereas neurons projecting to the contralateral area 17/18 border are restricted to layer VI. There are numerous other possible targets for axon collaterals not examined in this paper. However, the scarcity of neurons with multiple projections demonstrated in this study reflects the high degree of specificity of cortical connectivity. This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level.},
	Author = {Segraves, M. A. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Neurons;Cats;Comparative Study;Not relevant;Fluorescent Dyes;11 Glia;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Amidines;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {85263807},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {2107-18},
	Pubmed = {3839523},
	Title = {Comparison of the distributions of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting corticocortical neurons in cat visual cortex using two fluorescent tracers},
	Uuid = {55D5057D-41E1-48FF-B836-7FE6A7C8B4CB},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1985}}















@article{Sereno:2005,
	Author = {Sereno, Martin I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Aging;Retina;Visual Cortex;Visual Perception;Macaca mulatta;Neuronal Plasticity;Models, Neurological;Reproducibility of Results;comment;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7040},
	Pages = {288-9},
	Pii = {435288a},
	Pubmed = {15902243},
	Title = {Neuroscience: plasticity and its limits},
	Uuid = {6E7C5C46-120D-4642-8FD0-D104A93E119A},
	Volume = {435},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/435288a}}





@article{Shah:2008,
	Abstract = {During development, spontaneous retinal waves are thought to provide an instructive signal for retinotopic map formation in the superior colliculus. In mice lacking the beta2 subunit of nicotinic ACh receptors (beta2-/-), correlated retinal waves are absent during the first postnatal week, but return during the second postnatal week. In control retinocollicular synapses, in vitro analysis reveals that AMPA/NMDA ratios and AMPA quantal amplitudes increase during the first postnatal week while the prevalence of silent synapses decreases. In age-matched beta2-/- mice, however, these parameters remain unchanged through the first postnatal week in the absence of retinal waves, but quickly mature to control levels by the end of the second week, suggesting that the delayed onset of correlated waves is able to drive synapse maturation. To examine whether such a mechanistic relationship exists, we applied a "burst-based" plasticity protocol that mimics coincident activity during retinal waves. We find that this pattern of activation is indeed capable of inducing synaptic strengthening [long-term potentiation (LTP)] on average across genotypes early in the first postnatal week [postnatal day 3 (P3) to P4] and, interestingly, that the capacity for LTP at the end of the first week (P6-P7) is significantly greater in immature beta2-/- synapses than in mature control synapses. Together, our results suggest that retinal waves drive retinocollicular synapse maturation through a learning rule that is physiologically relevant to natural wave statistics and that these synaptic changes may serve an instructive role during retinotopic map refinement.},
	Author = {Shah, Ruchir D. and Crair, Michael C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2013-05-21 19:47:22 +0000},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Retina;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Synapses;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Neuronal Plasticity;Superior Colliculi;Synaptic Transmission;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Visual Pathways;Behavior, Animal;Quinoxalines;Animals, Newborn;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Knockout;Age Factors;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation;Receptors, Nicotinic;in vitro; 21 Activity-development; currOpinRvw},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {292-303},
	Pii = {28/1/292},
	Pubmed = {18171946},
	Title = {Retinocollicular synapse maturation and plasticity are regulated by correlated retinal waves},
	Uuid = {315846E2-B43B-49E5-9185-55B9E76F9841},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Shah_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4276-07.2008}}

@article{Shah:2004,
	Abstract = {The entorhinal cortex (EC) provides the predominant excitatory drive to the hippocampal CA1 and subicular neurons in chronic epilepsy. Discerning the mechanisms underlying signal integration within EC neurons is essential for understanding network excitability alterations involving the hippocampus during epilepsy. Twenty-four hours following a single seizure episode when there were no behavioral or electrographic seizures, we found enhanced spontaneous activity still present in the rat EC in vivo and in vitro. The increased excitability was accompanied by a profound reduction in I(h) in EC layer III neurons and a significant decline in HCN1 and HCN2 subunits that encode for h channels. Consequently, dendritic excitability was enhanced, resulting in increased neuronal firing despite hyperpolarized membrane potentials. The loss of I(h) and the increased neuronal excitability persisted for 1 week following seizures. Our results suggest that dendritic I(h) plays an important role in determining the excitability of EC layer III neurons and their associated neural networks.},
	Author = {Shah, Mala M. and Anderson, Anne E. and Leung, Victor and Lin, Xiaodi and Johnston, Daniel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;GABA Antagonists;Immunohistochemistry;Male;Kainic Acid;Animals;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;comparative study ;Entorhinal Cortex;Analysis of Variance;Seizures;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Ion Channels;Neuronal Plasticity;Dendrites;Membrane Potentials;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Blotting, Western;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyrimidines;Bicuculline;21 Neurophysiology;Valine;Electroencephalography;Muscle Proteins;in vitro ;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.},
	Pages = {495-508},
	Pii = {S0896627304006749},
	Pubmed = {15504329},
	Title = {Seizure-induced plasticity of h channels in entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {07079249-2CB8-432E-969A-7D5DE3B723E1},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Shah_Neuron2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.011}}




@article{Shapiro:2007,
	Abstract = {The Drosophila Dscams are immunoglobulin superfamily members produced from a single gene that is diversified by alternative splicing to produce a family of cell-surface proteins with over 19,000 different ectodomain isoforms. Dscams are critical for neuronal wiring, and mounting evidence suggests that they play a key role in self-avoidance between sister branches from neurons, which depends on homophilic self-recognition by Dscams. Two recent papers shed new light on Dscam recognition: first by showing that the vast majority of Dscam isoforms mediate specific homophilic binding and second by revealing the essence of the molecular basis of homophilic recognition by Dscams through high-resolution structural studies.},
	Author = {Shapiro, Lawrence},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Edward S Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. lss8\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {10-3},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00722-2},
	Pubmed = {17920010},
	Title = {Self-recognition at the atomic level: understanding the astonishing molecular diversity of homophilic Dscams},
	Uuid = {9999FD48-A670-4B31-B1CB-055BA7314305},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Shapiro_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.024}}



@article{Sharma:2000,
	Abstract = {Modules of neurons sharing a common property are a basic organizational feature of mammalian sensory cortex. Primary visual cortex (V1) is characterized by orientation modules--groups of cells that share a preferred stimulus orientation--which are organized into a highly ordered orientation map. Here we show that in ferrets in which retinal projections are routed into the auditory pathway, visually responsive neurons in 'rewired' primary auditory cortex are also organized into orientation modules. The orientation tuning of neurons within these modules is comparable to the tuning of cells in V1 but the orientation map is less orderly. Horizontal connections in rewired cortex are more patchy and periodic than connections in normal auditory cortex, but less so than connections in V1. These data show that afferent activity has a profound influence on diverse components of cortical circuitry, including thalamocortical and local intracortical connections, which are involved in the generation of orientation tuning, and long-range horizontal connections, which are important in creating an orientation map.},
	Author = {Sharma, J. and Angelucci, A. and Sur, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Auditory Cortex;Retina;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Visual Perception;21 Neurophysiology;Ferrets;Vision;Brain Mapping;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Visual Pathways;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6780},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {841-7},
	Pubmed = {10786784},
	Title = {Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex},
	Uuid = {87A8625A-93EB-463F-9979-32B1554A9B00},
	Volume = {404},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Sharma_Nature2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009043}}







	Abstract = {Reconstruction of neocortical circuitry by transplantation of neural precursors, or by manipulation of endogenous precursors, may depend critically upon both local microenvironmental control signals and the intrinsic competence of populations of precursors to appropriately respond to external molecular controls. Dependence on the developmental state of donor or endogenous precursor cells in achieving appropriate differentiation, integration, and connectivity is not clearly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to generate expandable, often clonal neural precursors at various stages of development. Transplantation of a variety of these precursors suggests that precursor differentiation and integration within the central nervous system (CNS) may depend directly on the level of cellular maturation, with less differentiated, earlier stage precursors offering more flexible but less efficient integration and more differentiated, later stage precursors offering more efficient differentiation to specific phenotypes. To further investigate this hypothesis within neocortex, we used the relatively immature HiB5 multipotent neural precursor cell line derived from embryonic day 16 hippocampus, which is less mature than precursor types that have demonstrated neuronal differentiation in adult neocortex. HiB5 cells labeled fluorescently, radioactively, and genetically were transplanted into murine neocortex under three different conditions expected to offer varying levels of instructive and permissive microenvironmental signals: (1) the developing cortex in utero; (2) regions of adult neocortex undergoing targeted pyramidal neuronal degeneration in which developmental signals are upregulated and in which later stage precursors and immature neurons undergo directed pyramidal neuron differentiation; or (3) the intact adult neocortex. Differentiation and integration of transplanted cells were examined histologically and immunocytochemically by morphology and using neuronal- and glial-specific markers. We found that these precursors underwent differentiation toward cortical neuron phenotypes with characteristic morphologies when transplanted in utero, but failed to do so under either of the adult conditions. HiB5 precursors demonstrated highly immature characteristics in vitro, consistently expressing neuroepithelial but not glial or neuronal markers. Under all conditions, donor cells survived and migrated 1-2 mm from the injection track 2 to 4 weeks after transplantation. HiB5 neural precursors transplanted into the developing cortex of embryonic mice in utero migrated within the cortex, integrated well into the host parenchyma, and differentiated toward morphologically diverse, neuronal phenotypes. HiB5 cells transplanted into the intact cortex of adult mice survived, but did not show neuronal differentiation. In contrast to slightly later stage neural precursors and embryonic neurons used in previous transplantation studies, the HiB5 cells also failed to undergo neuronal differentiation after transplantation into regions undergoing induced apoptotic neuronal degeneration in adult cortex. These results suggested that these early hippocampal-derived precursors might not be fully competent to respond to later stage differentiation and/or survival signals important in neocortex and known to be upregulated in regions undergoing targeted neuronal apoptosis, including the TrkB neurotrophin receptor ligands BDNF and NT-4/5. We investigated this hypothesis and found that undifferentiated HiB5 cells lack catalytic trkB neurotrophin receptors at the mRNA and protein levels, while confirming that they express trkC receptors under the same conditions. Taken together, these findings support a progressive sequence of neural precursor differentiation and a spectrum of competence by precursors to respond to instructive microenvironmental signals. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)},
	Author = {Sheen, V. L. and Arnold, M. W. and Wang, Y. and Macklis, J. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:56:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Exp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Hippocampus/cytology/embryology/transplantation;Tissue Culture;Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics;Cells, Cultured;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*genetics;Carrier Proteins/genetics;Phenotype;Female;Animal;C abstr;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics;Cell Survival/physiology;RNA Precursors/*genetics;Male;Cell Line;Astrocytes/*cytology/*transplantation;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Mice, Inbred Strains;Blotting, Western;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Transplantation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neocortex/*cytology/*transplantation;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Mice;Cell Movement/physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.},
	Pages = {47-62.},
	Title = {Neural precursor differentiation following transplantation into neocortex is dependent on intrinsic developmental state and receptor competence},
	Uuid = {D2064BF8-C27A-469C-953D-F0B155AC0212},
	Volume = {158},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10448417}}







@article{Sheng:2003,
	Author = {Sheng, Morgan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Neurobiology;review literature;Human;Publishing;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nervous System Diseases;Neurons;review},
	Medline = {22919818},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. msheng\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {193-7},
	Pii = {S0896627303006421},
	Pubmed = {14556703},
	Title = {15 years of neuron cell biology},
	Uuid = {E7990DA2-47DF-4424-8B23-40E6B02A5A0D},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Sheng_Neuron2003.pdf}}

@article{Shepherd:2005,
	Abstract = {Can neuronal morphology predict functional synaptic circuits? In the rat barrel cortex, 'barrels' and 'septa' delineate an orderly matrix of cortical columns. Using quantitative laser scanning photostimulation we measured the strength of excitatory projections from layer 4 (L4) and L5A to L2/3 pyramidal cells in barrel- and septum-related columns. From morphological reconstructions of excitatory neurons we computed the geometric circuit predicted by axodendritic overlap. Within most individual projections, functional inputs were predicted by geometry and a single scale factor, the synaptic strength per potential synapse. This factor, however, varied between projections and, in one case, even within a projection, up to 20-fold. Relationships between geometric overlap and synaptic strength thus depend on the laminar and columnar locations of both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons, even for neurons of the same type. A large plasticity potential appears to be incorporated into these circuits, allowing for functional 'tuning' with fixed axonal and dendritic arbor geometry.},
	Author = {Shepherd, Gordon M. G. and Stepanyants, Armen and Bureau, Ingrid and Chklovskii, Dmitri and Svoboda, Karel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Lysine;Animals;Photic Stimulation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Ultraviolet Rays;Synaptic Transmission;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Organ Culture Techniques;Electric Stimulation;Brain Mapping;Synapses;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Dendrites;21 Circuit structure-function;Neural Pathways;Neuronal Plasticity;Axons;Image Cytometry;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Lasers;Rats;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;Cell Shape;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {782-90},
	Pii = {nn1447},
	Pubmed = {15880111},
	Title = {Geometric and functional organization of cortical circuits},
	Uuid = {0C6F372D-EFED-45CD-B70A-5DAF67BF7C14},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1447}}

@article{Sherwood:2006,
	Abstract = {Evidence from comparative studies of gene expression and evolution suggest that human neocortical neurons may be characterized by unusually high levels of energy metabolism. The current study examined whether there is a disproportionate increase in glial cell density in the human frontal cortex in comparison with other anthropoid primate species (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids) to support greater metabolic demands. Among 18 species of anthropoids, humans displayed the greatest departure from allometric scaling expectations for the density of glia relative to neurons in layer II/III of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 9L). However, the human glia-neuron ratio in this prefrontal region did not differ significantly from allometric predictions based on brain size. Further analyses of glia-neuron ratios across frontal areas 4, 9L, 32, and 44 in a sample of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys showed that regions involved in specialized human cognitive functions, such as "theory of mind" (area 32) and language (area 44) have not evolved differentially higher requirements for metabolic support. Taken together, these findings suggest that greater metabolic consumption of human neocortical neurons relates to the energetic costs of maintaining expansive dendritic arbors and long-range projecting axons in the context of an enlarged brain.},
	Author = {Sherwood, Chet C. and Stimpson, Cheryl D. and Raghanti, Mary Ann and Wildman, Derek E. and Uddin, Monica and Grossman, Lawrence I. and Goodman, Morris and Redmond, John C. and Bonar, Christopher J. and Erwin, Joseph M. and Hof, Patrick R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Frontal Lobe;Neurons;19 Neocortical evolution;Neuroglia;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Pan troglodytes;Cell Count;Organ Size;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Evolution;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Humans;Macaca},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {37},
	Organization = {Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. sherwood\@gwu.edu},
	Pages = {13606-11},
	Pii = {0605843103},
	Pubmed = {16938869},
	Title = {Evolution of increased glia-neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex},
	Uuid = {920D6E0F-28F5-44FF-989C-43A9D6743568},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605843103}}










@article{Shima:2007,
	Abstract = {The growth of neurites (axon and dendrite) should be appropriately regulated by their interactions in the development of nervous systems where a myriad of neurons and their neurites are tightly packed. We show here that mammalian seven-pass transmembrane cadherins Celsr2 and Celsr3 are activated by their homophilic interactions and regulate neurite growth in an opposing manner. Both gene-silencing and coculture assay with rat neuron cultures showed that Celsr2 enhanced neurite growth, whereas Celsr3 suppressed it, and that their opposite functions were most likely the result of a difference of a single amino acid residue in the transmembrane domain. Together with calcium imaging and pharmacological analyses, our results suggest that Celsr2 and Celsr3 fulfill their functions through second messengers, and that differences in the activities of the homologs results in opposite effects in neurite growth regulation.},
	Author = {Shima, Yasuyuki and Kawaguchi, Shin-ya Y. and Kosaka, Kazuyoshi and Nakayama, Manabu and Hoshino, Mikio and Nabeshima, Yoichi and Hirano, Tomoo and Uemura, Tadashi},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Animals;Cloning, Molecular;Humans;Rats;Transfection;Cell Line, Transformed;Mutation;Neurites;Culture Media, Conditioned;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium;RNA, Small Interfering;Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled;Cadherins;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Enlargement;in vitro},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida Konoecho, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.},
	Pages = {963-9},
	Pii = {nn1933},
	Pubmed = {17618280},
	Title = {Opposing roles in neurite growth control by two seven-pass transmembrane cadherins},
	Uuid = {13FBE197-2D28-4F06-A3AB-62E2E9C7E944},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1933}}







@article{Shlens:2006,
	Abstract = {Current understanding of many neural circuits is limited by our ability to explore the vast number of potential interactions between different cells. We present a new approach that dramatically reduces the complexity of this problem. Large-scale multi-electrode recordings were used to measure electrical activity in nearly complete, regularly spaced mosaics of several hundred ON and OFF parasol retinal ganglion cells in macaque monkey retina. Parasol cells exhibited substantial pairwise correlations, as has been observed in other species, indicating functional connectivity. However, pairwise measurements alone are insufficient to determine the prevalence of multi-neuron firing patterns, which would be predicted from widely diverging common inputs and have been hypothesized to convey distinct visual messages to the brain. The number of possible multi-neuron firing patterns is far too large to study exhaustively, but this problem may be circumvented if two simple rules of connectivity can be established: (1) multi-cell firing patterns arise from multiple pairwise interactions, and (2) interactions are limited to adjacent cells in the mosaic. Using maximum entropy methods from statistical mechanics, we show that pairwise and adjacent interactions accurately accounted for the structure and prevalence of multi-neuron firing patterns, explaining approximately 98\%of the departures from statistical independence in parasol cells and approximately 99\%of the departures that were reproducible in repeated measurements. This approach provides a way to define limits on the complexity of network interactions and thus may be relevant for probing the function of many neural circuits.},
	Author = {Shlens, Jonathon and Field, Greg D. and Gauthier, Jeffrey L. and Grivich, Matthew I. and Petrusca, Dumitru and Sher, Alexander and Litke, Alan M. and Chichilnisky, E. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Photic Stimulation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Visual Perception;Macaca mulatta;Action Potentials;Models, Neurological;Computer Simulation;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Nerve Net;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Synaptic Transmission;Visual Fields;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Department of Systems Neurobiology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. shlens\@salk.edu},
	Pages = {8254-66},
	Pii = {26/32/8254},
	Pubmed = {16899720},
	Title = {The structure of multi-neuron firing patterns in primate retina},
	Uuid = {09F69EA2-FC4C-47FE-AAD2-C01AA38B5414},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Shlens_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1282-06.2006}}




@article{Shu:2001,
	Abstract = {Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter in the olfactory bulb. Recently, postsynaptic-density 95 (PSD-95) and neuronal activity-regulated pentraxin (Narp) have been reported to be pivotal for targeting and clustering of NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors, respectively. We thus investigated the expressions of PSD-95 and Narp mRNAs in the rat developing olfactory bulb. PSD-95 mRNA was already expressed in most neurons on the first postnatal day (P1). On the other hand, Narp mRNA expression was weakly seen only in mitral cells on P1. Thereafter, we found initial expression of Narp mRNA on P7 in periglomerular cells, and on P14 in granular cells, indicating that in the developing olfactory bulb PSD-95 mRNA expression precedes Narp mRNA expression, and that the expression pattern of Narp mRNA seems to be well correlated with the maturation of the neurons. These results indicate that PSD-95 and Narp play important roles in making efficient excitatory synapses in the developing rat olfactory bulb, and suggest that olfactory neurons might first express PSD-95 for making efficient NMDA receptors and thereafter express Narp for efficient AMPA receptors.},
	Author = {Shu, F. and Ohno, K. and Wang, T. and Kuriyama, K. and Ueki, T. and Kanayama, N. and Sato, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;I both},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handa Yama, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan},
	Pages = {91-5.},
	Title = {Developmental changes in PSD-95 and Narp mRNAs in the rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {67A29101-32C6-46C7-9D3A-4B3A093CAA5B},
	Volume = {132},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Shu_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}}




@article{Shumate:1998,
	Abstract = {Using patch clamp recording techniques in dentate granule cells (DGCs) isolated from patients undergoing temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy, we investigated basic properties of GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) and pharmacological sensitivity of GABA-evoked currents to modulation by zinc and benzodiazepines (BZ). Properties of human DGC GABA(A)Rs were compared to DGC GABA(A)R properties in control and epileptic rats. Blockade of GABA evoked currents by zinc was significantly enhanced in epileptic human relative to control rat DGCs. Augmentation of the GABA(A)R current by the non-subunit selective BZ agonist, clonazepam (CNZ) and by the BZ1 specific agonist, zolpidem (ZOL), were not significantly different in human DGCs relative to control or epileptic rat. GABA potency was significantly higher in epileptic human DGCs than in control or epileptic rat DGCs. The significantly enhanced efficacy of zinc in blocking GABA currents in epileptic human DGCs mirrors that seen in epileptic rat DGCs, and was coupled with mossy fiber sprouting evident in both epileptic human and rat dentate gyrus. The aberrant mossy fibers provide a novel zinc delivery system within the epileptic dentate gyrus. The mossy fiber release of zinc onto DGCs coupled with the enhanced zinc sensitivity of GABA(A)Rs in epileptic DGCs, may lead to 'dynamic disinhibition' which could compromise inhibitory efficacy in the epileptic rat and human hippocampus.},
	Author = {Shumate, M. D. and Lin, D. D. and Gibbs, J. W. and Holloway, K. L. and Coulter, D. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {GABA Agonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Pilocarpine;Animals;N-Methylscopolamine;Humans;Rats;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Male;Status Epilepticus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, GABA-A;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Zinc;Dentate Gyrus;GABA Antagonists;Temporal Lobe;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {98432481},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23398-0599, USA.},
	Pages = {114-28},
	Pubmed = {9761314},
	Title = {GABA(A) receptor function in epileptic human dentate granule cells: comparison to epileptic and control rat},
	Uuid = {CDAA75A5-D1D1-4017-BDBA-F62DF7117241},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Shykind:2004,
	Abstract = {Individual olfactory sensory neurons express only a single odorant receptor from a large family of genes, and this singularity is an essential feature in models of olfactory perception. We have devised a genetic strategy to examine the stability of receptor choice. We observe that immature olfactory sensory neurons that express a given odorant receptor can switch receptor expression, albeit at low frequency. Neurons that express a mutant receptor gene switch receptor transcription with significantly greater probability, suggesting that the expression of a functional odorant receptor elicits a feedback signal that terminates switching. This process of receptor gene switching assures that a neuron will ultimately express a functional receptor and that the choice of this receptor will remain stable for the life of the cell.},
	Author = {Shykind, Benjamin M. and Rohani, S. Christy and O'Donnell, Sean and Nemes, Adriana and Mendelsohn, Monica and Sun, Yonghua and Axel, Richard and Barnea, Gilad},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:11:58 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Trans-Activation (Genetics);13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Cell Differentiation;Feedback, Biochemical;Animals;Synapses;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Apoptosis;Mutation;Integrases;Mice, Inbred C57BL;RNA, Messenger;Olfactory Bulb;Smell;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Lineage;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, Odorant;Mice;Luminescent Proteins;Growth Cones;Genes, Reporter;Viral Proteins},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {801-15},
	Pii = {S009286740400529X},
	Pubmed = {15186780},
	Title = {Gene switching and the stability of odorant receptor gene choice},
	Uuid = {8CC6AF22-62B9-456E-874F-1D16B483682B},
	Volume = {117},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Shykind_Cell2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.015}}




@article{Siapas:2005,
	Abstract = {The interactions between cortical and hippocampal circuits are critical for memory formation, yet their basic organization at the neuronal network level is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that a significant portion of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of freely behaving rats are phase locked to the hippocampal theta rhythm. In addition, we show that prefrontal neurons phase lock best to theta oscillations delayed by approximately 50 ms and confirm this hippocampo-prefrontal directionality and timing at the level of correlations between single cells. Finally, we find that phase locking of prefrontal cells is predicted by the presence of significant correlations with hippocampal cells at positive delays up to 150 ms. The theta-entrained activity across cortico-hippocampal circuits described here may be important for gating information flow and guiding the plastic changes that are believed to underlie the storage of information across these networks.},
	Author = {Siapas, Athanassios G. and Lubenov, Evgueniy V. and Wilson, Matthew A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Theta Rhythm;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Neural Pathways;Prefrontal Cortex;Rats;Animals;comparative study ;Male;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Computation and Neural Systems Program, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. thanos\@caltech.edu},
	Pages = {141-51},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00197-2},
	Pubmed = {15820700},
	Title = {Prefrontal phase locking to hippocampal theta oscillations},
	Uuid = {83061507-AFF7-4187-8369-3A2036F82F48},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Siapas_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.028}}






@article{Silberberg:2004,
	Abstract = {Information processing in neocortex can be very fast, indicating that neuronal ensembles faithfully transmit rapidly changing signals to each other. Apart from signal-to-noise issues, population codes are fundamentally constrained by the neuronal dynamics. In particular, the biophysical properties of individual neurons and collective phenomena may substantially limit the speed at which a graded signal can be represented by the activity of an ensemble. These implications of the neuronal dynamics are rarely studied experimentally. Here, we combine theoretical analysis and whole cell recordings to show that encoding signals in the variance of uncorrelated synaptic inputs to a neocortical ensemble enables faithful transmission of graded signals with high temporal resolution. In contrast, the encoding of signals in the mean current is subject to low-pass filtering.},
	Author = {Silberberg, G. and Bethge, M. and Markram, H. and Pawelzik, K. and Tsodyks, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;Neocortex;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.},
	Pages = {704-9},
	Pii = {91/2/704},
	Pubmed = {14762148},
	Title = {Dynamics of population rate codes in ensembles of neocortical neurons},
	Uuid = {9F13617B-6D3A-4E08-855A-4764F8E7022F},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00415.2003}}

@article{Silberberg:2005,
	Abstract = {The functions performed by different neural microcircuits depend on the anatomical and physiological properties of the various synaptic pathways connecting neurons. Neural microcircuits across various species and brain regions are similar in terms of their repertoire of neurotransmitters, their synaptic kinetics, their short-term and long-term plasticity, and the target-specificity of their synaptic connections. However, microcircuits can be fundamentally different in terms of the precise recurrent design used to achieve a specific functionality. In this review, which is part of the TINS Microcircuits Special Feature, we compare the connectivity designs in spinal, hippocampal, neocortical and cerebellar microcircuits, and discuss the different computational challenges that each microcircuit faces.},
	Author = {Silberberg, Gilad and Grillner, Sten and LeBeau, Fiona E. N. and Maex, Reinoud and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;21 Circuit structure-function;Spinal Cord;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Animals;Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {541-51},
	Pii = {S0166-2236(05)00212-2},
	Pubmed = {16122815},
	Title = {Synaptic pathways in neural microcircuits},
	Uuid = {E56D4E7E-DAB9-4F5A-8C9D-4DE85714DC6D},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Silberberg_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.004}}


@article{Silva:1991,
	Abstract = {Rhythmic activity in the neocortex varies with different behavioral and pathological states and in some cases may encode sensory information. However, the neural mechanisms of these oscillations are largely unknown. Many pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex showed prolonged, 5- to 12-hertz rhythmic firing patterns at threshold. Rhythmic firing was due to intrinsic membrane properties, sodium conductances were essential for rhythmicity, and calcium-dependent conductances strongly modified rhythmicity. Isolated slices of neocortex generated epochs of 4- to 10-hertz synchronized activity when N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated channels were facilitated. Layer 5 was both necessary and sufficient to produce these synchronized oscillations. Thus, synaptic networks of intrinsically rhythmic neurons in layer 5 may generate or promote certain synchronized oscillations of the neocortex.},
	Author = {Silva, L. R. and Amitai, Y. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Calcium;Pyramidal Tracts;Culture Techniques;Sodium;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Membrane Potentials},
	Medline = {91111102},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {4992},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.},
	Pages = {432-5},
	Pubmed = {1824881},
	Title = {Intrinsic oscillations of neocortex generated by layer 5 pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {127864FC-7E81-4272-9458-A76E4EBA7660},
	Volume = {251},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Silver:2007,
	Abstract = {The ability to tackle analysis of the brain at multiple levels simultaneously is emerging from rapid methodological developments. The classical research strategies of "measure," "model," and "make" are being applied to the exploration of nervous system function. These include novel conceptual and theoretical approaches, creative use of mathematical modeling, and attempts to build brain-like devices and systems, as well as other developments including instrumentation and statistical modeling (not covered here). Increasingly, these efforts require teams of scientists from a variety of traditional scientific disciplines to work together. The potential of such efforts for understanding directed motor movement, emergence of cognitive function from neuronal activity, and development of neuromimetic computers are described by a team that includes individuals experienced in behavior and neuroscience, mathematics, and engineering. Funding agencies, including the National Science Foundation, explore the potential of these changing frontiers of research for developing research policies and long-term planning.},
	Author = {Silver, Rae and Boahen, Kwabena and Grillner, Sten and Kopell, Nancy and Olsen, Kathie L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;20 Networks;Computational Biology;research support, non-u.s. gov't;23 Technique;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biomedical Enhancement;Mental Processes;Neurosciences;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Brain Mapping;Animals;Brain;Behaviorism;review;Humans},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {44},
	Organization = {Psychology Department, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. qr\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {11807-19},
	Pii = {27/44/11807},
	Pubmed = {17978017},
	Title = {Neurotech for neuroscience: unifying concepts, organizing principles, and emerging tools},
	Uuid = {4A0611B0-629C-4C4E-A8FC-A7B3D560E2AF},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Silver_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-07.2007}}












@article{Sisodiya:2000,
	Abstract = {Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are responsible for many cases of refractory epilepsy in adults and children. The results of surgical treatment are difficult to assess from the published literature. Judging from the limited number of adequately reported cases, approximately 40\%of all cases of MCD treated surgically may be rendered seizure-free over a minimum 2-year follow-up period. This figure is the same for focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the most common variety of MCD in surgical reports. In comparison with outcome for epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis, this figure is low. Part of the difference may be artificial and related to limited reporting. Much of the difference is likely to relate to the complex underlying biology of MCD. Analysis of epileptogenesis in MCD has been undertaken. Different types of MCD have different sequelae. Some varieties are intrinsically epileptogenic; these include FCD and heterotopia. Although in most cases, the visualized MCD lies within the region of brain responsible for generating seizures (the epileptogenic zone), it may not constitute the entire epileptogenic zone in all cases. For polymicrogyria and schizencephaly in particular, the visualized abnormalities are probably not the most important component of the epileptogenic zone. There is evidence that the epileptogenic zone is spatially distributed and also, in some cases, temporally distributed. These findings may explain poor surgical outcome and the inadequacy of current presurgical evaluative methods. New preoperative techniques offer the opportunity of improved presurgical planning and selection of cases more likely to be rendered seizure-free by current surgical techniques. Of paramount importance is improved reporting. The establishment of a central registry may facilitate this aim. Specific recommendations are made for surgical strategies based on current experience and understanding.},
	Author = {Sisodiya, S. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0006-8950},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Brain Diseases;10 Development;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;10 genetics malformation;Child;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Organization = {Epilepsy Research Group, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK. sisodiya\@ion.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {1075-91},
	Pubmed = {10825348},
	Title = {Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy},
	Uuid = {214BD6AC-05E6-46D2-962C-FED5F1D99D4C},
	Volume = {123 ( Pt 6)},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2000.pdf}}

@article{Sisodiya:2004,
	Author = {Sisodiya, S. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1460-2156},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Treatment Outcome;10 Development;10 genetics malformation;comment;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Number = {Pt 11},
	Organization = {Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. sisodiya\@ion.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {2383-4},
	Pii = {127/11/2383},
	Pubmed = {15492113},
	Title = {Surgery for focal cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {A5926A12-F6A7-4E9E-A7C4-82A42B0B273C},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh312}}


@article{Sjostrom:2002,
	Abstract = {Plasticity at central synapses depends critically on the timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials. Key initial steps in synaptic plasticity involve the back-propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree and calcium influx that depends nonlinearly on the action potential and synaptic input. These initial steps are now better understood. In addition, recent studies of processes as diverse as gene expression and channel inactivation suggest that responses to calcium transients depend not only their amplitude, but on their time course and on the location of their origin. 0959-4388 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Sjostrom, P. J. and Nelson, S. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure;Calcium Signaling/*physiology;Human;M;Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Action Potentials/*physiology},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Mailstop 008, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {305-14},
	Pubmed = {12049938},
	Title = {Spike timing, calcium signals and synaptic plasticity},
	Uuid = {6C69ADFC-C357-4A35-AF09-A2B96E1FB902},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Sjostrom_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12049938}}

@article{Sjostrom:2003,
	Abstract = {There is a consensus that NMDA receptors (NMDARs) detect coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity during induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), but their role in timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD) is unclear. We examine tLTD in neocortical layer 5 (L5) pyramidal pairs and find that tLTD is expressed presynaptically, implying retrograde signaling. CB1 agonists produce depression that mimics and occludes tLTD. This agonist-induced LTD requires presynaptic activity and NMDAR activation, but not postsynaptic Ca(2+) influx. Further experiments demonstrate the existence of presynaptic NMDARs that underlie the presynaptic activity dependence. Finally, manipulating cannabinoid breakdown alters the temporal window for tLTD. In conclusion, tLTD requires simultaneous activation of presynaptic NMDA and CB1 receptors. This novel form of coincidence detection may explain the temporal window of tLTD and may also impart synapse specificity to cannabinoid retrograde signaling.},
	Author = {Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Per Jesper and Turrigiano, Gina G. and Nelson, Sacha B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Synaptic Depression;Signal Transduction;Rats, Long-Evans;Electrophysiology;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Receptors, Presynaptic;Neuronal Plasticity;Receptors, Cannabinoid;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neocortex;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);research support, non-u.s. gov't;Receptors, Drug;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Mailstop 008, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {641-54},
	Pii = {S0896627303004768},
	Pubmed = {12925278},
	Title = {Neocortical LTD via coincident activation of presynaptic NMDA and cannabinoid receptors},
	Uuid = {686B5E49-3490-439B-AC02-8EDD4D87AEC0},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Sjöström_Neuron2003.pdf}}





@article{Smart:1982,
	Abstract = {The technique of radial unit analysis was applied to the development of the hippocampal region in the mouse. A radial unit was defined as a transect through the neural wall of sufficient size to contain a representative sample of ventricular cells together with their product of neurons. This convention allowed growth to be resolved into two components: a radial component which was a function of the productivity of an individual unit and a tangential component which was a function of the number of participating units. The sequences of cell production, accumulation and dispersal in an average radial unit of the regio superior, regio inferior and dentate gyrus were worked out, and for each area a pattern of summation of such average units into the adult structure was suggested. The approach seemed to offer a useful method for the study of ontogenetic and phylogenetic change in this part of the medical telencephalic wall. 0021-8782 Journal Article},
	Author = {Smart, I. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {J Anat},
	Keywords = {Aging;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Cell Differentiation;10 Development;10 Hippocampus;Autoradiography;Time Factors;A,F abstr;Hippocampus/cytology/*embryology/growth &development;Mitosis;Morphogenesis;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice;Neurons},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {763-93},
	Pubmed = {7183676},
	Title = {Radial unit analysis of hippocampal histogenesis in the mouse},
	Uuid = {D44CCD38-CA84-48B3-B597-1FB3B5414ACF},
	Volume = {135},
	Year = {1982},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7183676}}

@article{Smart:1982a,
	Abstract = {The distribution of cells of different labelling intensities in the anterior forebrain of adult mice injected with tritiated thymidine at daily intervals during prenatal life was determined by mapping the location of labelled cells on enlarged photographs of autoradiographed sections. The isocortical arc was subdivided into an arbitrary number of radially orientated units. Each radial unit was found to have a similar sequence of arrival and distribution of labelled cells; the ventrolateral units, however, entered and completed the sequence ahead of dorsomedial units indicating the presence of a wave of differentiation spreading in this direction across the generative layers giving rise to cortical neurons. An attempt was made to identify (from differential grain counts) comparable samples of first and second generation cells produced after each pulse of labelled thymidine. The changing ratio between the two generations suggested that there may be two peaks in neuron birth during the generative period. 0021-8782 Journal Article},
	Author = {Smart, I. H. and Smart, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-8782},
	Journal = {J Anat},
	Keywords = {01 Adult neurogenesis general;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Telencephalon;Autoradiography;Telencephalon/anatomy &histology/*growth &development;A,F abstr;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice},
	Medline = {82189660},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0137162},
	Pages = {273-98},
	Pubmed = {7076556},
	Title = {Growth patterns in the lateral wall of the mouse telencephalon: I. Autoradiographic studies of the histogenesis of the isocortex and adjacent areas},
	Uuid = {66D92065-D298-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {134 (Pt 2)},
	Year = {1982},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7076556}}

@article{Smetters:1999,
	Abstract = {The study of neural circuits requires methods for simultaneously recording the activity of populations of neurons. Here, using calcium imaging of neocortical brain slices we take advantage of the ubiquitous distribution of calcium channels in neurons to develop a method to reconstruct the action potentials occurring in a population of neurons. Combining calcium imaging with whole-cell or perforated patch recordings from neurons loaded with acetoxymethyl ester or potassium salt forms of calcium indicators, we demonstrate that each action potential produces a stereotyped calcium transient in the somata of pyramidal neurons. These signals are detectable without averaging, and the signal-to-noise is sufficient to carry out a reconstruction of the spiking pattern of hundreds of neurons, up to relatively high firing frequencies. This technique could in principle be applied systematically to follow the activity of neuronal populations in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Smetters, D. and Majewska, A. and Yuste, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1046-2023},
	Journal = {Methods},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Fura-2;Electrophysiology;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Time Factors;21 Calcium imaging;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Action Potentials;Software;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99286363},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9426302},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {215-21},
	Pii = {S1046-2023(99)90774-0},
	Pubmed = {10356353},
	Title = {Detecting action potentials in neuronal populations with calcium imaging},
	Uuid = {08FA7E30-7A8E-4C00-A614-A1C8A93ACBE4},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1999},
	url = {papers/Smetters_Methods1999.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.1999.0774}}




@article{Smith:2001,
	Abstract = {In visual and somatosensory cortices of several species, spiny stellate cells in layer 4 are the first elements in signal processing where thalamic information is integrated and emergent receptive field properties are generated and sent on to more superficial cortical layers. In vivo and in vitro experiments have provided important information about how the anatomy and physiology of these cells and this layer fit into the functional cortical circuitry. No such data exist for the auditory cortex but are requisite if we are to understand whether ideas about information processing in one sensory cortical area can be generalized to another. Accordingly, we used in vitro slices from which to record and labeled cells in the middle layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices to compare basic anatomical and physiological features of cells recovered in similar layers using the same methods. Our results demonstrate a striking difference in a basic characteristic of two primary sensory cortical areas. In the visual cortex, spiny stellate cells predominate, receive short-latency synaptic inputs, and project to supergranular layers. No such spiny stellate population is encountered in the middle layers of the auditory cortex. Spiny cells that are not stellate or pyramidal are occasionally encountered but, as a group, do not display consistent anatomical or physiological features that might allow them to function as auditory cortical versions of the visual spiny stellates. Rather, pyramidal cells in the lower half of layer 3 and layer 4 appear to have assumed this role.},
	Author = {Smith, P. H. and Populin, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Auditory Cortex;Electric Stimulation;10 Development;Beta;Cats;Pyramidal Cells;10 Spiny stellate;In Vitro;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;10 Structural plasticity;Thalamus;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Neurons;Axons},
	Medline = {21340481},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. smith\@physiology.wisc.edu},
	Pages = {508-19},
	Pubmed = {11447593},
	Title = {Fundamental differences between the thalamocortical recipient layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices},
	Uuid = {72385549-B2F0-46AF-BD01-E7F721698DB8},
	Volume = {436},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Smith_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}}


@article{Smyth:2002,
	Abstract = {Seizure activity associated with cortical dysplasia (CD) is often resistant to standard pharmacologic treatments. Although several animal models exhibit CD, virtually nothing is known about antiepileptic drug (AED) responses in these animals. Here we have used rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) in utero, an animal model featuring nodular heterotopia, to investigate the effects of AEDs in the dysplastic brain. 4-aminopyridine (100 microM), a K(+) channel blocker, was used to induce interictal epileptiform bursting in acute hippocampal slices from MAM-exposed and age-matched vehicle-injected control animals. Extracellular field recordings were used to monitor seizure activity in vitro. Five commonly used AEDs were tested: phenobarbital, 25-400 microM; carbamazepine, 25-200 microM; valproate (VPA), 0.19-4 mM; ethosuximide (ESM), 0.5-8 mM; and lamotrigine (LTG), 49-390 microM. 4-AP-induced bursting occurred with shorter latencies in slices from MAM-exposed rats in comparison with slices from controls, confirming the intrinsic hyperexcitability of dysplastic tissue. Each AED tested demonstrated significant burst suppression in control slices, but interictal epileptiform bursting in MAM-exposed slices was resistant to these treatments. Even at the highest concentrations, VPA, ESM and LTG had no effect on burst amplitude in slices from MAM-exposed rats. Pharmaco-resistance was further tested by measuring seizure latencies in awake, freely-moving rats after kainate administration (15 mg/kg, i.p.) with and without pre-treatment with VPA (400 mg/kg i.p.). Pre-treatment with VPA prolonged seizure latency in control rats, but had no effect in MAM-exposed animals. These results suggest MAM-exposed rats exhibit a dramatically reduced sensitivity to commonly prescribed AEDs.},
	Author = {Smyth, Matthew D. and Barbaro, Nicholas M. and Baraban, Scott C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {Anticonvulsants;Pregnancy;Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Phenobarbital;Carbamazepine;Synaptic Transmission;Valproic Acid;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;21 Epilepsy;Triazines;Disease Models, Animal;Ethosuximide;Animals, Newborn;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;4-Aminopyridine;Electroencephalography;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22188657},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, Epilepsy Research Laboratory, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0112, USA.},
	Pages = {251-64},
	Pii = {S0920121102000517},
	Pubmed = {12200216},
	Title = {Effects of antiepileptic drugs on induced epileptiform activity in a rat model of dysplasia},
	Uuid = {7AC84227-3F4B-4F2A-9BF6-F86FF5CE1285},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2002}}



@article{Sockanathan:2003,
	Abstract = {The identity of motor neurons diverges markedly at different rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord, but the signals that specify their fate remain poorly defined. We show that retinoid receptor activation in newly generated spinal motor neurons has a crucial role in specifying motor neuron columnar subtypes. Blockade of retinoid receptor signaling in brachial motor neurons inhibits lateral motor column differentiation and converts many of these neurons to thoracic columnar subtypes. Conversely, expression of a constitutively active retinoid receptor derivative impairs the differentiation of thoracic motor neuron columnar subtypes. These findings provide evidence for a regionally restricted role for retinoid signaling in the postmitotic specification of motor neuron columnar identity. 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Sockanathan, S. and Perlmann, T. and Jessell, T. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Body Patterning/physiology;10 Development;Axons/*metabolism;Neural Pathways/embryology/metabolism;Mitosis/*physiology;Human;F both;Chick Embryo;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology;Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics;Embryonic Induction/physiology;Signal Transduction/*physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Motor Neurons/cytology/*metabolism},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {97-111},
	Pubmed = {14527436},
	Title = {Retinoid receptor signaling in postmitotic motor neurons regulates rostrocaudal positional identity and axonal projection pattern},
	Uuid = {5187B76B-95A3-4A77-B94A-80ADFE2FA33F},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14527436}}

@article{Sohya:2007,
	Abstract = {Most neurons in the visual cortex are selectively responsive to visual stimulation of a narrow range of orientations, and GABAergic neurons are considered to play a role in the formation of such orientation selectivity. This suggests that response properties of GABAergic neurons may be different from those of excitatory neurons. This view remains unproved, however. To address this issue, we applied in vivo two-photon functional Ca2+ imaging to transgenic mice, in which GABAergic neurons express enhanced green fluorescent protein. Astroglia were stained by an astrocyte-specific dye. The three types of cells, GABAergic neurons, excitatory neurons, and astrocytes, in layer II/III of the visual cortex were differentially identified by using different wavelengths of excitation light and a dichroic mirror for emitted fluorescence, and their responses to moving visual stimuli at different orientations were measured with changes in the intensity of fluorescence of a Ca2+-sensitive dye. We found that almost all GABAergic neurons have orientation-insensitive responses, whereas most of excitatory neurons have orientation-selective responses.},
	Author = {Sohya, Kazuhiro and Kameyama, Katsuro and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Obata, Kunihiko and Tsumoto, Tadaharu},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;calcium imaging},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan.},
	Pages = {2145-9},
	Pii = {27/8/2145},
	Pubmed = {17314309},
	Title = {GABAergic neurons are less selective to stimulus orientation than excitatory neurons in layer II/III of visual cortex, as revealed by in vivo functional Ca2+ imaging in transgenic mice},
	Uuid = {78F38296-99FB-41DA-86CF-C80E953C3141},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Sohya_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4641-06.2007}}


@article{Solger:2005,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Low-frequency electrical and magnetic stimulation of cortical brain regions has been shown to reduce cortical excitability and to decrease the susceptibility to seizures in humans and in vivo models of epilepsy. The induction of long-term depression (LTD) or depotentiation of a seizure-related long-term potentiation has been proposed to be part of the underlying mechanism. With the low-Mg(2+)-model of epilepsy, this study investigated the effect of electrical LTD, chemical LTD, and depotentiation on the susceptibility of the entorhinal cortex to epileptiform activity. METHODS: The experiments were performed on isolated entorhinal cortex slices obtained from adult Wistar rats and mice. With extracellular recording techniques, we studied whether LTD induced by (a) three episodes of low-frequency paired-pulse stimulation (3 x 900 paired pulses at 1 Hz), and by (b) bath-applied N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 20 microM) changes time-to-onset, duration, and frequency of seizure-like events (SLEs) induced by omitting MgSO(4) from the artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Next we investigated the consequences of depotentiation on SLEs themselves by applying low-frequency stimulation after onset of low-Mg(2+)-induced epileptiform activity. RESULTS: LTD, induced either by low-frequency stimulation or by bath-applied NMDA, had no effect on time-to-onset, duration, and frequency of SLEs compared with unconditioned slices. Low-frequency stimulation after onset of SLEs did not suppress but induced SLEs that lasted for the time of stimulation and were associated with a simultaneous increase of the extracellular K(+) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that neither conditioning LTD nor brief low-frequency stimulation decreases the susceptibility of the entorhinal cortex to low-Mg(2+)-induced epileptiform activity. The present study does not support the hypothesis that low-frequency brain stimulation exerts its anticonvulsant effect via the induction of LTD or depotentiation.},
	Author = {Solger, J{\"o}rg and Heinemann, Uwe and Behr, Joachim},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation;Electric Stimulation Therapy;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Humans;Rats;Seizures;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Entorhinal Cortex;Long-Term Depression (Physiology);Rats, Wistar;Disease Models, Animal;Magnesium Deficiency;N-Methylaspartate;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Research Center of the Charit{\'e}, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.},
	Pages = {509-16},
	Pii = {EPI41204},
	Pubmed = {15816944},
	Title = {Electrical and chemical long-term depression do not attenuate low-Mg2+-induced epileptiform activity in the entorhinal cortex},
	Uuid = {7C0AA867-9C3B-4A23-922B-D994B735EBD1},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.41204.x}}


@article{Soltani:2006,
	Abstract = {Previous studies have shown that non-human primates can generate highly stochastic choice behaviour, especially when this is required during a competitive interaction with another agent. To understand the neural mechanism of such dynamic choice behaviour, we propose a biologically plausible model of decision making endowed with synaptic plasticity that follows a reward-dependent stochastic Hebbian learning rule. This model constitutes a biophysical implementation of reinforcement learning, and it reproduces salient features of behavioural data from an experiment with monkeys playing a matching pennies game. Due to interaction with an opponent and learning dynamics, the model generates quasi-random behaviour robustly in spite of intrinsic biases. Furthermore, non-random choice behaviour can also emerge when the model plays against a non-interactive opponent, as observed in the monkey experiment. Finally, when combined with a meta-learning algorithm, our model accounts for the slow drift in the animal's strategy based on a process of reward maximization.},
	Author = {Soltani, Alireza and Lee, Daeyeol and Wang, Xiao-Jing J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0893-6080},
	Journal = {Neural Netw},
	Keywords = {Stochastic Processes;Animals;Humans;Neural Networks (Computer);Algorithms;20 Networks;comparative study;Probability Learning;09 Evolutionary dynamics;Competitive Behavior;Reaction Time;Choice Behavior;Behavior, Animal;Reinforcement (Psychology);Haplorhini;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Models, Neurological;Likelihood Functions},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8805018},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Physics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. alireza.soltani\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {1075-90},
	Pii = {S0893-6080(06)00163-8},
	Pubmed = {17015181},
	Title = {Neural mechanism for stochastic behaviour during a competitive game},
	Uuid = {E801AAF9-20FB-4D1D-8C36-3DB8F7AF1C3E},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Soltani_NeuralNetw2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2006.05.044}}






@article{Song:2005,
	Abstract = {How different is local cortical circuitry from a random network? To answer this question, we probed synaptic connections with several hundred simultaneous quadruple whole-cell recordings from layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat visual cortex. Analysis of this dataset revealed several nonrandom features in synaptic connectivity. We confirmed previous reports that bidirectional connections are more common than expected in a random network. We found that several highly clustered three-neuron connectivity patterns are overrepresented, suggesting that connections tend to cluster together. We also analyzed synaptic connection strength as defined by the peak excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude. We found that the distribution of synaptic connection strength differs significantly from the Poisson distribution and can be fitted by a lognormal distribution. Such a distribution has a heavier tail and implies that synaptic weight is concentrated among few synaptic connections. In addition, the strengths of synaptic connections sharing pre- or postsynaptic neurons are correlated, implying that strong connections are even more clustered than the weak ones. Therefore, the local cortical network structure can be viewed as a skeleton of stronger connections in a sea of weaker ones. Such a skeleton is likely to play an important role in network dynamics and should be investigated further.},
	Author = {Song, Sen and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Per Jesper and Reigl, Markus and Nelson, Sacha and Chklovskii, Dmitri B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1545-7885},
	Journal = {PLoS Biol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Visual Cortex;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Communication;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Signal Transduction;in vitro;research support, n.i.h., extramural;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {101183755},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.},
	Pages = {e68},
	Pii = {04-PLBI-RA-0489R2},
	Pubmed = {15737062},
	Title = {Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits},
	Uuid = {28EFAA24-5EA5-4B56-87E9-638CB17F3C1E},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Song_PLoSBiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030068}}



@article{Soriano:2005,
	Abstract = {Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are an enigmatic class of neurons located at the surface of the cerebral cortex, playing a major role in cortical development. In this review, we discuss several distinct features of these neurons and the mechanisms by which they regulate cortical development. Many CR cells likely have extracortical origin and undergo cell death during development. Recent genetic studies report unique patterns of gene expression in CR cells, which may help to explain the developmental processes in which they participate. Moreover, a number of studies indicate that CR cells, and their secreted gene product, reelin, are involved in neuronal migration by acting on two key partners, migrating neurons and radial glial cells. Emerging data show that these neurons are a critical part of an early and complex network of neural activity in layer I, supporting the notion that CR cells modulate cortical maturation. Given these key and complex developmental properties, it is therefore conceivable for CR cells to be implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders.},
	Author = {Soriano, Eduardo and Del R{\'\i}o, Jos{\'e} Antonio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. esoriano\@pcb.ub.es},
	Pages = {389-94},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00355-7},
	Pubmed = {15882637},
	Title = {The cells of cajal-retzius: still a mystery one century after},
	Uuid = {E4CBE92F-D225-49BD-9D69-9F6224D097A6},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Soriano_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.019}}

@article{Soriano:1995,
	Abstract = {We have analyzed the developmental pattern of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expression in the cerebral cortex of the beta 2nZ3'1 transgenic mouse line, which was generated using regulatory elements of the beta 2-microglobulin gene and shows ectopic expression in nervous tissue. From embryonic day 10 onward, beta-gal was expressed in the medial and dorsal cortices, including the hippocampal region, whereas lateral cortical areas were devoid of labeling. During the period of cortical neurogenesis (embryonic days 11-17), beta-gal was expressed by selective precursors in the proliferative ventricular zone of the neocortex and hippocampus, as well as by a number of migrating and postmigratory neurons arranged into narrow radial stripes above the labeled progenitors. Thus, the transgene labels a subset of cortical progenitors and their progeny. Postnatally, radial clusters of beta-gal-positive neurons were discernible until postpartum day 10. At this age, the clusters were 250 to 500 microns wide, composed of neurons spanning all the cortical layers and exhibiting several neuronal phenotypes. These data suggest molecular heterogeneity of cortical progenitors and of the cohorts of postmitotic neurons originating from them, which implies intrinsic molecular mosaicism in both cortical progenitors and developing neurons. Furthermore, the data show that neurons committed to the expression of the transgene migrate along very narrow, radial stripes.},
	Author = {Soriano, E. and Dumesnil, N. and Auladell, C. and Cohen-Tannoudji, M. and Sotelo, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {10 Development;beta-Galactosidase;Animals;Phenotype;Mitosis;Cell Movement;Mice, Transgenic;Staining and Labeling;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Lac Operon;Genetic Heterogeneity;Mice;Genes, Reporter;Immunohistochemistry;Stem Cells;24 Pubmed search results 2008;beta 2-Microglobulin},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {25},
	Organization = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, Unit{\'e} 106 H\^{o}pital de la Salp\^{e}tri\`{e}re, Paris, France.},
	Pages = {11676-80},
	Pubmed = {8524827},
	Title = {Molecular heterogeneity of progenitors and radial migration in the developing cerebral cortex revealed by transgene expression},
	Uuid = {8D76EF95-10D8-4CB8-AD2D-F4EEF8FAB680},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Soriano_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}}



@article{Spalding:1998,
	Abstract = {In neonatal rats, intraocular injections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) enhance the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following superior colliculus (SC) ablation [Q. Cui, A.R. Harvey, At least two mechanisms are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells following target ablation in neonatal rats, J. Neurosci., 15, 1995, pp. 8143-8155.]. The aim of the present study was to determine if: (i) fetal tectal tissue grafted into the lesion site, or (ii) neurotrophins applied centrally to the injured SC, also decreased lesion-induced RGC death. Nuclei of tectally projecting RGCs were identified by injecting diamidino yellow (DY) into the left SC of 2-day-old (P2) Wistar rats. Injected SCs were lesioned at P4. In some animals, embryonic (E16) tectal tissue was then implanted into the lesion cavity; host rats were perfused 24 h or 20 days later. In short-term (24-h) studies, the number of DY-labelled pyknotic profiles was compared to the number of normal DY-labelled RGCs in retinal wholemounts (right eyes). The proportion of dying RGCs in animals with grafts (10.7\%, n = 17) was not significantly different from lesion-only rats (13.2\%, n = 26). Nonetheless, the long-term (20-day) study showed that, in most rats, fetal tectal tissue survived in the lesion cavity and in some cases, the grafts received host retinal input. In another group, different doses of BDNF or NT-4/5 were applied to the SC after P4 tectal lesions. Rats were perfused 24 h later and the number of pyknotic vs. normal DY-labelled RGCs was determined. Initial trials in which SC lesions were filled with gelfoam soaked in BDNF or NT-4/5 were unsuccessful; however, RGC death was reduced (p < 0.05, Dunnett's test) in rats that received gelfoam implants as well as focal neurotrophin injections into SC rostral to the lesion. The lowest pyknotic rate in individual animals from the BDNF and NT-4/5 groups was 2.41\%and 2.01\%, respectively. Overall, the proportion of dying RGCs was 7.0\%(n = 8) for BDNF and 7.4\%(n = 17) for NT-4/5 treated rats. Normal RGC densities were also significantly higher in these animals. NT-4/5 topically applied to the posterior surface of the eye did not reduce RGC death. The data show that the viability of injured neonatal RGCs is increased by specific retrograde neurotrophin-mediated survival signals which can be activated from the SC.},
	Author = {Spalding, K. L. and Cui, Q. and Harvey, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-3806},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Superior Colliculus;Ophthalmic Solutions;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Rats;Administration, Topical;Rats, Wistar;Cell Survival;Animals, Newborn;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Retinal Ganglion Cells;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Growth Factors;Fetal Tissue Transplantation},
	Medline = {98270046},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8908639},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.},
	Pages = {133-42},
	Pii = {S0165380698000108},
	Pubmed = {9602096},
	Title = {The effects of central administration of neurotrophins or transplants of fetal tectal tissue on retinal ganglion cell survival following removal of the superior colliculus in neonatal rats},
	Uuid = {BFEDD079-7532-4EA9-A9B9-DA3A22563EE5},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Spalding:2005,
	Abstract = {The generation of cells in the human body has been difficult to study, and our understanding of cell turnover is limited. Testing of nuclear weapons resulted in a dramatic global increase in the levels of the isotope 14C in the atmosphere, followed by an exponential decrease after 1963. We show that the level of 14C in genomic DNA closely parallels atmospheric levels and can be used to establish the time point when the DNA was synthesized and cells were born. We use this strategy to determine the age of cells in the cortex of the adult human brain and show that whereas nonneuronal cells are exchanged, occipital neurons are as old as the individual, supporting the view that postnatal neurogenesis does not take place in this region. Retrospective birth dating is a generally applicable strategy that can be used to measure cell turnover in man under physiological and pathological conditions.},
	Author = {Spalding, Kirsty L. and Bhardwaj, Ratan D. and Buchholz, Bruce A. and Druid, Henrik and Fris{\'e}n, Jonas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Cell Aging;Humans;Aging;Air Pollutants, Radioactive;DNA;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Male;Nuclear Warfare;01 Adult neurogenesis general;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time;Carbon Radioisotopes;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Retrospective Studies;Adult;Cell Nucleus;Pinus;Organ Specificity;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {133-43},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(05)00408-3},
	Pubmed = {16009139},
	Title = {Retrospective birth dating of cells in humans},
	Uuid = {258ABF40-A759-11DA-AF0C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {122},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Spalding_Cell2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.028}}



@article{Spors:2002,
	Abstract = {We explored the spatio-temporal dynamics of odor-evoked activity in the rat and mouse main olfactory bulb (MOB) using voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) with a new probe. The high temporal resolution of VSDI revealed odor-specific sequences of glomerular activation. Increasing odor concentrations reduced response latencies, increased response amplitudes, and recruited new glomerular units. However, the sequence of glomerular activation was maintained. Furthermore, we found distributed MOB activity locked to the nasal respiration cycle. The spatial distribution of its amplitude and phase was heterogeneous and changed by sensory input in an odor-specific manner. Our data show that in the mammalian olfactory bulb, odor identity and concentration are represented by spatio-temporal patterns, rather than spatial patterns alone.},
	Author = {Spors, H. and Grinvald, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy; in vivo; optical physiology; optical imaging; voltage sensor; Dyes; Fluorescence; sensory map; topographic map; function; mouse; mice; Rats},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel},
	Pages = {301-15.},
	Title = {Spatio-temporal dynamics of odor representations in the Mammalian olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {2CB03EAF-58AC-4D46-B4BC-4C393D1D68E3},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Spors_Neuron2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11970871}}


@article{Spreafico:2000,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Different types of epilepsies and seizures depend on the nature and location of the primary disturbance and are presumably mediated by different physiopathological mechanisms. We immunocytochemically investigated possible changes in the inhibitory-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system in specimens taken from four patients who underwent surgery for intractable epilepsy and presented two different types of focal cortical dysplasia in the temporal lobe. METHODS: The patients were selected on the basis of electroclinical, imaging, and routine neuropathological data: two had Taylor focal dysplasia, and two had non-Taylor dysplasia (microdysgenesia). The study was performed using antibodies against parvalbumin (PV), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA-transporter 1 (GAT1). RESULTS: In the patients with Taylor dysplasia, laminar disorganization of the cortex was associated with the presence of giant neurons and ballooned cells; there was a reduced number of PV-positive neurons and terminals, the giant neurons were surrounded by clusters of PV- and GAD-positive terminals, and there was an overall reduction in GAT1. Despite the presence of cortical laminar disorganization, no giant or ballooned cells were found in the patients with non-Taylor microdysgenesia; there was a marked decrease in PV and GAD immunoreactive elements, with a patchy distribution of GAD and GAT1 immunoreactivity but no clustering of PV and GAD terminals. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the two forms of cortical dysplasia are characterized by different and selective morphofunctional alterations in the GABAergic system.},
	Author = {Spreafico, R. and Tassi, L. and Colombo, N. and Bramerio, M. and Galli, C. and Garbelli, R. and Ferrario, A. and Lo Russo, G. and Munari, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:57 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe;Female;Immunohistochemistry;Neural Pathways;Neural Inhibition;10 genetics malformation;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Humans;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Temporal Lobe},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Organization = {Divisione di Neurofisiologia Sperimentale ed Epilettologia, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy. spreafico\@istituto-besta.it},
	Pages = {S168-73},
	Pubmed = {10999539},
	Title = {Inhibitory circuits in human dysplastic tissue},
	Uuid = {06513A9F-B260-47D3-9F7B-51BAACE53E8A},
	Volume = {41 Suppl 6},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Spreafico_Epilepsia2000.pdf}}

@article{Spreafico:1998,
	Abstract = {In this report we describe three patients with developmental cortical abnormalities (generally referred as cortical dysplasia), revealed by MRI and operated on for intractable epilepsy. Tissue, removed for strictly therapeutic reasons, was defined as the epileptogenic area by electroclinical data and stereo EEG (SEEG) recordings. Tissue samples were processed initially for histology, and selected sections were further processed for immunocytochemical investigation in order to determine whether the region of cortical dysplasia was co-extensive with the epileptogenic area. In two patients with nodular heterotopia, disorganized aggregates of neurons (as revealed by neuronal cytoskeletal markers) were found within the nodules. Both pyramidal and local circuit neurons were present in the nodules, but no reactive gliosis was present. When nodules reached the cortex, the cortical layers were disrupted. In the patient with localized cortical dysplasia, a complete disorganization of the cortical lamination was found, and numerous neurons were also present in the white matter. Disoriented pyramidal neurons weakly labelled with cytoskeletal neuronal markers were also present but no cytomegalic cells were found. One of the patients with nodular heterotopia underwent only partial resection of both the 'epileptogenic area' and of the lesion; this patient still presents with seizures. The other patient with nodular heterotopia is seizure-free after a complete lesionectomy and excision of the epileptogenic area. The third patient, with focal cortical dysplasia, had two surgeries; she became seizure-free only after the excision of the epileptogenic area detected by SEEG recording. The present data suggest that the dysplastic areas identified by MRI should not be considered as the only place of origin of the ictal discharges. From the neuropathological point of view, the focal cortical dysplasia can be considered as a pure form of migrational disorder. However, the presence of large aggregates of neurons interspersed within the white matter, in the subcortical nodular heterotopia, suggests that a defect of neuronal migration could be associated with an exuberant production of neuroblasts and/or a disruption of mechanisms for naturally occurring cell death.},
	Author = {Spreafico, R. and Pasquier, B. and Minotti, L. and Garbelli, R. and Kahane, P. and Grand, S. and Benabid, A. L. and Tassi, L. and Avanzini, G. and Battaglia, G. and Munari, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:45:57 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {21 Epilepsy;Epilepsies, Partial;Electroencephalography;10 Development;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Immunohistochemistry;Pyramidal Cells;Choristoma;10 genetics malformation;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {98432474},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, National Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy. spreafico.besta\@interbusiness.it},
	Pages = {34-48},
	Pii = {S0920-1211(98)00038-2},
	Pubmed = {9761307},
	Title = {Immunocytochemical investigation on dysplastic human tissue from epileptic patients},
	Uuid = {15ACA67F-5970-4AAC-83A8-BF4A05110B25},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Spreafico_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}}

@article{Spreafico:1998a,
	Abstract = {Human cortical dysplastic lesions are frequently associated with severe partial epilepsies. We report an immunocytochemical investigation on cortical tissue from three surgically treated patients, 20, 38, and 14 years old, with intractable epilepsy due to cortical dysplasia. The studies were performed using antibodies recognizing cytoskeletal proteins, calcium-binding proteins, and some subunits of glutamate receptors. The specimens from the three patients displayed common features: (1) focal cytoarchitectural abnormalities with an increased number of giant pyramidal neurons through all cortical layers except layer I; (2) large, round-shaped balloon cells mainly concentrated in the deepest part of the cortex and in the white matter; (3) a decrease of calcium binding protein immunopositive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons; and (4) abnormal baskets of parvalbumin-positive terminals around the excitatory (pyramidal and large, round-shaped) neurons. These data provide evidence that the epileptogenicity in these types of cortical dysplasia is due to an increase in excitatory neurons coupled with a decrease in GABAergic interneurons.},
	Author = {Spreafico, R. and Battaglia, G. and Arcelli, P. and Andermann, F. and Dubeau, F. and Palmini, A. and Olivier, A. and Villemure, J. G. and Tampieri, D. and Avanzini, G. and Avoli, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-3878},
	Journal = {Neurology},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;10 Development;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Humans;Female;Pyramidal Cells;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent;Male;Brain Chemistry;10 genetics malformation;Parvalbumins;Cerebral Cortex;Adult;Interneurons;Immunohistochemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Adolescent},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0401060},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Department of Experimental Neurophysiology and Epileptology, Milano, Italy.},
	Pages = {27-36},
	Pubmed = {9443453},
	Title = {Cortical dysplasia: an immunocytochemical study of three patients},
	Uuid = {689B915F-B147-4E99-97E4-D2FF5320B1AF},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1998}}





@article{Staiger:2004,
	Abstract = {Previous analyses of the spiny layer IV neurons have almost exclusively focused on spiny stellate cells. Here we provide detailed morphological data characterizing three subpopulations of spiny neurons in slices of adolescent rats: (i) spiny stellate cells (58\%), (ii) star pyramidal cells (25\%) and (iii) pyramidal cells (17\%), which can be distinguished objectively by the preferential orientation of their dendritic stems. Spiny stellate cells lacked an apical dendrite and frequently confined their dendritic and axonal arbors to the respective column. Star pyramidal and pyramidal cells possessed an apical dendrite, which reached the supragranular layers. Their axonal arbors were similar, showing both a columnar component and transcolumnar branches with direct transbarrel projections. However, a small fraction of star pyramidal cells possessed few or even no transcolumnar branches. Electrophysiologically, all three types of neurons were either regular-spiking or intrinsically burst-spiking without a significant relation to the morphological subtypes. The basic synaptic properties of thalamic inputs were also independent of the type of target layer IV spiny neuron. All remained subthreshold and showed paired-pulse depression. In conclusion, the columnar axonal arborization of spiny stellate cells is supplemented by a significant oblique to horizontal projection pattern in pyramidal-like neurons. This offers a structural basis for either segregation or early context-dependent integration of tactile information, in a cell-type specific manner.},
	Author = {Staiger, Jochen F. and Flagmeyer, Iris and Schubert, Dirk and Zilles, Karl and K{\"o}tter, Rolf and Luhmann, Heiko J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Cell Size;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Neural Pathways;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;comparative study ;Cells, Cultured;Male;Membrane Potentials},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University D{\"u}sseldorf, D-40001 D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. jochen\@hirn.uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {690-701},
	Pii = {bhh029},
	Pubmed = {15054049},
	Title = {Functional diversity of layer IV spiny neurons in rat somatosensory cortex: quantitative morphology of electrophysiologically characterized and biocytin labeled cells},
	Uuid = {D485D319-5E79-4AED-815A-E1D6A6AB3599},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Staiger_CerebCortex2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh029}}

@article{Staley:1998,
	Abstract = {The simultaneous discharge of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells is a widely studied in vitro model of physiological and pathological network synchronization. This network is rapidly activated because of extensive positive feedback mediated by recurrent axon collaterals. Here we show that population-burst duration is limited by depletion of the releasable glutamate pool at these recurrent synapses. Postsynaptic inhibitory conductances further limit burst duration but are not necessary for burst termination. The interval between bursts in vitro depends on the rate of replenishment of releasable glutamate vesicles and the probability of release of those vesicles at recurrent synapses. Therefore presynaptic factors controlling glutamate release at recurrent synapses regulate the probability and duration of synchronous discharges of the CA3 network.},
	Author = {Staley, K. J. and Longacher, M. and Bains, J. S. and Yee, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Electric Conductivity;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Presynaptic Terminals;Pyramidal Cells;Neural Inhibition;Electrophysiology;Nerve Net;Animals;Glutamic Acid;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {201-9},
	Pii = {651},
	Pubmed = {10195144},
	Title = {Presynaptic modulation of CA3 network activity},
	Uuid = {4517173F-5538-4AC1-89DE-61C08449FEDC},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Staley_NatNeurosci1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/651}}

@article{Staley:2005,
	Author = {Staley, Kevin and Scharfman, Helen},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Causality;Protein Subunits;Animals;comment;Humans;Estrous Cycle;Synaptic Transmission;Female;Epilepsy;news;Receptors, GABA-A;Anxiety Disorders;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Gonadal Steroid Hormones;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {697-9},
	Pii = {nn0605-697},
	Pubmed = {15917829},
	Title = {A woman's prerogative},
	Uuid = {5C1EF311-B026-4C46-BCD1-4914F9DC7B21},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0605-697}}

@article{Staley:2007,
	Abstract = {Fast ripples are EEG transients emanating from epileptic foci, but fast-ripple frequencies far exceed maximal neuronal firing rates. In this issue of Neuron, Menendez de la Prida and coworkers propose that out-of-phase firing of a subpopulation of neurons during physiological ripple activity effectively doubles the ripple frequency to produce fast ripples.},
	Author = {Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Rats;comment;Electrophysiology;Animals;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. kstaley\@partners.org},
	Pages = {828-30},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00673-3},
	Pubmed = {17880888},
	Title = {Neurons skip a beat during fast ripples},
	Uuid = {2FDA91A0-C819-46C9-873A-3B982CF5763D},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Staley_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.005}}

@article{Stalmaster:1972,
	Author = {Stalmaster, R. M. and Hanna, G. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Transducers;Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;Freezing;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Female;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Stereotaxic Techniques;Time Factors;Motor Activity;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Trephining;Electrodes, Implanted},
	Medline = {75112114},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {313-24},
	Pubmed = {4615895},
	Title = {Epileptic phenomena of cortical freezing in the cat: persistent multifocal effects of discrete superficial lesions},
	Uuid = {1A19B70E-F4A6-4C64-9F11-516B91CEF3F6},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1972}}

@article{Standley:1998,
	Abstract = {Forebrains from rats of postnatal days (PND) 2, 7, 14, 21, and 30-40 were subjected to subcellular fractionation and samples from crude mitochondrial (P2, which contain synaptic plasma membranes) and microsomal (P3) fractions were used for SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with antibodies against GluR1, and GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA/GluR receptors. GluR immunoreactivity in P2 fractions increased gradually from PND 2 to PND 30. In contrast, GluR immunoreactivity in P3 fractions increased sharply at early postnatal ages, and was higher than in adults as early as at PND 7. Data were compared to postnatal changes in 3H-AMPA binding reported in various studies. Significant correlations were observed between changes in GluR immunoreactivity in P3 fractions and changes in high-affinity binding on one hand and between changes in GluR immunoreactivity in P2 fractions, and changes in low affinity binding. These data further establish that glutamate receptors present in different subcellular compartments represent different maturational states of the receptors, and suggest that changes in GluR populations could participate in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Standley, S. and Wagle, N. and Baudry, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Receptors, AMPA/*biosynthesis;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Ligands;Neuronal Plasticity/physiology;Rats;I-5;Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel;Prosencephalon/*growth &development/*metabolism/ultrastructure;Animal;Mitochondria/metabolism;Animals, Newborn;Subcellular Fractions/*metabolism;Synaptosomes/metabolism;Blotting, Western;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA. sstandle\@hbpmb.usc.edu},
	Pages = {277-83.},
	Title = {Developmental changes in subcellular AMPA/GluR receptor populations in rat forebrain},
	Uuid = {F494D4BA-01B3-4BFD-96EB-7E1679318189},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9593938%20http://www.elsevier.com:80/cgi-bin/cas/tree/store/bresd/cas_sub/browse/browse.cgi?year=1998&volume=107&issue=2&aid=52510}}

@article{Stanfield:1979,
	Abstract = {The histogenesis, the time of origin and the pattern of migration of the cells in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, have been studied in normal and reeler mice. The earliest indication of a defect in the reeler hippocampus is seen on the fifteenth embryonic day (E15) which is at least 24 hours after the first indication of a defect in the neocortex. It is not until E18, that the dentate gyrus shows signs of its incipient abnormality. It appears then, that in both the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus the gene defect first manifests itself at the stage at which the definitive cellular layers are assembled. Experiments involving the injection of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) at different developmental stages have confirmed that the site and rate of cellular proliferation in the reeler hippocampus and dentate gyrus are normal, as is the initial pattern of cell migration. However, in the reeler dentate gyrus, most postnatal cell proliferation occurs ectopically and in the hippocampus the normal "inside-out" sequence of neurogenesis is reversed, the earliest pyramidal cells generated coming to lie superficially within the stratum pyramidale and the later formed cells being added at progressively deeper levels. There is no discernible gradient in the time of origin of the granule cells in the radial dimension of the reeler dentate gyrus, whereas there is an obvious "outside-in" gradient in the normal animal. The characteristic gradients in cell proliferation seen in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the normal dentate gyrus are, however, also evident in the reeler mouse. Taken together, these observations suggest that the reeler gene exerts its effect on neuronal position only in the radial dimension, and does so at a stage of development subsequent to the proliferation and initial migration of the relevant neurons. Timm's sulfide silver preparations indicate that the characteristic staining patterns seen in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus appear at the same time, and mature at the same rate in normal and reeler mice.},
	Author = {Stanfield, B. B. and Cowan, W. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:32 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Staining and Labeling;10 Development;Species Specificity;Comparative Study;10 Hippocampus;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Autoradiography;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Mitosis;Morphogenesis;Animals;Cell Movement;Mice;Mice, Neurologic Mutants},
	Medline = {79173521},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {423-59},
	Pubmed = {86549},
	Title = {The development of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice},
	Uuid = {07258895-D5E9-4A42-A133-B44978EFD3F0},
	Volume = {185},
	Year = {1979},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901850303}}

@article{Stanfield:1979a,
	Abstract = {The morphology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice has been studied in Nissl, myelin, Golgi, Timm's sulfide silver and gold chloride-sublimate preparations. It is evident from both cell-and fiber-stained sections that despite the obvious defect in the positioning of the hippocampal pyramidal and dentate granule cells in the reeler mouse within the radial dimension, the hippocampal formation as a whole shows a normal and consistent progression of cytoarchitectonic fields along its transverse axis, and a normal and consistent progression of changes in the structure of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus along their longitudinal axes. Thus, at least in these structures, the reeler gene seems to exert its effect only in the radial dimension. Cell counts in the area dentata indicate that the number of dentate granule cells in the reeler mouse is reduced compared to that found in normal or heterozygous animals. Although it has been known for some time that the number of granule cells in the reeler cerebellar cortex is markedly reduced, this appears to be the first evidence for a reduction in cell number in a forebrain structure. All the major cell types normally found in the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus are recognizable in Golgi-stained preparations from the brains of reeler mutants. However, in both regions there are a number of abnormalities in the appearance of the cells which seem to be related to the cellular ectopia. Thus, whereas most of the pyramidal and granule cells which attain a normal position in the mutant usually have normal, or near-normal dendritic arbors, the dendrites of nearly all ectopic cells are severely distorted, both in their orientation and general configuration. In preparations stained by the Timm's sulfide silver technique it is evident that the general lamination pattern seen in normal mice is retained in the reeler hippocampus and dentate gyrus despite the gross malpositioning of many of the relevant neurons. However, although the overall laminar arrangement is preserved, there are some fairly consistent abnormalities; for example, the normal trilaminar staining pattern seen in the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus is replaced in the reeler by a bilaminar pattern. In gold chloride-sublimate impregnated preparations there is no obvious alignment of the astrocytes in the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus in either normal or reeler mice. Moreover, the distribution of the astrocytes within this zone is fairly normal in the reeler mouse, although, in general, these cells appear to be more consistently stellate in form than in normal animals.},
	Author = {Stanfield, B. B. and Cowan, W. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Heterozygote;Hippocampus;10 Hippocampus;Astrocytes;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Count;Animals;Male;Mice;Neurons;Mice, Neurologic Mutants},
	Medline = {79173520},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {393-422},
	Pubmed = {438366},
	Title = {The morphology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice},
	Uuid = {5017A2ED-58DA-4F3A-B453-B59C734A91F9},
	Volume = {185},
	Year = {1979},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901850302}}

@article{Stanfield:1979b,
	Abstract = {The organization of certain of the major afferents to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus has been studied in normal and reeler mutant mice using the autoradiographic and the anterograde degeneration methods. The distribution of the hippocampal and dentate afferents which arise in the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus of both sides, has been found to be generally similar to that previously described in the rat, but there are a few minor differences that are discussed in the text. Despite the marked ectopia of many of the neurons in the hippocampal formation in the reeler mouse, the principal afferents to the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus maintain many of the features seen in normal mice. In particular, they maintain a normal radial sequence and a characteristic laminated and complementary arrangement. However, there are a number of significant differences in their distribution; for example, in the reeler mouse, the entorhinal afferents occupy the entire radial extent of the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, whereas in normal mice they are restricted to the outer four-fifths of this layer. Furthermore, in the mutant the commissural and associational afferents to the dentate gyrus do not occupy the inner one-fifth of the molecular layer (as they do in normal animals) but rather are spread throughout the zone containing granule cells, which includes both the poorly-defined stratum granulosum and most of the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. Some of the developmental and functional implications of these and other abnormalities in the organization of the afferents to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are discussed.},
	Author = {Stanfield, B. B. and Caviness, V. S. and Cowan, W. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Limbic System;10 Hippocampus;Hippocampus;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neural Pathways;Comparative Study;Autoradiography;Brain Mapping;Neurons, Afferent;Mice;Animals;Mice, Neurologic Mutants},
	Medline = {79173522},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {461-83},
	Pubmed = {438367},
	Title = {The organization of certain afferents to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice},
	Uuid = {FA05F526-32B4-40EB-9A96-8A1F777C557C},
	Volume = {185},
	Year = {1979},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901850304}}

@article{Star:2002,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines are motile structures that contain high concentrations of filamentous actin. Using hippocampal neurons expressing fluorescent actin and the method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that 85 +/- 2\%of actin in the spine was dynamic, with a turnover time of 44.2 +/- 4.0 s. The rapid turnover is not compatible with current models invoking a large population of stable filaments and static coupling of filaments to postsynaptic components. Low-frequency stimulation known to induce long-term depression in these neurons stabilized nearly half the dynamic actin in the spine. This effect depended on the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the influx of calcium. In neurons from mice lacking gelsolin, a calcium-dependent actin-binding protein, activity-dependent stabilization of actin was impaired. Our studies provide new information on the kinetics of actin turnover in spines, its regulation by neural activity and the mechanisms involved in this regulation.},
	Author = {Star, Erin N. and Kwiatkowski, David J. and Murthy, Venkatesh N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Cytochalasin D;Animals;Synapses;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Peptides, Cyclic;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Indicators and Reagents;Mice, Transgenic;Hippocampus;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Depsipeptides;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Dendrites;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Actins;Luminescent Proteins;Gelsolin;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {239-46},
	Pii = {nn811},
	Pubmed = {11850630},
	Title = {Rapid turnover of actin in dendritic spines and its regulation by activity},
	Uuid = {E0A446E4-09ED-4B49-A200-BD66165A44EB},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn811}}


@article{Stefanovic:1998,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms of Golgi impregnation of neurons has remained enigmatic for decades. Recently, it was suggested that divalent (di)chromate anions play a role in the Golgi impregnation process. Therefore, we incubated slices of (para)formaldehyde-fixed rat brain tissue in solutions of potassium (di)chromate, phosphate, chloride or nitrate at pH 6 or 7. Slices were then immersed in solutions of silver nitrate and processed for light microscopical analysis. At pH 6, dichromate probes resulted in dense and homogeneous impregnation of neuronal cytoplasm (typical impregnation). At pH 7, chromate probes showed solely partial cytoplasmic and heavy nuclear-region neuron impregnation (atypical impregnation). Phosphate probes at pH 6 resulted in typical impregnation, whereas at pH 7 phosphate probes gave atypical impregnation. Both at pH 6 and 7, chloride and nitrate probes did not yield any Golgi impregnation. These findings confirmed the pH-dependence of silver-chromate Golgi impregnation as well as the correctness of corresponding acidic silver-phosphate impregnation. Our study revealed a previously unknown, strong anion-dependence of Golgi impregnation, suggesting that hydrogenated monovalent anions are carriers of the neuron impregnation.},
	Author = {Stefanovi\'{c}, B. D. and Ristanovi\'{c}, D. and Trpinac, D. and Dordevi\'{c}-Camba, V. and Lackovi\'{c}, V. and Bumbasirevi\'{c}, V. and Obradovi\'{c}, M. and Basi\'{c}, R. and Cetkovi\'{c}, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0065-1281},
	Journal = {Acta Histochem},
	Keywords = {Animals;Chromates;Rats;Comparative Study;Brain;23 Technique;Nitrates;Staining and Labeling;Potassium Chloride;Rats, Wistar;Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;Male;Potassium Compounds;Formaldehyde;Phosphates;Neurons;Silver Nitrate;Molecular Probes;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Tissue Fixation;Polymers},
	Medline = {98249213},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0370320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institute of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia.},
	Pages = {217-27},
	Pubmed = {9587632},
	Title = {The acidophilic nature of neuronal Golgi impregnation},
	Uuid = {50E48BE6-C508-4825-9F12-0AA8DFB51D43},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {1998}}


@article{Stein:1988,
	Abstract = {Adult rats with lesions of the medial frontal cortex received implants of frontal cortex taken from embryos on the 19th day of gestation and placed directly into the zone of injury at 7, 14, 30, or 60 days after initial surgery. Another group was given bilateral frontal lesions, followed 20 days later by a second small lesion to enhance the release of putative neurotrophic factors. They then received transplants 7 days after this second operation. All rats began postoperative training on a spatial alternation learning task within 4 days after the implants of fetal tissue. The brain-damaged rats with transplants at 7 or 14 days after surgery significantly improved postoperative acquisition of spatial alternation. Transplants made 30 or 60 days postoperatively had no effect; these groups were as impaired as those with lesions alone. The animals given a second, "priming" lesion after a 20-day delay, followed by implants of fetal brain tissue, performed as poorly as the group with frontal cortex lesions alone.},
	Author = {Stein, D. G. and Palatucci, C. and Kahn, D. and Labbe, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0735-7044},
	Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Nerve Regeneration;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Time Factors;Graft Survival;Learning;Male;Animals;Rats, Inbred Strains;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {88209263},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {8302411},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Clark University.},
	Pages = {260-7, 325-6},
	Pubmed = {3365321},
	Title = {Temporal factors influence recovery of function after embryonic brain tissue transplants in adult rats with frontal cortex lesions},
	Uuid = {29B1E832-EADE-4CE0-9FD1-6C7518E0771B},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {1988}}



@article{Stellwagen:2006,
	Abstract = {Two general forms of synaptic plasticity that operate on different timescales are thought to contribute to the activity-dependent refinement of neural circuitry during development: (1) long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which involve rapid adjustments in the strengths of individual synapses in response to specific patterns of correlated synaptic activity, and (2) homeostatic synaptic scaling, which entails uniform adjustments in the strength of all synapses on a cell in response to prolonged changes in the cell's electrical activity. Without homeostatic synaptic scaling, neural networks can become unstable and perform suboptimally. Although much is known about the mechanisms underlying LTP and LTD, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for synaptic scaling except that such scaling is due, at least in part, to alterations in receptor content at synapses. Here we show that synaptic scaling in response to prolonged blockade of activity is mediated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Using mixtures of wild-type and TNF-alpha-deficient neurons and glia, we also show that glia are the source of the TNF-alpha that is required for this form of synaptic scaling. We suggest that by modulating TNF-alpha levels, glia actively participate in the homeostatic activity-dependent regulation of synaptic connectivity.},
	Author = {Stellwagen, David and Malenka, Robert C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7087},
	Organization = {Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304-5485, USA.},
	Pages = {1054-9},
	Pii = {nature04671},
	Pubmed = {16547515},
	Title = {Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha},
	Uuid = {57B12D27-8C1F-4C11-9A86-AB93640AEBAD},
	Volume = {440},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04671}}


@article{Stenman:2003,
	Abstract = {The lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) is known to give rise to striatal projection neurons as well as interneurons, which migrate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to populate the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb. Because all of these neuronal subtypes express Distalless-related (DLX) homeobox proteins during their differentiation, we set out to further characterize progenitors in the Dlx-positive domain of the LGE. Previous studies have shown that the LIM homeobox protein Islet1 (ISL1) marks the LGE subventricular zone (SVZ) and differentiating striatal projection neurons. However, ISL1 is not expressed in neurons of the developing olfactory bulb or the RMS. We show here that the dorsal-most portion of the Dlx-expressing region of the LGE SVZ lacks ISL1 cells. This dorsal domain, however, contains cells that express the ETS transcription factor Er81, which is also expressed in granule and periglomerular cells of the developing and adult olfactory bulb. Moreover, the adult SVZ and RMS contain numerous Er81-positive cells. Fate-mapping studies using Dlx5/6-cre transgenic mice demonstrate that Er81-positive cells in the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb derive from the Dlx-expressing SVZ region. These findings suggest that the LGE SVZ contains two distinct progenitor populations: a DLX(+);ISL1(+) population representing striatal progenitors and a DLX(+);Er81(+) population comprising olfactory bulb interneuron progenitors. In support of this, mice mutant for the homeobox genes Gsh2 and Gsh1/2, which show olfactory bulb defects, exhibit dramatically reduced numbers of Er81-positive cells in the LGE SVZ as well as in the olfactory bulb mantle. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Stenman, J. and Toresson, H. and Campbell, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Interneurons/chemistry/cytology;BB both;Animals;DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis;Neurons/chemistry/cytology;Transcription Factors/analysis;Corpus Striatum/cytology/*embryology;Stem Cells/*chemistry/metabolism;Mutation;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Homeodomain Proteins/analysis/genetics/metabolism;Mice, Transgenic;Integrases/genetics;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*embryology/growth &development;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Telencephalon/chemistry/*cytology/*embryology;Mice;Viral Proteins/genetics;Ganglia/cytology;Luminescent Proteins/genetics},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.},
	Pages = {167-74},
	Pubmed = {12514213},
	Title = {Identification of two distinct progenitor populations in the lateral ganglionic eminence: implications for striatal and olfactory bulb neurogenesis},
	Uuid = {A26DD238-C8F9-4677-9FA2-ECF7709E3B7E},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Stenman_JNeurosci2003.pdf}}


@article{Steriade:2001,
	Abstract = {Data from in vivo and in vitro experiments are discussed to emphasize that synaptic activities in neocortex and thalamus have a decisive impact on intrinsic neuronal properties in intact-brain preparations under anesthesia and even more so during natural states of vigilance. Thus the firing patterns of cortical neuronal types are not inflexible but may change with the level of membrane potential and during periods rich in synaptic activity. The incidences of some cortical cell classes (defined by their responses to depolarizing current pulses) are different in isolated cortical slabs in vivo or in slices maintained in vitro compared with the intact cortex of naturally awake animals. Network activities, which include the actions of generalized modulatory systems, have a profound influence on the membrane potential, apparent input resistance, and backpropagation of action potentials. The analysis of various oscillatory types leads to the conclusion that in the intact brain, there are no "pure" rhythms, generated in simple circuits, but complex wave sequences (consisting of different, low- and fast-frequency oscillations) that result from synaptic interactions in corticocortical and corticothalamic neuronal loops under the control of activating systems arising in the brain stem core or forebrain structures. As an illustration, it is shown that the neocortex governs the synchronization of network or intrinsically generated oscillations in the thalamus. The rhythmic recurrence of spike bursts and spike trains fired by thalamic and cortical neurons during states of decreased vigilance may lead to plasticity processes in neocortical neurons. If these phenomena, which may contribute to the consolidation of memory traces, are not constrained by inhibitory processes, they induce seizures in which the neocortex initiates the paroxysms and controls their thalamic reflection. The results indicate that intact-brain preparations are necessary to investigate global brain functions such as behavioral states of vigilance and paroxysmal activities.},
	Author = {Steriade, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Neural Pathways;Animals;Thalamus;Cerebral Cortex;review;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Facult{\'e} de M{\'e}decine, Universit{\'e} Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada. mircea.steriade\@phs.ulaval.ca},
	Pages = {1-39},
	Pubmed = {11431485},
	Title = {Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems},
	Uuid = {82538BEF-18E9-4484-9512-DA8022C1B20C},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Steriade:2001a,
	Abstract = {In this first intracellular study of neocortical activities during waking and sleep states, we hypothesized that synaptic activities during natural states of vigilance have a decisive impact on the observed electrophysiological properties of neurons that were previously studied under anesthesia or in brain slices. We investigated the incidence of different firing patterns in neocortical neurons of awake cats, the relation between membrane potential fluctuations and firing rates, and the input resistance during all states of vigilance. In awake animals, the neurons displaying fast-spiking firing patterns were more numerous, whereas the incidence of neurons with intrinsically bursting patterns was much lower than in our previous experiments conducted on the intact-cortex or isolated cortical slabs of anesthetized cats. Although cortical neurons displayed prolonged hyperpolarizing phases during slow-wave sleep, the firing rates during the depolarizing phases of the slow sleep oscillation was as high during these epochs as during waking and rapid-eye-movement sleep. Maximum firing rates, exceeding those of regular-spiking neurons, were reached by conventional fast-spiking neurons during both waking and sleep states, and by fast-rhythmic-bursting neurons during waking. The input resistance was more stable and it increased during quiet wakefulness, compared with sleep states. As waking is associated with high synaptic activity, we explain this result by a higher release of activating neuromodulators, which produce an increase in the input resistance of cortical neurons. In view of the high firing rates in the functionally disconnected state of slow-wave sleep, we suggest that neocortical neurons are engaged in processing internally generated signals.},
	Author = {Steriade, M. and Timofeev, I. and Grenier, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Sleep;Sleep Stages;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Polysomnography;Wakefulness;Neocortex;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;comparative study ;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;Periodicity},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Facult{\'e} de M{\'e}dicine, Universit{\'e} Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada. mircea.steriade\@phs.ulaval.ca},
	Pages = {1969-85},
	Pubmed = {11353014},
	Title = {Natural waking and sleep states: a view from inside neocortical neurons},
	Uuid = {143C46D8-50D8-4F11-9474-B2B590BCED5A},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Steriade_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}}

@article{Steriade:2004,
	Abstract = {1471-003x Journal Article},
	Author = {Steriade, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;M pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4. mircea.steriade\@phs.ulaval.ca},
	Pages = {121-34},
	Title = {Neocortical cell classes are flexible entities},
	Uuid = {E1128D80-5AF4-4AE3-8BBA-B24B277A6C24},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Steriade_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}}

@article{Stettler:2006,
	Abstract = {While recent studies of synaptic stability in adult cerebral cortex have focused on dendrites, how much axons change is unknown. We have used advances in axon labeling by viruses and in vivo two-photon microscopy to investigate axon branching and bouton dynamics in primary visual cortex (V1) of adult Macaque monkeys. A nonreplicative adeno-associated virus bearing the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV.EGFP) provided persistent labeling of axons, and a custom-designed two-photon microscope enabled repeated imaging of the intact brain over several weeks. We found that large-scale branching patterns were stable but that a subset of small branches associated with terminaux boutons, as well as a subset of en passant boutons, appeared and disappeared every week. Bouton losses and gains were both approximately 7\%of the total population per week, with no net change in the overall density. These results suggest ongoing processes of synaptogenesis and elimination in adult V1.},
	Author = {Stettler, Dan D. and Yamahachi, Homare and Li, Wu and Denk, Winfried and Gilbert, Charles D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.},
	Pages = {877-87},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00135-8},
	Pubmed = {16543135},
	Title = {Axons and synaptic boutons are highly dynamic in adult visual cortex},
	Uuid = {F5F4971C-B33D-4125-99D7-6B63744E2FED},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.018}}



	Abstract = {The interneurons of the olfactory bulb arise from precursor cells in the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone, the SVZa, and are distinctive in that they possess a neuronal phenotype and yet undergo cell division. To characterize the differentiation of neonatal SVZa progenitor cells, we analyzed the complement of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors that they express in vitro. For this analysis, we tested the sensitivity of SVZa progenitor cells to gamma- amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), kainate, N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and acetylcholine (ACh) after 1 day in vitro. SVZa progenitor cells had chloride currents activated by GABA and muscimol, the GABA(A) receptor-specific agonist, but were insensitive to ATP, kainate, NMDA, and ACh. In addition, GABA- or muscimol-activated chloride currents were blocked nearly completely by 30 &mgr;M bicuculline, the GABA(A) receptor-specific antagonist, suggesting that GABA(B) and GABA(C) receptors are absent. Measurements of the chloride reversal potential by gramicidin-perforated patch clamp revealed that currents generated by activation of GABA(A) receptors were inward, and thus, depolarizing. A set of complementary experiments was undertaken to determine by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) whether SVZa progenitor cells express the messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), used in the synthesis of GABA and for GABA(A) receptor subunits. Both postnatal day (P0) SVZa and olfactory bulb possessed detectable mRNA coding for GAD67. In P0 SVZa, the GABA(A) receptor subunits detected with RT-PCR included alpha2-4, beta1-3, and gamma2S (short form). By comparison, the P0 olfactory bulb expressed all of the subunits detectable in the SVZa and additional subunit mRNAs: alpha1, alpha5, gamma1, gamma2L (long form), gamma3, and delta subunit mRNAs. Antibodies recognizing GABA, GAD, and various GABA(A) receptor subunits were used to label SVZa cells harvested from P0-1 rats and cultured for 1 day. The cells were immunoreactive for GABA, GAD, and the GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha2-5, beta1-3, and gamma2. To relate the characteristics of GABA(A) receptors in cultured SVZa precursor cells to particular combinations of subunits, the open reading frames of the dominant subunits detected by RT-PCR (alpha2-4, beta3, and gamma2S) were cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector and different combinations were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. A comparison of the sensitivity to inhibition by zinc of GABA(A) receptors in SVZa precursor cells and in CHO-K1 cells expressing various combinations of recombinant GABA(A) receptor subunits suggested that the gamma2S subunit was present and functional in the GABA(A) receptor chloride channel complex. Thus, SVZa precursor cells are GABAergic and a subset of the GABA(A) receptor subunits detected in the olfactory bulb was found in the SVZa, as might be expected because SVZa progenitor cells migrate to the bulb as they differentiate. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 305-322, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10038},
	Author = {Stewart, R. R. and Hoge, G. J. and Zigova, T. and Luskin, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:39:59 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {02 Adult neurogenesis migration;BB pdf;03 Adult neurogenesis progenitor source},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 12420 Parklawn Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8115.},
	Pages = {305-322.},
	Title = {Neural progenitor cells of the neonatal rat anterior subventricular zone express functional GABA(A) receptors},
	Uuid = {C2BA2644-EA8B-45E3-8943-0A2A71C7A0E6},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Stewart_JNeurobiol2002}}




@article{Stosiek:2003,
	Abstract = {Two-photon calcium imaging is a powerful means for monitoring the activity of distinct neurons in brain tissue in vivo. In the mammalian brain, such imaging studies have been restricted largely to calcium recordings from neurons that were individually dye-loaded through microelectrodes. Previous attempts to use membrane-permeant forms of fluorometric calcium indicators to load populations of neurons have yielded satisfactory results only in cell cultures or in slices of immature brain tissue. Here we introduce a versatile approach for loading membrane-permeant fluorescent indicator dyes in large populations of cells. We established a pressure ejection-based local dye delivery protocol that can be used for a large spectrum of membrane-permeant indicator dyes, including calcium green-1 acetoxymethyl (AM) ester, Fura-2 AM, Fluo-4 AM, and Indo-1 AM. We applied this dye-loading protocol successfully in mouse brain tissue at any developmental stage from newborn to adult in vivo and in vitro. In vivo two-photon Ca2+ recordings, obtained by imaging through the intact skull, indicated that whisker deflection-evoked Ca2+ transients occur in a subset of layer 2/3 neurons of the barrel cortex. Thus, our results demonstrate the suitability of this technique for real-time analyses of intact neuronal circuits with the resolution of individual cells.},
	Author = {Stosiek, Christoph and Garaschuk, Olga and Holthoff, Knut and Konnerth, Arthur},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Calcium Signaling;In Vitro;Animals;Glutamic Acid;Brain;in vitro ;Staining and Labeling;Physical Stimulation;Microscopy, Fluorescence;21 Calcium imaging;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Photons;Mice;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;optical physiology;optical imaging;in vivo;multiphoton},
	Medline = {22684521},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Physiologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Pettenkoferstrasse 12, 80336 Munich, Germany.},
	Pages = {7319-24},
	Pii = {1232232100},
	Pubmed = {12777621},
	Title = {In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks},
	Uuid = {A2735F15-3CD3-4148-86C1-933C1CF8CE6D},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Stosiek_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1232232100}}

































@article{Strogatz:2001,
	Abstract = {The study of networks pervades all of science, from neurobiology to statistical physics. The most basic issues are structural: how does one characterize the wiring diagram of a food web or the Internet or the metabolic network of the bacterium Escherichia coli? Are there any unifying principles underlying their topology? From the perspective of nonlinear dynamics, we would also like to understand how an enormous network of interacting dynamical systems-be they neurons, power stations or lasers-will behave collectively, given their individual dynamics and coupling architecture. Researchers are only now beginning to unravel the structure and dynamics of complex networks.},
	Author = {Strogatz, S. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;Systems Theory;research support, non-u.s. gov't;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Models, Theoretical;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6825},
	Organization = {Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and Center for Applied Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1503, USA. strogatz\@cornell.edu},
	Pages = {268-76},
	Pubmed = {11258382},
	Title = {Exploring complex networks},
	Uuid = {292E1D50-5510-43BE-8482-14F180B2E0AF},
	Volume = {410},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Strogatz_Nature2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35065725}}


@article{Stuart:1997,
	Abstract = {1. Initiation and propagation of action potentials evoked by extracellular synaptic stimulation was studied using simultaneous dual and triple patch pipette recordings from different locations on neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from 4-week-old rats (P26-30) at physiological temperatures. 2. Simultaneous cell-attached and whole-cell voltage recordings from the apical trunk (up to 700 microns distal to the soma) and the soma indicated that proximal synaptic stimulation (layer 4) initiated action potentials first at the soma, whereas distal stimulation (upper layer 2/3) could initiate dendritic regenerative potentials prior to somatic action potentials following stimulation at higher intensity. 3. Somatic action potentials, once initiated, propagated back into the apical dendrites in a decremented manner which was frequency dependent. The half-width of back propagating action potentials increased and their maximum rate of rise decreased with distance from the soma, with the peak of these action potentials propagating with a conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m s-1. 4. Back-propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree was associated with dendritic calcium electrogenesis, which was particularly prominent during bursts of somatic action potentials. 5. When dendritic regenerative potentials were evoked prior to somatic action potentials, the more distal the dendritic recording was made from the soma the longer the time between the onset of the dendritic regenerative potential relative to somatic action potential. This suggested that dendritic regenerative potentials were initiated in the distal apical dendrites, possibly in the apical tuft. 6. At any one stimulus intensity, the initiation of dendritic regenerative potentials prior to somatic action potentials could fluctuate, and was modulated by depolarizing somatic or hyperpolarizing dendritic current injection. 7. Dendritic regenerative potentials could be initiated prior to somatic action potentials by dendritic current injections used to simulate the membrane voltage change that occurs during an EPSP. Initiation of these dendritic potentials was not affected by cadmium (200 microM), but was blocked by TTX (1 microM). 8. Dendritic regenerative potentials in some experiments were initiated in isolated from somatic action potentials. The voltage change at the soma in response to these dendritic regenerative events was small and subthreshold, showing that dendritic regenerative events are strongly attenuated as they spread to the soma. 9. Simultaneous whole-cell recordings from the axon initial segment and the soma indicated that synaptic stimulation always initiated action potentials first in the axon. The further the axonal recording was made from the soma the greater the time delay between axonal and somatic action potentials, indicating a site of action potential initiation in the axon at least 30 microns distal to the soma. 10. Simultaneous whole-cell recordings from the apical dendrite, soma and axon initial segment showed that action potentials were always initiated in the axon prior to the soma, and with the same latency difference, independent of whether dendritic regenerative potentials were initiated or not. 11. It is concluded that both the apical dendrites and the axon of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons in P26-30 animals are capable of initiating regenerative potentials. Regenerative potentials initiated in dendrites, however, are significantly attenuated as they spread to the soma and axon. As a consequence, action potentials are always initiated in the axon before the soma, even when synaptic activation is intense enough to initiate dendritic regenerative potentials. Once initiated, the axonal action potentials are conducted orthogradely into the axonal arbor and retrogradely into the dendritic tree.},
	Author = {Stuart, G. and Schiller, J. and Sakmann, B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:41 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Electric Conductivity;Dendrites;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;in vitro ;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Rats, Wistar;Neocortex;Pyramidal Cells;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Axons},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany. Greg.Stuart\@anu.edu.au},
	Pages = {617-32},
	Pubmed = {9457640},
	Title = {Action potential initiation and propagation in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {15C45139-279F-4B86-8940-146253234D10},
	Volume = {505 ( Pt 3)},
	Year = {1997}}







@article{Sugino:2006,
	Abstract = {Identifying the neuronal cell types that comprise the mammalian forebrain is a central unsolved problem in neuroscience. Global gene expression profiles offer a potentially unbiased way to assess functional relationships between neurons. Here, we carried out microarray analysis of 12 populations of neurons in the adult mouse forebrain. Five of these populations were chosen from cingulate cortex and included several subtypes of GABAergic interneurons and pyramidal neurons. The remaining seven were derived from the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. Using these expression profiles, we were able to construct a taxonomic tree that reflected the expected major relationships between these populations, such as the distinction between cortical interneurons and projection neurons. The taxonomic tree indicated highly heterogeneous gene expression even within a single region. This dataset should be useful for the classification of unknown neuronal subtypes, the investigation of specifically expressed genes and the genetic manipulation of specific neuronal circuit elements.},
	Author = {Sugino, Ken and Hempel, Chris M. and Miller, Mark N. and Hattox, Alexis M. and Shapiro, Peter and Wu, Caizi and Huang, Z. Josh and Nelson, Sacha B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Electrophysiology;Animals;Bacterial Proteins;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Mice, Transgenic;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Male;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Prosencephalon;In Situ Hybridization;Brain Chemistry;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Flow Cytometry;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Genes, Reporter;Luminescent Proteins;Gene Expression;Data Interpretation, Statistical;Immunohistochemistry},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, MS 008, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {99-107},
	Pii = {nn1618},
	Pubmed = {16369481},
	Title = {Molecular taxonomy of major neuronal classes in the adult mouse forebrain},
	Uuid = {24DFF44D-C0A3-4D75-979D-6D0A0D6D4850},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Sugino_NatNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1618}}

@article{Sugiyama:2008,
	Abstract = {Neural circuits are shaped by experience in early postnatal life. Distinct GABAergic connections within visual cortex determine the timing of the critical period for rewiring ocular dominance to establish visual acuity. We find that maturation of the parvalbumin (PV)-cell network that controls plasticity onset is regulated by a selective re-expression of the embryonic Otx2 homeoprotein. Visual experience promoted the accumulation of non-cell-autonomous Otx2 in PV-cells, and cortical infusion of exogenous Otx2 accelerated both PV-cell development and critical period timing. Conversely, conditional removal of Otx2 from non-PV cells or from the visual pathway abolished plasticity. Thus, the experience-dependent transfer of a homeoprotein may establish the physiological milieu for postnatal plasticity of a neural circuit.},
	Author = {Sugiyama, Sayaka and Di Nardo, Ariel A. and Aizawa, Shinichi and Matsuo, Isao and Volovitch, Michel and Prochiantz, Alain and Hensch, Takao K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4172},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Sensory Deprivation;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neuronal Plasticity;Parvalbumins;Recombinant Proteins;Interneurons;Animals;Humans;Mice;Otx Transcription Factors;Visual Pathways},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Lab for Neuronal Circuit Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
	Pages = {508-20},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(08)00839-8},
	Pubmed = {18692473},
	Title = {Experience-dependent transfer of Otx2 homeoprotein into the visual cortex activates postnatal plasticity},
	Uuid = {08FFB5E3-B3F6-4EFE-9EC2-EB0FCC632D1E},
	Volume = {134},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Sugiyama_Cell2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sugiyama_Cell2008a.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.054}}



@article{Sultan:2002,
	Abstract = {The mammalian brain is composed of several distinct parts which show different growth in evolution. Clark, Mitra and Wang found that the two main cortices of the brain - the cerebral (neo-) cortex and the cerebellum - show very different growth, and that whereas the ratio of neocortex volume to total brain volume increases with evolution, the cerebellum occupies a constant proportion in different species. Here I compare the surface areas of the two cortices in different species and find that these show a simple proportionality. Contrary to the conclusion drawn by Clark et al., this linear dependence of size implies that the two major cortices increase their computational capacity in parallel, suggesting a functional dependence of the one upon the other. 0028-0836 Comment Journal Article},
	Author = {Sultan, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Cerebellum/anatomy &histology;Human;Mammals;Models, Neurological;Brain/*anatomy &histology;Neocortex/anatomy &histology;Surface Properties;N;Primates/anatomy &histology;Animals;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology;*Evolution;19 Neocortical evolution;Body Weights and Measures},
	Number = {6868},
	Organization = {Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tubingen, Germany. fahad.sultan\@uni-tuebingen.de},
	Pages = {133-4},
	Pubmed = {11805821},
	Title = {Analysis of mammalian brain architecture},
	Uuid = {DFE00301-6821-427F-BFA0-AD6D0F98651E},
	Volume = {415},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11805821}}




@article{Sun:2000,
	Abstract = {Quantitative reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the relative expressions of NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, and NR3 subunits of the NMDA receptor in the piriform, entorhinal, visual, and motor cortices as well as in the olfactory bulb of adult rat. The analysis detected clear differences in the relative proportions of the NMDA receptor subunits between the five forebrain regions examined. These differences were particularly striking when the piriform and motor cortices were compared. In the piriform cortex, NR1 was the predominant transcript. The expression of NR2A was only slightly higher than half of that of NR1. NR2B was expressed even at lower levels ( approximately 30\%of NR1). NR2C and NR3 were expressed at levels which were approximately 15\%of those of NR1. NR2D had the lowest levels of expression ( approximately 3\%of NR1). In contrast, NR2B was the predominant transcript in the motor cortical region, where it was expressed at the levels close to 135\%of those of NR1 message. NR2A had the levels of expression of approximately 50\%of those of NR1. The NR2C expression was close to 25\%that of NR1, and the NR2D and NR3 transcripts were totally absent from this cortical area. These findings suggest a significant regional variability of the NMDA receptors in the adult rat forebrain. 0887-4476 Journal Article},
	Author = {Sun, L. and Shipley, M. T. and Lidow, M. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Synapse},
	Keywords = {Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism;I;Rats;Cerebral Cortex/*metabolism;Olfactory Bulb/*metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;RNA, Messenger/*metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Male;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.},
	Pages = {212-21},
	Pubmed = {10657028},
	Title = {Expression of NR1, NR2A-D, and NR3 subunits of the NMDA receptor in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb of adult rat},
	Uuid = {66F2BECE-FC1B-455B-B40F-F966927FA07B},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10657028}}


	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is associated with local activation of microglia and astroglia, infiltration of activated macrophages and T cells, active degradation of myelin and damage to axons and neurons. The proposed role for CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in the control of microglia activation and leukocyte infiltration places this chemokine and its receptor CX3CR1 in a potentially strategic position to control key aspects in the pathological events that are associated with development of brain lesions in MS. In this study, we examine this hypothesis by analyzing the distribution, kinetics, regulation and cellular origin of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 mRNA expression in the CNS of rats with an experimentally induced MS-like disease, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: The expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 was studied with in situ hybridization histochemical detection of their mRNA with radio labeled cRNA probes in combination with immunohistochemical staining of phenotypic cell markers. Both healthy rat brains and brains from rats with MOG-induced EAE were analyzed. In defined lesional stages of MOG-induced EAE, the number of CX3CR1 mRNA-expressing cells and the intensity of the in situ hybridization signal were determined by image analysis. Data were statistically evaluated by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Expression of CX3CL1 mRNA was present within neuronal-like cells located throughout the neuraxis of the healthy rat. Expression of CX3CL1 remained unaltered in the CNS of rats with MOG-induced EAE, with the exception of an induced expression in astrocytes within inflammatory lesions. Notably, the brain vasculature of healthy and encephalitic animals did not exhibit signs of CX3CL1 mRNA expression. The receptor, CX3CR1, was expressed by microglial cells in all regions of the healthy brain. Induction of MOG-induced EAE was associated with a distinct accumulation of CX3CR1 mRNA expressing cells within the inflammatory brain lesions, the great majority of which stained positive for markers of the microglia-macrophage lineage. Analysis in time-staged brain lesions revealed elevated levels of CX3CR1 mRNA in microglia in the periplaque zone, as well as a dramatically enhanced accumulation of CX3CR1 expressing cells within the early-active, late-active and inactive, demyelinated lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate constitutive and regulated expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 by neurons/astrocytes and microglia, respectively, within the normal and inflamed rat brain. Our findings propose a mechanism by which neurons and reactive astrocytes may control migration and function of the surrounding microglia. In addition, the accumulation of CX3CR1 expressing cells other than microglia within the inflammatory brain lesions indicate a possible role for CX3CL1 in controlling invasion of peripheral leucocytes to the brain.},
	Author = {Sunnemark, and Eltayeb, and Nilsson, and Wallstrom, and Lassmann, and Olsson, and Berg, and Ericsson-Dahlstrand,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1742-2094},
	Journal = {J Neuroinflammation},
	Keywords = {11 Glia},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {101222974},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {17},
	Pii = {1742-2094-2-17},
	Pubmed = {16053521},
	Title = {CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CX3CR1 expression in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: kinetics and cellular origin},
	Uuid = {7A4486E9-E487-446C-B61B-86A2A5DE2C75},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-2-17}}


@article{Sur:2002,
	Abstract = {Two recent studies have tested whether synaptic learning rules, inferred earlier from work on cell cultures and brain slices, apply in intact brains. The evidence indicates that they do, and reveals interesting implications for brain development and perceptual learning.},
	Author = {Sur, Mriganka and Schummers, James and Dragoi, Valentin},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0960-9822},
	Journal = {Curr Biol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Visual Perception;21 Neurophysiology;Neuronal Plasticity;in vitro ;Models, Neurological;Learning;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Brain;Humans;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {9107782},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton St, E25-235, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. msur\@ai.mit.edu},
	Pages = {R168-70},
	Pii = {S0960982202007339},
	Pubmed = {11882305},
	Title = {Cortical plasticity: time for a change},
	Uuid = {8A6E16B1-95DC-4E4A-9A32-4593E538777D},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Sur_CurrBiol2002.pdf}}

@article{Sur:2001,
	Abstract = {The development of cortical layers, areas and networks is mediated by a combination of factors that are present in the cortex and are influenced by thalamic input. Electrical activity of thalamocortical afferents has a progressive role in shaping cortex. For early thalamic innervation and patterning, the presence of activity might be sufficient; for features that develop later, such as intracortical networks that mediate emergent responses of cortex, the spatiotemporal pattern of activity often has an instructive role. Experiments that route projections from the retina to the auditory pathway alter the pattern of activity in auditory thalamocortical afferents at a very early stage and reveal the progressive influence of activity on cortical development. Thus, cortical features such as layers and thalamocortical innervation are unaffected, whereas features that develop later, such as intracortical connections, are affected significantly. Surprisingly, the behavioural role of 'rewired' cortex is also influenced profoundly, indicating the importance of patterned activity for this key aspect of cortical function.},
	Author = {Sur, M. and Leamey, C. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Retina;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Neuronal Plasticity;Ferrets;21 Activity-development;Neocortex;21 Circuit structure-function;Auditory Pathways;Animals;Thalamus;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Axons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. msur\@ai.mit.edu},
	Pages = {251-62},
	Pii = {35067562},
	Pubmed = {11283748},
	Title = {Development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks},
	Uuid = {39AE349B-633F-4528-A013-B24AAC430E79},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Sur_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35067562}}

@article{Sur:2005,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. Recent evidence has begun to transform our understanding of how cortical areas form, make specific connections with other brain regions, develop unique processing networks, and adapt to changes in inputs.},
	Author = {Sur, Mriganka and Rubenstein, John L. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Animals;Humans;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;review;Axons;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Nerve Net;Thalamus;Morphogenesis;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;21 Circuit structure-function;21 Activity-development;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Body Patterning;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dominance, Ocular;Models, Neurological;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5749},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 46-6237, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. msur\@mit.edu},
	Pages = {805-10},
	Pii = {310/5749/805},
	Pubmed = {16272112},
	Title = {Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {001747AC-7D44-4711-9966-3042053EDA71},
	Volume = {310},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Sur_Science2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1112070}}



@article{Sutor:1998,
	Abstract = {The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA(B)) receptors in the generation and maintenance of bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity in rat neocortical slices was studied using electrophysiological methods. A block of GABA(B) receptors in the presence of functional GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition was not sufficient to induce epileptiform activity. In the presence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (10 microM) and at suprathreshold stimulation, the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35348 (10-300 microM) significantly potentiated epileptiform activity. With stimulation at threshold intensity, low concentrations of CGP 35348 (10-30 microM) potentiated bicuculline-induced activity, whereas higher concentrations (100-300 microM) invariably led to a reversible suppression of stimulus-evoked epileptiform discharges. CGP 35348 also enhanced picrotoxin-induced epileptiform activity, but at higher concentrations it was considerably less effective in suppressing such epileptiform discharges. The GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid partially mimicked the actions of CGP 35348: with stimulation at threshold intensity, it reversibly suppressed bicuculline-induced epileptiform field potentials, but it did not influence epileptiform activity induced by picrotoxin. We conclude that a postsynaptic blockade of GABA(B) receptors induces an amplification of epileptiform activity in neocortical slices disinhibited by GABA(A) receptor antagonists. An additional blockade of presynaptic GABA(B) receptors, especially under conditions of weak stimulation of the neurons, reduces the inhibitory auto-feedback control of GABA release, leading to a displacement of competitive antagonists from the postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor and hence, to a suppression of epileptiform activity induced by competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonists.},
	Author = {Sutor, B. and Luhmann, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;In Vitro;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;21 Epilepsy;Epilepsy;Rats, Wistar;Receptors, GABA-B;Bicuculline;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Organophosphorus Compounds;GABA Antagonists;Convulsants;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99046841},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Institute of Physiology, University of Munich, Germany. bernd.sutor\@lrz.uni-muenchen.de},
	Pages = {3417-27},
	Pubmed = {9824455},
	Title = {Involvement of GABA(B) receptors in convulsant-induced epileptiform activity in rat neocortex in vitro},
	Uuid = {0757FDFF-570C-46E2-A926-3C29A578C757},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1998}}





@article{Svoboda:2006,
	Abstract = {The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range from individual synapses (approximately 1 microm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from the flickering of channels (less than a millisecond) to long-term memory (years). Remarkably, fluorescence microscopy has the potential to revolutionize research on all of these spatial and temporal scales. Two-photon excitation (2PE) laser scanning microscopy allows high-resolution and high-sensitivity fluorescence microscopy in intact neural tissue, which is hostile to traditional forms of microscopy. Over the last 10 years, applications of 2PE, including microscopy and photostimulation, have contributed to our understanding of a broad array of neurobiological phenomena, including the dynamics of single channels in individual synapses and the functional organization of cortical maps. Here we review the principles of 2PE microscopy, highlight recent applications, discuss its limitations, and point to areas for future research and development.},
	Author = {Svoboda, Karel and Yasuda, Ryohei},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Confocal;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Photobleaching;21 Neurophysiology;Neurosciences;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Microscopy;Fluorescence;Multiphoton;Humans;Animals;review;optical physiology;optical imaging;Technique;Optics},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {HHMI, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. svoboda\@cshl.edu},
	Pages = {823-39},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00411-9},
	Pubmed = {16772166},
	Title = {Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience},
	Uuid = {29D4A676-2017-42C6-B478-5E235B3BE2CC},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Svoboda_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.019}}

@article{Swadlow:2001,
	Abstract = {Considerable effort has gone into understanding the mechanisms underlying high-frequency 'bursting' of thalamocortical impulses, their sensory information content and their involvement in perception. However, little is known about the influence of such impulses on their cortical targets. Here we follow bursting thalamic impulses to their terminus at the thalamocortical synapse of the awake rabbit, and examine their influence on a class of somatosensory cortical neurons. We show that thalamic bursts potently activate cortical circuits. Initial impulses of each burst have a greatly enhanced ability to elicit cortical action potentials, and later impulses in the burst further raise the probability of eliciting spikes. In some cases, multiple cortical spikes result from a single burst. Moreover, we show that the interval preceding each burst is crucial for generating the enhanced cortical response. The powerful activation of neocortex by thalamocortical bursts is fully consistent with an involvement of these impulses in perceptual/attentional processes.},
	Author = {Swadlow, H. A. and Gusev, A. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Electrophysiology;Rabbits;Animals;Somatosensory Cortex;Thalamus;Microelectrodes;Neurons},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, The University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA. swadlow\@psych.psy.uconn.edu},
	Pages = {402-8},
	Pii = {86054},
	Pubmed = {11276231},
	Title = {The impact of 'bursting' thalamic impulses at a neocortical synapse},
	Uuid = {38A08784-398E-44FA-97BB-AF6CC83910AB},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Swadlow_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86054}}

@article{Swann:2000,
	Abstract = {The nervous system has an enhanced capacity to generate seizures during a restricted phase of postnatal development. Studies in animals and particularly in in vitro brain slices from hippocampus and neocortex have been instrumental in furthering an understanding of the underlying processes. Developmental alterations in glutaminergic excitatory synaptic transmission appear to play a key role in the enhanced seizure susceptible of rodents during the second and third week of life. Prior to this period, the number of excitatory synapses is relatively low. The scarcity of connections and the inability of the existing synapses to release glutamate when activated at high frequencies likely contribute importantly to the resistance of neonates to seizures. However, at the beginning of week 2, a dramatic outgrowth of excitatory synapses occurs, and these synapses are able to faithfully follow activation at high frequencies. These changes, coupled with the prolonged nature of synaptic potentials in early life, likely contribute to the ease of seizure generation. After this time, seizure susceptibility declines, patterns of local synaptic connectivity remodel, and some synapses are pruned. Concurrently, the duration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials shortens due at least in part to a switch in the subunit composition of postsynaptic receptors. Other studies have examined the mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy initiated in early life. Models of both cortical dysplasia and recurrent early-life seizures suggest that alterations in the normal development of excitatory synaptic transmission can contribute importantly to chronic epileptic conditions. In the recurrent early-life seizure model, abnormal use-dependent selection of subpopulations of excitatory synapses may play a role. In experimental cortical dysplasia, alterations in the molecular composition of postsynaptic receptor are observed that favor subunit combinations characteristic of infancy.},
	Author = {Swann, J. W. and Hablitz, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1080-4013},
	Journal = {Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev},
	Keywords = {Causality;Receptors, Glutamate;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Synapses;Humans;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;review;Synaptic Transmission;Brain;Epilepsy;21 Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Disease Models, Animal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Age Factors;Excitatory Amino Acids;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition},
	Medline = {20561134},
	Nlm_Id = {9517974},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. jswann\@bcm.tmc.edu},
	Pages = {258-67},
	Pii = {10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4<258::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-H},
	Pubmed = {11107191},
	Title = {Cellular abnormalities and synaptic plasticity in seizure disorders of the immature nervous system},
	Uuid = {438BB358-10E6-4662-9E5A-248637EC3C81},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Swann_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4%3C258::AID-MRDD5%3E3.0.CO;2-H}}



@article{Syken:2006,
	Abstract = {Experience can alter synaptic connectivity throughout life, but the degree of plasticity present at each age is regulated by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PirB, an MHC Class I (MHCI) receptor, is expressed in subsets of neurons throughout the brain. Neuronal PirB protein is associated with synapses and forms complexes with the phosphatases Shp-1 and Shp-2. Soluble PirB fusion protein binds to cortical neurons in an MHCI-dependent manner. In mutant mice lacking functional PirB, cortical ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is more robust at all ages. Thus, an MHCI receptor is expressed in CNS neurons and functions to limit the extent of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex throughout life. PirB is also expressed in many other regions of the CNS, suggesting that it may function broadly to stabilize neural circuits.},
	Author = {Syken, and Grandpre, and Kanold, and Shatz,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pii = {1128232},
	Pubmed = {16917027},
	Title = {PirB Restricts Ocular-Dominance Plasticity in Visual Cortex},
	Uuid = {2B1D52E9-0A32-4F5A-A6FA-C4060DF8A0C8},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Syken_Science2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128232}}

@article{Szabadics:2006,
	Abstract = {Axons in the cerebral cortex receive synaptic input at the axon initial segment almost exclusively from gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing (GABAergic) axo-axonic cells (AACs). The axon has the lowest threshold for action potential generation in neurons; thus, AACs are considered to be strategically placed inhibitory neurons controlling neuronal output. However, we found that AACs can depolarize pyramidal cells and can initiate stereotyped series of synaptic events in rat and human cortical networks because of a depolarized reversal potential for axonal relative to perisomatic GABAergic inputs. Excitation and signal propagation initiated by AACs is supported by the absence of the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 in the axon.},
	Author = {Szabadics, J{\'a}nos and Varga, Csaba and Moln{\'a}r, G{\'a}bor and Ol{\'a}h, Szabolcs and Barz{\'o}, P{\'a}l and Tam{\'a}s, G{\'a}bor},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;in vitro;Animals;Humans;Rats;Middle Aged;Symporters;Axons;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5758},
	Organization = {Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, K{\"o}z\`{e}p fasor 52, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.},
	Pages = {233-5},
	Pii = {311/5758/233},
	Pubmed = {16410524},
	Title = {Excitatory effect of GABAergic axo-axonic cells in cortical microcircuits},
	Uuid = {7222999C-F63C-4061-B9B5-EC9ACE179601},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Szabadics_Science2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121325}}


@article{Szirmai:1980,
	Author = {Szirmai, I. and Vollmer, R. and Lapins, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0300-5186},
	Journal = {Monogr Neural Sci},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rabbits;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Acetylcholine;Electrodes, Implanted},
	Medline = {82103776},
	Nlm_Id = {0357002},
	Pages = {25-9},
	Pubmed = {7322161},
	Title = {Analysis of cortical spread of acetylcholine (ACh)--induced epileptiform discharges},
	Uuid = {00966560-7F08-4482-BA93-F67CE8B775AD},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1980}}








@article{Takahashi:2007,
	Abstract = {Functional multineuron calcium imaging (fMCI) is a large-scale optical recording technique that monitors the spatiotemporal pattern of action potentials, all at once, from large neuron populations. fMCI has unique advantages, including: (i) simultaneous recording from >1000 neurons in a wide area, (ii) single-cell resolution, (iii) identifiable location of neurons and (iv) detection of non-active neurons during the observation period. We review herein the principle, history, utility and limitations of fMCI.},
	Author = {Takahashi, Naoya and Sasaki, Takuya and Usami, Atsushi and Matsuki, Norio and Ikegaya, Yuji},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;History, 20th Century;Calcium;21 Calcium imaging;Diagnostic Imaging;historical article;Nerve Net;Animals;History, 21st Century;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Neurons},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.},
	Pages = {219-25},
	Pii = {S0168-0102(07)00110-1},
	Pubmed = {17418439},
	Title = {Watching neuronal circuit dynamics through functional multineuron calcium imaging (fMCI)},
	Uuid = {BD8EAEC5-3635-4CDE-8906-19E758729BFA},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_NeurosciRes2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.03.001}}

@article{Takahashi:2003,
	Abstract = {The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA-Rs into synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex. In vivo gene delivery was combined with in vitro recordings to show that experience drives recombinant GluR1, an AMPA-R subunit, into synapses formed between layer 4 and layer 2/3 neurons. Moreover, expression of the GluR1 cytoplasmic tail, a construct that inhibits synaptic delivery of endogenous AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation, blocked experience-driven synaptic potentiation. In general, synaptic incorporation of AMPA-Rs in vivo conforms to rules identified in vitro and contributes to plasticity driven by natural stimuli in the mammalian brain. 1095-9203 Journal Article},
	Author = {Takahashi, T. and Svoboda, K. and Malinow, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Long-Term Potentiation;Touch;Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism;Electrophysiology;Animals;*Neuronal Plasticity;*Synaptic Transmission;Rats;Somatosensory Cortex/*metabolism/virology;Vibrissae/physiology;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Synapses/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Gene Transfer Techniques;Neurons/*metabolism/virology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;K pdf;Receptors, AMPA/genetics/*metabolism;Sindbis Virus/genetics;16 Barrels},
	Number = {5612},
	Organization = {Jones Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.},
	Pages = {1585-8},
	Title = {Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses},
	Uuid = {1388F444-2DFC-495F-88E3-63BA7D3AAFF3},
	Volume = {299},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Takahashi_Science2003.pdf}}


@article{Takasu:2002,
	Abstract = {Protein-protein interactions and calcium entry through the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor regulate synaptic development and plasticity in the central nervous system. The EphB receptor tyrosine kinases are localized at excitatory synapses where they cluster and associate with NMDA receptors. We identified a mechanism whereby EphBs modulate NMDA receptor function. EphrinB2 activation of EphB in primary cortical neurons potentiates NMDA receptor-dependent influx of calcium. Treatment of cells with ephrinB2 led to NMDA receptor tyrosine phosphorylation through activation of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. These ephrinB2-dependent events result in enhanced NMDA receptor-dependent gene expression. Our findings indicate that ephrinB2 stimulation of EphB modulates the functional consequences of NMDA receptor activation and suggest a mechanism whereby activity-independent and activity-dependent signals converge to regulate the development and remodeling of synaptic connections. 1095-9203 Journal Article},
	Author = {Takasu, M. A. and Dalva, M. B. and Zigmond, R. E. and Greenberg, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Ephrin-B2;Cell Line;Models, Neurological;Receptor, EphB4;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism;Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism;Glutamic Acid/metabolism;Membrane Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology;Receptors, Eph Family;Genes, Reporter;Signal Transduction;Transcription, Genetic;Phosphotyrosine/metabolism;src-Family Kinases/metabolism;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology;Neurons/*metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mutation;DNA-Binding Protein, Cyclic AMP-Responsive/metabolism;Immunoglobulins, Fc;Rats;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics/*metabolism;Calcium/*metabolism;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Synapses/metabolism;Phosphorylation;*Gene Expression Regulation;Human;C abstr},
	Number = {5554},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and the Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {491-5},
	Pubmed = {11799243},
	Title = {Modulation of NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx and gene expression through EphB receptors},
	Uuid = {BE724942-26D0-4935-87F1-AB34F3C53591},
	Volume = {295},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11799243}}
























@article{Tao:2002,
	Abstract = {Transcription of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is regulated in a calcium- and neuron-selective manner; however, the mechanisms that underlie this selectivity are not known. We have characterized a new calcium-response element, CaRE1, that is required for activity-dependent transcription of BDNF exon III and have cloned a transcription factor, CaRF, that activates transcription from BDNF promoter III in a CaRE1-dependent manner. The transcriptional activity of CaRF is regulated in a calcium- and neuron-selective manner, suggesting that CaRF may confer selectivity upon the activity-dependent induction of BDNF exon III expression.},
	Author = {Tao, Xu and West, Anne E. and Chen, Wen G. and Corfas, Gabriel and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Two-Hybrid System Techniques;Transcription Factors;Tissue Distribution;Rats, Long-Evans;Gene Expression Regulation;Animals;Rats;Cells, Cultured;Humans;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Exons;Brain;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Cyclic AMP;In Situ Hybridization;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid;Response Elements;Nuclear Proteins;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Amino Acid Sequence;Genes, Reporter;Molecular Sequence Data;1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine;Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {383-95},
	Pii = {S089662730100561X},
	Pubmed = {11832226},
	Title = {A calcium-responsive transcription factor, CaRF, that regulates neuronal activity-dependent expression of BDNF},
	Uuid = {3C69B97F-B331-4140-987F-D54C6A34F67B},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2002}}


@article{Tashiro:2002,
	Abstract = {Morphological and functional alterations in astrocytic glia are often found in epileptic syndromes, although the exact role of astrocytes in epilepsy is poorly understood. During calcium imaging of epileptiform events in juvenile neocortical slices we previously discovered cells with spontaneous oscillations in their intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). We have now characterized these oscillations using two in vitro models of epilepsy and find that they are produced by astrocytes. Astrocytic oscillations are widespread throughout the imaged territories, are remarkably regular and have long periods, averaging 100 s, which become shorter during development. Astrocytic oscillations are uncorrelated among themselves and with epileptiform events, are blocked by internal release antagonists and are stimulated by caffeine. Astrocytic calcium oscillations could mediate reactive astrogliosis, contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic epileptic syndromes, and be used as a diagnostic test for epileptic tissue.},
	Author = {Tashiro, Ayumu and Goldberg, Jesse and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3034},
	Journal = {J Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {Calcium Signaling;Astrocytes;In Vitro;Animals;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Reference Values;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Calcium;Time Factors;21 Calcium imaging;Disease Models, Animal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Potentials;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Oscillometry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21615271},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0213640},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, Box 2435, New York, New York 10027, USA. at226\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {45-55},
	Pii = {10.1002/neu.10019},
	Pubmed = {11748632},
	Title = {Calcium oscillations in neocortical astrocytes under epileptiform conditions},
	Uuid = {B3E78942-8AB2-4CBE-8510-D680421F1BAC},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Tashiro_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}}


@article{Tassi:2005,
	Abstract = {We present the results of a retrospective study on 10 patients operated on for intractable epilepsy associated with nodular heterotopia as identified by high resolution MRI. Seven patients had unilateral heterotopia, one patient had symmetric bilateral heterotopia and two patients had asymmetric bilateral heterotopia. By stereo-electroencephalogram (SEEG) (nine patients) interictal activity within nodules was similar in all cases, and ictal activity never started from nodules alone but from the overlying cortex or simultaneously in nodules and cortex. Excellent outcomes (Engel class Ia, 1987) were achieved in the seven patients with unilateral heterotopia, showing that surgery can be highly beneficial in such cases when the epileptogenic zone is carefully located prior to surgery by MRI and particularly SEEG. For the bilateral cases surgical outcomes were Engel IIa (one patient) or Engel IIIa (two patients). Histological/immunohistochemical studies of resected specimens showed that all nodules had similar microscopic organization, even though their extent and location varied markedly. The overlying cortex was dysplastic in nine patients, but of normal thickness. We suggest that nodule formation may be the result of a dual mechanism: (i) failure of a stop signal in the germinal periventricular region leading to cell overproduction; and (ii) early transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes resulting in defective neuronal migration. The intrinsic interictal epileptiform activity of nodules may be due to an impaired intranodular GABAergic system.},
	Author = {Tassi, L. and Colombo, N. and Cossu, M. and Mai, R. and Francione, S. and Lo Russo, G. and Galli, C. and Bramerio, M. and Battaglia, G. and Garbelli, R. and Meroni, A. and Spreafico, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1460-2156},
	Journal = {Brain},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Retrospective Studies;Treatment Outcome;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Adult;21 Neurophysiology;Brain Diseases;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Female;Electroencephalography;Choristoma;Male;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0372537},
	Number = {Pt 2},
	Organization = {Epilepsy Surgery Centre C. Munari, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.},
	Pages = {321-37},
	Pii = {awh357},
	Pubmed = {15618282},
	Title = {Electroclinical, MRI and neuropathological study of 10 patients with nodular heterotopia, with surgical outcomes},
	Uuid = {85D70F56-0474-44B4-97EF-76689A0C2686},
	Volume = {128},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh357}}










@article{Tekin:2002,
	Abstract = {Frontal-subcortical circuits form the principal network, which mediate motor activity and behavior in humans. Five parallel frontal-subcortical circuits link the specific areas of the frontal cortex to the striatum, basal ganglia and thalamus. These frontal-subcortical circuits originate from the supplementary motor area, frontal eye field, dorsolateral prefrontal region, lateral orbitofrontal region and anterior cingulate portion of the frontal cortex. The open afferent and efferent connections to the frontal-subcortical circuits mediate coordination between functionally similar areas of the brain. Specific chemoarchitecture and multiple neurotransmitter interactions modulate the functional activity of each circuit. Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit lesions cause executive dysfunction, orbitofrontal circuit lesions lead to personality changes characterized by disinhibition and anterior cingulate circuit lesions present with apathy. The neurobiological correlates of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse, imply involvement of frontal-subcortical circuits.},
	Author = {Tekin, Sibel and Cummings, Jeffrey L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3999},
	Journal = {J Psychosom Res},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neural Pathways;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neurochemistry;review, tutorial;Nerve Net;Humans;Brain;Cerebral Cortex;review;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {22160012},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0376333},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 90095, USA.},
	Pages = {647-54},
	Pii = {S0022399902004282},
	Pubmed = {12169339},
	Title = {Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update},
	Uuid = {E18ABEE1-8592-4109-8B62-81C5AD58BC8A},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Telfeian:1998,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Epileptiform discharges that resemble interictal spikes can be generated by slices of neocortex treated with antagonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptors. These discharges can propagate horizontally for long distances. We tested the hypothesis that propagation occurs through preferred horizontal pathways that lie in a particular cortical layer. METHODS: Slices were prepared from the primary somatosensory cortex of rats, maintained in vitro, and bathed with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Electrical stimuli were used to evoke single all-or-none paroxysmal field potentials (PFP) that were recorded with pairs or arrays of field potential electrodes. RESULTS: To test which laminae are necessary for propagation, vertical cuts were made to force the PFP to spread horizontally through particular layers. If slices were bathed in a high dose of picrotoxin (35 microM), a bridge of cortex 350 microm thick placed at any lamina was sufficient to support PFP propagation. However, in low picrotoxin doses (2.5 microM), similarly sized bridges had to include tissue from layers 4/5 or 5/6 to support propagation. When slices were cut horizontally (i.e., parallel to the pia) in strips. either upper-, middle-, or lower-layer strips were sufficient to support PFP propagation if the picrotoxin concentration was high; however, in low picrotoxin doses, only horizontal strips that included layer 5 could support propagation. Finally, in intact picrotoxin-treated slices, focal applications of GABA were systematically applied to different laminae as the PFP propagated past; GABA was most effective at blocking or delaying propagation when it was applied to layer 5b. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that epileptiform propagation can occur through a variety of horizontal pathways when cortical inhibition is strongly impaired. However, when inhibition is reduced only moderately, axonal pathways in layer 5 are critical for seizure spread.},
	Author = {Telfeian, A. E. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Picrotoxin;Electroencephalography;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Electric Stimulation;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neural Pathways;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Neocortex;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;GABA Antagonists;Membrane Potentials},
	Medline = {98333972},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {7},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {700-8},
	Pubmed = {9670897},
	Title = {Layer-specific pathways for the horizontal propagation of epileptiform discharges in neocortex},
	Uuid = {08D1904A-F7DB-44C6-9DFC-2D2F2C65F20A},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Telfeian:1999,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: The neocortex can generate various forms of epileptiform activity, including one that depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs), and another dependent on non-NMDA-type (AMPA) glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Previous work in vitro suggests that both forms of activity are initiated by neurons of layer 5, but the spatial patterns of horizontal propagation have been studied only for the AMPAR form. We have tested the hypothesis that both types of epileptiform activity spread via common pathways in one cortical layer, suggesting that lamina-specific intervention might selectively interrupt both. METHODS: Slices of rat somatosensory cortex were maintained in vitro and treated with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A))-receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Single all-or-none epileptiform discharges were evoked with an electrical stimulus, and extracellular microelectrodes were used to track the vertical and lateral spread of the discharges. RESULTS: In both high and low concentrations of picrotoxin, the non-NMDAR antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) completely blocked propagation, whereas the NMDAR antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (DAPV) only shortened the duration of discharges. When extracellular [Mg2+] was reduced in the presence of picrotoxin and CNQX, NMDAR-dependent epileptiform discharges could be initiated. NMDAR-dependent discharges spread at about one fifth the conduction velocity of AMPAR-dependent events. Analysis of spatiotemporal field-potential patterns suggested that both NMDAR- and AMPAR-mediated propagation involved early activity in layers 5 and 6, followed by larger-amplitude activity in upper cortical layers along the path of propagation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that a common pathway mediates the propagation of these two forms of epileptiform activity, and suggests that lamina-specific surgical intervention might maximize anticonvulsant effect while minimally disrupting cortical function.},
	Author = {Telfeian, A. E. and Connors, B. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Neural Pathways;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate;Receptors, AMPA;Magnesium;21 Neurophysiology;Picrotoxin;Somatosensory Cortex;6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Medline = {20029305},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
	Pages = {1499-506},
	Pubmed = {10565575},
	Title = {Epileptiform propagation patterns mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {58725955-9EB5-44A8-BE62-85B59FD4E913},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1999}}






@article{Terman:1996,
	Abstract = {Thalamic reticularis, thalamocortical, and cortical cells participate in the 7-14-hz spindling rhythm of early sleep and the slower delta rhythms of deeper sleep, with different firing patterns. In this case study, showing the interactions of intrinsic and synaptic properties, a change in the conductance of one kind of cell effectively rewires the thalamocortical circuit, leading to the transition from the spindling to the delta rhythm. The two rhythms make different uses of the fast (GABAA) and slow (GABAB) inhibition generated by the thalamic reticularis cells.},
	Author = {Terman, D. and Bose, A. and Kopell, N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Mathematics;Electroencephalography;Delta Rhythm;21 Neurophysiology;Models, Neurological;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Humans;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;Sleep;Thalamus},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {26},
	Organization = {Department of Mathematics, Boston University, MA 02215, USA.},
	Pages = {15417-22},
	Pubmed = {8986826},
	Title = {Functional reorganization in thalamocortical networks: transition between spindling and delta sleep rhythms},
	Uuid = {14DB1B5B-D532-4728-B5D5-0A16568A3B00},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Terman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}}

@article{Tettoni:1998,
	Abstract = {In order to determine to what extent the terminal arbors of phylogenetically and functionally distant axons are constructed according to common rules, we have compared visual callosal axons in cats (CCC axons) with thalamocortical axons to the whisker representation in mice (MTC axons). Both similarities and differences were found. Maximal order of branching, branching angles, topological distribution of branches and boutons are similar for all axons, indicating strong constraints in arbor formation. CCC and MTC axons are indistinguishable for total arbor length and number of branches, although these parameters can vary across individual axons of each group. MTC axons have longer and bouton-richer end-branches (the 'transmission compartment') while, in CCC axons, proximal, boutonless branches (the 'conduction compartment') predominate. Therefore, the two classes of axons appear to be specialized for performing different types of operations, in agreement with the available electrophysiological data and computer simulations. Differences in the length of branches were also observed between MTC axons of normal and 'barrelless' mice, suggesting that this parameter can be regulated by conditions at the terminal sites.},
	Author = {Tettoni, L. and Gheorghita-Baechler, F. and Bressoud, R. and Welker, E. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Presynaptic Terminals;Animals;Neural Pathways;Comparative Study;Phenotype;Visual Pathways;Axons;Vibrissae;Not relevant;11 Glia;Models, Anatomic;Mice, Neurologic Mutants;Computer Simulation;Thalamus;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;Cats;Models, Neurological;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {98429184},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {543-52},
	Pubmed = {9758217},
	Title = {Constant and variable aspects of axonal phenotype in cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {60E553F6-2E79-420D-B01C-95CA6DD8B0EF},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998}}




	Abstract = {The interactions between dying neurons and phagocytotic cells within the developing and injured retina remain controversial. The present work explored the role of microglia and investigated whether so-called resident microglial cells are permanently responsible for removing cell debris whenever it is produced. As a first goal, I characterized some quantitative and morphometric features of the small ipsilateral retinocollicular projections and analysed the permanent function of phagocytosing microglia with these projections as a paradigm. To achieve this, I combined the fluorescent dyes Dil and 4Di-10ASP, both of which persist in the labelled ganglion cells after injection into the superior colliculus (SC), and retrograde labelling. After neuronal degradation, the dyes accompany the degradation products, become interiorized and then persist within the phagocytosing microglia. Consequently, early labelling of microglial cells can be assessed by injecting one dye into the SC during the first postnatal day of life, that is, prior to advanced natural neuronal cell death. Labelling of the remaining ipsilaterally projecting neurons with the second dye following intraorbital axotomy in adulthood and during subsequent neuronal death would therefore result in double labelling of some microglial cells, if these were involved in phagocytosis during both the natural and the induced phases of neuronal degradation. The ganglion cells which survived natural neuronal cell death remained fluorescent for 3 months after labelling with either dye on the day of the animal's birth, indicating that both fluorescent probes persisted within neurons. Quantitatively, 1770+/-220 ganglion cells/mm2 were labelled within the contralateral retina and a total population of 1442+/-120 cells/retina were observed within the periphery of the inferior/temporal quadrant of the ipsilateral retina. A smaller, ipsilateral projection of 150+/-24 cells/retina was uniformly scattered throughout the rest of the retinal surface. Transient projections of ganglion cells to either the contralateral or the ipsilateral colliculi and death of labelled ganglion cells during the first postnatal days resulted in labelling of 210+/-36 microglial cells/mm2 within the contralateral retina and a total number of 800+/-120 cells/retina within the inferior/temporal and 200+/-22 cells/retina within the rest of the retina. These labelled microglial cells were observed in adulthood and indicated that after taking away the neuronal cell debris they persisted within the retinal tissue. The small number of prelabelled ganglion cells which formed persistent ipsilateral projections until adulthood were axotomized by transecting the optic nerve, and resulted in additional labelling of microglial cells with the second fluorescent dye as well. Double-labelled microglia were observed within the inferior/temporal quadrant (3500+/-240 cells/retina) and to a lesser extent (340+/-40 cells/retina) scattered over the entire retinal surface. The chronotopological sequence of microglial labelling paralleled that of ganglion cell degeneration. Injection of protease inhibitors into the vitreous body during optic nerve transection retarded retrograde glial cell degeneration, probably by blocking microglial proteases. The results directly proved that the same microglial cells which remove neuronal cell debris in the postnatal retina were reactivated later in life to proteolytically degrade and then phagocytose neurons which had altered because of the axotomy.},
	Author = {Thanos,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Not relevant;Get paper from library;11 Glia;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of T{\"u}bingen School of Medicine, Schleichstrasse 12, 7400 T{\"u}bingen, FRG.},
	Pages = {1189-1207},
	Pii = {ejn_03121189},
	Pubmed = {12106219},
	Title = {The Relationship of Microglial Cells to Dying Neurons During Natural Neuronal Cell Death and Axotomy-induced Degeneration of the Rat Retina},
	Uuid = {F942FBD5-A8BF-4079-A40B-A0E0B41ED818},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1991}}







@article{Thom:2004,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Grey matter heterotopia are well-defined malformations of the cortex often associated with severe epilepsy. Defects have been identified in genes, including DCX and FLN1, that influence radial migration of postmitotic cells from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate. A proportion of cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing interneurons may arise from the ganglionic eminence of the ventral telencephalon. We aimed to identify the subtypes and localisation of interneurons within grey matter heterotopia relative to cortex. METHODS: By using quantitative immunohistochemistry, we studied the density and distribution of interneurons within six cases of grey matter heterotopia in postmortem tissue from patients with epilepsy. RESULTS: In many cases, a suggestion of focal rudimentary laminar arrangement and small reelin-positive cells was identified within the heterotopia. Immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase(65/57), parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin showed inhibitory neurons of all subtypes represented within the heterotopia, and of normal morphology. The mean densities of interneurons were overall similar to those of the overlying cortex, but the interneurons showed less organisation and were more randomly orientated compared with cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Interneurons within heterotopia probably arise from the ventricular zone, but their abnormal local organization may influence the epileptogenicity of these lesions.},
	Author = {Thom, Maria and Martinian, Lillian and Parnavelas, John G. and Sisodiya, Sanjay M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;10 Development;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Child, Preschool;Humans;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Cell Count;Child;Serine Endopeptidases;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;Male;Extracellular Matrix Proteins;Nervous System Malformations;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;10 genetics malformation;Adult;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Choristoma;Adolescent},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. M.Thom\@ion.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {916-23},
	Pii = {EPI46603},
	Pubmed = {15270756},
	Title = {Distribution of cortical interneurons in grey matter heterotopia in patients with epilepsy},
	Uuid = {51A154DA-0409-47DE-9149-EFDC90C617DF},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Thom_Epilepsia2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.46603.x}}




@article{Thomson:2003,
	Abstract = {This review summarizes the local circuit, interlaminar connections in adult mammalian neocortex. These were first demonstrated with anatomical techniques, which indicate some of the exquisite spatial precision present in the circuitry. Details, such as the class(es) of neurons targeted by some of these projections, have begun to be added in studies that combine paired/triple intracellular recordings with dye-filling of connected neurons. Clear patterns are emerging from these studies, with 'forward' projections from layer 4 to 3 and from 3 to 5 targeting both selected pyramidal cells and interneurons, while 'back' projections from layer 5 to 3 and from 3 to 4 target only interneurons. To place these data in a wider context, the major afferent inputs to and efferent outputs from each of the layers are discussed first.},
	Author = {Thomson, Alex M. and Bannister, A. Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Dendrites;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Efferent Pathways;Feedback;Pyramidal Cells;Neocortex;Vision;Interneurons;Afferent Pathways;Animals;Humans;Nerve Net;review;Thalamus},
	Medline = {22354036},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. alext\@rfc.ucl.ac.uk},
	Pages = {5-14},
	Pubmed = {12466210},
	Title = {Interlaminar connections in the neocortex},
	Uuid = {88C57EE0-2715-48A6-9F14-D6FC873B4E5F},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Thomson_CerebCortex2003.pdf}}

@article{Thorne:2006,
	Abstract = {Diffusion within the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is necessary for chemical signaling and for neurons and glia to access nutrients and therapeutics; however, the width of the ECS in living tissue remains unknown. We used integrative optical imaging to show that dextrans and water-soluble quantum dots with Stokes-Einstein diameters as large as 35 nm diffuse within the ECS of adult rat neocortex in vivo. Modeling the ECS as fluid-filled "pores" predicts a normal width of 38-64 nm, at least 2-fold greater than estimates from EM of fixed tissue. ECS width falls below 10 nm after terminal ischemia, a likely explanation for the small ECS visualized in electron micrographs. Our results will improve modeling of neurotransmitter spread after spillover and ectopic release and establish size limits for diffusion of drug delivery vectors such as viruses, liposomes, and nanoparticles in brain ECS.},
	Author = {Thorne, Robert G. and Nicholson, Charles},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Extracellular Space;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Rats;Female;Dextrans;Neocortex;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Quantum Theory;Diffusion;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nanotechnology;23 Technique},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {14},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {5567-72},
	Pii = {0509425103},
	Pubmed = {16567637},
	Title = {In vivo diffusion analysis with quantum dots and dextrans predicts the width of brain extracellular space},
	Uuid = {FED4DD8C-E767-4CCF-B7D6-BE111677467A},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509425103}}










@article{Toledo-Rodriguez:2004,
	Abstract = {The computational power of the neocortex arises from interactions of multiple neurons, which display a wide range of electrical properties. The gene expression profiles underlying this phenotypic diversity are unknown. To explore this relationship, we combined whole-cell electrical recordings with single-cell multiplex RT-PCR of rat (p13-16) neocortical neurons to obtain cDNA libraries of 26 ion channels (including voltage activated potassium channels, Kv1.1/2/4/6, Kvbeta1/2, Kv2.1/2, Kv3.1/2/3/4, Kv4.2/3; sodium/potassium permeable hyperpolarization activated channels, HCN1/2/3/4; the calcium activated potassium channel, SK2; voltage activated calcium channels, Caalpha1A/B/G/I, Cabeta1/3/4), three calcium binding proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin and calretinin) and GAPDH. We found a previously unreported clustering of ion channel genes around the three calcium-binding proteins. We further determined that cells similar in their expression patterns were also similar in their electrical properties. Subsequent regression modeling with statistical resampling yielded a set of coefficients that reliably predicted electrical properties from the expression profile of individual neurons. This is the first report of a consistent relationship between the co-expression of a large profile of ion channel and calcium binding protein genes and the electrical phenotype of individual neocortical neurons.},
	Author = {Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria and Blumenfeld, Barak and Wu, Caizhi and Luo, Junyi and Attali, Bernard and Goodman, Philip and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:33 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Predictive Value of Tests;Rats;Neocortex;Gene Expression Profiling;Rats, Wistar;In Vitro;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {1310-27},
	Pii = {bhh092},
	Pubmed = {15192011},
	Title = {Correlation maps allow neuronal electrical properties to be predicted from single-cell gene expression profiles in rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {092E318D-B8C4-4FEF-B946-D1C205B783FD},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh092}}





@article{Torii:2005,
	Abstract = {Molecular mechanisms generating the topographic organization of corticothalamic (CT) circuits, which comprise more than three-quarters of the synaptic inputs onto sensory relay neurons, and their interdependence with thalamocortical (TC) axon development are unknown. Using in utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer, we show that EphA7-mediated signaling on neocortical axons controls the within-nucleus topography of CT projections in the thalamus. Notably, CT axons that mis-express EphA7 do not shift the relative positioning of their pathway within the subcortical telencephalon (ST), indicating that they do not depend upon EphA7/ephrin-A signaling in the ST for establishing this topography. Moreover, mis-expression of cortical EphA7 results in disrupted topography of CT projections, but unchanged inter- and intra-areal topography of TC projections. Our results support a model in which EphA/ephrin-A signaling controls independently the precision with which CT and TC projections develop, yet is essential for establishing their topographic reciprocity.},
	Author = {Torii, Masaaki and Levitt, Pat},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Thalamus;Receptor, EphA7;24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 Development;Telencephalon;Neural Pathways;10 circuit formation;Neocortex;Receptor, EphA5;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Mice;Cerebral Cortex;Mice, Inbred Strains;Axons},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.},
	Pages = {563-75},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00788-9},
	Pubmed = {16301174},
	Title = {Dissociation of corticothalamic and thalamocortical axon targeting by an EphA7-mediated mechanism},
	Uuid = {CA8E51B1-58BF-4FF2-BAF2-71D442BF7559},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Torii_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.021}}

@article{Torres-Reveron:2007,
	Abstract = {Subplate (SP) neurons are important for the proper development of thalamocortical innervation. They are necessary for formation of ocular dominance and orientation columns in visual cortex. During the perinatal period, many SP neurons die. The surviving cohort forms interstitial cells in the white matter (WM) and a band of horizontally oriented cells below layer VI (layer VIb, layer VII, or subplate cells). Although the function of embryonic SP neurons has been well established, the functional roles of WM and postnatal SP cells are not known. We used a combination of anatomical, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological techniques to explore the dendritic morphology, neurotransmitter phenotype, intrinsic electrophysiological, and synaptic input properties of these surviving cells in the rat visual cortex. The density of SP and WM cells significantly decreases during the first month of life. Both populations express neuronal markers and have extensive dendritic arborizations within the SP, WM, and to the overlying visual cortex. Some intrinsic electrophysiological properties of SP and WM cells are similar: each generates high-frequency slowly adapting trains of action potentials in response to a sustained depolarization. However, SP cells exhibit greater frequency-dependent action potential broadening than WM neurons. Both cell types receive predominantly AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic input that undergoes paired-pulse facilitation as well as NMDA receptor and GABAergic input. Synaptic inputs to these cells can also undergo long-term synaptic plasticity. Thus, surviving SP and WM cells are functional electrogenic neurons integrated within the postnatal visual cortical circuit.},
	Author = {Torres-Reveron, Juan and Friedlander, Michael J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Rats;Cell Survival;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals, Newborn;Animals;Nerve Fibers, Myelinated;Visual Pathways;Neurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {37},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.},
	Pages = {9962-74},
	Pii = {27/37/9962},
	Pubmed = {17855610},
	Title = {Properties of persistent postnatal cortical subplate neurons},
	Uuid = {6094A116-956F-4A06-B53B-E8B2BCFEB106},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Torres-Reveron_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1536-07.2007}}

@article{Touret:2007,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: In absence epilepsy, the neuronal hyper-excitation and hyper-synchronization, which induce spike and wave discharges in a cortico-thalamic loop are suspected to be due to an imbalance between GABA and glutamate (GLU) neurotransmission. In order to elucidate the role played by GLU in disease outcome, we measured cortical and thalamic extracellular levels of GLU and GABA. We used an in vivo quantitative microdialysis approach (no-net-flux method) in an animal model of absence epilepsy (GAERS). In addition, by infusing labelled glutamate through the microdialysis probe, we studied in vivo glutamate uptake in the cortex and thalamus in GAERS and non-epileptic control (NEC) rats. Expression of the vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 and a synaptic component, synaptophysin, was also measured. RESULTS: Although extracellular concentrations of GABA and GLU in the cortex and thalamus were not significantly different between GAERS and NEC rats, cortical GLU uptake was significantly decreased in unrestrained awake GAERS. Expression of VGLUT2 and synaptophysin was increased in the cortex of GAERS compared to NEC rats, but no changes were observed in the thalamus. CONCLUSION: The specific decrease in GLU uptake in the cortex of GAERS linked to synaptic changes suggests impairment of the glutamatergic terminal network. These data support the idea that a change in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the cortex could contribute to hyperexcitability in absence epilepsy.},
	Author = {Touret, Monique and Parrot, Sandrine and Denoroy, Luc and Belin, Marie-Fran\c{c}oise F. and Didier-Bazes, Marianne},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-2202},
	Journal = {BMC Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Nlm_Id = {100966986},
	Organization = {INSERM, U842, Lyon; Universit{\'e} de Lyon, Lyon1, Facult{\'e} de M{\'e}decine Laennec, UMR-S842, Lyon, F-69372, France. touret\@univ-lyon1.fr},
	Pages = {69},
	Pii = {1471-2202-8-69},
	Pubmed = {17725845},
	Title = {Glutamatergic alterations in the cortex of genetic absence epilepsy rats},
	Uuid = {B1AF8D45-3DED-4A97-9FF0-6C3ABE97FD71},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-69}}


@article{Tornquist:1997,
	Abstract = {Motor nerve transection in adult rats induce a series of metabolic and structural changes in the injured neurons as well as in surrounding glial cells; however, without substantial neuronal degeneration. In the present study we found, in contrast with axotomy, a massive neuronal death in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus following injection of toxic ricin (RCA) into the hypoglossal nerve, which is in line with previous observations. Injection of RCA enables examination of the glial reaction in a situation where neuronal degeneration is profound, which has been the approach in the present study. We found an increase in OX42-, GFAP-, and transferrin-immunoreactivity in microglial, astroglial, and oligodendroglial cells respectively, in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus three to seven days following injection of toxic ricin in the hypoglossal nerve. Proliferation was found in astrocytes as well as in microglial cells, as shown by uptake of bromodeoxyuridine. In addition, the complement cascade was activated locally in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical detection of complement components C3d and C9. Complement activation may serve several effects in the glial-neuronal interactions. Stimulation of phagocytosis by reactive microglia is probably the most important one. Furthermore, the degenerative neuronal somata showed increased immunoreactivity for clusterin, which is a known complement inhibitor, but a decrease in clusterin-mRNA. In conclusion, the glial cell response was in several aspects principally different following massive motorneuron degeneration induced by toxic ricin in comparison to previous findings reported after axotomy.},
	Author = {T{\"o}rnquist, E. and Liu, L. and Mattsson, P. and Svensson, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Glycoproteins;Median Eminence;Nerve Degeneration;Animals;Ricin;Rats;Female;Complement Inactivators;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Not relevant;11 Glia;In Situ Hybridization;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neuroglia;Molecular Chaperones;Complement Activation;Motor Neurons;Immunohistochemistry;Injections;Cell Death;Hypoglossal Nerve},
	Medline = {97364195},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.},
	Pages = {167-75},
	Pii = {S0168010297000400},
	Pubmed = {9220473},
	Title = {Response of glial cells and activation of complement following motorneuron degeneration induced by toxic ricin},
	Uuid = {1C9E6BBC-F740-4D4E-94E2-4682CCE066ED},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {1997}}






@article{Traub:2004,
	Abstract = {A variety of population oscillations, at frequencies approximately 5 Hz up to 200 Hz and above, can be induced in hippocampal slices either by (a) manipulation of the ionic environment, or (b) by stimulation of metabotropic receptors; brief oscillations can even occur spontaneously. In this review, we consider in vitro theta (4-12 Hz), gamma/beta (15-70 Hz), and very fast oscillations (VFO) (>70 Hz). Many in vitro oscillations are gated by synaptic inhibition but are influenced by electrical coupling as well; one type depends solely on electrical coupling. For some oscillations dependent upon inhibition, the detailed firing patterns of interneurons can influence long-range synchronization. Two sorts of electrical coupling are important in modulating or generating various in vitro oscillations: (a) between interneurons, primarily between dendrites; and (b) between axons of pyramidal neurons. VFO can exist in isolation or can act as generators of gamma frequency oscillations. Oscillations at gamma frequencies and below probably create conditions under which synaptic plasticity can occur, between selected neurons-even those separated by significant axonal conduction delays.},
	Author = {Traub, Roger D. and Bibbig, Andrea and LeBeau, Fiona E. N. and Buhl, Eberhard H. and Whittington, Miles A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0147-006X},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Biological Clocks;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Neural Pathways;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Inhibition;Electrophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Humans;Interneurons;review;Nerve Net},
	Nlm_Id = {7804039},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA. roger.traub\@downstate.edu},
	Pages = {247-78},
	Pubmed = {15217333},
	Title = {Cellular mechanisms of neuronal population oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro},
	Uuid = {70159DBE-9159-4BC8-9CAC-AD0CA2794254},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Traub_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144303}}

@article{Traub:2001,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: We propose an experimentally and clinically testable hypothesis, concerning the origin of very fast (> approximately 70 Hz) EEG oscillations that sometimes precede the onset of focal seizures. These oscillations are important, as they may play a causal role in the initiation of seizures. METHODS: Subdural EEG recordings were obtained from children with focal cortical dysplasias and intractable seizures. Intra- and extracellular recordings were performed in rat hippocampal slices, with induction of population activity, as follows: (a) bath-applied tetramethylamine (an intracellular alkalinizing agent, that opens gap junctions); (b) bath-applied carbachol, a cholinergic agonist; and (c) focal pressure ejection of hypertonic K+ solution. Detailed network simulations were performed, the better to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying oscillations. A major feature of the simulations was inclusion of axon-axon gap junctions between principal neurons, as supported by recent experimental data. RESULTS: Very fast oscillations were found in children before seizure onset, but also superimposed on bursts during the seizure, and on interictal bursts. In slice experiments, very fast oscillations had previously been seen on interictal-like bursts; we now show such oscillations before, between, and after epileptiform bursts. Very fast oscillations were also seen superimposed on gamma (30-70 Hz) oscillations induced by carbachol or hypertonic K+, and in the latter case, very fast oscillations became continuous when chemical synapses were blocked. Simulations replicate these data, when axonal gap junctions are included. CONCLUSIONS: Electrical coupling between principal neurons, perhaps via axonal gap junctions, could underlie very fast population oscillations, in seizure-prone brain, but possibly also in normal brain. The anticonvulsant potential of gap-junction blockers such as carbenoxolone, now in clinical use for treatment of ulcer disease, should be considered.},
	Author = {Traub, R. D. and Whittington, M. A. and Buhl, E. H. and LeBeau, F. E. and Bibbig, A. and Boyd, S. and Cross, H. and Baldeweg, T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred BALB C;Animals;Subdural Space;Humans;Rats;Seizures;Brain;Videotape Recording;review;Axons;Rats, Wistar;Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;Carbenoxolone;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microelectrodes;21 Gap junctions;Electroencephalography;Electrodes, Implanted},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. r.d.traub\@bham.ac.uk},
	Pages = {153-70},
	Pii = {epi26900},
	Pubmed = {11240585},
	Title = {A possible role for gap junctions in generation of very fast EEG oscillations preceding the onset of, and perhaps initiating, seizures},
	Uuid = {F732A624-8EA7-4DFE-ADBC-B74C59C8D99F},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Traub_Epilepsia2001.pdf}}

@article{Traub:1999,
	Abstract = {In hippocampal slices, high-frequency (125-333 Hz) synchronized oscillations have been shown to occur amongst populations of pyramidal neurons, in a manner that is independent of chemical synaptic transmission, but which is dependent upon gap junctions. At the intracellular level, high-frequency oscillations are associated with full-sized action potentials and with fast prepotentials. Using simulations of two pyramidal neurons, we previously argued that the submillisecond synchrony, and the rapid time-course of fast prepotentials, could be explained, in principle, if the requisite gap junctions were located between pyramidal cell axons. Here, we use network simulations (3072 pyramidal cells) to explore further the hypothesis that gap junctions occur between axons and could explain high-frequency oscillations. We show that, in randomly connected networks with an average of two gap junctions per cell, or less, synchronized network bursts can arise without chemical synapses, with frequencies in the experimentally observed range (spectral peaks 125-182 Hz). These bursts are associated with fast prepotentials (or partial spikes and spikelets) as observed in physiological recordings. The critical assumptions we must make for the oscillations to occur are: (i) there is a background of ectopic axonal spikes, which can occur at low frequency (one event per 25 s per axon); (ii) the gap junction resistance is small enough that a spike in one axon can induce a spike in the coupled axon at short latency (in the model, a resistance of 273 M omega works, with an associated latency of 0.25 ms). We predict that axoaxonal gap junctions, in combination with recurrent excitatory synapses, can induce the occurrence of high-frequency population spikes superimposed on epileptiform field potentials.},
	Author = {Traub, R. D. and Schmitz, D. and Jefferys, J. G. and Draguhn, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Models, Neurological;Presynaptic Terminals;Pyramidal Cells;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Edgbaston, UK.},
	Pages = {407-26},
	Pii = {S0306-4522(98)00755-6},
	Pubmed = {10408594},
	Title = {High-frequency population oscillations are predicted to occur in hippocampal pyramidal neuronal networks interconnected by axoaxonal gap junctions},
	Uuid = {0534CA85-1D53-41BB-AE0D-BBBB36604BCD},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Traub:2002,
	Abstract = {We hypothesized in 1998 that gap junctions might be located between the axons of principal hippocampal neurons, based on the shape of spikelets (fast prepotentials), occurring during gap junction-mediated very fast (to approximately 200 Hz) network oscillations in vitro. More recent electrophysiological, pharmacological and dye-coupling data indicate that axonal gap junctions exist; so far, they appear to be located about 100 microm from the soma, in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Computer modeling and theory predict that axonal gap junctions can lead to very fast network oscillations under three conditions: a) there are spontaneous axonal action potentials; b) the number of gap junctions in the network is neither too low (not less than to approximately 1.5 per cell on average), nor too high (not more than to approximately 3 per cell on average); c) action potentials can cross from axon to axon via gap junctions. Simulated oscillations resemble biological ones, but condition (c) remains to be demonstrated directly. Axonal network oscillations can, in turn, induce oscillatory activity in larger neuronal networks, by a variety of mechanisms. Axonal networks appear to underlie in vivo ripples (to approximately 200 Hz field potential oscillations superimposed on physiological sharp waves), to drive gamma (30-70 Hz) oscillations that appear in the presence of carbachol, and to initiate certain types of ictal discharge. If axonal gap junctions are important for seizure initiation in humans, there could be practical consequences for antiepileptic therapy: at least one gap junction-blocking compound, carbenoxolone, is already in clinical use (for treatment of ulcer disease), and it crosses the blood-brain barrier.},
	Author = {Traub, Roger D. and Draguhn, Andreas and Whittington, Miles A. and Baldeweg, Torsten and Bibbig, Andrea and Buhl, Eberhard H. and Schmitz, Dietmar},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0334-1763},
	Journal = {Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Humans;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Histamine H2 Antagonists;Neural Conduction;Synaptic Transmission;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Epilepsy;review;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Gap Junctions;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Axons;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;21 Gap junctions;Interneurons;Methylamines;Carbenoxolone;in vitro},
	Nlm_Id = {8711016},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn 11203, USA. roger.traub\@downstate.edu},
	Pages = {1-30},
	Pubmed = {12013024},
	Title = {Axonal gap junctions between principal neurons: a novel source of network oscillations, and perhaps epileptogenesis},
	Uuid = {3F508854-C6AE-43EF-B31B-FD1D478E35B9},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Traub:1982,
	Abstract = {Interictal spikes are a simple kind of epileptic neuronal activity. Field potentials and intracellular recordings observed during interictal spikes of penicillin-treated slices of the hippocampus were reproduced by a mathematical model of a network of 100 hippocampal neurons from the region including CA2 and CA3. The model shows that this form of neuronal synchronization arises because of mutual excitation between neurons, each of which is capable of intrinsic bursting in response to a brief input.},
	Author = {Traub, R. D. and Wong, R. K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Models, Biological;Penicillins;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Time Factors;21 Gap junctions;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {4547},
	Pages = {745-7},
	Pubmed = {7079735},
	Title = {Cellular mechanism of neuronal synchronization in epilepsy},
	Uuid = {1435CB50-DBA2-4C27-9638-70E8F7834B49},
	Volume = {216},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{Traulsen:2007,
	Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The basic idea of tag-based models for cooperation is that individuals recognize each other via arbitrary signals, so-called tags. If there are tags of different colors, then cooperators can always establish new signals of recognition. The resulting "chromodynamics" is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Cooperators use a secret tag until they are discovered by defectors who then destroy cooperation based on this tag. Subsequently, a fraction of the population manages to establish cooperation based on a new tag. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We derive a mathematical description of stochastic evolutionary dynamics of tag-based cooperation in populations of finite size. Benefit and cost of cooperation are given by b and c. We find that cooperators are more abundant than defectors if b/c > 1+2u/v, where u is the mutation rate changing only the strategy and v is the mutation rate changing strategy and tag. We study specific assumptions for u and v in two genetic models and one cultural model. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In a genetic model, tag-based cooperation only evolves if a gene encodes both strategy and tag. In a cultural model with equal mutation rates between all possible phenotypes (tags and behaviors), the crucial condition is b/c > (K+1)/(K-1), where K is the number of tags. A larger number of tags requires a smaller benefit-to-cost ratio. In the limit of many different tags, the condition for cooperators to have a higher average abundance than defectors becomes b > c.},
	Author = {Traulsen, Arne and Nowak, Martin A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;09 Evolutionary dynamics;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. traulsen\@fas.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {e270},
	Pubmed = {17342204},
	Title = {Chromodynamics of cooperation in finite populations},
	Uuid = {1319B9DA-8A67-4543-B2AE-6FA5C4161483},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Traulsen_PLoSONE2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000270}}

@article{Trevelyan:2006,
	Abstract = {What regulates the spread of activity through cortical circuits? We present here data indicating a pivotal role for a vetoing inhibition restraining modules of pyramidal neurons. We combined fast calcium imaging of network activity with whole-cell recordings to examine epileptiform propagation in mouse neocortical slices. Epileptiform activity was induced by washing Mg2+ ions out of the slice. Pyramidal cells receive barrages of inhibitory inputs in advance of the epileptiform wave. The inhibitory barrages are effectively nullified at low doses of picrotoxin (2.5-5 microM). When present, however, these inhibitory barrages occlude an intense excitatory synaptic drive that would normally exceed action potential threshold by approximately a factor of 10. Despite this level of excitation, the inhibitory barrages suppress firing, thereby limiting further neuronal recruitment to the ictal event. Pyramidal neurons are recruited to the epileptiform event once the inhibitory restraint fails and are recruited in spatially clustered populations (150-250 microm diameter). The recruitment of the cells within a given module is virtually simultaneous, and thus epileptiform events progress in intermittent (0.5-1 Hz) steps across the cortical network. We propose that the interneurons that supply the vetoing inhibition define these modular circuit territories.},
	Author = {Trevelyan, Andrew J. and Sussillo, David and Watson, Brendon O. and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Epilepsy;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;GABA Modulators;Action Potentials;Mice, Inbred C57BL;Neural Inhibition;in vitro;Neocortex;comparative study;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, GABA-A},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {48},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. andytrev\@gmail.com},
	Pages = {12447-55},
	Pii = {26/48/12447},
	Pubmed = {17135406},
	Title = {Modular propagation of epileptiform activity: evidence for an inhibitory veto in neocortex},
	Uuid = {C3D6040A-4C9F-4E46-A43D-E96843190F66},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2787-06.2006}}

@article{Trevelyan:2007,
	Abstract = {It is still poorly understood how epileptiform events can recruit cortical circuits. Moreover, the speed of propagation of epileptiform discharges in vivo and in vitro can vary over several orders of magnitude (0.1-100 mm/s), a range difficult to explain by a single mechanism. We previously showed how epileptiform spread in neocortical slices is opposed by a powerful feedforward inhibition ahead of the ictal wave. When this feedforward inhibition is intact, epileptiform spreads very slowly (approximately 100 microm/s). We now investigate whether changes in this inhibitory restraint can also explain much faster propagation velocities. We made use of a very characteristic pattern of evolution of ictal activity in the zero magnesium (0 Mg2+) model of epilepsy. With each successive ictal event, the number of preictal inhibitory barrages dropped, and in parallel with this change, the propagation velocity increased. There was a highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) between the two measures over a 1000-fold range of velocities, indicating that feedforward inhibition was the prime determinant of the speed of epileptiform propagation. We propose that the speed of propagation is set by the extent of the recruitment steps, which in turn is set by how successfully the feedforward inhibitory restraint contains the excitatory drive. Thus, a single mechanism could account for the wide range of propagation velocities of epileptiform events observed in vitro and in vivo.},
	Author = {Trevelyan, Andrew J. and Sussillo, David and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {13},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. andytrev\@gmail.com},
	Pages = {3383-7},
	Pii = {27/13/3383},
	Pubmed = {17392454},
	Title = {Feedforward inhibition contributes to the control of epileptiform propagation speed},
	Uuid = {3E86D9E7-51D1-441E-ABF8-AFE46AF4A80D},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0145-07.2007}}

@article{Trimarchi:2007,
	Abstract = {During development of the central nervous system (CNS), cycling uncommitted progenitor cells give rise to a variety of distinct neuronal and glial cell types. As these different cell types are born they progress from newly specified cells to fully differentiated neurons and glia. In order to define the developmental processes of individual cell types, single cell expression profiling was carried out on developing ganglion and amacrine cells of the murine retina. Individual cells from multiple developmental stages were isolated and profiled on Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization on dissociated retinas was used to verify and extend the microarray results by allowing quantitative measurements of a large number of cells coexpressing two genes. Together, these experiments have yielded an expanded view of the processes underway in developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells, as well as several hundred new marker genes for these cell types. In addition, this study has allowed for the definition of some of the molecular heterogeneity both between developing ganglion and amacrine cells and among subclasses of each cell type. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:1047-1065, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	Author = {Trimarchi, Jeffrey M. and Stadler, Michael B. and Roska, Botond and Billings, Nathan and Sun, Ben and Bartch, Brandon and Cepko, Constance L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.},
	Pages = {1047-65},
	Pubmed = {17444492},
	Title = {Molecular heterogeneity of developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells revealed through single cell gene expression profiling},
	Uuid = {6C21F51D-6141-4A76-A8A6-EED4CE5200C4},
	Volume = {502},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21368}}


@article{Tropea:2003,
	Abstract = {Damage to the adult CNS often causes devastating and permanent deficits because of the limited capacity of the brain for anatomical reorganization. The finding that collateral sprouting of uninjured fiber tracts mediates recovery of function prompts the search for experimental strategies that stimulate axonal plasticity after CNS trauma. Here we characterize treatments that promote the sprouting of undamaged retinal afferents into the denervated superior colliculus (SC) after a partial retinal lesion in the adult rat. Delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was performed to enhance the intrinsic potential of retinal ganglion cells to reelongate their axons. Reduction of the neurite growth-inhibitory properties of the adult SC was accomplished via treatment with chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC), which degrades chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Retinal axons were labeled via intraocular injections of fluorescently tagged cholera toxin B subunit, and fiber sprouting within the denervated SC was measured by quantitative laser-scanning confocal microscopy 1 week after the retinal lesion. We found that both the administration of BDNF and the injection of C-ABC induce significant sprouting of retinal afferents into the collicular scotoma. Remarkably, the combined treatment with BDNF and C-ABC showed synergistic effects on axon growth. Colocalization analysis with anti-synapsin antibodies demonstrated synapse formation by the sprouting axons. These results suggest that the combined treatment with BDNF and C-ABC can be relevant in therapies for the repair of the damaged adult CNS. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Tropea, D. and Caleo, M. and Maffei, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cholera Toxin;Drug Synergism;Rats, Long-Evans;Animals;Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/physiology;Nerve Fibers/drug effects;Proteochondroitin Sulfates/metabolism;Rats;Denervation;Cell Count;G, L pdf;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*pharmacology;11 Glia;Axons/drug effects/physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Synapses/drug effects/physiology;Scotoma/physiopathology;Retina/cytology/*drug effects/*physiology;Superior Colliculus/drug effects/*physiology;Drug Administration Routes;Chondroitin ABC Lyase/*pharmacology;Microglia/metabolism/pathology},
	Number = {18},
	Organization = {Istituto di Neuroscienze del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56100 Pisa, Italy.},
	Pages = {7034-44},
	Pubmed = {12904464},
	Title = {Synergistic effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and chondroitinase ABC on retinal fiber sprouting after denervation of the superior colliculus in adult rats},
	Uuid = {F7BCBBD0-6A93-4B4A-BAF7-23AC3E85F413},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12904464}}

@article{Tropea:2006,
	Abstract = {Two key models for examining activity-dependent development of primary visual cortex (V1) involve either reduction of activity in both eyes via dark-rearing (DR) or imbalance of activity between the two eyes via monocular deprivation (MD). Combining DNA microarray analysis with computational approaches, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and physiological imaging, we find that DR leads to (i) upregulation of genes subserving synaptic transmission and electrical activity, consistent with a coordinated response of cortical neurons to reduction of visual drive, and (ii) downregulation of parvalbumin expression, implicating parvalbumin-expressing interneurons as underlying the delay in cortical maturation after DR. MD partially activates homeostatic mechanisms but differentially upregulates molecular pathways related to growth factors and neuronal degeneration, consistent with reorganization of connections after MD. Expression of a binding protein of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is highly upregulated after MD, and exogenous application of IGF1 prevents the physiological effects of MD on ocular dominance plasticity examined in vivo.},
	Author = {Tropea, Daniela and Kreiman, Gabriel and Lyckman, Alvin and Mukherjee, Sayan and Yu, Hongbo and Horng, Sam and Sur, Mriganka},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Signal Transduction;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation;Neuronal Plasticity;Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis;Visual Pathways;Sensory Deprivation;Vision, Monocular;comparative study ;Darkness;RNA, Messenger;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Vision, Binocular;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Visual Cortex},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {660-8},
	Pii = {nn1689},
	Pubmed = {16633343},
	Title = {Gene expression changes and molecular pathways mediating activity-dependent plasticity in visual cortex},
	Uuid = {04E5AB24-D50C-4CD5-8902-D780A87C92D6},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1689}}




@article{Trotter:2006,
	Abstract = {Malformations of the neocortex are a common cause of human epilepsy; however, the critical issue of how disturbances in cortical organization render neurons epileptogenic remains controversial. The present study addressed this issue by studying inhibitory structure and function before seizure onset in the telencephalic internal structural heterotopia (tish) rat, which is a genetic model of heightened seizure susceptibility associated with a prominent neocortical malformation. Both normally positioned (normotopic) and misplaced (heterotopic) pyramidal neurons in the tish neocortex exhibited lower resting membrane potentials and a tendency toward higher input resistance compared with pyramidal neurons from control brains. GABAergic synaptic transmission was attenuated in the tish cortex, characterized by significant reductions in the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs recorded from pyramidal neurons. In addition, the amplitudes of sIPSCs were reduced in the tish neocortex, an effect that was more profound in the normotopic cells. Immunohistochemical assessment of presynaptic GABAergic terminals showed a reduction in terminals surrounding pyramidal cell somata in normotopic and heterotopic tish neocortex. The attenuation of inhibitory innervation was more prominent for normotopic neurons and was associated with a reduction in a subset of GABAergic interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin. Together, these findings indicate that key facets of inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission are disturbed before seizure onset in a brain predisposed to developing seizures. Such alterations represent a rational substrate for reduced seizure thresholds associated with certain cortical malformations.},
	Author = {Trotter, Stacey A. and Kapur, Jaideep and Anzivino, Matthew J. and Lee, Kevin S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Humans;Rats;Seizures;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Female;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;comparative study ;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;Disease Models, Animal;Male;Receptors, GABA-A;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Rats, Mutant Strains},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {42},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.},
	Pages = {10756-67},
	Pii = {26/42/10756},
	Pubmed = {17050714},
	Title = {GABAergic synaptic inhibition is reduced before seizure onset in a genetic model of cortical malformation},
	Uuid = {740869C6-793B-4744-9E80-448B8D5A3E54},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Trotter_JNeurosci2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2323-06.2006}}

@article{Trottier:1994,
	Abstract = {We present the histologic study of two patients who underwent cerebral cortex resection for partial seizures linked with cortical dysplasia. The distinction of areas of seizure origin from areas of seizure propagation was made according to stereoelectroencephalographic criteria. Samples of epileptogenic tissue were studied by using cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical stainings. We mapped the catecholaminergic afferents by employing antisera directed against tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase enzymes. The epileptic activity was correlated with the underlying patterns of cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical changes. The neuropathological features were focal and consisted of large neurons dispersed through all but the first cortical layer (associated in one case to giant glial cells), of variable disturbance of lamination, of neuronal ectopia in the white matter and of moderate proliferation of small glial cells. Areas of seizure onset coincided with that of dysplastic zones. Both laminar distribution and density of catecholaminergic fibers were altered in the dysplastic cortices (area of seizure onset) and there was an increase in the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the surrounding areas of seizure propagation. Our results indicate that these developmental epileptogenic lesions were associated with abnormal neuronal circuitry. They provide evidence at the structural level of the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity previously reported in spiking areas of human epileptogenic cerebral cortex and they suggest that catecholamines may contribute toward limiting seizure activity propagation.},
	Author = {Trottier, S. and Evrard, B. and Biraben, A. and Chauvel, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0920-1211},
	Journal = {Epilepsy Res},
	Keywords = {10 Development;case reports;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Epilepsies, Partial;Humans;Cadaver;Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase;Female;Child;Reference Values;Catecholamines;Male;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Cortex;Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Fibers;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8703089},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {CJF 90-12 INSERM, CHR Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.},
	Pages = {161-79},
	Pii = {0920-1211(94)90026-4},
	Pubmed = {7843171},
	Title = {Altered patterns of catecholaminergic fibers in focal cortical dysplasia in two patients with partial seizures},
	Uuid = {2832C502-341C-4BCB-9206-91E08EC83166},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Trotts:2007,
	Abstract = {Conventional microscopy, electron microscopy, and imaging techniques such as MRI and PET commonly generate large stacks of images of the sectioned brain. In other domains, such as neurophysiology, variables such as space or time are also varied along a stack axis. Digital image sizes have been progressively increasing and in virtual microscopy, it is now common to work with individual image sizes that are several hundred megapixels and several gigabytes in size. The interactive visualization of these high-resolution, multiresolution images in 2D has been addressed previously [Sullivan, G., and Baker, R., 1994. Efficient quad-tree coding of images and video. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 3 (3), 327-331]. Here, we describe a method for interactive visualization of multiresolution image stacks in 3D. The method, characterized as quad-tree based multiresolution image stack interactive visualization using a texel projection based criterion, relies on accessing and projecting image tiles from multiresolution image stacks in such a way that, from the observer's perspective, image tiles all appear approximately the same size even though they are accessed from different tiers within the images comprising the stack. This method enables efficient navigation of high-resolution image stacks. We implement this method in a program called StackVis, which is a Windows-based, interactive 3D multiresolution image stack visualization system written in C++ and using OpenGL. It is freely available at http://brainmaps.org.},
	Author = {Trotts, Issac and Mikula, Shawn and Jones, Edward G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1053-8119},
	Journal = {Neuroimage},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;23 Technique},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9215515},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.},
	Pages = {1038-43},
	Pii = {S1053-8119(07)00034-1},
	Pubmed = {17336095},
	Title = {Interactive visualization of multiresolution image stacks in 3D},
	Uuid = {050F2B61-D8A0-4C86-BBEE-3FF47A5F79F5},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.013}}






@article{Tsau:1999,
	Abstract = {The initiation site for triggering epileptiform activity was investigated via optical imaging using voltage-sensitive dyes in the neocortical slice perfused with artificial cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-microm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21-28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20-40 min after the preparation was perfused with zero-magnesium solution. There was a good correspondence between electrical and optical signals (n = 46), although the details of the two recordings were somewhat different. The initiation sites were measured optically in 11 preparations. Among them, four were found to be located in superficial layers, two were found in middle layers, and five were found in deep layers. Repeated recordings revealed that these initiation sites were relatively stable; shifting of the initiation site was not observed. Therefore spontaneous epileptiform activity could be initiated in various cortical layers, from layer I to layer VI. The activation started from a small area <0.04 mm(3) and spread smoothly from the initiation site to adjacent cortical areas, suggesting that the initiation site is very confined to one of the cortical layers. The initiation sites were distributed randomly in various cortical areas, and no higher probability was found in a special cortical region. Electrical stimulation delivered via a glass microelectrode filled with 2 M NaCl (2-5 MOhms) could reliably trigger epileptiform activity that had the same characteristics as the spontaneous activity. The cortical neurons activated directly by the stimulation were around the electrode's tip and estimated to be within a 50-microm area, suggesting that only a few neurons were needed to form an initiation site. Because the timing for stimulation was arbitrary and the evoked events were initiated independent of discharges of neurons in any other layers, it is likely that the initiation site for epileptiform activity in various cortical layers is independent of the control of layer V pyramidal neurons. Together these finding suggest that the epileptiform focus is confined and can be formed in several (probably all) neocortical layers and in many cortical areas. The initiating neurons may be of different types because neuronal types in various cortical layers are different.},
	Author = {Tsau, Y. and Guan, L. and Wu, J. Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Coloring Agents;Microscopy, Interference;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;In Vitro;Animals;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Neocortex;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Epilepsy;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {99445759},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Georgetown Institute for Cognitive and Computational Sciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.},
	Pages = {1965-73},
	Pubmed = {10515986},
	Title = {Epileptiform activity can be initiated in various neocortical layers: an optical imaging study},
	Uuid = {70775973-FA2A-4A58-8267-6E049E9F4A40},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Tsay:2004,
	Abstract = {Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory inputs in the brain, yet their function is still unclear. Imaging experiments have demonstrated their role in biochemical compartmentalization at individual synapses, yet theoretical studies have suggested that they could serve an electrical function in transforming synaptic inputs and transmitting dendritic spikes. Recent data indicate that spines possess voltage-dependent conductances and that these channels can be spine-specific. Although direct experimental investigations of the electrical properties of spines have not yet taken place, spines could play a significant electrical role, greatly influencing dendritic integration and the function of neural circuits.},
	Author = {Tsay, David and Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0166-2236},
	Journal = {Trends Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Brain;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Electric Conductivity;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Comparative Study;Models, Neurological;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Calcium imaging;Calcium;Electrophysiology;Animals;Humans;Membrane Potentials;Neurons;review},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1002 Fairchild, New York, NY 10032, USA. dt133\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {77-83},
	Pii = {S0166223603003849},
	Pubmed = {15102486},
	Title = {On the electrical function of dendritic spines},
	Uuid = {ED325D41-9F21-4A0A-B9F9-9B2F7E03004E},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2003.11.008}}

@article{Tschuluun:2005,
	Abstract = {Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are often associated with medically intractable epilepsy. In utero injection of methylazoxymethanol acetate into pregnant rats gives rise to dysplastic cell clusters ("heterotopia") in hippocampus (and nearby regions), providing an animal model of NMD. In the present study, we have examined the structural and functional integration of hippocampal heterotopic cells into circuits that link the heterotopia with surrounding "normal" brain. Bi-directional morphological connectivity between the heterotopia and hippocampus/neocortex was demonstrated using the neurotracer, biotinylated dextran amine. Single cell recordings in hippocampal slices showed that heterotopia neurons form functional connections with the surrounding hippocampus and neocortex. However, simultaneous field recordings from the CA1 heterotopia, normotopic hippocampus, and neocortex indicated that epileptiform discharges (spontaneous events seen in slices bathed with high [K+]o and bicuculline) were rarely initiated in the heterotopia (although the heterotopia was capable of generating epileptiform discharges independently of normal brain regions). Further, in most of the experiments, the aberrant connectivity provided by CA1 heterotopia failed to function as a "bridge" for epileptiform discharges to propagate directly from low-threshold hippocampus to neocortex. These data do not support the hypothesis that NMDs (heterotopic cell populations) serve as a focus and/or trigger for epileptiform activity, and/or facilitate propagation of epileptiform events.},
	Author = {Tschuluun, N. and Wenzel, J. H. and Katleba, K. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Pregnancy;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;Dextrans;Neural Pathways;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Female;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;Abnormalities, Drug-Induced;Brain Diseases;Bicuculline;Teratogens;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Potassium;21 Neurophysiology;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;GABA Antagonists;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Biotin},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Neuroscience Building, Room 612G, 1515 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95616, USA.},
	Pages = {327-42},
	Pii = {S0306-4522(05)00220-4},
	Pubmed = {15893654},
	Title = {Initiation and spread of epileptiform discharges in the methylazoxymethanol acetate rat model of cortical dysplasia: functional and structural connectivity between CA1 heterotopia and hippocampus/neocortex},
	Uuid = {C5661116-520C-4B72-9941-6C6BD926E4A8},
	Volume = {133},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.009}}

@article{Tsodyks:2000,
	Abstract = {Throughout the neocortex, groups of neurons have been found to fire synchronously on the time scale of several milliseconds. This near coincident firing of neurons could coordinate the multifaceted information of different features of a stimulus. The mechanisms of generating such synchrony are not clear. We simulated the activity of a population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons randomly interconnected into a recurrent network via synapses that display temporal dynamics in their transmission; surprisingly, we found a behavior of the network where action potential activity spontaneously self-organized to produce highly synchronous bursts involving virtually the entire network. These population bursts were also triggered by stimuli to the network in an all-or-none manner. We found that the particular intensities of the external stimulus to specific neurons were crucial to evoke population bursts. This topographic sensitivity therefore depends on the spectrum of basal discharge rates across the population and not on the anatomical individuality of the neurons, because this was random. These results suggest that networks in which neurons are even randomly interconnected via frequency-dependent synapses could exhibit a novel form of reflex response that is sensitive to the nature of the stimulus as well as the background spontaneous activity.},
	Author = {Tsodyks, M. and Uziel, A. and Markram, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Neuronal Plasticity;Models, Neurological;Nerve Net;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Medline = {20276368},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. bnmisha\@wicc.weizmann.ac.il},
	Pages = {RC50},
	Pubmed = {10627627},
	Title = {Synchrony generation in recurrent networks with frequency-dependent synapses},
	Uuid = {914CD5D5-E115-4190-A6EB-C79F063BE2A8},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}



@article{Tukker:2007,
	Abstract = {Cortical gamma oscillations contribute to cognitive processing and are thought to be supported by perisomatic-innervating GABAergic interneurons. We performed extracellular recordings of identified interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of anesthetized rats, revealing that the firing patterns of five distinct interneuron types are differentially correlated to spontaneous gamma oscillations. The firing of bistratified cells, which target dendrites of pyramidal cells coaligned with the glutamatergic input from hippocampal area CA3, is strongly phase locked to field gamma oscillations. Parvalbumin-expressing basket, axo-axonic, and cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons exhibit moderate gamma modulation, whereas the spike timing of distal dendrite-innervating oriens-lacunosum moleculare interneurons is not correlated to field gamma oscillations. Cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons fire earliest in the gamma cycle, a finding that is consistent with their suggested function of thresholding individual pyramidal cells. Furthermore, we show that field gamma amplitude correlates with interneuronal spike-timing precision and firing rate. Overall, our recordings suggest that gamma synchronization in vivo is assisted by temporal- and domain-specific GABAergic inputs to pyramidal cells and is initiated in pyramidal cell dendrites in addition to somata and axon initial segments.},
	Author = {Tukker, John J. and Fuentealba, Pablo and Hartwich, Katja and Somogyi, Peter and Klausberger, Thomas},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;Biological Clocks;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Action Potentials;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;comparative study;Interneurons;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {31},
	Organization = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {8184-9},
	Pii = {27/31/8184},
	Pubmed = {17670965},
	Title = {Cell type-specific tuning of hippocampal interneuron firing during gamma oscillations in vivo},
	Uuid = {7962E7FB-2910-483B-8151-CF7D77ECC118},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Tukker_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1685-07.2007}}


@article{Turrigiano:2006,
	Abstract = {Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is thought to have a crucial role in stabilizing the activity of neurons and networks, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In a recent study, Stellwagen and Malenka have shown that synaptic scaling can be induced by activity-dependent changes in release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and, surprisingly, that the source of TNF-alpha is glia rather than neurons. In addition to provide insight into the mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity, these data argue for the first time for an equal partnership between glial cells and neurons in the generation of an important form of synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-4914},
	Journal = {Trends Mol Med},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;Synapses;Mice, Knockout;Neuroglia;Homeostasis;Neuronal Plasticity;Signal Transduction;Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha;Animals;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Receptors, Glutamate},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {100966035},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. turrigiano\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {458-60},
	Pii = {S1471-4914(06)00171-7},
	Pubmed = {16931159},
	Title = {More than a sidekick: glia and homeostatic synaptic plasticity},
	Uuid = {F77BF962-EE1D-4F34-93C4-9901A2E54FED},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Turrigiano_TrendsMolMed2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2006.08.002}}

@article{Tyzio:2003,
	Abstract = {A depolarized resting membrane potential has long been considered to be a universal feature of immature neurons. Despite the physiological importance, the underlying mechanisms of this developmental phenomenon are poorly understood. Using perforated-patch, whole cell, and cell-attached recordings, we measured the membrane potential in CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices from postnatal rats. With gramicidin perforated-patch recordings, membrane potential was -44 +/- 4 (SE) mV at postnatal days P0-P2, and it progressively shifted to -67 +/- 2 mV at P13-15. A similar developmental change of the membrane potential has been also observed with conventional whole cell recordings. However, the value of the membrane potential deduced from the reversal potential of N-methyl-d-aspartate channels in cell-attached recordings did not change with age and was -77 +/- 2 mV at P2 and -77 +/- 2 mV at P13-14. The membrane potential measured using whole cell recordings correlated with seal and input resistance, being most depolarized in neurons with high, several gigaohms, input resistance and low seal resistance. Simulations revealed that depolarized values of the membrane potential in whole cell and perforated-patch recordings could be explained by a shunt through the seal contact between the pipette and membrane. Thus the membrane potential of CA3 pyramidal cells appears to be strongly negative at birth and does not change during postnatal development.},
	Author = {Tyzio, Roman and Ivanov, Anton and Bernard, Cristophe and Holmes, Gregory L. and Ben-Ari, Yehezkiel and Khazipov, Roustem},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Hippocampus;Female;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Animals, Newborn;Nerve Net;Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Potentials;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {22980207},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Institut de la Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}ditterran{\'e}e-Institute National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale U29, Marseille, France.},
	Pages = {2964-72},
	Pii = {00172.2003},
	Pubmed = {12867526},
	Title = {Membrane potential of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells during postnatal development},
	Uuid = {4ED2D7BD-7FA6-4BA4-ADF4-3289B54AC97E},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00172.2003}}

@article{Tyzio:1999,
	Abstract = {We have performed a morphofunctional analysis of CA1 pyramidal neurons at birth to examine the sequence of formation of GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs) and to determine their relation to the dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons. We report that at birth pyramidal neurons are heterogeneous. Three stages of development can be identified: (1) the majority of the neurons (80\%) have small somata, an anlage of apical dendrite, and neither spontaneous nor evoked PSCs; (2) 10\%of the neurons have a small apical dendrite restricted to the stratum radiatum and PSCs mediated only by GABA(A) receptors; and (3) 10\%of the neurons have an apical dendrite that reaches the stratum lacunosum moleculare and PSCs mediated both by GABA(A) and glutamate receptors. These three groups of pyramidal neurons can be differentiated by their capacitance (C(m) = 17.9 +/- 0.8; 30.2 +/- 1.6; 43.2 +/- 3.0 pF, respectively). At birth, the synaptic markers synapsin-1 and synaptophysin labeling are present in dendritic layers but not in the stratum pyramidale, suggesting that GABAergic peridendritic synapses are established before perisomatic ones. The present observations demonstrate that GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses are established sequentially with GABAergic synapses being established first most likely on the apical dendrites of the principal neurons. We propose that different sets of conditions are required for the establishment of functional GABA and glutamate synapses, the latter necessitating more developed neurons that have apical dendrites that reach the lacunosum moleculare region.},
	Author = {Tyzio, R. and Represa, A. and Jorquera, I. and Ben-Ari, Y. and Gozlan, H. and Aniksztejn, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0270-6474},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Cell Aging;Electrophysiology;Animals;Synapses;In Vitro;Rats;Glutamic Acid;21 Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;Time Factors;Male;Dendrites;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Biological Markers;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20044894},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {Institut de Neurobiologie de la M{\'e}dit{\'e}rran{\'e}e, Institut National de la Sant{\'e}, et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France.},
	Pages = {10372-82},
	Pubmed = {10575034},
	Title = {The establishment of GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on CA1 pyramidal neurons is sequential and correlates with the development of the apical dendrite},
	Uuid = {FBEBF37F-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Uesaka:2007,
	Abstract = {Target and activity-dependent mechanisms of axonal branching were studied in the thalamocortical (TC) projection using organotypic cocultures of the thalamus and cortex. TC axons were labeled with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) by a single-cell electroporation method and observed over time by confocal microscopy. Changes in the firing activity of cocultures grown on multielectrode dishes were also monitored over time. EYFP-labeled TC axons exhibited more branch formation in and around layer 4 of the cortical explant during the second week in vitro, when spontaneous firing activity increased in both thalamic and cortical cells. Time-lapse imaging further demonstrated that branching patterns were generated dynamically by addition and elimination with a bias toward branch accumulation in the target layer. To examine the relationship between neural activity and TC branch formation, the dynamics of axonal branching was analyzed under various pharmacological treatments. Chronic blockade of firing or synaptic activity reduced the remodeling process, in particular, branch addition in the target layer. However, extension of branches was not affected by this treatment. Together, these findings suggest that neural activity can modify the molecular mechanisms that regulate lamina-specific TC axon branching.},
	Author = {Uesaka, Naofumi and Hayano, Yasufumi and Yamada, Akito and Yamamoto, Nobuhiko},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;10 Development;21 Neurophysiology;10 circuit formation;21 Activity-development;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.},
	Pages = {5215-23},
	Pii = {27/19/5215},
	Pubmed = {17494708},
	Title = {Interplay between laminar specificity and activity-dependent mechanisms of thalamocortical axon branching},
	Uuid = {16BB8A78-9E30-4B3A-9259-3F786944FE61},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Uesaka_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4685-06.2007}}


@article{Uhlhaas:2006,
	Abstract = {Following the discovery of context-dependent synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in the visual system, novel methods of time series analysis have been developed for the examination of task- and performance-related oscillatory activity and its synchronization. Studies employing these advanced techniques revealed that synchronization of oscillatory responses in the beta- and gamma-band is involved in a variety of cognitive functions, such as perceptual grouping, attention-dependent stimulus selection, routing of signals across distributed cortical networks, sensory-motor integration, working memory, and perceptual awareness. Here, we review evidence that certain brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's are associated with abnormal neural synchronization. The data suggest close correlations between abnormalities in neuronal synchronization and cognitive dysfunctions, emphasizing the importance of temporal coordination. Thus, focused search for abnormalities in temporal patterning may be of considerable clinical relevance.},
	Author = {Uhlhaas, Peter J. and Singer, Wolf},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Brain Diseases;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Cognition Disorders;Alzheimer Disease;Autistic Disorder;Brain Mapping;Parkinson Disease;Cortical Synchronization;Animals;Humans;10 genetics malformation;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany. uhlhaas\@mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de},
	Pages = {155-68},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00727-6},
	Pubmed = {17015233},
	Title = {Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology},
	Uuid = {451712CD-A15D-4110-95A5-91BEF2AD3371},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Uhlhaas_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.020}}







@article{Uziel:2006,
	Abstract = {The complex task of wiring up the brain during embryonic development is achieved by a multitude of guidance signals acting in complex combinations to drive growing axons to their proper targets. The somatosensory system provides an extensively studied model system featuring many universal mechanisms of neural development. In rodents, it constitutes an important model to study how precise topographic connections are achieved. Recent evidence suggests that the Eph/ephrin family of guidance molecules is of pivotal importance for the development of the somatosensory system. Members of Eph/ephrin family are thought to be involved in the global presorting of thalamic axons projecting to the cortex, in labeling specific cortical areas for innervation, in providing topographic cues within the target area, and in distinguishing cortical layers for intracortical wiring. The Eph/ephrin system also seems to contribute to the formation of specific corticothalamic feedback projections. So far, the functions of only a few members of the Eph/ephrin family have been examined, but expression analysis indicates complex combinatorial effects of these signaling molecules. Understanding the Eph/ephrin wiring code is expected to yield new insights into the development and plasticity of brain circuits involved in higher functions.},
	Author = {Uziel, Daniela and Garcez, Patricia and Lent, Roberto and Peuckert, Christiane and Niehage, Ronny and Weth, Franco and Bolz, J{\"u}rgen},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1552-4884},
	Journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Neural Pathways;10 circuit formation;Ephrins;Somatosensory Cortex;Animals;Humans;Thalamus;review;Axons},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {101234285},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ci\^{e}ncias Biom{\'e}dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. daniuzi\@anato.ufrj.br},
	Pages = {135-42},
	Pubmed = {16411249},
	Title = {Connecting thalamus and cortex: the role of ephrins},
	Uuid = {EF502DD8-4B6C-48E9-A187-83F2A6B86C6F},
	Volume = {288},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20286}}









@article{Vasilyev:2002,
	Abstract = {The hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current I(h) shapes rhythmic firing and other components of excitability in differentiating neurons, and may thus influence activity-dependent CNS development. We therefore studied developmental changes in I(h) and underlying hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel subunits in pyramidal neurons of neonatal mouse hippocampus using electrophysiological and immunofluorescence approaches. I(h) conductance (at -80 mV) tripled in CA3 neurons and quintupled in CA1 neurons between postnatal day 1 (P1) and P20; parallel changes in membrane area resulted in current density maxima at P5 in CA3 and P10 in CA1. Concurrently, I(h) activation times fell sevenfold in CA3 and 10-fold in CA1. A computational model indicates that a decrease in I(h) activation time will increase the rhythmic firing rate. Two mechanisms contributed to more rapid I(h) activation at P20 in CA3 and CA1 neurons: a fall in the intrinsic time constants of two kinetic components, tau(fast) and tau(slow), to 35-40\%(at -90 mV) of their P1 values, and a preferential increase in fast component amplitude and contribution to I(h) (from approximately 35\%to approximately 74\%of total). HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 immunoreactivities showed independent temporal and spatial developmental patterns. HCN1 immunoreactivity was low at P1 and P5 and increased by P20. HCN2 immunoreactivity was detected at P1 and increased steadily up to P20. HCN4 immunoreactivity was initially low and showed a small increase by P20. We suggest that developmental increases in I(h) amplitude and activation rate reflect changes in the number and underlying structure of I(h) channels, and that I(h) maturation may shape rhythmic activity important for hippocampal circuit maturation. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Vasilyev, D. V. and Barish, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:12:00 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Protein Subunits;Electric Stimulation;Pyrimidines/pharmacology;Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology;In Vitro;Animals;Hippocampus/cytology/growth &development;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Periodicity;Ion Channels/antagonists &inhibitors/*metabolism;Pyramidal Cells/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Age Factors;I pdf;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Mice},
	Number = {20},
	Organization = {Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.},
	Pages = {8992-9004},
	Title = {Postnatal development of the hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current Ih in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons},
	Uuid = {5C5BE4B9-6BFD-463C-915D-245B00D974CA},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Vasilyev_JNeurosci2002.pdf}}



@article{Velling:1985,
	Abstract = {The action of optical radiation on neocortical bioelectrical activity and on a penicillin-induced epileptic focus was investigated. The direct action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation with wavelengths 280, 310, and 365 nm was shown to increase the amplitude of the spontaneous EEG and to potentiate epileptiform activity, whereas the action of subthreshold radiation with wavelengths of 580 and 630 nm caused a reduction of EEG amplitude and inhibition of epileptiform activity. On the basis of the writers' own results and data in the literature it is postulated that the mechanism of action of UV radiation on neocortical electrical activity is based on changes in permeability of neuronal membranes to Na and K ions and subsequent membrane depolarization, whereas the action of visible radiation leads to thermal injury to the neurons in the irradiated zone, inducing irreversible suppression of their activity and a decrease in amplitude of the EEG.},
	Author = {Velling, V. A. and Gal'dinov, G. V. and Gromova, S. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0097-0549},
	Journal = {Neurosci Behav Physiol},
	Keywords = {Penicillins;Epilepsy;Ultraviolet Rays;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Comparative Study;Rabbits;Light;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Epilepsy},
	Medline = {85296683},
	Nlm_Id = {0330471},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {207-13},
	Pubmed = {4033917},
	Title = {Changes in neocortical function in response to the direct action of optical radiation},
	Uuid = {E8CF40B3-DBA3-430F-BCCF-0642F6FE26CB},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1985}}


@article{Vercelli:1997,
	Author = {Vercelli, A. and Assal, F. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:42 -0400},
	Issn = {0065-2598},
	Journal = {Adv Exp Med Biol},
	Keywords = {Neurons;Dendrites;Cats;Pyramidal Cells;Not relevant;11 Glia;review, tutorial;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;review;Corpus Callosum},
	Medline = {98075493},
	Nlm_Id = {0121103},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino, I, H\^{o}pital Cantonal Universitaire de Gen\`{e}ve, CH.},
	Pages = {145-58},
	Pubmed = {9413572},
	Title = {Dendritic development of visual callosal neurons},
	Uuid = {5E451526-5185-4C46-B3CA-9F99A40D791B},
	Volume = {429},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Vercelli:2000,
	Abstract = {Over the last 20 years, the choice of neural tracers has increased manyfold, and includes newly introduced anterograde tracers that allow quantitation of single-axon morphologies, and retrograde tracers that can be combined with intracellular fills for the study of dendritic arbors of neurons which have a specific projection pattern. The combination of several different tracers now permits the comparison of multiple connections in the same animal, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Moreover, the finding of new virus strains, which infect neural cells without killing them, provides a tool for studying multisynaptic connections that participate in a circuit. In this paper, the labeling characteristics, mechanism of transport and advantages/disadvantages of use are discussed for the following recently introduced neural tracers: carbocyanine dyes, fluorescent latex microspheres, fluorescent dextrans, biocytin, dextran amines, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, cholera toxin and viruses. We also suggest the choice of specific tracers, depending on the experimental animal, age and type of connection to be studied, and discuss quantitative methodologies.},
	Author = {Vercelli, A. and Repici, M. and Garbossa, D. and Grimaldi, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0361-9230},
	Journal = {Brain Res Bull},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Central Nervous System;21 Neurophysiology;Axonal Transport;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Mammals;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7605818},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino, Italy. alessandro.vercelli\@unito.it},
	Pages = {11-28},
	Pii = {S0361-9230(99)00229-4},
	Pubmed = {10654576},
	Title = {Recent techniques for tracing pathways in the central nervous system of developing and adult mammals},
	Uuid = {86748694-EB02-4639-B240-44F050586BD4},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Vercelli_BrainResBull2000.pdf}}



@article{Vercelli:1992,
	Abstract = {Callosally projecting neurons in areas 17 and 18 of the adult cat can be classified into two types on the basis of their dendritic morphology: pyramidal and stellate cells. The latter are nearly exclusively of the spinous type and are predominantly located in upper layer IV. Retrograde transport of the carbocyanine dye DiI, applied to the corpus callosum, showed that, up to P6, all callosally projecting neurons resemble pyramids in the possession of an apical dendrite reaching layer I. At P10, however, callosally projecting neurons with stellate morphology were found. A study was designed to distinguish whether these neurons are late in extending their axons to the corpus callosum or, alternatively, have transient apical dendrites. To this end, callosally projecting neurons were retrogradely labeled by fluorescent beads injected in areas 17 and 18 at P1-P3 and then either relabeled with DiI applied to the corpus callosum at P10 or intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow at P57. Double-labeled stellate and pyramidal cells were found in similar proportions to those found for the total, single-labeled population of callosally projecting neurons. It is therefore concluded that callosally projecting spiny stellate cells initially possess an apical dendrite and a pyramidal morphology. At P6, i.e. close to the time when stellate cells appear, layer IV neurons with an atrophic apical dendrite were found, suggestive of an apical dendrite in the process of being eliminated.},
	Author = {Vercelli, A. and Assal, F. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Animals;Neural Pathways;Not relevant;11 Glia;Pyramidal Tracts;Microspheres;Animals, Newborn;Histocytochemistry;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;F, G ;Neurons;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Horseradish Peroxidase;Wheat Germ Agglutinins;Carbocyanines;Corpus Callosum;Visual Cortex;Cats},
	Medline = {93011768},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {346-58},
	Pubmed = {1383021},
	Title = {Emergence of callosally projecting neurons with stellate morphology in the visual cortex of the kitten},
	Uuid = {B9F44620-EE16-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Vercelli:1993,
	Abstract = {In kittens, callosally projecting neurons were labeled by retrograde transport of FITC- (fluorescein isothiocyanate)- and TRITC- (tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate)-conjugated latex microspheres injected in two different visual areas (17, 17/18, 19, or postero-medial lateral suprasylvian; PMLS) at postnatal day 3. At postnatal day 57 more than 1200 labeled neurons in visual cortical areas were intracellularly injected with 3\%lucifer yellow (LY) in perfusion-fixed slices of the contralateral hemisphere. The distribution of labeled neurons was charted, and LY-filled neurons were classified on the basis of their area and layer of location, and dendritic pattern. The dendritic arbors of 120 neurons were computer reconstructed. For the basal dendrites of supragranular pyramidal neurons a statistical analysis of number of nodes, internodal and terminal segment lengths, and total dendritic length was run relative to the area of location and axonal projection. Connections were stronger between homotopic than between heterotopic areas. Overall tangential and laminar distributions depended on the area injected. Qualitative morphological differences were found among callosally projecting neurons, related to the area of location, not to that of projection. In all projections from areas 17 and 18, pyramidal and spinous stellate neurons were found in supragranular layers. In contrast, spinous stellate neurons lacked in projections from area 19, 21a, PMLS and postero-lateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS). In all areas, the infragranular neurons showed heterogeneous typology, but in PMLS no fusiform cells were found. Quantitative analysis of basal dendrites did not reveal significant differences in total dendritic length, terminal, or intermediate segment length among neurons in area 17 or 18, and this was related to whether they projected to contralateral areas 17-18 or PMLS. All injections produced exuberant labeling in area 17. No differences could be found between neurons in area 17 (with transient axons through the corpus callosum) and neurons near the 17/18 border (which maintain projections to the corpus callosum). In conclusion, morphology of callosally projecting neurons seems to relate more to intrinsic specificities in the cellular composition of each area than to the area of contralateral axonal projection or the fate of callosal axons.},
	Author = {Vercelli, A. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Rhodamines;Animals;Visual Pathways;Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate;Not relevant;11 Glia;Pyramidal Tracts;Dendrites;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Isoquinolines;Horseradish Peroxidase;Laterality;Computer Graphics;Corpus Callosum;Cats},
	Medline = {93365611},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {393-404},
	Pubmed = {8359254},
	Title = {Morphology of visual callosal neurons with different locations, contralateral targets or patterns of development},
	Uuid = {27EB4803-5187-4F6A-837C-51A4203F048C},
	Volume = {94},
	Year = {1993}}


@article{Verney:2000,
	Abstract = {We estimated the proportion of cells eliminated by histogenetic cell death during the first 2 postnatal weeks in areas 1, 3 and 40 of the mouse parietal neocortex. For each layer and for the subcortical white matter in each neocortical area, the number of dying cells per mm(2) was calculated and the proportionate cell death for each day of the 2-week interval was estimated. The data show that cell death proceeds essentially uniformly across the neocortical areas and layers and that it does not follow either the spatiotemporal gradient of cell cycle progression in the pseudostratified ventricular epithelium of the cerebral wall, the source of neocortical neurons, or the 'inside-out' neocortical neuronogenetic sequence. Therefore, we infer that the control mechanisms of neocortical histogenetic cell death are independent of mechanisms controlling neuronogenesis or neuronal migration but may be associated with the ingrowth, expansion and a system-wide matching of neuronal connectivity.},
	Author = {Verney, C. and Takahashi, T. and Bhide, P. G. and Nowakowski, R. S. and Caviness, V. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0378-5866},
	Journal = {Dev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Mice, Inbred Strains;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Apoptosis;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Neocortex;Cell Division;Cell Cycle;Animals, Newborn;Cell Death;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Mice;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;In Situ Nick-End Labeling},
	Medline = {20125907},
	Nlm_Id = {7809375},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.},
	Pages = {125-38},
	Pii = {dne22125},
	Pubmed = {10657705},
	Title = {Independent controls for neocortical neuron production and histogenetic cell death},
	Uuid = {C6CD6215-F2C6-48B5-BD28-C6C796216D0B},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2000}}


@article{Veruki:2002,
	Abstract = {AII (rod) amacrine cells in the mammalian retina are reciprocally connected via gap junctions, but there is no physiological evidence that demonstrates a proposed function as electrical synapses. In whole-cell recordings from pairs of AII amacrine cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina, bidirectional, nonrectifying electrical coupling was observed in all pairs with overlapping dendritic trees (average conductance approximately 700 pS). Coupling displayed characteristics of a low-pass filter, with no evidence for amplification of spike-evoked electrical postsynaptic potentials by active conductances. Coincidence detection, as well as precise temporal synchronization of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations and TTX-sensitive spiking, was commonly observed. These results indicate a unique mode of operation and integrative capability of the network of AII amacrine cells. 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Veruki, M. L. and Hartveit, E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:12:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Patch-Clamp Techniques;Action Potentials/physiology;Rats;Retina/cytology/*physiology;Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology;H pdf;Time Factors;In Vitro;12 Interneuron development;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Animals;Synaptic Transmission/physiology;Gap Junctions/*metabolism;Amacrine Cells/cytology/*metabolism},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {University of Bergen, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Arstadveien 19, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.},
	Pages = {935-46},
	Title = {AII (Rod) amacrine cells form a network of electrically coupled interneurons in the mammalian retina},
	Uuid = {8AB66AED-D3F7-426B-833F-265E04070D32},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Veruki_Neuron2002.pdf}}



@article{Victor:2005,
	Abstract = {Quantifying similarity and dissimilarity of spike trains is an important requisite for understanding neural codes. Spike metrics constitute a class of approaches to this problem. In contrast to most signal-processing methods, spike metrics operate on time series of all-or-none events, and are, thus, particularly appropriate for extracellularly recorded neural signals. The spike metric approach can be extended to multineuronal recordings, mitigating the 'curse of dimensionality' typically associated with analyses of multivariate data. Spike metrics have been usefully applied to the analysis of neural coding in a variety of systems, including vision, audition, olfaction, taste and electric sense.},
	Author = {Victor, Jonathan D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Algorithms;Models, Neurological;research support, n.i.h., extramural;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review;Neurons},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. jdvicto\@med.cornell.edu},
	Pages = {585-92},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(05)00123-6},
	Pubmed = {16140522},
	Title = {Spike train metrics},
	Uuid = {514CECB1-3466-47FC-8A9C-841C14F9837C},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Victor_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.08.002}}




@article{Vincent:2006,
	Abstract = {Despite traditional theories emphasizing parietal contributions to spatial attention and sensory-motor integration, functional MRI (fMRI) experiments in normal subjects suggest that specific regions within parietal cortex may also participate in episodic memory. Here we examined correlations in spontaneous blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations in a resting state to identify the network associated with the hippocampal formation (HF) and determine whether parietal regions were elements of that network. In the absence of task, stimuli, or explicit mnemonic demands, robust correlations were observed between activity in the HF and several parietal regions (including precuneus, posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and bilateral inferior parietal lobule). These HF-correlated regions in parietal cortex were spatially distinct from those correlated with the motion-sensitive MT+ complex. Reanalysis of event-related fMRI studies of recognition memory showed that the regions spontaneously correlated with the HF (but not MT+) were also modulated during directed recollection. These regions showed greater activity to successfully recollected items as compared with other trial types. Together, these results associate specific regions of parietal cortex that are sensitive to successful recollection with the HF.},
	Author = {Vincent, Justin L. and Snyder, Abraham Z. and Fox, Michael D. and Shannon, Benjamin J. and Andrews, Jessica R. and Raichle, Marcus E. and Buckner, Randy L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Adolescent;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Electrophysiology;Humans;Memory;Algorithms;Oxygen;Functional Laterality;Parietal Lobe;Female;Hippocampus;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Nerve Net;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;Cognition;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mental Recall;24 Pubmed search results 2008;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Data Interpretation, Statistical;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {3517-31},
	Pii = {00048.2006},
	Pubmed = {16899645},
	Title = {Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network},
	Uuid = {BD7F0B0F-0C3A-4257-A5FD-9DD72D369587},
	Volume = {96},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Vincent_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00048.2006}}

@article{Vincent:2007,
	Abstract = {The traditional approach to studying brain function is to measure physiological responses to controlled sensory, motor and cognitive paradigms. However, most of the brain's energy consumption is devoted to ongoing metabolic activity not clearly associated with any particular stimulus or behaviour. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans aimed at understanding this ongoing activity have shown that spontaneous fluctuations of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal occur continuously in the resting state. In humans, these fluctuations are temporally coherent within widely distributed cortical systems that recapitulate the functional architecture of responses evoked by experimentally administered tasks. Here, we show that the same phenomenon is present in anaesthetized monkeys even at anaesthetic levels known to induce profound loss of consciousness. We specifically demonstrate coherent spontaneous fluctuations within three well known systems (oculomotor, somatomotor and visual) and the 'default' system, a set of brain regions thought by some to support uniquely human capabilities. Our results indicate that coherent system fluctuations probably reflect an evolutionarily conserved aspect of brain functional organization that transcends levels of consciousness.},
	Author = {Vincent, J. L. and Patel, G. H. and Fox, M. D. and Snyder, A. Z. and Baker, J. T. and Van Essen, D. C. and Zempel, J. M. and Snyder, L. H. and Corbetta, M. and Raichle, M. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7140},
	Organization = {Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.},
	Pages = {83-6},
	Pii = {nature05758},
	Pubmed = {17476267},
	Title = {Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain},
	Uuid = {2981CB9C-A906-4DEA-89E4-1D5D9881B6A8},
	Volume = {447},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Vincent_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05758}}





@article{Voelker:2004,
	Abstract = {There are two main types of layer V pyramidal neurons in rat cortex. Type I neurons have tufted apical dendrites extending into layer I, produce bursts of action potentials and project to subcortical targets (spinal cord, superior colliculus and pontine nuclei). Type II neurons have apical dendrites, which arborize in layers II-IV, do not produce bursts of action potentials and project to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex. The specific expression of different genes and proteins in these two distinct layer V neurons is unknown. To distinguish between distinct subpopulations, fluorescent microspheres were injected into subcortical targets (labeling type I neurons) or primary somatosensory cortex (labeling type II neurons) of adult rats. After transport, cortical sections were processed for immunohistochemistry using various antibodies. This study demonstrated that antigens recognized by SMI-32, N200 and FNP-7 antibodies were only expressed in subcortical (type I)--but not in contralateral (type II)--projecting neurons. NR1, NR2a/b, PLCbeta1, BDNF, NGF and TrkB antigens were highly expressed in all neuronal subpopulations examined. Organotypic culture experiments demonstrated that the development of neurofilament expression and laminar specificity does not depend on the presence of the subcortical targets. This study suggests specific markers for the subcortical projecting layer V neuron subpopulations.},
	Author = {Voelker, Courtney C. J. and Garin, Nathalie and Taylor, Jeremy S. H. and G{\"a}hwiler, Beat H. and Hornung, Jean-Pierre P. and Moln{\'a}r, Zolt{\'a}n},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Comparative Study;Rats;Pyramidal Cells;Gene Expression Regulation;Rats, Wistar;Neurofilament Proteins;Animals;23 Technique},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.},
	Pages = {1276-86},
	Pii = {bhh089},
	Pubmed = {15166101},
	Title = {Selective neurofilament (SMI-32, FNP-7 and N200) expression in subpopulations of layer V pyramidal neurons in vivo and in vitro},
	Uuid = {FC8143CD-D31C-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh089}}

@article{Vogt:2005,
	Abstract = {Recent studies have identified a new family of gap junction-forming proteins in vertebrates, called pannexins. Although their function in vivo is still not known, studies in Xenopus oocytes have indicated that pannexin1 (Px1) and pannexin2 (Px2) can form functional gap junction channels and can contribute to functional hemichannels. In this study, we have utilized a combination of radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridization experiments to characterize the expression pattern of the two pannexin genes during development and maturation of the rat brain. Expression analysis revealed a widespread and similar mRNA distribution for both genes, but indicated that Px1 and Px2 are inversely regulated during the development of the rat brain. Px1 is expressed at a high level in the embryonic and young postnatal brain and declines considerably in the adult, whereas Px2 mRNA is low in the prenatal brain but increases substantially during subsequent postnatal development. Immunohistochemical studies using different antibodies confirm the neuronal origin of pannexin-expressing cells and ascertain the presence of both pannexins in the majority of pyramidal cells and in GABAergic interneurons. The abundant presence of both pannexins in most neurons suggests that they may play a role in intercellular communication in many neuronal circuits. Furthermore, the temporal difference in the expression of the two genes indicates that the relative contribution of the two pannexins in immature and mature neuronal circuits may vary.},
	Author = {Vogt, Angelika and Hormuzdi, Sheriar G. and Monyer, Hannah},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0169-328X},
	Journal = {Brain Res Mol Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Aging;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Parvalbumins;Rats;Rats, Wistar;Animals;Brain;Mice;RNA, Messenger;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8908640},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {113-20},
	Pii = {S0169-328X(05)00323-2},
	Pubmed = {16143426},
	Title = {Pannexin1 and Pannexin2 expression in the developing and mature rat brain},
	Uuid = {B6613570-1E35-4CA2-8E1E-1C6D14F7ABF5},
	Volume = {141},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Vogt_BrainResMolBrainRes2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.08.002}}

@article{Voigt:2001,
	Abstract = {Neurons dissociated from embryonic cerebral rat cortex form a differentiated network of synaptic connections and develop synchronous oscillatory network activity with the beginning of the second week in culture. During an initial phase lasting 3-4 d, synchronous calcium transients can be blocked completely by either CNQX or bicuculline, showing that both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are required for the generation of this form of activity. By manipulating dissociation and growth conditions, cultures containing different populations of GABAergic neurons were obtained. These cultures revealed that a distinct population of large GABAergic neurons is a key element in the generation of synchronous oscillatory network activity. A minimal number of two large GABAergic neurons per square millimeter are required for the occurrence of synchronous activity. Changes in the density of all other types of GABAergic or non-GABAergic neurons has no influence on the synchronous activity. Electron microscopic analysis shows that the large GABAergic neurons form an interconnected network. Exceptionally high somatodendritic innervation and extended axonal arborization enable these neurons to collect electric network activity and to distribute it effectively throughout the neuronal network. Additional experiments indicated that most neurons developing in culture to large GABAergic neurons are derived from the primordial plexiform layer and reside in the subplate at the time of birth. We suggest that they function as an integrating element that synchronizes neuronal activity during early cortical development by collecting incoming extrinsic and intrinsic signals and distributing them effectively throughout the developing cortical plate.},
	Author = {Voigt, T. and Opitz, T. and de Lima, A. D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Glutamic Acid;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Count;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Periodicity;Serine Endopeptidases;Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor;Biological Clocks;Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Extracellular Matrix Proteins;Cell Lineage;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor;21 Activity-development;GABA Antagonists;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Nerve Tissue Proteins;GABA Agonists},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {22},
	Organization = {Otto-von-Guericke Universit{\"a}t, Medizinische Fakult{\"a}t, Institut f{\"u}r Physiologie, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. Thomas.Voigt\@Medizin.Uni-Magdeburg.de},
	Pages = {8895-905},
	Pii = {21/22/8895},
	Pubmed = {11698601},
	Title = {Synchronous oscillatory activity in immature cortical network is driven by GABAergic preplate neurons},
	Uuid = {27245ED5-8061-4C0D-A154-80D604729D75},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Voigt_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}

@article{Voyvodic:1996,
	Abstract = {0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial},
	Author = {Voyvodic, J. T.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:12:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {*Cell Death;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/*growth &development;10 Development;Cell Division;Cell Survival;Animals;F pdf},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Radiology Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.},
	Pages = {693-6},
	Title = {Cell death in cortical development: How much? Why? So what?},
	Uuid = {BFFBE623-7B96-4CB0-A65E-1F632F75E577},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Voyvodic_Neuron1996.pdf}}

@article{Vyazovskiy:2008,
	Abstract = {Plastic changes occurring during wakefulness aid in the acquisition and consolidation of memories. For some memories, further consolidation requires sleep, but whether plastic processes during wakefulness and sleep differ is unclear. We show that, in rat cortex and hippocampus, GluR1-containing AMPA receptor (AMPAR) levels are high during wakefulness and low during sleep, and changes in the phosphorylation states of AMPARs, CamKII and GSK3beta are consistent with synaptic potentiation during wakefulness and depression during sleep. Furthermore, slope and amplitude of cortical evoked responses increase after wakefulness, decrease after sleep and correlate with changes in slow-wave activity, a marker of sleep pressure. Changes in molecular and electrophysiological indicators of synaptic strength are largely independent of the time of day. Finally, cortical long-term potentiation can be easily induced after sleep, but not after wakefulness. Thus, wakefulness appears to be associated with net synaptic potentiation, whereas sleep may favor global synaptic depression, thereby preserving an overall balance of synaptic strength.},
	Author = {Vyazovskiy, Vladyslav V. and Cirelli, Chiara and Pfister-Genskow, Martha and Faraguna, Ugo and Tononi, Giulio},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {[1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA. [2] These authors contributed equally to this work.},
	Pages = {200-8},
	Pii = {nn2035},
	Pubmed = {18204445},
	Title = {Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep},
	Uuid = {B736C663-BB5E-4845-941E-AC51B3DB103C},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Vyazovskiy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2035}}

@article{Wachowiak:2001,
	Abstract = {To visualize odorant representations by receptor neuron input to the mouse olfactory bulb, we loaded receptor neurons with calcium-sensitive dye and imaged odorant-evoked responses from their axon terminals. Fluorescence increases reflected activation of receptor neuron populations converging onto individual glomeruli. We report several findings. First, five glomeruli were identifiable across animals based on their location and odorant responsiveness; all five showed complex response specificities. Second, maps of input were chemotopically organized at near-threshold concentrations but, at moderate concentrations, involved many widely distributed glomeruli. Third, the dynamic range of input to a glomerulus was greater than that reported for individual receptor neurons. Finally, odorant activation slopes could differ across glomeruli, and for different odorants activating the same glomerulus. These results imply a high degree of complexity in odorant representations at the level of olfactory bulb input.},
	Author = {Wachowiak, M. and Cohen, L. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {I abstr;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA},
	Pages = {723-35.},
	Title = {Representation of odorants by receptor neuron input to the mouse olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {7DDDA35F-289A-4EC1-8D87-95DDEC11F019},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2001},
	eprint = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11719211}}

@article{Waclaw:2006,
	Abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that regulate the production and diversity of olfactory bulb interneurons remain poorly understood. With the exception of the GABAergic/dopaminergic subtype in the glomerular layer, no information exists concerning the generation of the other subtypes. Here we show that the recently identified zinc finger transcription factor Sp8 is expressed in neurogenic regions, which give rise to olfactory bulb interneurons at embryonic and postnatal time points and remains expressed in the calretinin-expressing and GABAergic/nondopaminergic interneurons of the glomerular layer. Conditional inactivation of Sp8 in the embryonic ventral telencephalon reveals a requirement for the normal generation of these interneuron subtypes. Sp8 conditional mutants exhibit an increase in cell death within the lateral ganglionic eminence and rostral migratory stream. Moreover, mutant neuroblasts/interneurons are misspecified and display abnormal migration patterns in the olfactory bulb, indicating that Sp8 contributes to olfactory bulb interneuron diversity by regulating the survival, migration, and molecular specification of neuroblasts/interneurons.},
	Author = {Waclaw, Ronald R. and Allen, Zegary J. and Bell, Sheila M. and Erd{\'e}lyi, Ferenc and Szab{\'o}, G{\'a}bor and Potter, S. Steven and Campbell, Kenneth},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {02 Adult neurogenesis migration;24 Pubmed search results 2008;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.},
	Pages = {503-16},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00047-X},
	Pubmed = {16476661},
	Title = {The zinc finger transcription factor sp8 regulates the generation and diversity of olfactory bulb interneurons},
	Uuid = {8867806E-A7E4-462A-92F3-72021D710E73},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Waclaw_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.018}}

@article{Wadman:1993,
	Abstract = {In neocortical brain slices of the rat that were exposed to 50 microM picrotoxin, low-intensity stimuli evoked all-or-none epileptiform events that propagated across the slice with an average velocity of 0.07 m/s. Simultaneous recordings from pairs of electrodes, in which one was held in a constant position and the other was systematically advanced across the slice in small steps, revealed that propagation of the synchronous activity was saltatory rather than uniform. Analysis of the propagation pattern showed that local regions (< 1000 microns) of uniform velocity were separated by distinct borders. Within these regions, local propagation velocity was determined by the threshold for synchronous activation of still-smaller (< 200 microns) neuronal aggregates. Although the velocity was sensitive to physiological factors that affect the precise threshold for synchronization, the location of the borderlines between adjacent regions remained unchanged. We propose that these invariant borders reflect the details of local neuronal organization within the slice, and that the pattern of propagation of epileptiform discharge is a manifestation of the intrinsic organization of the neocortex when deprived of afferent input.},
	Author = {Wadman, W. J. and Gutnick, M. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation;Picrotoxin;Epilepsy;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Epilepsy;21 Neurophysiology;Rats;Guinea Pigs;Electrodes;Female;In Vitro;Neurons, Afferent;Male;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons},
	Medline = {93196801},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.},
	Pages = {255-62},
	Pii = {0306-4522(93)90154-8},
	Pubmed = {8450945},
	Title = {Non-uniform propagation of epileptiform discharge in brain slices of rat neocortex},
	Uuid = {DB471E96-3D24-4C61-934D-83B18DF72A00},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {1993}}






@article{Walikonis:2000,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of the organization of postsynaptic signaling systems at excitatory synapses has been aided by the identification of proteins in the postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction, a subcellular fraction enriched in structures with the morphology of PSDs. In this study, we have completed the identification of most major proteins in the PSD fraction with the use of an analytical method based on mass spectrometry coupled with searching of the protein sequence databases. At least one protein in each of 26 prominent protein bands from the PSD fraction has now been identified. We found 7 proteins not previously known to be constituents of the PSD fraction and 24 that had previously been associated with the PSD by other methods. The newly identified proteins include the heavy chain of myosin-Va (dilute myosin), a motor protein thought to be involved in vesicle trafficking, and the mammalian homolog of the yeast septin protein cdc10, which is important for bud formation in yeast. Both myosin-Va and cdc10 are threefold to fivefold enriched in the PSD fraction over brain homogenates. Immunocytochemical localization of myosin-Va in cultured hippocampal neurons shows that it partially colocalizes with PSD-95 at synapses and is also diffusely localized in cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. Cdc10 has a punctate distribution in cell bodies and dendrites, with some of the puncta colocalizing with PSD-95. The results support a role for myosin-Va in transport of materials into spines and for septins in the formation or maintenance of spines.},
	Author = {Walikonis, R. S. and Jensen, O. N. and Mann, M. and Provance, D. W. and Mercer, J. A. and Kennedy, M. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cell Cycle Proteins;Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization;Synapses;Spectrum Analysis, Mass;Rats;Animals;Cells, Cultured;Cloning, Molecular;23 Technique;Hippocampus;Trypsin;Immunoblotting;Dendrites;Myosin Heavy Chains;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Hydrolysis;Intermediate Filament Proteins;Neurons;DNA, Complementary;Myosin Type V;Amino Acid Sequence;Molecular Sequence Data;Peptides;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Immunohistochemistry;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {20279991},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.},
	Pages = {4069-80},
	Pii = {20/11/4069},
	Pubmed = {10818142},
	Title = {Identification of proteins in the postsynaptic density fraction by mass spectrometry},
	Uuid = {AE4284FC-F0CF-11DA-83A9-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}}



@article{Wallach:2008,
	Abstract = {Biological systems often change their responsiveness when subject to persistent stimulation, a phenomenon termed adaptation. In neural systems, this process is often selective, allowing the system to adapt to one stimulus while preserving its sensitivity to another. In some studies, it has been shown that adaptation to a frequent stimulus increases the system's sensitivity to rare stimuli. These phenomena were explained in previous work as a result of complex interactions between the various subpopulations of the network. A formal description and analysis of neuronal systems, however, is hindered by the network's heterogeneity and by the multitude of processes taking place at different time-scales. Viewing neural networks as populations of interacting elements, we develop a framework that facilitates a formal analysis of complex, structured, heterogeneous networks. The formulation developed is based on an analysis of the availability of activity dependent resources, and their effects on network responsiveness. This approach offers a simple mechanistic explanation for selective adaptation, and leads to several predictions that were corroborated in both computer simulations and in cultures of cortical neurons developing in vitro. The framework is sufficiently general to apply to different biological systems, and was demonstrated in two different cases.},
	Author = {Wallach, and Eytan, and Marom, and Meir,},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1553-7358},
	Journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	Keywords = {20 Networks;09 Evolutionary dynamics;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {101238922},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {e29},
	Pii = {07-PLCB-RA-0455},
	Pubmed = {18282084},
	Title = {Selective Adaptation in Networks of Heterogeneous Populations: Model, Simulation, and Experiment},
	Uuid = {910EC162-FADB-47DD-A1C2-3E917E392DC9},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040029}}


@article{Walsh:1992,
	Abstract = {The cerebral cortex of the mammalian brain has expanded rapidly during the course of evolution and acquired structurally distinguishable areas devoted to separate functions. In some brain regions, topographic restrictions to cell intermixing occur during embryonic development. As a means of examining experimentally whether such restrictions occur during formation of functional subdivisions in the rat neocortex, clonally related neocortical cells were marked by retroviral-mediated transfer of a histochemical marker gene. Clonal boundaries were determined by infection of the developing brain with a library of genetically distinct viruses and amplification of single viral genomes by the polymerase chain reaction. Many clonally related neurons in the cerebral cortex became widely dispersed across functional areas of the cortex. Specification of cortical areas therefore occurs after neurogenesis. 92132547 0036-8075 Journal Article},
	Author = {Walsh, C. and Cepko, C. L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Retroviridae/genetics;Clone Cells;Base Sequence;10 Development;Molecular Sequence Data;Rats;Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology;Oligonucleotides/chemistry;Animal;Neurons/*cytology;F;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Brain Mapping;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Polymerase Chain Reaction;Genetic Vectors},
	Number = {5043},
	Organization = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.},
	Pages = {434-40},
	Pubmed = {1734520},
	Title = {Widespread dispersion of neuronal clones across functional regions of the cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {5019B639-1B0C-4D1B-AF66-5EBCF2822B39},
	Volume = {255},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1734520}}



@article{Wang:2006,
	Abstract = {Cortical representations of visual information are modified by an animal's visual experience. To investigate the mechanisms in mice, we replaced the coding part of the neural activity-regulated immediate early gene Arc with a GFP gene and repeatedly monitored visual experience-induced GFP expression in adult primary visual cortex by in vivo two-photon microscopy. In Arc-positive GFP heterozygous mice, the pattern of GFP-positive cells exhibited orientation specificity. Daily presentations of the same stimulus led to the reactivation of a progressively smaller population with greater reactivation reliability. This adaptation process was not affected by the lack of Arc in GFP homozygous mice. However, the number of GFP-positive cells with low orientation specificity was greater, and the average spike tuning curve was broader in the adult homozygous compared to heterozygous or wild-type mice. These results suggest a physiological function of Arc in enhancing the overall orientation specificity of visual cortical neurons during the post-eye-opening life of an animal.},
	Author = {Wang, Kuan Hong and Majewska, Ania and Schummers, James and Farley, Brandon and Hu, Chengcheng and Sur, Mriganka and Tonegawa, Susumu},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0092-8674},
	Journal = {Cell},
	Keywords = {Heterozygote;Photic Stimulation;Animals;Mice;Mutant Strains;Visual Pathways;comparative study ;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Orientation;Mice, Knockout;21 Neurophysiology;Homozygote;Microscopy;Fluorescence;Multiphoton;Mice;Visual Cortex;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Cytoskeletal Proteins;Immediate-Early;genes;experience dependent plasticity;visual cortex;visual system;optical physiology;optical imaging;structural remodeling;refinement;axons;vision;function;frontiers review},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0413066},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {389-402},
	Pii = {S0092-8674(06)00860-9},
	Pubmed = {16873068},
	Title = {In vivo two-photon imaging reveals a role of arc in enhancing orientation specificity in visual cortex},
	Uuid = {115D62C7-3557-4D43-80FA-88D337767A2D},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Wang_Cell2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.038}}

@article{Wang:2002,
	Abstract = {Anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of basket cell-like interneurons in layers II-IV of rat somatosensory cortex were studied using patch-clamp electrodes filled with biocytin. This multiparametric study shows that neocortical basket cells (BCs) are composed of three distinct subclasses: classical large (LBC) and small (SBC) basket cells and a third subclass, the nest basket cell (NBC). Anatomically, NBCs were distinct from LBCs and SBCs in that they formed simpler dendritic arbors and an axonal plexus of inter-mediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches. Electrophysiologically, NBCs exhibited diverse discharge responses to depolarizing current injections including accommodation, non-accommodation and stuttering. Single-cell multiplex RT-PCR revealed distinct mRNA expression patterns for the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR), and the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) for each BC-subclass. SBCs lacked NPY expression but invariably expressed VIP, whereas neither VIP, CR nor SOM expression was detected in LBCs, and VIP and CR expression was absent in NBCs. Electro-physiologically distinct types of NBCs formed GABAergic synapses with specific dynamics onto pyramidal cells (PCs) and received either strongly facilitating or depressing synaptic inputs from PCs. Finally, NBCs were found to be the most common basket cell in layers II/III, while LBCs were the most common in layer IV. These data provide multiparametric distinguishing features of three major subclasses of basket cells and indicate that NBCs are powerful interneurons that provide most of the (peri-)somatic inhibition in the supragranular layers.},
	Author = {Wang, Yun and Gupta, Anirudh and Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria and Wu, Cai Zhi and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Electrophysiology;Lysine;Synapses;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Cytoplasm;Pyramidal Cells;Rats, Wistar;RNA, Messenger;Male;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;21 Neurophysiology;Calcium-Binding Proteins;Membrane Potentials;Somatosensory Cortex;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microscopy, Electron;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21881435},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA.},
	Pages = {395-410},
	Pubmed = {11884355},
	Title = {Anatomical, physiological, molecular and circuit properties of nest basket cells in the developing somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {67708DD8-C9ED-43D1-8B8E-0AAFB55094F5},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2002}}




@article{Wang:2008,
	Abstract = {The development of a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses is a critical process in the generation and maturation of functional circuits. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal activity plays an important role in achieving such a balance in the developing cortex, but the mechanism that regulates this process is unknown. During development, GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in adults, excites neurons as a result of high expression of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1). Using NKCC1 RNA interference knockdown in vivo, we show that GABA-induced depolarization is necessary for proper excitatory synapse formation and dendritic development of newborn cortical neurons. Blocking NKCC1 with the diuretic bumetanide during development leads to similar persistent changes in cortical circuitry in the adult. Interestingly, expression of a voltage-independent NMDA receptor rescues the failure of NKCC1 knockdown neurons to develop excitatory AMPA transmission, indicating that GABA depolarization cooperates with NMDA receptor activation to regulate excitatory synapse formation. Our study identifies an essential role for GABA in the synaptic integration of newborn cortical neurons and suggests an activity-dependent mechanism for achieving the balance between excitation and inhibition in the developing cortex.},
	Author = {Wang, Doris D. and Kriegstein, Arnold R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Synapses;Bumetanide;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters;Neocortex;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;Mutation;Mice, Transgenic;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Green Fluorescent Proteins;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Animals, Newborn;N-Methylaspartate;Neurons;Age Factors;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {21},
	Organization = {Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.},
	Pages = {5547-58},
	Pii = {28/21/5547},
	Pubmed = {18495889},
	Title = {GABA regulates excitatory synapse formation in the neocortex via NMDA receptor activation},
	Uuid = {2B6CB16B-7C53-42E4-99B4-4BAB6EAC7188},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5599-07.2008}}


@article{Wang:2004,
	Abstract = {Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR were obtained from 180 Martinotti interneurones located in layers II to VI of the somatosensory cortex of Wistar rats (P13-P16) in order to examine their anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular properties. Martinotti cells (MCs) mostly displayed ovoid-shaped somata, bitufted dendritic morphologies, and axons with characteristic spiny boutons projecting to layer I and spreading horizontally across neighbouring columns more than 1 mm. Electron microscopic examination of MC boutons revealed that all synapses were symmetrical and most synapses (71\%) were formed onto dendritic shafts. MCs were found to contact tuft, apical and basal dendrites in multiple neocortical layers: layer II/III MCs targeted mostly layer I and to a lesser degree layer II/III; layer IV MCs targeted mostly layer IV and to a lesser degree layer I; layer V and VI MCs targeted mostly layer IV and layer I and to a lesser degree the layer in which their somata was located. MCs typically displayed spike train accommodation (90\%; n = 127) in response to depolarizing somatic current injections, but some displayed non-accommodating (8\%) and a few displayed irregular spiking responses (2\%). Some accommodating and irregular spiking MCs also responded initially with bursts (17\%). Accommodating responses were found in all layers, non-accommodating mostly in upper layers and bursting mostly in layer V. Single-cell multiplex RT-PCR performed on 63 MCs located throughout layers II-VI, revealed that all MCs were somatostatin (SOM) positive, and negative for parvalbumin (PV) as well as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were co- expressed with SOM in some MCs. Some layer-specific trends seem to exist. Finally, 24 accommodating MCs were examined for the expression of 26 ion channel genes. The ion channels with the highest expression in these MCs were (from highest to lowest); Cabeta1, Kv3.3, HCN4, Cabeta4, Kv3.2, Kv3.1, Kv2.1, HCN3, Caalpha1G, Kv3.4, Kv4.2, Kv1.1 and HCN2. In summary, this study provides the first detailed analysis of the anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular properties of Martinotti cells located in different neocortical layers. It is proposed that MCs are crucial interneurones for feedback inhibition in and between neocortical layers and columns.},
	Author = {Wang, Yun and Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria and Gupta, Anirudh and Wu, Caizhi and Silberberg, Gilad and Luo, Junyi and Markram, Henry},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Ion Channels;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;Rats;Neuropeptides;Rats, Wistar;Gene Expression Profiling;Cell Shape;Interneurons;Somatosensory Cortex;Age Factors;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Patch-Clamp Techniques},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Number = {Pt 1},
	Organization = {Division of Neurology Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02135, USA.},
	Pages = {65-90},
	Pii = {jphysiol.2004.073353},
	Pubmed = {15331670},
	Title = {Anatomical, physiological and molecular properties of Martinotti cells in the somatosensory cortex of the juvenile rat},
	Uuid = {4B300117-172C-40B7-B893-51C0AFB0BBC4},
	Volume = {561},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073353}}

@article{Wang:2006b,
	Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex is specially adapted to generate persistent activity that outlasts stimuli and is resistant to distractors, presumed to be the basis of working memory. The pyramidal network that supports this activity is unknown. Multineuron patch-clamp recordings in the ferret medial prefrontal cortex showed a heterogeneity of synapses interconnecting distinct subnetworks of different pyramidal cells. One subnetwork was similar to the pyramidal network commonly found in primary sensory areas, consisting of accommodating pyramidal cells interconnected with depressing synapses. The other subnetwork contained complex pyramidal cells with dual apical dendrites displaying nonaccommodating discharge patterns; these cells were hyper-reciprocally connected with facilitating synapses displaying pronounced synaptic augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation. These cellular, synaptic and network properties could amplify recurrent interactions between pyramidal neurons and support persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex.},
	Author = {Wang, Yun and Markram, Henry and Goodman, Philip H. and Berger, Thomas K. and Ma, Junying and Goldman-Rakic, Patricia S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Prefrontal Cortex;Pyramidal Cells;Ferrets;In Vitro;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Synaptic Transmission;Nerve Net;Animals;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Membrane Potentials;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Division of Neurology Research, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA. yun.wang\@tufts.edu},
	Pages = {534-42},
	Pii = {nn1670},
	Pubmed = {16547512},
	Title = {Heterogeneity in the pyramidal network of the medial prefrontal cortex},
	Uuid = {737E1131-54FF-4536-87D8-1A32068A1681},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1670}}





@article{Wang:2006a,
	Abstract = {Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is found in approximately one-half of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. These lesions may involve only mild disorganization of the cortex, but they may also contain abnormal neuronal elements such as balloon cells. Advances in neuroimaging have allowed better identification of these lesions, and thus more patients have become surgical candidates. Molecular biology techniques have been used to explore the genetics and pathophysiological characteristics of FCD. Data from surgical series have shown that surgery often results in significant reduction or cessation of seizures, especially if the entire lesion is resected.},
	Author = {Wang, Vincent Y. and Chang, Edward F. and Barbaro, Nicholas M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1092-0684},
	Journal = {Neurosurg Focus},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Mutation;Brain Diseases;10 Development;21 Dysplasia-heterotopia;21 Neurophysiology;Treatment Outcome;Nerve Tissue Proteins;10 genetics malformation;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {100896471},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94130, USA.},
	Pages = {E7},
	Pii = {200107},
	Pubmed = {16459997},
	Title = {Focal cortical dysplasia: a review of pathological features, genetics, and surgical outcome},
	Uuid = {0FEB1B2A-A079-4713-9CBA-67BC87164208},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Wang_NeurosurgFocus2006.pdf}}





@article{Waters:2004,
	Abstract = {Action potentials backpropagate into the dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons, reporting output activity to the sites of synaptic input and provoking long-lasting changes in synaptic strength. It is unclear how this retrograde signal is modified by neural network activity. Using whole-cell recordings from somata, apical trunks, and dendritic tuft branches of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in vivo, we show that network-driven subthreshold membrane depolarizations ("up states") occur simultaneously throughout the apical dendritic tree. This spontaneous synaptic activity enhances action potential-evoked calcium influx into the distal apical dendrite by promoting action potential backpropagation. Hence, somatic feedback to the dendrites becomes stronger with increasing network activity.},
	Author = {Waters, Jack and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Electroencephalography;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Action Potentials;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Pyramidal Cells;Rats;Calcium;Neocortex;21 Calcium imaging;Rats, Wistar;Nerve Net;Animals;21 Cortical oscillations;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {49},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r medizinische Forschung, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. jwaters\@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de},
	Pages = {11127-36},
	Pii = {24/49/11127},
	Pubmed = {15590929},
	Title = {Boosting of action potential backpropagation by neocortical network activity in vivo},
	Uuid = {F84326BD-35A5-4AC8-B29D-68464F9E3EAA},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Waters_JNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2933-04.2004}}

@article{Waters:2006,
	Abstract = {Neurons are continually exposed to background synaptic activity in vivo. This is thought to influence neural information processing, but background levels of excitation and inhibition remain controversial. Here we show, using whole-cell recordings in anesthetized rats, that spontaneous depolarizations ("Up states") in neocortical pyramidal neurons are driven by sparse, mostly excitatory synaptic activity (less than five inputs per millisecond; approximately 10\%inhibitory). The mean synaptic conductance change is small (<10 nS at the soma) and opposed by anomalous rectification, resulting in a net increase in input resistance during Up states. These conditions enhance the effectiveness of each synapse at depolarized potentials. Hence, neocortical networks are relatively quiet at rest, and the effect of synaptic background is weaker than previously thought.},
	Author = {Waters, Jack and Helmchen, Fritjof},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Models, Statistical;Rats, Wistar;Biological Clocks;Computer Simulation;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Membrane Potentials;Differential Threshold;24 Pubmed search results 2008;21 Cortical oscillations;Neural Inhibition;Models, Neurological;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {32},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Forschung, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. jackwaters\@northwestern.edu},
	Pages = {8267-77},
	Pii = {26/32/8267},
	Pubmed = {16899721},
	Title = {Background synaptic activity is sparse in neocortex},
	Uuid = {6DD7AFA2-4CB0-40D9-ADBB-EF98D7EE40F6},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2152-06.2006}}



@article{Watt:2004,
	Abstract = {Most excitatory glutamatergic synapses contain both AMPA and NMDA receptors, but whether these receptors are regulated together or independently during synaptic plasticity has been controversial. Although long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to selectively enhance AMPA currents and alter the NMDA-to-AMPA ratio, this ratio is well conserved across synapses onto the same neuron. This suggests that the NMDA-to-AMPA ratio is only transiently perturbed by LTP. To test this, we induced LTP at rat neocortical synapses and recorded mixed AMPA-NMDA currents. We observed rapid LTP of AMPA currents, as well as delayed potentiation of NMDA currents that required previous AMPA potentiation. The delayed potentiation of NMDA currents restored the original NMDA-to-AMPA ratio within 2 h of LTP induction. These data suggest that recruitment of AMPA receptors to synapses eventually induces a proportional increase in NMDA current. This may ensure that LTP does not alter the relative contributions of these two receptors to synaptic transmission and information processing.},
	Author = {Watt, Alanna J. and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Per Jesper and H{\"a}usser, Michael and Nelson, Sacha B. and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Sodium Channel Blockers;Animals;Cells, Cultured;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;comparative study ;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Visual Cortex;Drug Synergism;Transfection;Electric Stimulation;Quinoxalines;Synapses;Long-Term Potentiation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists;N-Methylaspartate;comparative study;in vitro;Tetrodotoxin;Time Factors;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Receptors, AMPA;Animals, Newborn;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Valine;Neurons;in vitro ;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, MS 08, 415 South Street, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.},
	Pages = {518-24},
	Pii = {nn1220},
	Pubmed = {15048122},
	Title = {A proportional but slower NMDA potentiation follows AMPA potentiation in LTP},
	Uuid = {A7F5B081-074A-4749-8EB9-E2CCF6517BDD},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1220}}


@article{Watts:1998,
	Abstract = {Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.},
	Author = {Watts, D. J. and Strogatz, S. H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Models, Biological;20 Networks;Communicable Diseases;Models, Neurological;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Caenorhabditis elegans;Models, Theoretical;Nerve Net;Animals;Games, Experimental;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6684},
	Organization = {Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. djw24\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {440-2},
	Pubmed = {9623998},
	Title = {Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks},
	Uuid = {7BD0CDE4-D019-432B-AAF1-E0F5D8683D6C},
	Volume = {393},
	Year = {1998},
	url = {papers/Watts_Nature1998.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/30918}}

@article{Webster:1973,
	Abstract = {0002-9106 Journal Article},
	Author = {Webster, W. and Shimada, M. and Langman, J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Am J Anat},
	Keywords = {Floxuridine/*pharmacology;Pregnancy;Cell Differentiation/*drug effects;Animals;Epithelial Cells;Cell Movement/drug effects;Female;Bromodeoxyuridine/*pharmacology;Kinetics;Maternal-Fetal Exchange;01 Adult neurogenesis general;DNA/biosynthesis;Neurons;A, T abstr;Mice;Cell Nucleus/drug effects;Benzocycloheptenes/*pharmacology;Mitosis/drug effects;Cerebral Cortex/drug effects/*embryology},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {67-85},
	Pubmed = {4267342},
	Title = {Effect of fluorodeoxyuridine, colcemid, and bromodeoxyuridine on developing neocortex of the mouse},
	Uuid = {1DDE40FF-65E0-46D3-9754-3A96DFE91322},
	Volume = {137},
	Year = {1973},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4267342}}

@article{Wefelmeyer:2007,
	Author = {Wefelmeyer, Winnie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't;comment;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {40},
	Organization = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom. winnie.wefelmeyer\@pharm.ox.ac.uk},
	Pages = {10649-50},
	Pii = {27/40/10649},
	Pubmed = {17913898},
	Title = {The influence of GABA on dendritic development in vivo},
	Uuid = {4BEBA2ED-6DDD-4D0B-B6B8-DEA5BB39D62D},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wefelmeyer_JNeurosci2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3111-07.2007}}













@article{Weisskopf:1991,
	Abstract = {Combined retrograde transport of Rhodamine-labeled latex beads and intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow in aldehyde-fixed slices of areas 17 and 18 in kittens indicate that neurons with similar dendritic morphology send axons into the corpus callosum from the 17/18 border and from parts of area 17 destined to become acallosal. At both sites callosally projecting neurons (callosal neurons) include pyramids, spiny stellate cells and star-pyramids; two types of pyramidal neurons can be distinguished on the basis of the complexity of their apical dendrites. At both sites, the dendritic morphology of callosal neurons appears basically unaffected by the ablation at the beginning of the second postnatal week of the contralateral areas 17 and 18 to which they have sent their axon. Thus the dendritic morphology of this type of cortical neuron seems independent of retrograde signals coming from their contralateral target and may instead depend on "programs" intrinsic to the neurons and/or conditions acting locally on their cell bodies, dendrites or initial axon collaterals.},
	Author = {Weisskopf, M. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0014-4819},
	Journal = {Exp Brain Res},
	Keywords = {Rhodamines;Animals;Phenotype;Axons;Not relevant;11 Glia;Dendrites;Axonal Transport;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Isoquinolines;Horseradish Peroxidase;Tissue Fixation;Visual Cortex;Corpus Callosum;Cats},
	Medline = {92097633},
	Nlm_Id = {0043312},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Institut d'Anatomie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {151-8},
	Pubmed = {1721871},
	Title = {Neurons with callosal projections in visual areas of newborn kittens: an analysis of their dendritic phenotype with respect to the fate of the callosal axon and of its target},
	Uuid = {30C30C7B-5FE4-4C8B-98B6-373368926993},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Weissman:2003,
	Abstract = {Radial glial cells play at least two crucial roles in cortical development: neuronal production in the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subsequent guidance of neuronal migration. There is evidence that radial glia-like cells are present not only during development but in the adult mammalian brain as well. In addition, radial glial cells appear to be neurogenic in the central nervous system of a number of vertebrate species. We demonstrate here that most dividing progenitor cells in the embryonic human VZ express radial glial proteins. Furthermore, we provide evidence that radial glial cells maintain a vimentin-positive radial fiber throughout each stage of cell division. Asymmetric inheritance of this fiber may be an important factor in determining how neuronal progeny will migrate into the developing cortical plate. Although radial glial cells have traditionally been characterized by their role in guiding migration, their role as neuronal progenitors may represent their defining characteristic throughout the vertebrate CNS. 22648192 1047-3211 Journal Article},
	Author = {Weissman, T. and Noctor, S. C. and Clinton, B. K. and Honig, L. S. and Kriegstein, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Rodentia;Human;10 Development;Rats;Neurons/cytology/*physiology;Stem Cells/physiology;Mitosis/physiology;Animal;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/growth &development/physiology;Neuroglia/classification/*cytology/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Vimentin/metabolism;Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology/*growth &development/physiology;Cell Lineage/physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Cell Movement/physiology;Cell Differentiation/physiology;Reptiles;Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology;Signal Transduction/physiology;F},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.},
	Pages = {550-9},
	Pubmed = {12764028},
	Title = {Neurogenic radial glial cells in reptile, rodent and human: from mitosis to migration},
	Uuid = {16087AFF-8FC4-421C-BD5F-E3FFB564C317},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Weissman_CerebCortex2003.pdf}}





@article{Wennberg:2003,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine interictal epileptiform and sleep potentials recorded intracranially from deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in patients treated with DBS for epilepsy. Specifically, this study sought to determine whether the DBS-recorded potentials represent: (a) volume conduction from surface neocortical discharges or (b) transsynaptic propagation along cortical-subcortical pathways with local generation of the subcortical potentials near the DBS targets. METHODS: Six patients with intractable epilepsy treated with thalamic DBS of the central median nucleus (CM; one patient) or anterior thalamus (5 patients) who had focal interictal spikes were studied. Sleep potentials were also studied in a 7th patient with Parkinson disease treated with DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). RESULTS: Focal interictal cortical spikes recorded by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded synchronously, but with opposite polarity, from the DBS electrodes in CM as well as the more superficial anterior thalamic contacts situated in the anterior nucleus (AN) and dorsal medial nucleus (DM). In referential montages, the subcortical potentials were of highest amplitude ipsilateral to the focal cortical spikes, with a small but reproducible amplitude decrement present at each electrode contact more distant from the cortical source, irrespective of the specific DBS target. Subcortical sleep potentials (K-complexes and sleep spindles) were also recorded synchronously and with inverse polarity compared to the corresponding scalp potentials, and appeared in a similar fashion at all subcortical sites sampled by the DBS electrodes. Amplitude attenuation in the thalamus of intracranial volume conducted potentials with increasing distance from their cortical spike sources was measured at approximately 5-10 microV/mm. DISCUSSION: Recent reports on scalp-CM or scalp-STN EEG recordings in patients treated with DBS for epilepsy have interpreted the intracranial waveforms as evidence of transsynaptic cortical-subcortical transmission across neuroanatomical pathways presumed to be involved in the generation of sleep potentials (Clin. Neurophysiol. 113 (2002) 25) and epileptiform activity (Clin. Neurophysiol. 113 (2002) 1391). However, our results show that the intracranial spikes recorded from DBS electrodes in various regions of the thalamus (CM, AN and DM) represent subcortical volume conduction of the synchronous cortical spikes recorded with scalp EEG. The same is true for the intracranial reflections of scalp EEG sleep potentials recorded from DBS electrodes in CM, AN, DM and STN. These interictal DBS waveforms thus cannot be used to support hypotheses of specific cortical-subcortical pathways of neural propagation or subcortical generation of the DBS-recorded potentials associated with scalp EEG interictal spikes and sleep potentials. SIGNIFICANCE: Detailed analysis of the intracranial potentials recorded from DBS electrodes in association with scalp EEG spikes and sleep discharges shows that the intracranial waveforms represent volume conduction from discharges generated in the neocortex and not, as has been suggested, locally generated activity resulting from cortical-subcortical neural propagation.},
	Author = {Wennberg, Richard A. and Lozano, Andres M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {1388-2457},
	Journal = {Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Electric Stimulation Therapy;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Follow-Up Studies;Evoked Potentials;Humans;Middle Aged;Cortical Synchronization;Subthalamic Nucleus;Comparative Study;Electrodes;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Parkinson Disease;Time Factors;Male;Sleep;Thalamus;Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Adult;Laterality;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {22769878},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {100883319},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, 5W444, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8. r.wennberg\@utoronto.ca},
	Pages = {1403-18},
	Pii = {S1388245703001524},
	Pubmed = {12888022},
	Title = {Intracranial volume conduction of cortical spikes and sleep potentials recorded with deep brain stimulating electrodes},
	Uuid = {FD5F0AA5-85BD-422A-A226-DBE2107B0E5C},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Wenzel:2001,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia is a major cause of intractable epilepsy in children. However, the precise mechanisms linking cortical malformations to epileptogenesis remain elusive. The neuronal-specific activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5, p35, has been recognized as a key factor in proper neuronal migration in the neocortex. Deletion of p35 leads to severe neocortical lamination defects associated with sporadic lethality and seizures. Here we demonstrate that p35-deficient mice also exhibit dysplasia/ heterotopia of principal neurons in the hippocampal formation, as well as spontaneous behavioral and electrographic seizures. Morphological analyses using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and intracellular labeling reveal a high degree of abnormality in dentate granule cells, including heterotopic localization of granule cells in the molecular layer and hilus, aberrant dendritic orientation, occurrence of basal dendrites, and abnormal axon origination sites. Dentate granule cells of p35-deficient mice also demonstrate aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Field potential laminar analysis through the dentate molecular layer reflects the dispersion of granule cells and the structural reorganization of this region. Similar patterns of cortical disorganization have been linked to epileptogenesis in animal models of chronic seizures and in human temporal lobe epilepsy. The p35-deficient mouse may therefore offer an experimental system in which we can dissect out the key morphological features that are causally related to epileptogenesis.},
	Author = {Wenzel, H. J. and Robbins, C. A. and Tsai, L. H. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Astrocytes;Lysine;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Cell Count;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Reaction Time;Disease Models, Animal;Behavior, Animal;Cytoplasmic Granules;Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Nervous System Malformations;Homozygote;21 Neurophysiology;Mice, Knockout;Sensory Thresholds;Mice;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Electroencephalography;Flurothyl;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {21114055},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physiology/Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.},
	Pages = {983-98},
	Pii = {21/3/983},
	Pubmed = {11157084},
	Title = {Abnormal morphological and functional organization of the hippocampus in a p35 mutant model of cortical dysplasia associated with spontaneous seizures},
	Uuid = {18DDFD26-D5F7-4C46-9DBF-2D26E4D9F975},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Wenzel_JNeurosci2001.pdf}}



@article{West:2002,
	Author = {West, Anne E. and Griffith, Eric C. and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {review;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Signal Transduction;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Transcription Factors},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {921-31},
	Pii = {nrn987},
	Pubmed = {12461549},
	Title = {Regulation of transcription factors by neuronal activity},
	Uuid = {95D225A8-CACF-4CE4-9708-4B289DAD125D},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/West_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn987}}


@book{White:1989,
	Abstract = {88037182 Edward L. White with Asaf Keller ; introduction by Thomas A. Woolsey. ill. ; 25 cm.},
	Author = {White, Edward L. and Keller, Asaf},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Isbn = {0817634029},
	Keywords = {Synapses.;Cerebral cortex.;Cerebral Cortex physiology.;Cerebral Cortex anatomy &histology.;Cortex cerebral.;Neural circuitry.;Circuit neuronique.;M QP383 .W45 1989 WL 307 W583c 599/.0188},
	Publisher = {Birkh{\"a}user},
	Title = {Cortical circuits : synaptic organization of the cerebral cortex--structure, function, and theory},
	Uuid = {8A14F8CB-1A10-4D34-88B7-10612DAA0BF9},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{White:2006,
	Abstract = {Long-term EEG monitoring in chronically epileptic animals produces very large EEG data files which require efficient algorithms to differentiate interictal spikes and seizures from normal brain activity, noise, and, artifact. We compared four methods for seizure detection based on (1) EEG power as computed using amplitude squared (the power method), (2) the sum of the distances between consecutive data points (the coastline method), (3) automated spike frequency and duration detection (the spike frequency method), and (4) data range autocorrelation combined with spike frequency (the autocorrelation method). These methods were used to analyze a randomly selected test set of 13 days of continuous EEG data in which 75 seizures were imbedded. The EEG recordings were from eight different rats representing two different models of chronic epilepsy (five kainate-treated and three hypoxic-ischemic). The EEG power method had a positive predictive value (PPV, or true positives divided by the sum of true positives and false positives) of 18\%and a sensitivity (true positives divided by the sum of true positives and false negatives) of 95\%, the coastline method had a PPV of 78\%and sensitivity of 99.59, the spike frequency method had a PPV of 78\%and a sensitivity of 95\%, and the autocorrelation method yielded a PPV of 96\%and a sensitivity of 100\%. It is possible to detect seizures automatically in a prolonged EEG recording using computationally efficient unsupervised algorithms. Both the quality of the EEG and the analysis method employed affect PPV and sensitivity.},
	Author = {White, Andrew M. and Williams, Philip A. and Ferraro, Damien J. and Clark, Suzanne and Kadam, Shilpa D. and Dudek, F. Edward and Staley, Kevin J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0165-0270},
	Journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
	Keywords = {Telemetry;21 Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;21 Neurophysiology;Hippocampus;Predictive Value of Tests;Algorithms;Rats;Seizures;Models, Statistical;Kainic Acid;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Artifacts;Brain Injuries},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {7905558},
	Number = {1-2},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.},
	Pages = {255-66},
	Pii = {S0165-0270(05)00323-7},
	Pubmed = {16337006},
	Title = {Efficient unsupervised algorithms for the detection of seizures in continuous EEG recordings from rats after brain injury},
	Uuid = {AF46F8B4-5EEF-4EEC-948A-FEFBA611BDDB},
	Volume = {152},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/White_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.014}}


@article{Whitesides:1995,
	Abstract = {Prior to the emergence of the major functional subdivisions of the mammalian forebrain--the neocortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain--the lateral aspect of the telencephalic vesicle is distinguished by early neuronal differentiation assessed by MAP2 and GAP43 expression and increased expression of the Ca(2+)-independent/immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) NCAM, L1, and TAG-1. In contrast, the ventral and medial aspects of the vesicle show little early neuronal differentiation and intermediate or undetectable levels of CAM expression. We asked whether cells from these three regions acquire distinct adhesive and recognition properties that reflect their position, state of neuronal differentiation, and level of CAM expression. In a dissociation/reaggregation assay, cells from the lateral telencephalic vesicle form the largest reaggregates while ventral reaggregates are of intermediate size and medial reaggregates are the smallest. This differential adhesion has a Ca(2+)-independent component, and cells in reaggregates from each region maintain expression of CAMs and other neuronal markers consistent with their region of origin. Furthermore, cells from the lateral telencephalon can specifically sort out from medial cells. Little adhesivity is observed prior to early neuronal differentiation and the expression of Ca(2+)-independent CAMs, when the forebrain is still a prosencephalic vesicle, nor does it follow the pattern of detectable CAM expression once forebrain rudiments are formed. Thus, cells in the early developing forebrain acquire distinct adhesive and recognition properties that reflect the concurrent emergence of regional differences in neuronal differentiation and CAM expression. These differences are transient and can only be detected in the telencephalic vesicle before and during the morphogenesis of rudiments of major forebrain subdivisions. eng Journal Article},
	Author = {Whitesides, J. G. and LaMantia, A. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Biol},
	Keywords = {Neurons/*physiology;Cell Differentiation;Tissue Distribution;*Cell Adhesion;Prosencephalon/cytology/*embryology;B abstr;Cell Separation;Animal;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Calcium/metabolism;Stem Cells/*physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Telencephalon/embryology;Cell Aggregation;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;Cell Adhesion Molecules/*analysis;Immunohistochemistry},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.},
	Pages = {229-41.},
	Title = {Distinct adhesive behaviors of neurons and neural precursor cells during regional differentiation in the mammalian forebrain},
	Uuid = {D6BEF5C9-7430-45E8-8ECE-30CDCC1C94E2},
	Volume = {169},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Whitford:2002,
	Abstract = {Dendritic morphology has a profound impact on neuronal information processing. The overall extent and orientation of dendrites determines the kinds of input a neuron receives. Fine dendritic appendages called spines act as subcellular compartments devoted to processing synaptic information, and the dendritic branching pattern determines the efficacy with which synaptic information is transmitted to the soma. The acquisition of a mature dendritic morphology depends on the coordinated action of a number of different extracellular factors. Here we discuss this evidence in the context of dendritic development in the cerebral cortex. Soon after migrating to the cortical plate, neurons extend an apical dendrite directed toward the pial surface. The oriented growth of the apical dendrite is regulated by Sema3A, which acts as a dendritic chemoattractant. Subsequent dendritic development involves signaling by neurotrophic factors and Notch, which regulate dendritic growth and branching. During postnatal development the formation and stabilization of dendritic spines are regulated in part by patterns of synaptic activity. These observations suggest that extracellular signals play an important role in regulating every aspect of dendritic development and thereby exert a critical influence on cortical connectivity.},
	Author = {Whitford, Kristin L. and Dijkhuizen, Paul and Polleux, Franck and Ghosh, Anirvan},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {0147-006X},
	Journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Nerve Growth Factors;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cell Differentiation;Dendrites;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Cell Communication;Pyramidal Cells;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;Chemotaxis},
	Medline = {22047053},
	Nlm_Id = {7804039},
	Organization = {Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. kwhit\@jhmi.edu},
	Pages = {127-49},
	Pii = {112701.142932},
	Pubmed = {12052906},
	Title = {Molecular control of cortical dendrite development},
	Uuid = {F7DC6E52-CE7C-4DDF-BE1A-C9DDEA633500},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142932}}

@article{Whiting:1999,
	Abstract = {Disorders of cortical development form a spectrum of lesions produced by insults to the developing neocortex. These conditions typically first manifest in childhood with epilepsy, developmental delay, and focal neurologic signs. Although the clinical and electrophysiologic findings are often nonspecific, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging facilitates diagnosis during life, and assists in delineating specific clinical syndromes. While many patients are dysmorphic and severely affected by mental retardation and epilepsy, some have normal or near-normal cognitive function and no seizures. Molecular studies of dysplastic cortex are providing new insights into the basic mechanisms of brain function and development, while pathologic analysis of tissue removed at surgery is helping to define epileptic circuitry. Treatment of the epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia is often frustrating, but surgical approaches based on accurately defining epileptogenic regions are proving increasingly successful. Genetic diagnosis is important for accurate counseling of families.},
	Author = {Whiting, S. and Duchowny, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0883-0738},
	Journal = {J Child Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Genetic Screening;Syndrome;Child, Preschool;Humans;review;Female;Epilepsy;Infant;Child;Mental Retardation;Brain Diseases;Male;Developmental Disabilities;10 genetics malformation;Cerebral Cortex;Genetic Counseling;Infant, Newborn;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Cognition Disorders},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8606714},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Canada. whiting\@cheo.on.ca},
	Pages = {759-71},
	Pubmed = {10614562},
	Title = {Clinical spectrum of cortical dysplasia in childhood: diagnosis and treatment issues},
	Uuid = {33F53B1E-941D-45B1-B1AC-1E9B1D5BDE91},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1999}}





@article{Wichterle:2001,
	Abstract = {Recent studies suggest that neurons born in the developing basal forebrain migrate long distances perpendicularly to radial glia and that many of these cells reach the developing neocortex. This form of tangential migration, however, has not been demonstrated in vivo, and the sites of origin, pathways of migration and final destinations of these neurons in the postnatal brain are not fully understood. Using ultrasound-guided transplantation in utero, we have mapped the migratory pathways and fates of cells born in the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences (LGE and MGE) in 13.5-day-old mouse embryos. We demonstrate that LGE and MGE cells migrate along different routes to populate distinct regions in the developing brain. We show that LGE cells migrate ventrally and anteriorly, and give rise to the projecting medium spiny neurons in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, and to granule and periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. By contrast, we show that the MGE is a major source of neurons migrating dorsally and invading the developing neocortex. MGE cells migrate into the neocortex via the neocortical subventricular zone and differentiate into the transient subpial granule neurons in the marginal zone and into a stable population of GABA-, parvalbumin- or somatostatin-expressing interneurons throughout the cortical plate. 0950-1991 Journal Article},
	Author = {Wichterle, H. and Turnbull, D. H. and Nery, S. and Fishell, G. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Journal = {Development},
	Keywords = {Cell Transplantation/methods;Human;Cell Differentiation;Embryonic Induction;Animals;Female;Cell Movement;H pdf;Mice, Transgenic;Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology;*Neurons/metabolism/transplantation;Phosphoproteins/metabolism;Prosencephalon/*cytology/*embryology;Mice, Inbred Strains;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Ultrasonography, Prenatal;Somatostatin/metabolism;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Olfactory Bulb/cytology/embryology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Mice;gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism;Parvalbumins/metabolism;Ganglia/cytology/embryology/transplantation;Telencephalon/cytology/embryology;Neuroglia/cytology;12 Interneuron development},
	Number = {19},
	Organization = {The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {3759-71},
	Title = {In utero fate mapping reveals distinct migratory pathways and fates of neurons born in the mammalian basal forebrain},
	Uuid = {790C19A6-4934-4A7D-A31F-03FC919CA6A5},
	Volume = {128},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Wichterle_Development2001.pdf}}

@article{Wichterle:1999,
	Abstract = {In this study, we identified neuronal precursors that can disperse through adult mammalian brain tissue. Transplanted neuronal precursors from embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), but not from lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) or neocortex, dispersed and differentiated into neurons in multiple adult brain regions. In contrast, only LGE cells were able to migrate efficiently from the adult subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. In embryonic brain slices, MGE cells migrated extensively toward cortex. Our results demonstrate that cells in different germinal regions have unique migratory potentials, and that adult mammalian brain can support widespread dispersion of specific populations of neuronal precursors. These findings could be useful in repair of diffuse brain damage.},
	Author = {Wichterle, H. and Garcia-Verdugo, J. M. and Herrera, D. G. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {H;Mice, Inbred Strains;Corpus Striatum/cytology;Neurons/*transplantation;Stem Cells/*transplantation;Median Eminence/cytology/*embryology;Lac Operon;Olfactory Bulb/cytology;Neocortex/cytology;Animal;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;12 Interneuron development;*Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Mice;Cell Movement;*Brain Tissue Transplantation},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. wichteh\@rockvax.rockefeller.edu},
	Pages = {461-6.},
	Title = {Young neurons from medial ganglionic eminence disperse in adult and embryonic brain},
	Uuid = {54FAB3EF-AFE2-41B3-AE74-2EF1AEB186A3},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10321251}}

@article{Wichterle:1997,
	Abstract = {Neuronal precursors born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the neonatal and adult rodent brain migrate 3-8 mm from the walls of the lateral ventricle into the olfactory bulb. This tangentially oriented migration occurs without the guidance of radial glia or axonal processes. The cells move closely associated, forming elongated aggregates called chains, which are ensheathed by astrocytes. We have developed a culture system in which postnatal mouse SVZ neuronal precursors assemble into chains with ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics equivalent to those in vivo but without the astrocytic sheath. Time-lapse videomicrography revealed that individual cells migrate along the chains very rapidly (approximately 122 microm/hr) in both directions. Periods of cell body translocation were interspersed with stationary periods. This saltatory behavior was similar to radial glia-guided migration but approximately 4 times faster. Neuronal precursors isolated from embryonic cortical ventricular zone or cerebellar external granule layer did not form chains under these conditions, suggesting that chain migration is characteristic of SVZ precursors. This study directly demonstrates that SVZ neuronal precursors migrate along each other without the assistance of astrocytes or other cell types. (Additional data are presented in www.cell.com).},
	Author = {Wichterle, H. and Garcia-Verdugo, J. M. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Microscopy, Video;B abstr;Cells, Cultured;Cell Movement/*physiology;Animal;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Astrocytes/physiology;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neurons/chemistry/*cytology/ultrastructure;Extracellular Matrix/physiology;Mice, Inbred Strains;Brain/cytology/embryology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Carbocyanines;Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology/ultrastructure;Mice;Immunohistochemistry;Microscopy, Electron;Cerebral Ventricles/cytology},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {779-91.},
	Title = {Direct evidence for homotypic, glia-independent neuronal migration},
	Uuid = {68C2F1F3-B3ED-4148-A874-22691E6B9830},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9182802}}

@article{Wichterle:2003,
	Abstract = {Young neurons born in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate a long distance dorsally, giving rise to several types of interneurons in neocortex. The mechanisms that facilitate selective dorsal dispersion of MGE cells while restricting their movement ventrally into neighboring regions are not known. Using microtransplantation into fetal brain slices and onto dissociated substrate cells on floating filters (spot assay), we demonstrate that ventral forebrain regions neighboring the MGE are nonpermissive for MGE cell migration, whereas the dorsal regions leading to the neocortex are increasingly permissive. Spot assay experiments using filters with different pore sizes indicate that the permissive factors are not diffusible. We also show that MGE cells respond to chemoattractive and inhibitory factors diffusing from the neocortex and ventromedial forebrain, respectively. We propose that the final extent and regional specificity of MGE cell dispersion is largely dictated by contact guidance through a selectively permissive environment, flanked by nonpermissive tissues. In addition, we propose that chemotactic guidance cues superimposed over the permissive corridor facilitate efficient dorsal migration of MGE cells. 0027-8424 Journal Article},
	Author = {Wichterle, H. and Alvarez-Dolado, M. and Erskine, L. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {H;Chemotaxis;Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology;Median Eminence/*cytology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;12 Interneuron development;Neocortex/*cytology;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Diffusion;Mice;Cell Movement},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {727-32},
	Pubmed = {12515855},
	Title = {Permissive corridor and diffusible gradients direct medial ganglionic eminence cell migration to the neocortex},
	Uuid = {93DD9D9F-BB17-4DE4-B726-A9D1FCACDBF2},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12515855}}



@article{Wierenga:2005,
	Abstract = {Synaptic scaling is a form of homeostatic plasticity that scales synaptic strengths up or down to compensate for prolonged changes in activity. It has been controversial whether this plasticity is expressed presynaptically, postsynaptically, or both. Here we describe in detail the homeostatic changes that take place at excitatory synapses in visual cortical cultures after 1 or 2 d of activity blockade. After 7-10 d in vitro, activity blockade significantly increased postsynaptic accumulation of synaptic AMPA receptors via proportional increases in glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) and GluR2. Time-lapse imaging of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged AMPA receptors revealed that receptor accumulation increased progressively over 2 d of activity blockade and affected the entire population of imaged synapses. The strength of synaptic connections between pyramidal neurons was more than doubled after activity blockade without affecting short-term depression or the coefficient of variation of the postsynaptic responses. Furthermore, uptake of the fluorescent styryl dye FM1-43 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-[4-(dibutylamino)styryl] pyridinium dibromide) by presynaptic terminals was not different at control and activity-blocked synapses. In addition to the increased accumulation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors, boosting of dendritic AMPA currents by sodium channels was increased by activity blockade. These data indicate that, at young neocortical synapses, synaptic scaling has a predominantly postsynaptic locus and functions as a gain control mechanism to regulate neuronal activity without affecting the dynamics of synaptic transmission.},
	Author = {Wierenga, Corette J. and Ibata, Keiji and Turrigiano, Gina G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:34 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Diagnostic Imaging;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Lysine;tau Proteins;Animals;Cells, Cultured;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;Rats, Long-Evans;comparative study ;Transfection;Electric Stimulation;Synapses;Homeostasis;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Neocortex;Neuronal Plasticity;Potassium Chloride;Action Potentials;Synapsins;Tetrodotoxin;Time Factors;Rats;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Receptors, AMPA;Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Membrane Proteins;Neurons;Pyridinium Compounds},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Biology and Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.},
	Pages = {2895-905},
	Pii = {25/11/2895},
	Pubmed = {15772349},
	Title = {Postsynaptic expression of homeostatic plasticity at neocortical synapses},
	Uuid = {DD1E2252-533D-4DF7-91DA-88EE26560DC5},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Wierenga_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5217-04.2005}}



@article{Wilcott:1981,
	Author = {Wilcott, R. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0031-9384},
	Journal = {Physiol Behav},
	Keywords = {Rats;Inhibition (Psychology);Animals;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Frontal Lobe},
	Medline = {82060710},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0151504},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {237-41},
	Pubmed = {7301955},
	Title = {Medial and orbital cortex and the suppression of behavior in the rat},
	Uuid = {82222793-7DDD-48BC-ADCD-B0A129F04C22},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Wilder:1965,
	Author = {Wilder, B. J. and Schmidt, R. P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {Epilepsy;Electroencephalography;21 Neurophysiology;Haplorhini;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {66108218},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {297-309},
	Pubmed = {4956069},
	Title = {Propagation of epileptic discharge from chronic neocortical foci in monkey},
	Uuid = {198B7D99-24F2-42F9-A765-5B72F4C3925B},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1965}}


@article{Willhite:2006,
	Abstract = {Olfactory sensory neurons converge onto glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) to form modular information processing units. Similar input modules are organized in translaminar columns for other sensory modalities. It has been less clear in the OB whether the initial modular organization relates to a columnar structure in the deeper layers involved in local circuit processing. To probe synaptic connectivity in the OB, we injected a retrograde-specific strain of the pseudorabies virus into the rat OB and piriform cortex. The viral-staining patterns revealed a striking columnar organization that extended across all layers of the OB from the glomeruli to the deep granule cell layer. We hypothesize that the columns represent an extension of the glomerular unit. Specific patterning was observed, suggesting selective, rather than distance-dependent, center-surround connectivity. The results provide a previously undescribed basis for interpreting the synaptic connections between mitral and granule cells within the context of a columnar organization in the OB and have implications for olfactory coding and network organization.},
	Author = {Willhite, David C. and Nguyen, Katherine T. and Masurkar, Arjun V. and Greer, Charles A. and Shepherd, Gordon M. and Chen, Wei R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {Synapses;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Immunohistochemistry;Rats;Herpesvirus 1, Suid;Olfactory Bulb;Neurons, Afferent;Animals;Biological Transport;13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {33},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. david.willhite\@yale.edu},
	Pages = {12592-7},
	Pii = {0602032103},
	Pubmed = {16895993},
	Title = {Viral tracing identifies distributed columnar organization in the olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {EEAD06C3-9F1B-4A08-9ACA-8D75CC814370},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602032103}}


@article{Williams:1998,
	Abstract = {The dopaminergic innervation of the frontal cortex, commonly implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders, has traditionally been associated with a circumscribed midline group of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons. We have employed a combination of retrograde tracing, using fluorescent dyes, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry to amplify knowledge of frontal cortex-projecting dopamine (DA) neurons in non-human primates. Injections of retrograde fluorochromes were made in areas 46, 8B/6M, 12, 4, 24, and the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic areas (IL) of the rhesus monkey. The mesencephalic distribution of neurons exhibiting both retrograde labeling and TH immunoreactivity or retrograde labeling alone was examined from the level of the mammillary bodies to the locus coeruleus. DA afferents innervating the macaque frontal cortex as a whole originate from an unexpectedly widespread continuum of neurons distributed in the dorsal aspects of all three of the mesencephalic DA cell groups [A9, A10 and A8; generally corresponding to the DA cells of the substantia nigra (SN), VTA, and the retrorubral area (RRA) respectively]. A large number of these retrogradely labeled neurons are non-dopaminergic. The dorsal frontal cortex (areas 46, BB/6M and 4) receive DA projections primarily from the full medial-lateral extent of A9 cells dorsal to the SN pars compacta (i.e. A9 dorsalis), the RRA and to a lesser extent from the A10 parabrachial pigmented nucleus (PBPG) and linear nuclei, the latter of which have been associated with the mesocortical DA system. In contrast, the ventromedial PL and IL exhibit a significantly more robust input from the PBPG and midline linear VTA nuclei than from the lateral groups. The anterior cingulate cortex (area 24) is innervated by a group of DA neurons primarily located between these laterally and medially concentrated populations. These findings demonstrate a degree of compartmentalization of the mesofrontal DA system in primates, and suggest that this projection should no longer be viewed as a unitary midline system.},
	Author = {Williams, S. M. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Frontal Lobe;Mesencephalon;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Macaca mulatta;Fluorescent Dyes;Brain Mapping;Synaptic Transmission;Animals;Dopamine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons;Amidines},
	Medline = {98313149},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {321-45},
	Pubmed = {9651129},
	Title = {Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system},
	Uuid = {992614A9-EADC-4B3C-9F94-3F5BD0754439},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1998}}









@article{Williams:2007,
	Abstract = {Synapses are located throughout the often-elaborate dendritic tree of central neurons. Hebbian models of plasticity require temporal association between synaptic input and neuronal output to produce long-term potentiation of excitatory transmission. Recent studies have highlighted how active dendritic spiking mechanisms control this association. Here, we review new work showing that associative synaptic plasticity can be generated without neuronal output and that the interplay between neuronal architecture and the active electrical properties of the dendritic tree regulates synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Williams, Stephen R. and Wozny, Christian and Mitchell, Simon J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.},
	Pages = {947-53},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(07)00969-5},
	Pubmed = {18093518},
	Title = {The back and forth of dendritic plasticity},
	Uuid = {7D033EF4-E1F2-4B9B-9AFA-8974AE33EE20},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Williams_Neuron2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.004}}


@article{Wilson:2004a,
	Abstract = {The tremendous complexity of the adult forebrain makes it a challenging task to elucidate how this structure forms during embryonic development. Nevertheless, we are beginning to understand how a simple epithelial sheet of ectoderm gives rise to the labyrinthine network of cells that constitutes the functional forebrain. Here, we discuss early events in forebrain development-those that lead to the establishment of the anterior neural plate and the regional subdivision of this territory into the different domains of the prospective forebrain. 1534-5807 Journal Article},
	Author = {Wilson, S. W. and Houart, C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Dev Cell},
	Keywords = {F abstr;10 Development},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.},
	Pages = {167-81},
	Pubmed = {14960272},
	Title = {Early steps in the development of the forebrain},
	Uuid = {5FFF03CB-D9FF-4830-920C-449A5DEFA9F7},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14960272}}

@article{Wilson:2005,
	Abstract = {Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons project to the antennal lobe, the insect analog of the mammalian olfactory bulb. GABAergic synaptic inhibition is thought to play a critical role in olfactory processing in the antennal lobe and olfactory bulb. However, the properties of GABAergic neurons and the cellular effects of GABA have not been described in Drosophila, an important model organism for olfaction research. We have used whole-cell patch-clamp recording, pharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and genetic markers to investigate how GABAergic inhibition affects olfactory processing in the Drosophila antennal lobe. We show that many axonless local neurons (LNs) in the adult antennal lobe are GABAergic. GABA hyperpolarizes antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) via two distinct conductances, blocked by a GABAA- and GABAB-type antagonist, respectively. Whereas GABAA receptors shape PN odor responses during the early phase of odor responses, GABAB receptors mediate odor-evoked inhibition on longer time scales. The patterns of odor-evoked GABAB-mediated inhibition differ across glomeruli and across odors. Finally, we show that LNs display broad but diverse morphologies and odor preferences, suggesting a cellular basis for odor- and glomerulus-dependent patterns of inhibition. Together, these results are consistent with a model in which odors elicit stimulus-specific spatial patterns of GABA release, and as a result, GABAergic inhibition increases the degree of difference between the neural representations of different odors.},
	Author = {Wilson, Rachel I. and Laurent, Gilles},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Animals;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Cell Count;Animals, Genetically Modified;Patch-Clamp Techniques;comparative study ;Recombinant Fusion Proteins;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Odors;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Olfactory Bulb;21 Neurophysiology;Antigens, CD8;Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors;Drosophila;Membrane Potentials;Organophosphorus Compounds;Sense Organs;Immunohistochemistry;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Drosophila Proteins},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {40},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. rachel\_wilson\@hms.harvard.edu},
	Pages = {9069-79},
	Pii = {25/40/9069},
	Pubmed = {16207866},
	Title = {Role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping odor-evoked spatiotemporal patterns in the Drosophila antennal lobe},
	Uuid = {EA79EEF0-0291-44EA-9FCB-1CA0DEA9B603},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Wilson_JNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2070-05.2005}}

@article{Wilson:2007,
	Author = {Wilson, Rachel I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Behavior, Animal;21 Neurophysiology;Drosophila Proteins;Drosophila melanogaster;Anopheles gambiae;comment;Neurons, Afferent;Animals;Humans;Carbon Dioxide;24 Pubmed search results 2008;news},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7123},
	Pages = {30-1},
	Pii = {445030a},
	Pubmed = {17203047},
	Title = {Neurobiology: scent secrets of insects},
	Uuid = {4174C4F3-BA97-4B9A-AABF-C6260ED111A7},
	Volume = {445},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Wilson_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/445030a}}

@article{Wilson:2004,
	Abstract = {Molecular genetics has revealed a precise stereotypy in the projection of primary olfactory sensory neurons onto secondary neurons. A major challenge is to understand how this mapping translates into odor responses in these second-order neurons. We investigated this question in Drosophila using whole-cell recordings in vivo. We observe that monomolecular odors generally elicit responses in large ensembles of antennal lobe neurons. Comparison of odor-evoked activity from afferents and postsynaptic neurons in the same glomerulus revealed that second-order neurons display broader tuning and more complex responses than their primary afferents. This indicates a major transformation of odor representations, implicating lateral interactions within the antennal lobe.},
	Author = {Wilson, Rachel I. and Turner, Glenn C. and Laurent, Gilles},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Animals;Synapses;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Neurons, Afferent;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Odors;Smell;Receptors, GABA-A;Action Potentials;Olfactory Pathways;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Picrotoxin;Nervous System Physiology;Drosophila;GABA Antagonists;Sense Organs;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5656},
	Organization = {Division of Biology, 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.},
	Pages = {366-70},
	Pii = {1090782},
	Pubmed = {14684826},
	Title = {Transformation of olfactory representations in the Drosophila antennal lobe},
	Uuid = {1FEF8179-D150-47BB-90D3-62E91EF88E04},
	Volume = {303},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Wilson_Science2004.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1090782}}

@article{Wines-Samuelson:2005,
	Abstract = {Presenilin-1 (PS1), the major causative gene of familial Alzheimer disease, regulates neuronal differentiation and Notch signaling during early neural development. To investigate the role of PS1 in neuronal migration and cortical lamination of the postnatal brain, we circumvented the perinatal lethality of PS1-null mice by generating a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse in which PS1 inactivation is restricted to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and NPC-derived neurons and glia. BrdU birthdating analysis revealed that many late-born neurons fail to migrate beyond the early-born neurons to arrive at their appropriate positions in the superficial layer, while the migration of the early-born neurons is largely normal. The migration defect of late-born neurons coincides with the progressive reduction of radial glia in PS1 cKO mice. In contrast to the premature loss of Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons in PS1-null mice, generation and survival of CR neurons are unaffected in PS1 cKO mice. Furthermore, the number of proliferating meningeal cells, which have been shown to be important for the survival of CR neurons, is increased in PS1-null mice but not in PS1 cKO mice. These findings show a cell-autonomous role for PS1 in cortical lamination and radial glial development, and a non-cell-autonomous role for PS1 in CR neuron survival.},
	Author = {Wines-Samuelson, Mary and Handler, Melissa and Shen, Jie},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0012-1606},
	Journal = {Dev Biol},
	Keywords = {10 Development},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0372762},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.},
	Pages = {332-46},
	Pii = {S0012-1606(04)00661-X},
	Pubmed = {15617678},
	Title = {Role of presenilin-1 in cortical lamination and survival of Cajal-Retzius neurons},
	Uuid = {49AAB3DB-3790-46AC-B9D6-6C04FE2F3B82},
	Volume = {277},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.024}}

@article{Winner:2002,
	Abstract = {In the adult rat olfactory bulb, neurons are continually generated from progenitors that reside in the lateral ventricle wall. This study investigates long-term survival and cell death of newly generated cells within the adult olfactory bulb. After injecting rats at 2 months of age with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), the newly generated cells were quantified over a period of 19 months. A peak of BrdU-positive cells was reached in the olfactory bulb 1 month after BrdU injection, when all new cells have finished migrating from the ventricle wall. Thereafter, a reduction of BrdU-positive cells to about 50\%was observed and it was confirmed by dUTP-nick end-labelling (TUNEL) that progenitors and young neurons undergo programmed cell death. However, cells that survived the first 3 months after BrdU injection persisted for up to 19 months. The majority of the BrdU-positive cells that reach the olfactory bulb differentiate into granule cells, but a small fraction migrate further into the glomerular layer. These newborn cells differentiate more slowly into periglomerular interneurons, with a delay of more than 1 month when compared to the granule cells. The newly generated periglomerular neurons, among them a significant fraction of dopaminergic cells, showed a similar decline in number compared to the granule cell layer and long-term survival for the remaining new neurons of up to 19 months. Rather than replacing old neurons, this data suggests that adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis utilizes the overproduction and turnover of young neurons, which is reminiscent of the cellular dynamics observed during brain development. 22318906 0953-816x Journal Article},
	Author = {Winner, B. and Cooper-Kuhn, C. M. and Aigner, R. and Winkler, J. and Kuhn, H. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Cell Survival;Cell Differentiation;Animals;Rats;Apoptosis;Female;B pdf;02 Adult neurogenesis migration;Rats, Wistar;Time Factors;Olfactory Bulb;In Situ Nick-End Labeling;Neurons;Cell Division;Immunohistochemistry;Stem Cells;Bromodeoxyuridine;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22318906},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitatsstrasse 84, D- 93053 Regensburg, Germany Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.},
	Pages = {1681-9},
	Pii = {2238},
	Pubmed = {12431220},
	Title = {Long-term survival and cell death of newly generated neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb},
	Uuid = {27275CB2-7C2B-404F-B4C6-F79E07D98A87},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Winner_EurJNeurosci2002.pdf}}
















@article{Wright:1968,
	Author = {Wright, F. S. and Bradley, W. E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-4694},
	Journal = {Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Penicillins;Epilepsy;Computers;Electroencephalography;Axons;21 Neurophysiology;21 Epilepsy;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Time Factors;Motor Activity;Rabbits;Animals, Newborn;Humans;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Infant, Newborn;Neurons},
	Medline = {69030169},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {0375035},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {259-65},
	Pubmed = {4176929},
	Title = {Maturation of epileptiform activity},
	Uuid = {5174F869-3B76-4B95-99D4-D079C17CCB92},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1968}}





@article{Wu:2001,
	Abstract = {We have examined the spatiotemporal properties of ensemble activity, an evoked all-or-none polysynaptic activity in rat neocortical slices. Ensemble activity occurred in cortical slices bathed in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and was evoked by a single electrical shock either to the white matter or directly to the cortical tissue. This activity was seen in slices of somatosensory and auditory cortices; in other cortical areas we have not been able to evoke it. The activity developed 10 to 250 ms poststimulus and lasted 280 +/- 120 ms in local field potential (LFP) recordings. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging showed that this activity was an area of activation 0.8 +/- 0.4 mm wide that propagated slowly (11.4 +/- 6.2 mm/s, n = 60, 6 animals) in the horizontal direction. Due to this propagation, the actual duration in the whole tissue may be longer (approximately 400 ms) than that recorded by a single LFP electrode. Ensemble activity produced a low-amplitude optical signal (7-14\%of the interictal-like spikes in the same tissue), suggesting a moderate net depolarization of the population. These were very different from hyperexcitable (epileptiform) events in the same tissue that had about 10 times the optical signal amplitude and propagated at 125 +/- 24 mm/s (n = 21, 6 animals). On a global spatial scale (approximately 0.8 mm wide in layers II-III) ensemble activity had a smooth waveform in voltage-sensitive dye signals (population transmembrane potential). On a local scale, field potential recordings showed large fluctuations with complex oscillations and substantial trial-to-trial variation. This suggests that oscillations in cortical circuits occurred only in small clusters of correlated neurons. Ensemble activity was sensitive to the excitation-inhibition balance of the local network. Antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, and GABAa receptors, and muscarinic agonists and other modest manipulations such as increasing bath concentration of Mg(2+) to 2.5-4 mM (normally at 2 mM), or K(+) to 5-7 mM (normally 3 mM), all significantly reduced the probability of evoking the activity. The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, blocked the activity at a low concentration (10-15 microM), while the antagonist (R,S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine had no effect even at high concentration (240 microM). Our data suggest that locally organized neuronal clusters may play a role in the organization of oscillatory activities in the gamma band and may participate in cortical integration/amplification occurring on a scale of approximately 1 mm x 300 ms.},
	Author = {Wu, J. Y. and Guan, L. and Bai, L. and Yang, Q.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:43 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3077},
	Journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	Keywords = {Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Rats;Neural Conduction;21 Epilepsy;Female;Cell Count;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Reaction Time;Time Factors;Bicuculline;Male;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;Convulsants;Auditory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {21555311},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0375404},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. wuj\@georgetown.edu},
	Pages = {2461-74},
	Pubmed = {11698535},
	Title = {Spatiotemporal properties of an evoked population activity in rat sensory cortical slices},
	Uuid = {4828FB2F-6E46-4698-B964-47886E8AED00},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001}}











@article{Xiong:2002,
	Abstract = {A unique feature of the olfactory bulb circuit is the long projection of the mitral cell lateral dendrites. Through dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses, these dendrites connect one olfactory glomerular module to hundreds of others; but the functional principles governing these extensive lateral interactions remain largely unknown. Here we report that the spatial extent of action potential propagation in these dendrites is dynamically regulated by inhibitory synapses distributed along the dendrites. The extent of propagation determines the spatial pattern of Ca(2+) influx and thus the range and number of dendrodendritic synapses to be activated. Accordingly, network control of spike traffic in the mitral cell lateral dendrites can mediate dynamic interaction with different combinations of glomerular modules in response to different odorants. 0896-6273 Journal Article},
	Author = {Xiong, W. and Chen, W. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {13 Olfactory bulb anatomy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Dendrites/classification/*physiology;Rats;Female;Synapses/physiology;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*physiology;I pdf;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Male;Ion Channel Gating/*physiology;Action Potentials/*physiology},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Yale University Department of Neurobiology, 333 Cedar Street, C303 SHM, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.},
	Pages = {115-26},
	Title = {Dynamic gating of spike propagation in the mitral cell lateral dendrites},
	Uuid = {EE2D2DF5-68AE-4927-B4B6-4A6B03E10F81},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Xiong_Neuron2002.pdf}}



@article{Xu:2004,
	Abstract = {Cerebral cortical functions are conducted by two general classes of neurons: glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons. Distinct interneuron subtypes serve distinct roles in modulating cortical activity and can be differentially affected in cortical diseases, but little is known about the mechanisms for generating their diversity. Recent evidence suggests that many cortical interneurons originate within the subcortical telencephalon and then migrate tangentially into the overlying cortex. To test the hypothesis that distinct interneuron subtypes are derived from distinct telencephalic subdivisions, we have used an in vitro assay to assess the developmental potential of subregions of the telencephalic proliferative zone (PZ) to give rise to neurochemically defined interneuron subgroups. PZ cells from GFP+ donor mouse embryos were transplanted onto neonatal cortical feeder cells and assessed for their ability to generate specific interneuron subtypes. Our results suggest that the parvalbumin- and the somatostatin-expressing interneuron subgroups originate primarily within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the subcortical telencephalon, whereas the calretinin-expressing interneurons appear to derive mainly from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). These results are supported by findings from primary cultures of cortex from Nkx2.1 mutants, in which normal MGE fails to form but in which the CGE is less affected. In these cultures, parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing cells are absent, although calretinin-expressing interneurons are present. Interestingly, calretinin-expressing bipolar interneurons were nearly absent from cortical cultures of Dlx1/2 mutants. By establishing spatial differences in the origins of interneuron subtypes, these studies lay the groundwork for elucidating the molecular bases for their distinct differentiation pathways. 1529-2401 Journal Article},
	Author = {Xu, Q. and Cobos, I. and De La Cruz, E. and Rubenstein, J. L. and Anderson, S. A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {10 Development;F pdf},
	Number = {11},
	Organization = {Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
	Pages = {2612-22},
	Title = {Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes},
	Uuid = {CE76422E-043A-4C1D-8AAF-1641BB46C3C4},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2004},
	url = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2004.pdf}}

@article{Xu:1999,
	Abstract = {The restriction of intermingling between specific cell populations is crucial for the maintenance of organized patterns during development. A striking example is the restriction of cell mixing between segments in the insect epidermis and the vertebrate hindbrain that may enable each segment to maintain a distinct identity. In the hindbrain, this is a result of different adhesive properties of odd- and even-numbered segments (rhombomeres), but an adhesion molecule with alternating segmental expression has not been found. However, blocking experiments suggest that Eph-receptor tyrosine kinases may be required for the segmental restriction of cells. Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, are expressed in complementary rhombomeres and, by analogy with their roles in axon pathfinding, could mediate cell repulsion at boundaries. Remarkably, transmembrane ephrins can themselves transduce signals, raising the possibility that bi-directional signalling occurs between adjacent ephrin- and Eph-receptor-expressing cells. We report here that mosaic activation of Eph receptors leads to sorting of cells to boundaries in odd-numbered rhombomeres, whereas mosaic activation of ephrins results in sorting to boundaries in even-numbered rhombomeres. These data implicate Eph receptors and ephrins in the segmental restriction of cell intermingling. 0028-0836 Journal Article},
	Author = {Xu, Q. and Mellitzer, G. and Robinson, V. and Wilkinson, D. G.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism;10 Development;Signal Transduction;Animals;Phosphorylation;Cell Movement;Rhombencephalon/embryology;Central Nervous System/cytology/embryology;Membrane Proteins/*metabolism;F both;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Receptor, EphA4;Mosaicism;Fetal Proteins/metabolism;Ephrin-A4;Receptor, EphB2;Zebrafish;Cell Differentiation/physiology},
	Number = {6733},
	Organization = {Division of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.},
	Pages = {267-71},
	Pubmed = {10353250},
	Title = {In vivo cell sorting in complementary segmental domains mediated by Eph receptors and ephrins},
	Uuid = {D9E1E780-1F84-4BF9-8BCF-A6B99AEB6AAD},
	Volume = {399},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10353250}}







@article{Yaksi:2006,
	Abstract = {Methods to record action potential (AP) firing in many individual neurons are essential to unravel the function of complex neuronal circuits in the brain. A promising approach is bolus loading of Ca(2+) indicators combined with multiphoton microscopy. Currently, however, this technique lacks cell-type specificity, has low temporal resolution and cannot resolve complex temporal firing patterns. Here we present simple solutions to these problems. We identified neuron types by colocalizing Ca(2+) signals of a red-fluorescing indicator with genetically encoded markers. We reconstructed firing rate changes from Ca(2+) signals by temporal deconvolution. This technique is efficient, dramatically enhances temporal resolution, facilitates data interpretation and permits analysis of odor-response patterns across thousands of neurons in the zebrafish olfactory bulb. Hence, temporally deconvolved Ca(2+) imaging (TDCa imaging) resolves limitations of current optical recording techniques and is likely to be widely applicable because of its simplicity, robustness and generic principle.},
	Author = {Yaksi, Emre and Friedrich, Rainer W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1548-7091},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;24 Pubmed search results 2008;23 Technique},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {101215604},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomedical Optics, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
	Pages = {377-83},
	Pii = {nmeth874},
	Pubmed = {16628208},
	Title = {Reconstruction of firing rate changes across neuronal populations by temporally deconvolved Ca(2+) imaging},
	Uuid = {D5D050DE-B09A-4C79-B878-652800092D76},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Yaksi_NatMethods2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth874}}




@article{Yamagata:2008,
	Abstract = {Synaptic circuits in the retina transform visual input gathered by photoreceptors into messages that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) send to the brain. Processes of retinal interneurons (amacrine and bipolar cells) form synapses on dendrites of RGCs in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The IPL is divided into at least 10 parallel sublaminae; subsets of interneurons and RGCs arborize and form synapses in just one or a few of them. These lamina-specific circuits determine the visual features to which RGC subtypes respond. Here we show that four closely related immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) adhesion molecules--Dscam (Down's syndrome cell adhesion molecule), DscamL (refs 6-9), Sidekick-1 and Sidekick-2 (ref. 10)--are expressed in chick by non-overlapping subsets of interneurons and RGCs that form synapses in distinct IPL sublaminae. Moreover, each protein is concentrated within the appropriate sublaminae and each mediates homophilic adhesion. Loss- and gain-of-function studies in vivo indicate that these IgSF members participate in determining the IPL sublaminae in which synaptic partners arborize and connect. Thus, vertebrate Dscams, like Drosophila Dscams, play roles in neural connectivity. Together, our results on Dscams and Sidekicks suggest the existence of an IgSF code for laminar specificity in retina and, by implication, in other parts of the central nervous system.},
	Author = {Yamagata, Masahito and Sanes, Joshua R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Retina;10 Development;Animals;Synapses;Humans;Immunoglobulins;Eye Proteins;Gene Expression Profiling;10 circuit formation;Cell Line;Cell Adhesion;Chick Embryo;Organ Specificity;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Interneurons;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Membrane Proteins;Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7177},
	Organization = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.},
	Pages = {465-9},
	Pii = {nature06469},
	Pubmed = {18216854},
	Title = {Dscam and Sidekick proteins direct lamina-specific synaptic connections in vertebrate retina},
	Uuid = {36008284-92E1-410F-83DD-A39C99CC0B4C},
	Volume = {451},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Yamagata_Nature2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06469}}

@article{Yamaguchi:2003,
	Abstract = {Individual cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian center, are integrated into a stable and robust pacemaker with a period length of about 24 hours. We used real-time analysis of gene expression to show synchronized rhythms of clock gene transcription across hundreds of neurons within the mammalian SCN in organotypic slice culture. Differentially phased neuronal clocks are topographically arranged across the SCN. A protein synthesis inhibitor set all cell clocks to the same initial phase and, after withdrawal, intrinsic interactions among cell clocks reestablished the stable program of gene expression across the assemblage. Na+-dependent action potentials contributed to establishing cellular synchrony and maintaining spontaneous oscillation across the SCN.},
	Author = {Yamaguchi, Shun and Isejima, Hiromi and Matsuo, Takuya and Okura, Ryusuke and Yagita, Kazuhiro and Kobayashi, Masaki and Okamura, Hitoshi},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Transcription, Genetic;Signal Transduction;Cell Cycle Proteins;Animals;Trans-Activators;Transcription Factors;20 Networks;Cycloheximide;Suppression, Genetic;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Mice, Transgenic;Biological Clocks;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Protein Synthesis Inhibitors;Tetrodotoxin;Organ Culture Techniques;Action Potentials;Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases;Mice, Knockout;Neurons;Sodium;Nuclear Proteins;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Luminescence;Promoter Regions (Genetics);Gene Expression;Circadian Rhythm;Suprachiasmatic Nucleus},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5649},
	Organization = {Division of Molecular Brain Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.},
	Pages = {1408-12},
	Pii = {302/5649/1408},
	Pubmed = {14631044},
	Title = {Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus},
	Uuid = {FFA5C5ED-11F4-4BCD-BABB-85E5F043A1CE},
	Volume = {302},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Yamaguchi_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1089287}}


@article{Yan:2001,
	Abstract = {Active caspase-3 immunoreactivity was detected in the rat forebrain proliferative regions at birth and remained high in these areas for about 2 weeks, during which period labeled cells were present centroperipherally across the olfactory bulb. By the end of the third postnatal week, only a small number of immunolabeled cells remained in these forebrain structures. Active caspase-3 immunolabeling was localized mostly to cell nuclei and co-localized partially with TuJ1 and NeuN immunoreactivity, but not with glial fibrially acidic protein, OX-42, gamma-aminobutyric acid, or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive labeling. Active caspase-3 and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) double-labeled nuclei were seen in the proliferative regions after 2 hours and in the periglomerular region of the bulb after 7 days following BrdU injections. Examination of the cells with electron microscopy confirmed that the active caspase-3-containing nuclei in the proliferative regions often had infoldings and appeared to be undergoing division. Some of the cells with active caspase-3-labeled nuclei in the bulb had synapses on their somata or dendrites. Labeled dendritic spines and a few axon terminals were also observed in the olfactory bulb. Taken together, it appears that a wave of active caspase-3-positive cells are dividing in the proliferative zones and then migrating to the bulb as they differentiate into neurons. Therefore, active caspase-3 may play a role in cellular processes such as neuronal differentiation, migration, and plasticity, in addition to its role in cell death. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	Author = {Yan, X. X. and Najbauer, J. and Woo, C. C. and Dashtipour, K. and Ribak, C. E. and Leon, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 13:57:01 -0400},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {Rats, Wistar/*metabolism;Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/growth &development;Rats;Stem Cells/enzymology/ultrastructure;Animal;Immunophenotyping;Male;Antibodies;Antimetabolites;Caspases/analysis/immunology/*metabolism;Cell Division/physiology;In Situ Nick-End Labeling;C;04 Adult neurogenesis factors;Mitosis/*physiology;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Microscopy, Electron;Bromodeoxyuridine;Neurons/*enzymology/ultrastructure},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.},
	Pages = {4-22.},
	Title = {Expression of active caspase-3 in mitotic and postmitotic cells of the rat forebrain},
	Uuid = {05195B70-E485-49C5-9536-7C18FAE42127},
	Volume = {433},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11283945}}

@article{Yang:2000,
	Abstract = {PURPOSE: Epileptogenesis is a hallmark of severe cortical trauma, with up to approximately 80\%of patients experiencing seizures in the first 24 hours after penetrating head injury. An in vitro model of traumatic brain injury was developed to investigate hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis and their prevention. We determined whether sodium valproate would prevent epileptiform activity in this experimental model. METHODS: Rat cortical slices were prepared and maintained in vitro using standard methods. Trauma was effected by removing the superficial 450-500 microm of slices. Traumatized slices were exposed to valproate at various time points. Intracellular and extracellular recordings were used to assess evoked activities. RESULTS: In untreated traumatized deep segments, hyperexcitability was manifested by depressed inhibition and often (54\%) by epileptiform activity. Preparations exposed to valproate at 30 minutes or later after trauma showed abnormal activity similar to control traumatized slices. Epileptogenicity in deep segments was significantly reduced when slices were exposed to valproate (a) continuously immediately after trauma, (b) after a 20-minute delay, or (c) immediately after trauma for 1 hour and then returned to physiological solution. Finally, slices that were exposed to valproate or pentobarbital beginning 20 minutes after trauma for only 1 hour and then returned to physiological medium showed a significant reduction in abnormal activity. Valproate was found to enhance fast gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-ergic inhibitory strength. CONCLUSIONS: Valproate significantly reduces epileptiform activity after trauma to the neocortex, likely by restoring the excitation-inhibition balance, perhaps through augmentation of gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission. The timing of this action may have implications for mechanisms of seizure genesis and may suggest a role for rapid treatment.},
	Author = {Yang, L. and Benardo, L. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:45 -0400},
	Issn = {0013-9580},
	Journal = {Epilepsia},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;In Vitro;Humans;Rats;Synaptic Transmission;Valproic Acid;Neocortex;Epilepsy;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Epilepsy;Disease Models, Animal;Brain Injuries;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neural Inhibition;Anticonvulsants},
	Medline = {20565485},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {2983306R},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.},
	Pages = {1507-13},
	Pubmed = {11114207},
	Title = {Valproate prevents epileptiform activity after trauma in an in vitro model in neocortical slices},
	Uuid = {9F1C6305-BAD4-4B64-9135-B79F5D242671},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2000}}























@article{Yokota:2004,
	Abstract = {Radial glial proliferation is a critical step in the construction of cerebral cortex. In this issue of Neuron, Weissman and colleagues use time-lapse calcium imaging techniques to demonstrate that spontaneous calcium waves sweeping through cohorts of radial glia in the ventricular zone can modulate their proliferation during cerebral cortical development.},
	Author = {Yokota, Yukako and Anton, E. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cerebral Cortex;Adenosine Triphosphate;Cell Differentiation;Neuroglia;10 Development;Cell Communication;Cell Division;review, tutorial;comment;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Cell Movement;Humans;Neurons;review},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.},
	Pages = {599-601},
	Pii = {S0896627304005367},
	Pubmed = {15339639},
	Title = {Calcium waves rule and divide radial glia},
	Uuid = {0BB83AC2-7588-4CE4-A954-A3888B377041},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.030}}

@article{Yokota:2007,
	Abstract = {Interneurons originating from the ganglionic eminence migrate tangentially into the developing cerebral wall as they navigate to their distinct positions in the cerebral cortex. Compromised connectivity and differentiation of interneurons are thought to be an underlying cause in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Previously, it was suggested that tangential migration of interneurons occurs in a radial glia independent manner. Here, using simultaneous imaging of genetically defined populations of interneurons and radial glia, we demonstrate that dynamic interactions with radial glia can potentially influence the trajectory of interneuronal migration and thus the positioning of interneurons in cerebral cortex. Furthermore, there is extensive local interneuronal migration in tangential direction opposite to that of pallial orientation (i.e., in a medial to lateral direction from cortex to ganglionic eminence) all across the cerebral wall. This counter migration of interneurons may be essential to locally position interneurons once they invade the developing cerebral wall from the ganglionic eminence. Together, these observations suggest that interactions with radial glial scaffold and localized migration within the expanding cerebral wall may play essential roles in the guidance and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.},
	Author = {Yokota, Yukako and Gashghaei, H. Troy and Han, Christine and Watson, Hannah and Campbell, Kenneth J. and Anton, E. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1932-6203},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Nlm_Id = {101285081},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.},
	Pages = {e794},
	Pubmed = {17726524},
	Title = {Radial glial dependent and independent dynamics of interneuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex},
	Uuid = {78FCB2FC-8E8C-4DE5-8435-4E55EDC64920},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000794}}

















@article{Yun:2003,
	Abstract = {Parcellation of the mammalian cerebral cortex into distinct areas is essential for proper cortical function; however, the developmental program that results in the genesis of distinct areas is not fully understood. We examined the expression of members of the EphA family-the EphA receptor tyrosine kinases and the ephrin-A ligands-within the developing mouse cerebral cortex, with the aim of characterizing this component of the molecular landscape during cortical parcellation. We found that specific embryonic zones, such as the ventricular, subventricular, intermediate, subplate, and marginal zones, as well as the cortical plate, were positive for particular EphA genes early in corticogenesis (E12-E15). Along with this zone-selective expression, several genes (EphA3, EphA4, EphA5) were evenly expressed along the axes of the developing cortex, whereas one family member (EphA7) was expressed in a distinct anteroposterior pattern. Later in corticogenesis (E16-E18), other EphA family members became selectively expressed, but only within the cortical plate: EphA6 was present posteriorly, and ephrin-A5 was expressed within a middle region. At birth, patterning of EphA gene expression was striking. Thus, we found that the expression of a single EphA gene or a combination of family members can define distinct embryonic zones and anteroposterior regions of the neocortex during development. To examine whether cellular context affects the patterning of EphA expression, we examined gene expression in embryonic cortical cells grown in vitro, such that all cellular contacts are lacking, and in Mash-1 mutant mice, in which thalamocortical connections do not form. We found that the expression patterns of most EphA family members remained stable in these scenarios, whereas the pattern of ephrin-A5 was altered. Taken together, this work provides a comprehensive picture of EphA family expression during mouse corticogenesis and demonstrates that most EphA expression profiles are cell intrinsically based, whereas ephrin-A5 is plastically regulated.},
	Author = {Yun, Mihae E. and Johnson, Randall R. and Antic, Anica and Donoghue, Maria J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:46:00 -0400},
	Issn = {0021-9967},
	Journal = {J Comp Neurol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Cell Culture Techniques;Animals;Transcription Factors;DNA-Binding Proteins;Mice, Mutant Strains;Afferent Pathways;Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors;Receptors, Eph Family;Receptor, EphA7;Receptor, EphA3;Time Factors;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;10 circuit formation;In Situ Hybridization;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Thalamus;Receptor, EphA4;Cerebral Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptor, EphA5;Gene Expression;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {22415406},
	Month = {2},
	Nlm_Id = {0406041},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
	Pages = {203-16},
	Pubmed = {12528186},
	Title = {EphA family gene expression in the developing mouse neocortex: regional patterns reveal intrinsic programs and extrinsic influence},
	Uuid = {28A90BB3-FDDC-46F2-9BA8-4D187DD075C2},
	Volume = {456},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Yun_JCompNeurol2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10498}}

@article{Yuste:1997,
	Abstract = {The computations performed within cortex are likely to be determined by its internal dynamics in addition to its pattern of afferent input. As a step toward characterizing these dynamics, we have imaged electrical activity in slices from rat primary visual cortex stained with the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS. In response to electrical stimulation two fluorescence signals of similar maximum amplitude are elicited, (i) A fast signal that peaks in a few milliseconds, is dependent on membrane voltage, and has a significant presynaptic component. This signal can be used to image electrical activity ratiometrically. (ii) A slow signal that peaks a few seconds after stimulation, does not reflect voltage changes, and may originate from changes in scattering properties of the slice and from interactions of the dye with the cells. The spatial pattern of fast signals obtained in response to focal stimulation of coronal slices is consistent with known interlaminar projection patterns. In tangential slices, imaging of fast signals reveals clustered horizontal responses. Finally, imaging of fast signals during epileptiform activation of the disinhibited circuit reveals propagating responses, without evidence for modular activation.},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Tank, D. W. and Kleinfeld, D.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1047-3211},
	Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Electric Stimulation;Electrophysiology;In Vitro;Evoked Potentials;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Animals;Spectrometry, Fluorescence;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;21 Calcium imaging;Nerve Net;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Cell Nucleus;Receptors, Neurotransmitter;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Pyridinium Compounds;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {97422092},
	Month = {9},
	Nlm_Id = {9110718},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {546-58},
	Pubmed = {9276179},
	Title = {Functional study of the rat cortical microcircuitry with voltage-sensitive dye imaging of neocortical slices},
	Uuid = {376A894E-7C91-4570-B6C7-5DEAEBB4C314},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997},
	url = {papers/Yuste_CerebCortex1997.pdf}}

@article{Yuste:2005,
	Abstract = {Fluorescence microscopy has undergone a renaissance in the last decade. The introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and two-photon microscopy has allowed systematic imaging studies of protein localization in living cells and of the structure and function of living tissues. The impact of these and other new imaging methods in biophysics, neuroscience, and developmental and cell biology has been remarkable. Further advances in fluorophore design, molecular biological tools and nonlinear and hyper-resolution microscopies are poised to profoundly transform many fields of biological research.},
	Author = {Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1548-7091},
	Journal = {Nat Methods},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;21 Calcium imaging;Microscopy, Fluorescence;Green Fluorescent Proteins;Animals;Humans;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {101215604},
	Number = {12},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. rmy5\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {902-4},
	Pii = {nmeth1205-902},
	Pubmed = {16299474},
	Title = {Fluorescence microscopy today},
	Uuid = {04F5E1F4-69EE-4D3F-80BB-44D405F6E0E8},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Yuste_NatMethods2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1205-902}}

@article{Yuste:2004,
	Author = {Yuste, Rafael and Bonhoeffer, Tobias},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Purkinje Cells;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Dendrites;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Pseudopodia;21 Calcium imaging;Humans;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;review},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. rmy5\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {24-34},
	Pii = {nrn1300},
	Pubmed = {14708001},
	Title = {Genesis of dendritic spines: insights from ultrastructural and imaging studies},
	Uuid = {F127F77D-6534-4402-B31E-7441F8F280B7},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1300}}

@article{Yuste:2005a,
	Abstract = {Vertebrate spinal cord and brainstem central pattern generator (CPG) circuits share profound similarities with neocortical circuits. CPGs can produce meaningful functional output in the absence of sensory inputs. Neocortical circuits could be considered analogous to CPGs as they have rich spontaneous dynamics that, similar to CPGs, are powerfully modulated or engaged by sensory inputs, but can also generate output in their absence. We find compelling evidence for this argument at the anatomical, biophysical, developmental, dynamic and pathological levels of analysis. Although it is possible that cortical circuits are particularly plastic types of CPG ('learning CPGs'), we argue that present knowledge about CPGs is likely to foretell the basic principles of the organization and dynamic function of cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Yuste, Rafael and MacLean, Jason N. and Smith, Jeffrey and Lansner, Anders},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1471-003X},
	Journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Calcium imaging;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Nerve Net;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;21 Cortical oscillations},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {100962781},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, Box 2435, New York 10027, USA. rmy5\@columbia.edu},
	Pages = {477-83},
	Pii = {nrn1686},
	Pubmed = {15928717},
	Title = {The cortex as a central pattern generator},
	Uuid = {6CD8085F-BAB8-475B-91D3-F986D1F64550},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Yuste_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1686}}

@article{Yuste:1995,
	Abstract = {Most excitatory synaptic connections occur on dendritic spines. Calcium imaging experiments have suggested that spines constitute individual calcium compartments, but recent results have challenged this idea. Using two-photon microscopy to image fluorescence with high resolution in strongly scattering tissue, we measured calcium dynamics in spines from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices of rat hippocampus. Subthreshold synaptic stimulation and spontaneous synaptic events produced calcium accumulations that were localized to isolated spines, showed stochastic failure, and were abolished by postsynaptic blockers. Single somatic spikes induced fast-peaking calcium accumulation in spines throughout the cell. Pairing of spikes with synaptic stimulation was frequently cooperative, that is, it resulted in supralinear calcium accumulations. We conclude: (1) calcium channels exist in spine heads; (2) action potentials invade the spines; (3) spines are individual calcium compartments; and (4) spines can individually detect the temporal coincidence of pre- and postsynaptic activity, and thus serve as basic functional units of neuronal integration.},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Denk, W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Synapses;Cells, Cultured;Rats;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Hippocampus;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Microscopy, Fluorescence;21 Calcium imaging;Dendrites;Organic Chemicals;Action Potentials;21 Neurophysiology;Differential Threshold;Calcium Channels;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Medline = {95312105},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6533},
	Organization = {Biological Computation Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA.},
	Pages = {682-4},
	Pubmed = {7791901},
	Title = {Dendritic spines as basic functional units of neuronal integration},
	Uuid = {719028A5-F508-4F09-AE7D-EB7211788CA2},
	Volume = {375},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375682a0}}

@article{Yuste:1991,
	Abstract = {We assessed the pathways by which excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters elicit postsynaptic changes in [Ca2+]i in brain slices of developing rat and cat neocortex, using fura 2. Glutamate, NMDA, and quisqualate transiently elevated [Ca2\%]i in all neurons. While the quisqualate response relied exclusively on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, almost all of the NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx was via the NMDA ionophore itself, rather than through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Glutamate itself altered [Ca2+]i almost exclusively via the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, synaptically induced Ca2+ entry relied almost completely on NMDA receptor activation, even with low-frequency stimulation. The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA also increased [Ca2+]i, probably via voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, whereas the neuromodulator acetylcholine caused Ca2+ release from intracellular stores via a muscarinic receptor. Low concentrations of these agonists produced nonperiodic [Ca2+]i oscillations, which were temporally correlated in neighbouring cells. Optical recording with Ca2(+)-sensitive indicators may thus permit the visualization of functional networks in developing cortical circuits.},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;Animals;Biological Transport, Active;Quisqualic Acid;Rats;Glutamic Acid;21 Epilepsy;Neurotransmitter Agents;Calcium;Acetylcholine;21 Calcium imaging;Glutamates;N-Methylaspartate;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Cerebral Cortex;Calcium Channels;Carbachol;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate;Cats;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	Medline = {91158980},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.},
	Pages = {333-44},
	Pii = {0896-6273(91)90243-S},
	Pubmed = {1672071},
	Title = {Control of postsynaptic Ca2+ influx in developing neocortex by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters},
	Uuid = {732F57C7-0155-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1991},
	url = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1991.pdf}}

@article{Yuste:1995a,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex consists of columnar circuits, whose development may be controlled by patterns of spontaneous activity. Columnar domains of spontaneously coactive neurons were previously described using Ca2+ imaging of slices from developing rat neocortex. We have now investigated the cellular mechanisms responsible for the coactivation of these domains. The activation starts in the center of a domain and spreads at speeds of approximately 100 microns/s. Domains occur in the presence of tetrodotoxin but are blocked by the gap junction blockers halothane and octanol. Simultaneous intracellular and optical recordings from dye-coupled cells reveal functional coupling between developing neocortical neurons. These data support the hypothesis that a neuronal domain results from the spontaneous excitation of one or a few trigger neurons that subsequently activate, either electrically or biochemically, the rest of the cells via gap junctions.},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Nelson, D. A. and Rubin, W. W. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-04-06 11:18:12 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Fura-2;Electrophysiology;Animals;Rats;Comparative Study;Synaptic Transmission;Kinetics;Calcium;Gap Junctions;Tetrodotoxin;21 Calcium imaging;Octanols;Cold;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Neurophysiology;Halothane;Neurons;Somatosensory Cortex;21 Cortical oscillations;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;electrical coupling;development;Neocortex;optical physiology;calcium imaging},
	Medline = {95127234},
	Month = {1},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {1},
	Organization = {Biological Computation Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974.},
	Pages = {7-17},
	Pii = {0896-6273(95)90236-8},
	Pubmed = {7826643},
	Title = {Neuronal domains in developing neocortex: mechanisms of coactivation},
	Uuid = {A48819FB-6E8E-49B1-9EC1-CD17BD453D45},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1995},
	url = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1995.pdf}}

@article{Yuste:1996,
	Abstract = {0896-6273 Historical Article Journal Article Review Review, Academic},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Tank, D. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;History of Medicine, 20th Cent.;Neurons/physiology/*ultrastructure;History of Medicine, 19th Cent.;Motor Neurons/physiology;Human;Action Potentials;Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Electrophysiology;Animals;M pdf;Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.},
	Pages = {701-16},
	Title = {Dendritic integration in mammalian neurons, a century after Cajal},
	Uuid = {6DF1066C-CAC1-44D7-B85E-321B3A111DAE},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1996},
	url = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1996.pdf}}

@article{Yuste:2005b,
	Abstract = {Neocortical interneurons are very diverse in morphological, physiological, molecular, and developmental characteristics. Recent work is discovering strong correlations between these phenotypic features, confirming the intuition of Cajal and Lorente that distinct classes of interneurons exist, each presumably mediating a different circuit function. A paper by Butt et al. in this issue of Neuron describes correlations between the developmental origin of interneurons and their anatomical, electrophysiological, and molecular properties. An effort to standardize the nomenclature of interneurons is underway. Because different interneuron subtypes have different ontogenic origin, they could be classified based on their developmental specification by transcription factors.},
	Author = {Yuste, Rafael},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {12 Interneuron development;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Neocortex;comment;Electrophysiology;Animals;editorial;Interneurons;Cell Lineage;review},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027.},
	Pages = {524-7},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(05)00954-2},
	Pubmed = {16301166},
	Title = {Origin and classification of neocortical interneurons},
	Uuid = {D95F494E-4CAD-4488-AFD3-395F61D6B79B},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Yuste_Neuron2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.012}}

@article{Yuste:1992,
	Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex consists of a mosaic of columnar units whose development is poorly understood. Optical recordings of brain slices labeled with the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2 revealed that the neonatal rat cortex was partitioned into distinct domains of spontaneously coactive neurons. In tangential slices, these domains were 50 to 120 micrometers in diameter; in coronal slices they spanned several cortical layers and resembled columns found in the adult cortex. In developing somatosensory cortex, domains were smaller than, and distinct from, the barrels, which represent sensory input from a single vibrissa. The neurons within each domain were coupled by gap junctions. Thus, nonsynaptic communication during cortical development defines discrete multicellular patterns that could presage adult functional architecture.},
	Author = {Yuste, R. and Peinado, A. and Katz, L. C.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Fura-2;10 Development;Fluorescent Dyes;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;10 Structural plasticity;Beta;Cell Communication;Intercellular Junctions;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Computer Simulation;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Action Potentials;10 Spiny stellate;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;21 Cortical oscillations;Brain Mapping},
	Medline = {92358212},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5070},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.},
	Pages = {665-9},
	Pubmed = {1496379},
	Title = {Neuronal domains in developing neocortex},
	Uuid = {C22727F4-5C2D-4776-8F0A-3FF467F1D63D},
	Volume = {257},
	Year = {1992},
	url = {papers/Yuste_Science1992.pdf}}

@article{Yuval-Greenberg:2008,
	Abstract = {The induced gamma-band EEG response (iGBR) recorded on the scalp is widely assumed to reflect synchronous neural oscillation associated with object representation, attention, memory, and consciousness. The most commonly reported EEG iGBR is a broadband transient increase in power at the gamma range approximately 200-300 ms following stimulus onset. A conspicuous feature of this iGBR is the trial-to-trial poststimulus latency variability, which has been insufficiently addressed. Here, we show, using single-trial analysis of concomitant EEG and eye tracking, that this iGBR is tightly time locked to the onset of involuntary miniature eye movements and reflects a saccadic "spike potential." The time course of the iGBR is related to an increase in the rate of saccades following a period of poststimulus saccadic inhibition. Thus, whereas neuronal gamma-band oscillations were shown conclusively with other methods, the broadband transient iGBR recorded by scalp EEG reflects properties of miniature saccade dynamics rather than neuronal oscillations.},
	Author = {Yuval-Greenberg, Shlomit and Tomer, Orr and Keren, Alon S. and Nelken, Israel and Deouell, Leon Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-4199},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Photic Stimulation;Electroencephalography;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;Saccades;Female;Scalp;Fixation, Ocular;Psychomotor Performance;Form Perception;Reaction Time;Humans;Brain;Male;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. shlomit.greenberg\@mail.huji.ac.il},
	Pages = {429-41},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(08)00301-2},
	Pubmed = {18466752},
	Title = {Transient induced gamma-band response in EEG as a manifestation of miniature saccades},
	Uuid = {DA9CB34E-97C3-4C3B-AD09-780976BF752B},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Yuval-Greenberg_Neuron2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.027}}


@article{Zador:2007,
	Author = {Zador, Anthony and Mombaerts, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0959-4388},
	Journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	Keywords = {21 Neurophysiology;editorial;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9111376},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, CSH, NY 11724, United States.},
	Pages = {395-6},
	Pii = {S0959-4388(07)00103-1},
	Pubmed = {17904352},
	Title = {Neuronal circuitry and population activity},
	Uuid = {28B67E9F-03AF-4ECE-AF41-AC9A060C8C33},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Zador_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.09.001}}






@article{Zesiger:2002,
	Abstract = {A 20-year-old man with bilateral parasagittal occipitoparietal polymicrogyria and epilepsy, from whom normal functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram responses to visual stimuli were obtained, was found to have no visual perceptual deficits. This suggests that microgyric cortex can perform normal visual functions, despite its gross structural abnormalities.},
	Author = {Zesiger, Pascal and Kiper, Daniel and Maeder, Philippe and Deonna, Thierry and Innocenti, Giorgio M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0364-5134},
	Journal = {Ann Neurol},
	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Laterality;Psychophysics;Visual Perception;Adolescent;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Human;Not relevant;11 Glia;Vision;Parietal Lobe;Neuropsychological Tests;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;case reports},
	Medline = {22235344},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {7707449},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {492-8},
	Pubmed = {12325079},
	Title = {Preserved visual function in a case of occipitoparietal microgyria},
	Uuid = {CF88A61D-1A50-4348-ABA6-DCF3DE03BC6E},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10327}}

@article{Zha:2005,
	Abstract = {We examined the regulation of dendritic spines and synapses by epileptiform activity (EA) in rat hippocampal slice cultures. EA, which was induced by a GABA(A) receptor inhibitor, gabazine, reduced pyramidal neuron spine density by approximately 50\%after 48 h and also caused an increase in the average length of remaining spines. To directly determine the effects of EA on synapses, we used fluorescent protein-tagged PSD95, which marks postsynaptic densities. EA induced a net loss of synapses on spines but not shafts; conversely, activity blockade (TTX) induced a loss of shaft synapses. Time-lapse confocal imaging in live tissue slices revealed that EA (1) shifts the balance of synapse gain and loss in dendrites leading to a net loss of spine synapses and (2) induces the formation of new filopodia-like dendritic structures having abnormally slow motility. These results identify EA-induced changes in the density and distribution of synaptic structures on dendrites.},
	Author = {Zha, Xiang-Ming M. and Green, Steven H. and Dailey, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1044-7431},
	Journal = {Mol Cell Neurosci},
	Keywords = {research support, n.i.h., extramural ;Synaptic Membranes;Animals;Synapses;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Synaptic Transmission;Pyridazines;Epilepsy;Dendritic Spines;Hippocampus;11 Glia;Organ Culture Techniques;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins;Down-Regulation;21 Activity-development;GABA Antagonists;Sodium Channel Blockers;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Pseudopodia;Membrane Proteins},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9100095},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA.},
	Pages = {494-506},
	Pii = {S1044-7431(05)00094-1},
	Pubmed = {15953736},
	Title = {Regulation of hippocampal synapse remodeling by epileptiform activity},
	Uuid = {2E29EB25-2CE7-4F7E-A30D-6FF3B06672AD},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zha_MolCellNeurosci2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2005.04.007}}











@article{Zhang:2001,
	Abstract = {A distinct feature of the nervous system is the intricate network of synaptic connections among neurons of diverse phenotypes. Although initial connections are formed largely through molecular mechanisms that depend on intrinsic developmental programs, spontaneous and experience-driven electrical activities in the developing brain exert critical epigenetic influence on synaptic maturation and refinement of neural circuits. Selective findings discussed here illustrate some of our current understanding of the effects of electrical activity on circuit development and highlight areas that await further study.},
	Author = {Zhang, L. I. and Poo, M. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1097-6256},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;10 Development;Central Nervous System;Cell Communication;Human;review, academic;Neural Pathways;Action Potentials;Growth Cones;Body Patterning;Animals;review;Nerve Growth Factors},
	Medline = {21547545},
	Month = {11},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Organization = {Keck Center of Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0732, USA.},
	Pages = {1207-14},
	Pii = {nn753},
	Pubmed = {11687831},
	Title = {Electrical activity and development of neural circuits},
	Uuid = {E4C8A7B6-2370-4C08-83F3-FD6E5A81A735},
	Volume = {4 Suppl},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2001.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn753}}


@article{Zhang:2007,
	Abstract = {Our understanding of the cellular implementation of systems-level neural processes like action, thought and emotion has been limited by the availability of tools to interrogate specific classes of neural cells within intact, living brain tissue. Here we identify and develop an archaeal light-driven chloride pump (NpHR) from Natronomonas pharaonis for temporally precise optical inhibition of neural activity. NpHR allows either knockout of single action potentials, or sustained blockade of spiking. NpHR is compatible with ChR2, the previous optical excitation technology we have described, in that the two opposing probes operate at similar light powers but with well-separated action spectra. NpHR, like ChR2, functions in mammals without exogenous cofactors, and the two probes can be integrated with calcium imaging in mammalian brain tissue for bidirectional optical modulation and readout of neural activity. Likewise, NpHR and ChR2 can be targeted together to Caenorhabditis elegans muscle and cholinergic motor neurons to control locomotion bidirectionally. NpHR and ChR2 form a complete system for multimodal, high-speed, genetically targeted, all-optical interrogation of living neural circuits.},
	Author = {Zhang, Feng and Wang, Li-Ping P. and Brauner, Martin and Liewald, Jana F. and Kay, Kenneth and Watzke, Natalie and Wood, Phillip G. and Bamberg, Ernst and Nagel, Georg and Gottschalk, Alexander and Deisseroth, Karl},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Technique; frontiers review; optical physiology; optical imaging; activity manipulation},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7136},
	Organization = {Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.},
	Pages = {633-9},
	Pii = {nature05744},
	Pubmed = {17410168},
	Title = {Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry},
	Uuid = {3265C9FB-A1CD-4E44-B471-1BF2BD842BAF},
	Volume = {446},
	Year = {2007},
	url = {papers/Zhang_Nature2007.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05744}}


@article{Zhang:2004,
	Abstract = {Long-term GABA(A) receptor alterations occur in hippocampal dentate granule neurons of rats that develop epilepsy after status epilepticus in adulthood. Hippocampal GABA(A) receptor expression undergoes marked reorganization during the postnatal period, however, and the effects of neonatal status epilepticus on subsequent GABA(A) receptor development are unknown. In the current study, we utilize single cell electrophysiology and antisense mRNA amplification to determine the effect of status-epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in postnatal day 10 rat pups on GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and function in hippocampal dentate granule neurons. We find that rats subjected to lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus at postnatal day 10 show long-term GABA(A) receptor changes including a two-fold increase in alpha1 subunit expression (compared with lithium-injected controls) and enhanced type I benzodiazepine augmentation that are opposite of those seen after status epilepticus in adulthood and may serve to enhance dentate gyrus inhibition. Further, unlike adult rats, postnatal day 10 rats subjected to status epilepticus do not become epileptic. These findings suggest age-dependent differences in the effects of status epilepticus on hippocampal GABA(A) receptors that could contribute to the selective resistance of the immature brain to epileptogenesis.},
	Author = {Zhang, G. and Raol, Y. H. and Hsu, F-C C. and Coulter, D. A. and Brooks-Kayal, A. R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0306-4522},
	Journal = {Neuroscience},
	Keywords = {Cell Survival;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Pilocarpine;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation;In Vitro;Rats;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Hippocampus;RNA, Messenger;Video Recording;Lithium Chloride;Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction;Status Epilepticus;Pyridines;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Receptors, GABA-A;Blotting, Northern;Cerebral Cortex;Animals, Newborn;21 Neurophysiology;Age Factors;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Drug Interactions;Electroencephalography;GABA Agonists},
	Nlm_Id = {7605074},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Division of Neurology, Pediatric Regional Epilepsy Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.},
	Pages = {299-303},
	Pii = {S0306452204000958},
	Pubmed = {15062973},
	Title = {Effects of status epilepticus on hippocampal GABAA receptors are age-dependent},
	Uuid = {5A6D2649-ACD8-4988-9D84-D399165095F8},
	Volume = {125},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.040}}

@article{Zhang:1995,
	Abstract = {Prenatal exposure to several neuroteratogens, such as ionizing radiation, ethanol, and cytotoxic drugs, induces the development of clusters of abnormally positioned neurons within the brain. These abnormalities have always been presumed to result from interference with normal neuronal migration, presumably via effects on radial glia. In our study, pregnant rats were injected with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) on either E13, E14, or E15. Computerised reconstruction techniques, Golgi and immunocytochemical staining as well as electron microscopy were used to detect structural abnormalities of radial glia which might be responsible for the production of heterotopiae. Several structural abnormalities such as microcavitation, involvement of radial glial elements in rosettes, disturbance of the normal ventricular lining, and disruption of the attachment of radial glial endfeet to the pial surface were identified. We propose that periventricular heterotopiae result from disruption of the palisade arrangement of neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone and the involvement of radial glial elements in rosettes. Layer I heterotopiae may arise from abnormalities of the distal segments of radial glia and their attachment to the pia. No prenatal abnormalities in radial glia of the hippocampus were noted following MAM exposure at any of the 3 ages, consistent with the proposition that hippocampal heterotopiae arise by postnatal movements of pyramidal neurons without radial glial involvement.},
	Author = {Zhang, L. L. and Collier, P. A. and Ashwell, K. W.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:45 -0400},
	Issn = {0892-0362},
	Journal = {Neurotoxicol Teratol},
	Keywords = {10 Development;Pregnancy;Animals;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Rats;Female;Staining and Labeling;Pyramidal Cells;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Rats, Wistar;Paraffin Embedding;Prosencephalon;Teratogens;10 genetics malformation;Neuroglia;Methylazoxymethanol Acetate;Neurons;Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Immunohistochemistry;Brain Damage, Chronic;Microscopy, Electron},
	Nlm_Id = {8709538},
	Number = {3},
	Organization = {School of Anatomy, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.},
	Pages = {297-311},
	Pii = {089203629400072L},
	Pubmed = {7542736},
	Title = {Mechanisms in the induction of neuronal heterotopiae following prenatal cytotoxic brain damage},
	Uuid = {8B0DBA3C-ECBC-4BF8-89A3-9914F71FE730},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Zhang:2005,
	Abstract = {Vernier acuity is a measure of the smallest horizontal offset between two vertical lines that can be behaviorally discriminated. To examine the link between the neuronal responses in a retinotopic mosaic and vernier acuity, we recorded the responses of single cells in cat lateral geniculate nucleus to a vertical bar stimulus that was stepped in small increments through the receptive fields of cells. Based on the single-trial responses evoked by stimuli at different positions, we calculated the spatial resolution that could be achieved. If the stimulus could fall anywhere in their receptive fields, single neurons had spatial resolutions two times worse than previously reported vernier thresholds. Given the known coverage factor in a cat retina, we developed a two-stage decision model to examine how the responses of neurons in a retinotopic mosaic could be processed to achieve vernier acuity. In order for psychophysical thresholds to be accounted for by the responses of a single cell, the stimulus must fall in the quarter of the receptive field that provides the most information about stimulus position. Alternatively, both the absolute psychophysical threshold for vernier acuity and its dependence on stimulus length can be realized by pooling the responses of a few neurons, all located on one side of the bar stimulus.},
	Author = {Zhang, Ying and Reid, R. Clay},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	Keywords = {research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;21 Neurophysiology;Cats;Action Potentials;Animals;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {7505876},
	Number = {9},
	Organization = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {3507-12},
	Pii = {0409914102},
	Pubmed = {15728369},
	Title = {Single-neuron responses and neuronal decisions in a vernier task},
	Uuid = {C60B37ED-FFE3-446F-A0A4-D4AAA68AEC2E},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zhang_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409914102}}





















@article{Zhou:2006,
	Abstract = {Mutations or duplications in MECP2 cause Rett and Rett-like syndromes, neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by mental retardation, motor dysfunction, and autistic behaviors. MeCP2 is expressed in many mammalian tissues and functions as a global repressor of transcription; however, the molecular mechanisms by which MeCP2 dysfunction leads to the neural-specific phenotypes of RTT remain poorly understood. Here, we show that neuronal activity and subsequent calcium influx trigger the de novo phosphorylation of MeCP2 at serine 421 (S421) by a CaMKII-dependent mechanism. MeCP2 S421 phosphorylation is induced selectively in the brain in response to physiological stimuli. Significantly, we find that S421 phosphorylation controls the ability of MeCP2 to regulate dendritic patterning, spine morphogenesis, and the activity-dependent induction of Bdnf transcription. These findings suggest that, by triggering MeCP2 phosphorylation, neuronal activity regulates a program of gene expression that mediates nervous system maturation and that disruption of this process in individuals with mutations in MeCP2 may underlie the neural-specific pathology of RTT.},
	Author = {Zhou, Zhaolan and Hong, Elizabeth J. and Cohen, Sonia and Zhao, Wen-Ning N. and Ho, Hsin-Yi Henry Y. and Schmidt, Lauren and Chen, Wen G. and Lin, Yingxi and Savner, Erin and Griffith, Eric C. and Hu, Linda and Steen, Judith A. J. and Weitz, Charles J. and Greenberg, Michael E.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {0896-6273},
	Journal = {Neuron},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Calcium Signaling;Animals;Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental;Serine;Rats;Neuronal Plasticity;Neural Pathways;Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor;Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2;Dendritic Spines;Phosphorylation;Brain;Synaptic Transmission;Organ Culture Techniques;Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase;research support, non-u.s. gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Organ Specificity;research support, n.i.h., extramural;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Rett Syndrome},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8809320},
	Number = {2},
	Organization = {Neurobiology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
	Pages = {255-69},
	Pii = {S0896-6273(06)00775-6},
	Pubmed = {17046689},
	Title = {Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent Bdnf transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation},
	Uuid = {0F6E9701-2FDF-44F9-BF5E-80B4DA816EF2},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2006},
	url = {papers/Zhou_Neuron2006.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.037}}


@article{Zhou:2008,
	Abstract = {Development of axonal tracts requires interactions between growth cones and the environment. Tracts such as the anterior commissure and internal capsule are defective in mice with null mutation of Celsr3. We generated a conditional Celsr3 allele, allowing regional inactivation. Inactivation in telencephalon, ventral forebrain, or cortex demonstrated essential roles for Celsr3 in neurons that project axons to the anterior commissure and subcerebral targets, as well as in cells that guide axons through the internal capsule. When Celsr3 was inactivated in cortex, subcerebral projections failed to grow, yet corticothalamic axons developed normally, indicating that besides guidepost cells, additional Celsr3-independent cues can assist their progression. These observations provide in vivo evidence that Celsr3-mediated interactions between axons and guidepost cells govern axonal tract formation in mammals.},
	Author = {Zhou, Libing and Bar, Isabelle and Achouri, Youn\`{e}s and Campbell, Kenneth and De Backer, Olivier and Hebert, Jean M. and Jones, Kevin and Kessaris, Nicoletta and de Rouvroit, Catherine Lambert and O'Leary, Dennis and Richardson, William D. and Goffinet, Andre M. and Tissir, Fadel},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:35 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Animals;Tissue Culture Techniques;Neural Pathways;Receptors, Cell Surface;Female;Axons;Internal Capsule;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Male;Septal Nuclei;Prosencephalon;Thalamus;Cadherins;Cerebral Cortex;Neurons;Gene Silencing;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008},
	Month = {5},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5878},
	Organization = {Developmental Neurobiology, Universit{\'e} Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgique.},
	Pages = {946-9},
	Pii = {320/5878/946},
	Pubmed = {18487195},
	Title = {Early forebrain wiring: genetic dissection using conditional Celsr3 mutant mice},
	Uuid = {589EEDB0-B994-4D29-83DC-41AC51125087},
	Volume = {320},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Zhou_Science2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155244}}




@article{Zhu:2000a,
	Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia has a strong association with epilepsy in humans, but the underlying mechanisms for this are poorly understood. In utero irradiation of rats produces diffuse cortical dysplasia and neuronal heterotopia in the neocortex and hippocampus. Using in vitro neocortical slices, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from pyramidal neurons in dysplastic cortex and control neocortex. Spontaneous IPSCs were reduced in amplitude (35\%) and frequency (70\%) in pyramidal cells from dysplastic cortex. Miniature IPSCs were reduced in frequency (66\%) in dysplastic cortex. Two additional measures of cortical inhibition, monosynaptic evoked IPSCs and paired pulse depression of evoked EPSCs, were also impaired in dysplastic cortex. Spontaneous EPSCs were increased in amplitude (42\%) and frequency (77\%) in dysplastic cortex, but miniature EPSCs were not different between the two groups. These data demonstrate significant physiological impairment in inhibitory synaptic transmission in experimental cortical dysplasia. This supports previous immunohistochemical findings in this model and observations in humans of a reduction in the density of inhibitory interneurons in dysplastic cortex.},
	Author = {Zhu, W. J. and Roper, S. N.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:46:00 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Gamma Rays;Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists;10 Development;Electric Stimulation;Animals;Evoked Potentials;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials;Rats;Pregnancy;Synaptic Transmission;Neocortex;Female;Cell Membrane;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Patch-Clamp Techniques;Pyramidal Cells;Tetrodotoxin;Disease Models, Animal;Receptors, GABA-A;Maternal Exposure;10 genetics malformation;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Neural Inhibition;Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced;in vitro},
	Month = {12},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {23},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, and Malcolm Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0265, USA.},
	Pages = {8925-31},
	Pii = {20/23/8925},
	Pubmed = {11102503},
	Title = {Reduced inhibition in an animal model of cortical dysplasia},
	Uuid = {C1965388-3255-4B25-9F85-E2FB49F82D92},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Zhu_JNeurosci2000.pdf}}

@article{Zhu:2000,
	Abstract = {Changes in the arborization and electrical excitability of the apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal cells of cortical layer 5 were examined during the first 2 months (postnatal days (P)2-56) of postnatal development in rats. Reconstructions of biocytin-filled neurons showed that the apical dendritic trunk was continually growing, becoming longer and thicker and that the distance between the tuft and soma increased more than 5-fold. In P2 animals, both the tuft and soma had a high input resistance (>500 MOmega) and the tuft was electrotonically close to the soma. In contrast, the apical tuft and soma of P56 neurons had a low input resistance (<50 MOmega) and they were electrotonically isolated from each other. Depolarizing current pulses injected into the tuft of P2 cells generated mostly Na+-dependent regenerative dendritic potentials of short duration ( approximately 15 ms) while in the tuft of P56 animals, complex regenerative potentials were generated which had a longer duration ( approximately 55 ms) and were Na+ and Ca2+ dependent. In young and juvenile animals (P14-28) dendritic regenerative potentials could be restricted to the apical dendritic tuft whereas in adult animals (>P42), the complex regenerative potentials frequently occurred simultaneously with somatic action potentials. The main developmental change in layer 5 pyramidal neurons, as assayed with square pulse current injections and synaptic stimulations, is the progressive electrotonic isolation of the dendritic tuft from the soma. This change is concomitant with the appearance of complex, mostly Na+- and Ca2+-dependent, regenerative dendritic potentials initiated partly in the tuft and partly in the axon. The coupling of the dendritic tuft and axonal initiation zones for regenerative potentials by active dendritic Na+ and Ca2+ conductances enables mature layer 5 pyramidal neurons to detect selectively the salient distal synaptic inputs and coincident synaptic inputs arriving at different cortical layers.},
	Author = {Zhu, J. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 12:12:02 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3751},
	Journal = {J Physiol},
	Keywords = {Cell Differentiation;Electric Stimulation;Animals;In Vitro;Aging;Rats;Neocortex;Nickel;Cell Membrane;Pyramidal Cells;Calcium;Tetrodotoxin;Rats, Wistar;Dendrites;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Action Potentials;Cadmium;18 Classic Neuroanatomy Physiology;Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials},
	Medline = {20381219},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {0266262},
	Organization = {Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. zhuju\@cshl.org},
	Pages = {571-87},
	Pii = {PHY_0791},
	Pubmed = {10922009},
	Title = {Maturation of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons: amplifying salient layer 1 and layer 4 inputs by Ca2+ action potentials in adult rat tuft dendrites},
	Uuid = {1C9D4F12-94B3-4031-976C-ABBA0909CEF1},
	Volume = {526 Pt 3},
	Year = {2000},
	url = {papers/Zhu_JPhysiol2000.pdf}}







@article{Zilles:1998,
	Abstract = {Epileptiform activity was previously described [Luhmann et al. (1998) Eur. J. Neurosci., 10, 3085-3094] in the neocortex of the adult rat following freeze lesioning of the newborn neocortex. After a survival time of 3 months, a small area of dysplastic cortex surrounded by histologically normal (exofocal) neocortex was observed. The dysplastic cortex is characterized by the formation of a small sulcus and a three- to four-layered architecture. Two questions are addressed here: (i) is the hyperexcitability associated with changes in binding to major excitatory and inhibitory transmitter receptors in the dysplastic cortex?; and (ii) do such changes also occur in the exofocal cortex? Alterations in binding to glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), kainate and GABA(A) and GABA(B) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors are demonstrated with quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography by using the ligands [3H]MK-801, [3H]AMPA, [3H]kainate, [3H]muscimol and [3H]baclofen, respectively. In the dysplastic cortex, the binding to NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors is significantly increased, whereas the binding to GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors is reduced. Exofocal areas of the lesioned hemisphere show an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory receptor binding with an up-regulation of the binding to AMPA and kainate, and a down-regulation to GABA(A) receptors. The binding to GABA(B) and NMDA receptors is not significantly changed in the exofocal areas. The imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory receptors may cause the hyperexcitability, as previously found in the identical experimental model, and may also induce epileptiform activity in the human cortex with migration disorders.},
	Author = {Zilles, K. and Q{\"u}, M. and Schleicher, A. and Luhmann, H. J.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:46 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Binding Sites;Animals;Rats;21 Epilepsy;Neocortex;Cell Movement;Rats, Wistar;Models, Anatomic;Receptors, GABA-B;Animals, Newborn;Receptors, GABA-A;Neurons;21 Neurophysiology;Receptors, Kainic Acid;Cryosurgery;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Autoradiography;Models, Neurological},
	Medline = {99000143},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {10},
	Organization = {C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, University of D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany. zilles\@hirn.uni-duesseldorf.de},
	Pages = {3095-106},
	Pubmed = {9786204},
	Title = {Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: quantitative receptor autoradiography of ionotropic glutamate, GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors},
	Uuid = {C50329F6-2159-47CD-A604-B7DFABF949C8},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1998}}


@article{Zin-Ka-Ieu:1998,
	Abstract = {Previous observations in intact rats have indicated that axons from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL) establish direct axo-somatic or axo-dendritic contacts onto frontal cortical neurons projecting to the striatum. The embryonic frontal cortex was grafted into the damaged frontal cortex of newborn rats to study the capacity of homotopic transplants to restore the thalamo-fronto-striate pathway. Several months later, grafted neurons projecting to the striatum were identified by injecting a retrograde neurotracer (subunit b of the cholera toxin) into the ipsilateral caudate putamen. In the same animal, axons and terminations from the VL were labeled within the transplant with an anterograde neurotracer (Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin) injected into the ipsilateral VL. The findings show that VL axons establish direct synaptic contacts onto grafted neurons projecting to the striatum. Although the synaptic contacts were scarce in the transplants, their organization was similar to that observed in intact rats. The contacts were axo-somatic or axo-dendritic. Our observations for the first time indicate that synaptic contacts are formed in cortical grafts and that fetal frontal cortex is susceptible to develop appropriate synaptic integration within the host thalamo-fronto-striate system.},
	Author = {Zin-Ka-Ieu, S. and Roger, M. and Arnault, P.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:46 -0400},
	Issn = {0168-0102},
	Journal = {Neurosci Res},
	Keywords = {Cholera Toxin;Animals;Synapses;Corpus Striatum;Brain Tissue Transplantation;Rats;Neural Pathways;Cells, Cultured;Frontal Lobe;Neocortex;Neurons, Afferent;Rats, Wistar;Motor Cortex;Fetal Tissue Transplantation;Animals, Newborn;Thalamus;Neurons;Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate;Somatosensory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Microscopy, Electron;Phytohemagglutinins},
	Medline = {99025445},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8500749},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {CNRS UMR 6558, D{\'e}partement des Neurosciences, Universit{\'e} de Poitiers, France.},
	Pages = {325-36},
	Pii = {S0168010298000637},
	Pubmed = {9809591},
	Title = {Neonatal lesion of the rat's frontal cortex and subsequent transplantation of embryonic frontal cortex: evidence of appropriate synaptic integration of the graft neurons within the host thalamo-fronto-striate circuit},
	Uuid = {7C3FD36B-6248-4CC2-9833-5DDA7E73E96A},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1998}}





@article{Zoghbi:2003,
	Abstract = {We often think of neurodevelopmental disorders as beginning before birth, and many certainly do. A handful, however, strike many months after birth, following a period of apparently normal growth and development. Autism and Rett syndrome are two such disorders, and here I consider some of their similarities at the phenotypic and pathogenic levels. I propose that both disorders result from disruption of postnatal or experience-dependent synaptic plasticity.},
	Author = {Zoghbi, Huda Y.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Human;Neuregulins;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Animals;Synapses;DNA-Binding Proteins;Carrier Proteins;Neuronal Plasticity;Age of Onset;Phenotype;Child, Preschool;Brain;Female;Mutation;Infant;Chromosome Aberrations;21 Neurodegenerative;Male;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;21 Neurophysiology;Neurons;Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases;Autistic Disorder;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Membrane Proteins;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Rett Syndrome},
	Medline = {22954846},
	Month = {10},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5646},
	Organization = {Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Neuroscience, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. hzoghbi\@bcm.tmc.edu},
	Pages = {826-30},
	Pii = {302/5646/826},
	Pubmed = {14593168},
	Title = {Postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders: meeting at the synapse?},
	Uuid = {83380465-D390-4349-866F-A5B4EB33BF44},
	Volume = {302},
	Year = {2003},
	url = {papers/Zoghbi_Science2003.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1089071}}

@article{Zou:2001,
	Abstract = {The olfactory system translates myriad chemical structures into diverse odour perceptions. To gain insight into how this is accomplished, we prepared mice that coexpressed a transneuronal tracer with only one of about 1,000 different odorant receptors. The tracer travelled from nasal neurons expressing that receptor to the olfactory bulb and then to the olfactory cortex, allowing visualization of cortical neurons that receive input from a particular odorant receptor. These studies revealed a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex in which signals from a particular receptor are targeted to specific clusters of neurons. Inputs from different receptors overlap spatially and could be combined in single neurons, potentially allowing for an integration of the components of an odorant's combinatorial receptor code. Signals from the same receptor are targeted to multiple olfactory cortical areas, permitting the parallel, and perhaps differential, processing of inputs from a single receptor before delivery to the neocortex and limbic system.},
	Author = {Zou, Z. and Horowitz, L. F. and Montmayeur, J. P. and Snapper, S. and Buck, L. B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {T;23 Technique},
	Number = {6860},
	Organization = {[1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] These authors contributed equally to this work.},
	Pages = {173-9.},
	Title = {Genetic tracing reveals a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex},
	Uuid = {CADC5A48-AA72-4AD9-AAA4-D3C1241DB115},
	Volume = {414},
	Year = {2001},
	url = {papers/Zou_Nature2001}}

@article{Zou:2006,
	Abstract = {In mammals, each odorant is detected by a combination of different odorant receptors. Signals from different types of receptors are segregated in the nose and the olfactory bulb, but appear to be combined in individual neurons in the olfactory cortex. Here, we report that binary odorant mixes stimulate cortical neurons that are not stimulated by their individual component odorants. We propose that cortical neurons require combinations of receptor inputs for activation and that merging the receptor codes of two odorants provides novel combinations of receptor inputs that stimulate neurons beyond those activated by the single odorants. These findings may explain why odorant mixtures can elicit novel odor percepts in humans.},
	Author = {Zou, Zhihua and Buck, Linda B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1095-9203},
	Journal = {Science},
	Keywords = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence;Animals;Humans;Olfactory Receptor Neurons;Complex Mixtures;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;Mice, Inbred C57BL;RNA, Messenger;Odors;Smell;Olfactory Pathways;Neurons;Receptors, Odorant;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Nerve Tissue Proteins;Cytoskeletal Proteins},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {0404511},
	Number = {5766},
	Organization = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.},
	Pages = {1477-81},
	Pii = {311/5766/1477},
	Pubmed = {16527983},
	Title = {Combinatorial effects of odorant mixes in olfactory cortex},
	Uuid = {1354EF88-6E27-4399-9B39-D7A782AC4DE9},
	Volume = {311},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124755}}


@article{Zufferey:1999,
	Abstract = {The development of cortico-cortical connections was studied in kittens deprived of vision by binocular eyelid suture during the formation of axonal arbors and synaptogenesis, i.e. between the second postnatal week and the end of the third postnatal month. Axons originating in area 17 and terminating either in ipsilateral or contralateral visual areas were visualized with biocytin. In ipsilateral areas 17 and 18, distinct clusters of branches begin to form, distally from the injection, during the second half of the first postnatal month, independently of pattern vision. More proximal clusters differentiate during the second postnatal month, and this seems to involve elimination of exuberant axonal branches. In kittens deprived of vision for 3 or more months, beginning before natural eye opening, the distal clusters regress and the proximal ones fail to differentiate. In extrastriate areas, distinct clusters of branches have segregated by the end of the second postnatal month, independently of visual experience; however, in kittens deprived of vision for 2 or more months, one of the clusters was selectively eliminated. In contralateral areas 17 and 18, we found stunted terminal arbors in kittens continuously deprived of vision. This was already noticeable at the end of the first postnatal month. Apparently, in the absence of pattern vision, most axons undergo only limited growth and do not form their characteristic terminal columns. Many of these axons are subsequently eliminated. In contrast, 8 days of vision beginning at natural eye opening and followed by visual deprivation caused a nearly normal development of intrahemispheric and interhemispheric connections. In conclusion, pattern vision appears to validate connections at early stages of their development; this validation is necessary for their further growth and differentiation that can then continue autonomously.},
	Author = {Zufferey, P. D. and Jin, F. and Nakamura, H. and Tettoni, L. and Innocenti, G. M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:46 -0400},
	Issn = {0953-816X},
	Journal = {Eur J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Corpus Callosum;Sensory Deprivation;Reference Values;Cats;Not relevant;11 Glia;Vision;Animals, Newborn;Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Visual Pathways;Animals;Cerebral Cortex;Axons},
	Medline = {99388263},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {8918110},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Lausanne, Switzerland.},
	Pages = {2669-88},
	Pii = {ejn683},
	Pubmed = {10457164},
	Title = {The role of pattern vision in the development of cortico-cortical connections},
	Uuid = {81E953ED-00F8-4CDA-B79D-F81DEDAC4FCD},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1999}}



@article{Zuo:2005,
	Abstract = {A substantial decrease in the number of synapses occurs in the mammalian brain from the late postnatal period until the end of life. Although experience plays an important role in modifying synaptic connectivity, its effect on this nearly lifelong synapse loss remains unknown. Here we used transcranial two-photon microscopy to visualize postsynaptic dendritic spines in layer I of the barrel cortex in transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein. We show that in young adolescent mice, long-term sensory deprivation through whisker trimming prevents net spine loss by preferentially reducing the rate of ongoing spine elimination, not by increasing the rate of spine formation. This effect of deprivation diminishes as animals mature but still persists in adulthood. Restoring sensory experience after adolescent deprivation accelerates spine elimination. Similar to sensory manipulation, the rate of spine elimination decreases after chronic blockade of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors with the antagonist MK801, and accelerates after drug withdrawal. These studies of spine dynamics in the primary somatosensory cortex suggest that experience plays an important role in the net loss of synapses over most of an animal's lifespan, particularly during adolescence.},
	Author = {Zuo, Yi and Yang, Guang and Kwon, Elaine and Gan, Wen-Biao B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1476-4687},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Touch;Animals;Synapses;Aging;Dizocilpine Maleate;Dendritic Spines;Mice, Transgenic;Vibrissae;Sexual Maturation;Physical Stimulation;23 Technique;Time Factors;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals, Newborn;Somatosensory Cortex;Mice;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;16 Barrels;Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	Month = {7},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {7048},
	Organization = {Skirball Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.},
	Pages = {261-5},
	Pii = {nature03715},
	Pubmed = {16015331},
	Title = {Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex},
	Uuid = {C14A7AEE-2047-472F-97F5-AE7B26EAE6A5},
	Volume = {436},
	Year = {2005},
	url = {papers/Zuo_Nature2005.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03715}}



@article{dOrsi:2004,
	Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the long term outcome of patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) and epilepsy, particularly the course of seizures. This study investigated the electroclinical and prognostic features of 16 patients with PNH. METHODS: Of 120 patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development, 16 had PNH. Of these, eight patients had periventricular nodules only (simple PNH) and eight also presented with other cortical or cerebral malformations (subcortical heterotopia; polymicrogyria; focal dysplasia; schizencephaly; cortical infolding; agenesis of the corpus callosum; mega cisterna magna and cerebellar atrophy) (PNH plus). All patients underwent clinical, neurophysiological, and MRI investigation. The mean follow up was 17.3 years (2-40 years). RESULTS: Two electroclinical patterns emerged: (1) The first pattern, associated with simple PNH, was characterised by normal intelligence and seizures, usually partial, which began during the second decade of life. The seizures never became frequent and tended to disappear or become very rare. The EEG showed focal abnormalities. (2) The second pattern, associated with PNH plus, was characterised by mental retardation and seizures that began during the first decade of life. The seizures were very frequent in most cases and sudden drops were observed in six patients. Seizures were medically refractory in four patients. The EEG showed focal and bisynchronous abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Two groups of PNH patients with different electroclinical and neuroradiological features can be identified after a long term follow up. The presence of other types of cortical or cerebral malformations, in addition to periventricular nodules, determines a poor prognosis.},
	Author = {d'Orsi, G. and Tinuper, P. and Bisulli, F. and Zaniboni, A. and Bernardi, B. and Rubboli, G. and Riva, R. and Michelucci, R. and Volpi, L. and Tassinari, C. A. and Baruzzi, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:29 -0400},
	Issn = {0022-3050},
	Journal = {J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry},
	Keywords = {Outcome Assessment (Health Care);Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Follow-Up Studies;Humans;Middle Aged;Prognosis;Comparative Study;21 Epilepsy;Female;Epilepsy;Male;Abnormalities, Multiple;Cerebral Cortex;21 Neurophysiology;Retrospective Studies;Adult;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Choristoma;Electroencephalography;Adolescent},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {2985191R},
	Number = {6},
	Organization = {Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.},
	Pages = {873-8},
	Pubmed = {15146004},
	Title = {Clinical features and long term outcome of epilepsy in periventricular nodular heterotopia. Simple compared with plus forms},
	Uuid = {1A36D0D7-EFEE-4130-9F34-7F21B6ED626E},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2004}}



@article{Villers-Sidani:2008,
	Abstract = {During early brain development and through 'adult' experience-dependent plasticity, neural circuits are shaped to represent the external world with high fidelity. When raised in a quiet environment, the rat primary auditory cortex (A1) has a well-defined 'critical period', lasting several days, for its representation of sound frequency. The addition of environmental noise extends the critical period duration as a variable function of noise level. It remains unclear whether critical period closure should be regarded as a unified, externally gated event that applies for all of A1 or if it is controlled by progressive, local, activity-driven changes in this cortical area. We found that rearing rats in the presence of a spectrally limited noise band resulted in the closure of the critical period for A1 sectors representing the noise-free spectral bands, whereas the critical period appeared to remain open in noise-exposed sectors, where the cortex was still functionally and physically immature.},
	Author = {de Villers-Sidani, Etienne and Simpson, Kimberly L. and Lu, Y-F F. and Lin, Rick C. S. and Merzenich, Michael M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1546-1726},
	Journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Animals;Rats;Recovery of Function;Female;Rats, Sprague-Dawley;Reaction Time;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Time Factors;Critical Period (Psychology);Hearing Tests;Animals, Newborn;Noise;Parvalbumins;Neurons;research support, n.i.h., extramural;Auditory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Acoustic Stimulation;Spectrum Analysis;Electrodes, Implanted;Brain Mapping},
	Month = {8},
	Nlm_Id = {9809671},
	Number = {8},
	Organization = {W.M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Coleman Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-808, Box 0732, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. etienne\@phy.ucsf.edu},
	Pages = {957-65},
	Pii = {nn.2144},
	Pubmed = {18604205},
	Title = {Manipulating critical period closure across different sectors of the primary auditory cortex},
	Uuid = {9B811407-F134-4A51-A3CA-E6A506A91089},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
	url = {papers/Villers-Sidani_NatNeurosci2008.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2144}}



@article{Portes:2002,
	Abstract = {We report the case of a female suffering from resistant partial seizures, which were related to 'cryptogenic' epilepsy, as the cerebral cortex was considered normal on the initial MRI images. As her son is mentally retarded and has a pachygyria, the doublecortin gene, usually involved in band heterotopia or lissencephaly, was screened for mutations. A missense mutation was identified, shared by both the son and his mother, and a subtle discontinuous subcortical heterotopia was subsequently detected on the mother's MRI. The pathophysiology of epilepsy in this woman is discussed in the light of the role of doublecortin, not only in neuronal migration, but also in axonal growth and dendritic connectivity.},
	Author = {des Portes, V. and Abaoub, L. and Joannard, A. and Souville, I. and Francis, F. and Pinard, J. M. and Chelly, J. and Beldjord, C. and Jouk, P. S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {1059-1311},
	Journal = {Seizure},
	Keywords = {24 Pubmed search results 2008;Epilepsy, Complex Partial;10 Development;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Adult;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Point Mutation;Female;Neuropeptides;Child, Preschool;10 genetics malformation;1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase;Humans;Male;Cerebral Cortex;Microtubule-Associated Proteins;case reports},
	Month = {6},
	Nlm_Id = {9306979},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {Service de neurop{\'e}diatrie, H\^{o}pital Saint Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, France. desportes\@cochin.inserm.fr},
	Pages = {273-7},
	Pii = {S1059131101906077},
	Pubmed = {12027577},
	Title = {So-called 'cryptogenic' partial seizures resulting from a subtle cortical dysgenesis due to a doublecortin gene mutation},
	Uuid = {CF731140-005A-47C7-94DE-6B6C3CF23FEA},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2002},
	url = {papers/Portes_Seizure2002.pdf},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/seiz.2001.0607}}







@article{Rossum:2002,
	Abstract = {We model the propagation of neural activity through a feedforward network consisting of layers of integrate-and-fire neurons. In the presence of a noisy background current and spontaneous background firing, firing rate modulations are transmitted linearly through many layers, with a delay proportional to the synaptic time constant and with little distortion. Single neuron properties and firing statistics are in agreement with physiological data. The proposed mode of propagation allows for fast computation with population coding based on firing rates, as is demonstrated with a local motion detector.},
	Author = {van Rossum, Mark C. W. and Turrigiano, Gina G. and Nelson, Sacha B.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-03-25 19:55:40 -0400},
	Issn = {1529-2401},
	Journal = {J Neurosci},
	Keywords = {Synapses;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s. ;Neural Networks (Computer);21 Neurophysiology;research support, non-u.s. gov't ;Models, Neurological;Computer Simulation;Reproducibility of Results;research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s. ;Motion Perception;Sensory Thresholds;Synaptic Transmission;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Neurons},
	Month = {3},
	Nlm_Id = {8102140},
	Number = {5},
	Organization = {Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA. vrossum\@brandeis.edu},
	Pages = {1956-66},
	Pii = {22/5/1956},
	Pubmed = {11880526},
	Title = {Fast propagation of firing rates through layered networks of noisy neurons},
	Uuid = {4B5598BD-E83F-479E-A346-AC8BAD3C918C},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2002}}








@article{Melchner:2000,
	Abstract = {An unresolved issue in cortical development concerns the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the functional specification of different cortical areas. Ferrets in which retinal projections are redirected neonatally to the auditory thalamus have visually responsive cells in auditory thalamus and cortex, form a retinotopic map in auditory cortex and have visual receptive field properties in auditory cortex that are typical of cells in visual cortex. Here we report that this cross-modal projection and its representation in auditory cortex can mediate visual behaviour. When light stimuli are presented in the portion of the visual field that is 'seen' only by this projection, 'rewired' ferrets respond as though they perceive the stimuli to be visual rather than auditory. Thus the perceptual modality of a neocortical region is instructed to a significant extent by its extrinsic inputs. In addition, gratings of different spatial frequencies can be discriminated by the rewired pathway, although the grating acuity is lower than that of the normal visual pathway.},
	Author = {von Melchner, L. and Pallas, S. L. and Sur, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-03-25 19:34:04 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2011-09-12 11:19:36 -0400},
	Issn = {0028-0836},
	Journal = {Nature},
	Keywords = {Retina;Animals;Photic Stimulation;Ferrets;Visual Perception;Visual Pathways;Denervation;research support, non-u.s. gov't;Vision;Animals, Newborn;Thalamus;research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.;21 Neurophysiology;Auditory Pathways;Sound;Auditory Cortex;24 Pubmed search results 2008;Geniculate Bodies},
	Month = {4},
	Nlm_Id = {0410462},
	Number = {6780},
	Organization = {Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.},
	Pages = {871-6},
	Pubmed = {10786793},
	Title = {Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway},
	Uuid = {A9B72ED0-9057-46AC-AC63-40896F12578B},
	Volume = {404},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009102}}


@article{Smith2017,
  title = {Cadherin-10 Maintains Excitatory/Inhibitory Ratio through Interactions with Synaptic Proteins.},
  author = {Smith, Katharine R and Jones, Kelly A and Kopeikina, Katherine J and Burette, Alain C and Copits, Bryan A and Yoon, Sehyoun and Forrest, Marc P and Fawcett-Patel, Jessica M and Hanley, Jonathan G and Weinberg, Richard J and Swanson, Geoffrey T and Penzes, Peter},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {37},
  number = {46},
  year = {2017},
  month = {Nov},
  pages = {11127-11139},
  abstract = {Appropriate excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is essential for normal cortical function and is altered in some psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that control the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse function remain poorly understood; no proteins that regulate excitatory and inhibitory synapse strength in a coordinated reciprocal manner have been identified. Using super-resolution imaging, electrophysiology, and molecular manipulations, we show that cadherin-10, encoded by CDH10 within the ASD risk locus 5p14.1, maintains both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic scaffold structure in cultured cortical neurons from rats of both sexes. Cadherin-10 localizes to both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in neocortex, where it is organized into nanoscale puncta that influence the size of their associated PSDs. Knockdown of cadherin-10 reduces excitatory but increases inhibitory synapse size and strength, altering the E/I ratio in cortical neurons. Furthermore, cadherin-10 exhibits differential participation in complexes with PSD-95 and gephyrin, which may underlie its role in maintaining the E/I ratio. Our data provide a new mechanism whereby a protein encoded by a common ASD risk factor controls E/I ratios by regulating excitatory and inhibitory synapses in opposing directions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The correct balance between excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) is crucial for normal brain function and is altered in psychiatric disorders such as autism. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this balance remain elusive. To address this, we studied cadherin-10, an adhesion protein that is genetically linked to autism and understudied at the cellular level. Using a combination of advanced microscopy techniques and electrophysiology, we show that cadherin-10 forms nanoscale puncta at excitatory and inhibitory synapses, maintains excitatory and inhibitory synaptic structure, and is essential for maintaining the correct balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal dendrites. These findings reveal a new mechanism by which E/I balance is controlled in neurons and may bear relevance to synaptic dysfunction in autism.},
  keywords = {CDH10; PSD-95; adhesion; cadherin-10; dendritic spines; inhibitory synapses; },
  mesh = {Animals; Cadherins; Cells, Cultured; Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Male; Mice; Protein Binding; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses; },
  pmid = {29030434},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.1153-17.2017},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1153-17.2017},
  pmc = {PMC5688522},
  url = {papers/Smith_JNeurosci2017-29030434.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@Article{Forrest2018,
  author      = {Forrest, Marc P and Parnell, Euan and Penzes, Peter},
  title       = {Dendritic structural plasticity and neuropsychiatric disease.},
  journal     = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
  year        = {2018},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {215-234},
  month       = {Mar},
  abstract    = {The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that the cellular and synaptic substrates of these circuits are atypical in neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating that altered structural plasticity may be an important part of the disease biology. Advances in genetics have redefined our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders and have revealed a spectrum of risk factors that impact pathways known to influence structural plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the importance of recent genetic findings on the different mechanisms of structural plasticity and propose that these converge on shared pathways that can be targeted with novel therapeutics.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nrn.2018.16},
  url        = {papers/Forrest_NatRevNeurosci2018-29545546.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {100962781},
  pii         = {nrn.2018.16},
  pmid      = {29545546}}

@article{Johnson1981,
  title = {Neural mechanisms of spatial tactile discrimination: neural patterns evoked by braille-like dot patterns in the monkey.},
  author = {Johnson, K O and Lamb, G D},
  journal = {J Physiol},
  volume = {310},
  year = {1981},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {117-44},
  abstract = {1. The experiments reported here were designed to investigate the responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents to spatially configured dot patterns scanned across the skin. Braille-like patterns were selected because the discrimination of Braille characters must depend on spatial patterning rather than some other facet of the afferent discharge. 2. A multifactorial experimental design was used in which each afferent fibre was studied using every combination of six dot patterns, two dot sizes, two dot spacings, two contact forces and two scanning velocities. Two other factors, scanning direction relative to the skin ridges and intermittent versus continuous scanning, were studied. 3. Beside the general question concerning the response properties of the mechanoreceptive afferents, three major questions were addressed here. (i) What is the critical spatial dimension at which neural spatial patterning breaks down and below which tactual discrimination must depend on facets of the afferent discharge other than spatial neural patterning? (ii) Which mechanoreceptive population sets this critical dimension? (iii) Why is tactual discrimination enhanced by lateral scanning? 4. The results presented here suggest that the critical dimension, below which spatial neural patterning breaks down, is of the order of 1.0 mm and that the slowly adapting (SA) afferent fibres are responsible for this limit. 5. At dimensions above approximately 1.0 mm the spatial contrast between peaks and troughs in the SA discharge is markedly enhanced during scanning. When the skin is stationary the discharge rates in the SA population drop rapidly to low levels. A second possible reason for enhanced tactual discrimination during scanning is related to the increased spatiotemporal information in a coherent pattern of neural activity moving across a discrete population of afferent fibres. 6. The effects of variations in conduction velocity are analysed and it is shown that they place serious constraints on the transmission of spatiotemporal information.},
  pmid = {7230030},
  pmc = {PMC1274731},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7230030},
  url = {papers/Johnson_JPhysiol1981-7230030.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0266262}
}

@article{Kaschube2010,
  title = {Universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex.},
  author = {Kaschube, Matthias and Schnabel, Michael and Löwel, Siegrid and Coppola, David M and White, Leonard E and Wolf, Fred},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {330},
  number = {6007},
  year = {2010},
  month = {Nov},
  pages = {1113-6},
  abstract = {The brain's visual cortex processes information concerning form, pattern, and motion within functional maps that reflect the layout of neuronal circuits. We analyzed functional maps of orientation preference in the ferret, tree shrew, and galago--three species separated since the basal radiation of placental mammals more than 65 million years ago--and found a common organizing principle. A symmetry-based class of models for the self-organization of cortical networks predicts all essential features of the layout of these neuronal circuits, but only if suppressive long-range interactions dominate development. We show mathematically that orientation-selective long-range connectivity can mediate the required interactions. Our results suggest that self-organization has canalized the evolution of the neuronal circuitry underlying orientation preference maps into a single common design.},
  pmid = {21051599},
  pii = {science.1194869},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1194869},
  pmc = {PMC3138194},
  mid = {NIHMS302162},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051599},
  url = {papers/Kaschube_Science2010-21051599.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0404511}
}

@article{Reimann2017,
  title = {Cliques of Neurons Bound into Cavities Provide a Missing Link between Structure and Function.},
  author = {Reimann, Michael W and Nolte, Max and Scolamiero, Martina and Turner, Katharine and Perin, Rodrigo and Chindemi, Giuseppe and Dłotko, Paweł and Levi, Ran and Hess, Kathryn and Markram, Henry},
  journal = {Front Comput Neurosci},
  volume = {11},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {48},
  abstract = {The lack of a formal link between neural network structure and its emergent function has hampered our understanding of how the brain processes information. We have now come closer to describing such a link by taking the direction of synaptic transmission into account, constructing graphs of a network that reflect the direction of information flow, and analyzing these directed graphs using algebraic topology. Applying this approach to a local network of neurons in the neocortex revealed a remarkably intricate and previously unseen topology of synaptic connectivity. The synaptic network contains an abundance of cliques of neurons bound into cavities that guide the emergence of correlated activity. In response to stimuli, correlated activity binds synaptically connected neurons into functional cliques and cavities that evolve in a stereotypical sequence toward peak complexity. We propose that the brain processes stimuli by forming increasingly complex functional cliques and cavities.},
  keywords = {Betti numbers; connectomics; correlations; directed networks; structure-function; topology; },
  pmid = {28659782},
  doi = {10.3389/fncom.2017.00048},
  pmc = {PMC5467434},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659782},
  url = {},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477956}
}

@article{Fongang2013,
  title = {The precise timeline of transcriptional regulation reveals causation in mouse somitogenesis network.},
  author = {Fongang, Bernard and Kudlicki, Andrzej},
  journal = {BMC Dev Biol},
  volume = {13},
  year = {2013},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {42},
  abstract = {In vertebrate development, the segmental pattern of the body axis is established as somites, masses of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube, are formed sequentially in the anterior-posterior axis. This mechanism depends on waves of gene expression associated with the Notch, Fgf and Wnt pathways. The underlying transcriptional regulation has been studied by whole-transcriptome mRNA profiling; however, interpretation of the results is limited by poor resolution, noisy data, small sample size and by the absence of a wall clock to assign exact time for recorded points.},
  pmid = {24304493},
  pii = {1471-213X-13-42},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-213X-13-42},
  pmc = {PMC4235037},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24304493},
  url = {papers/Fongang_BMCDevBiol2013-24304493.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {100966973}
}

@article{Dequéant2006,
  title = {A complex oscillating network of signaling genes underlies the mouse segmentation clock.},
  author = {Dequéant, Mary-Lee and Glynn, Earl and Gaudenz, Karin and Wahl, Matthias and Chen, Jie and Mushegian, Arcady and Pourquié, Olivier},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {314},
  number = {5805},
  year = {2006},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {1595-8},
  abstract = {The segmental pattern of the spine is established early in development, when the vertebral precursors, the somites, are rhythmically produced from the presomitic mesoderm. Microarray studies of the mouse presomitic mesoderm transcriptome reveal that the oscillator associated with this process, the segmentation clock, drives the periodic expression of a large network of cyclic genes involved in cell signaling. Mutually exclusive activation of the notch-fibroblast growth factor and Wnt pathways during each cycle suggests that coordinated regulation of these three pathways underlies the clock oscillator.},
  pmid = {17095659},
  pii = {1133141},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1133141},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095659},
  url = {papers/Dequéant_Science2006-17095659.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0404511}
}

@article{Aulehla2006,
  title = {On periodicity and directionality of somitogenesis.},
  author = {Aulehla, Alexander and Pourquié, Olivier},
  journal = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  volume = {211 Suppl 1},
  year = {2006},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {3-8},
  abstract = {It is currently thought that the mechanism underlying somitogenesis is linked to a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, and to gradients of signaling molecules within the paraxial mesoderm. Here, we review the current picture of this segmentation clock and gradients, and use this knowledge to critically ask: What is the basis for periodicity and directionality of somitogenesis?},
  pmid = {17024300},
  doi = {10.1007/s00429-006-0124-y},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17024300},
  url = {papers/Aulehla_AnatEmbryol(Berl)2006-17024300.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505194}
}

@article{Pittendrigh1954,
  title = {ON TEMPERATURE INDEPENDENCE IN THE CLOCK SYSTEM CONTROLLING EMERGENCE TIME IN DROSOPHILA.},
  author = {Pittendrigh, C S},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {40},
  number = {10},
  year = {1954},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1018-29},
  pmid = {16589583},
  pmc = {PMC534216},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16589583},
  url = {papers/Pittendrigh_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1954-16589583.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
}

@article{Mizuno2018,
  title = {Patchwork-Type Spontaneous Activity in Neonatal Barrel Cortex Layer 4 Transmitted via Thalamocortical Projections.},
  author = {Mizuno, Hidenobu and Ikezoe, Koji and Nakazawa, Shingo and Sato, Takuya and Kitamura, Kazuo and Iwasato, Takuji},
  journal = {Cell Rep},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  year = {2018},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {123-135},
  abstract = {Establishment of precise neuronal connectivity in the neocortex relies on activity-dependent circuit reorganization during postnatal development; however, the nature of cortical activity during this period remains largely unknown. Using two-photon calcium imaging of the barrel cortex in vivo during the first postnatal week, we reveal that layer 4 (L4) neurons within the same barrel fire synchronously in the absence of peripheral stimulation, creating a "patchwork" pattern of spontaneous activity corresponding to the barrel map. By generating transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6s in thalamocortical axons, we show that thalamocortical axons also demonstrate the spontaneous patchwork activity pattern. Patchwork activity is diminished by peripheral anesthesia but is mostly independent of self-generated whisker movements. The patchwork activity pattern largely disappeared during postnatal week 2, as even L4 neurons within the same barrel tended to fire asynchronously. This spontaneous L4 activity pattern has features suitable for thalamocortical (TC) circuit refinement in the neonatal barrel cortex.},
  keywords = {activity-dependent development; awake; barrel cortex; in vivo calcium imaging; neonates; single-cell labeling; spontaneous activity; synchronized activity; thalamocortical axons; whisker monitoring; },
  pmid = {29298415},
  pii = {S2211-1247(17)31808-9},
  doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.012},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29298415},
  url = {papers/Mizuno_CellRep2018-29298415.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101573691}
}

@article{Petersen2007,
  title = {The functional organization of the barrel cortex.},
  author = {Petersen, Carl C H},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  year = {2007},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {339-55},
  abstract = {The tactile somatosensory pathway from whisker to cortex in rodents provides a well-defined system for exploring the link between molecular mechanisms, synaptic circuits, and behavior. The primary somatosensory cortex has an exquisite somatotopic map where each individual whisker is represented in a discrete anatomical unit, the "barrel," allowing precise delineation of functional organization, development, and plasticity. Sensory information is actively acquired in awake behaving rodents and processed differently within the barrel map depending upon whisker-related behavior. The prominence of state-dependent cortical sensory processing is likely to be crucial in our understanding of active sensory perception, experience-dependent plasticity and learning.},
  pmid = {17964250},
  pii = {S0896-6273(07)00715-5},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.017},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964250},
  url = {papers/Petersen_Neuron2007-17964250.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Vanni2014,
  title = {Mesoscale transcranial spontaneous activity mapping in GCaMP3 transgenic mice reveals extensive reciprocal connections between areas of somatomotor cortex.},
  author = {Vanni, Matthieu P and Murphy, Timothy H},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {34},
  number = {48},
  year = {2014},
  month = {Nov},
  pages = {15931-46},
  abstract = {Transgenic mice expressing genetically encoded activity indicators are an attractive means of mapping mesoscopic regional functional cortical connectivity given widespread stable and cell-specific expression compatible with chronic recordings. Cortical functional connectivity was evaluated using wide-field imaging in lightly anesthetized Emx1-creXRosa26-GCaMP3 mice expressing calcium sensor in cortical neurons. Challenges exist because green fluorescence signals overlap with endogenous activity-dependent autofluorescence and are affected by changes in blood volume and oxygenation. Under the conditions used for imaging and analysis (0.1-1 Hz frequency band), autofluorescence and hemodynamic effects contributed 3% and 8% of the SD of spontaneous activity-dependent GCaMP3 fluorescence when signals were recorded through intact bone. To evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of this approach, the topology of functional connections between somatomotor cortex (primary S1 and secondary S2 somatosensory, and primary motor cortex M1) was estimated. During sequences of spontaneous activity, calcium signals recorded at each location of area S1 were correlated with activity in contralateral area S1, ipsilateral area S2, and bilateral areas M1. Reciprocal results were observed when "seed pixels" were placed in S2 and M1. Coactivation of areas implies functional connections but could also be attributed to both regions receiving common upstream drive. These apparent connections revealed during spontaneous activity coactivation by GCaMP3 were confirmed by intracortical microstimulation but were more difficult to detect using intrinsic signals from reflected red light. We anticipate GCAMP wide-field imaging will enable longitudinal studies during plasticity paradigms or after models of CNS disease, such as stroke, where the weighting within these connectivity maps may be altered. },
  keywords = {connectome; cortical stimulation; optogenetic; resting state; tracing; transgenic mice; Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium Signaling; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, 129 Strain; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Somatosensory Cortex; },
  pmid = {25429135},
  pii = {34/48/15931},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1818-14.2014},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429135},
  url = {papers/Vanni_JNeurosci2014-25429135.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}


@article{Ghanbari2019,
  title = {Cortex-wide neural interfacing via transparent polymer skulls.},
  author = {Ghanbari, Leila and Carter, Russell E and Rynes, Mathew L and Dominguez, Judith and Chen, Gang and Naik, Anant and Hu, Jia and Sagar, Md Abdul Kader and Haltom, Lenora and Mossazghi, Nahom and Gray, Madelyn M and West, Sarah L and Eliceiri, Kevin W and Ebner, Timothy J and Kodandaramaiah, Suhasa B},
  journal = {Nat Commun},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  year = {2019},
  month = {04},
  pages = {1500},
  abstract = {Neural computations occurring simultaneously in multiple cerebral cortical regions are critical for mediating behaviors. Progress has been made in understanding how neural activity in specific cortical regions contributes to behavior. However, there is a lack of tools that allow simultaneous monitoring and perturbing neural activity from multiple cortical regions. We engineered 'See-Shells'-digitally designed, morphologically realistic, transparent polymer skulls that allow long-term (>300 days) optical access to 45 mm2 of the dorsal cerebral cortex in the mouse. We demonstrate the ability to perform mesoscopic imaging, as well as cellular and subcellular resolution two-photon imaging of neural structures up to 600 µm deep. See-Shells allow calcium imaging from multiple, non-contiguous regions across the cortex. Perforated See-Shells enable introducing penetrating neural probes to perturb or record neural activity simultaneously with whole cortex imaging. See-Shells are constructed using common desktop fabrication tools, providing a powerful tool for investigating brain structure and function.},
  pmid = {30940809},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09488-0},
  pii = {10.1038/s41467-019-09488-0},
  pmc = {PMC6445105},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30940809},
  url = {papers/Ghanbari_NatCommun2019-30940809.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101528555}
}

@article{Scott2016,
  title = {Longitudinal analysis of the developing rhesus monkey brain using magnetic resonance imaging: birth to adulthood.},
  author = {Scott, Julia A and Grayson, David and Fletcher, Evan and Lee, Aaron and Bauman, Melissa D and Schumann, Cynthia Mills and Buonocore, Michael H and Amaral, David G},
  journal = {Brain Struct Funct},
  volume = {221},
  number = {5},
  year = {2016},
  month = {06},
  pages = {2847-71},
  abstract = {We have longitudinally assessed normative brain growth patterns in naturalistically reared Macaca mulatta monkeys. Postnatal to early adulthood brain development in two cohorts of rhesus monkeys was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging. Cohort A consisted of 24 rhesus monkeys (12 male, 12 female) and cohort B of 21 monkeys (11 male, 10 female). All subjects were scanned at 1, 4, 8, 13, 26, 39, and 52 weeks; cohort A had additional scans at 156 weeks (3 years) and 260 weeks (5 years). Age-specific segmentation templates were developed for automated volumetric analyses of the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Trajectories of total brain size as well as cerebral and subcortical subdivisions were evaluated over this period. Total brain volume was about 64 % of adult estimates in the 1-week-old monkey. Brain volume of the male subjects was always, on average, larger than the female subjects. While brain volume generally increased between any two imaging time points, there was a transient plateau of brain growth between 26 and 39 weeks in both cohorts of monkeys. The trajectory of enlargement differed across cortical regions with the occipital cortex demonstrating the most idiosyncratic pattern of maturation and the frontal and temporal lobes showing the greatest and most protracted growth. A variety of allometric measurements were also acquired and body weight gain was most closely associated with the rate of brain growth. These findings provide a valuable baseline for the effects of fetal and early postnatal manipulations on the pattern of abnormal brain growth related to neurodevelopmental disorders.},
  keywords = {Allometry; Development; Macaca mulatta; Nonhuman primate; Sexual dimorphism; Animals; Brain; Female; Functional Laterality; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Longitudinal Studies; Macaca mulatta; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; },
  pmid = {26159774},
  doi = {10.1007/s00429-015-1076-x},
  pii = {10.1007/s00429-015-1076-x},
  pmc = {PMC4884209},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159774},
  url = {papers/Scott_BrainStructFunct2016-26159774.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101282001}
}


@article{Xiao2017,
  title = {Mapping cortical mesoscopic networks of single spiking cortical or sub-cortical neurons.},
  author = {Xiao, Dongsheng and Vanni, Matthieu P and Mitelut, Catalin C and Chan, Allen W and LeDue, Jeffrey M and Xie, Yicheng and Chen, Andrew Cn and Swindale, Nicholas V and Murphy, Timothy H},
  journal = {Elife},
  volume = {6},
  year = {2017},
  month = {02},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Understanding the basis of brain function requires knowledge of cortical operations over wide-spatial scales, but also within the context of single neurons. In vivo, wide-field GCaMP imaging and sub-cortical/cortical cellular electrophysiology were used in mice to investigate relationships between spontaneous single neuron spiking and mesoscopic cortical activity. We make use of a rich set of cortical activity motifs that are present in spontaneous activity in anesthetized and awake animals. A mesoscale spike-triggered averaging procedure allowed the identification of motifs that are preferentially linked to individual spiking neurons by employing genetically targeted indicators of neuronal activity. Thalamic neurons predicted and reported specific cycles of wide-scale cortical inhibition/excitation. In contrast, spike-triggered maps derived from single cortical neurons yielded spatio-temporal maps expected for regional cortical consensus function. This approach can define network relationships between any point source of neuronal spiking and mesoscale cortical maps.},
  keywords = {functional connectivity; mesoscale maps; mouse; neuroscience; spike triggered maps; thalamocortical; Action Potentials; Anesthesia; Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cerebral Cortex; Electrodes, Implanted; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Probes; Nerve Net; Neurons; Optical Imaging; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamus; Wakefulness; },
  pmid = {28160463},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.19976},
  pmc = {PMC5328594},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160463},
  url = {papers/Xiao_Elife2017-28160463.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101579614}
}

@article {Barson2018,
	author = {Barson, D and Hamodi, AS and Shen, X and Lur, G and Constable, RT and Cardin, JA and Crair, MC and Higley, MJ},
	title = {Simultaneous mesoscopic and two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in cortical circuits},
	elocation-id = {468348},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1101/468348},
	publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
	abstract = {Spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity propagates across spatial scales in the mammalian cortex but technical challenges have generally precluded establishing conceptual links between the function of local circuits of neurons and brain-wide network dynamics. To solve this problem, we developed a method for simultaneous cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging of a local microcircuit and mesoscopic widefield calcium imaging of the entire cortical mantle in awake, behaving mice. Our method employs an orthogonal axis design whereby the mesoscopic objective is oriented downward directly above the brain and the two-photon objective is oriented horizontally, with imaging performed through a glass right angle microprism implanted in the skull. In support of this method, we introduce a suite of analysis tools for relating the activity of individual cells to distal cortical areas, as well as a viral method for robust and widespread gene delivery in the juvenile mouse brain. We use these methods to characterize the diversity of associations of individual, genetically-defined neurons with cortex-wide network motifs.},
	eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/11/11/468348.full.pdf},
	journal = {bioRxiv}
}

@article{Manita2015,
  title = {A Top-Down Cortical Circuit for Accurate Sensory Perception.},
  author = {Manita, Satoshi and Suzuki, Takayuki and Homma, Chihiro and Matsumoto, Takashi and Odagawa, Maya and Yamada, Kazuyuki and Ota, Keisuke and Matsubara, Chie and Inutsuka, Ayumu and Sato, Masaaki and Ohkura, Masamichi and Yamanaka, Akihiro and Yanagawa, Yuchio and Nakai, Junichi and Hayashi, Yasunori and Larkum, Matthew E and Murayama, Masanori},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {86},
  number = {5},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Jun},
  pages = {1304-16},
  abstract = {A fundamental issue in cortical processing of sensory information is whether top-down control circuits from higher brain areas to primary sensory areas not only modulate but actively engage in perception. Here, we report the identification of a neural circuit for top-down control in the mouse somatosensory system. The circuit consisted of a long-range reciprocal projection between M2 secondary motor cortex and S1 primary somatosensory cortex. In vivo physiological recordings revealed that sensory stimulation induced sequential S1 to M2 followed by M2 to S1 neural activity. The top-down projection from M2 to S1 initiated dendritic spikes and persistent firing of S1 layer 5 (L5) neurons. Optogenetic inhibition of M2 input to S1 decreased L5 firing and the accurate perception of tactile surfaces. These findings demonstrate that recurrent input to sensory areas is essential for accurate perception and provide a physiological model for one type of top-down control circuit. },
  pmid = {26004915},
  pii = {S0896-6273(15)00413-4},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.006},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26004915},
  url = {papers/Manita_Neuron2015-26004915.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Heiligenberg1991,
  title = {The neural basis of behavior: a neuroethological view.},
  author = {Heiligenberg, W},
  journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
  volume = {14},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {247-67},
  pmid = {2031571},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.001335},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031571},
  url = {papers/Heiligenberg_AnnuRevNeurosci1991-2031571.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7804039}
}

@article{Doucet2019,
  title = {Abnormal auditory tonotopy in patients with schizophrenia.},
  author = {Doucet, Gaelle E and Luber, Maxwell J and Balchandani, Priti and Sommer, Iris E and Frangou, Sophia},
  journal = {NPJ Schizophr},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  year = {2019},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {16},
  abstract = {Auditory hallucinations are among the most prevalent and most distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite significant progress, it is still unclear whether auditory hallucinations arise from abnormalities in primary sensory processing or whether they represent failures of higher-order functions. To address this knowledge gap, we capitalized on the increased spatial resolution afforded by ultra-high field imaging at 7 Tesla to investigate the tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex in patients with schizophrenia with a history of recurrent hallucinations. Tonotopy is a fundamental feature of the functional organization of the auditory cortex that is established very early in development and predates the onset of symptoms by decades. Compared to healthy participants, patients showed abnormally increased activation and altered tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex during a purely perceptual task, which involved passive listening to tones across a range of frequencies (88-8000 Hz). These findings suggest that the predisposition to auditory hallucinations is likely to be predicated on abnormalities in the functional organization of the auditory cortex and which may serve as a biomarker for the early identification of vulnerable individuals.},
  pmid = {31578332},
  doi = {10.1038/s41537-019-0084-x},
  pii = {10.1038/s41537-019-0084-x},
  pmc = {PMC6775081},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31578332},
  url = {papers/Doucet_NPJSchizophr2019-31578332.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101657919}
}

@article{Rudy2011,
  title = {Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons.},
  author = {Rudy, Bernardo and Fishell, Gordon and Lee, SooHyun and Hjerling-Leffler, Jens},
  journal = {Dev Neurobiol},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  year = {2011},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {45-61},
  abstract = {An understanding of the diversity of cortical GABAergic interneurons is critical to understand the function of the cerebral cortex. Recent data suggest that neurons expressing three markers, the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST), and the ionotropic serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR) account for nearly 100% of neocortical interneurons. Interneurons expressing each of these markers have a different embryological origin. Each group includes several types of interneurons that differ in morphological and electrophysiological properties and likely have different functions in the cortical circuit. The PV group accounts for ∼40% of GABAergic neurons and includes fast spiking basket cells and chandelier cells. The SST group, which represents ∼30% of GABAergic neurons, includes the Martinotti cells and a set of neurons that specifically target layerIV. The 5HT3aR group, which also accounts for ∼30% of the total interneuronal population, is heterogeneous and includes all of the neurons that express the neuropeptide VIP, as well as an equally numerous subgroup of neurons that do not express VIP and includes neurogliaform cells. The universal modulation of these neurons by serotonin and acetylcholine via ionotropic receptors suggests that they might be involved in shaping cortical circuits during specific brain states and behavioral contexts.},
  pmid = {21154909},
  doi = {10.1002/dneu.20853},
  pmc = {PMC3556905},
  mid = {NIHMS434044},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154909},
  url = {papers/Rudy_DevNeurobiol2011-21154909.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101300215}
}

@article{Athilingam2017,
  title = {Serotonin enhances excitability and gamma frequency temporal integration in mouse prefrontal fast-spiking interneurons.},
  author = {Athilingam, Jegath C and Ben-Shalom, Roy and Keeshen, Caroline M and Sohal, Vikaas S and Bender, Kevin J},
  journal = {Elife},
  volume = {6},
  year = {2017},
  month = {12},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {The medial prefrontal cortex plays a key role in higher order cognitive functions like decision making and social cognition. These complex behaviors emerge from the coordinated firing of prefrontal neurons. Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) control the timing of excitatory neuron firing via somatic inhibition and generate gamma (30-100 Hz) oscillations. Therefore, factors that regulate how FSIs respond to gamma-frequency input could affect both prefrontal circuit activity and behavior. Here, we show that serotonin (5HT), which is known to regulate gamma power, acts via 5HT2A receptors to suppress an inward-rectifying potassium conductance in FSIs. This leads to depolarization, increased input resistance, enhanced spiking, and slowed decay of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs). Notably, we found that slowed EPSP decay preferentially enhanced temporal summation and firing elicited by gamma frequency inputs. These findings show how changes in passive membrane properties can affect not only neuronal excitability but also the temporal filtering of synaptic inputs.},
  keywords = {fast-spiking interneurons; mouse; neuroscience; parvalbumin interneurons; prefrontal cortex; serotonin; synaptic integration; temporal summation; Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Gamma Rhythm; Interneurons; Mice; Models, Neurological; Optical Imaging; Potassium Channels; Prefrontal Cortex; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonin; },
  pmid = {29206101},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.31991},
  pmc = {PMC5746342},
  pii = {31991},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29206101},
  url = {},
  nlmuniqueid = {101579614}
}

@article{Weber2010,
  title = {Htr2a Gene and 5-HT(2A) Receptor Expression in the Cerebral Cortex Studied Using Genetically Modified Mice.},
  author = {Weber, Elaine T and Andrade, Rodrigo},
  journal = {Front Neurosci},
  volume = {4},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Serotonin receptors of the 5-HT(2A) subtype are robustly expressed in the cerebral cortex where they have been implicated in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mental disorders and the actions of hallucinogens. Much less is known, however, about the specific cell types expressing 5-HT(2A) receptors in cortex. In the current study we use immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches in genetically modified mice to address the expression of the Htr2a gene and 5-HT(2A) receptors in cortex. We first use an EGFP-expressing BAC transgenic mice and identify three main Htr2A gene expressing neuronal populations in cortex. The largest of these cell populations corresponds to layer V pyramidal cells of the anterior cortex, followed by GABAergic interneurons of the middle layers, and non-pyramidal cells of the subplate/Layer VIb. We then use 5-HT(2A) receptor knockout mice to identify an antibody capable of localizing 5-HT(2A) receptors in brain and use it to map these receptors. We find strong laminar expression of 5-HT(2A) receptors in cortex, especially along a diffuse band overlaying layer Va. This band exhibits a strong anteroposterior gradient that closely matches the localization of Htr2A expressing pyramidal cells of layer V. Finally we use electrophysiological and immunohistochemical approaches to show that most, but not all, GABAergic interneurons of the middle layers are parvalbumin expressing Fast-spiking interneurons and that these cells are depolarized and excited by serotonin, most likely through the activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. These results clarify and extend our understanding of the cellular distribution of 5-HT(2A) receptors in the cerebral cortex.},
  keywords = {5-HT2A; cortex; interneuron; prefrontal; pyramidal cell; serotonin; serotonin receptors; },
  pmid = {20802802},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2010.00036},
  pmc = {PMC2928707},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802802},
  url = {},
  nlmuniqueid = {101478481}
}

@article{Nichols2016,
  title = {Psychedelics.},
  author = {Nichols, David E},
  journal = {Pharmacol Rev},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  year = {2016},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {264-355},
  abstract = {Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network. },
  pmid = {26841800},
  pii = {68/2/264},
  doi = {10.1124/pr.115.011478},
  pmc = {PMC4813425},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26841800},
  url = {papers/Nichols_PharmacolRev2016-26841800.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0421737}
}

@article{Kvam2018,
  title = {Psychedelic drugs in the treatment of anxiety, depression and addiction.},
  author = {Kvam, Tor-Morten and Stewart, Lowan H and Andreassen, Ole A},
  journal = {Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen},
  volume = {138},
  number = {18},
  year = {2018},
  month = {11},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Det er økt interesse for psykedeliske stoffer til bruk i behandling av psykiske lidelser. Stoffene regnes som trygge når de gis innenfor en klinisk ramme. Eldre studier fra før 1970 har metodologiske svakheter, men i de senere år har det kommet lovende resultater fra bruk ved unipolar depresjon, depresjon ved livstruende sykdom, angst og avhengighet. Formålet med denne litteraturgjennomgangen er å gi en oversikt over nyere resultater og disse studienes begrensninger.},
  pmid = {30421744},
  pii = {17-1110},
  doi = {10.4045/tidsskr.17.1110},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30421744},
  url = {papers/Kvam_TidsskrNorLaegeforen2018-30421744.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0413423}
}

@article{Carhart-Harris2014,
  title = {The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs.},
  author = {Carhart-Harris, Robin L and Leech, Robert and Hellyer, Peter J and Shanahan, Murray and Feilding, Amanda and Tagliazucchi, Enzo and Chialvo, Dante R and Nutt, David},
  journal = {Front Hum Neurosci},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {20},
  abstract = {Entropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Based on neuroimaging data with psilocybin, a classic psychedelic drug, it is argued that the defining feature of "primary states" is elevated entropy in certain aspects of brain function, such as the repertoire of functional connectivity motifs that form and fragment across time. Indeed, since there is a greater repertoire of connectivity motifs in the psychedelic state than in normal waking consciousness, this implies that primary states may exhibit "criticality," i.e., the property of being poised at a "critical" point in a transition zone between order and disorder where certain phenomena such as power-law scaling appear. Moreover, if primary states are critical, then this suggests that entropy is suppressed in normal waking consciousness, meaning that the brain operates just below criticality. It is argued that this entropy suppression furnishes normal waking consciousness with a constrained quality and associated metacognitive functions, including reality-testing and self-awareness. It is also proposed that entry into primary states depends on a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default-mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (which are normally significantly coupled). These hypotheses can be tested by examining brain activity and associated cognition in other candidate primary states such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and early psychosis and comparing these with non-primary states such as normal waking consciousness and the anaesthetized state. },
  keywords = {5-HT2A receptor; REM sleep; consciousness; criticality; default mode network; entropy; metastability; serotonin; },
  pmid = {24550805},
  doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020},
  pmc = {PMC3909994},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550805},
  url = {papers/Carhart-Harris_FrontHumNeurosci2014-24550805.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477954}
}

@article{Tononi1994,
  title = {A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system.},
  author = {Tononi, G and Sporns, O and Edelman, G M},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {91},
  number = {11},
  year = {1994},
  month = {May},
  pages = {5033-7},
  abstract = {In brains of higher vertebrates, the functional segregation of local areas that differ in their anatomy and physiology contrasts sharply with their global integration during perception and behavior. In this paper, we introduce a measure, called neural complexity (CN), that captures the interplay between these two fundamental aspects of brain organization. We express functional segregation within a neural system in terms of the relative statistical independence of small subsets of the system and functional integration in terms of significant deviations from independence of large subsets. CN is then obtained from estimates of the average deviation from statistical independence for subsets of increasing size. CN is shown to be high when functional segregation coexists with integration and to be low when the components of a system are either completely independent (segregated) or completely dependent (integrated). We apply this complexity measure in computer simulations of cortical areas to examine how some basic principles of neuroanatomical organization constrain brain dynamics. We show that the connectivity patterns of the cerebral cortex, such as a high density of connections, strong local connectivity organizing cells into neuronal groups, patchiness in the connectivity among neuronal groups, and prevalent reciprocal connections, are associated with high values of CN. The approach outlined here may prove useful in analyzing complexity in other biological domains such as gene regulation and embryogenesis.},
  pmid = {8197179},
  pmc = {PMC43925},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.91.11.5033},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8197179},
  url = {papers/Tononi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1994-8197179.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
}

@article{Ly2018,
  title = {Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity.},
  author = {Ly, Calvin and Greb, Alexandra C and Cameron, Lindsay P and Wong, Jonathan M and Barragan, Eden V and Wilson, Paige C and Burbach, Kyle F and Soltanzadeh Zarandi, Sina and Sood, Alexander and Paddy, Michael R and Duim, Whitney C and Dennis, Megan Y and McAllister, A Kimberley and Ori-McKenney, Kassandra M and Gray, John A and Olson, David E},
  journal = {Cell Rep},
  volume = {23},
  number = {11},
  year = {2018},
  month = {06},
  pages = {3170-3182},
  abstract = {Atrophy of neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression and related disorders. The ability to promote both structural and functional plasticity in the PFC has been hypothesized to underlie the fast-acting antidepressant properties of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. Here, we report that, like ketamine, serotonergic psychedelics are capable of robustly increasing neuritogenesis and/or spinogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. These changes in neuronal structure are accompanied by increased synapse number and function, as measured by fluorescence microscopy and electrophysiology. The structural changes induced by psychedelics appear to result from stimulation of the TrkB, mTOR, and 5-HT2A signaling pathways and could possibly explain the clinical effectiveness of these compounds. Our results underscore the therapeutic potential of psychedelics and, importantly, identify several lead scaffolds for medicinal chemistry efforts focused on developing plasticity-promoting compounds as safe, effective, and fast-acting treatments for depression and related disorders.},
  keywords = {DMT; LSD; MDMA; depression; ketamine; neural plasticity; noribogaine; psychedelic; spinogenesis; synaptogenesis; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurogenesis; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; Receptor, trkB; Signal Transduction; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; },
  pmid = {29898390},
  pii = {S2211-1247(18)30755-1},
  doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022},
  pmc = {PMC6082376},
  mid = {NIHMS977843},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29898390},
  url = {papers/Ly_CellRep2018-29898390.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101573691}
}

@article{Wasko2018,
  title = {DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ibogaine.},
  author = {Wasko, Michael J and Witt-Enderby, Paula A and Surratt, Christopher K},
  journal = {ACS Chem Neurosci},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  year = {2018},
  month = {10},
  pages = {2475-2483},
  abstract = {The West African iboga plant has been used for centuries by the Bwiti and Mbiri tribes to induce hallucinations during religious ceremonies. Ibogaine, the principal alkaloid responsible for iboga's psychedelic properties, was isolated and sold as an antidepressant in France for decades before its adverse effects precipitated its removal from the market. An ibogaine resurgence in the 1960s was driven by U.S. heroin addicts who claimed that ibogaine cured their opiate addictions. Behavioral pharmacologic studies in animal models provided evidence that ibogaine could blunt self-administration of not only opiates but cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine. Ibogaine displays moderate-to-weak affinities for a wide spectrum of receptor and transporter proteins; recent work suggests that its actions at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes may underlie its reputed antiopiate effects. At micromolar levels, ibogaine is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic and has been linked to several deaths by cardiac arrest. Structure-activity studies led to the isolation of the ibogaine analog 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), an α3β4 nicotinic receptor modulator that retains ibogaine's anticraving properties with few or no adverse effects. Clinical trials of 18-MC treatment of nicotine addiction are pending. Ibogaine analogs may also hold promise for treating anxiety and depression via the "psychedelic-assisted therapy" approach that employs hallucinogens including psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy").},
  keywords = {addiction; hallucinogen; iboga; nicotine; opioid; therapeutic; Cardiotoxicity; Hallucinogens; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Ibogaine; Receptors, Nicotinic; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substance-Related Disorders; Tabernaemontana; },
  pmid = {30216039},
  doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216039},
  url = {papers/Wasko_ACSChemNeurosci2018-30216039.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101525337}
}

@article{Alper2012,
  title = {Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine.},
  author = {Alper, Kenneth R and Stajić, Marina and Gill, James R},
  journal = {J Forensic Sci},
  volume = {57},
  number = {2},
  year = {2012},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {398-412},
  abstract = {Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive plant alkaloid that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings for opioid detoxification and other substance use indications. All available autopsy, toxicological, and investigative reports were systematically reviewed for the consecutive series of all known fatalities outside of West Central Africa temporally related to the use of ibogaine from 1990 through 2008. Nineteen individuals (15 men, four women between 24 and 54 years old) are known to have died within 1.5-76 h of taking ibogaine. The clinical and postmortem evidence did not suggest a characteristic syndrome of neurotoxicity. Advanced preexisting medical comorbidities, which were mainly cardiovascular, and/or one or more commonly abused substances explained or contributed to the death in 12 of the 14 cases for which adequate postmortem data were available. Other apparent risk factors include seizures associated with withdrawal from alcohol and benzodiazepines and the uninformed use of ethnopharmacological forms of ibogaine.},
  pmid = {22268458},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02008.x},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268458},
  url = {papers/Alper_JForensicSci2012-22268458.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0375370}
}

@article{Raouf2017,
  title = {Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and the influence of binding affinity (Ki) on analgesia.},
  author = {Raouf, M and Glogowski, A J and Bettinger, J J and Fudin, J},
  journal = {J Clin Pharm Ther},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  year = {2017},
  month = {Aug},
  pages = {513-517},
  abstract = {Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used for various psychiatric conditions and neuropathic pain syndromes. SNRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE); however, NE reuptake inhibition is thought to be the primary mediator for their analgesic effect.},
  keywords = {antidepressants; binding affinity; neuropathic pain; pain; serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Analgesics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Neuralgia; Norepinephrine; Serotonin; Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors; },
  pmid = {28503727},
  doi = {10.1111/jcpt.12534},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28503727},
  url = {papers/Raouf_JClinPharmTher2017-28503727.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8704308}
}

@article{Bymaster2001,
  title = {Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors.},
  author = {Bymaster, F P and Dreshfield-Ahmad, L J and Threlkeld, P G and Shaw, J L and Thompson, L and Nelson, D L and Hemrick-Luecke, S K and Wong, D T},
  journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
  volume = {25},
  number = {6},
  year = {2001},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {871-80},
  abstract = {The blockade of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) transporters in vitro and in vivo by the dual 5-HT/NE reuptake inhibitors duloxetine and venlafaxine was compared. Duloxetine inhibited binding to the human NE and 5-HT transporters with K(i) values of 7.5 and 0.8 nM, respectively, and with a K(i) ratio of 9. Venlafaxine inhibited binding to the human NE and 5-HT transporters with K(i) values of 2480 and 82 nM, respectively, and with a K(i) ratio of 30. Duloxetine inhibited ex vivo binding to rat 5-HT transporters and NE transporters with ED(50) values of 0.03 and 0.7 mg/kg, respectively, whereas venlafaxine had ED(50) values of 2 and 54 mg/kg, respectively. The depletion of rat brain 5-HT by p-chloramphetamine and depletion of rat hypothalamic NE by 6-hydroxydopamine was blocked by duloxetine with ED(50) values of 2.3 and 12 mg/kg, respectively. Venlafaxine had ED(50) values of 5.9 and 94 mg/kg for blocking p-chloramphetamine- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced monoamine depletion, respectively. Thus, duloxetine more potently blocks 5-HT and NE transporters in vitro and in vivo than venlafaxine.},
  pmid = {11750180},
  pii = {S0893133X01002986},
  doi = {10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00298-6},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11750180},
  url = {papers/Bymaster_Neuropsychopharmacology2001-11750180.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8904907}
}

@article{Ray2010,
  title = {Psychedelics and the human receptorome.},
  author = {Ray, Thomas S},
  journal = {PLoS One},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  year = {2010},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {e9019},
  abstract = {We currently understand the mental effects of psychedelics to be caused by agonism or partial agonism of 5-HT(2A) (and possibly 5-HT(2C)) receptors, and we understand that psychedelic drugs, especially phenylalkylamines, are fairly selective for these two receptors. This manuscript is a reference work on the receptor affinity pharmacology of psychedelic drugs. New data is presented on the affinity of twenty-five psychedelic drugs at fifty-one receptors, transporters, and ion channels, assayed by the National Institute of Mental Health-Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH-PDSP). In addition, comparable data gathered from the literature on ten additional drugs is also presented (mostly assayed by the NIMH-PDSP). A new method is introduced for normalizing affinity (K(i)) data that factors out potency so that the multi-receptor affinity profiles of different drugs can be directly compared and contrasted. The method is then used to compare the thirty-five drugs in graphical and tabular form. It is shown that psychedelic drugs, especially phenylalkylamines, are not as selective as generally believed, interacting with forty-two of forty-nine broadly assayed sites. The thirty-five drugs of the study have very diverse patterns of interaction with different classes of receptors, emphasizing eighteen different receptors. This diversity of receptor interaction may underlie the qualitative diversity of these drugs. It should be possible to use this diverse set of drugs as probes into the roles played by the various receptor systems in the human mind.},
  pmid = {20126400},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009019},
  pmc = {PMC2814854},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126400},
  url = {papers/Ray_PLoSOne2010-20126400.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101285081}
}

@article{Orsolini2017,
  title = {The "Endless Trip" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review.},
  author = {Orsolini, Laura and Papanti, Gabriele Duccio and De Berardis, Domenico and Guirguis, Amira and Corkery, John Martin and Schifano, Fabrizio},
  journal = {Front Psychiatry},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {240},
  abstract = {Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.},
  keywords = {flashbacks; hallucinations; hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder; hallucinogens; novel psychoactive substances; palinopsia; },
  pmid = {29209235},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240},
  pmc = {PMC5701998},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209235},
  url = {papers/Orsolini_FrontPsychiatry2017-29209235.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101545006}
}

@article{Carhart-Harris2017,
  title = {The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future.},
  author = {Carhart-Harris, Robin L and Goodwin, Guy M},
  journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
  volume = {42},
  number = {11},
  year = {2017},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {2105-2113},
  abstract = {Plant-based psychedelics, such as psilocybin, have an ancient history of medicinal use. After the first English language report on LSD in 1950, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychology and psychiatry. Used most notably as aids to psychotherapy for the treatment of mood disorders and alcohol dependence, drugs such as LSD showed initial therapeutic promise before prohibitive legislature in the mid-1960s effectively ended all major psychedelic research programs. Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady revival of human psychedelic research: last year saw reports on the first modern brain imaging study with LSD and three separate clinical trials of psilocybin for depressive symptoms. In this circumspective piece, RLC-H and GMG share their opinions on the promises and pitfalls of renewed psychedelic research, with a focus on the development of psilocybin as a treatment for depression.},
  pmid = {28443617},
  pii = {npp201784},
  doi = {10.1038/npp.2017.84},
  pmc = {PMC5603818},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443617},
  url = {papers/Carhart-Harris_Neuropsychopharmacology2017-28443617.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8904907}
}

@article{Schenberg2018,
  title = {Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.},
  author = {Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman},
  journal = {Front Pharmacol},
  volume = {9},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {733},
  abstract = {Mental disorders are rising while development of novel psychiatric medications is declining. This stall in innovation has also been linked with intense debates on the current diagnostics and explanations for mental disorders, together constituting a paradigmatic crisis. A radical innovation is psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP): professionally supervised use of ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD and ibogaine as part of elaborated psychotherapy programs. Clinical results so far have shown safety and efficacy, even for "treatment resistant" conditions, and thus deserve increasing attention from medical, psychological and psychiatric professionals. But more than novel treatments, the PAP model also has important consequences for the diagnostics and explanation axis of the psychiatric crisis, challenging the discrete nosological entities and advancing novel explanations for mental disorders and their treatment, in a model considerate of social and cultural factors, including adversities, trauma, and the therapeutic potential of some non-ordinary states of consciousness.},
  keywords = {LSD; MDMA; explanation in neuroscience; ibogaine; ketamine; psilocybin; psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy; states of consciousness; },
  pmid = {30026698},
  doi = {10.3389/fphar.2018.00733},
  pmc = {PMC6041963},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30026698},
  url = {papers/Schenberg_FrontPharmacol2018-30026698.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101548923}
}

@article{Roseman2017,
  title = {Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression.},
  author = {Roseman, Leor and Nutt, David J and Carhart-Harris, Robin L},
  journal = {Front Pharmacol},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {974},
  abstract = {Introduction: It is a basic principle of the "psychedelic" treatment model that the quality of the acute experience mediates long-term improvements in mental health. In the present paper we sought to test this using data from a clinical trial assessing psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In line with previous reports, we hypothesized that the occurrence and magnitude of Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) (sharing features with mystical-type experience) and Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED) (similar to anxiety) would predict long-term positive outcomes, whereas sensory perceptual effects would have negligible predictive value. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with treatment resistant depression underwent treatment with psilocybin (two separate sessions: 10 and 25 mg psilocybin). The Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of experiences in the 25 mg psilocybin session. From the ASC, the dimensions OBN and DED were used to measure the mystical-type and challenging experiences, respectively. The Self-Reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR) at 5 weeks served as the endpoint clinical outcome measure, as in later time points some of the subjects had gone on to receive new treatments, thus confounding inferences. In a repeated measure ANOVA, Time was the within-subject factor (independent variable), with QIDS-SR as the within-subject dependent variable in baseline, 1-day, 1-week, 5-weeks. OBN and DED were independent variables. OBN-by-Time and DED-by-Time interactions were the primary outcomes of interest. Results: For the interaction of OBN and DED with Time (QIDS-SR as dependent variable), the main effect and the effects at each time point compared to baseline were all significant (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively, for main effects), confirming our main hypothesis. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation of OBN with QIDS-SR (5 weeks) was specific compared to perceptual dimensions of the ASC (p < 0.05). Discussion: This report further bolsters the view that the quality of the acute psychedelic experience is a key mediator of long-term changes in mental health. Future therapeutic work with psychedelics should recognize the essential importance of quality of experience in determining treatment efficacy and consider ways of enhancing mystical-type experiences and reducing anxiety. Trial Registration: ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14426797, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14426797.},
  keywords = {depression; mystical experience; peak experience; psilocybin; psychedelics; serotonin; therapy; },
  pmid = {29387009},
  doi = {10.3389/fphar.2017.00974},
  pmc = {PMC5776504},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29387009},
  url = {papers/Roseman_FrontPharmacol2017-29387009.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101548923}
}

@article{Koenig2015,
  title = {The anti-addiction drug ibogaine and the heart: a delicate relation.},
  author = {Koenig, Xaver and Hilber, Karlheinz},
  journal = {Molecules},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {2208-28},
  abstract = {The plant indole alkaloid ibogaine has shown promising anti-addictive properties in animal studies. Ibogaine is also anti-addictive in humans as the drug alleviates drug craving and impedes relapse of drug use. Although not licensed as therapeutic drug and despite safety concerns, ibogaine is currently used as an anti-addiction medication in alternative medicine in dozens of clinics worldwide. In recent years, alarming reports of life-threatening complications and sudden death cases, temporally associated with the administration of ibogaine, have been accumulating. These adverse reactions were hypothesised to be associated with ibogaine's propensity to induce cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of this review is to recapitulate the current knowledge about ibogaine's effects on the heart and the cardiovascular system, and to assess the cardiac risks associated with the use of this drug in anti- addiction therapy. The actions of 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), a less toxic ibogaine congener with anti-addictive properties, are also considered. },
  pmid = {25642835},
  pii = {molecules20022208},
  doi = {10.3390/molecules20022208},
  pmc = {PMC4382526},
  mid = {EMS62840},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25642835},
  url = {papers/Koenig_Molecules2015-25642835.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {100964009}
}

@article{Saxena2020,
  title = {Localized semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (LocaNMF) of widefield calcium imaging data.},
  author = {Saxena, Shreya and Kinsella, Ian and Musall, Simon and Kim, Sharon H and Meszaros, Jozsef and Thibodeaux, David N and Kim, Carla and Cunningham, John and Hillman, Elizabeth M C and Churchland, Anne and Paninski, Liam},
  journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  year = {2020},
  month = {04},
  pages = {e1007791},
  abstract = {Widefield calcium imaging enables recording of large-scale neural activity across the mouse dorsal cortex. In order to examine the relationship of these neural signals to the resulting behavior, it is critical to demix the recordings into meaningful spatial and temporal components that can be mapped onto well-defined brain regions. However, no current tools satisfactorily extract the activity of the different brain regions in individual mice in a data-driven manner, while taking into account mouse-specific and preparation-specific differences. Here, we introduce Localized semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (LocaNMF), a method that efficiently decomposes widefield video data and allows us to directly compare activity across multiple mice by outputting mouse-specific localized functional regions that are significantly more interpretable than more traditional decomposition techniques. Moreover, it provides a natural subspace to directly compare correlation maps and neural dynamics across different behaviors, mice, and experimental conditions, and enables identification of task- and movement-related brain regions.},
  pmid = {32282806},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007791},
  pii = {PCOMPBIOL-D-19-01682},
  pmc = {PMC7179949},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32282806},
  url = {papers/Saxena_PLoSComputBiol2020-32282806.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101238922}
}

@article{Botvinik-Nezer2020,
  title = {Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams.},
  author = {Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem and Holzmeister, Felix and Camerer, Colin F and Dreber, Anna and Huber, Juergen and Johannesson, Magnus and Kirchler, Michael and Iwanir, Roni and Mumford, Jeanette A and Adcock, R Alison and Avesani, Paolo and Baczkowski, Blazej M and Bajracharya, Aahana and Bakst, Leah and Ball, Sheryl and Barilari, Marco and Bault, Nadège and Beaton, Derek and Beitner, Julia and Benoit, Roland G and Berkers, Ruud M W J and Bhanji, Jamil P and Biswal, Bharat B and Bobadilla-Suarez, Sebastian and Bortolini, Tiago and Bottenhorn, Katherine L and Bowring, Alexander and Braem, Senne and Brooks, Hayley R and Brudner, Emily G and Calderon, Cristian B and Camilleri, Julia A and Castrellon, Jaime J and Cecchetti, Luca and Cieslik, Edna C and Cole, Zachary J and Collignon, Olivier and Cox, Robert W and Cunningham, William A and Czoschke, Stefan and Dadi, Kamalaker and Davis, Charles P and Luca, Alberto De and Delgado, Mauricio R and Demetriou, Lysia and Dennison, Jeffrey B and Di, Xin and Dickie, Erin W and Dobryakova, Ekaterina and Donnat, Claire L and Dukart, Juergen and Duncan, Niall W and Durnez, Joke and Eed, Amr and Eickhoff, Simon B and Erhart, Andrew and Fontanesi, Laura and Fricke, G Matthew and Fu, Shiguang and Galván, Adriana and Gau, Remi and Genon, Sarah and Glatard, Tristan and Glerean, Enrico and Goeman, Jelle J and Golowin, Sergej A E and González-García, Carlos and Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J and Grady, Cheryl L and Green, Mikella A and Guassi Moreira, João F and Guest, Olivia and Hakimi, Shabnam and Hamilton, J Paul and Hancock, Roeland and Handjaras, Giacomo and Harry, Bronson B and Hawco, Colin and Herholz, Peer and Herman, Gabrielle and Heunis, Stephan and Hoffstaedter, Felix and Hogeveen, Jeremy and Holmes, Susan and Hu, Chuan-Peng and Huettel, Scott A and Hughes, Matthew E and Iacovella, Vittorio and Iordan, Alexandru D and Isager, Peder M and Isik, Ayse I and Jahn, Andrew and Johnson, Matthew R and Johnstone, Tom and Joseph, Michael J E and Juliano, Anthony C and Kable, Joseph W and Kassinopoulos, Michalis and Koba, Cemal and Kong, Xiang-Zhen and Koscik, Timothy R and Kucukboyaci, Nuri Erkut and Kuhl, Brice A and Kupek, Sebastian and Laird, Angela R and Lamm, Claus and Langner, Robert and Lauharatanahirun, Nina and Lee, Hongmi and Lee, Sangil and Leemans, Alexander and Leo, Andrea and Lesage, Elise and Li, Flora and Li, Monica Y C and Lim, Phui Cheng and Lintz, Evan N and Liphardt, Schuyler W and Losecaat Vermeer, Annabel B and Love, Bradley C and Mack, Michael L and Malpica, Norberto and Marins, Theo and Maumet, Camille and McDonald, Kelsey and McGuire, Joseph T and Melero, Helena and Méndez Leal, Adriana S and Meyer, Benjamin and Meyer, Kristin N and Mihai, Glad and Mitsis, Georgios D and Moll, Jorge and Nielson, Dylan M and Nilsonne, Gustav and Notter, Michael P and Olivetti, Emanuele and Onicas, Adrian I and Papale, Paolo and Patil, Kaustubh R and Peelle, Jonathan E and Pérez, Alexandre and Pischedda, Doris and Poline, Jean-Baptiste and Prystauka, Yanina and Ray, Shruti and Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A and Reynolds, Richard C and Ricciardi, Emiliano and Rieck, Jenny R and Rodriguez-Thompson, Anais M and Romyn, Anthony and Salo, Taylor and Samanez-Larkin, Gregory R and Sanz-Morales, Emilio and Schlichting, Margaret L and Schultz, Douglas H and Shen, Qiang and Sheridan, Margaret A and Silvers, Jennifer A and Skagerlund, Kenny and Smith, Alec and Smith, David V and Sokol-Hessner, Peter and Steinkamp, Simon R and Tashjian, Sarah M and Thirion, Bertrand and Thorp, John N and Tinghög, Gustav and Tisdall, Loreen and Tompson, Steven H and Toro-Serey, Claudio and Torre Tresols, Juan Jesus and Tozzi, Leonardo and Truong, Vuong and Turella, Luca and van 't Veer, Anna E and Verguts, Tom and Vettel, Jean M and Vijayarajah, Sagana and Vo, Khoi and Wall, Matthew B and Weeda, Wouter D and Weis, Susanne and White, David J and Wisniewski, David and Xifra-Porxas, Alba and Yearling, Emily A and Yoon, Sangsuk and Yuan, Rui and Yuen, Kenneth S L and Zhang, Lei and Zhang, Xu and Zosky, Joshua E and Nichols, Thomas E and Poldrack, Russell A and Schonberg, Tom},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {582},
  number = {7810},
  year = {2020},
  month = {06},
  pages = {84-88},
  abstract = {Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses1. The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset2-5. Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.},
  pmid = {32483374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2314-9},
  pii = {10.1038/s41586-020-2314-9},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32483374},
  url = {papers/Botvinik-Nezer_Nature2020-32483374.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{VanEssen2012,
  title = {Cortical cartography and Caret software.},
  author = {Van Essen, David C},
  journal = {Neuroimage},
  volume = {62},
  number = {2},
  year = {2012},
  month = {Aug},
  pages = {757-64},
  abstract = {Caret software is widely used for analyzing and visualizing many types of fMRI data, often in conjunction with experimental data from other modalities. This article places Caret's development in a historical context that spans three decades of brain mapping--from the early days of manually generated flat maps to the nascent field of human connectomics. It also highlights some of Caret's distinctive capabilities. This includes the ease of visualizing data on surfaces and/or volumes and on atlases as well as individual subjects. Caret can display many types of experimental data using various combinations of overlays (e.g., fMRI activation maps, cortical parcellations, areal boundaries), and it has other features that facilitate the analysis and visualization of complex neuroimaging datasets.},
  pmid = {22062192},
  pii = {S1053-8119(11)01241-9},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.077},
  pmc = {PMC3288593},
  mid = {NIHMS335250},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22062192},
  url = {papers/VanEssen_Neuroimage2012-22062192.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9215515}
}

@article{Ioannidis2005,
  title = {Why most published research findings are false.},
  author = {Ioannidis, John P A},
  journal = {PLoS Med},
  volume = {2},
  number = {8},
  year = {2005},
  month = {Aug},
  pages = {e124},
  abstract = {There is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. Simulations show that for most study designs and settings, it is more likely for a research claim to be false than true. Moreover, for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias. In this essay, I discuss the implications of these problems for the conduct and interpretation of research.},
  pmid = {16060722},
  pii = {04-PLME-E-0321R2},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124},
  pmc = {PMC1182327},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16060722},
  url = {papers/Ioannidis_PLoSMed2005-16060722.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101231360}
}

@article{Ioannidis2014,
  title = {How to make more published research true.},
  author = {Ioannidis, John P A},
  journal = {PLoS Med},
  volume = {11},
  number = {10},
  year = {2014},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {e1001747},
  abstract = {In a 2005 paper that has been accessed more than a million times, John Ioannidis explained why most published research findings were false. Here he revisits the topic, this time to address how to improve matters. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. },
  pmid = {25334033},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747},
  pii = {PMEDICINE-D-14-01145},
  pmc = {PMC4204808},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25334033},
  url = {papers/Ioannidis_PLoSMed2014-25334033.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101231360}
}

@article{Barchi1995,
  title = {Molecular pathology of the skeletal muscle sodium channel.},
  author = {Barchi, R L},
  journal = {Annu Rev Physiol},
  volume = {57},
  year = {1995},
  pages = {355-85},
  pmid = {7778872},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.002035},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7778872},
  url = {papers/Barchi_AnnuRevPhysiol1995-7778872.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0370600}
}

@article{Hyvarinen2013,
  title = {Independent component analysis: recent advances.},
  author = {Hyvärinen, Aapo},
  journal = {Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci},
  volume = {371},
  number = {1984},
  year = {2013},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {20110534},
  abstract = {Independent component analysis is a probabilistic method for learning a linear transform of a random vector. The goal is to find components that are maximally independent and non-Gaussian (non-normal). Its fundamental difference to classical multi-variate statistical methods is in the assumption of non-Gaussianity, which enables the identification of original, underlying components, in contrast to classical methods. The basic theory of independent component analysis was mainly developed in the 1990s and summarized, for example, in our monograph in 2001. Here, we provide an overview of some recent developments in the theory since the year 2000. The main topics are: analysis of causal relations, testing independent components, analysing multiple datasets (three-way data), modelling dependencies between the components and improved methods for estimating the basic model.},
  pmid = {23277597},
  pii = {rsta.2011.0534},
  doi = {10.1098/rsta.2011.0534},
  pmc = {PMC3538438},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277597},
  url = {papers/Hyvärinen_PhilosTransAMathPhysEngSci2013-23277597.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101133385}
}

@article{Hyvarinen2016,
  author = {Hyvärinen, Aapo and Morioka, Hiroshi},
  title = {Unsupervised Feature Extraction by Time-Contrastive Learning and Nonlinear ICA},
  journal = {arXiv},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {arXiv:1605.06336},
  eprint = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.06336.pdf},
  url = {papers/Hyvarinen_arXiv2016.pdf}
}

@incollection{Du_2019,
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-7452-3_2},
  eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1007/2F978-1-4471-7452-3_2},
  year = 2019,
  publisher = {Springer London},
  pages = {21--63},
  author = {Ke-Lin Du and M. N. S. Swamy},
  title = {Fundamentals of Machine Learning},
  booktitle = {Neural Networks and Statistical Learning},
  url = {papers/2019_Book_NeuralNetworksAndStatisticalLe.pdf}
}

@article{Oja1982,
  title = {A simplified neuron model as a principal component analyzer.},
  author = {Oja, E},
  journal = {J Math Biol},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  year = {1982},
  pages = {267-73},
  pmid = {7153672},
  doi = {10.1007/BF00275687},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7153672},
  url = {papers/Oja_JMathBiol1982-7153672.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7502105}
}

@book{Hyvarinen_2001,
        doi = {10.1002/0471221317},
        eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2F0471221317},
        url2 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471221317},
        year = {2001},
        month = {may},
        publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons, Inc.},
        author = {Aapo Hyvärinen and Juha Karhunen and Erkki Oja},
        title = {Independent Component Analysis},
        url = {papers/Hyvarinen2001_bookfinal_ICA.pdf}
}

@book{2015_ICA_learning,
        doi = {10.1016/C2014-0-02754-2},
        eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02754-2},
        url2 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128028063/advances-in-independent-component-analysis-and-learning-machines#book-description},
        year = {2015},
        publisher = {Elsevier},
        author = {Bingham, Ella and Kaski, Samuel and Laaksonen, Jorma and Lampinen, Jouko},
        title = {Advances in Independent Component Analysis and Learning Machines},
        url = {papers/2015_Advances-in-Independent-Component-Analysis-and-Learning-Machines.pdf}
}
 
@article{Berkes2011,
  title = {Spontaneous cortical activity reveals hallmarks of an optimal internal model of the environment.},
  author = {Berkes, Pietro and Orbán, Gergo and Lengyel, Máté and Fiser, József},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {331},
  number = {6013},
  year = {2011},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {83-7},
  abstract = {The brain maintains internal models of its environment to interpret sensory inputs and to prepare actions. Although behavioral studies have demonstrated that these internal models are optimally adapted to the statistics of the environment, the neural underpinning of this adaptation is unknown. Using a Bayesian model of sensory cortical processing, we related stimulus-evoked and spontaneous neural activities to inferences and prior expectations in an internal model and predicted that they should match if the model is statistically optimal. To test this prediction, we analyzed visual cortical activity of awake ferrets during development. Similarity between spontaneous and evoked activities increased with age and was specific to responses evoked by natural scenes. This demonstrates the progressive adaptation of internal models to the statistics of natural stimuli at the neural level.},
  pmid = {21212356},
  pii = {331/6013/83},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1195870},
  pmc = {PMC3065813},
  mid = {UKMS33678},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212356},
  url = {papers/Berkes_Science2011-21212356.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0404511}
}

@article{Chestek2007,
  title = {Single-neuron stability during repeated reaching in macaque premotor cortex.},
  author = {Chestek, Cynthia A and Batista, Aaron P and Santhanam, Gopal and Yu, Byron M and Afshar, Afsheen and Cunningham, John P and Gilja, Vikash and Ryu, Stephen I and Churchland, Mark M and Shenoy, Krishna V},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {27},
  number = {40},
  year = {2007},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {10742-50},
  abstract = {Some movements that animals and humans make are highly stereotyped, repeated with little variation. The patterns of neural activity associated with repeats of a movement may be highly similar, or the same movement may arise from different patterns of neural activity, if the brain exploits redundancies in the neural projections to muscles. We examined the stability of the relationship between neural activity and behavior. We asked whether the variability in neural activity that we observed during repeated reaching was consistent with a noisy but stable relationship, or with a changing relationship, between neural activity and behavior. Monkeys performed highly similar reaches under tight behavioral control, while many neurons in the dorsal aspect of premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex were simultaneously monitored for several hours. Neural activity was predominantly stable over time in all measured properties: firing rate, directional tuning, and contribution to a decoding model that predicted kinematics from neural activity. The small changes in neural activity that we did observe could be accounted for primarily by subtle changes in behavior. We conclude that the relationship between neural activity and practiced behavior is reasonably stable, at least on timescales of minutes up to 48 h. This finding has significant implications for the design of neural prosthetic systems because it suggests that device recalibration need not be overly frequent, It also has implications for studies of neural plasticity because a stable baseline permits identification of nonstationary shifts.},
  pmid = {17913908},
  pii = {27/40/10742},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0959-07.2007},
  pmc = {PMC6672821},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913908},
  url = {papers/Chestek_JNeurosci2007-17913908.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Gămănuţ2018,
  title = {The Mouse Cortical Connectome, Characterized by an Ultra-Dense Cortical Graph, Maintains Specificity by Distinct Connectivity Profiles.},
  author = {Gămănuţ, Răzvan and Kennedy, Henry and Toroczkai, Zoltán and Ercsey-Ravasz, Mária and Van Essen, David C and Knoblauch, Kenneth and Burkhalter, Andreas},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {97},
  number = {3},
  year = {2018},
  month = {02},
  pages = {698-715.e10},
  abstract = {The inter-areal wiring pattern of the mouse cerebral cortex was analyzed in relation to a refined parcellation of cortical areas. Twenty-seven retrograde tracer injections were made in 19 areas of a 47-area parcellation of the mouse neocortex. Flat mounts of the cortex and multiple histological markers enabled detailed counts of labeled neurons in individual areas. The observed log-normal distribution of connection weights to each cortical area spans 5 orders of magnitude and reveals a distinct connectivity profile for each area, analogous to that observed in macaques. The cortical network has a density of 97%, considerably higher than the 66% density reported in macaques. A weighted graph analysis reveals a similar global efficiency but weaker spatial clustering compared with that reported in macaques. The consistency, precision of the connectivity profile, density, and weighted graph analysis of the present data differ significantly from those obtained in earlier studies in the mouse.},
  keywords = {anatomy; connectivity; log-normal; neocortex; retrograde; rodent; tract-tracing; Animals; Connectome; Female; Macaca; Male; Models, Neurological; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Species Specificity; },
  pmid = {29420935},
  pii = {S0896-6273(17)31185-6},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.037},
  pmc = {PMC5958229},
  mid = {NIHMS931062},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420935},
  url = {papers/Gămănuţ_Neuron2018-29420935.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Gomez-Marin2019,
  title = {The Life of Behavior.},
  author = {Gomez-Marin, Alex and Ghazanfar, Asif A},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {104},
  number = {1},
  year = {2019},
  month = {10},
  pages = {25-36},
  abstract = {Neuroscience needs behavior. However, it is daunting to render the behavior of organisms intelligible without suppressing most, if not all, references to life. When animals are treated as passive stimulus-response, disembodied and identical machines, the life of behavior perishes. Here, we distill three biological principles (materiality, agency, and historicity), spell out their consequences for the study of animal behavior, and illustrate them with various examples from the literature. We propose to put behavior back into context, with the brain in a species-typical body and with the animal's body situated in the world; stamp Newtonian time with nested ontogenetic and phylogenetic processes that give rise to individuals with their own histories; and supplement linear cause-and-effect chains and information processing with circular loops of purpose and meaning. We believe that conceiving behavior in these ways is imperative for neuroscience.},
  pmid = {31600513},
  pii = {S0896-6273(19)30790-1},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.017},
  pmc = {PMC6873815},
  mid = {NIHMS1543024},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31600513},
  url = {papers/Gomez-Marin_Neuron2019-31600513.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Mazade2019,
  title = {Synergy in Cortical Networks.},
  author = {Mazade, Reece and Alonso, Jose Manuel},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {104},
  number = {2},
  year = {2019},
  month = {10},
  pages = {184-185},
  abstract = {A dot in this text can simultaneously stimulate thousands of neurons in primary visual cortex, a response that may seem unnecessarily redundant. Contrary to such a view, in this issue of Neuron, Nigam et al. (2019) demonstrate that these co-activated neurons generate abundant synergistic interactions that help to decode the stimulus.},
  pmid = {31647891},
  pii = {S0896-6273(19)30844-X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.041},
  url = {papers/Mazade_Neuron2019-31647891.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Fujisawa2011,
  title = {A 4 Hz oscillation adaptively synchronizes prefrontal, VTA, and hippocampal activities.},
  author = {Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi and Buzsáki, György},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {72},
  number = {1},
  year = {2011},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {153-65},
  abstract = {Network oscillations support transient communication across brain structures. We show here, in rats, that task-related neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), the hippocampus, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), regions critical for working memory, is coordinated by a 4 Hz oscillation. A prominent increase of power and coherence of the 4 Hz oscillation in the PFC and the VTA and its phase modulation of gamma power in both structures was present in the working memory part of the task. Subsets of both PFC and hippocampal neurons predicted the turn choices of the rat. The goal-predicting PFC pyramidal neurons were more strongly phase locked to both 4 Hz and hippocampal theta oscillations than nonpredicting cells. The 4 Hz and theta oscillations were phase coupled and jointly modulated both gamma waves and neuronal spikes in the PFC, the VTA, and the hippocampus. Thus, multiplexed timing mechanisms in the PFC-VTA-hippocampus axis may support processing of information, including working memory.},
  pmid = {21982376},
  pii = {S0896-6273(11)00739-2},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.018},
  pmc = {PMC3235795},
  mid = {NIHMS321938},
  url = {papers/Fujisawa_Neuron2011-21982376.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Sejnowski2020,
  title = {The unreasonable effectiveness of deep learning in artificial intelligence.},
  author = {Sejnowski, Terrence J},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {117},
  number = {48},
  year = {2020},
  month = {12},
  pages = {30033-30038},
  abstract = {Deep learning networks have been trained to recognize speech, caption photographs, and translate text between languages at high levels of performance. Although applications of deep learning networks to real-world problems have become ubiquitous, our understanding of why they are so effective is lacking. These empirical results should not be possible according to sample complexity in statistics and nonconvex optimization theory. However, paradoxes in the training and effectiveness of deep learning networks are being investigated and insights are being found in the geometry of high-dimensional spaces. A mathematical theory of deep learning would illuminate how they function, allow us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different network architectures, and lead to major improvements. Deep learning has provided natural ways for humans to communicate with digital devices and is foundational for building artificial general intelligence. Deep learning was inspired by the architecture of the cerebral cortex and insights into autonomy and general intelligence may be found in other brain regions that are essential for planning and survival, but major breakthroughs will be needed to achieve these goals.},
  keywords = {artificial intelligence; deep learning; neural networks; },
  pmid = {31992643},
  pii = {1907373117},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1907373117},
  pmc = {PMC7720171},
  url = {papers/Sejnowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2020-31992643.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
}

@article{Peters_2019,
	doi = {10.1038/s41567-019-0732-0},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41567-019-0732-0},
	year = 2019,
	month = {dec},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	pages = {1216--1221},
	author = {Ole Peters},
	title = {The ergodicity problem in economics},
	journal = {Nature Physics},
    url = {papers/Peters_NaturePhysics2019.pdf}
}

@article{Barson2020,
  title = {Simultaneous mesoscopic and two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in cortical circuits.},
  author = {Barson, Daniel and Hamodi, Ali S and Shen, Xilin and Lur, Gyorgy and Constable, R Todd and Cardin, Jessica A and Crair, Michael C and Higley, Michael J},
  journal = {Nat Methods},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  year = {2020},
  month = {01},
  pages = {107-113},
  abstract = {Spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity propagates across varying spatial scales in the mammalian cortex, but technical challenges have limited conceptual links between the function of local neuronal circuits and brain-wide network dynamics. We present a method for simultaneous cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging of a local microcircuit and mesoscopic widefield calcium imaging of the entire cortical mantle in awake mice. Our multi-scale approach involves a microscope with an orthogonal axis design where the mesoscopic objective is oriented above the brain and the two-photon objective is oriented horizontally, with imaging performed through a microprism. We also introduce a viral transduction method for robust and widespread gene delivery in the mouse brain. These approaches allow us to identify the behavioral state-dependent functional connectivity of pyramidal neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons with long-range cortical networks. Our imaging system provides a powerful strategy for investigating cortical architecture across a wide range of spatial scales.},
  pmid = {31686040},
  doi = {10.1038/s41592-019-0625-2},
  pii = {10.1038/s41592-019-0625-2},
  pmc = {PMC6946863},
  mid = {NIHMS1540817},
  url = {papers/Barson_NatMethods2020-31686040.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101215604}
}

@article{Zhu2018,
  title = {Decoding cortical brain states from widefield calcium imaging data using visibility graph.},
  author = {Zhu, Li and Lee, Christian R and Margolis, David J and Najafizadeh, Laleh},
  journal = {Biomed Opt Express},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  year = {2018},
  month = {Jul},
  pages = {3017-3036},
  abstract = {Widefield optical imaging of neuronal populations over large portions of the cerebral cortex in awake behaving animals provides a unique opportunity for investigating the relationship between brain function and behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate that the temporal characteristics of calcium dynamics obtained through widefield imaging can be utilized to infer the corresponding behavior. Cortical activity in transgenic calcium reporter mice (n=6) expressing GCaMP6f in neocortical pyramidal neurons is recorded during active whisking (AW) and no whisking (NW). To extract features related to the temporal characteristics of calcium recordings, a method based on visibility graph (VG) is introduced. An extensive study considering different choices of features and classifiers is conducted to find the best model capable of predicting AW and NW from calcium recordings. Our experimental results show that temporal characteristics of calcium recordings identified by the proposed method carry discriminatory information that are powerful enough for decoding behavior.},
  keywords = {(170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; },
  pmid = {29984080},
  doi = {10.1364/BOE.9.003017},
  pii = {320299},
  pmc = {PMC6033549},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29984080},
  url = {papers/Zhu_BiomedOptExpress2018-29984080.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101540630}
}

@article{Silasi2016,
  title = {Intact skull chronic windows for mesoscopic wide-field imaging in awake mice.},
  author = {Silasi, Gergely and Xiao, Dongsheng and Vanni, Matthieu P and Chen, Andrew C N and Murphy, Timothy H},
  journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
  volume = {267},
  year = {2016},
  month = {07},
  pages = {141-9},
  abstract = {Craniotomy-based window implants are commonly used for microscopic imaging, in head-fixed rodents, however their field of view is typically small and incompatible with mesoscopic functional mapping of cortex.},
  keywords = {GCaMP; Head-fixed; Optogenetics; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Craniotomy; Dental Cements; Equipment Design; Glass; Grooming; Longitudinal Studies; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Activity; Neuroimaging; Optical Imaging; Optogenetics; Prostheses and Implants; Skull; Time Factors; Wakefulness; },
  pmid = {27102043},
  pmc = {PMC5075450},
  pii = {S0165-0270(16)30064-4},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.04.012},
  mid = {CAMS6038},
  url = {papers/Silasi_JNeurosciMethods2016-27102043.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7905558}
}

@article{Cramer2019,
  title = {In vivo widefield calcium imaging of the mouse cortex for analysis of network connectivity in health and brain disease.},
  author = {Cramer, Julia V and Gesierich, Benno and Roth, Stefan and Dichgans, Martin and Düring, Marco and Liesz, Arthur},
  journal = {Neuroimage},
  volume = {199},
  year = {2019},
  month = {10},
  pages = {570-584},
  abstract = {The organization of brain areas in functionally connected networks, their dynamic changes, and perturbations in disease states are subject of extensive investigations. Research on functional networks in humans predominantly uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, adopting fMRI and other functional imaging methods to mice, the most widely used model to study brain physiology and disease, poses major technical challenges and faces important limitations. Hence, there is great demand for alternative imaging modalities for network characterization. Here, we present a refined protocol for in vivo widefield calcium imaging of both cerebral hemispheres in mice expressing a calcium sensor in excitatory neurons. We implemented a stringent protocol for minimizing anesthesia and excluding movement artifacts which both imposed problems in previous approaches. We further adopted a method for unbiased identification of functional cortical areas using independent component analysis (ICA) on resting-state imaging data. Biological relevance of identified components was confirmed using stimulus-dependent cortical activation. To explore this novel approach in a model of focal brain injury, we induced photothrombotic lesions of the motor cortex, determined changes in inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity at multiple time points up to 56 days post-stroke and correlated them with behavioral deficits. We observed a severe loss in interhemispheric connectivity after stroke, which was partially restored in the chronic phase and associated with corresponding behavioral motor deficits. Taken together, we present an improved widefield calcium imaging tool accounting for anesthesia and movement artifacts, adopting an advanced analysis pipeline based on human fMRI algorithms and with superior sensitivity to recovery mechanisms in mouse models compared to behavioral tests. This tool will enable new studies on interhemispheric connectivity in murine models with comparability to human imaging studies for a wide spectrum of neuroscience applications in health and disease.},
  keywords = {ICA; In vivo imaging; Mouse models; Neuronal network connectivity; Recovery; Stroke; Animals; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; Connectome; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Cortex; Nerve Net; Neuroimaging; Optical Imaging; Prosencephalon; Stroke; },
  pmid = {31181333},
  pii = {S1053-8119(19)30499-9},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.014},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31181333},
  url = {papers/Cramer_Neuroimage2019-31181333.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9215515}
}

@article{Shore2020,
  title = {Reduced GABAergic Neuron Excitability, Altered Synaptic Connectivity, and Seizures in a KCNT1 Gain-of-Function Mouse Model of Childhood Epilepsy.},
  author = {Shore, Amy N and Colombo, Sophie and Tobin, William F and Petri, Sabrina and Cullen, Erin R and Dominguez, Soledad and Bostick, Christopher D and Beaumont, Michael A and Williams, Damian and Khodagholy, Dion and Yang, Mu and Lutz, Cathleen M and Peng, Yueqing and Gelinas, Jennifer N and Goldstein, David B and Boland, Michael J and Frankel, Wayne N and Weston, Matthew C},
  journal = {Cell Rep},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  year = {2020},
  month = {10},
  pages = {108303},
  abstract = {Gain-of-function (GOF) variants in K+ channels cause severe childhood epilepsies, but there are no mechanisms to explain how increased K+ currents lead to network hyperexcitability. Here, we introduce a human Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channel variant (KCNT1-Y796H) into mice and, using a multiplatform approach, find motor cortex hyperexcitability and early-onset seizures, phenotypes strikingly similar to those of human patients. Although the variant increases KNa currents in cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons, there is an increase in the KNa current across subthreshold voltages only in inhibitory neurons, particularly in those with non-fast-spiking properties, resulting in inhibitory-neuron-specific impairments in excitability and action potential (AP) generation. We further observe evidence of synaptic rewiring, including increases in homotypic synaptic connectivity, accompanied by network hyperexcitability and hypersynchronicity. These findings support inhibitory-neuron-specific mechanisms in mediating the epileptogenic effects of KCNT1 channel GOF, offering cell-type-specific currents and effects as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.},
  keywords = {ADNFLE; K(Na) current; KCNT1; MEA; Slack; calcium imaging; electrocorticography; electrophysiology; epilepsy; synaptic transmission; },
  pmid = {33113364},
  pii = {S2211-1247(20)31292-4},
  doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108303},
  pmc = {PMC7712469},
  mid = {NIHMS1642113},
  url = {papers/Shore_CellRep2020-33113364.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101573691}
}

@article{Murphy2020,
  title = {Automated task training and longitudinal monitoring of mouse mesoscale cortical circuits using home cages.},
  author = {Murphy, Timothy H and Michelson, Nicholas J and Boyd, Jamie D and Fong, Tony and Bolanos, Luis A and Bierbrauer, David and Siu, Teri and Balbi, Matilde and Bolanos, Federico and Vanni, Matthieu and LeDue, Jeff M},
  journal = {Elife},
  volume = {9},
  year = {2020},
  month = {05},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {We report improved automated open-source methodology for head-fixed mesoscale cortical imaging and/or behavioral training of home cage mice using Raspberry Pi-based hardware. Staged partial and probabilistic restraint allows mice to adjust to self-initiated headfixation over 3 weeks' time with ~50% participation rate. We support a cue-based behavioral licking task monitored by a capacitive touch-sensor water spout. While automatically head-fixed, we acquire spontaneous, movement-triggered, or licking task-evoked GCaMP6 cortical signals. An analysis pipeline marked both behavioral events, as well as analyzed brain fluorescence signals as they relate to spontaneous and/or task-evoked behavioral activity. Mice were trained to suppress licking and wait for cues that marked the delivery of water. Correct rewarded go-trials were associated with widespread activation of midline and lateral barrel cortex areas following a vibration cue and delayed frontal and lateral motor cortex activation. Cortical GCaMP signals predicted trial success and correlated strongly with trial-outcome dependent body movements.},
  keywords = {automation; cortex; homecage; imaging; mesoscale; mouse; neuroscience; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cues; Drinking; Equipment Design; Female; Head Movements; Luminescent Proteins; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Cortex; Optical Imaging; Restraint, Physical; Reward; Time Factors; },
  pmid = {32412409},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.55964},
  pii = {55964},
  pmc = {PMC7332290},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412409},
  url = {papers/Murphy_Elife2020-32412409.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101579614}
}

@article{Lake2020,
  title = {Simultaneous cortex-wide fluorescence Ca2+ imaging and whole-brain fMRI.},
  author = {Lake, Evelyn M R and Ge, Xinxin and Shen, Xilin and Herman, Peter and Hyder, Fahmeed and Cardin, Jessica A and Higley, Michael J and Scheinost, Dustin and Papademetris, Xenophon and Crair, Michael C and Constable, R Todd},
  journal = {Nat Methods},
  volume = {17},
  number = {12},
  year = {2020},
  month = {12},
  pages = {1262-1271},
  abstract = {Achieving a comprehensive understanding of brain function requires multiple imaging modalities with complementary strengths. We present an approach for concurrent widefield optical and functional magnetic resonance imaging. By merging these modalities, we can simultaneously acquire whole-brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) and whole-cortex calcium-sensitive fluorescent measures of brain activity. In a transgenic murine model, we show that calcium predicts the BOLD signal, using a model that optimizes a gamma-variant transfer function. We find consistent predictions across the cortex, which are best at low frequency (0.009-0.08 Hz). Furthermore, we show that the relationship between modality connectivity strengths varies by region. Our approach links cell-type-specific optical measurements of activity to the most widely used method for assessing human brain function.},
  pmid = {33139894},
  doi = {10.1038/s41592-020-00984-6},
  pii = {10.1038/s41592-020-00984-6},
  pmc = {PMC7704940},
  mid = {NIHMS1631388},
  url = {papers/Lake_NatMethods2020-33139894.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101215604}
}

@article{Valley2020,
  title = {Separation of hemodynamic signals from GCaMP fluorescence measured with wide-field imaging.},
  author = {Valley, M T and Moore, M G and Zhuang, J and Mesa, N and Castelli, D and Sullivan, D and Reimers, M and Waters, J},
  journal = {J Neurophysiol},
  volume = {123},
  number = {1},
  year = {2020},
  month = {01},
  pages = {356-366},
  abstract = {Wide-field calcium imaging is often used to measure brain dynamics in behaving mice. With a large field of view and a high sampling rate, wide-field imaging can monitor activity from several distant cortical areas simultaneously, revealing cortical interactions. Interpretation of wide-field images is complicated, however, by the absorption of light by hemoglobin, which can substantially affect the measured fluorescence. One approach to separating hemodynamics and calcium signals is to use multiwavelength backscatter recordings to measure light absorption by hemoglobin. Following this approach, we develop a spatially detailed regression-based method to estimate hemodynamics. This Spatial Model is based on a linear form of the Beer-Lambert relationship but is fit at every pixel in the image and does not rely on the estimation of physical parameters. In awake mice of three transgenic lines, the Spatial Model offers improved separation of hemodynamics and changes in GCaMP fluorescence. The improvement is pronounced near blood vessels and, in contrast with the Beer-Lambert equations, can remove vascular artifacts along the sagittal midline and in general permits more accurate fluorescence-based determination of neuronal activity across the cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper addresses a well-known and strong source of contamination in wide-field calcium-imaging data: hemodynamics. To guide researchers toward the best method to separate calcium signals from hemodynamics, we compare the performance of several methods in three commonly used mouse lines and present a novel regression model that outperforms the other techniques we consider.},
  keywords = {animal behavior; calcium imaging; hemodynamics; optical methods; systems neuroscience; },
  pmid = {31747332},
  doi = {10.1152/jn.00304.2019},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31747332},
  url = {papers/Valley_JNeurophysiol2020-31747332.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0375404}
}

@article{Aruljothi2020,
  title = {Functional Localization of an Attenuating Filter within Cortex for a Selective Detection Task in Mice.},
  author = {Aruljothi, Krithiga and Marrero, Krista and Zhang, Zhaoran and Zareian, Behzad and Zagha, Edward},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {40},
  number = {28},
  year = {2020},
  month = {07},
  pages = {5443-5454},
  abstract = {An essential feature of goal-directed behavior is the ability to selectively respond to the diverse stimuli in one's environment. However, the neural mechanisms that enable us to respond to target stimuli while ignoring distractor stimuli are poorly understood. To study this sensory selection process, we trained male and female mice in a selective detection task in which mice learn to respond to rapid stimuli in the target whisker field and ignore identical stimuli in the opposite, distractor whisker field. In expert mice, we used widefield Ca2+ imaging to analyze target-related and distractor-related neural responses throughout dorsal cortex. For target stimuli, we observed strong signal activation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and frontal cortices, including both the whisker region of primary motor cortex (wMC) and anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM). For distractor stimuli, we observed strong signal activation in S1, with minimal propagation to frontal cortex. Our data support only modest subcortical filtering, with robust, step-like attenuation in distractor processing between mono-synaptically coupled regions of S1 and wMC. This study establishes a highly robust model system for studying the neural mechanisms of sensory selection and places important constraints on its implementation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Responding to task-relevant stimuli while ignoring task-irrelevant stimuli is critical for goal-directed behavior. However, the neural mechanisms involved in this selection process are poorly understood. We trained mice in a detection task with both target and distractor stimuli. During expert performance, we measured neural activity throughout cortex using widefield imaging. We observed responses to target stimuli in multiple sensory and motor cortical regions. In contrast, responses to distractor stimuli were abruptly suppressed beyond sensory cortex. Our findings localize the sites of attenuation when successfully ignoring a distractor stimulus and provide essential foundations for further revealing the neural mechanism of sensory selection and distractor suppression.},
  keywords = {attenuating filter; neocortex; sensorimotor; sensory selection; somatosensory; widefield imaging; Animals; Attention; Female; Male; Mice; Motor Cortex; Physical Stimulation; Reaction Time; Somatosensory Cortex; Touch Perception; Vibrissae; },
  pmid = {32487695},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.2993-19.2020},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2993-19.2020},
  pmc = {PMC7343319},
  url = {papers/Aruljothi_JNeurosci2020-32487695.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Nobre2020,
  title = {Under the Mind's Hood: What We Have Learned by Watching the Brain at Work.},
  author = {Nobre, Anna Christina and van Ede, Freek},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  year = {2020},
  month = {01},
  pages = {89-100},
  abstract = {Imagine you were asked to investigate the workings of an engine, but to do so without ever opening the hood. Now imagine the engine fueled the human mind. This is the challenge faced by cognitive neuroscientists worldwide aiming to understand the neural bases of our psychological functions. Luckily, human ingenuity comes to the rescue. Around the same time as the Society for Neuroscience was being established in the 1960s, the first tools for measuring the human brain at work were becoming available. Noninvasive human brain imaging and neurophysiology have continued developing at a relentless pace ever since. In this 50 year anniversary, we reflect on how these methods have been changing our understanding of how brain supports mind.},
  keywords = {Electroencephalograhy (EEG); Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); Historical overview; Human brain imaging; Human neurophysiology; Selective attention; Attention; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Evoked Potentials; Forecasting; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Machine Learning; Mental Processes; Neuroimaging; Neurophysiology; Neuropsychology; Psychophysiology; },
  pmid = {31630115},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.0742-19.2019},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0742-19.2019},
  pmc = {PMC6939481},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31630115},
  url = {papers/Nobre_JNeurosci2020-31630115.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Vu2018,
  title = {A Shared Vision for Machine Learning in Neuroscience.},
  author = {Vu, Mai-Anh T and Adalı, Tülay and Ba, Demba and Buzsáki, György and Carlson, David and Heller, Katherine and Liston, Conor and Rudin, Cynthia and Sohal, Vikaas S and Widge, Alik S and Mayberg, Helen S and Sapiro, Guillermo and Dzirasa, Kafui},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {38},
  number = {7},
  year = {2018},
  month = {02},
  pages = {1601-1607},
  abstract = {With ever-increasing advancements in technology, neuroscientists are able to collect data in greater volumes and with finer resolution. The bottleneck in understanding how the brain works is consequently shifting away from the amount and type of data we can collect and toward what we actually do with the data. There has been a growing interest in leveraging this vast volume of data across levels of analysis, measurement techniques, and experimental paradigms to gain more insight into brain function. Such efforts are visible at an international scale, with the emergence of big data neuroscience initiatives, such as the BRAIN initiative (Bargmann et al., 2014), the Human Brain Project, the Human Connectome Project, and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria initiative. With these large-scale projects, much thought has been given to data-sharing across groups (Poldrack and Gorgolewski, 2014; Sejnowski et al., 2014); however, even with such data-sharing initiatives, funding mechanisms, and infrastructure, there still exists the challenge of how to cohesively integrate all the data. At multiple stages and levels of neuroscience investigation, machine learning holds great promise as an addition to the arsenal of analysis tools for discovering how the brain works.},
  keywords = {explainable artificial intelligence; machine learning; reinforcement learning; Animals; Big Data; Brain; Connectome; Humans; Information Dissemination; Machine Learning; Neurosciences; Reproducibility of Results; },
  pmid = {29374138},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.0508-17.2018},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0508-17.2018},
  pmc = {PMC5815449},
  url = {papers/Vu_JNeurosci2018-29374138.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Huk2018,
  title = {Beyond Trial-Based Paradigms: Continuous Behavior, Ongoing Neural Activity, and Natural Stimuli.},
  author = {Huk, Alexander and Bonnen, Kathryn and He, Biyu J},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {38},
  number = {35},
  year = {2018},
  month = {08},
  pages = {7551-7558},
  abstract = {The vast majority of experiments examining perception and behavior are conducted using experimental paradigms that adhere to a rigid trial structure: each trial consists of a brief and discrete series of events and is regarded as independent from all other trials. The assumptions underlying this structure ignore the reality that natural behavior is rarely discrete, brain activity follows multiple time courses that do not necessarily conform to the trial structure, and the natural environment has statistical structure and dynamics that exhibit long-range temporal correlation. Modern advances in statistical modeling and analysis offer tools that make it feasible for experiments to move beyond rigid independent and identically distributed trial structures. Here we review literature that serves as evidence for the feasibility and advantages of moving beyond trial-based paradigms to understand the neural basis of perception and cognition. Furthermore, we propose a synthesis of these efforts, integrating the characterization of natural stimulus properties with measurements of continuous neural activity and behavioral outputs within the framework of sensory-cognitive-motor loops. Such a framework provides a basis for the study of natural statistics, naturalistic tasks, and/or slow fluctuations in brain activity, which should provide starting points for important generalizations of analytical tools in neuroscience and subsequent progress in understanding the neural basis of perception and cognition.},
  pmid = {30037835},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.1920-17.2018},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1920-17.2018},
  pmc = {PMC6113904},
  url = {papers/Huk_JNeurosci2018-30037835.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Lecoq2019,
  title = {Wide. Fast. Deep: Recent Advances in Multiphoton Microscopy of In Vivo Neuronal Activity.},
  author = {Lecoq, Jérôme and Orlova, Natalia and Grewe, Benjamin F},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {39},
  number = {46},
  year = {2019},
  month = {11},
  pages = {9042-9052},
  abstract = {Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has emerged as one of the most powerful and widespread technologies to monitor the activity of neuronal networks in awake, behaving animals over long periods of time. MPM development spanned across decades and crucially depended on the concurrent improvement of calcium indicators that report neuronal activity as well as surgical protocols, head fixation approaches, and innovations in optics and microscopy technology. Here we review the last decade of MPM development and highlight how in vivo imaging has matured and diversified, making it now possible to concurrently monitor thousands of neurons across connected brain areas or, alternatively, small local networks with sampling rates in the kilohertz range. This review includes different laser scanning approaches, such as multibeam technologies as well as recent developments to image deeper into neuronal tissues using new, long-wavelength laser sources. As future development will critically depend on our ability to resolve and discriminate individual neuronal spikes, we will also describe a simple framework that allows performing quantitative comparisons between the reviewed MPM instruments. Finally, we provide our own opinion on how the most recent MPM developments can be leveraged at scale to enable the next generation of discoveries in brain function.},
  keywords = {imaging; in vivo; multiphoton; two-photon; Animals; Brain; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neurons; },
  pmid = {31578235},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.1527-18.2019},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1527-18.2019},
  pmc = {PMC6855689},
  url = {papers/Lecoq_JNeurosci2019-31578235.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Bassett2017,
  title = {Network neuroscience.},
  author = {Bassett, Danielle S and Sporns, Olaf},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  year = {2017},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {353-364},
  abstract = {Despite substantial recent progress, our understanding of the principles and mechanisms underlying complex brain function and cognition remains incomplete. Network neuroscience proposes to tackle these enduring challenges. Approaching brain structure and function from an explicitly integrative perspective, network neuroscience pursues new ways to map, record, analyze and model the elements and interactions of neurobiological systems. Two parallel trends drive the approach: the availability of new empirical tools to create comprehensive maps and record dynamic patterns among molecules, neurons, brain areas and social systems; and the theoretical framework and computational tools of modern network science. The convergence of empirical and computational advances opens new frontiers of scientific inquiry, including network dynamics, manipulation and control of brain networks, and integration of network processes across spatiotemporal domains. We review emerging trends in network neuroscience and attempt to chart a path toward a better understanding of the brain as a multiscale networked system.},
  pmid = {28230844},
  pii = {nn.4502},
  doi = {10.1038/nn.4502},
  pmc = {PMC5485642},
  mid = {NIHMS855763},
  eprint = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230844},
  url = {papers/Bassett_NatNeurosci2017-28230844.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Gomez-Marin2021,
  title = {Promisomics and the Short-Circuiting of Mind.},
  author = {Gomez-Marin, Alex},
  journal = {eNeuro},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {},
  keywords = {cognition; connectomics; levels of analysis; promissory materialism; },
  pmid = {33648976},
  pii = {ENEURO.0521-20.2021},
  doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0521-20.2021},
  url = {papers/Gomez-Marin_eNeuro-33648976.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101647362}
}

@article{nnMethodsFocus2020,
  title = {Focus on neuroscience methods.},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {23},
  number = {12},
  year = {2020},
  month = {12},
  pages = {1455},
  pmid = {33230327},
  doi = {10.1038/s41593-020-00750-z},
  pii = {10.1038/s41593-020-00750-z},
  url = {papers/_NatNeurosci2020-33230327.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Yuste2020,
  title = {A community-based transcriptomics classification and nomenclature of neocortical cell types.},
  author = {Yuste, Rafael and Hawrylycz, Michael and Aalling, Nadia and Aguilar-Valles, Argel and Arendt, Detlev and Armañanzas, Ruben and Ascoli, Giorgio A and Bielza, Concha and Bokharaie, Vahid and Bergmann, Tobias Borgtoft and Bystron, Irina and Capogna, Marco and Chang, YoonJeung and Clemens, Ann and de Kock, Christiaan P J and DeFelipe, Javier and Dos Santos, Sandra Esmeralda and Dunville, Keagan and Feldmeyer, Dirk and Fiáth, Richárd and Fishell, Gordon James and Foggetti, Angelica and Gao, Xuefan and Ghaderi, Parviz and Goriounova, Natalia A and Güntürkün, Onur and Hagihara, Kenta and Hall, Vanessa Jane and Helmstaedter, Moritz and Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Hilscher, Markus M and Hirase, Hajime and Hjerling-Leffler, Jens and Hodge, Rebecca and Huang, Josh and Huda, Rafiq and Khodosevich, Konstantin and Kiehn, Ole and Koch, Henner and Kuebler, Eric S and Kühnemund, Malte and Larrañaga, Pedro and Lelieveldt, Boudewijn and Louth, Emma Louise and Lui, Jan H and Mansvelder, Huibert D and Marin, Oscar and Martinez-Trujillo, Julio and Chameh, Homeira Moradi and Mohapatra, Alok Nath and Munguba, Hermany and Nedergaard, Maiken and Němec, Pavel and Ofer, Netanel and Pfisterer, Ulrich Gottfried and Pontes, Samuel and Redmond, William and Rossier, Jean and Sanes, Joshua R and Scheuermann, Richard H and Serrano-Saiz, Esther and Staiger, Jochen F and Somogyi, Peter and Tamás, Gábor and Tolias, Andreas Savas and Tosches, Maria Antonietta and García, Miguel Turrero and Wozny, Christian and Wuttke, Thomas V and Liu, Yong and Yuan, Juan and Zeng, Hongkui and Lein, Ed},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {23},
  number = {12},
  year = {2020},
  month = {12},
  pages = {1456-1468},
  abstract = {To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity. Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical cells have not resulted in a unified taxonomy of neuronal or glial cell types, partly due to limited data. Single-cell transcriptomics is enabling, for the first time, systematic high-throughput measurements of cortical cells and generation of datasets that hold the promise of being complete, accurate and permanent. Statistical analyses of these data reveal clusters that often correspond to cell types previously defined by morphological or physiological criteria and that appear conserved across cortical areas and species. To capitalize on these new methods, we propose the adoption of a transcriptome-based taxonomy of cell types for mammalian neocortex. This classification should be hierarchical and use a standardized nomenclature. It should be based on a probabilistic definition of a cell type and incorporate data from different approaches, developmental stages and species. A community-based classification and data aggregation model, such as a knowledge graph, could provide a common foundation for the study of cortical circuits. This community-based classification, nomenclature and data aggregation could serve as an example for cell type atlases in other parts of the body.},
  pmid = {32839617},
  doi = {10.1038/s41593-020-0685-8},
  pii = {10.1038/s41593-020-0685-8},
  pmc = {PMC7683348},
  mid = {NIHMS1627961},
  url = {papers/Yuste_NatNeurosci2020-32839617.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Comiskey1998,
	doi = {10.1038/28349},
	url = {papers/Comiskey_Nature1998.pdf},
	year = {1998},
	month = {jul},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	volume = {394},
	number = {6690},
	pages = {253--255},
	author = {Barrett Comiskey and J. D. Albert and Hidekazu Yoshizawa and Joseph Jacobson},
	title = {An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays},
	journal = {Nature}
}

@article{MacVicar2015,
  title = {Astrocyte regulation of blood flow in the brain.},
  author = {MacVicar, Brian A and Newman, Eric A},
  journal = {Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol},
  volume = {7},
  number = {5},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Neuronal activity results in increased blood flow in the brain, a response named functional hyperemia. Astrocytes play an important role in mediating this response. Neurotransmitters released from active neurons evoke Ca(2+) increases in astrocytes, leading to the release of vasoactive metabolites of arachidonic acid from astrocyte endfeet onto blood vessels. Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) dilate blood vessels, whereas 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) constricts vessels. The release of K(+) from astrocyte endfeet may also contribute to vasodilation. Oxygen modulates astrocyte regulation of blood flow. Under normoxic conditions, astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling results in vasodilation, whereas under hyperoxic conditions, vasoconstriction is favored. Astrocytes also contribute to the generation of vascular tone. Tonic release of both 20-HETE and ATP from astrocytes constricts vascular smooth muscle cells, generating vessel tone. Under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and diabetic retinopathy, disruption of normal astrocyte physiology can compromise the regulation of blood flow. },
  pmid = {25818565},
  pii = {cshperspect.a020388},
  doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a020388},
  pmc = {PMC4448617},
  url = {papers/MacVicar_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2015-25818565.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101513680}
}

@article{Attwell2010,
  title = {Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow.},
  author = {Attwell, David and Buchan, Alastair M and Charpak, Serge and Lauritzen, Martin and Macvicar, Brian A and Newman, Eric A},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {468},
  number = {7321},
  year = {2010},
  month = {Nov},
  pages = {232-43},
  abstract = {Blood flow in the brain is regulated by neurons and astrocytes. Knowledge of how these cells control blood flow is crucial for understanding how neural computation is powered, for interpreting functional imaging scans of brains, and for developing treatments for neurological disorders. It is now recognized that neurotransmitter-mediated signalling has a key role in regulating cerebral blood flow, that much of this control is mediated by astrocytes, that oxygen modulates blood flow regulation, and that blood flow may be controlled by capillaries as well as by arterioles. These conceptual shifts in our understanding of cerebral blood flow control have important implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.},
  pmid = {21068832},
  pii = {nature09613},
  doi = {10.1038/nature09613},
  pmc = {PMC3206737},
  mid = {NIHMS272381},
  url = {papers/Attwell_Nature2010-21068832.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Angelova2015,
  title = {Functional Oxygen Sensitivity of Astrocytes.},
  author = {Angelova, Plamena R and Kasymov, Vitaliy and Christie, Isabel and Sheikhbahaei, Shahriar and Turovsky, Egor and Marina, Nephtali and Korsak, Alla and Zwicker, Jennifer and Teschemacher, Anja G and Ackland, Gareth L and Funk, Gregory D and Kasparov, Sergey and Abramov, Andrey Y and Gourine, Alexander V},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {35},
  number = {29},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Jul},
  pages = {10460-73},
  abstract = {In terrestrial mammals, the oxygen storage capacity of the CNS is limited, and neuronal function is rapidly impaired if oxygen supply is interrupted even for a short period of time. However, oxygen tension monitored by the peripheral (arterial) chemoreceptors is not sensitive to regional CNS differences in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2 ) that reflect variable levels of neuronal activity or local tissue hypoxia, pointing to the necessity of a functional brain oxygen sensor. This experimental animal (rats and mice) study shows that astrocytes, the most numerous brain glial cells, are sensitive to physiological changes in PO2 . Astrocytes respond to decreases in PO2 a few millimeters of mercury below normal brain oxygenation with elevations in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i). The hypoxia sensor of astrocytes resides in the mitochondria in which oxygen is consumed. Physiological decrease in PO2 inhibits astroglial mitochondrial respiration, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, production of free radicals, lipid peroxidation, activation of phospholipase C, IP3 receptors, and release of Ca(2+) from the intracellular stores. Hypoxia-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in astrocytes trigger fusion of vesicular compartments containing ATP. Blockade of astrocytic signaling by overexpression of ATP-degrading enzymes or targeted astrocyte-specific expression of tetanus toxin light chain (to interfere with vesicular release mechanisms) within the brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating circuits reveals the fundamental physiological role of astroglial oxygen sensitivity; in low-oxygen conditions (environmental hypoxia), this mechanism increases breathing activity even in the absence of peripheral chemoreceptor oxygen sensing. These results demonstrate that astrocytes are functionally specialized CNS oxygen sensors tuned for rapid detection of physiological changes in brain oxygenation. Significance statement: Most, if not all, animal cells possess mechanisms that allow them to detect decreases in oxygen availability leading to slow-timescale, adaptive changes in gene expression and cell physiology. To date, only two types of mammalian cells have been demonstrated to be specialized for rapid functional oxygen sensing: glomus cells of the carotid body (peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors) that stimulate breathing when oxygenation of the arterial blood decreases; and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells responsible for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to limit perfusion of poorly ventilated regions of the lungs. Results of the present study suggest that there is another specialized oxygen-sensitive cell type in the body, the astrocyte, that is tuned for rapid detection of physiological changes in brain oxygenation.},
  keywords = {astrocyte; glia; hypoxia; oxygen; respiration; Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Hypoxia; Cells, Cultured; Chemoreceptor Cells; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Organ Culture Techniques; Oxygen; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; },
  pmid = {26203141},
  pii = {35/29/10460},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0045-15.2015},
  pmc = {PMC4510287},
  url = {papers/Angelova_JNeurosci2015-26203141.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Takano2006,
  title = {Astrocyte-mediated control of cerebral blood flow.},
  author = {Takano, Takahiro and Tian, Guo-Feng and Peng, Weiguo and Lou, Nanhong and Libionka, Witold and Han, Xiaoning and Nedergaard, Maiken},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  year = {2006},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {260-7},
  abstract = {Local increase in blood flow during neural activity forms the basis for functional brain imaging, but its mechanism remains poorly defined. Here we show that cortical astrocytes in vivo possess a powerful mechanism for rapid vasodilation. We imaged the activity of astrocytes labeled with the calcium (Ca(2+))-sensitive indicator rhod-2 in somatosensory cortex of adult mice. Photolysis of caged Ca(2+) in astrocytic endfeet ensheathing the vessel wall was associated with an 18% increase in arterial cross-section area that corresponded to a 37% increase in blood flow. Vasodilation occurred with a latency of only 1-2 s, and both indomethacin and the cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor SC-560 blocked the photolysis-induced hyperemia. These observations implicate astrocytes in the control of local microcirculation and suggest that one of their physiological roles is to mediate vasodilation in response to increased neural activity.},
  pmid = {16388306},
  pii = {nn1623},
  doi = {10.1038/nn1623},
  url = {papers/Takano_NatNeurosci2006-16388306.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Halassa2007,
  title = {Synaptic islands defined by the territory of a single astrocyte.},
  author = {Halassa, Michael M and Fellin, Tommaso and Takano, Hajime and Dong, Jing-Hui and Haydon, Philip G},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {27},
  number = {24},
  year = {2007},
  month = {Jun},
  pages = {6473-7},
  abstract = {In the mammalian brain, astrocytes modulate neuronal function, in part, by synchronizing neuronal firing and coordinating synaptic networks. Little, however, is known about how this is accomplished from a structural standpoint. To investigate the structural basis of astrocyte-mediated neuronal synchrony and synaptic coordination, the three-dimensional relationships between cortical astrocytes and neurons was investigated. Using a transgenic and viral approach to label astrocytes with enhanced green fluorescent protein, we performed a three-dimensional reconstruction of astrocytes from tissue sections or live animals in vivo. We found that cortical astrocytes occupy nonoverlapping territories similar to those described in the hippocampus. Using immunofluorescence labeling of neuronal somata, a single astrocyte enwraps on average four neuronal somata with an upper limit of eight. Single-neuron dye-fills allowed us to estimate that one astrocyte contacts 300-600 neuronal dendrites. Together with the recent findings showing that glial Ca2+ signaling is restricted to individual astrocytes in vivo, and that Ca2+ signaling leads to gliotransmission, we propose the concept of functional islands of synapses in which groups of synapses confined within the boundaries of an individual astrocyte are modulated by the gliotransmitter environment controlled by that astrocyte. Our description offers a new structurally based conceptual framework to evaluate functional data involving interactions between neurons and astrocytes in the mammalian brain.},
  keywords = {Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Communication; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Transduction, Genetic; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2; },  
  pmid = {17567808},
  pii = {27/24/6473},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1419-07.2007},
  pmc = {PMC6672436},
  url = {papers/Halassa_JNeurosci2007-17567808.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Court2004,
  title = {Restricted growth of Schwann cells lacking Cajal bands slows conduction in myelinated nerves.},
  author = {Court, Felipe A and Sherman, Diane L and Pratt, Thomas and Garry, Emer M and Ribchester, Richard R and Cottrell, David F and Fleetwood-Walker, Susan M and Brophy, Peter J},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {431},
  number = {7005},
  year = {2004},
  month = {Sep},
  pages = {191-5},
  abstract = {Nerve impulses are propagated at nodes of Ranvier in the myelinated nerves of vertebrates. Internodal distances have been proposed to affect the velocity of nerve impulse conduction; however, direct evidence is lacking, and the cellular mechanisms that might regulate the length of the myelinated segments are unknown. Ramón y Cajal described longitudinal and transverse bands of cytoplasm or trabeculae in internodal Schwann cells and suggested that they had a nutritive function. Here we show that internodal growth in wild-type nerves is precisely matched to nerve extension, but disruption of the cytoplasmic bands in Periaxin-null mice impairs Schwann cell elongation during nerve growth. By contrast, myelination proceeds normally. The capacity of wild-type and mutant Schwann cells to elongate is cell-autonomous, indicating that passive stretching can account for the lengthening of the internode during limb growth. As predicted on theoretical grounds, decreased internodal distances strikingly decrease conduction velocities and so affect motor function. We propose that microtubule-based transport in the longitudinal bands of Cajal permits internodal Schwann cells to lengthen in response to axonal growth, thus ensuring rapid nerve impulse transmission.},
  keywords = {Animals; Axons; Behavior, Animal; Cell Size; Cytoplasm; Gene Deletion; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microtubules; Muscle, Skeletal; Myelin Basic Protein; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; RNA, Messenger; Schwann Cells; Sciatic Nerve; Synaptic Transmission; },
  pmid = {15356632},
  doi = {10.1038/nature02841},
  pii = {nature02841},
  url = {papers/Court_Nature2004-15356632.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Otsu2015,
  title = {Calcium dynamics in astrocyte processes during neurovascular coupling.},
  author = {Otsu, Yo and Couchman, Kiri and Lyons, Declan G and Collot, Mayeul and Agarwal, Amit and Mallet, Jean-Maurice and Pfrieger, Frank W and Bergles, Dwight E and Charpak, Serge},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {210-8},
  abstract = {Enhanced neuronal activity in the brain triggers a local increase in blood flow, termed functional hyperemia, via several mechanisms, including calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling in astrocytes. However, recent in vivo studies have questioned the role of astrocytes in functional hyperemia because of the slow and sparse dynamics of their somatic Ca(2+) signals and the absence of glutamate metabotropic receptor 5 in adults. Here, we reexamined their role in neurovascular coupling by selectively expressing a genetically encoded Ca(2+) sensor in astrocytes of the olfactory bulb. We show that in anesthetized mice, the physiological activation of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) terminals reliably triggers Ca(2+) increases in astrocyte processes but not in somata. These Ca(2+) increases systematically precede the onset of functional hyperemia by 1-2 s, reestablishing astrocytes as potential regulators of neurovascular coupling. },
  keywords = {Animals; Astrocytes; Calcium Signaling; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Synapses; },
  pmid = {25531572},
  pii = {nn.3906},
  doi = {10.1038/nn.3906},
  pmc = {PMC4651918},
  mid = {NIHMS671426},
  url = {papers/Otsu_NatNeurosci2015-25531572.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Kast2019,
  title = {Precision in the development of neocortical architecture: From progenitors to cortical networks.},
  author = {Kast, Ryan J and Levitt, Pat},
  journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
  volume = {175},
  year = {2019},
  month = {04},
  pages = {77-95},
  abstract = {Of all brain regions, the 6-layered neocortex has undergone the most dramatic changes in size and complexity during mammalian brain evolution. These changes, occurring in the context of a conserved set of organizational features that emerge through stereotypical developmental processes, are considered responsible for the cognitive capacities and sensory specializations represented within the mammalian clade. The modern experimental era of developmental neurobiology, spanning 6 decades, has deciphered a number of mechanisms responsible for producing the diversity of cortical neuron types, their precise connectivity and the role of gene by environment interactions. Here, experiments providing insight into the development of cortical projection neuron differentiation and connectivity are reviewed. This current perspective integrates discussion of classic studies and new findings, based on recent technical advances, to highlight an improved understanding of the neuronal complexity and precise connectivity of cortical circuitry. These descriptive advances bring new opportunities for studies related to the developmental origins of cortical circuits that will, in turn, improve the prospects of identifying pathogenic targets of neurodevelopmental disorders.},
  keywords = {Axon guidance; Cell type specification; Cerebral cortex; Circuits; Connectivity; Excitatory neurons; Experience; Genetics; Histogenesis; Human; Microcircuit; Neural network; Refinement; Reprogramming; Rodent; Specification; Synaptic specificity; Synaptogenesis; Thalamus; Animals; Humans; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis; Neurons; },
  pmid = {30677429},
  pii = {S0301-0082(18)30136-9},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.003},
  pmc = {PMC6402587},
  mid = {NIHMS1520766},
  url = {papers/Kast_ProgNeurobiol2019-30677429.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0370121}
}

@article{McGuire1991,
  title = {Targets of horizontal connections in macaque primary visual cortex.},
  author = {McGuire, B A and Gilbert, C D and Rivlin, P K and Wiesel, T N},
  journal = {J Comp Neurol},
  volume = {305},
  number = {3},
  year = {1991},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {370-92},
  abstract = {Pyramidal neurons within the cerebral cortex are known to make long-range horizontal connections via an extensive axonal collateral system. The synaptic characteristics and specificities of these connections were studied at the ultrastructural level. Two superficial layer pyramidal cells in the primate striate cortex were labeled by intracellular injections with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and their axon terminals were subsequently examined with the technique of electron microscopic (EM) serial reconstruction. At the light microscopic level both cells showed the characteristic pattern of widespread, clustered axon collaterals. We examined collateral clusters located near the dendritic field (proximal) and approximately 0.5 mm away (distal). The synapses were of the asymmetric/round vesicle variety (type I), and were therefore presumably excitatory. Three-quarters of the postsynaptic targets were the dendritic spines of other pyramidal cells. A few of the axodendritic synapses were with the shafts of pyramidal cells, bringing the proportion of pyramidal cell targets to 80%. The remaining labeled endings were made with the dendritic shafts of smooth stellate cells, which are presumed to be (GABA)ergic inhibitory cells. On the basis of serial reconstruction of a few of these cells and their dendrites, a likely candidate for one target inhibitory cell is the small-medium basket cell. Taken together, this pattern of outputs suggests a mixture of postsynaptic effects mediated by consequence the horizontal connections may well be the substrate for the variety of influences observed between the receptive field center and its surround.},
  keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca fascicularis; Microscopy, Electron; Pyramidal Tracts; Synapses; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {1709953},
  doi = {10.1002/cne.903050303},
  url = {papers/McGuire_JCompNeurol1991-1709953.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0406041}
}

@article{Wilson1973,
  title = {A mathematical theory of the functional dynamics of cortical and thalamic nervous tissue.},
  author = {Wilson, H R and Cowan, J D},
  journal = {Kybernetik},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  year = {1973},
  month = {Sep},
  pages = {55-80},
  keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cybernetics; Electrophysiology; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Neurological; Rabbits; Thalamus; },
  pmid = {4767470},
  doi = {10.1007/BF00288786},
  url = {papers/Wilson_Kybernetik1973-4767470.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7502604}
}

@article{Rockland1982,
  title = {Anatomical binding of intrinsic connections in striate cortex of tree shrews (Tupaia glis).},
  author = {Rockland, K S and Lund, J S and Humphrey, A L},
  journal = {J Comp Neurol},
  volume = {209},
  number = {1},
  year = {1982},
  month = {Jul},
  pages = {41-58},
  abstract = {The intrinsic connectivity of striate cortex was investigated by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into this area in tree shrews. Such HRP injections demonstrated periodically organized, stripelike connections within area 17. These stripes occur in layers I-IIIA and consist of a small number or retrogradely filled neurons, some clearly pyramidal, together with HRP-labeled axon terminals. HRP-filled axons trunks run between labeled stripes, interconnecting adjacent and distant regions of the stripe pattern. Correlation with Golgi-stained tissue suggests that these stripes are horizontally interconnected by pyramidal neurons with long intracortical axon collaterals (followed for distances over 1 mm from the soma). The HRP-labeled strips measure about 230 micrometers in width, with a center-to-center repeat distance of 450--500 micrometers. They have been mapped over an 8 mm2 area of striate cortex and would thus seem capable of effecting lateral interactions over considerable portions of the retinotopic map. In their dimensions and overall pattern, these anatomical stripes resemble the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) bands resulting from visual stimulation of trees shrews with stripes of a single orientation. While the functional role of the HRP-labeled stripes is unclear, their similarities with the 2-DG pattern raise the intriguing possibility that they may be related to orientation selectivity. The striking regularity of these extensive lateral interconnections emphasizes the importance of horizontal intralaminar connections within the cortex.},
  keywords = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Deoxyglucose; Genetic Variation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Tupaia; Tupaiidae; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {7119173},
  doi = {10.1002/cne.902090105},
  url = {papers/Rockland_JCompNeurol1982-7119173.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0406041}
}

@article{Mallot1996,
  title = {Population networks: a large-scale framework for modelling cortical neural networks.},
  author = {Mallot, H A and Giannakopoulos, F},
  journal = {Biol Cybern},
  volume = {75},
  number = {6},
  year = {1996},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {441-52},
  abstract = {Artificial neural networks are usually built on rather few elements such as activation functions, learning rules, and the network topology. When modelling the more complex properties of realistic networks, however, a number of higher-level structural principles become important. In this paper we present a theoretical framework for modelling cortical networks at a high level of abstraction. Based on the notion of a population of neurons, this framework can accommodate the common features of cortical architecture, such as lamination, multiple areas and topographic maps, input segregation, and local variations of the frequency of different cell types (e.g., cytochrome oxidase blobs). The framework is meant primarily for the simulation of activation dynamics; it can also be used to model the neural environment of single cells in a multiscale approach.},
  keywords = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cybernetics; Feedback; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neural Networks, Computer; Thalamus; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {9008348},
  doi = {10.1007/s004220050309},
  url = {papers/Mallot_BiolCybern1996-9008348.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7502533}
}

@article{Gilbert1983,
  title = {Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex.},
  author = {Gilbert, C D and Wiesel, T N},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  year = {1983},
  month = {May},
  pages = {1116-33},
  abstract = {The intrinsic connections of the cortex have long been known to run vertically, across the cortical layers. In the present study we have found that individual neurons in the cat primary visual cortex can communicate over suprisingly long distances horizontally (up to 4 mm), in directions parallel to the cortical surface. For all of the cells having widespread projections, the collaterals within their axonal fields were distributed in repeating clusters, with an average periodicity of 1 mm. This pattern of extensive clustered projections has been revealed by combining the techniques of intracellular recording and injection of horseradish peroxidase with three-dimensional computer graphic reconstructions. The clustering pattern was most apparent when the cells were rotated to present a view parallel to the cortical surface. The pattern was observed in more than half of the pyramidal and spiny stellate cells in the cortex and was seen in all cortical layers. In our sample, cells made distant connections within their own layer and/or within another layer. The axon of one cell had clusters covering the same area in two layers, and the clusters in the deeper layer were located under those in the upper layer, suggesting a relationship between the clustering phenomenon and columnar cortical architecture. Some pyramidal cells did not project into the white matter, forming intrinsic connections exclusively. Finally, the axonal fields of all our injected cells were asymmetric, extending for greater distances along one cortical axis than along the orthogonal axis. The axons appeared to cover areas of cortex representing a larger part of the visual field than that covered by the excitatory portion of the cell's own receptive field. These connections may be used to generate larger receptive fields or to produce the inhibitory flanks in other cells' receptive fields.},
  keywords = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Horseradish Peroxidase; Pyramidal Tracts; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {6188819},
  pmc = {PMC6564507},
  url = {papers/Gilbert_JNeurosci1983-6188819.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Destexhe2009,
  title = {The Wilson-Cowan model, 36 years later.},
  author = {Destexhe, Alain and Sejnowski, Terrence J},
  journal = {Biol Cybern},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1},
  year = {2009},
  month = {Jul},
  pages = {1-2},
  abstract = {The Wilson-Cowan model of interacting neurons (1973) is one of the most influential papers published in Biological Cybernetics (Kybernetik). This paper and a companion paper published in 1972 have been cited over 1000 times. Rather than focus on the microscopic properties of neurons, Wilson and Cowan analyzed the collective properties of large numbers of neurons using methods from statistical mechanics, based on the mean-field approach. New experimental techniques to measure neuronal activity at the level of large populations are now available to test these models, including optical recording of brain activity with intrinsic signals and voltage sensitive dyes, and new methods for analyzing EEG and MEG. These measurement techniques have revealed patterns of coherent activity that span centimetres of tissue in the cerebral cortex. Here the underlying ideas are reviewed in a historic context.},
  keywords = {Animals; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; },
  pmid = {19662434},
  doi = {10.1007/s00422-009-0328-3},
  pmc = {PMC2866289},
  mid = {HHMIMS199370},
  url = {papers/Destexhe_BiolCybern2009-19662434.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7502533}
}

@article{Herculano-Houzel2019,
  title = {Longevity and sexual maturity vary across species with number of cortical neurons, and humans are no exception.},
  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana},
  journal = {J Comp Neurol},
  volume = {527},
  number = {10},
  year = {2019},
  month = {07},
  pages = {1689-1705},
  abstract = {Maximal longevity of endotherms has long been considered to increase with decreasing specific metabolic rate, and thus with increasing body mass. Using a dataset of over 700 species, here I show that maximal longevity, age at sexual maturity, and postmaturity longevity across bird and mammalian species instead correlate primarily, and universally, with the number of cortical brain neurons. Correlations with metabolic rate and body mass are entirely explained by clade-specific relationships between these variables and numbers of cortical neurons across species. Importantly, humans reach sexual maturity and subsequently live just as long as expected for their number of cortical neurons, which eliminates the basis for earlier theories of protracted childhood and prolonged post-menopause longevity as derived human characteristics. Longevity might increase together with numbers of cortical neurons through their impact on three main factors: delay of sexual maturity, which postpones the onset of aging; lengthening of the period of viable physiological integration and adaptation, which increases postmaturity longevity; and improved cognitive capabilities that benefit survival of the self and of longer-lived progeny, and are conducive to prolonged learning and cultural transmission through increased generational overlap. Importantly, the findings indicate that theories of aging and neurodegenerative diseases should take absolute time lived besides relative "age" into consideration.},
  keywords = {AnAge; body size; cerebral cortex; longevity; metabolic rate; number of neurons; scaling; sexual maturity; Aging; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Longevity; Male; Neurons; Sexual Maturation; Species Specificity; },
  pmid = {30350858},
  doi = {10.1002/cne.24564},
  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_JCompNeurol2019-30350858.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0406041}
}

@article{Ren2021,
  title = {Characterizing Cortex-Wide Dynamics with Wide-Field Calcium Imaging.},
  author = {Ren, Chi and Komiyama, Takaki},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {41},
  number = {19},
  year = {2021},
  month = {May},
  pages = {4160-4168},
  abstract = {The brain functions through coordinated activity among distributed regions. Wide-field calcium imaging, combined with improved genetically encoded calcium indicators, allows sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution to afford a unique opportunity to capture cortex-wide dynamics on a moment-by-moment basis in behaving animals. Recent applications of this approach have been uncovering cortical dynamics at unprecedented scales during various cognitive processes, ranging from relatively simple sensorimotor integration to more complex decision-making tasks. In this review, we will highlight recent scientific advances enabled by wide-field calcium imaging in behaving mice. We then summarize several technical considerations and future opportunities for wide-field imaging to uncover large-scale circuit dynamics.},
  pmid = {33893217},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.3003-20.2021},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3003-20.2021},
  url = {papers/Ren_JNeurosci2021-33893217.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}


@article{Mortensen2014,
  title = {Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex.},
  author = {Mortensen, Heidi S and Pakkenberg, Bente and Dam, Maria and Dietz, Rune and Sonne, Christian and Mikkelsen, Bjarni and Eriksen, Nina},
  journal = {Front Neuroanat},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {132},
  abstract = {Possessing large brains and complex behavioral patterns, cetaceans are believed to be highly intelligent. Their brains, which are the largest in the Animal Kingdom and have enormous gyrification compared with terrestrial mammals, have long been of scientific interest. Few studies, however, report total number of brain cells in cetaceans, and even fewer have used unbiased counting methods. In this study, using stereological methods, we estimated the total number of cells in the neocortex of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) brain. For the first time, we show that a species of dolphin has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date including humans. These cell numbers are compared across various mammals with different brain sizes, and the function of possessing many neurons is discussed. We found that the long-finned pilot whale neocortex has approximately 37.2 × 10(9) neurons, which is almost twice as many as humans, and 127 × 10(9) glial cells. Thus, the absolute number of neurons in the human neocortex is not correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans (at least compared to cetaceans) as has previously been hypothesized. However, as neuron density in long-finned pilot whales is lower than that in humans, their higher cell number appears to be due to their larger brain. Accordingly, our findings make an important contribution to the ongoing debate over quantitative relationships in the mammalian brain. },
  pmid = {25505387},
  doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00132},
  pmc = {PMC4244864},
  url = {papers/Mortensen_FrontNeuroanat2014-25505387.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477943}
}

@article{Herculano-Houzel2015,
  title = {Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass.},
  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Catania, Kenneth and Manger, Paul R and Kaas, Jon H},
  journal = {Brain Behav Evol},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3-4},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {145-63},
  abstract = {Comparative studies amongst extant species are one of the pillars of evolutionary neurobiology. In the 20th century, most comparative studies remained restricted to analyses of brain structure volume and surface areas, besides estimates of neuronal density largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Over the last 10 years, we have amassed data on the numbers of neurons and other cells that compose the entirety of the brain (subdivided into cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and rest of brain) of 39 mammalian species spread over 6 clades, as well as their densities. Here we provide that entire dataset in a format that is readily useful to researchers of any area of interest in the hope that it will foster the advancement of evolutionary and comparative studies well beyond the scope of neuroscience itself. We also reexamine the relationship between numbers of neurons, neuronal densities and body mass, and find that in the rest of brain, but not in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum, there is a single scaling rule that applies to average neuronal cell size, which increases with the linear dimension of the body, even though there is no single scaling rule that relates the number of neurons in the rest of brain to body mass. Thus, larger bodies do not uniformly come with more neurons--but they do fairly uniformly come with larger neurons in the rest of brain, which contains a number of structures directly connected to sources or targets in the body.},
  keywords = {Animals; Artiodactyla; Biological Evolution; Body Size; Brain; Cell Count; Cell Size; Mammals; Neuroglia; Neurons; Primates; Scandentia; },
  pmid = {26418466},
  pii = {000437413},
  doi = {10.1159/000437413},
  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_BrainBehavEvol2015-26418466.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0151620}
}

@article{Collins2016,
  title = {Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere.},
  author = {Collins, Christine E and Turner, Emily C and Sawyer, Eva Kille and Reed, Jamie L and Young, Nicole A and Flaherty, David K and Kaas, Jon H},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {113},
  number = {3},
  year = {2016},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {740-5},
  abstract = {The density of cells and neurons in the neocortex of many mammals varies across cortical areas and regions. This variability is, perhaps, most pronounced in primates. Nonuniformity in the composition of cortex suggests regions of the cortex have different specializations. Specifically, regions with densely packed neurons contain smaller neurons that are activated by relatively few inputs, thereby preserving information, whereas regions that are less densely packed have larger neurons that have more integrative functions. Here we present the numbers of cells and neurons for 742 discrete locations across the neocortex in a chimpanzee. Using isotropic fractionation and flow fractionation methods for cell and neuron counts, we estimate that neocortex of one hemisphere contains 9.5 billion cells and 3.7 billion neurons. Primary visual cortex occupies 35 cm(2) of surface, 10% of the total, and contains 737 million densely packed neurons, 20% of the total neurons contained within the hemisphere. Other areas of high neuron packing include secondary visual areas, somatosensory cortex, and prefrontal granular cortex. Areas of low levels of neuron packing density include motor and premotor cortex. These values reflect those obtained from more limited samples of cortex in humans and other primates. },
  keywords = {flow fractionator; isotropic fractionator; neuron density; primate neocortex; visual cortex; Aging; Animals; Cell Count; Female; Motor Cortex; Neocortex; Neurons; Pan troglodytes; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {26729880},
  pii = {1524208113},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1524208113},
  pmc = {PMC4725503},
  url = {papers/Collins_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016-26729880.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
}

@article{Herculano-Houzel2014,
  title = {The elephant brain in numbers.},
  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Avelino-de-Souza, Kamilla and Neves, Kleber and Porfírio, Jairo and Messeder, Débora and Mattos Feijó, Larissa and Maldonado, José and Manger, Paul R},
  journal = {Front Neuroanat},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {46},
  abstract = {What explains the superior cognitive abilities of the human brain compared to other, larger brains? Here we investigate the possibility that the human brain has a larger number of neurons than even larger brains by determining the cellular composition of the brain of the African elephant. We find that the African elephant brain, which is about three times larger than the human brain, contains 257 billion (10(9)) neurons, three times more than the average human brain; however, 97.5% of the neurons in the elephant brain (251 billion) are found in the cerebellum. This makes the elephant an outlier in regard to the number of cerebellar neurons compared to other mammals, which might be related to sensorimotor specializations. In contrast, the elephant cerebral cortex, which has twice the mass of the human cerebral cortex, holds only 5.6 billion neurons, about one third of the number of neurons found in the human cerebral cortex. This finding supports the hypothesis that the larger absolute number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex (but not in the whole brain) is correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans compared to elephants and other large-brained mammals. },
  pmid = {24971054},
  doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00046},
  pmc = {PMC4053853},
  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_FrontNeuroanat2014-24971054.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477943}
}


@article{Kim2020,
  title = {Extraction of Distinct Neuronal Cell Types from within a Genetically Continuous Population.},
  author = {Kim, Euiseok J and Zhang, Zhuzhu and Huang, Ling and Ito-Cole, Tony and Jacobs, Matthew W and Juavinett, Ashley L and Senturk, Gokhan and Hu, Mo and Ku, Manching and Ecker, Joseph R and Callaway, Edward M},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {107},
  number = {2},
  year = {2020},
  month = {07},
  pages = {274-282.e6},
  abstract = {Single-cell transcriptomics of neocortical neurons have revealed more than 100 clusters corresponding to putative cell types. For inhibitory and subcortical projection neurons (SCPNs), there is a strong concordance between clusters and anatomical descriptions of cell types. In contrast, cortico-cortical projection neurons (CCPNs) separate into surprisingly few transcriptomic clusters, despite their diverse anatomical projection types. We used projection-dependent single-cell transcriptomic analyses and monosynaptic rabies tracing to compare mouse primary visual cortex CCPNs projecting to different higher visual areas. We find that layer 2/3 CCPNs with different anatomical projections differ systematically in their gene expressions, despite forming only a single genetic cluster. Furthermore, these neurons receive feedback selectively from the same areas to which they project. These findings demonstrate that gene-expression analysis in isolation is insufficient to identify neuron types and have important implications for understanding the functional role of cortical feedback circuits.},
  keywords = {cell types; connectivity; cortico-cortical projection neurons; feedback circuits; rabies tracing; single-cell RNA sequencing; visual cortex; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Feedback; Female; Gene Expression; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rabies virus; Transcriptome; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {32396852},
  pii = {S0896-6273(20)30310-X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.018},
  pmc = {PMC7381365},
  mid = {NIHMS1587972},
  url = {papers/Kim_Neuron2020-32396852.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Goldman1943,
  title = {POTENTIAL, IMPEDANCE, AND RECTIFICATION IN MEMBRANES.},
  author = {Goldman, D E},
  journal = {J Gen Physiol},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  year = {1943},
  month = {Sep},
  pages = {37-60},
  abstract = {Impedance and potential measurements have been made on a number of artificial membranes. Impedance changes were determined as functions of current and of the composition of the environmental solutions. It was shown that rectification is present in asymmetrical systems and that it increases with the membrane potential. The behavior in pairs of solutions of the same salt at different concentrations has formed the basis for the studies although a few experiments with different salts at the same concentrations gave results consistent with the conclusions drawn. A theoretical picture has been presented based on the use of the general kinetic equations for ion motion under the influence of diffusion and electrical forces and on a consideration of possible membrane structures. The equations have been solved for two very simple cases; one based on the assumption of microscopic electroneutrality, and the other on the assumption of a constant electric field. The latter was found to give better results than the former in interpreting the data on potentials and rectification, showing agreement, however, of the right order of magnitude only. Although the indications are that a careful treatment of boundary conditions may result in better agreement with experiment, no attempt has been made to carry this through since the data now available are not sufficiently complete or reproducible. Applications of the second theoretical case to the squid giant axon have been made showing qualitative agreement with the rectification properties and very good agreement with the membrane potential data.},
  pmid = {19873371},
  doi = {10.1085/jgp.27.1.37},
  url = {papers/Goldman_JGenPhysiol1943-19873371.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {2985110R}
}

@article{Pickard1976,
  title = {Generalizations of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation},
  journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99-111},
  year = {1976},
  issn = {0025-5564},
  doi = {10.1016/0025-5564(76)90018-3},
  url = {papers/Pickard_MathBiosci1976.pdf},
  author = {Pickard, William F},
  abstract = {Closed-form expressions for the potential across a membrane are derived for a variety of cases. Among these are: (i) exact expressions for no electrogenic pump and (a) mixed uni- and divalent ions, (b) mixed uni-, di-, and tervalent ions, and (c) mixed univalent ions and a leak proportional to the membrane voltage; and (ii) approximate expressions for mixed univalent ions and a hyperpolarizing or weakly depolarizing electrogenic pump.}
}

@article{Spangler1972,
  title = {Expansion of the constant field equation to include both divalent and monovalent ions.},
  author = {Spangler, S G},
  journal = {Ala J Med Sci},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  year = {1972},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {218-23},
  keywords = {Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Ions; Mathematics; Membranes; Permeability; },
  pmid = {5045041},
  url = {},
  nlmuniqueid = {0376521}
}

@article{Springel2005,
  title = {Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars.},
  author = {Springel, Volker and White, Simon D M and Jenkins, Adrian and Frenk, Carlos S and Yoshida, Naoki and Gao, Liang and Navarro, Julio and Thacker, Robert and Croton, Darren and Helly, John and Peacock, John A and Cole, Shaun and Thomas, Peter and Couchman, Hugh and Evrard, August and Colberg, Jörg and Pearce, Frazer},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {435},
  number = {7042},
  year = {2005},
  month = {Jun},
  pages = {629-36},
  abstract = {The cold dark matter model has become the leading theoretical picture for the formation of structure in the Universe. This model, together with the theory of cosmic inflation, makes a clear prediction for the initial conditions for structure formation and predicts that structures grow hierarchically through gravitational instability. Testing this model requires that the precise measurements delivered by galaxy surveys can be compared to robust and equally precise theoretical calculations. Here we present a simulation of the growth of dark matter structure using 2,160(3) particles, following them from redshift z = 127 to the present in a cube-shaped region 2.230 billion lightyears on a side. In postprocessing, we also follow the formation and evolution of the galaxies and quasars. We show that baryon-induced features in the initial conditions of the Universe are reflected in distorted form in the low-redshift galaxy distribution, an effect that can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy with future generations of observational surveys of galaxies.},
  pmid = {15931216},
  pii = {nature03597},
  doi = {10.1038/nature03597},
  url = {papers/Springel_Nature2005-15931216.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Patel2015,
  title = {Automated quantification of neuronal networks and single-cell calcium dynamics using calcium imaging.},
  author = {Patel, Tapan P and Man, Karen and Firestein, Bonnie L and Meaney, David F},
  journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
  volume = {243},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {26-38},
  abstract = {Recent advances in genetically engineered calcium and membrane potential indicators provide the potential to estimate the activation dynamics of individual neurons within larger, mesoscale networks (100s-1000+neurons). However, a fully integrated automated workflow for the analysis and visualization of neural microcircuits from high speed fluorescence imaging data is lacking.},
  keywords = {Calcium imaging; Event detection; FluoroSNNAP; Functional connectivity; Neuronal phenotype; Synchrony; Access to Information; Algorithms; Animals; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Hippocampus; Humans; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Optical Imaging; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Periodicity; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Single-Cell Analysis; Software; Wavelet Analysis; tau Proteins; },
  pmid = {25629800},
  pii = {S0165-0270(15)00021-7},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.020},
  pmc = {PMC5553047},
  mid = {NIHMS886628},
  url = {papers/Patel_JNeurosciMethods2015-25629800.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7905558}
}

@article{Pnevmatikakis2016,
  title = {Simultaneous Denoising, Deconvolution, and Demixing of Calcium Imaging Data.},
  author = {Pnevmatikakis, Eftychios A and Soudry, Daniel and Gao, Yuanjun and Machado, Timothy A and Merel, Josh and Pfau, David and Reardon, Thomas and Mu, Yu and Lacefield, Clay and Yang, Weijian and Ahrens, Misha and Bruno, Randy and Jessell, Thomas M and Peterka, Darcy S and Yuste, Rafael and Paninski, Liam},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {89},
  number = {2},
  year = {2016},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {285-99},
  abstract = {We present a modular approach for analyzing calcium imaging recordings of large neuronal ensembles. Our goal is to simultaneously identify the locations of the neurons, demix spatially overlapping components, and denoise and deconvolve the spiking activity from the slow dynamics of the calcium indicator. Our approach relies on a constrained nonnegative matrix factorization that expresses the spatiotemporal fluorescence activity as the product of a spatial matrix that encodes the spatial footprint of each neuron in the optical field and a temporal matrix that characterizes the calcium concentration of each neuron over time. This framework is combined with a novel constrained deconvolution approach that extracts estimates of neural activity from fluorescence traces, to create a spatiotemporal processing algorithm that requires minimal parameter tuning. We demonstrate the general applicability of our method by applying it to in vitro and in vivo multi-neuronal imaging data, whole-brain light-sheet imaging data, and dendritic imaging data. },
  keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Dendrites; Fluorescent Dyes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons; Statistics as Topic; },
  pmid = {26774160},
  pii = {S0896-6273(15)01084-3},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.037},
  pmc = {PMC4881387},
  mid = {NIHMS778164},
  url = {papers/Pnevmatikakis_Neuron2016-26774160.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Glasser2016,
  title = {A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex.},
  author = {Glasser, Matthew F and Coalson, Timothy S and Robinson, Emma C and Hacker, Carl D and Harwell, John and Yacoub, Essa and Ugurbil, Kamil and Andersson, Jesper and Beckmann, Christian F and Jenkinson, Mark and Smith, Stephen M and Van Essen, David C},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {536},
  number = {7615},
  year = {2016},
  month = {08},
  pages = {171-178},
  abstract = {Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas. Making an accurate areal map has been a century-old objective in neuroscience. Using multi-modal magnetic resonance images from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and an objective semi-automated neuroanatomical approach, we delineated 180 areas per hemisphere bounded by sharp changes in cortical architecture, function, connectivity, and/or topography in a precisely aligned group average of 210 healthy young adults. We characterized 97 new areas and 83 areas previously reported using post-mortem microscopy or other specialized study-specific approaches. To enable automated delineation and identification of these areas in new HCP subjects and in future studies, we trained a machine-learning classifier to recognize the multi-modal 'fingerprint' of each cortical area. This classifier detected the presence of 96.6% of the cortical areas in new subjects, replicated the group parcellation, and could correctly locate areas in individuals with atypical parcellations. The freely available parcellation and classifier will enable substantially improved neuroanatomical precision for studies of the structural and functional organization of human cerebral cortex and its variation across individuals and in development, aging, and disease.},
  keywords = {Adult; Cerebral Cortex; Connectome; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Machine Learning; Male; Models, Anatomic; Multimodal Imaging; Neuroanatomy; Neuroimaging; Probability; Reproducibility of Results; Young Adult; },
  pmid = {27437579},
  doi = {10.1038/nature18933},
  pmc = {PMC4990127},
  mid = {EMS68870},
  url = {papers/Glasser_Nature2016-27437579.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Wiltschko2015,
  title = {Mapping Sub-Second Structure in Mouse Behavior.},
  author = {Wiltschko, Alexander B and Johnson, Matthew J and Iurilli, Giuliano and Peterson, Ralph E and Katon, Jesse M and Pashkovski, Stan L and Abraira, Victoria E and Adams, Ryan P and Datta, Sandeep Robert},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {88},
  number = {6},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {1121-1135},
  abstract = {Complex animal behaviors are likely built from simpler modules, but their systematic identification in mammals remains a significant challenge. Here we use depth imaging to show that 3D mouse pose dynamics are structured at the sub-second timescale. Computational modeling of these fast dynamics effectively describes mouse behavior as a series of reused and stereotyped modules with defined transition probabilities. We demonstrate this combined 3D imaging and machine learning method can be used to unmask potential strategies employed by the brain to adapt to the environment, to capture both predicted and previously hidden phenotypes caused by genetic or neural manipulations, and to systematically expose the global structure of behavior within an experiment. This work reveals that mouse body language is built from identifiable components and is organized in a predictable fashion; deciphering this language establishes an objective framework for characterizing the influence of environmental cues, genes and neural activity on behavior.},
  keywords = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Computer Simulation; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Kinesics; Machine Learning; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Optogenetics; },
  pmid = {26687221},
  pii = {S0896-6273(15)01037-5},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.031},
  pmc = {PMC4708087},
  mid = {NIHMS745523},
  url = {papers/Wiltschko_Neuron2016-26687221.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Maccione2014,
  title = {Following the ontogeny of retinal waves: pan-retinal recordings of population dynamics in the neonatal mouse.},
  author = {Maccione, Alessandro and Hennig, Matthias H and Gandolfo, Mauro and Muthmann, Oliver and van Coppenhagen, James and Eglen, Stephen J and Berdondini, Luca and Sernagor, Evelyne},
  journal = {J Physiol},
  volume = {592},
  number = {7},
  year = {2014},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {1545-63},
  abstract = {The immature retina generates spontaneous waves of spiking activity that sweep across the ganglion cell layer during a limited period of development before the onset of visual experience. The spatiotemporal patterns encoded in the waves are believed to be instructive for the wiring of functional connections throughout the visual system. However, the ontogeny of retinal waves is still poorly documented as a result of the relatively low resolution of conventional recording techniques. Here, we characterize the spatiotemporal features of mouse retinal waves from birth until eye opening in unprecedented detail using a large-scale, dense, 4096-channel multielectrode array that allowed us to record from the entire neonatal retina at near cellular resolution. We found that early cholinergic waves propagate with random trajectories over large areas with low ganglion cell recruitment. They become slower, smaller and denser when GABAA signalling matures, as occurs beyond postnatal day (P) 7. Glutamatergic influences dominate from P10, coinciding with profound changes in activity dynamics. At this time, waves cease to be random and begin to show repetitive trajectories confined to a few localized hotspots. These hotspots gradually tile the retina with time, and disappear after eye opening. Our observations demonstrate that retinal waves undergo major spatiotemporal changes during ontogeny. Our results support the hypotheses that cholinergic waves guide the refinement of retinal targets and that glutamatergic waves may also support the wiring of retinal receptive fields. },
  keywords = {Action Potentials; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cholinergic Neurons; GABAergic Neurons; Glutamic Acid; Light Signal Transduction; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Receptors, GABA-A; Retina; Retinal Neurons; Time Factors; Vision, Ocular; },
  pmid = {24366261},
  pii = {jphysiol.2013.262840},
  doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262840},
  pmc = {PMC3979611},
  url = {papers/Maccione_JPhysiol2014-24366261.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0266262}
}

@article{Muller2018,
  title = {Cortical travelling waves: mechanisms and computational principles.},
  author = {Muller, Lyle and Chavane, Frédéric and Reynolds, John and Sejnowski, Terrence J},
  journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
  volume = {19},
  number = {5},
  year = {2018},
  month = {05},
  pages = {255-268},
  abstract = {Multichannel recording technologies have revealed travelling waves of neural activity in multiple sensory, motor and cognitive systems. These waves can be spontaneously generated by recurrent circuits or evoked by external stimuli. They travel along brain networks at multiple scales, transiently modulating spiking and excitability as they pass. Here, we review recent experimental findings that have found evidence for travelling waves at single-area (mesoscopic) and whole-brain (macroscopic) scales. We place these findings in the context of the current theoretical understanding of wave generation and propagation in recurrent networks. During the large low-frequency rhythms of sleep or the relatively desynchronized state of the awake cortex, travelling waves may serve a variety of functions, from long-term memory consolidation to processing of dynamic visual stimuli. We explore new avenues for experimental and computational understanding of the role of spatiotemporal activity patterns in the cortex.},
  keywords = {Animals; Brain Waves; Cerebral Cortex; Computer Simulation; Electroencephalography; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; },
  pmid = {29563572},
  pii = {nrn.2018.20},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn.2018.20},
  pmc = {PMC5933075},
  mid = {NIHMS961180},
  url = {papers/Muller_NatRevNeurosci2019-29563572.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {100962781}
}

@article{Huang2021,
  title = {Relationship between simultaneously recorded spiking activity and fluorescence signal in GCaMP6 transgenic mice.},
  author = {Huang, Lawrence and Ledochowitsch, Peter and Knoblich, Ulf and Lecoq, Jérôme and Murphy, Gabe J and Reid, R Clay and de Vries, Saskia Ej and Koch, Christof and Zeng, Hongkui and Buice, Michael A and Waters, Jack and Li, Lu},
  journal = {Elife},
  volume = {10},
  year = {2021},
  month = {03},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Fluorescent calcium indicators are often used to investigate neural dynamics, but the relationship between fluorescence and action potentials (APs) remains unclear. Most APs can be detected when the soma almost fills the microscope's field of view, but calcium indicators are used to image populations of neurons, necessitating a large field of view, generating fewer photons per neuron, and compromising AP detection. Here, we characterized the AP-fluorescence transfer function in vivo for 48 layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in primary visual cortex, with simultaneous calcium imaging and cell-attached recordings from transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6s or GCaMP6f. While most APs were detected under optimal conditions, under conditions typical of population imaging studies, only a minority of 1 AP and 2 AP events were detected (often <10% and ~20-30%, respectively), emphasizing the limits of AP detection under more realistic imaging conditions.},
  keywords = {action potential; calcium imaging; calibration; cell-attached recording; excitatory neurons; genetically encoded calcium indicator; mouse; neuroscience; Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Primary Visual Cortex; Pyramidal Cells; },
  pmid = {33683198},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.51675},
  pii = {51675},
  pmc = {PMC8060029},
  url = {papers/Huang_Elife2022-33683198.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101579614}
}

@article{Dan2013,
  title = {DMD-based LED-illumination super-resolution and optical sectioning microscopy.},
  author = {Dan, Dan and Lei, Ming and Yao, Baoli and Wang, Wen and Winterhalder, Martin and Zumbusch, Andreas and Qi, Yujiao and Xia, Liang and Yan, Shaohui and Yang, Yanlong and Gao, Peng and Ye, Tong and Zhao, Wei},
  journal = {Sci Rep},
  volume = {3},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {1116},
  abstract = {Super-resolution three-dimensional (3D) optical microscopy has incomparable advantages over other high-resolution microscopic technologies, such as electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, in the study of biological molecules, pathways and events in live cells and tissues. We present a novel approach of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) by using a digital micromirror device (DMD) for fringe projection and a low-coherence LED light for illumination. The lateral resolution of 90 nm and the optical sectioning depth of 120 μm were achieved. The maximum acquisition speed for 3D imaging in the optical sectioning mode was 1.6×10(7) pixels/second, which was mainly limited by the sensitivity and speed of the CCD camera. In contrast to other SIM techniques, the DMD-based LED-illumination SIM is cost-effective, ease of multi-wavelength switchable and speckle-noise-free. The 2D super-resolution and 3D optical sectioning modalities can be easily switched and applied to either fluorescent or non-fluorescent specimens.},
  keywords = {Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Light; Lighting; Microscopy; },
  pmid = {23346373},
  doi = {10.1038/srep01116},
  pmc = {PMC3552285},
  url = {papers/Dan_SciRep2013-23346373.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101563288}
}


@article{Waters2019,
  title = {Biological variation in the sizes, shapes and locations of visual cortical areas in the mouse.},
  author = {Waters, Jack and Lee, Eric and Gaudreault, Nathalie and Griffin, Fiona and Lecoq, Jerome and Slaughterbeck, Cliff and Sullivan, David and Farrell, Colin and Perkins, Jed and Reid, David and Feng, David and Graddis, Nile and Garrett, Marina and Li, Yang and Long, Fuhui and Mochizuki, Chris and Roll, Kate and Zhuang, Jun and Thompson, Carol},
  journal = {PLoS One},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {e0213924},
  abstract = {Visual cortex is organized into discrete sub-regions or areas that are arranged into a hierarchy and serves different functions in the processing of visual information. In retinotopic maps of mouse cortex, there appear to be substantial mouse-to-mouse differences in visual area location, size and shape. Here we quantify the biological variation in the size, shape and locations of 11 visual areas in the mouse, after separating biological variation and measurement noise. We find that there is biological variation in the locations and sizes of visual areas.},
  keywords = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Mice; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; },
  pmid = {31042712},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213924},
  pii = {PONE-D-18-29482},
  pmc = {PMC6493719},
  url = {papers/Waters_PLoSOne2020-31042712.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101285081}
}

@article{Cardin2020,
  title = {Mesoscopic Imaging: Shining a Wide Light on Large-Scale Neural Dynamics.},
  author = {Cardin, Jessica A and Crair, Michael C and Higley, Michael J},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {108},
  number = {1},
  year = {2020},
  month = {10},
  pages = {33-43},
  abstract = {Optical imaging has revolutionized our ability to monitor brain activity, spanning spatial scales from synapses to cells to circuits. Here, we summarize the rapid development and application of mesoscopic imaging, a widefield fluorescence-based approach that balances high spatiotemporal resolution with extraordinarily large fields of view. By leveraging the continued expansion of fluorescent reporters for neuronal activity and novel strategies for indicator expression, mesoscopic analysis enables measurement and correlation of network dynamics with behavioral state and task performance. Moreover, the combination of widefield imaging with cellular resolution methods such as two-photon microscopy and electrophysiology is bridging boundaries between cellular and network analyses. Overall, mesoscopic imaging provides a powerful option in the optical toolbox for investigation of brain function.},
  keywords = {Animals; Brain; Calcium; Humans; Intravital Microscopy; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Neurons; Optical Imaging; },
  pmid = {33058764},
  pii = {S0896-6273(20)30755-8},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.031},
  pmc = {PMC7577373},
  mid = {NIHMS1634083},
  url = {papers/Cardin_Neuron2020-33058764.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Babola2018,
  title = {Homeostatic Control of Spontaneous Activity in the Developing Auditory System.},
  author = {Babola, Travis A and Li, Sally and Gribizis, Alexandra and Lee, Brian J and Issa, John B and Wang, Han Chin and Crair, Michael C and Bergles, Dwight E},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {99},
  number = {3},
  year = {2018},
  month = {08},
  pages = {511-524.e5},
  abstract = {Neurons in the developing auditory system exhibit spontaneous bursts of activity before hearing onset. How this intrinsically generated activity influences development remains uncertain, because few mechanistic studies have been performed in vivo. We show using macroscopic calcium imaging in unanesthetized mice that neurons responsible for processing similar frequencies of sound exhibit highly synchronized activity throughout the auditory system during this critical phase of development. Spontaneous activity normally requires synaptic excitation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Unexpectedly, tonotopic spontaneous activity was preserved in a mouse model of deafness in which glutamate release from hair cells is abolished. SGNs in these mice exhibited enhanced excitability, enabling direct neuronal excitation by supporting cell-induced potassium transients. These results indicate that homeostatic mechanisms maintain spontaneous activity in the pre-hearing period, with significant implications for both circuit development and therapeutic approaches aimed at treating congenital forms of deafness arising through mutations in key sensory transduction components.},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Pathways; Cochlea; Female; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing; Homeostasis; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Random Allocation; Spiral Ganglion; },
  pmid = {30077356},
  pii = {S0896-6273(18)30544-0},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.004},
  pmc = {PMC6100752},
  mid = {NIHMS1502189},
  url = {papers/Babola_Neuron2019-30077356.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Imam2020,
  title = {Self-organization of cortical areas in the development and evolution of neocortex.},
  author = {Imam, Nabil and L Finlay, Barbara},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {117},
  number = {46},
  year = {2020},
  month = {11},
  pages = {29212-29220},
  abstract = {While the mechanisms generating the topographic organization of primary sensory areas in the neocortex are well studied, what generates secondary cortical areas is virtually unknown. Using physical parameters representing primary and secondary visual areas as they vary from monkey to mouse, we derived a network growth model to explore if characteristic features of secondary areas could be produced from correlated activity patterns arising from V1 alone. We found that V1 seeded variable numbers of secondary areas based on activity-driven wiring and wiring-density limits within the cortical surface. These secondary areas exhibited the typical mirror-reversal of map topography on cortical area boundaries and progressive reduction of the area and spatial resolution of each new map on the caudorostral axis. Activity-based map formation may be the basic mechanism that establishes the matrix of topographically organized cortical areas available for later computational specialization.},
  keywords = {cortical areas; development; evolution; network neuroscience; topographic maps; Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Models, Biological; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {33139564},
  pii = {2011724117},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2011724117},
  pmc = {PMC7682404},
  url = {papers/Imam_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2021-33139564.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
}

@article{Ekstrom2020,
  title = {Grid coding, spatial representation, and navigation: Should we assume an isomorphism?},
  author = {Ekstrom, Arne D and Harootonian, Sevan K and Huffman, Derek J},
  journal = {Hippocampus},
  volume = {30},
  number = {4},
  year = {2020},
  month = {04},
  pages = {422-432},
  abstract = {Grid cells provide a compelling example of a link between cellular activity and an abstract and difficult to define concept like space. Accordingly, a representational perspective on grid coding argues that neural grid coding underlies a fundamentally spatial metric. Recently, some theoretical proposals have suggested extending such a framework to nonspatial cognition as well, such as category learning. Here, we provide a critique of the frequently employed assumption of an isomorphism between patterns of neural activity (e.g., grid cells), mental representation, and behavior (e.g., navigation). Specifically, we question the strict isomorphism between these three levels and suggest that human spatial navigation is perhaps best characterized by a wide variety of both metric and nonmetric strategies. We offer an alternative perspective on how grid coding might relate to human spatial navigation, arguing that grid coding is part of a much larger conglomeration of neural activity patterns that dynamically tune to accomplish specific behavioral outputs.},
  keywords = {entorhinal cortex; grid cells; heuristics; human behavior; spatial navigation; Animals; Entorhinal Cortex; Grid Cells; Humans; Models, Neurological; Spatial Navigation; },
  pmid = {31742364},
  doi = {10.1002/hipo.23175},
  pmc = {PMC7409510},
  mid = {NIHMS1583182},
  url = {papers/Ekstrom_Hippocampus2021-31742364.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9108167}
}

@article{Liu2005,
  title = {Postnatal developmental expressions of neurotransmitters and receptors in various brain stem nuclei of rats.},
  author = {Liu, Qiuli and Wong-Riley, Margaret T T},
  journal = {J Appl Physiol (1985)},
  volume = {98},
  number = {4},
  year = {2005},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {1442-57},
  abstract = {Previously, we reported that the expression of cytochrome oxidase in a number of brain stem nuclei exhibited a plateau or reduction at postnatal day (P) 3-4 and a dramatic decrease at P12, against a general increase with age. The present study examined the expression of glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1), GABA, GABAB receptors, glycine receptors, and glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary tract nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, medial accessory olivary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and cuneate nucleus, from P2 to P21 in rats. Results showed that 1) the expression of glutamate increased with age in a majority of the nuclei, whereas that of NMDAR1 showed heterogeneity among the nuclei; 2) GABA and GABAB expressions decreased with age, whereas that of glycine receptors increased with age; 3) GluR2 showed two peaks, at P3-4 and P12; and 4) glutamate and NMDAR1 showed a significant reduction, whereas GABA, GABAB receptors, glycine receptors, and GluR2 exhibited a concomitant increase at P12. These features were present but less pronounced in hypoglossal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and were absent in the cuneate nucleus. These data suggest that brain stem nuclei, directly or indirectly related to respiratory control, share a common developmental trend with the pre-Botzinger complex in having a transient period of imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory drives at P12. During this critical period, the respiratory system may be more vulnerable to excessive exogenous stressors.},
  keywords = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Stem; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Glutamic Acid; Neurotransmitter Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, GABA-B; Receptors, Glycine; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Sensory Receptor Cells; Tissue Distribution; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; },
  pmid = {15618314},
  pii = {01301.2004},
  doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01301.2004},
  url = {papers/Liu_JApplPhysiol(1985)2005-15618314.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8502536}
}

@article{Banino2018,
  title = {Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents.},
  author = {Banino, Andrea and Barry, Caswell and Uria, Benigno and Blundell, Charles and Lillicrap, Timothy and Mirowski, Piotr and Pritzel, Alexander and Chadwick, Martin J and Degris, Thomas and Modayil, Joseph and Wayne, Greg and Soyer, Hubert and Viola, Fabio and Zhang, Brian and Goroshin, Ross and Rabinowitz, Neil and Pascanu, Razvan and Beattie, Charlie and Petersen, Stig and Sadik, Amir and Gaffney, Stephen and King, Helen and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Hassabis, Demis and Hadsell, Raia and Kumaran, Dharshan},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {557},
  number = {7705},
  year = {2018},
  month = {05},
  pages = {429-433},
  abstract = {Deep neural networks have achieved impressive successes in fields ranging from object recognition to complex games such as Go1,2. Navigation, however, remains a substantial challenge for artificial agents, with deep neural networks trained by reinforcement learning3-5 failing to rival the proficiency of mammalian spatial behaviour, which is underpinned by grid cells in the entorhinal cortex 6 . Grid cells are thought to provide a multi-scale periodic representation that functions as a metric for coding space7,8 and is critical for integrating self-motion (path integration)6,7,9 and planning direct trajectories to goals (vector-based navigation)7,10,11. Here we set out to leverage the computational functions of grid cells to develop a deep reinforcement learning agent with mammal-like navigational abilities. We first trained a recurrent network to perform path integration, leading to the emergence of representations resembling grid cells, as well as other entorhinal cell types 12 . We then showed that this representation provided an effective basis for an agent to locate goals in challenging, unfamiliar, and changeable environments-optimizing the primary objective of navigation through deep reinforcement learning. The performance of agents endowed with grid-like representations surpassed that of an expert human and comparison agents, with the metric quantities necessary for vector-based navigation derived from grid-like units within the network. Furthermore, grid-like representations enabled agents to conduct shortcut behaviours reminiscent of those performed by mammals. Our findings show that emergent grid-like representations furnish agents with a Euclidean spatial metric and associated vector operations, providing a foundation for proficient navigation. As such, our results support neuroscientific theories that see grid cells as critical for vector-based navigation7,10,11, demonstrating that the latter can be combined with path-based strategies to support navigation in challenging environments.},
  keywords = {Animals; Biomimetics; Entorhinal Cortex; Environment; Grid Cells; Humans; Machine Learning; Neural Networks, Computer; Spatial Navigation; },
  pmid = {29743670},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0102-6},
  pii = {10.1038/s41586-018-0102-6},
  url = {papers/Banino_Nature2018-29743670.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Vesuna2020,
  title = {Deep posteromedial cortical rhythm in dissociation.},
  author = {Vesuna, Sam and Kauvar, Isaac V and Richman, Ethan and Gore, Felicity and Oskotsky, Tomiko and Sava-Segal, Clara and Luo, Liqun and Malenka, Robert C and Henderson, Jaimie M and Nuyujukian, Paul and Parvizi, Josef and Deisseroth, Karl},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {586},
  number = {7827},
  year = {2020},
  month = {10},
  pages = {87-94},
  abstract = {Advanced imaging methods now allow cell-type-specific recording of neural activity across the mammalian brain, potentially enabling the exploration of how brain-wide dynamical patterns give rise to complex behavioural states1-12. Dissociation is an altered behavioural state in which the integrity of experience is disrupted, resulting in reproducible cognitive phenomena including the dissociation of stimulus detection from stimulus-related affective responses. Dissociation can occur as a result of trauma, epilepsy or dissociative drug use13,14, but despite its substantial basic and clinical importance, the underlying neurophysiology of this state is unknown. Here we establish such a dissociation-like state in mice, induced by precisely-dosed administration of ketamine or phencyclidine. Large-scale imaging of neural activity revealed that these dissociative agents elicited a 1-3-Hz rhythm in layer 5 neurons of the retrosplenial cortex. Electrophysiological recording with four simultaneously deployed high-density probes revealed rhythmic coupling of the retrosplenial cortex with anatomically connected components of thalamus circuitry, but uncoupling from most other brain regions was observed-including a notable inverse correlation with frontally projecting thalamic nuclei. In testing for causal significance, we found that rhythmic optogenetic activation of retrosplenial cortex layer 5 neurons recapitulated dissociation-like behavioural effects. Local retrosplenial hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated potassium channel 1 (HCN1) pacemakers were required for systemic ketamine to induce this rhythm and to elicit dissociation-like behavioural effects. In a patient with focal epilepsy, simultaneous intracranial stereoencephalography recordings from across the brain revealed a similarly localized rhythm in the homologous deep posteromedial cortex that was temporally correlated with pre-seizure self-reported dissociation, and local brief electrical stimulation of this region elicited dissociative experiences. These results identify the molecular, cellular and physiological properties of a conserved deep posteromedial cortical rhythm that underlies states of dissociation.},
  keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Behavior; Brain Waves; Cerebral Cortex; Dissociative Disorders; Electrophysiology; Female; Humans; Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels; Ketamine; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Optogenetics; Self Report; Thalamus; },
  pmid = {32939091},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2731-9},
  pii = {10.1038/s41586-020-2731-9},
  pmc = {PMC7553818},
  mid = {HHMIMS1634078},
  url = {papers/Vesuna_Nature2021-32939091.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{West2021,
  title = {Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Dynamic Cortical Networks during Locomotion.},
  author = {West, Sarah L and Aronson, Justin D and Popa, Laurentiu S and Feller, Kathryn D and Carter, Russell E and Chiesl, William M and Gerhart, Morgan L and Shekhar, Aditya C and Ghanbari, Leila and Kodandaramaiah, Suhasa B and Ebner, Timothy J},
  journal = {Cereb Cortex},
  year = {2021},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Motor behavior results in complex exchanges of motor and sensory information across cortical regions. Therefore, fully understanding the cerebral cortex's role in motor behavior requires a mesoscopic-level description of the cortical regions engaged, their functional interactions, and how these functional interactions change with behavioral state. Mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging through transparent polymer skulls in mice reveals elevated activation of the dorsal cerebral cortex during locomotion. Using the correlations between the time series of Ca2+ fluorescence from 28 regions (nodes) obtained using spatial independent component analysis (sICA), we examined the changes in functional connectivity of the cortex from rest to locomotion with a goal of understanding the changes to the cortical functional state that facilitate locomotion. Both the transitions from rest to locomotion and from locomotion to rest show marked increases in correlation among most nodes. However, once a steady state of continued locomotion is reached, many nodes, including primary motor and somatosensory nodes, show decreases in correlations, while retrosplenial and the most anterior nodes of the secondary motor cortex show increases. These results highlight the changes in functional connectivity in the cerebral cortex, representing a series of changes in the cortical state from rest to locomotion and on return to rest.},
  pmid = {34689209},
  pii = {6408797},
  doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhab373},
  url = {papers/West_CerebCortex2022-34689209.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9110718}
}

@article{Waters2020,
  title = {Sources of widefield fluorescence from the brain.},
  author = {Waters, Jack},
  journal = {Elife},
  volume = {9},
  year = {2020},
  month = {11},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {Widefield fluorescence microscopy is used to monitor the spiking of populations of neurons in the brain. Widefield fluorescence can originate from indicator molecules at all depths in cortex and the relative contributions from somata, dendrites, and axons are often unknown. Here, I simulate widefield illumination and fluorescence collection and determine the main sources of fluorescence for several GCaMP mouse lines. Scattering strongly affects illumination and collection. One consequence is that illumination intensity is greatest ~300-400 µm below the pia, not at the brain surface. Another is that fluorescence from a source deep in cortex may extend across a diameter of 3-4 mm at the brain surface, severely limiting lateral resolution. In many mouse lines, the volume of tissue contributing to fluorescence extends through the full depth of cortex and fluorescence at most surface locations is a weighted average across multiple cortical columns and often more than one cortical area.},
  keywords = {cortex; fluorescence; imaging; microscopy; neuroscience; none; widefield; Animals; Brain; Cell Line; Fluorescence; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Monte Carlo Method; },
  pmid = {33155981},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.59841},
  pii = {59841},
  pmc = {PMC7647397},
  url = {papers/Waters_Elife2021-33155981.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101579614}
}

@article{Mckeown1998,
  author = {Mckeown, Martin J. and Makeig, Scott and Brown, Greg G. and Jung, Tzyy-Ping and Kindermann, Sandra S. and Bell, Anthony J. and Sejnowski, Terrence J.},
  title = {Analysis of fMRI data by blind separation into independent spatial components},
  journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {160-188},
  keywords = {functional magnetic resonance imaging, independent component analysis, higher-order statistics},
  pmid = {9673671},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:3<160::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-1},
  url = {Mckeown_HumBrainMap1998.pdf},
  abstract = {Abstract Current analytical techniques applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data require a priori knowledge or specific assumptions about the time courses of processes contributing to the measured signals. Here we describe a new method for analyzing fMRI data based on the independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm of Bell and Sejnowski ([1995]: Neural Comput 7:1129–1159). We decomposed eight fMRI data sets from 4 normal subjects performing Stroop color-naming, the Brown and Peterson word/number task, and control tasks into spatially independent components. Each component consisted of voxel values at fixed three-dimensional locations (a component “map”), and a unique associated time course of activation. Given data from 144 time points collected during a 6-min trial, ICA extracted an equal number of spatially independent components. In all eight trials, ICA derived one and only one component with a time course closely matching the time course of 40-sec alternations between experimental and control tasks. The regions of maximum activity in these consistently task-related components generally overlapped active regions detected by standard correlational analysis, but included frontal regions not detected by correlation. Time courses of other ICA components were transiently task-related, quasiperiodic, or slowly varying. By utilizing higher-order statistics to enforce successively stricter criteria for spatial independence between component maps, both the ICA algorithm and a related fourth-order decomposition technique (Comon [1994]: Signal Processing 36:11–20) were superior to principal component analysis (PCA) in determining the spatial and temporal extent of task-related activation. For each subject, the time courses and active regions of the task-related ICA components were consistent across trials and were robust to the addition of simulated noise. Simulated movement artifact and simulated task-related activations added to actual fMRI data were clearly separated by the algorithm. ICA can be used to distinguish between nontask-related signal components, movements, and other artifacts, as well as consistently or transiently task-related fMRI activations, based on only weak assumptions about their spatial distributions and without a priori assumptions about their time courses. ICA appears to be a highly promising method for the analysis of fMRI data from normal and clinical populations, especially for uncovering unpredictable transient patterns of brain activity associated with performance of psychomotor tasks. Hum. Brain Mapping 6:160–188, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  year = {1998}
}

@article{Pruim2015,
  title = {ICA-AROMA: A robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data.},
  author = {Pruim, Raimon H R and Mennes, Maarten and van Rooij, Daan and Llera, Alberto and Buitelaar, Jan K and Beckmann, Christian F},
  journal = {Neuroimage},
  volume = {112},
  year = {2015},
  month = {May},
  pages = {267-277},
  abstract = {Head motion during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning can induce spurious findings and/or harm detection of true effects. Solutions have been proposed, including deleting ('scrubbing') or regressing out ('spike regression') motion volumes from fMRI time-series. These strategies remove motion-induced signal variations at the cost of destroying the autocorrelation structure of the fMRI time-series and reducing temporal degrees of freedom. ICA-based fMRI denoising strategies overcome these drawbacks but typically require re-training of a classifier, needing manual labeling of derived components (e.g. ICA-FIX; Salimi-Khorshidi et al. (2014)). Here, we propose an ICA-based strategy for Automatic Removal of Motion Artifacts (ICA-AROMA) that uses a small (n=4), but robust set of theoretically motivated temporal and spatial features. Our strategy does not require classifier re-training, retains the data's autocorrelation structure and largely preserves temporal degrees of freedom. We describe ICA-AROMA, its implementation, and initial validation. ICA-AROMA identified motion components with high accuracy and robustness as illustrated by leave-N-out cross-validation. We additionally validated ICA-AROMA in resting-state (100 participants) and task-based fMRI data (118 participants). Our approach removed (motion-related) spurious noise from both rfMRI and task-based fMRI data to larger extent than regression using 24 motion parameters or spike regression. Furthermore, ICA-AROMA increased sensitivity to group-level activation. Our results show that ICA-AROMA effectively reduces motion-induced signal variations in fMRI data, is applicable across datasets without requiring classifier re-training, and preserves the temporal characteristics of the fMRI data. },
  keywords = {Artifact; Connectivity; Functional MRI; Independent component analysis; Motion; Resting state; Algorithms; Artifacts; Artificial Intelligence; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motion; Principal Component Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Rest; },
  pmid = {25770991},
  pii = {S1053-8119(15)00182-2},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064},
  url = {papers/Pruim_Neuroimage2016-25770991.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9215515}
}

@article{Parkes2018,
  title = {An evaluation of the efficacy, reliability, and sensitivity of motion correction strategies for resting-state functional MRI.},
  author = {Parkes, Linden and Fulcher, Ben and Yücel, Murat and Fornito, Alex},
  journal = {Neuroimage},
  volume = {171},
  year = {2018},
  month = {05},
  pages = {415-436},
  abstract = {Estimates of functional connectivity derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) are sensitive to artefacts caused by in-scanner head motion. This susceptibility has motivated the development of numerous denoising methods designed to mitigate motion-related artefacts. Here, we compare popular retrospective rs-fMRI denoising methods, such as regression of head motion parameters and mean white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (with and without expansion terms), aCompCor, volume censoring (e.g., scrubbing and spike regression), global signal regression and ICA-AROMA, combined into 19 different pipelines. These pipelines were evaluated across five different quality control benchmarks in four independent datasets associated with varying levels of motion. Pipelines were benchmarked by examining the residual relationship between in-scanner movement and functional connectivity after denoising; the effect of distance on this residual relationship; whole-brain differences in functional connectivity between high- and low-motion healthy controls (HC); the temporal degrees of freedom lost during denoising; and the test-retest reliability of functional connectivity estimates. We also compared the sensitivity of each pipeline to clinical differences in functional connectivity in independent samples of people with schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Our results indicate that (1) simple linear regression of regional fMRI time series against head motion parameters and WM/CSF signals (with or without expansion terms) is not sufficient to remove head motion artefacts; (2) aCompCor pipelines may only be viable in low-motion data; (3) volume censoring performs well at minimising motion-related artefact but a major benefit of this approach derives from the exclusion of high-motion individuals; (4) while not as effective as volume censoring, ICA-AROMA performed well across our benchmarks for relatively low cost in terms of data loss; (5) the addition of global signal regression improved the performance of nearly all pipelines on most benchmarks, but exacerbated the distance-dependence of correlations between motion and functional connectivity; and (6) group comparisons in functional connectivity between healthy controls and schizophrenia patients are highly dependent on preprocessing strategy. We offer some recommendations for best practice and outline simple analyses to facilitate transparent reporting of the degree to which a given set of findings may be affected by motion-related artefact.},
  keywords = {Artefact; Functional connectivity; Motion; Noise; Resting-state; fMRI; Adult; Algorithms; Artifacts; Brain Mapping; Datasets as Topic; Female; Head Movements; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Motion; Reproducibility of Results; },
  pmid = {29278773},
  pii = {S1053-8119(17)31097-2},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.073},
  url = {papers/Parkes_Neuroimage2018-29278773.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9215515}
}

@article{Murphy2016,
  title = {High-throughput automated home-cage mesoscopic functional imaging of mouse cortex.},
  author = {Murphy, Timothy H and Boyd, Jamie D and Bolaños, Federico and Vanni, Matthieu P and Silasi, Gergely and Haupt, Dirk and LeDue, Jeff M},
  journal = {Nat Commun},
  volume = {7},
  year = {2016},
  month = {06},
  pages = {11611},
  abstract = {Mouse head-fixed behaviour coupled with functional imaging has become a powerful technique in rodent systems neuroscience. However, training mice can be time consuming and is potentially stressful for animals. Here we report a fully automated, open source, self-initiated head-fixation system for mesoscopic functional imaging in mice. The system supports five mice at a time and requires minimal investigator intervention. Using genetically encoded calcium indicator transgenic mice, we longitudinally monitor cortical functional connectivity up to 24 h per day in >7,000 self-initiated and unsupervised imaging sessions up to 90 days. The procedure provides robust assessment of functional cortical maps on the basis of both spontaneous activity and brief sensory stimuli such as light flashes. The approach is scalable to a number of remotely controlled cages that can be assessed within the controlled conditions of dedicated animal facilities. We anticipate that home-cage brain imaging will permit flexible and chronic assessment of mesoscale cortical function.},
  keywords = {Animals; Automation; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Head; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Net; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {27291514},
  pii = {ncomms11611},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms11611},
  pmc = {PMC4909937},
  url = {papers/Murphy_NatCommun2018-27291514.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101528555}
}

@article{Beckmann2004,
  title = {Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging.},
  author = {Beckmann, Christian F and Smith, Stephen M},
  journal = {IEEE Trans Med Imaging},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  year = {2004},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {137-52},
  abstract = {We present an integrated approach to probabilistic independent component analysis (ICA) for functional MRI (FMRI) data that allows for nonsquare mixing in the presence of Gaussian noise. In order to avoid overfitting, we employ objective estimation of the amount of Gaussian noise through Bayesian analysis of the true dimensionality of the data, i.e., the number of activation and non-Gaussian noise sources. This enables us to carry out probabilistic modeling and achieves an asymptotically unique decomposition of the data. It reduces problems of interpretation, as each final independent component is now much more likely to be due to only one physical or physiological process. We also describe other improvements to standard ICA, such as temporal prewhitening and variance normalization of timeseries, the latter being particularly useful in the context of dimensionality reduction when weak activation is present. We discuss the use of prior information about the spatiotemporal nature of the source processes, and an alternative-hypothesis testing approach for inference, using Gaussian mixture models. The performance of our approach is illustrated and evaluated on real and artificial FMRI data, and compared to the spatio-temporal accuracy of results obtained from classical ICA and GLM analyses.},
  keywords = {Algorithms; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Image Enhancement; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Neurological; Models, Statistical; Neurons; Phantoms, Imaging; Principal Component Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Stochastic Processes; Vision, Ocular; },
  pmid = {14964560},
  doi = {10.1109/TMI.2003.822821},
  url = {papers/Beckmann_IEEETransMedImaging2004-14964560.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8310780}
}

@article{Clancy2019,
  title = {Locomotion-dependent remapping of distributed cortical networks.},
  author = {Clancy, Kelly B and Orsolic, Ivana and Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D},
  journal = {Nat Neurosci},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  year = {2019},
  month = {05},
  pages = {778-786},
  abstract = {The interactions between neocortical areas are fluid and state-dependent, but how individual neurons couple to cortex-wide network dynamics remains poorly understood. We correlated the spiking of neurons in primary visual (V1) and retrosplenial (RSP) cortex to activity across dorsal cortex, recorded simultaneously by widefield calcium imaging. Neurons were correlated with distinct and reproducible patterns of activity across the cortical surface; while some fired predominantly with their local area, others coupled to activity in distal areas. The extent of distal coupling was predicted by how strongly neurons correlated with the local network. Changes in brain state triggered by locomotion strengthened affiliations of V1 neurons with higher visual and motor areas, while strengthening distal affiliations of RSP neurons with sensory cortices. Thus, the diverse coupling of individual neurons to cortex-wide activity patterns is restructured by running in an area-specific manner, resulting in a shift in the mode of cortical processing during locomotion.},
  keywords = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Locomotion; Male; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {30858604},
  doi = {10.1038/s41593-019-0357-8},
  pii = {10.1038/s41593-019-0357-8},
  pmc = {PMC6701985},
  mid = {EMS84025},
  url = {papers/Clancy_NatNeurosci2019-30858604.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9809671}
}

@article{Vanni2017,
  title = {Mesoscale Mapping of Mouse Cortex Reveals Frequency-Dependent Cycling between Distinct Macroscale Functional Modules.},
  author = {Vanni, Matthieu P and Chan, Allen W and Balbi, Matilde and Silasi, Gergely and Murphy, Timothy H},
  journal = {J Neurosci},
  volume = {37},
  number = {31},
  year = {2017},
  month = {08},
  pages = {7513-7533},
  abstract = {Connectivity mapping based on resting-state activity in mice has revealed functional motifs of correlated activity. However, the rules by which motifs organize into larger functional modules that lead to hemisphere wide spatial-temporal activity sequences is not clear. We explore cortical activity parcellation in head-fixed, quiet awake GCaMP6 mice from both sexes by using mesoscopic calcium imaging. Spectral decomposition of spontaneous cortical activity revealed the presence of two dominant frequency modes (<1 and ∼3 Hz), each of them associated with a unique spatial signature of cortical macro-parcellation not predicted by classical cytoarchitectonic definitions of cortical areas. Based on assessment of 0.1-1 Hz activity, we define two macro-organizing principles: the first being a rotating polymodal-association pinwheel structure around which activity flows sequentially from visual to barrel then to hindlimb somatosensory; the second principle is correlated activity symmetry planes that exist on many levels within a single domain such as intrahemispheric reflections of sensory and motor cortices. In contrast, higher frequency activity >1 Hz yielded two larger clusters of coactivated areas with an enlarged default mode network-like posterior region. We suggest that the apparent constrained structure for intra-areal cortical activity flow could be exploited in future efforts to normalize activity in diseases of the nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Increasingly, functional connectivity mapping of spontaneous activity is being used to reveal the organization of the brain. However, because the brain operates across multiple space and time domains a more detailed understanding of this organization is necessary. We used in vivo wide-field calcium imaging of the indicator GCaMP6 in head-fixed, awake mice to characterize the organization of spontaneous cortical activity at different spatiotemporal scales. Correlation analysis defines the presence of two to three superclusters of activity that span traditionally defined functional territories and were frequency dependent. This work helps define the rules for how different cortical areas interact in time and space. We provide a framework necessary for future studies that explore functional reorganization of brain circuits in disease models.},
  keywords = {awake mouse; calcium imaging; connectome; cortical dynamic; resting state; Animals; Brain Waves; Calcium Signaling; Cerebral Cortex; Computer Simulation; Connectome; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Rest; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging; },
  pmid = {28674167},
  pii = {JNEUROSCI.3560-16.2017},
  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3560-16.2017},
  pmc = {PMC6596702},
  url = {papers/Vanni_JNeurosci2017-28674167.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
}

@article{Allen2017,
  title = {Global Representations of Goal-Directed Behavior in Distinct Cell Types of Mouse Neocortex.},
  author = {Allen, William E and Kauvar, Isaac V and Chen, Michael Z and Richman, Ethan B and Yang, Samuel J and Chan, Ken and Gradinaru, Viviana and Deverman, Benjamin E and Luo, Liqun and Deisseroth, Karl},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {94},
  number = {4},
  year = {2017},
  month = {May},
  pages = {891-907.e6},
  abstract = {The successful planning and execution of adaptive behaviors in mammals may require long-range coordination of neural networks throughout cerebral cortex. The neuronal implementation of signals that could orchestrate cortex-wide activity remains unclear. Here, we develop and apply methods for cortex-wide Ca2+ imaging in mice performing decision-making behavior and identify a global cortical representation of task engagement encoded in the activity dynamics of both single cells and superficial neuropil distributed across the majority of dorsal cortex. The activity of multiple molecularly defined cell types was found to reflect this representation with type-specific dynamics. Focal optogenetic inhibition tiled across cortex revealed a crucial role for frontal cortex in triggering this cortex-wide phenomenon; local inhibition of this region blocked both the cortex-wide response to task-initiating cues and the voluntary behavior. These findings reveal cell-type-specific processes in cortex for globally representing goal-directed behavior and identify a major cortical node that gates the global broadcast of task-related information.},
  keywords = {calcium imaging; cell type; cortex; goal-directed behavior; optogenetics; widefield; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Calcium; Decision Making; Frontal Lobe; Goals; Mice; Neocortex; Neurons; Optical Imaging; Optogenetics; },
  pmid = {28521139},
  pii = {S0896-6273(17)30343-4},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.017},
  pmc = {PMC5723385},
  mid = {HHMIMS923712},
  url = {papers/Allen_Neuron2017-28521139.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Esposito2005,
  title = {Independent component analysis of fMRI group studies by self-organizing clustering.},
  author = {Esposito, Fabrizio and Scarabino, Tommaso and Hyvarinen, Aapo and Himberg, Johan and Formisano, Elia and Comani, Silvia and Tedeschi, Gioacchino and Goebel, Rainer and Seifritz, Erich and Di Salle, Francesco},
  journal = {Neuroimage},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  year = {2005},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {193-205},
  abstract = {Independent component analysis (ICA) is a valuable technique for the multivariate data-driven analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data sets. Applications of ICA have been developed mainly for single subject studies, although different solutions for group studies have been proposed. These approaches combine data sets from multiple subjects into a single aggregate data set before ICA estimation and, thus, require some additional assumptions about the separability across subjects of group independent components. Here, we exploit the application of similarity measures and a related visual tool to study the natural self-organizing clustering of many independent components from multiple individual data sets in the subject space. Our proposed framework flexibly enables multiple criteria for the generation of group independent components and their random-effects evaluation. We present real visual activation fMRI data from two experiments, with different spatiotemporal structures, and demonstrate the validity of this framework for a blind extraction and selection of meaningful activity and functional connectivity group patterns. Our approach is either alternative or complementary to the group ICA of aggregated data sets in that it exploits commonalities across multiple subject-specific patterns, while addressing as much as possible of the intersubject variability of the measured responses. This property is particularly of interest for a blind group and subgroup pattern extraction and selection.},
  keywords = {Adult; Brain Mapping; Cluster Analysis; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Principal Component Analysis; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Visual Cortex; },
  pmid = {15734355},
  pii = {S1053-8119(04)00660-3},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.042},
  url = {papers/Esposito_Neuroimage2005-15734355.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {9215515}
}

@article{Wei2017,
  title = {Postnatal Craniofacial Skeletal Development of Female C57BL/6NCrl Mice.},
  author = {Wei, Xiaoxi and Thomas, Neil and Hatch, Nan E and Hu, Min and Liu, Fei},
  journal = {Front Physiol},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {697},
  abstract = {The craniofacial skeleton is a complex and unique structure. The perturbation of its development can lead to craniofacial dysmorphology and associated morbidities. Our ability to prevent or mitigate craniofacial skeletal anomalies is at least partly dependent on our understanding of the unique physiological development of the craniofacial skeleton. Mouse models are critical tools for the study of craniofacial developmental abnormalities. However, there is a lack of detailed normative data of mouse craniofacial skeletal development in the literature. In this report, we employed high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) in combination with morphometric measurements to analyze the postnatal craniofacial skeletal development from day 7 (P7) through day 390 (P390) of female C57BL/6NCrl mice, a widely used mouse strain. Our data demonstrates a unique craniofacial skeletal development pattern in female C57BL/6NCrl mice, and differentiates the early vs. late craniofacial growth patterns. Additionally, our data documents the complex and differential changes in bone parameters (thickness, bone volume, bone volume/tissue volume, bone mineral density, and tissue mineral density) of various craniofacial bones with different embryonic origins and ossification mechanisms during postnatal growth, which underscores the complexity of craniofacial bone development and provides a reference standard for future quantitative analysis of craniofacial bones.},
  pmid = {28959213},
  doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00697},
  pmc = {PMC5603710},
  url = {papers/Wei_FrontPhysiol2020-28959213.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101549006}
}

@article{Xiong2017,
  title = {Precise Cerebral Vascular Atlas in Stereotaxic Coordinates of Whole Mouse Brain.},
  author = {Xiong, Benyi and Li, Anan and Lou, Yang and Chen, Shangbin and Long, Ben and Peng, Jie and Yang, Zhongqin and Xu, Tonghui and Yang, Xiaoquan and Li, Xiangning and Jiang, Tao and Luo, Qingming and Gong, Hui},
  journal = {Front Neuroanat},
  volume = {11},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {128},
  abstract = {Understanding amazingly complex brain functions and pathologies requires a complete cerebral vascular atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. Making a precise atlas for cerebral arteries and veins has been a century-old objective in neuroscience and neuropathology. Using micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) with a modified Nissl staining method, we acquired five mouse brain data sets containing arteries, veins, and microvessels. Based on the brain-wide vascular spatial structures and brain regions indicated by cytoarchitecture in one and the same mouse brain, we reconstructed and annotated the vascular system atlas of both arteries and veins of the whole mouse brain for the first time. The distributing patterns of the vascular system within the brain regions were acquired and our results show that the patterns of individual vessels are different from each other. Reconstruction and statistical analysis of the microvascular network, including derivation of quantitative vascular densities, indicate significant differences mainly in vessels with diameters less than 8 μm and large than 20 μm across different brain regions. Our precise cerebral vascular atlas provides an important resource and approach for quantitative studies of brain functions and diseases.},
  pmid = {29311856},
  doi = {10.3389/fnana.2017.00128},
  pmc = {PMC5742197},
  url = {papers/Xiong_FrontNeuroanat2020-29311856.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477943}
}

@article{Richiardi2013,
  author={Richiardi, Jonas and Achard, Sophie and Bunke, Horst and Van De Ville, Dimitri},
  journal={IEEE Signal Processing Magazine}, 
  title={Machine Learning with Brain Graphs: Predictive Modeling Approaches for Functional Imaging in Systems Neuroscience}, 
  year={2013},
  volume={30},
  number={3},
  pages={58-70},
  abstract={The observation and description of the living brain has attracted a lot of research over the past centuries. Many noninvasive imaging modalities have been developed, such as topographical techniques based on the electromagnetic field potential [i.e., electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)], and tomography approaches including positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we will focus on functional MRI (fMRI) since it is widely deployed for clinical and cognitive neurosciences today, and it can reveal brain function due to neurovascular coupling (see ?From Brain Images to fMRI Time Series?). It has led to a much better understanding of brain function, including the description of brain areas with very specialized functions such as face recognition. These neuroscientific insights have been made possible by important methodological advances in MR physics, signal processing, and mathematical modeling.},
  keywords={},
  doi={10.1109/MSP.2012.2233865},
  ISSN={1558-0792},
  month={May},
  url = {papers/Richiardi_IEEESigProc2013.pdf}
}

@article{Torrence1998,
      author = {Torrence, Christopher and Compo, Gilbert P.},
      title = {A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis},
      journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
      year = {1998},
      publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
      address = {Boston MA, USA},
      volume = {79},
      number = {1},
      doi = {10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2},
      pages= {61 - 78},
      url = {papers/Torrence_BulletinAMS1998.pdf}
}

@article{Virtanen2020,
  title = {SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python.},
  author = {Virtanen, Pauli and Gommers, Ralf and Oliphant, Travis E and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and van der Walt, Stéfan J and Brett, Matthew and Wilson, Joshua and Millman, K Jarrod and Mayorov, Nikolay and Nelson, Andrew R J and Jones, Eric and Kern, Robert and Larson, Eric and Carey, C J and Polat, İlhan and Feng, Yu and Moore, Eric W and VanderPlas, Jake and Laxalde, Denis and Perktold, Josef and Cimrman, Robert and Henriksen, Ian and Quintero, E A and Harris, Charles R and Archibald, Anne M and Ribeiro, Antônio H and Pedregosa, Fabian and van Mulbregt, Paul and , },
  journal = {Nat Methods},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  year = {2020},
  month = {03},
  pages = {261-272},
  abstract = {SciPy is an open-source scientific computing library for the Python programming language. Since its initial release in 2001, SciPy has become a de facto standard for leveraging scientific algorithms in Python, with over 600 unique code contributors, thousands of dependent packages, over 100,000 dependent repositories and millions of downloads per year. In this work, we provide an overview of the capabilities and development practices of SciPy 1.0 and highlight some recent technical developments.},
  keywords = {Algorithms; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Linear Models; Models, Biological; Nonlinear Dynamics; Programming Languages; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Software; },
  pmid = {32015543},
  doi = {10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2},
  pii = {10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2},
  pmc = {PMC7056644},
  url = {papers/Virtanen_NatMethods2020-32015543.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101215604}
}

@article{Abraham2014,
  title = {Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn.},
  author = {Abraham, Alexandre and Pedregosa, Fabian and Eickenberg, Michael and Gervais, Philippe and Mueller, Andreas and Kossaifi, Jean and Gramfort, Alexandre and Thirion, Bertrand and Varoquaux, Gaël},
  journal = {Front Neuroinform},
  volume = {8},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {14},
  abstract = {Statistical machine learning methods are increasingly used for neuroimaging data analysis. Their main virtue is their ability to model high-dimensional datasets, e.g., multivariate analysis of activation images or resting-state time series. Supervised learning is typically used in decoding or encoding settings to relate brain images to behavioral or clinical observations, while unsupervised learning can uncover hidden structures in sets of images (e.g., resting state functional MRI) or find sub-populations in large cohorts. By considering different functional neuroimaging applications, we illustrate how scikit-learn, a Python machine learning library, can be used to perform some key analysis steps. Scikit-learn contains a very large set of statistical learning algorithms, both supervised and unsupervised, and its application to neuroimaging data provides a versatile tool to study the brain. },
  pmid = {24600388},
  doi = {10.3389/fninf.2014.00014},
  pmc = {PMC3930868},
  url = {papers/Abraham_FrontNeuroinform2014-24600388.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101477957}
}

@article{Pedregosa2011,
  author = {Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Ga\"{e}l and Gramfort, Alexandre and Michel, Vincent and Thirion, Bertrand and Grisel, Olivier and Blondel, Mathieu and Prettenhofer, Peter and Weiss, Ron and Dubourg, Vincent and Vanderplas, Jake and Passos, Alexandre and Cournapeau, David and Brucher, Matthieu and Perrot, Matthieu and Duchesnay, \'{E}douard},
  title = {Scikit-Learn: Machine Learning in Python},
  year = {2011},
  issue_date = {2/1/2011},
  publisher = {JMLR.org},
  volume = {12},
  number = {null},
  issn = {1532-4435},
  abstract = {Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. This package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language. Emphasis is put on ease of use, performance, documentation, and API consistency. It has minimal dependencies and is distributed under the simplified BSD license, encouraging its use in both academic and commercial settings. Source code, binaries, and documentation can be downloaded from http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net.},
  journal = {J. Mach. Learn. Res.},
  month = {nov},
  pages = {2825–2830},
  numpages = {6},
  doi = {10.5555/1953048.2078195},
  url = {papers/Pedregosa_JMLR2011.pdf}
}

@book{Geron2017,
  author = {Géron, Aurélien},
  isbn = {978-1491962299},
  publisher = {O'Reilly},
  title = {Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow},
  year = {2017}
}

@article{Gribizis2019,
  title = {Visual Cortex Gains Independence from Peripheral Drive before Eye Opening.},
  author = {Gribizis, Alexandra and Ge, Xinxin and Daigle, Tanya L and Ackman, James B and Zeng, Hongkui and Lee, Daeyeol and Crair, Michael C},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {104},
  number = {4},
  year = {2019},
  month = {11},
  pages = {711-723.e3},
  abstract = {Visual spatial perception in the mammalian brain occurs through two parallel pathways: one reaches the primary visual cortex (V1) through the thalamus and another the superior colliculus (SC) via direct projections from the retina. The origin, development, and relative function of these two evolutionarily distinct pathways remain obscure. We examined the early functional development of both pathways by simultaneously imaging pre- and post-synaptic spontaneous neuronal activity. We observed that the quality of retinal activity transfer to the thalamus and superior colliculus does not change across the first two postnatal weeks. However, beginning in the second postnatal week, retinal activity does not drive V1 as strongly as earlier wave activity, suggesting that intrinsic cortical activity competes with signals from the sensory periphery as the cortex matures. Together, these findings bring new insight into the function of the SC and V1 and the role of peripheral activity in driving both circuits across development.},
  keywords = {RCaMP; activity transfer; jRCaMP1b; lateral geniculate nucleus; retina; retinal waves; spontaneous activity; superior colliculus; visual cortex; visual system development; Animals; Female; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurogenesis; Superior Colliculi; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; },
  pmid = {31561919},
  pii = {S0896-6273(19)30699-3},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.015},
  pmc = {PMC6872942},
  mid = {NIHMS1539885},
  url = {papers/Gribizis_Neuron2020-31561919.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Si2022,
  title = {High-frequency hearing is required to compute a topographic map of auditory space in the mouse superior colliculus.},
  author = {Si, Yufei and Ito, Shinya and Litke, Alan M and Feldheim, David A},
  journal = {eNeuro},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {A topographic map of auditory space is a feature found in the superior colliculus (SC) of many species, including CBA/CaJ mice. In this genetic background, high-frequency monaural spectral cues and interaural level differences are used to compute spatial receptive fields (RFs) that form a topographic map along the azimuth. Unfortunately, C57BL/6 mice, a strain widely used for transgenic manipulation, display age-related hearing loss (AHL) due to an inbred mutation in the Cadherin 23 gene (Cdh23) that affects hair cell mechanotransduction. To overcome this problem, researchers have used young C57BL/6 mice in their studies, as they have been shown to have normal hearing thresholds. However, important details of the auditory response characteristics of the SC such as spectral responses and spatial localization, have not been characterized in young C57BL/6 mice. Here we show that 2-4-month C57BL/6 mice lack neurons with frontal auditory RFs and therefore lack a topographic representation of auditory space in the SC. Analysis of the spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) of the SC auditory neurons shows that C57BL/6 mouse SC neurons lack the ability to detect the high-frequency (>40kHz) spectral cues that are needed to compute frontal RFs. We also show that crossing C57BL/6 mice with CBA/CaJ mice or introducing one copy of the wild-type Cdh23 to C57BL/6 mice rescues the high-frequency hearing deficit and improves the topographic map of auditory space. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of high-frequency hearing in computing a topographic map of auditory space.Significance StatementDespite the strain's age-dependent hearing loss, C57BL/6 mice are widely used in auditory studies because of the development of transgenic reporter and Cre lines in this genetic background. Here we examined the topographic map of auditory space and spectrotemporal properties of neurons in the SC of C57BL/6 mice. We found an early-onset high-frequency hearing deficit that results in the loss of SC neurons with frontal RFs and, consequently, an absence of a topographic map of auditory space. These findings stress the importance of high-frequency hearing to compute spatially restricted receptive fields and serve as a caution to researchers that doing auditory-related research using the C57BL/6 genetic background may not be representative of true wild-type mice.},
  pmid = {35473764},
  pii = {ENEURO.0513-21.2022},
  doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0513-21.2022},
  url = {papers/Si_eNeuro2022-35473764.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101647362}
}

@article{Song2022,
  title = {Mesoscopic landscape of cortical functions revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging in marmoset monkeys.},
  author = {Song, Xindong and Guo, Yueqi and Li, Hongbo and Chen, Chenggang and Lee, Jong Hoon and Zhang, Yang and Schmidt, Zachary and Wang, Xiaoqin},
  journal = {Nat Commun},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {2238},
  abstract = {The primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different modalities and functions along a continuous surface. The functional maps across the cortex, however, are often investigated a single modality at a time (e.g., audition or vision). To advance our understanding of the complex landscape of primate cortical functions, here we develop a polarization-gated wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical functions through the un-thinned intact skull in awake marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species featuring a smooth cortex. Using this method, adjacent auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortices are noninvasively parcellated in individual subjects with detailed tonotopy, retinotopy, and somatotopy. An additional pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient is discovered in auditory cortex and a face-patch sensitive to motion in the lower-center visual field is localized near an auditory region representing frequencies of conspecific vocalizations. This through-skull landscape-mapping approach provides new opportunities for understanding how the primate cortex is organized and coordinated to enable real-world behaviors.},
  keywords = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Perception; Callithrix; Humans; Optical Imaging; Skull; },
  pmid = {35474064},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-29864-7},
  pii = {10.1038/s41467-022-29864-7},
  pmc = {PMC9042927},
  url = {papers/Song_NatCommun2022-35474064.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101528555}
}


@book{Allman1999,
  author = {Allman, John Morgan},
  isbn = {0-7167-5076-7},
  publisher = {Scientific American Library},
  title = {Evolving Brains},
  year = {1999}
}


@book{Arey1954,
  author = {Arey, Leslie Brainerd},
  isbn = {54-6089},
  publisher = {W.B. Saunders Company},
  title = {Developmental Anatomy A Textbook and Laboratory Manual of Embryology},
  year = {1954}
}

@book{Huettner1949,
  author = {Huettner, Alfred F.},
  publisher = {The Macmillan Company},
  title = {Fundamentals of Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates},
  year = {1949}
}

@book{Asimov1966,
  author = {Asimov, Issac},
  isbn = {0-8802-9251-2},
  publisher = {Barnes \& Nobel},
  title = {Understanding Physics},
  year = {1993}
}

@book{Aidley1989,
  author = {Aidley, David J},
  edition = {Third Edition},
  isbn = {0-521-38863-5},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title = {The Physiology of Excitable Cells},
  year = {1989}
}


@book{Fowles1975,
  author = {Fowles, Grant R},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  isbn = {978-0-486-65957-2},
  publisher = {Dover},
  title = {Introduction to Modern Optics},
  year = {1989}
}

@book{Venables2002,
  author = {Venables, WN and Ripley BD},
  edition = {Fourth Edition},
  isbn = {0-387-95457-0},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {Modern Applied Statistics with S},
  year = {2002}
}

@book{Stark1970,
  author = {Stark, Peter A},
  isbn = {77-85773},
  publisher = {Macmillan},
  title = {Introduction to Numerical Methods},
  year = {1970}
}

@book{Nowak2006,
  author = {Nowak, Martin A},
  isbn = {978-0-674-02338-3},
  publisher = {Harvard},
  title = {Evolutionary Dynamics: exploring the equations of life},
  year = {2006}
}

@book{Tenenbaum1963,
  author = {Tenenbaum, Morris and Pollard, Harry},
  isbn = {978-0-674-02338-3},
  publisher = {Dover},
  title = {Ordinary Differential Equations},
  year = {1985}
}

@book{Hille1984,
  author = {Hille, Bertil},
  isbn = {0-87893-322-0},
  publisher = {Sinauer},
  title = {Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes},
  year = {1984}
}

@book{Goodman1994,
  author = {Goodman, H. Maurice},
  isbn = {0-7817-0105-8},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  publisher = {Lippincott-Raven},
  title = {Basic Medical Endocrinology},
  year = {1994}
}

@book{Randall1997,
  author = {Randall, David and Burggren, Warren and French, Kathleen},
  isbn = {0-7167-2414-6},
  edition = {Fourth Edition},
  publisher = {W.H. Freeman and Company},
  title = {Eckert Animal Physiology},
  year = {1997}
}

@book{Greenspan2007,
  author = {Greenspan, Ralph J},
  isbn = {978-08796-9821-8},
  edition = {Fourth Edition},
  publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
  title = {An Introduction to Nervous Systems},
  year = {2007}
}

@book{Purves2012,
  author = {Purves, Dale and Augustine, George J and Fitzpatrick, David and Hall, William C and LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel and White, Leonard E},
  isbn = {978-0-87893-695-3},
  edition = {Fifth Edition},
  publisher = {Sinauer},
  title = {Neuroscience},
  year = {2012}
}

@book{Newman2013,
  author = {Newman, Mark},
  isbn = {978-148014551-1},
  title = {Computational Physics},
  year = {2013}
}

@book{Strogatz2015,
  author = {Strogatz, Steven},
  isbn = {978-0-8133-4910-7},
  publisher = {Westview Press},
  title = {Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos},
  year = {2015}
}

@book{Mendelson1990,
  author = {Mendelson, Bert},
  isbn = {0-312-04123-3},
  edition = {Third Edition},
  publisher = {Dover},
  title = {Introduction to Topology},
  year = {1990}
}

@book{Anton1995,
  author = {Anton, Howard},
  isbn = {0-471-59495-4},
  edition = {Fifth Edition},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  title = {Calculus with Analytic Geometry},
  year = {1995}
}

@book{Strang2016,
  author = {Strang, Gilbert},
  isbn = {978-0-9802327-7-6},
  edition = {Fifth Edition},
  publisher = {Wellesey-Cambridge Press},
  title = {Introduction to Linear Algebra},
  year = {2016}
}

@book{Brown1993,
  author = {Brown, D and Rothery, P},
  isbn = {0-471-93322-8},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  title = {Models in Biology: Mathematics, Statistics and Computing},
  year = {1993}
}

@book{Dayan2001,
  author = {Dayan, Peter and Abbot, Larry F},
  isbn = {978-0-262-54185-5},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  title = {Theoretical Neuroscience},
  year = {2001}
}

@book{Pierce1980,
  author = {Pierce, John R},
  isbn = {978-0-486-24061-9},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  publisher = {Dover},
  title = {An Introduciton to Information Theory},
  year = {1980}
}

@book{Rieke1999,
  author = {Rieke, Fred and Warland, David and Steveninck, Rob de Ruyter and Bialek, William},
  isbn = {978-0-262-68108-7},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  title = {Spikes : Exploring the Neural Code},
  year = {1999}
}

@book{Swanson2003,
  author = {Swanson, Larry W},
  isbn = {0-19-510504-4},
  publisher = {Oxford Univeristy Press},
  title = {Brain Architecture : Understanding the Basic Plan},
  year = {2003}
}

@book{Pickover1990,
  author = {Pickover, Clifford A},
  isbn = {0-312-04123-3},
  publisher = {St Martin's Press},
  title = {Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty},
  year = {1990}
}

@book{Grus2015,
  author = {Grus, Joel},
  isbn = {978-1-491-90142-7},
  publisher = {O'Reilly},
  title = {Data Science from Scratch},
  year = {2015}
}

@book{Shankar1995,
  author = {Shankar, R},
  isbn = {0-306-45036-4},
  publisher = {Plenum},
  title = {Basic Training in Mathematics : A Fitness Program for Science Students},
  year = {1995}
}

@book{Calvin1998,
  author = {Calvin, William H},
  isbn = {9780262531542},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  title = {The Cerebral Code : Thinking a Though in the Mosaics of the Mind},
  year = {1998}
}

@book{Kandel2000,
  author = {Kandel, Eric and Schwartz, James H and Jessell, Thomas M},
  isbn = {0-8385-7701-6},
  publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
  title = {Principles of Neural Science},
  edition = {Fourth Edition},
  year = {2000}
}

@book{Siegel1999,
  author = {Siegel, George J and Agranoff, Bernard W and Albers, R. Wayne and Fisher, Stephen K and Uhler, Michael D},
  isbn = {0-397-51820-X},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  title = {Basic Neurochemistry},
  edition = {Sixth Edition},
  year = {1999}
}

@book{Luo2016,
  author = {Luo, Liqun},
  isbn = {978-0-8153-4494-0},
  publisher = {Garland Science},
  title = {Principles of Neurobiolgy},
  year = {2016}
}

@book{Axon1993,
  editor = {Sherman-Gold, Rivka},
  publisher = {Axon Instruments},
  title = {The Axon Guide for Electrophysiology \& Biophysics Laboratory Techniques},
  year = {1993}
}

@book{DeFelipe1988,
  editor = {Defelipe, Javier and Jones, Edward G},
  isbn = {0-19-505280-3},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title = {Cajal On The Cerebral Cortex : An Annotated Translation of the Complete Writings},
  year = {1988}
}

@book{Shepherd2004,
  editor = {Shepherd, Gordon M},
  isbn = {978-0-19-515965-1},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title = {The Synaptic Organization of the Brain},
  edition = {Fifth Edition},
  year = {2004}
}

@book{Chatfield2004,
  author = {Chatfield, Christopher},
  isbn = {1-58488-317-0},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  title = {The Analysis of Time Series : an introduction},
  edition = {Sixth Edition},
  year = {2004}
}

@book{Tufte2001,
  author = {Tufte, Edward R},
  publisher = {Graphics Press},
  title = {The Visual Display of Quantitative Information},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  year = {2001}
}

@book{Buzsáki2006,
  author = {Buzsáki, György},
  isbn = {978-0-19-530106-9},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title = {Rhythms of the Brain},
  year = {2006}
}

@book{Mitra2008,
  author = {Mitra, Partha P and Bokil, Hemant},
  isbn = {978-0-19-517808-1},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title = {Observed Brain Dynamics},
  year = {2008}
}

@book{Daw2006,
  author = {Daw, Nigel W},
  isbn = {978-0387-25371-8},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {Visual Development},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  year = {2006}
}

@book{Anderson2012,
  author = {Anderson, Chris},
  isbn = {978-0-307-72096-2},
  publisher = {Crown},
  title = {Makers : The New Industrial Revolution},
  year = {2012}
}

@book{Dalgaard2008,
  author = {Dalgaard, Peter},
  isbn = {978-0-387-79053-4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {Introductory Statistics with R},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  year = {2008}
}

@book{Cajal1999,
  author = {Cajal, Santiago Ramón y},
  isbn = {0-262-68150-1},
  publisher = {MIT},
  title = {Advice For a Young Investigator},
  year = {1999}
}

@book{Yuste2000,
  editor = {Yuste, Rafael and Lanni, Frederick and Konnerth, Arthur},
  isbn = {0-87969-542-0},
  publisher = {Coold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
  title = {Imaging Neurons},
  year = {2000}
}

@book{Gonzalez2009,
  author = {Gonzalez, Rafael C and Woods, Richard E and Eddins, Steven L},
  isbn = {978-0-9820854-0-0},
  publisher = {Gatesmark},
  title = {Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  year = {2009}
}

@book{Bradski2008,
  author = {Bradski, Gary and Kaehler, Adrian},
  isbn = {978-0-596-51613-0},
  publisher = {O'Reilly},
  title = {Learning OpenCV},
  year = {2008}
}

@book{Pawley2006,
  editor = {Pawley, James B},
  isbn = {987-0-387-25921-5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy},
  edition = {Third Edition},
  year = {2008}
}

@book{Fields1996,
  editor = {Fields, Bernard N and Knipe, David M and Howley, Peter M},
  isbn = {0-7817-0284-4},
  publisher = {Lippincott-Raven},
  title = {Fundamental Virology},
  edition = {Third Edition},
  year = {1996}
}

@book{Wrede1963,
  author = {Wrede, Robert C},
  isbn = {63-20645},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  title = {Introduction to Vector and Tensor Analysis},
  year = {1963}
}

@book{Collin1990,
  author = {Collin, Robert E},
  isbn = {0-87942-237-8},
  publisher = {IEEE Press},
  edition = {Second Edition},
  title = {Field Theory of Guided Waves},
  year = {1990}
}

@article{Atasoy2016,
  title = {Human brain networks function in connectome-specific harmonic waves.},
  author = {Atasoy, Selen and Donnelly, Isaac and Pearson, Joel},
  journal = {Nat Commun},
  volume = {7},
  year = {2016},
  month = {Jan},
  pages = {10340},
  abstract = {A key characteristic of human brain activity is coherent, spatially distributed oscillations forming behaviour-dependent brain networks. However, a fundamental principle underlying these networks remains unknown. Here we report that functional networks of the human brain are predicted by harmonic patterns, ubiquitous throughout nature, steered by the anatomy of the human cerebral cortex, the human connectome. We introduce a new technique extending the Fourier basis to the human connectome. In this new frequency-specific representation of cortical activity, that we call 'connectome harmonics', oscillatory networks of the human brain at rest match harmonic wave patterns of certain frequencies. We demonstrate a neural mechanism behind the self-organization of connectome harmonics with a continuous neural field model of excitatory-inhibitory interactions on the connectome. Remarkably, the critical relation between the neural field patterns and the delicate excitation-inhibition balance fits the neurophysiological changes observed during the loss and recovery of consciousness. },
  keywords = {Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Connectome; Female; Humans; Male; Nerve Net; Young Adult; },
  pmid = {26792267},
  pii = {ncomms10340},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms10340},
  pmc = {PMC4735826},
  url = {papers/Atasoy_NatCommun2016-26792267.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {101528555}
}

@article{Barabási2020,
  title = {A Genetic Model of the Connectome.},
  author = {Barabási, Dániel L and Barabási, Albert-László},
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {105},
  number = {3},
  year = {2020},
  month = {02},
  pages = {435-445.e5},
  abstract = {The connectomes of organisms of the same species show remarkable architectural and often local wiring similarity, raising the question: where and how is neuronal connectivity encoded? Here, we start from the hypothesis that the genetic identity of neurons guides synapse and gap-junction formation and show that such genetically driven wiring predicts the existence of specific biclique motifs in the connectome. We identify a family of large, statistically significant biclique subgraphs in the connectomes of three species and show that within many of the observed bicliques the neurons share statistically significant expression patterns and morphological characteristics, supporting our expectation of common genetic factors that drive the synapse formation within these subgraphs. The proposed connectome model offers a self-consistent framework to link the genetics of an organism to the reproducible architecture of its connectome, offering experimentally falsifiable predictions on the genetic factors that drive the formation of individual neuronal circuits.},
  keywords = {Brain Networks; C. elegans; Connectomics; Generative Model; Theory; development; encoding; Animals; Brain; Caenorhabditis elegans; Ciona intestinalis; Connectome; Drosophila; Models, Genetic; Nerve Net; },
  pmid = {31806491},
  pii = {S0896-6273(19)30926-2},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.031},
  pmc = {PMC7007360},
  mid = {NIHMS1543676},
  url = {papers/Barabási_Neuron2020-31806491.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
}

@article{Cheng2022,
  title = {Vision-dependent specification of cell types and function in the developing cortex.},
  author = {Cheng, Sarah and Butrus, Salwan and Tan, Liming and Xu, Runzhe and Sagireddy, Srikant and Trachtenberg, Joshua T and Shekhar, Karthik and Zipursky, S Lawrence},
  journal = {Cell},
  volume = {185},
  number = {2},
  year = {2022},
  month = {01},
  pages = {311-327.e24},
  abstract = {The role of postnatal experience in sculpting cortical circuitry, while long appreciated, is poorly understood at the level of cell types. We explore this in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, visual deprivation, genetics, and functional imaging. We find that vision selectively drives the specification of glutamatergic cell types in upper layers (L) (L2/3/4), while deeper-layer glutamatergic, GABAergic, and non-neuronal cell types are established prior to eye opening. L2/3 cell types form an experience-dependent spatial continuum defined by the graded expression of ∼200 genes, including regulators of cell adhesion and synapse formation. One of these genes, Igsf9b, a vision-dependent gene encoding an inhibitory synaptic cell adhesion molecule, is required for the normal development of binocular responses in L2/3. In summary, vision preferentially regulates the development of upper-layer glutamatergic cell types through the regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs.},
  keywords = {binocular vision; cell types; critical period; inhibitory synapses; layer 2/3; single-nucleus RNA-seq; visual cortex; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biomarkers; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Glutamic Acid; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; RNA-Seq; Transcriptome; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; },
  pmid = {35063073},
  pii = {S0092-8674(21)01485-9},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.022},
  pmc = {PMC8813006},
  mid = {NIHMS1770258},
  url = {papers/Cheng_Cell2022-35063073.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0413066}
}

@article{Bajar2022,
  title = {A discrete neuronal population coordinates brain-wide developmental activity.},
  author = {Bajar, Bryce T and Phi, Nguyen T and Isaacman-Beck, Jesse and Reichl, Jun and Randhawa, Harpreet and Akin, Orkun},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {602},
  number = {7898},
  year = {2022},
  month = {02},
  pages = {639-646},
  abstract = {In vertebrates, stimulus-independent activity accompanies neural circuit maturation throughout the developing brain1,2. The recent discovery of similar activity in the developing Drosophila central nervous system suggests that developmental activity is fundamental to the assembly of complex brains3. How such activity is coordinated across disparate brain regions to influence synaptic development at the level of defined cell types is not well understood. Here we show that neurons expressing the cation channel transient receptor potential gamma (Trpγ) relay and pattern developmental activity throughout the Drosophila brain. In trpγ mutants, activity is attenuated globally, and both patterns of activity and synapse structure are altered in a cell-type-specific manner. Less than 2% of the neurons in the brain express Trpγ. These neurons arborize throughout the brain, and silencing or activating them leads to loss or gain of brain-wide activity. Together, these results indicate that this small population of neurons coordinates brain-wide developmental activity. We propose that stereotyped patterns of developmental activity are driven by a discrete, genetically specified network to instruct neural circuit assembly at the level of individual cells and synapses. This work establishes the fly brain as an experimentally tractable system for studying how activity contributes to synapse and circuit formation.},
  keywords = {Animals; Brain; Drosophila; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Synapses; },
  pmid = {35140397},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04406-9},
  pii = {10.1038/s41586-022-04406-9},
  pmc = {PMC9020639},
  mid = {NIHMS1792721},
  url = {papers/Bajar_Nature2022-35140397.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {0410462}
}

@article{Cossart2022,
  title = {Step by step: cells with multiple functions in cortical circuit assembly.},
  author = {Cossart, Rosa and Garel, Sonia},
  journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {},
  abstract = {It is often thought that the construction of cortical circuits occurs as the result of an elegantly designed process that unfolds sequentially as an animal develops until adult functional networks emerge. In reality, cortical circuits are shaped by evolutionary mechanisms, changes in developmental programmes driven by neuronal activity or epigenetic mechanisms and the need to adapt to the external world, and must pass through several important phases and timely checkpoints as they form. Some cortical cell types serve multiple functions during this developmental journey and are then reused (or 'recycled') to perform different functions in the adult cortex. Understanding the different stages of the cortical construction process and taking into account the ways in which cellular functions change across time and space is therefore essential if we are to build a comprehensive framework of cortical wiring in both health and disease.},
  pmid = {35422526},
  doi = {10.1038/s41583-022-00585-6},
  pii = {10.1038/s41583-022-00585-6},
  url = {papers/Cossart_NatRevNeurosci2022-35422526.pdf},
  nlmuniqueid = {100962781}
}

